HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 1

HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM

AND OTHER NON-DAIRY FROZEN DESSERTS

(1899-2013):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

Compiled

by

William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

2013

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 2

Copyright (c) 2013 by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic,
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews,
without written permission from the publisher.

Published by: Soyinfo Center

P.O. Box 234
Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA
Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091
www.soyinfocenter.com

ISBN 9781928914594 (Soy ice cream without hyphens)

ISBN 978-1-928914-59-4 (Soy ice cream with hyphens)

Printed 1 Oct. 2013

Price: Available on the Web free of charge

Search engine keywords:

History of soy ice cream

History of soymilk ice cream
History of tofu ice cream
History of rice milk ice cream
History of amazake ice cream
History of coconut milk ice cream
History of almond milk ice cream
History of peanut milk ice cream
History of nondairy frozen desserts
History of non-dairy frozen desserts
Bibliography of soy ice cream
Bibliography of soymilk ice cream
Bibliography of tofu ice cream
Bibliography of nondairy frozen desserts
Bibliography of non-dairy frozen desserts
Chronology of soy ice cream
Chronology of soymilk ice cream
Chronology of tofu ice cream
Chronology of nondairy frozen desserts
Chronology of non-dairy frozen desserts
Timeline of soy ice cream
Timeline of soymilk ice cream
Timeline of tofu ice cream
Timeline of nondairy frozen desserts
Timeline of non-dairy frozen desserts

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 3

Contents

Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. 4

Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff .......................................................................................... 5

About This Book ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

Abbreviations Used in This Book ................................................................................................................................ 11

How to Make the Best Use of This Digital Book - Search It! .................................................................................... 12

Full-Page Graphics ................................................................................................................................................. 14-20

History of Soy Ice Cream: 1,838 References in Chronological Order ..................................................................... 21

Contains 203 Photographs and Illustrations

Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ................................................................................................... 722

Last Page of Index ....................................................................................................................................................... 782

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 4

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff.

This book is dedicated to Henry Ford, Bob Rich, Farm
Foods (Robert Tepper, Robert Dolgin, etc.), David Loma Linda University, Del E. Webb Memorial Library
Mintz, Robert Nissenbaum, Ted Nordquist, and Mark (Seventh-day Adventist): Janice Little, Trish Chapman.
Brawerman.
We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at
Soyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major role in
Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting collecting the documents, building the library, and producing
people from around the world who share a common interest, the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed:
and in learning from them what is often the knowledge
or skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore,
practice. We wish to give deepest thanks... Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia
McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana
Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia
Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle
help to our research over the years, several stand out: Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt,
Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li,
University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman,
Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey. Elizabeth Hawkins, Molly Howland, Jacqueline Tao, Lynn
Hsu, Brooke Vittimberga.
Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond,
California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Special thanks to Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park,
Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman. Maryland. And to Lorenz K. Schaller of Ojai, California.

Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special  For outstanding help on this soy ice cream book we thank:
help on Slavic-language documents. Robert Tepper, Mark Brawerman, Ted Nordquist, David
Mintz, Don Aldon, Robert Boyer, Ed Bisalski, Dick Bourne,
National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Kay Derr, Ford R. Bryan, Francis Calvert, Michael Cole, Steve Demos,
Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Florence Barbier Diamond, R.W. Fischer, Eddie Goldstein,
Gilbert, Kim Hicks, Ellen Knollman, Patricia Krug, Chuck Haren, John Holt, Doris Kloss Gardiner, Al Jacobson,
Sarah Lee, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Ellen Mann, Suzi Jenkins, Trevor Johnston, Leonard L. Lee, Alexander
Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, Lyon, John Mahlich, Philip Marshall, Marc Medoff, Steven
Tanner Wray. Meyers, Cheryl & Pat Mitchell, Sonia Newhouse, Robert
Nissenbaum, Ray Pierce, Laurie Sythe Praskin, Dan Pratt,
Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache. Neil Rabheru, Bob Rich, Joe Rokosky, Jr., Richard Rose,
Margaret Morse Thalman, Sam Yoshimura.
Lane Medical Library at Stanford University.
 Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of San Ramon,
Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library: California, who has kept our computers up and running since
Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry Sept. 1983. Without Tony, this series of books on the Web
Cartmill, Linda Barbero. would not have been possible.

Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especially This book, no doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These,
Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas. of course, are solely the responsibility of William Shurtleff.

French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California,  This bibliography and sourcebook was written with the
for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early hope that someone will write a detailed and well-documented
1980s. history of this subject.

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 5

INTRODUCTION
Background and context: George Washington Carver, a professor at the
Soy ice cream is largely a United States Tuskegee Institute, “astonished both the members
phenomenon. This is not surprising. The USA and spectators with visible proof that he can
has the world’s largest per capita consumption manufacture one hundred and forty-five different
of (dairy) ice cream. As a result of the U.S. foods and useful articles, including milk and
counterculture and vegetarian movements of the cream, from peanuts.” From it he has also made ice
1960s and 1970s, America was home to a large cream, which he says was the finest he ever tasted
number of entrepreneurs with new ideas. And the (St. Louis Globe Democrat, April 3, p. 3).
number of Americans who keep a kosher diet has
long been very large. Kosher rules say that one 1922 Nov. 28 – Lee Len Thuey, a citizen of the
cannot eat meat and dairy products at the same United States and a resident of Indianapolis,
meal; hence an interest in developing non-dairy Indiana, is the world’s first person to be issued
products. a patent for a soy ice cream. Titled “Frozen
Moreover, the soyfoods movement originated confection and process of making same,” he filed
in the United States in the early 1970s, and by the application on 18 Oct. 1920. It was made from
the end of this decade was steadily developing tofu, flavoring, and a sweetener.
momentum. Many of the entrepreneurs who
developed soy ice creams were involved with 1930 Sept. – The term “soybean ice cream”
other soyfoods before they branched out into soy first appears in the Proceedings of the American
ice creams and other non-dairy frozen desserts. Soybean Association (p. 3-6). At 12:00 noon
a “special soybean lunch” was served at the
Brief chronology of soy ice cream and other University of Illinois South Farm, prepared by
non-dairy frozen desserts. ladies of the First M.E. Church. The desserts were
“soybean ice cream, and soybean ice.”
1899 – Almeda Lambert, a Seventh-day Adventist
of Battle Creek, Michigan, in her Guide for Nut 1930 – The world’s first commercial soy ice cream
Cookery (452 p.), publishes the world’s earliest is introduced by Kethro Kloss, a Seventh-day
known recipes for non-dairy ice creams: Ice cream Adventist, at Takoma Park Station, Washington,
(made of almond or peanut cream). Ice cream DC. Named Soy Ice Cream and honey sweetened,
made of peanut milk. Almond ice cream. it is sold in strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla
flavors. He named his company the Scientific Food
1918 March – Arao Itano of Japan is the world’s & Benevolent Association. By 1934 he was serving
first person to conceive of making an ice cream his soy ice cream at his lectures in Florida (Miami
from soy. In an article titled “Soy beans as Daily News, 1934, April) and in 1935 he included
human food, in the Massachusetts Agricultural a recipe for soy “Ice cream” (non-dairy; made with
Experiment Station Bulletin No. 182 he states “4 qts. Soy bean milk”) in his herbal classic Back
“Vegetable butter, ice cream, oil (table use) and to Eden (p. 105).
lard (cooking): The manufacture of these articles
from soy beans further investigation.” 1930s early – Henry Ford’s soy researchers,
Robert Boyer and Edsel Ruddiman, develop an
1921 April – At a meeting of the Ways and Means experimental soy ice cream at Greenfield Village
Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, in Detroit, Michigan. It is based on fresh tofu curds

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 6

and soy protein isolates. By August 1935 Henry 1968 May – In their classic vegan cookbook, A
Ford was serving soy ice cream for dessert at VIP Good Cook – Ten Talents, Frank and Rosalie Hurd
and press luncheons held at the Ford Engineering (both Seventh-Day Adventists; he is a Doctor
Laboratory in Dearborn (Literary Digest 1935 July of Chiropractic) have five recipes for non-dairy
27; Simonds 1938; Strother 1961). ice creams, one in which “rich soy milk” is an
ingredient and four in which “soy milk powder” is
1936 – Vetose Nutritional Laboratories in an optional ingredient.
Shanghai, China (run by Dr. Harry W. Miller and
his son, Willis, both Seventh-day Adventists), 1969 Aug. – The term “non-dairy frozen dessert”
starts to sell soy ice cream in small quantities first appears in an article titled “How to make
(Raymond Moore, 1961, p. 182). parevine,” by Wendell S. Arbuckle in the American
Dairy Review.
1945 April 16 – The term “frozen dessert” is first
used in connection with soy in an article titled 1971 – Heller Enterprises of New York launches
“Who’s who and why” (about Herbert Marshall Heller’s Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert, perhaps the
Taylor and Delsoy), by Fred L. Olmsted, published first commercially successful non-dairy frozen
in the Detroit News (p. 4). dessert based on isolated soy proteins.

1945 – The modern term “soy ice cream” first 1976 Aug. – A new wave of interest in soy ice
appears in that remarkable book The Useful creams begins with the introduction of Ice Bean by
Soybean: A Plus Factor in Modern Living, by Farm Foods in San Rafael, California. Developed
Mildred Lager of Southern California. In her at The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee, it was
“recipe” for “Soy ice cream” (p. 250) she notes soon sold nationwide.
that “Soy milk may be used in place of regular
milk in ice-cream recipes.” 1979 summer – Pesach Lazaroff introduces
David Mintz to tofu. That summer Lazaroff spent
1946 March – The word “dairylike” first more than 100 hours working with Mintz as a
appears in connection with soy in an article titled consultant.
“Imitation or improvement? Dairy ‘replacement’
products widening market, seeking to equal 1980 July – Jolly Licks Ice-C-Bean is introduced
margarine’s success,” by Lawrence E. Doherty in by Mark Brawerman of San Francisco, California.
Food Business (p. 22-23, 56). Marketed and distributed by Jolly Licks, it is sold
in six flavors. Later that month the product name is
1951 – Robert Rich, founder of Rich Products changed to simply Jolly Licks and the name of the
Corporation of Buffalo, New York, introduces marketer-distributor is changed to Pacific Trading
Chill-Zert – a non-dairy soy ice cream (Buffalo Co. In Nov. 1982 Pacific Trading Co. was renamed
Evening News, 1952). Rich had learned how to Living Lightly.
make soymilk from Henry Ford’s researchers.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration seized 1980 Dec. – Farm Foods starts a national ad
the product, claiming that it should be labeled campaign for Soy Ice Bean with full-page color
“imitation chocolate ice cream.” Rich Products ads in national magazines: New Age, Whole Foods,
fought back, in state after state, and eventually East West Journal, and Vegetarian Times.
won. All subsequent makers of non-dairy ice
cream owe Robert Rich a huge debt of gratitude. 1981 Aug. – Tofutti is first sold at Mintz’s Buffet,
a kosher Jewish deli on Third Ave. in Manhattan’s

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 7

chick Upper East Side. Developed by David Mintz 1983 Aug. – Robert Tepper of Farm Foods
(and Pesach Lazaroff) this was the product that serves Ice Bean soymilk ice cream at the annual
made soy ice creams famous and attracted huge American Soybean Association (ASA) convention
amounts of free media publicity. Tofutti was first in Nashville, Tennessee. A special presentation is
sold in this deli as a soft-serve non-dairy frozen made to 40 regional overseas ASA directors and
dessert in 9 flavors. During the previous two officials
months it had been sold in the deli under other
names: Tofu Time Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert (the 1983 – Sales of Tofutti expand ten-fold. David
first flavor was carrot-raisin), then Tofu Time Tofu Mintz establishes a new corporation named Tofu
Ice Kream. Time Inc. On 8 Dec. 1983 Tofu Time Inc. raises
$2.76 million net in its first public stock offering.
1982 June – Farm Foods presents Ice Bean at the
American Booksellers Convention in Anaheim, 1983 – The United States leads the world in annual
California. per capita consumption of (dairy) ice cream with
44.13 pints per person. Australia is second with
1982 July – The term “Dairy free” first appears 37.21 pints (down by 15.7%), followed by New
in a leaflet titled “Tofutti: Dairy free,” created by Zealand (35.87), Canada (31.88, and Sweden
Mintz’s Buffet of New York City. (28.57) (International Association of Ice Cream
Manufacturers. 1984. The Latest Scoop. Aug.).
1982 – Tofutti begins to be sold outside Mintz’s
deli in New York City, including at a number 1984 – Tofutti mania spreads across America.
of the city’s most stylish eateries – such as Tofutti hits the big time, with huge amounts of
Bloomingdale’s and Zabar’s. free media publicity. Rising to national stardom,
it became (to everyone’s astonishment) America’s
1983 April – Rice Dream, a non-dairy frozen number one dessert craze. Sales of Tofutti
dessert based on amazake (cultured rice) is skyrocketed to $9 million in fiscal 1984 (which
launched in 3 flavors in pints by Gloria Gilbert, ended July 31).
owner of Fresh Foods, in Boulder, Colorado.
The product had been developed in 1980 (non- 1984 June – Robert Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods
commercially) by Barbara Svenning and Marty Inc., of Moniteau Farm, Jamestown, Missouri,
Roth in Santa Fe, New Mexico. They sold their introduces Rice Dream, a non-dairy frozen
business, Community Kitchens, to Gloria. Steve dessert based on amazake (cultured rice) made in
Demos of White Wave in Boulder made Gloria’s the traditional way. A truly amazing product, it
Rice Dream. It was on the market for only 3-6 contains no refined sweeteners and no added oil or
months. On 10 Feb. 1984 Robert Nissenbaum fat; most of its sweetness comes from the natural
(who was already making amazake) purchased the sweetness of amazake, but small amounts of Grade
name Rice Dream from Gloria for $2,000. A maple syrup are also added. Imagine Foods
soon begins advertising and promoting the product
1983 June – The world’s first non-dairy ice widely. By Oct. 1984 it was sold in 7 hard pack
cream sandwich is launched by Farm Foods of and 4 soft serve flavors.
Summertown, Tennessee. Made of Ice Bean (soy
ice cream) sandwiched between two carob coated 1984 – In the United Kingdom, the first soy ice
honey wafers, it comes in three flavors: Honey cream is Sojal Frozen Non-Dairy Dessert. It is
Vanilla, Carob, or Peanut Butter. developed and marketed by John Holt of the
Regular Tofu Co. Ltd. and made in Leicester,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 8

England, by Rossa Ltd., a dairy ice cream Ices. Today Genice is the largest maker of soy
company. In May 1984 this same company ice creams in the UK and Europe. In April 1989
introduces SoyBoy Soymilk Ices, then in June Genice became a member of the Haldane Foods
1985 Sojal Light. Michael Cole was one of the Group.
salesmen for this company. Cole then left and went
to work for Soya Foods Ltd. 1992 – Living Lightly (Light Non-Dairy Frozen
Dessert) is introduced by Mark Brawerman and
1985 Feb. – Barricini Foods Inc. (Oyster Bay, distributed by Turtle Mountain, Inc. of Junction
New York) launches Tofulite (a soy ice cream); it City, Oregon. Sold in pints, it is available in 10
is made in Tennessee by Farm Foods. flavors. Sweetened with fruit juices, they contain
no added fat. In 1994 the brand was changed to
1985 May 31 – Farm Foods (Summertown, Living Rightly.
Tennessee), maker of Ice Bean, is acquired by
Barricini Foods Inc. 1996 – The best-selling non-dairy ice creams
in natural- and health food stores are now Rice
1985 – In fiscal 1985 sales of Tofutti soar to a Dream, Tofutti, and Living Rightly.
record $17.1 million. Tofu Time is one of the
hottest stocks on Wall Street. 2001 July – Purely Decadent Soy Delicious – the
By the summer of 1985 at least 26 brands of world’s first super-premium non-dairy frozen
soy ice cream (many of them with “Tofu” in the dessert (high in calories and oil) – is introduced by
product name) are on the market in the USA. Turtle Mountain, Inc. in seven flavors.
The boom years for soy ice cream in America
were 1984-1988. When the craze died down, 2004 March - Soy Delicious is now the best-
four national brands were left: Tofutti, Ice Bean, selling brand of ice cream (both dairy and non-
Tofulite, and Mocha Mix. dairy) in the natural foods channel in the USA.

1985 July – Michael Cole, in England, introduces 2005 April 15 – Turtle Mountain, Inc. signs a
Sunrise Ice Dream, which quickly became a huge national distribution agreement with Dryer’s Ice
success nationwide. Initially the product was made Cream. That same year the company changes its
in Clywd, Wales, by Classic Ices – which was then brand on all products to So Delicious Dairy Free
owned by the Hillsdown Holdings Group. Later in from Soy Delicious. And the company brings in an
1985 the founder of Classic Ices, Ray Pierce, and investor to obtain the capital needed to expand its
the technical manager, Irene Barclay, leave Classic manufacturing capacity.
Ices and start a company named Genice Foods Ltd.
(pronounced JEN-ais, also in Clwyd, Wales) to 2006 late – Turtle Mountain opens the world’s first
specialize in making non-dairy products. dairy-free ice cream plant in Springfield, Oregon;
it makes only ice cream sandwiches – no mix.
1986 Feb. – Barricini Foods has its first public
stock offering which raises $1.5 million gross, to 2008 April – Turtle Mountain, Inc. starts to ship
use for marketing Tofulite and Ice Bean soy ice coconut milk non-dairy frozen dessert to Whole
creams. Foods and distributors nationwide.

1986 April – Genice’s first product is Genice Ice 2008 May/June – Turtle Mountain, Inc. opens the
Delight. In 1986 the manufacture of Sunrise Ice world’s first dairy-free ice cream plant that makes
Dream was transferred to Genice from Classic the basic mix, in Springfield, Oregon.

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 9

Soy acidophilus ice cream

2012 May – Update on Tofutti Brands Inc., which Soya frozen dessert
is struggling. Net sales for 2011 were $15.926 Soya ice cream
million, down 11.1% from the previous year. Net Soybean milk ice cream
income was $43,000, down 90.7% from $462,000 Soybean ice cream
the previous year. Despite this 90% drop in profits, Soy Delicious
the salary paid to CEO Mintz is unchanged at Soymilk frozen dessert
$450,000. Soymilk ice cream
Soy ice cream
2013 – Turtle Mountain’s net sales of non-dairy Tofu ice cream
products this year will exceed $100 million, Tofutti
about 38% of which is non-dairy frozen desserts,
followed by beverages, cultured products (mostly
like yogurt), and non-dairy creamers (the smallest
segment). Since 2006, net sales have increased, on
average, by more than 30% a year – and much of
this during the “Great Recession.” The company
now employs 175 people.

The many names of non-dairy frozen desserts

(useful for digital searching)

Almond milk frozen dessert

Amasake frozen dessert
Amazake frozen dessert
Amasake ice cream
Amazake ice cream
Dairy-free frozen dessert
Dairy-free ice cream
Coconut milk frozen dessert
Dairyless frozen dessert
Dairyless ice cream
Dairylike
Frozen soy
Frozen tofu
Imitation ice cream
Mellorine
Milkless frozen confection
Nondairy frozen dessert
Non-dairy frozen dessert
Nondairy tofu frozen dessert
Non-dairy tofu frozen dessert
Parevine
Rice Dream

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 10

ABOUT THIS BOOK

This is the most comprehensive book ever published

about the history of non-dairy frozen desserts. It has been
compiled, one record at a time over a period of 35 years, in
an attempt to document the history of this interesting and
delicious food. It is also the single most current and useful
source of information on this subject.

This is one of more than 100 books compiled by William

Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the Soyinfo
Center. It is based on historical principles, listing all known
documents and commercial products in chronological order.
It features detailed information on:

• 60 different document types, both published and

unpublished.

• 1311 published documents - extensively annotated

bibliography. Every known publication on the subject in
every language.

• 316 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviews

never before published, except perhaps in our books.

• 301 commercial soy products.

• 189 unpublished archival documents.

Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding the development

of this subject from its earliest beginnings to the present.

Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in

addition to the typical author, date, title, volume and pages
information) the author’s address, number of references
cited, original title of all non-English language publications
together with an English translation of the title, month and
issue of publication, and the first author’s first name (if
given). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whether
or not it has an index, and the height in centimeters.

All of the graphics (labels, ads, leaflets, etc) displayed in this

book are on file, organized by subject, chronologically, in the
Soyinfo Center’s Graphics Collection.

For commercial soy products (CSP), each record includes

(if possible) the product name, date of introduction,
manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in
many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price,
storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a
description of the label. Sources of additional information on
each product (such as advertisements, articles, patents, etc.)
are also given.

A complete subject/geographical index is also included.

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 11

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

A&M = Agricultural and Mechanical mm = millimeter(s)

Agric. = Agricultural or Agriculture N. = North
Agric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment Station No. = number or North
ARS = Agricultural Research Service Nov. = November
ASA = American Soybean Association Oct. = October
Assoc. = Association, Associate oz = ounce(s)
Asst. = Assistant p. = page(s)
Aug. = August photo(s) = photograph(s)
Ave. = Avenue P.O. Box = Post Office Box
Blvd. = Boulevard Prof. = Professor
bu = bushel(s) psi = pounds per square inch
ca. = about (circa) R&D = Research and Development
cc = cubic centimeter(s) Rd. = Road
Chap. = Chapter Rev. = Revised
cm = centimeter(s) RPM = revolutions per minute
Co. = company S. = South
Corp. = Corporation SANA = Soyfoods Association of North America
Dec. = December Sept. = September
Dep. or Dept. = Department St. = Street
Depts. = Departments tonnes = metric tons
Div. = Division trans. = translator(s)
Dr. = Drive Univ. = University
E. = East USB = United Soybean Board
ed. = edition or editor USDA = United States Department of Agriculture
e.g. = for example Vol. = volume
Exp. = Experiment V.P. = Vice President
Feb. = February vs. = versus
fl oz = fluid ounce(s) W. = West
ft = foot or feet °C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade)
gm = gram(s) °F = degrees Fahrenheit
ha = hectare(s) > = greater than, more than
i.e. = in other words < = less than
Inc. = Incorporated
incl. = including
Illust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s)
Inst. = Institute
J. = Journal
J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. = Journal of the
American Oil Chemists’ Society
Jan. = January
kg = kilogram(s)
km = kilometer(s)
Lab. = Laboratory
Labs. = Laboratories
lb = pound(s)
Ltd. = Limited
mcg = microgram(s)
mg = milligram(s)
ml = milliliter(s)

Copyright © 2013 by Soyinfo Center

 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 12

HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS DIGITAL BOOK - SEARCH IT

Most Important Thing: The KEY to using this digital Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South: India.
book, which is in PDF format, is to SEARCH IT using Note the extensive use of cross references to help you:
Adobe Acrobat Reader: For those few who do not have it, e.g. “Bean curd. See Tofu.”
Google: Acrobat Reader - then select the free download for
your type of computer. Then... Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains
a country keyword. Most USA and Canadian records also
Click on the link to this book and wait for the book to contain a state or province keyword, indexed at “U.S. States”
load completely (5 seconds to 2 minutes). or “Canadian Provinces and Territories” respectively. All
countries are indexed under their region or continent. Thus
Type [Ctrl+F] to “Find.” A white search box will appear for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, and not under Egypt.
near the top right of your screen. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America, South America:
Type in your search term, such as Mocha or Ice Bean. Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India. For Australia see
You will be told how many times this term appears, then Oceania: Australia.
the first one will be highlighted.
To go to the next occurrence, click the down arrow, etc. Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under
“Important Documents -.”
For those using a Mac without Acrobat Reader: Safari is
often the default browser. Click “Edit” in the toolbar Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, or
at top. In the dropdown click “Find,” then click pioneering soy-related companies appear in the subject
“Find...” again. A search bar will open across top of index – companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co.,
screen with a search box at right. In this box type AGP, Cargill, DuPont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc.
a word or phrase you would like to search, such as Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofu
Mocha or Ice Bean. Click “Done” then scroll through makers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers,
the various matches in the book. soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-day
Adventist food companies, soy protein makers (including
Chronological Order: The publications and products in this pioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh,
book are listed with the earliest first and the most recent last. soynut, soy flour companies, etc.
Within each year, references are sorted alphabetically by Other key organizations include Society for
author. If you are interested in only current information, start Acclimatization (from 1855 in France), American Soybean
reading at the back, just before the indexes. Association, National Oilseed/Soybean Processors
Association, Research & Development Centers (Peoria,
A Reference Book: Like an encyclopedia or any other Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and International
reference book, this work is meant to be searched first - to Soybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, International
find exactly the information you are looking for - and then to Inst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soy protein
be read. companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden, Griffith Labs.,
Gunther, Laucks, Protein Technologies International, and
How to Use the Index: A subject and country index is Rich Products.
located at the back of this book. It will help you to go
directly to the specific information that interests you. Browse Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso,
through it briefly to familiarize yourself with its contents and Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soy
format. Flour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans.
Each record in the book has been assigned a sequential But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: Textured
number, starting with 1 for the first/earliest reference. It Products, etc.
is this number, not the page number, to which the indexes
refer. A publication will typically be listed in each index in Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans: Look under
more than one place, and major documents may have 30-40 “Industrial Uses ...” for more than 17 subject headings.
subject index entries. Thus a publication about the nutritional
value of tofu and soymilk in India would be indexed under Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford,
at least four headings in the subject and country index: Friedrich Haberlandt, Artemy A. Horvath, Englebert
Kaempfer, Mildred Lager, William J. Morse, etc.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 13

Center Library owns all or part of that document. We own

Soy-Related Movements: Soyfoods Movement, roughly three fourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of
Vegetarianism, Health and Dietary Reform Movements hard-to-find documents or those without copyright protection
(esp. 1830-1930s), Health Foods Movement (1920s-1960s), can be ordered for a fee. Please contact us for details.
Animal Welfare/ Rights. These are indexed under the
person’s last name or movement name. Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains 135+
different types of documents, both published (books,
Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (protein journal articles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs,
quality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexed news releases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews,
under Nutrition, in one of more than 70 subcategories. unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.).

Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing, Customized Database Searches: This book was printed
marketing, and trading soybeans are indexed under Soybean from SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced
Production, e.g., Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, by the Soyinfo Center. Customized/personalized reports
or Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or Soybean are “The Perfect Book,” containing exactly the information
Production: Variety Development. you need on any subject you can define, and they are now
just a phone call away. For example: Current statistics on
Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through the tofu and soymilk production and sales in England, France,
subject index will show you many more interesting subject and Germany. Or soybean varietal development and genetic
headings, such as Industry and Market Statistics, Information research in Third World countries before 1970. Or details on
(incl. computers, databases, libraries), Standards, all tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name it,
Bibliographies (works containing more than 50 references), we’ve got it. For fast results, call us now!
and History (soy-related).
BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this book
Commercial Soy Products (CSP): See “About This Book.” and the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the Soyinfo
Center Library is named BIBLIO. Based on Advanced
SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusively Revelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, Tony
for use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interview Cooper and John Ladd.
contains all the important material in short interviews
conducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. This History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: Many of our digital
material has not been published in any other source. Longer books have a corresponding chapter in our forthcoming
interviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublished scholarly work titled History of Soybeans and Soyfoods
manuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered from (4 volumes). Manuscript chapters from that book are now
Soyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is a available, free of charge, on our website, www.soyinfocenter.
summary by William Shurtleff of existing information on com and many finished chapters are available free of charge
one subject. in PDF format on our website and on Google Books.

“Note:” When this term is used in a record’s summary, it About the Soyinfo Center: An overview of our
indicates that the information which follows it has been publications, computerized databases, services, and history is
added by the producer of this database. given on our website.

Asterisks at End of Individual References: Soyinfo Center

1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that P.O. Box 234,
Soyinfo Center does not own that document. Lack of an Lafayette, CA 94549 USA
asterisk means that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091
document. www.soyinfocenter.com
2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Center
has done a partial or complete translation into English of that
document.
3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references
[23* ref] means that most of these references are not about
soybeans or soyfoods.
Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center: Lack of an *
(asterisk) at the end of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 14

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 21

HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM

AND OTHER NON-DAIRY FROZEN DESSERTS
1. Lambert, Almeda. 1899. Guide for nut cookery: Together are the most healthful of all breads, it would be of benefit to
with a brief history of nuts and their food values (Continued– mankind if they were in more general use.” For best results
Document part II). Battle Creek, Michigan: J. Lambert & Co. “run the dough through the nut-butter mill twice or more,
452 p. Illust. 22 cm. instead of kneading by hand as directed in the recipes.”
• Summary: Continued from p. 76. Other chapters include– Recipes include: Graham gems, Raw peanut-butter gems,
Nut meal (p. 76-78): To make peanut meal, heat the nuts No. 1 gluten (made from best grade white flour which is rich
sufficiently to remove the skins, but do not brown them. in wheat gluten–such as Pillsbury’s Best). Yeast breads (p.
Blanch (remove skins), then boil in water until very tender. 168-82) incl. Graham bread.
Drain until perfectly dry, then grind in a mill that is loosely Legumes (p. 246-52) incl. Nut meatose beans, Vegetable
adjusted. If desired, rub through a flour sieve. A very rich turkey, boiled peanuts. Gravies for vegetables and toasts (p.
meal can also be made by grinding raw peanuts. Meals can 311-17) incl. Mock milk gravy (from peanut butter), raw
also be made from almonds, pine-nuts, etc. peanut milk gravy. Pies (p. 320-32) incl. Peanut meal pie
Sausages (p. 79-81): For peanut sausages mix 1 crust, Chufa cream pie crust.
tablespoon peanut butter, 2 tablespoons water, 3 tablespoons Puddings (p. 333-43): “Puddings made with dairy milk
gluten or dry bread-crumbs, a little salt, sage, and parsley. and sugar combined are apt to ferment in weak stomachs.
Form into small cakes and bake on an oiled tin. Serve topped They are much better prepared without dairy milk.” Incl.
with Peanut Gravy No. 1. Custard No. 1 (from raw peanut milk). Sauces for puddings
Nut oil (p. 82-83): Boil ground cocoanuts or peanuts (p. 344-49) incl. Almond cream sauce. Cakes (p. 354-75):
with water in a kettle for 1 hour. Set in a cool place and the “Cakes and pies are filled with animal fats, irritating spices,
oil will rise to the top. Nutmeatose, Nutora, etc. (p. 84-90): and are raised with baking-powder or soda, are certainly very
These foods are best cooked under high-pressure steam to unwholesome; to use them in our bill of fare could work
make them quite solid. For Nutora of peanuts: Mix 2 cups nothing but injury to all who partake.
raw nut butter or nut meal with 1 cup water and salt to taste. “Animals are becoming so diseased that it is no longer
Beat with an egg beater for 5 minutes or more, then put into safe to use their flesh as food, and even if they were not
cans and cook (in a steam cooker) for 3 or 4 hours. For “Nut diseased, free fats are hard of digestion.” (p. 354).
cheese,” see p. 90. “Spices and condiments, which usually enter into cake
Note 7. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2002) making, are equally injurious. The effect that they have upon
in the Western world concerning a meatless sausage. the stomach can be illustrated by putting them upon a raw
Nutmeato (p. 91-127): This chapter contains many nut- surface or in the eye; inflammation immediately takes place.
based recipes for meat alternatives. The main ingredient They irritate the nerves, cause irritability and peevishness,
is usually nut butter, but “nutmeatose” gluten, zwieola or and create a craving for something more highly spiced,
toasted bread crumbs, and legumes are also used, along with which often leads to grosser forms of intemperance.”
corn starch and a little salt. The mixture is usually sealed Drinks (p. 381-83) incl. Peanut and cereal coffee (with
in a can and steamed for 3-5 hours. Recipes include: Mock wheat bran, corn-meal, and malt), Peanut coffee No. 1-2
Nutmeato roast, Nutmeato steak, Nutgrano No. 1-10 (No. 1 (roast peanuts until dark brown), Chufa coffee. Food for the
and No. 8 use 1 cup raw peanut butter), Nutmeatose No. 1-7 sick (p. 400-01) incl. Almond milk, Graham gruel, Plain
(p. 97-98; No. 1 uses 2 cups peanut butter), Frutose, Frutosia, gluten gruel, Nut gruel (with almonds and peanuts), Egg nog
Butter for table (butter whipped with an equal quantity of (made from cocoanut cream, eggs, and sugar).
water), Roast goose (with full-page photo, based on zwieola Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2012) that
{see p. 399} and eggs), Turkey legs, Chicken legs, Roast mentions or contains a recipe for a nondairy egg nog.
turkey (with photo, based on zwieola, gluten, pecan meal, Creams, ices, etc. (p. 411-14) incl. Ice-cream No. 1-3
almond meal, peanut butter), Nut lobster, Baked trout (with (made from almond or peanut cream, sugar, and eggs), Ice-
photo), Mock fish stuffed and baked, Sauce for baked fish cream made of peanut milk, Almond ice cream, Sherbets
(with photo), Mock turkey, Mock fish-balls, Vegetable nut (from frozen fruit juices). To blanch nuts (p. 415-16); blanch
roast, Mock salmon, Mock chicken croquettes, Mock fried peanuts dry and almonds by pouring boiling water over
oysters, Mock oyster patties, Mock chip beef. Includes many them. To salt nuts (p. 417-18). Confectionery (p. 419-24)
photos of the finished dishes. incl. Peanut candy (with 1 lb each sugar and peanuts). Menus
Unleavened breads (p. 156-67): These are “made light (p. 425-33) incl. Thanksgiving dinner: This “has been a great
without the use of yeast, baking-powder, or soda. Since they puzzler to the vegetarian housewife... I propose that we do

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have a turkey for Thanksgiving, not the corpse of a bird are discussed, based largely on the writings of others: Soy
whose life was sacrificed to satisfy our perverted appetites, sauce (Abel), natto (Abel), miso (R. Takahashi), tofu (Abel),
but something which... is only one made of nuts and grains... aburage, koritofu, substitutes for milk and cheese, and
“With painstaking we shall have a better dinner than our nutritional comparison with eggs, milk and cheese (Abel,
sisters who have their platters ladened with the remains of a Atwater).
barn-yard fowl, and with cakes and pies filled with animal The section titled “Substitutes for milk and cheese”
fats and spices. Besides this, we shall have a clearer mind, states: “The Chinese in Paris [probably Li Yu-ying] have
as well as a clear conscience; while those who eat meat are been urging the culture of the soy bean. The seeds, when
taking poisons into the system which benumb the brain, boiled, mashed, and pressed, yield both milk and cheese;
cloud the conscience, and render man unfit to meet the if thinned with water, a very good substitute for animal
vesper hour and hold communion with his God.” milk; and if coagulated with mineral salt, a cheese that is
Thanksgiving dinner menu (8-course meal), Christmas usually eaten fresh, though it may be preserved by salting
dinner. Composition of foods (p. 434-39) incl. Dietetic tables or smoking, after being cooked. Three varieties of the
by Atwater and Woods of USDA. See p. 439 for composition cheese are common in the oriental markets; a fermented
of nuts. kind [fermented tofu], white, yellow, or gray in color, with
On the last page is a full-page ad for nut grinders, a piquant taste, like roquefort; a salty and white kind, like
blanchers, and peanut roasters made by Joseph Lambert & goats’ milk cheese; and a third kind, smoky and resembling
Co., Battle Creek, Michigan. Gruyére. The soy cheese costs about a fiftieth as much as
Note 8. This is the earliest U.S. document seen (March animal cheese; and in nutritive value, like the vegetable milk,
1999) that mentions almond milk. compares very favorably with the ordinary products of the
Note 9. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) cow. (‘Phila. Ledger,’ Sept. 27, 1906).”
that mentions a non-dairy non-soy ice cream; it is based on Note 1. No such article in the Philadelphia Ledger or the
almonds or peanuts. Public Ledger (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), of this date, can
Note 10. This is the earliest document seen (June be found.
2007) that gives a recipe for a meatless turkey and the 2nd Note 2. This is the earliest U.S. document seen (Dec.
earliest that mentions meatless turkey. However soy is not 2008) that mentions smoked tofu.
mentioned. The section on peanuts (p. 158-62) includes roasted
Note 11. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. peanuts, peanut butter, peanut taffy, and “Terralac or peanut-
2003) that mentions or gives a recipe for a meat alternative milk (here first published).” Details on how to make peanut-
resembling beef: Mock Nutmeato roast, and Nutmeato steak. milk at home are given, followed by many recipes for its
These were made with nuts rather than soy. Address: Battle use–each preceded by the word “Terralac.” Thus: Terralac
Creek, Michigan. custards, Terralac punch. Terralac cream, salad dressing,
sauce, cream sauce, creams, blanc-mange [blancmange],
2. Lyman, Benjamin Smith. 1917. Vegetarian diet and dishes. cream pie, Bavarian cheese, Terralac in soup, “Ice-Terralac,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ferris & Leach. 416 p. See p. or peanut ice-cream,” peanut soup, salted peanuts.
155-58. Index. Portrait. 21 cm. [3 ref] There are also sections on the cowpea (p. 163+),
• Summary: Discusses the physiological, economical, and almonds (p. 263-65; incl. salted almonds, marchpane,
ethical advantages of a vegetarian diet, with recipes and macaroons, nougat or almond cake, almond milk, orgeat
principles of preparation. The author, who wrote mostly syrup, burnt almonds, replacing almonds), vegetable-gelatine
about geology, lived 1835-1920. (p. 384-87, incl. carrageen or carragheen [carrageenan], Irish
A large table titled “Composition of foods” (p. 44-47) moss, and kanten), sesame oil or gingelly oil (p. 388), peanut
gives the percentage of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash oil or groundnut oil (p. 388), almond oil (p. 389), and sago
(on a dry basis) for many foods, including natto, fresh tofu, and sago recipes (p. 390-91, incl. three sago puddings).
soy bean–dried, Swiss miso, soy [shoyu] No. 1 and 2, and Note: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1998)
white miso (all figures from Abel 1900), plus peanuts–dried. defines orgeat (a word first used in 1754) as “a sweet
In the chapter titled “Foods of vegetable origin” (p. almond-flavored nonalcoholic syrup used as a cocktail
141-267), the section on “Pulse” (p. 152-78) contains a ingredient or food flavoring.”
subsection titled “Soy bean” (p. 155-58), which begins:
“The soy bean of China and Japan is perhaps the most 3. Itano, Arao. 1918. Soy beans (Glycine hispida) as human
important food plant there, next to rice. The bean is eaten food. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station,
to a small extent boiled like other beans; but is generally Bulletin No. 182. 10 p. March. [16 ref]
elaborated into a variety of products remarkably rich in • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Chemical composition
protein and fat and therefore going well with rice so deficient and digestibility. Human food prepared from soy beans
in those constituents.” The following soy-related subjects (practical recipes for making Japanese foods at home;

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names in parentheses indicate the Japanese name). Soy bean This is the earliest English-language document seen (Nov.
milk (Toniu): The ordinary method employed in Japan, 2012) that uses the term “Powdered beans: Roasted” to refer
toniu from soy bean meal (made by grinding soybeans in a to roasted soy flour.
wheat flour mill or fine coffee mill), author’s method [from Concerning “Green beans: 1. Pick them when the beans
soy bean meal, plus inoculation with Bacillus coli and B. are three-fourths to full grown. Boil them in salt water. 3.
lactis aerogenes], synthetic toniu, condensed soy bean milk Discard the pods. 4. Serve the beans with butter or milk.
(condensed toniu). Evaporated soy bean milk (yuba). Soy Note–The pods are tough and they can be removed easily on
bean curd (tofu): Fresh curd (tofu), frozen tofu (kori tofu), boiling.”
fried tofu (abura-age). Baked beans. Boiled beans. Roasted Concerning “Soy bean pulp (kara): 1. This is the residue
beans. after the milk is extracted in the process of preparation of soy
“Powdered beans–Roasted: 1. Roast as in the roasted bean milk. 2. Cooked like any other vegetable with proper
beans [either in an oven or in an ordinary corn popper]. 2. seasoning. Note.–Makes a very rich dish; an addition of
Let them stand until cool to harden them. 3. Grind them in a green onions, cabbage or parsnip may improve it.”
coffee mill or any other suitable grinder. Note.–The powder Tables contain analyses of the chemical composition of
can be used as a salad dressing or cooked with cookies like each of the basic foods discussed.
peanuts or other nuts, or employed as a substitute for coffee.” Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document
Powdered beans, raw (soy bean meal). Green beans. Soy seen (Sept. 2013) concerning soy ice cream, which it calls
bean pulp (kara). Fermented boiled beans (natto). Ripened simply “ice cream.” This is also the earliest document seen
vegetable cheese (miso; discusses koji). Soy bean sauce (Sept. 2013) concerning the etymology of soy ice cream.
(shoyu). Vegetable butter, ice cream, oil (table use) and lard Note 4. This is the earliest English-language document
(cooking): “The manufacture of these articles from soy beans seen (June 2013) that uses the term “soy bean pulp” to refer
needs further investigation.” How to make “Evaporated soy to okara.
bean milk (Yuba)” at home (p. 5): “1. Boil the soy bean milk Note 5. This is the earliest English-language document
until a film is formed on the surface. 2. Collect the film and seen (June 2013) that describes how to use okara in a recipe.
cut it into any shape desired. Note.–The film consists of Note 6. This is the earliest English-language document
coagulated albuminoids and fat. It may be used as an article seen (Aug. 2013) that uses the word “toniu” to refer to
of food, cooked in soup, etc.” soymilk; the Japanese word is tônyû. Address: Amherst,
Note 1. Even though it is very brief and inadequate, Massachusetts.
this is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2012) that contains a
description of how to make yuba at home. 4. Jordan, Sam. 1918. Soy beans from soup to nuts: A new
How to make “Baked beans” at home: (p. 7). “1. Soak crop with many uses both on farms and in factories. Country
the beans, suspended in a cloth bag, in a large quantity of Gentleman 83(39):7, 34. Sept. 28.
hot water over night. (Soaking for twenty-four hours in ice- • Summary: Begins by discussing: The possibilities of soy
cold water which is changed occasionally will give the same beans “as a substitute for meat.” The rising demand for “soy
result.) 2. Change the water, when hot water is applied, in oil” which started a few years ago when the flax crop was
the morning and an hour or two before cooking. 3. Add 1 little better than a total failure. “Industrial uses” of soy oil
teaspoonful of soda [sodium bicarbonate] per quart of beans in soap, paint, and varnish. “Several packing houses were
and boil until the beans become soft. 4. Bake like other experimenting with the oil as a possibility in oleomargarine
beans. Note.–The characteristic strong flavor of the beans manufacture.” “Soys fix soils for cotton.” “Varieties of soy
is removed by soaking before cooking; the addition of soda beans have been matured as far north as Quebec” [Canada].
[sodium bicarbonate] makes the beans soft. Cooking with The “development of the soy in the cotton sections will no
salt pork, potatoes, onions, molasses and other substances doubt be swifter from an industrial standpoint because of the
makes the beans more palatable to some tastes.” already existing facilities for oil extraction.”
Concerning the “Roasted beans” (p. 7). “1. Roasting can Concerning food uses, the author believes that “the soy
be done either in an oven or in an ordinary corn popper. 2. bean as human food is destined to play a leading part in the
Roast until the skin of the bean is burst by popping. Note.– way of a substitute for meat. From studies made of soy beans
The beans can be kept soft by immersing them in a syrup as food, the use of flour seems to be one form in which their
while they are hot. Thus very wholesome candy is prepared.” use will suit the American taste and palate best.”
Concerning the “Powdered beans: Roasted” (p. 7). “1. “I have heard that the soy-bean milkman comes around
Roast as in the roasted beans. 2. Let them stand until they before breakfast each morning in the Orient and leaves soy-
cool to harden them. Grind them in a coffee mill or other bean milk.” A Chinese student recently verified this story
suitable grinder. Note.–The powder can be used as a salad and said that in his family’s household “it was customary to
dressing or cooked [baked] with cookies like peanuts and drink a glass of the milk upon arising.” The student added
other nuts, or employed as a substitute for coffee.” Note 2. that fried bean curd was often served for breakfast, and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 24

with soy sauce for dinner. “This soy sauce is something shell easily. They can also be canned in this way, treating
more or less familiar to Americans, the acquaintance being them after hulling the same as Lima beans. It is often
contingent upon the frequency with which our Chinese desirable to serve them with rice or potatoes.”
restaurants are patronized. It is the dark-brown liquid usually “So here we have a small glimpse of what their [soy
on the tables in the vinegar bottles. It is also the base of our beans’] future really is. A crop with a great industrial
Worcestershire sauces. importance, a crop with known forage and manurial
“For supper a favorite dish is sprouted beans in salad possibilities, and a crop holding forth a beneficent promise
form, mixed with small pieces of meat or egg. They usually as an essential food, soy beans will soon be giving corn and
have also some form of bean cheese or fermented boiled wheat a close race for the more prominent places on our
beans. Next to baked and boiled beans, the preparation agricultural map.”
of soy-bean milk is a thing which should be more widely Photos show: (1) Soy beans after being soaked but
known.” before boiling. (2) Piles of hay, used for forage. (3) Side
“The author gives a brief description of how this milk is view of a soy-bean harvester (with a man on top, pulled by
made, noting that it can be used in “cream sauces, puddings, two horses) used in the South, showing the bags filled. (4)
custards, and even ice cream when some high flavoring is A rear view of the same separating and bagging soy-bean
added to kill the beany taste. Much of the strong taste can be harvester.
eliminated by boiling the milk slowly and stirring to prevent Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (March 2012)
scalding. that uses the term “from soup to nuts” in connection with
“The residue [okara] obtained by straining the milk soybeans.
makes an excellent base for muffins and even bread, when it Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
is used in the proportion of one part to three or four parts of seen (Jan. 2013) that uses the term “soy-bean sprouts” to
wheat flour.” refer to these sprouts. Address: Columbia, Missouri.
“In regard to fresh bean curd or ‘tofu,’ as the Chinese
call it, it is hardly probable that we shall use it generally at 5. Carver, G.W. 1919. Re: Milk from peanuts. Letter
an early date. The process of making it will no doubt come to Mr. Walter M. Grubbs, Peanut Product Corporation,
through the activities of our increasing number of women Birmingham, Alabama, Oct. 1. 1 p. Typed, without signature
home-demonstration agents and, also, it is being made (carbon copy).
commercially by several Chinese firms in this country. When • Summary: “It is true that our Research Laboratory has
it does become more widely known, however, it is destined succeeded in producing a milk from Peanuts, eminently
to be used extensively. It has very little taste of its own, and commercially practical. I am not ready however, to release it,
takes the flavor of everything with which it is used, generally as the discovery is less than a week old and it has a number
as a base. It is also highly nutritious. of possibilities that I am perfecting; at present I have three
“Soy sauce is likewise destined for greater use, but the grades. First, the Normal milk, Second, a very rich product
process of its manufacture is too complicated for domestic which I choose to call Cream; Third, a Butter milk; they are
preparation. It can be purchased at Chinese groceries in all three wonderfully interesting products and every way that
this country, and probably from the majority of Chinese I have tried them out, they have proven a success.
restaurants. “I have used the sweet milk for making both Corn-
“Another dish which tastes as good as it looks or sounds bread and Biscuits with perfect success; have used the sour
is soy-bean sprouts. The smaller beans, of some yellow or milk with baking powder for biscuits with equally as much
green variety, are usually used.” They are excellent because success. The Butter milk is delicious for drinking. I am
of “their use in the winter, acting as a green vegetable, and making yeast bread with it today, hope to make ice cream
the fact that the vegetable can be had whenever wanted.” very soon; The cream works very nicely in coffee, changes
“And here is one for vegetarians–a ‘vegetarian roast.’ the color similar to the cream from cow’s milk and those
This is made by using equal parts of soy beans and peanuts, who tried it out with me, pronounce it excellent; in fact,
with the peanuts roasted and the beans boiled until soft I am trying it out upon a great many people here who are
before both are mixed and treated as an ordinary meat loaf. really fastidious. I do this in order to get whatever objections
Such a roast as this is now being prepared by several food- they may have to it, so as they may be corrected before it is
manufacturing firms in the South, where both peanuts and released.”
soy beans are plentiful. It is being placed on the market in “I think I am conservative in my statement when I say
one and two pound containers.” that it is without a doubt, the most wonderful product that I
“The beans served as a green vegetable are treated after have yet been able to work out, and I see within it, unlimited
hulling in much the same manner as Lima beans or peas. To possibilities. It curds much like cow’s milk and the curds
hull, however, they should be boiled in the pods for about make a delicious cheese [tofu]. I hope to have it perfected
five minutes, then dipped into cold water, after which they sufficiently to let it go out before a great while.

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“P.S. [handwritten] I have just tried it out in rolls made shows an increased yield of from eight to ten bushels to the
with just the peanut milk instead of water. Yeast was used in acre because of the fertilising qualities returned to the soil
the usual way. The rolls were simply delicious and taste like by the soya bean, thus rendering the keeping of live stock
real milk rolls only more nutty in flavor. Experienced bread for fertilising purposes unnecessary. A normal yield of soya
makers say the rolls are delicious.” beans ranges from 20 to 25 bushels to the acre.
Location: Library of Congress, Washington, DC. “Mr. Frid said that the company’s product has been
Microfilm of The George Washington Carver Papers in given the most rigorous tests, by chefs, bakers, makers of ice
the Tuskegee Institute Archives, Roll 6 #0328. Address: cream, confectioners, makers of malted milk and cocoa, with
Director, Dep. of Research & Experiment Station [Tuskegee, the result that in every instance the milk produced from the
Alabama]. soya bean has been declared far superior to cow’s milk in all
properties, such as vitamines, fatty solids, casein, albumen,
6. Lancaster Mechanical Products, Inc. 1920. Soya beans, carbohydrates, sugar, and salts, with the same percentage of
coconuts, copra, cohune, cocobabassu, cebo, tapioca, tagua water as cow’s milk.
(Ad). Bean-Bag (The) (St. Louis, Missouri) 2(9):47. Feb. “Laboratory demonstration: The chemist of the company
• Summary: “If interested in growing, collecting, husking, recently visited the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph
de-podding, steamifying, cracking, decorticating, drying, and there met the chief chemist of that institution, who was
curing, macerating and in adopting the most advanced inclined to doubt the claims of the Hamilton chemist that
methods, processes, plants and machinery in these important a substitute for cow’s milk had been found. The Guelph
edible oil-producing, deodorizing, clarifying, refining pure chemist courteously stated that for twenty years, science and
Foods and kindred industries, consult or address. James H. chemistry had laboured to find a successful substitute for
Lancaster, President.” cow’s milk, but of all the seventeen recognised formulas not
“Also builders of placer gold, platinum, and diamond one of them had come up to the standard of cow’s milk, after
washers, dredges, hoisters, pea hullers and splitters, soya- being given every fair test.
bean and rice hullers and super-sterilizers; also for utilizing “The Hamilton chemist insisted that he had a formula
the by-products of all species of oil nuts. that was a success, whereat he was invited to the laboratory
“’Soylac’ cream and milk for bakers, ice cream and all to give a demonstration. He went there and made milk from
edible uses. the soya bean and requested the Guelph chemist to put the
“Soups: Soy-Rice; Soy-Pea; Soy-Coconut; Soy-Tomato; milk to the hardest possible test. The latter did so, and finally
Soy-Tapioca; Soy-Potato (flour); Synthetic milk, canned or admitted, Mr. Frid stated, that the substitute in question was
in bulk.” superior to cow’s milk.
“Cables: Lanjames, New York. Established 1880; “Machinery and other equipment are on order now, and
Incorporated 1918.” Address: 37 Liberty St., New York the new company, to be known as the Soy Products, Ltd.,
[City], U.S.A. Phone: John 3531. will begin operations by next June. Officials say the tentative
period is passed; they are satisfied that their product will be
7. Dairyman (The) (London). 1921. Substitute for cow’s much superior to and can be sold cheaper than cow’s milk.
milk: Canadians to manufacture vegetable milk. 43:345. “The above is not ‘spoof’: nor is it new. The process, so
April 2. far as it is disclosed above, does not differ from that worked
• Summary: “A score of prominent business men in by Solae, Ltd., in this country. Unless it has much more push
Hamilton, [Ontario], Canada, have begun the erection of a behind it than Solae: had, Mr. Frid’s ideal of a cowless world
large plant that will endeavour to manufacture a vegetable will not be realised in our time.”
milk which they think can be sold in competition with cow’s Note: The fill title of this periodical in 1921 was The
milk. Dairyman, and the Cowkeeper & Dairyman’s Journal,
“Mr. James Frid, a well-known contractor, who is published by Grampian Press, London.
actively interested in the new plant, pointed out to the
Toronto Globe recently that regardless of what scientists and 8. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (Missouri). 1921. Amazing
chemists may say, the world has long been using vegetable food uses for the lowly peanut. April 3. p. 3. Sunday
milks in preference to animal milks. In China no animal magazine section.
or cow’s milk is used at all. The natives there, Mr. Frid • Summary: The subtitle reads: “At a recent session
said, take the soya bean and make all their milk from it. of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of
The company he is associated with propose to do the same Representatives, Geo. W. Carver, a professor of the Tuskegee
thing. It will import soya beans from China for the time Institute, astounded both the members and spectators with
being, but expects that the bean will be grown in Canada visible proof that he can manufacture one hundred and forty-
at no distant date, for the reason that it has great fertiliser five different foods and useful articles, including milk and
virtues. If planted alternately with wheat, the latter crop cream, from peanuts. This milk not only looks like cow’s

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milk, but even tastes better and purer.” own convenience and protect its quality and purity. He can
“’My very latest work in investigation is in reference to make milk which lacks the animal taint and the danger of
the production of peanut milk. Like Mr. Ford I believe that disease germs.
the cow is the crudest milk machine in the world and may “’It takes the cow twenty-four hours to make milk. I can
easily be abolished for the synthetic cow, which gives clean, make from peanuts better, cleaner and more healthful milk
sweet and wholesome peanut milk. in five minutes. The cow simply takes out of the food she
“’In the milk, the cream rises exactly the same way eats what is soluble. Which is the cleaner process, that of
as in cow’s milk. In many ways peanut milk is even better grinding, moistening, heating and filtering in a machine or
than cow’s milk, for no chemicals are used-nothing but pure pan, or passing cereals, vegetables or the vegetable matter a
water. The milk produced from the peanut is a vegetable cow eats through her stomach?’”
milk, uncontaminated with harmful bacteria. Dr. Carver then demonstrated how to make peanut
“’The peanut milk I have developed looks like cow’s coffee. For the best flavor, the peanuts must be roasted,
milk and is, if anything, more nourishing and more pleasant allowed to cool, then roasted again; only then does it develop
to the palate. It consists of a perfect emulsion of oils, fats, the coffee flavor. An illustrations shows Carver turning the
proteids, and carbohydrates. If you did not know one was crank on a hand mill whose hopper is filled with peanuts. Out
cow’s milk and the other peanut milk, the eye would never of it come boxes and bottles of many common products, such
detect the difference. Peanut milk can be used for cooking as dyes, sauce, coffee, breakfast food, cheese, cream, milk,
just the same as cow’s milk, while the rich cream may be oil, face cream, and flavorings.
used on fruit, in coffee, and for breakfast cereals.
“’of course, you want to know how many peanuts it will 9. Larue, Pierre. 1921. La fabrication du lait végetal au
take to make a pint of milk. Here is a 3½ ounce glass. When Canada [Production of vegetable milk {soymilk} in Canada].
filled with shelled peanuts it will make a pint of very, very Vie Agricole et Rurale (La) (Paris) 19(28):33. July. [Fre]
rich milk, that is, milk that is many times richer than cow’s • Summary: “In certain countries, vegetable milk has
milk, about what they call cream in most city dairies. long been used in preference to animal milk. In China,
“’Here is a bottle of synthetic buttermilk made from for example, the milk of cows and other animals is never
peanuts. In this buttermilk, the whey rises exactly as it consumed. The people use only soybeans for the preparation
does in the cow’s milk, and tastes very much like real fresh of their milk. And this is exactly what some people in
buttermilk. What’s more, it is very nutritious, having a mild, Canada propose to do. For the time being, they will import
pleasing acid taste. their soybean seeds from China, but they hope that, in the
“’Here is a bottle of full peanut cream. It can be used in future, soya will be cultivated in Canada. Grown in a rotation
coffee, chocolate, cereals, fruit, and in other ways, the same on alternate years with wheat, soya will increase wheat
as cow’s product. yields by 5-7 quintals/hectare. The normal yield of soya in
“’Here is some peanut milk made especially for ice 13-17 quintals/ha. Note: 1 quintal = 100 kg.
cream. Not long since I made a quart, gave it to a neighbor, Soymilk (Le lait de fèves de soja) has been submitted
and invited myself over to help eat it. It is not modest to say to the most rigorous tests by chefs, bakers, pastry makers,
so, but I am honest when I say it was the finest I had ever makers of frozen desserts (glaciers), etc., and they have
tasted. unanimously recognized that this product (when containing
“’Here is an evaporated synthetic milk, much on the an equal proportion of water) would be superior to cow’s
order of the regular commercial evaporated cow’s milk, and milk when considered from every point of view: vitamins,
acting when used in the same way. An interesting thing about lipids, casein, albumin, carbohydrates, sugar and salts.
this and the other peanut milks is that you can use nay acid “The soymilk will be significantly less expensive than
with them, and they don’t curdle as cow’s milk does. cow’s milk.”
“’The cow is a portable milk manufacturer who grinds
her food, moistens it, heats it to a proper temperature and 10. Carver, Geo. W. 1921. Many products can be made from
then filters it, and the result is milk,’ continued the chemist. peanut and sweet potato. American Food Journal 16(8):20.
‘A machine or the simple utensils used here, under the Aug.
direction of a man, can do the same thing that the cow does. • Summary: Carver now has 150 tested recipes for the
It is the same food or the elements of the same food as cow’s peanut. “First let us examine the peanut as food for man. We
milk and contains all the vitamines and nutritive quantities find on our list peanut brittle, peanut fudge, peanut cream
now that it has been proved that most excellent milk can be candy, peanut oil, which constitutes one of the choicest of
made from peanuts. The skill and ability of the human being cooking oils, peanut butter, peanut flour, peanut cake, peanut
can perfect a machine far more economical and infinitely crackerjack, peanut caramels, peanut butter scotch, peanut
more convenient for milk making than the cow. Man can do kisses and peanut breakfast food.
more than the cow. He can produce a synthetic milk at his “Under the head of general usefulness, we find peanut

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hulls, ground, a powder much prized for the scouring and and those on lentils longest.” When animals are allowed to
finishing of tin plate, peanut skins for dyes, peanut wood follow their instinct, and choose between “the several kinds
stains, peanut axle grease, peanut oil soap, peanut quinine, of legumina... they eat most lentils, less peas, and least
peanut linoleum, peanut butter chili, peanut lard compounds, beans.”
peanut margarin [margarine], and finally peanut germs, a by- “It is well known that in the time of the Greeks men still
product from various manufacturing processes which makes used, of cereals, chiefly barley. Barley was followed by rye,
one of the most desirable pigeon feeds now on the market. especially in the Middle Ages, and both barley and rye were
“Value of peanut milk. We next come to one of the supplanted by wheat, as in England, as is the case today on
most important peanut products–peanut milk... It is one of the Continent.”
the most perfect and stable emulsions that I have seen when “An ideal food–We now endeavored to apply this
properly made.” A table compares its composition with knowledge to the soya bean with a view to the food shortage
that of cow’s milk. “When it sours the clabber or curd is problem. In the chemical sense, the soya is an ideal food.
about the same in quantity and physical appearance as that It contains 40 percent albumen and 20 percent fat, and at
of cow’s milk. The possibilities of this milk are practically the same time can be obtained very cheaply. In Japan and
unlimited, but it might be well to mention a few: Cooking China the soya is worked up into a number of very valuable
purposes, sweet and sour milk, buttermilk, cream for coffee, foodstuffs by small industrialists. These foodstuffs do not
cream for ice cream, evaporated milk, fancy fruit punch, meet European taste. Probably the Mongolian race has
Worcestershire sauce, peanut coffee, instant coffee, clear accustomed itself to this food. The European foodstuffs
white oil, tofu–a highly flavored peanut sauce. industry has made repeated efforts to produce out of the
“And among the more astonishing products resulting soya a good and palatable food, but every attempt has failed,
from the peanut are mock oysters, made from the curds, because the biological factor has been ignored. We could
and a very satisfactory substitute for real oysters; face show that most of the processes used for this purpose and for
pomade, ink, a fine blue black ink being derived from the which patents were also taken out, such as for extraction and
vines, and finally a vinegar.” Address: Dep. of Research and roasting, only lead to one result; the rats fed with this food
Experiment Station, Tuskegee Inst., Alabama. have a much shorter life than even those fed with the raw
soya.
11. Berczeller, Laszlo. 1921. “Manna” food. Products of the “We have been successful in creating three foods:
soya bean. Bread, flour, and milk. Times (London). Sept. 28. bread, flour and milk, in which these principles were taken
p. 11-12. into account. These foods have been tested not only in the
• Summary: Contents: Preface. Introduction. Animal laboratory, but also on man; man, because one does not even
experiments. An ideal food. “Manna” milk. Children’s food. yet know to what extent of certainty one may conclude from
“We give below a statement which Dr. László animal experiments to human beings.”
Berczeller, a young Hungarian who was assistant to “The new ‘Manna’ bread which has been produced by
the late Professor Franz Tangl, has made to our Vienna Mr. Robert Graham and myself–Mr. Graham’s technical
Correspondent on the new foodstuffs which are being made and scientific experience in bread making rendered it alone
from the soya bean. Dr. Berczeller is working in a laboratory possible to work out this problem–is the solution of the old
specially placed at his disposal by the Austrian Minister of standard bread controversy. We do not use the bran, which is
Public Health, and his studies are being watched with lively already disintegrated by the milling process. We use better
interest by the British Minister and the American High proteids than those contained in the bran and we introduce a
Commissioner in Vienna. great quantity of fat into the bread. The bread is cheaper than
“It was in 1913, in Berlin [Germany], that I first turned any other at present on the market.”
my attention to the soya as a food. I was the guest of the “Manna flour contains 40 per cent proteid and 20
Japanese Club and a Japanese professor showed me soya percent fat. In the raw state it has a sweet and pleasant taste.
food and told me that a milk was made from the bean in It can be used for soups and cooking vegetables.”
Japan... Professor Riegler, also in Hungary, had invented a “’Manna’ Milk–If we give animals the choice between
synthetic milk made from the gluten of wheat. I saw these the best milk powder and manna flour, their instinct leads
products were not satisfactory as they only had qualities in them to eat largely of the later; and if we feed them on eggs
the sense of the old theory of calories and protein value of or meat and manna flour in a similar colloidal state, they
foods.” consume more manna flour and less eggs or meat. We deduce
Note: This is the earliest English-language document therefrom that human beings will find it pays them better to
seen (Sept. 2011) that contains the term “soya food” or the use manna flour. Manna milk is in its proteid, carbohydride,
term “soya as food.” and fat contents, and in its colour, very similar to cow’s
“We have fed white rats on beans, peas, and lentils, milk. It has an almond-like taste. Used with tea, cocoa,
and we have found that animals fed on beans live shortest or puddings, ice creams and pastry, one cannot detect any

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difference from fresh milk. It is now being manufactured and gypsum, or sulphite of lime, a flavoring extract and a
its cost in Vienna will be six times less than fresh milk. It is sweetening extract.” The author also describes his invention
merely a question of scientific research and manna milk will as “The process of forming a milkless frozen confection.”
be biologically perfect also.” Note: This is the earliest English-language document
“It is indisputable that the food of the white race is seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “milkless frozen
very costly, especially when one compares it with the confection” to refer to soy ice cream. Address: Indianapolis,
food which the yellow race is accustomed to. We observe Indiana.
the evil consequences of this difference above all in the
United States. It is therefore a matter of the highest political 14. Cooper, Lenna Frances. 1922. The new cookery. 8th
importance that the West should learn the lesson of cheaper ed., revised. Battle Creek, Michigan: The Modern Medicine
living as taught them by the East in the adaptation of the Publishing Co. 449 p. Index. 23 cm.
soya bean as an article of food.” • Summary: Contents: 1. Food values. 2. The art of preparing
“For fighting the Russian famine the aforementioned foods. 3. Beverages. 4. Cereals. 5. Fermented breads. 6.
foodstuffs commend themselves for widely different Unfermented breads. 7. Sandwiches. 8. Dairy products.
reasons.” Address: Vienna, Austria. 9. Cream soups. 10. Plain soups. 11. Meat substitutes and
entrees. 12. Macaroni and Italian pastes. 13. Eggs. 14.
12. Literary Digest. 1921. “Milk” from rice. Dec. 17. p. 23. Gravies and sauces. 15. Vegetables. 16. Salads and relishes.
[1 ref] 17. Toasts. 18. Fruit Desserts. 19. Custards and cold desserts.
• Summary: “Rice can be liquefied into the form of milk, 20. Frozen desserts. 21. Pastry and pies. 22. Cakes. 23.
we are told by W.M. Queen, writing in the Rice Journal Cake fillings and frostings. 24. Hot puddings. 25. Sauces for
(Beaumont, Texas [Oct. 1921, p. 19, 25])... ‘It is known puddings. 26. Canning and preserving. 27. Special dishes for
that rice at first grows like any ordinary grain, but later puts invalids. 28. Balanced menus.”
forth its milk veins, which have been called water roots, Soy is not mentioned in this Seventh-day Adventist
above the surface of the ground. These draw a milk from vegetarian cookbook; soy flour was mentioned in 9th edition
the elements in the water... A milk containing 7 per cent. (1924).
fat has been produced. It is 100 per cent. rice. The writer This book is dedicated to the author’s mother. Page
has tasted this milk, 55 hours after its production, when it 13 states: “The author wishes to express her indebtedness
had become a buttermilk, and can vouch for the fact that it to Dr. and Mrs. John Harvey Kellogg, of the Battle Creek
is refreshing, invigorating and stimulating.’” J.H. Stassen Sanitarium, who have inspired her with a love for the study
and Mr. S. Christensen are producing the new product from of foods and their scientific preparation and who have since
rice. After World War I, Stassen “went to Texas, where he been constant sources of help and encouragement.”
brought the experiments with rice as a base for ice-cream he With each recipe is given the calories in the recipe
had started in Iowa, to a more perfect stage of development. and per serving from protein, fat, carbohydrate, and total.
His products were already being made experimentally in the Interesting items: Cereal coffee, Kaffir tea, and Health Koko
form of an emulsion and also in a frozen state as a substitute (p. 33). Yogurt buttermilk and Orange yogurt (p. 34-36).
for ice-cream and sherbet. Sterilized bran (p. 44). Graham mush with dates, Gluten
“’At this point Mr. Stassen brought his discovery mush, and Creamed gluten mush (with 1 cup 20% Gluten
to California,’” where he met Mr. Christensen (one of Meal, p. 47). Granola fruit mush (p. 49-50). Graham bread
California’s leading rice growers), “’whose researches (p. 54-55). Peanut butter sandwiches (p. 84-85). Protose
covering a long period of years were so supplemented by sandwiches (p. 85). Cream of almond soup (p. 104-05).
Mr. Stassen’s invention that between them they have opened Noodle soup with Savora (p. 126-27). Chapter 11, titled
a new field for the development of rice with possibilities “Meat substitutes and entrees” contains many interesting
hitherto undreamed. In the near future a factory will be recipes, including some commercial products made by SDA
started in San Francisco or Oakland, which serving as a base companies: Roast Protose with dressing (p. 129). Protose
for operations on the Pacific Coast, will be the nucleus of a fillet (p. 130). Nut fillet (with Protose and Nuttolene, p.
world-wide industry of colossal magnitude.’” 131). Fillet of nut meat (with Protose and Cereal Coffee, p.
131). Nut meat loaf (with Protose and Nuttolene, p. 143).
13. Thuey, Lee Len. 1922. Frozen confection and process Vegetarian ham (with Nuttolene, Protose, and Savora, p.
of making same. U.S. Patent 1,437,162. Nov. 28. 1 p. 143). Nut patties. Nut chops (with peanut butter, p. 144-45).
Application filed 18 Oct. 1920. Peanut roast (p. 145-46). Jellied peach (with 1 cup sugar,
• Summary: This is a patent for the world’s first tofu ice p. 284). Spanish cream (with 3 cups hot milk, 3 eggs, and
cream. “This invention relates to a frozen confection... ½ cup sugar, p. 285). Hot Malted nuts (with ¼ cup dry
resembling ice cream... The chief feature of the invention Malted Nuts, p. 386). Hot Malted Milk (with 4 tablespoons
consists in associating an extract of soy beans, powdered Malted Milk, p. 386). Almond cream (p. 388). Meltose

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ice cream (with 1 cup Meltose, p. 389). Almond ice (with Miami, Florida, to taste them.
6 tablespoons almond butter, p. 389). Frozen malted nuts Jethro Kloss. 1935. Back to Eden. Page 105 contains a
(with 1½ cups Malted Nuts, p. 390). Gluten bread (with recipe for non-dairy soy ice cream.
3.75 cups 40% Gluten Flour, p. 390-91). Gluten puffs (with Letter from Jethro Kloss, president of this association,
1 cup 40% Gluten Flour, plus soda and hydrochloric acid p. to his daughter, Promise. 1936. May 11. The letterhead
391). Note: In 1923 Lenna F. Cooper was secretary of the states that this is “Manufacturers, Jobbers, and Distributors”
American Home Economics Association (see Journal of with “A marvelous line of foods made from the soy bean...”
Home Economics, Oct. 1923, p. 588). Address: Director of Note: It is not clear when this company was founded, or if it
the Battle Creek Sanitarium School of Home Economics, existed in 1930, when Kloss first started making and selling
Head Dietitian of the Battle Creek Sanitarium [Battle Creek, soy ice cream commercially.
Michigan]. Letter from Eden Kloss, son of Jethro Kloss. 1985. Nov.
15. He recalls that in about 1930 he helped his father make
15. Proceedings of the American Soybean Association. 1930. soy ice cream (honey sweetened in strawberry, chocolate,
Program of joint meetings: American Soybean Association and vanilla flavors) and soy coffee with soy cream. They sold
and Annual Illinois Soybean Day. Agronomy South Farm, it to the public as part of a quick lunch out of a small trailer
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Sept. 10, 11, 12, on Pennsylvania Avenue near the White House.
1930. 3:3-6. Eleventh annual field meeting. Held 10-12 Sept. Note: This is the world’s earliest known non-dairy
1930 in Illinois. soy ice cream. This is the earliest known commercial soy
• Summary: The Wednesday morning program began at 9:00 product made in Washington, DC–in the early years of the
with music by a male quartet, followed at 9:20 by a welcome Great Depression. It is also the earliest known commercial
from Dean H.W. Mumford. Then came 13 speeches about soy product introduced by a Seventh-day Adventist that
soybean production and feeding; their titles and authors are contained chocolate.
listed. At 12:00 there was a “special soybean lunch” served
at the University South Farm and prepared by ladies of the 17. Horvath, A.A. 1931. The soybean. Co-operative
First M.E. Church, Urbana. It consisted of “Soybean fed Manager and Farmer 21(2):38-40. Oct. Address delivered
pork, soybean fed beef, soybean bread, soybean muffins, at the laboratory of the Harshaw Chemical Co., Cleveland,
baked soybeans, a soybean health drink, soybean ice cream, Ohio. 21 May 1931. [2 ref]
and soybean ice.” • Summary: “The following address was delivered by Dr.
On Wednesday afternoon, starting at 5:00 p.m. there A.A. Horvath at the laboratory of The Harshaw Chemical
was an inspection of soybean production machinery at the Company, 1945 East 97th St., Cleveland, Ohio, May 24th,
Farm Mechanics Building, and the special tour of the Urbana 1931.
Laboratories. “Twelve years ago [i.e., in about 1919] I had the good
On Thursday evening at 8:00 p.m. Dr. John Harvey fortune to go to China and my first impression was that
Kellogg, of the Battle Creek Sanitarium [Michigan], Occidentals have a number of things to teach the Chinese,
presented a paper titled “Soybeans as human food,” which but I have found that we have more to learn from them than
was printed in the Battle Creek Hospital Journal, Good we have to teach them. If we consider what nation was able
Health. to preserve its national character and its independence for
On pages 5-6 is the text of the “Address of Welcome,” a long period of time we must come to the conclusion that
by Dean H.W. Mumford, Univ. of Illinois. really the Chinese nation is the only nation which exists after
Note: This is the earliest English-language document 5,000 years. So we have to learn from the Chinese how to
seen (Sept. 2013) that contains the term “soybean ice cream.” live and how to live in a reasonable way. China has suffered
Address: Illinois. not once but many times from severe economic depressions
but has recovered from them and I think we must pay more
16. Product Name: Soy Ice Cream (Honey Sweetened) attention to the way the Chinese live and what they are using
[Strawberry, Chocolate, Vanilla], and Soy Coffee with Soy as food.”
Cream. “During the Civil War in this country, soybeans were
Manufacturer’s Name: Scientific Food & Benevolent roasted and used by the Southerners. They were called
Association. ‘coffee beans’... Soybean flour is used in ice cream. It is
Manufacturer’s Address: Takoma Park Station, said that manufacturers are using it for the same reasons,–
Washington, DC. better taste, more smooth and better keeping qualities. (See
Date of Introduction: 1930. article in Journal of Confectioners and the Ice Cream World
New Product–Documentation: Miami Daily News. 1934. of August, 1930).” Prof. Abel of Johns Hopkins found soy
April. “He [Jethro Kloss] exhibited 21 articles made from sauce stimulated digestion of carbohydrates.
soy beans” including “ice cream.” He invited the public in “The soybean is peculiar for its richness in phosphorus

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and also richness in a certain substance, lecithin. This been cut for hay. The acreage harvested with livestock has
lecithin is an organic compound of phosphorus and belongs not shown any increase since 1927.
to a group of lipoids. Soybean contains around 1.6 per “Imports of soybeans and soybean cake and meal have
cent lecithin. This substance is one of the constituents of always been of minor importance. Soybean oil imports
egg yolk and is the one which gives it its high value. It is represented significant quantities at the close of the World
a necessary constituent for the building up of the nervous War, however, but have since diminished to negligible
system of human beings. Dr. Levine, of the Rockefeller amounts as import duties have become effective. The imports
Institute in New York, found that in soybean there is of such competing oils as cocoanut and linseed have been of
cephalin, a constituent of the human brain, and so we have greatest importance.
two particular substances, which are used as material for the “Approximately one-fourth of the soybean oil being
building of our nervous system.” utilized in the United States is going into paints and
The Chinese soak soybeans overnight and then grind varnishes, another one-fourth is finding its way to the soap
them between millstones, to get a cream. This cream is kettle, nearly one-fifth is being used in edible products, and
filtered through cheesecloth, then diluted with water and about one-eighth is being consumed in linoleum and water-
boiled. “They get a milk such as almond milk which is made proofing products. The number of commercial products
from sweet almonds. Soybean milk contains oil and protein being placed on the market that contain soybeans or soybean
necessary to emulsification. products is increasing rapidly. A most encouraging feature
“This soybean milk has been used in China since of soybean progress has been the research development in
time immemorial and in the streets of Peking one can see utilization of soybeans and soybean products within the
men carrying bottles labeled similar to our milk here. This last two years and the corresponding expansion in demand
soybean milk, if kept at room temperature for hours, will along commercial lines.” Contains numerous statistical
turn acid and coagulate. Curds are formed exactly as curds tables illustrating these facts. Tables show: (1) Production
are formed in ordinary milk. But the Chinese cheese [tofu] of soybeans harvested for beans, selected states and the
is made not by turning the milk acid but by curding it in a United States, 1924-31, 1,000 bushels. (2) Total equivalent
special way. They use the mother liquid from sea water after solid acreage of soybeans, selected states and the United
table salt manufacture [nigari] or a little plaster of paris” States, 1922-30, 1,000 acres. (3) Yield in bushels per acre.
[calcium sulfate]. (4) Acreage of soybeans harvested for beans, selected states
and the United States, 1922-31, 1,000 acres. (5) Acreage of
18. Hansen, J.E. 1932. A variety of foods from the soybean. soybeans harvested for hay, selected states and the United
Madison Survey (Madison, Tennessee) 14(4):15. Jan. 27. [1 States, 1922-30, 1,000 acres. (6) Acreage of soybeans
ref] harvested with livestock, selected states and the United
• Summary: “Were our readers visiting the Madison Food States, 192230, 1,000 acres. (7) Imports into United States of
Factory, they would be surprised to learn of the many ways soybean oil, soybean meal and cake, and soybeans, 1915-31.
in which the soybean is used. Bread, crackers, milk, and (8) Domestic production of soybean oil and other oils and
cheese are made from this important bean. The flour is fats from domestic materials, 1916-30, 1,000 pounds. (9) Net
ground on the hammer mill in the factory... Roasts, bean loaf, imports of animal and vegetable oils and fats, with special
and croquettes are made from it. Ice cream made from the reference to soybean oil and five other kinds of vegetable
soybean is delicious.” Address: Madison College, Tennessee. oils, oil equivalent being used for imported materials, United
States, 1916-30, 1,000 pounds. (10) Exports of soybean oil
19. Burlison, W.L.; Whalin, O.L. 1932. The production and and other leading vegetable oils, United States, 1919-31,
utilization of soybeans and soybean products in the United 1,000 pounds. (11) Duties levied on soybean oil, soybean
States. J. of the American Society of Agronomy 24(8):594- cake and meal, and soybeans by the tariffs of 1909, 1913,
609. Aug. 1921, 1922, and 1930. (12) How the 1929 and 1930 crops of
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Acreage. Yield per acre. soybeans were utilized in the United States. (13) Utilization
Acreage harvested for beans. Acreage harvested for hay. of soybeans and soybean products in the United States, 1930
Acreage harvested with livestock. Imports of certain soybean crop. (14) List of soybean products produced in the United
products. Production of important oils in the United States. States.
Net imports of oils and fats into the United States. Import Table 13 (p. 607) “Utilization of soybeans and
duties levied on soybeans and soybean products. Utilization soybean products in the United States, 1930 crop.” The
of soybeans in United States. Soybean products. Summary. 13,323,000 bushels of soybeans were used as follows:
“Soybean acreage harvested for beans has expanded Crushed 4,800,000 bu, seed 4,623,000, feed 3,500,000,
rapidly in the United States since 1925, reaching an ground 400,000 (half used for feed and half for food). The
estimated production of approximately 18,000,000 bushels 37,200,000 lb of soybean oil was used as follows: Edible:
for 1931. More than half of the acreage grown each year has Oleomargarine 750,000 lb, lard substitutes [shortening]

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 31

500,000, other food products 4,750,000. Industrial uses: seen (Feb. 2008) that uses the term “vegetable shortening” to
Paint and varnish 9,000,000 lb, soap kettle 8,500,000, refer to shortening made without animal products. Address:
linoleum and oil cloth 4,000,000, other 3,500,000. Increased Univ. of Illinois, Urbana.
stocks including oil equivalent 5,700,000. The 110,000 tons
of soybean meal was used as follows: Commercial feeds 20. Stewart, C.L.; Burlison, W.L.; Norton, L.J.; Whalin,
89,100 tons, other feed 20,000, edible soy flour 850, diabetic O.L. 1932. Supply and marketing of soybeans and soybean
foods 50. The 100,000 tons of soybean meal was very small products. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin
compared to its competing products: Cotton seed meal No. 386. p. 425-544. Dec. [34 ref]
2,350,000 tons, and linseed oil meal 1,750,000. • Summary: Loaded with statistics, graphs, tables, maps, and
Table 14 (p. 608) “List of soybean products produced photos, this is one of the best reports on soybeans in America
in the United States.” The accompanying text states that this published to date. Contents: Introduction. The supply of
list “does not pretend to be complete. Attention is called to soybeans and soybean products: Domestic production
the large number of food products actually being placed on of soybeans, production of soybeans in Illinois, soybean
the market in the United States from soybeans at the present varieties in Illinois, costs and returns in producing soybeans,
time. This list has grown rapidly during this last year.” The imports of soybeans and soybean products (soybeans,
extensive list includes commercial food, feed, and industrial soybean oil meal and cake, soybean oil, net imports,
products derived from soybeans. Some products have brand exports including reexports, export-import balance), import
names and others only generic names. duties levied on soybeans and soybean products, supply of
“Food products–USA: Soybean flour. Soybean meal soybean oil and competing oils and fats. Consumption of
flour. Refined edible soybean oil. Soybean salad oil. soybeans and soybean products: Disposition of the domestic
Chocolate bars (30% soybean flour). Cocoa (up to 60% crop, utilization as beans, utilization of soybean oil meal,
soybean flour). Sausages (up to 50% soybean flour). Bread utilization of soybean oil (in food and industrial products),
(7½% soybean flour). Rolls (10% soybean flour). Macaroni methods of processing soybeans for consumption (expeller,
(20% soybean flour). Soybean muffins. Soybean cookies. hydraulic press, solvent extraction), competition from other
Soybean doughnuts. Vegetable shortening. Infant foods. oils, distribution of gathered soybeans by uses. Practices
Diabetic foods. Oleomargarine. Lard substitutes. Filled in marketing soybeans and soybean products: Sources of
sweets. Soybean sprouts. Soybean cheese. Soybean milk. market information, time of movement, varieties marketed
Soybean buns. Soybean ice cream [perhaps that served in in different sections of Illinois, selling soybeans for seed,
Sept. 1930 in Illinois at the American Soybean Association’s selling soybeans for industrial uses (the Peoria Plan of
annual meeting]. Soya cream biscuits. La Choy-soy sauce. 1928-29, Grange League Federation Exchange of Ithaca,
Soyolk (flour). Soy biscuits. Soy flour. Vi-Zoy. Lektizoy. New York, the Soybean Marketing Association of Illinois
Zoy soup. Zoybeans (cooked beans). Bacon and Zoy beans. formed in Oct. 1929 {p. 490-91}), selling soybean oil and
Zoy bouillon. Soy bean biscuit. Casein gluten flour. Non-fat oil meal (National Soybean Oil Manufacturers Association
mayonnaise. Fatless spread. Fluffo. of Chicago). Elements of cost in marketing soybeans:
Canadian food products: Milqo (soy milk). Vi-Tone Marketing mill beans, processing beans, marketing seed
(chocolate). Soya flour. Soyex-Malt-Cocoa drink. Soyex. beans, exporting beans. The inspection system and soybean
Macaroni grades. Special considerations applying to the valuation of
“Feed products: Cake or meal. Commercial feed. Dairy soybeans and soybean products: Use-values of soybeans and
feed. Hog chow. Poultry chow. Dog chow. Chicken chowder. soybean products in feeding, derivative products as factors
Steer fatena. Calf chow. Lay chow. Rabbit chow. 34% in the market valuation of soybeans. Prices of soybeans and
protein chow chow. 24% protein chow chow. Chick startena. soybean products: Prices of seed beans, prices of soybean
Chicken fatena. Olelene. Grainola. oil, prices of soybean oil meal, use as affected by prices.
“Industrial uses: Paint. Varnish. Enamels. Oil cloth. Meeting the price risks in marketing. International trade in
Linoleum. Printers ink. Glycerine. Celluloid. Lauxtex soybeans and soybean products. Summary. Literature cited.
plastic wall coat. Lauxein waterproof soybean glue. Sources of data.
Lauxein emulsifier (all 3 made by I.F. Laucks, Inc., Seattle, “In Manchuria in 1930 there were 13 districts in which
Washington). Soap (liquid). Soap (potash). Core binders. over 40% of the crop land was devoted to soybeans, the
Rubber substitutes.” highest proportion being 65%. The proportions for the
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen that mentions three Manchurian provinces as units were as follows: Kirin
the following commercial soy products: La Choy-soy sauce. (eastern) 33.2%; Hailungkiang [Heilungkiang] (northern)
Soyex-Malt-Cocoa drink. Zoybeans (cooked beans). Lauxtex 30.7%; and Liaoning (southern) 22%.” Some soybeans were
plastic wall coat. Lauxein waterproof soybean glue. Lauxein grown in Inner Mongolia.
emulsifier. All were on the market by late 1931. Illinois was the largest soybean producer in 1924,
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document followed by North Carolina, Missouri, and Indiana. “Few

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soybeans were grown in Illinois previous to 1890, when “In the foreign trade of the United States imports of
J.C. Utter of Mt. Carmel, Wabash county, began production soybean oil have appeared since 1910 and of soybeans since
of this crop. Frank Hurrelbrink of Taylorville, Christian 1914. The United States exported domestic soybeans to
county, known because of his work with the Hurrelbrink Europe in quantity for the first time during the fall of 1931,
variety of soybean, started his work in 1897. He has grown more than 2 million bushels being shipped from the 1931
soybeans continuously since that time, experimenting with crop.” Address: 1, 3-4. Dep. of Agricultural Economics; 2.
many varieties. C.A. Rowe and his father, of Jacksonville, Dep. of Agronomy. All: Univ. of Illinois.
Morgan county, grew soybeans about 1899. Somewhat
earlier than this the late Ralph Allen of Delavan, Tazewell 21. Orosa, Maria Y. 1932. Soybeans as a component of a
county, became interested in soybeans and furnished seed balanced diet and how to prepare them. Manila (Philippines)
beans to Illinois farmers as well as to interested persons Bureau of Science, Popular Bulletin No. 13. 53 p. [16 ref]
in other states, in Hawaii, and in Alaska. C.L. Meharry of • Summary: Contents: Introduction. The cooking of soy
Attica, Indiana, who owns a large tract of land near Tolono, beans (89 Filipino recipes, p. 7-35), incl. roasted soy beans,
Champaign county, Illinois, has been an active soybean soy-bean soups etc.–most recipes use whole soybeans, but
grower since 1909. The year following the Meharry venture, quite a few use tofu (tokua), soy sauce (toyo), soy-bean flour,
John T. Smith, also near Tolono, began to grow soybeans or soy-bean milk, and a few use tahuri (brine fermented tofu)
on a very limited scale, and in 1921 undertook active or soy-bean sprouts. Some common foods made from soy
production. During the last decade soybeans have become an beans and methods of preparing them (p. 35-53): Soy-bean
increasingly popular crop on Illinois farms.” milk, condensed soy-bean milk, soy-bean milk powder, soy-
Of the 1915 U.S. soybean crop, 52% of the entire crop bean casein, soy-bean curd (tofu; tokua or toqua). Tahuri
acreage was used for hay, 15% was grazed, 4% was plowed or tahuli (fermented tofu). Frozen tofu. Bean curd brains or
under, and only 29% was harvested for beans; 18.2% was tofu nao. Dry bean curd or topu khan (tofu-kan, dipped in
used for seed, 0.9% for human food, and 9.9% as beans for burnt millet sauce and rubbed with fine salt). Fragrant dry
feed. bean curd. Thousand folds (thin layers of fresh tofu pressed
In 1930 some 11,975,000 bushels of soybeans were in cheesecloth. “On standing, the thousand folds mold and
gathered or harvested in the U.S. Of these soybeans, 40.1% develop a meatlike flavor. This is fried in sesame oil and
were crushed, 33.6% were used as seed, 23.0% were used served in place of meat”). Fried bean curd. Soy sauce (called
whole directly as feed, 1.7% were ground and used as feed, by the Chinese “ch’au yau,” or drawing oil; or “pak yau”
and 1.7% were ground and used as food. or white oil; by the Japanese “shoyu”; and the Filipinos,
From the soybeans crushed in 1930, some 37,200,000 “toyo”). Natto. Hamanatto (p. 49). Yuba. Miso. Soy-bean
lb of soybean oil were produced. Its four main uses were: flour. Soy-bean oil (used in the manufacture of lard and
(1) Paint and other industries: Paint and varnish 24.2% of butter substitutes; also in paints, printing inks, etc.). Soy-
the total oil, linoleum and oil cloth 10.8%, other uses 9.4. bean meal. Soy-bean coffee. Soy-bean sprouts.
(2) Soap kettle 22.8%. (3) Edible uses: Oleomargarine Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
2.0%, lard substitutes 1.3%, other food products 12.8%. (4) seen (Oct. 2008) that uses the term “soy-bean casein” (or
Increased stocks including oil equivalent 16.7%. “soy bean casein” or “soybean casein”), probably to refer to
In 1930 some 110,000 tons of soybean meal resulted soybean protein.
from crushing. Of this, 76.5% was used in commercial “When and by whom the soy bean was first introduced
feeds, 13.6% in other feeds, 0.8% as soybean flour for food, into the Philippines, no one can ascertain. The Filipino
0.045% as infant and diabetic foods, and 9.0% as other uses people have long known some important soy-bean
including glue. preparations, such as soy sauce, or ‘toyo,’ bean curd, or
Page 460 lists the types and brand names of many ‘tokua,’ fermented bean curd or ‘tahuri,’ not knowing that
commercial soybean food, feed, and industrial products. they were prepared from this bean. The seed is known in
Consumption of soybeans as foods has increased appreciably some parts of the Philippines, where it is grown, as ‘utao.’”
since 1930. U.S. food products include chocolate bars “The main object of this pamphlet is to encourage the
(30% soybean flour), cocoa (up to 60% soybean flour), Filipino people to use more soy beans, and preparations
sausages (up to 50% soybean flour), bread (7½% soybean made from them as food” (p. 3-4).
flour), soybean cheese, soybean milk, soybean ice cream, “Soy beans are grown in some parts of the Philippines.
Soya Cream Biscuits, La Choy Soy Sauce, Soyolk (flour), According to Doctor Roxas, Director of the Bureau of Plant
V-Zoy, Lektizoy, Zoy Soup, Zoybeans (cooked soybeans), Industry, 2,481 tons were grown in Batangas in 1921 and
Bacon and Zoy Beans, Zoy Bouillon, Soy Bean Biscuit, 4,218 tons, in 1930. However, the importation of soy beans
etc. Canadian food products are: Milqo (soy milk), Vi-tone in 1924 was 4,657 tons. Doctor Roxas says that soybeans can
(chocolate), Soya Flour, Soyex-Malt-Cocoa Drink, Soyex, be grown in all parts of the Philippines” (p. 6). “Immature
Macaroni. soy beans may be cooked in the same way as lima beans

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(patani)” (p. 7). Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document

“The soy-bean curd was first produced by Whai Nain seen (April 2013) that contains the term “tojo” which is used
Tze, before the Christian Era and was introduced into Japan to refer to unpressed curds made from soy-bean milk.
from China by the Buddhists. It was introduced into the “Dry bean curd: The fresh bean curd when dipped
Philippines by the Chinese and has become a very popular in burnt millet-sugar sauce and rubbed with fine salt will
food in Manila and in places where there are Chinese who keep longer than the ‘tokua’ and is called ‘topu khan.’ This
manufacture it for sale. ‘Tokua’ on account of its high fat, preparation is usually eaten is soups.”
protein, and mineral content, is called by the Chinese as Fragrant dry bean curd or hsiang khan (“fragrant
‘meat without bone,’ or ‘the poor man’s meat.’” The Chinese dry”) has the consistency of smoked sausage. “It is made
use burnt gypsum (about 1.5% by weight) as a coagulant. by subjecting the fresh bean curd to great pressure, which
In some cases, the curds are wrapped in individual pieces eliminates much of the water content. The pieces of semidry
of fine cheesecloth about the size of a small handkerchief, curd are soaked in a weak brine solution in which is
then pressed lightly for a few minutes. They are “unwrapped, dissolved burnt millet-sugar and to which is added powdered
spread on shallow bamboo trays (bilao) and partially dried at spices. The curd is then dried to hardness. This preparation
room temperature. Then they are dipped in a weak solution keeps indefinitely and is used in soup making and in
of turmeric to coat the outside in light yellow coloring. Some vegetable dishes” (p. 43).
manufacturers soak the small cakes of curd in brine solution Note 4. Cruz and West (1932, p. 78) state that as part
for a short time, then dip them in a solution of burnt sugar or of a campaign by the Bureau of Science to encourage the
molasses and bake them slightly before putting them on the Filipino people to use more soy beans, Miss Orosa “has
market.” 100 gm of dry soybeans typically yield 350 gm of made excellent cakes, cookies, puddings, sauces, soups,
tofu (tokua) (p. 41). custards, ice cream, and other tasty preparations from
The section titled “’Tahuri’ or ‘Tahuli’” begins with 2 Philippine soy beans.”
paragraphs and ends with a table very similar to those from Note 5. The author pioneered the branch of the branch of
Gibbs and Agcaoili (1912): “’Tahuri’ is manufactured in the Home Extension Service in which home demonstrators
China and exported to the Philippines in large stone jars helped women in solving their home problems. She started
or in small tin cans. There are some ‘tokua’ manufacturers the organization as a food preservation unit under the Bureau
in Manila that manufacture ‘tahuri’ for local consumption. of Science in 1923, starting with six home demonstrators that
Those that are imported from China are preserved in strong she herself trained. That group became the forerunner of the
brine solution and the cakes are broken during the shipment Home Extension Service in the Philippines. For details on
so the liquid becomes like a thick emulsion containing pieces her work see: In: A Half Century of Philippine Agriculture.
of the cured curd.” It then contains a new paragraph: “In Manila, Philippines: Liwayway Publishing. p. 236-37.
Manila, the Chinese method of manufacture is to pack the Note 6. This is the earliest English-language document
large pieces of soy-bean curd, about 5 inches long, 4 inches seen (Nov. 2003) that contains the word “meatlike.” Address:
wide, and 2.5 inches thick, with much crude salt, in empty Chief, Div. of Food Preservation, Bureau of Science, Manila.
gasoline cans. The curd is allowed to cure for a period of
several months. During the curing period the bean curd 22. Miami Daily News. 1934. Food products of soy bean
changes from white to a brownish yellow color and develops urged for daily table use: Milk, cheese, roasts, bread and
a peculiar salty flavor to which the Chinese and many other preparations made from herb claimed to have high
Filipinos are educated” (p. 42). Note 2. No information about nutritive values. April 8. Sport section. p. 5. Sunday.
a fermentation microorganism or process is given. Facsimile printed in Back to Eden by Jethro Kloss, 1982 ed.
“The bean curd brains known to many Filipinos as ‘tojo’ • Summary: Two photos by Rinc above the article show:
is the unpressed soy-bean curd. The method of making ‘tojo’ (1) A small insert portrait of Dr. Jethro Kloss. (2) His
is almost the same as the method used in making ‘tokua’, daughter, Mrs. Harry C. Engelhardt, standing next to her
only that a smaller amount of the coagulating agent is used, daughter, Joyce, age 5. The caption states that “Dr. Jethro
and the very soft but solid mass formed is left undisturbed Kloss is devoting his life to the dissemination of knowledge
in the wooden container until used. The Chinese used to pertaining to soy bean milk.” Both his daughter and
peddle this preparation in a wooden pail-shaped container, granddaughter were raised on this milk.”
through different parts of Manila, but on account of the “Dr. Kloss prides himself on having once been a
Philippine Health Service regulations, this product is now ‘farmer.’ He is credited with having spent a fortune in
sold in the markets only. / “The ‘tojo’ is served with a few philanthropic work, the greater part having gone toward
tablespoonfuls of medium thick brown-sugar syrup, which introducing a bean which he feels is destined to eventually
gives it flavor, the ‘tojo’ being almost tasteless. Sometimes it revolutionize the economic structure of this country and
is eaten with sweet oil, sauce, and vinegar, or with finely cut become of incalculable value in time of war.
meat and spices.” (p. 43). “Approximately 6,000 persons recently heard Dr.

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Kloss in Bayfront park explain how he apparently performs longer exists. Its name was changed to the Miami News,
miracles when he transmutes beans into 24 or more different it was owned by Cox, and it went out of business in about
foods which in addition to being delectable also retain 1988. Back issues would probably be available at the Univ.
various life-giving elements usually attributed to cow’s of Miami.
milk... Note 5. This is the second earliest document seen
“He exhibited 21 articles made from soy beans and (March 2007) that uses the word “miracles” (or “miracle”
invited the public to taste them. These were soy bean milk, or “miraculous”) in connection with soy beans. Address:
bread, pie, cakes, buns, cookies, roast, buttermilk, coffee, Florida.
cottage cheese, cream cheese, yellow cheese, soy bean sauce,
pancakes, broth, butter, ‘mashed potatoes,’ mayonnaise, soy 23. Come and see: The wonders of the 20th century (Poster).
bean roast not like that from meat, ice cream, sprouted beans. 1934. Dr. Jethro Kloss, 500-44th St., N.W., Miami, Florida.
None of these contained white flour nor cane sugar, making 1 p.
such foods especially valuable for diabetics. Soy bean foods • Summary: By special request Dr. [Jethro] Kloss is giving
are also recommended for arthritis. two more free lectures and food demonstrations at the Miami
“He advocates the teaching of edible food preparation School of Applied Arts, 406 N.E. 2d Avenue, Monday, April
from soy beans as part of school curriculum and drew a 9, in the afternoon and evening. Following is a list of food
parallel tending to show how the government spends millions Dr. Kloss prepares from the soybean. They do not contain
to spread hog and other stock-feeding knowledge while any cane sugar, white flour, or other harmful ingredients:
almost ignoring the phases which would create well-fed Soy bean milk, bread, buns, pies, cakes, roast, buttermilk,
humans. ice cream, jelly, sauce, cream cheese, cottage cheese,
“Dr. Kloss pointed out that he was merely in this country yellow cheese, coffee, pancakes, broth, mashed potatoes,
revealing something which for centuries had been common mayonnaise, butter.
knowledge throughout the Orient... He quoted Dr. S. [sic, “Learn to make this alkaline milk from soybeans, it
A.] Horvath of the Rockefeller institute as one of the world’s taste’s [sic] better than other milks, and has a better analysis
leading authorities who said: ‘The Chinese nation exists than cow’s milk, or goat’s milk. Dr. Kloss will show a table
today because of the use of the soy bean as a food.’” of comparative analysis prepared for him by Dr. LeClerc,
A sidebar at the lower left of the article shows another Senior Chemist of the Government. This milk can be made in
portrait photo of Dr. Kloss and announces: “By the request any home, and costs less than 2 cents per quart... Dr. Kloss’
of thousands who heard Dr. Kloss speak in Bayfront Park, he ice cream made from the soybean milk is as delicious as any
has consented to give further instructions in the preparation on the market, and very inexpensive and healthy. Learn to
of the wonderful Soy Bean Products. make these products in your own kitchens.”
“He will give two food demonstrations in the Miami Note: This is the earliest document seen (March 2007)
School of Applied Arts, 406 N.E. 2nd Ave., Monday that mentions a “cream cheese” made from soybeans (one of
afternoon at 2:30 and Monday evening at 8, April 9. two documents). This cream cheese was developed by Jethro
“Dr. Kloss makes more delicious table foods from soy Kloss. Address: 500 44th St., N.W., Miami, Florida. Phone:
bean than any one else known. The soy bean is a complete Edgewater 1128-J.
food, and is highly alkaline. Following is a partial list of the
foods he makes: 24. Woods, T.I. 1934. Ice cream powders. Food Manufacture
“Soy bean milk, soy bean buttermilk, cottage cheese, (London). June. p. 201-02, 218.
ice cream, bread, buns, pies, cake, cookies, roast, coffee, • Summary: In order to make a batch of 100 lb of “cold mix”
pancakes, butter [probably soynut butter], mayonnaise, broth. ice cream powder, the following recipe might be used: Sugar
These foods do not contain any cane sugar or other harmful (finely milled) 70.0 lb, skim milk powder 17.5 lb, filler, say
ingredients. They are most economical, simple to prepare, soya bean flour 7.5 lb, colloid, say gum tragacanth 5.0 lb,
and very healthful and inexpensive. The use of the articles plus flavour to suit. From 1.5 to 1.75 lb of this mix is added
would mean a great saving of money, and preserving of to each gallon of cold milk in the “cold mix.” Soya flour
health. They must be seen and tasted to be appreciated.” replaces the expensive powdered dried egg yolk.
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (March 2000) This is the earliest European document seen (March
that mentions soy mayonnaise. 2007) that mentions the use of soy (in any form) in ice
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (March 2007) cream.
that mentions a “cream cheese” or “yellow cheese” made
from soy beans (one of two documents). 25. Ford Motor Co. 1934. Menu of dinner served at Ford
Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (March 2007) Exhibit, Century of Progress, August 17, 1934. Dearborn,
that mentions Jethro Kloss’ work with soy bean ice cream. Michigan. 1 p.
Note 4. As of Nov. 1990 the Miami Daily News no • Summary: “Tomato juice seasoned with soy bean sauce.

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Salted soy beans. Celery stuffed with soy bean cheese. Puree how to turn soy-beans into printer’s ink, glycerin, celluloid,
of soy bean. Soy bean cracker. Soy bean croquettes with waterproof glue, soap and rubber substitutes. The list grows
tomato sauce. Buttered green soy beans. Pineapple ring with longer daily.
soy bean cheese [tofu] and soy bean dressing. Soy bean “Soy-soup to salad oil: In the field of human and animal
bread with soy bean relish. Soy bean buscuit [sic, biscuit] foods, lists which are admittedly incomplete name more than
with soy bean butter. Apple pie (soy bean crust). Cocoa with sixty-five different products, ranging from soy-soup to salad
soy bean milk. Soy bean coffee. Assorted soy bean cookies. oil. A lard substitute is being made by hydrogenating soy-
Soy bean cakes. Assorted soy bean candy.” bean oil (a process similar to that used in making gasoline
Note 1. No mention is made of soy ice cream being from brown coal in Germany). There is a soy-bean ice-
served at this meal in Aug. 1934. Yet shortly thereafter, and cream, and a special soy-bean food for diabetics.”
definitely by Aug. 1935 soy ice cream for dessert was served A photo shows huge quantities of sacked soy-beans
at similar meals in the pine-panelled dining room in the Ford awaiting shipment in Manchukuo.
Engineering Laboratory (Strother 1961).
Note 2. A 1936 recipe book published by the Edison 28. Horvath, A.A. 1935. Soya flour–Its manufacture and
Institute describes how to make “Soy bean butter: Mix uses. Food Manufacture (London) 10:279-81. Aug.
hydrogenated soy oil with salt, coloring matter and diacetyl • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Processing (destruction
to color and taste.” Thus this product is similar to today’s soy of enzymes and “whole soya flour”). Bread consumption.
margarine. Soya bread. Other soya products. Beverages. Sausages. Ice-
Note 3. This is the earliest menu seen on which soyfoods Cream. Nutritive value.
appear prominently. Address: Dearborn, Michigan. White bread could be greatly improved nutritionally
by adding 10-25% of whole soya flour, which would lead
26. Product Name: Soyan (Whole or Full-fat Soy Flour to an increase in bread consumption. A recipe for “soya
Made by the Berczeller Process. May also be called Pure bread” is given; developed by J.A. LeClerc it contains 65 gm
Soya Powder). soya flour and 260 gm wheat flour. 20% soya flour can be
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Food Products. Renamed used macaroni, spaghetti, noodles, vermicelli, etc. 7% soya
Fearn Soya Foods Company by July 1936. flour has been used by some U.S. doughnut makers in their
Manufacturer’s Address: Chicago, Illinois. doughnuts. 25% soya flour is being used in a commercial
Date of Introduction: 1934? chocolate bar in Holland. 50% of whole soya flour is suitable
New Product–Documentation: Booklet. 1934? “Original for mixing in all kinds of sausages.
Recipes for the Use of Soyan in the Household.” 16 p. 1% “The American ice cream industry has commented
Soyan was said to improve ice creams. favourably on the experimental incorporation of 1 per cent of
L.B. Breedlove. 1936. Chicago J. of Commerce and La whole soya flour in ice-cream to add to its smoothness, taste,
Salle Street Journal. June 25. p. 14. “Soy bean–The magic and keeping qualities. The finer the flour is milled the more
plant. Article XI.” “Fearn Soya Foods Company, Chicago: pronounced is its effect (lecithin is known to be a strong
Flour.” emulsifying agent). Recently, finely milled, whole soya flour
is finding increasing favour in England for ‘cold mix’ ice
27. Literary Digest. 1935. From salad-oil to paint: With the cream powders.” Soya flour is used to replace expensive
aid of chemists, a new farm product, the humble soybean, is powdered dried egg yolk in the following dry mix: 70 lb
making good in industry and helping agriculture. 120(4):17. sugar, 17.5 lb skim milk powder, 7.5 lb soya flour, 5.0 lb
July 27. gum tragacanth, and flavour to suit. From 1.5 to 1.75 lb of
• Summary: The Farm Chemurgic Council, a new this mix is added to each gallon of milk in the “cold mix.”
organization formed recently at Dearborn, Michigan, to Address: Newark, Delaware.
promote the use of farm products in industry, recently
reported events of significance to farmers, chemists, and 29. Bailey, L.H.; Capen, R.G.; LeClerc, J.A. 1935. The
consumers. “The 1935 soy-bean crop will be several million composition and characteristics of soybeans, soybean flour,
bushels larger than that for 1934 (approximately 17,800,000 and soybean bread. Cereal Chemistry 12(5):441-472. Sept.
bushels).” Condensed in Soybean Digest. Dec. 1940. p. 4-5. [75 ref]
“New products developed: Principally owing to the • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Acreage, production,
interest of Henry Ford, chemists have developed entire and price of soybeans in the United States (Table II shows
new families of products from this versatile bean. Varnish, production in Manchukuo, Chosen [Korea], Japan, and the
enamels, oilcloth and linoleum, molded plastic products such Dutch East Indies from 1929-1934). Uses for soybeans
as horn buttons, handles, box-covers, window-trim strips, (incl. in ice cream, ice cream cones, candies, puddings, salad
parts of electrical switches, and other electrical equipment, dressings, sausage filler). Chemical composition of soybeans.
are coming from the soy-bean fields. Chemists have learned Processes for the removal of the bitter taste from soybeans.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 36

Extraction of soybean oil (by hydraulic pressure, Anderson U.S. localities. (5) Mineral content of various legumes and
expeller, or new European solvent process). Yield of oil and grains (air-dry basis). (6) Composition of the component
meal from soybeans. The method of analysis of soybean parts of soybeans (cotyledons, embryo, seed coat). (7)
flour. Chemical composition of soybean flours: Soybean flour Composition of many soybean flours. (8) Composition of
output in the United States, minerals, carbohydrates, quality high fat, press cake, and solvent-extracted soybean flours.
of the protein, vitamins, lecithin and fats in soybean flour. (9) Composition of solvent-extracted soybean flour and
Soybean flour in the diet: Cost of protein and fat, calcium, other legume flours (bean, pea, lentil). (10) Mineral content
and carbohydrates in soybean flour. The use of soybean of selected foods, incl. soybean flour. (11) Composition
flour in baking. Effect of enzymes of soy flour on bread: of the mineral portion of grains and other seeds. (12) The
Digestibility of soybean bread, increased absorption claimed composition and the mineral and vitamin content of selected
for soybean flour, cost of soybean bread. Conclusions. foods. (13) Composition of selected foodstuffs. (14) Retail
“The most expensive food constituents are minerals, cost of foods and their components [soybean flour is by far
vitamins, proteins, and fats. Soybeans flour is rich in all the least expensive source of protein and calcium]. Formula
of these food constituents and yet relatively cheap. The and method for making soybean bread (using 20% soybean
moderate cost of soybean flour makes it possible for people flour). Formula and method for making whole wheat bread.
of small incomes to obtain the maximum of these essential (15) Composition of representative flours. (16) Composition
nutritional constituents required by the body which in the of representative types of bread. (17) Correlation of loaf
form of other foods might be beyond their reach.” volume and urease content of soybean flour used in making
“The first successful attempt to prepare a soybean flour bread. Address: Food Research Div., Bureau of Chemistry
which would be free from the disagreeable beany taste, and Soils, USDA.
which would remain fresh almost indefinitely (that is, not
develop rancidity), and which would retain, practically 30. Kloss, Jethro. 1935. Back to Eden. Takoma Park, DC:
unchanged, the original composition of the bean is described Published by the author. 189 p. Mimeographed. 28 cm.
in the Berczeller patent (1924). This process consists in Staple-bound (not saddle stitched).
subjecting the cleaned soybeans to the action of saturated • Summary: This treasury of herbal lore and vegan cookbook
steam for 10 to 15 minutes. The beans are then dried, cracked (it uses no dairy products or eggs, replacing them with soy
in order to remove the hulls, and ground into flour. Such products) is one of the most creative and original sources of
flour has a sweet, pleasant, nut-like taste (a characteristic early soyfoods recipes, and one of the two earliest Seventh-
of most flours obtained from soybeans which have been day Adventist cookbook to contain many soyfood recipes
subjected to a special beany-taste removing treatment) and (see also Frances L. Dittes’ Food for Life published in the
may be kept for many months without spoilage due to the spring of 1935). The predecessor to the popular published
development of rancidity. A later patent (1932) issued to this edition of Back to Eden, it has a dark imitation leather cover
inventor consisted in subjecting soybeans (dry or soaked) and contains many Biblical passages. This book has no title
to steam distillation (see also Berczeller, 1933). In making page, copyright page, publication date, or table of contents.
soybean flour by this process in this country, the beans used, The first page (verso) states: “Send orders for ‘Back to
generally the yellow variety, are first treated to destroy Eden’ to the author, Jethro Kloss, Takoma Park, Washington,
insects and insect eggs. The beans are then cleaned or freed D.C., U.S.A., when you cannot secure it from dealers
from impurities, washed to remove the dirt, and subjected in your locality. Special Notice: This book is now being
to the patented process. The beans are then dried and passed revised. Some things may be eliminated, and many new
through cutting machines and the hulls are removed by things added. I have a regular experimenting outfit, and I am
aspirators and bolting machines. The cut beans are then experimenting all of the time. No doubt there will be many
aerated with warm air and ground in a special air-cooled new recipes made from soy beans in the Revised book...
mill, the fine flour being bolted through a special bolting This Revised edition will be printed in Regular Book Form.
machine” (p. 446). Just as this book is being closed up, another most excellent
Soybean oil mills in ten U.S. states now have a total article has been perfected, a Soybean, Whole Wheat Noodle.
annual crushing capacity of about 10 million bushels (p. Send all orders for this product to The Royal Cookie Co.,
448). Takoma Park, Washington, D.C... This book is now being
Tables show: (1) Acreage, production, and average price copyrighted. All rights reserved.”
per bushel of soybeans (1932-33, for 10 leading states and Underneath the copyright notice, Doris Gardiner has
the USA total). (2) Annual soybean production, in bushels, written “Copyright Jethro Kloss 1935.” She does not recall
in 5 countries (USA, Manchukuo, Chosen [Korea], Japan, where she got that information. No publisher is listed.
Dutch East Indies, 1929-34). (3) Chemical composition Note: Takoma Park is now in Maryland, 6 miles north of
of soybeans (minimum, maximum, and average). (4) Fat Washington, DC.
and protein content of soybeans grown in 15 different This book is largely about herbs and natural healing. It

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 37

contains many Biblical quotes. poison would cause. He began to research the subject by
Soy-related recipes include: Unleavened bread (with reading various books and found that “every one who had
soy bean meal, p. 94). Gems (with soy bean flour). Soy bean any practical experience in it condemned aluminum cooking
bread (5:1 whole wheat flour to boiled soy bean meal, p. utensils.” Yet Kloss does not say that when he stopped using
97). Soy bean buns or cinnamon rolls (with soybean meal aluminum utensils his health problems disappeared. Kloss
and soybean milk, p. 98). Soy bean cheese (fermented, with then includes a 3-page statement by Dr. Chas. T. Betts of
raw peanut butter, soy bean milk, and tomato puree, p. 104). Toledo, Ohio, on the dangers of using aluminum cooking
Nut cheese No. 1 and 2 (made with raw peanut butter, water, utensils. Dr. Betts became very ill soon after his family
and salt, p. 105. Can be made from different nuts; tastes began using aluminum cooking utensils. He too investigated
like cream cheese made from whole milk). Ice cream (made the subject in depth and regained his health within 8 weeks
with soy bean milk, dextro sugar, corn starch, and crushed after he stopped using aluminum cooking utensils. He has
fruits to taste, p. 105). Malted nut cream. Nut milk (with raw enjoyed good health for the past 17 years. While studying
peanut butter and Soothe-a-lac {made with cocoa fat}). Soy the subject in Washington, DC. he found that the U.S.
bean milk (p. 106). Buttermilk (made from soy bean milk, p. government had made a thorough investigation of the matter
106). Malted nuts (with raw peanut meal), non-dairy butters from 1920 to 1925. The Federal Trade Commission Docket
(with ground peanuts and cocoa fat, p. 107). Nut sauce (made 540 contained more than 4,000 pages of closely typewritten
from Vegetarian meat). Peanut butter No. 4. Nayonnaise testimony from 158 witnesses during the 5 years, after which
(with peanut butter and vegetable oil, p. 108). Canned soy an official report was made by Edward M. Averill. “Many
beans (using soybeans sprouted about half an inch, p. 111). of the witnesses above mentioned were professors, deans,
Soy beans and rice (using sprouted soy beans, p. 112). biologists, and toxicologists from many colleges, some
How to sprout soy beans, lentils, and grains (p. 112). of which are the highest schools of learning in America.”
“Cover 1 pint of soy beans with water and let stand over Averill’s report noted. “The evidence in this record does
night. Pour off water. Keep them moist. Rewash daily and not prove that they are harmless... It does prove that there
keep moist for approximately three days until well sprouted. are substantial grounds upon which to predicate an honest
Allow to stand until sprouts are about ½ inch long. Lentils do opinion that they are harmful.”
not take as long as soy beans. Doris Gardiner notes (Oct. 1990) that “in the revised
“Sprouting of any bean or pea turns the protein into 1939 edition of Back to Eden, Jethro Kloss eliminated many
peptogen to a very great extent and the starch into dextrose Biblical texts. He didn’t want to turn off anyone that was
or maltose and the sprouts are very high in vitamines,...” not religious. He wanted to help everyone.” Kloss moved
Original meat #1 and #2 (using gluten and peanuts, p. to Brooke, Virginia, in 1920. From there, in the early 1930s
112). Granola #3 (with only whole wheat flour and soy bean (by Sept. 1932), he and his family moved to Takoma Park.
flour, p. 116). Soybean coffee (p. 118). Note that Kloss has Address: Takoma Park, DC.
no recipes using whole dry soybeans in an unprocessed or
unsprouted form. 31. Product Name: Soy Ice Cream.
“Loma Linda Food Company, Loma Linda, California, Manufacturer’s Name: Vetose Nutritional Laboratories
Manufacturer of Health Foods,” has an ad on p. 189. They (Distributor). Made in Shanghai by Henningsen Produce Co.
list their products, but no soy products are mentioned. Manufacturer’s Address: Pting Liang Road, Shanghai,
Nature’s Original Food Co. in Muirkirk, Maryland, is listed China.
on pages 196 and 198. They make or sell strictly vegetarian Date of Introduction: 1936. January.
pure health foods, incl. “Fine grade soy bean flour.” New Product–Documentation: Raymond S. Moore. 1961.
One interesting section is titled “Aluminum utensils China Doctor. p. 182. “Soon Miller was producing the
for cooking purposes” (p. 80-84); Kloss strongly advises ultimate–a primitive ‘soy ice cream.’”
against their use, presenting much convincing but anecdotal Interviews with Harry W. Miller Jr. 1981-85. This was
evidence describing health problems that both he and other one of the world’s first semi-commercial soy ice creams.
people have had after using aluminum cooking utensils. For “This ice cream was made only for the staff and patients at
example, Kloss bought a tea kettle which was constantly our institutions, the Shanghai Sanitarium and Hospital, and
standing on the stove with some water in it. He would the Shanghai Sanitarium Clinic, down town. It wasn’t for
drink 2-3 cups of this water each morning, then some more sale and it wasn’t advertised. It had no formal name; we just
about an hour before dinner. He developed terrible bowel called it “Soy Ice Cream.” We sometimes had it for parties at
trouble. He tried all kinds of remedies but nothing worked. the hospital. It was made for us by Henningsen Produce Co.,
The conditions grew steadily worse until finally he said to which had a big ice cream plant in Shanghai. They are now
his wife, “Unless something helps me, I will surely die.” Henningsen Foods in White Plains, New York.”
One day he described his condition to a man, and the man
said that the symptoms were similar to those that aluminum 32. Miller, Harry W.; Wen, C. Jean. 1936. Experimental

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nutrition studies of soymilk in human nutrition. Chinese nurses and the helps have taken regularly the soya milk,
Medical Journal 50(4):450-59. April. [15 ref] with most satisfactory results. Our observations over this
• Summary: “Because of their small carbohydrate content period of time lead us to believe that modified soya milk
soybean products have long been used as a diabetic food. has every advantage over cow’s milk; it is palatable and a
Also hundreds of years ago, it was used in the form liking for it is readily acquired. It is a complete food of very
of soymilk, cheese, curd, various soy sauces, ferment high nutritive value; it is readily digested, and free from all
products, bean sprouts, as salted roasted beans and as a poisonous and deleterious substances. The standard formula
coffee substitute. More recently it is used in ice-cream, ice- used was protein 3.5%, fat 5%, carbohydrate 5.64%. The
cream cones, in candies and confectionery, puddings, salad caloric value is a little higher than that of cow’s milk, and
dressings, food drinks, breakfast-foods, etc., besides in the will run 170 calories to the full glass” (p. 457).
industries in making paints, linoleums, automobile parts, Soya milk “can be used in cooking and baking; it
lacquers, celluloid substitute, glue, and vegetable casein. It is makes delicious ice cream. At the same time it affords the
a valuable stock food, and in the human dietary the various advantages of being 100 per cent pure. Also the dread of so
soybean products not only give flavor and relish, but also many diseases now known to be directly transferred from
supply a most valuable type of protein.” cows’ milk, such as hoof and mouth diseases, undulant fever,
“The people in China use practically no dairy products typhoid fever, streptococcal infection, infection, dysentery,
and comparatively little meat, and yet have a well-balanced etc., is removed from users of soya milk.
diet, which is obtained through the protective foods supplied “The new milk powder, which has now been used
them through the soybean. We have in China the common for upwards of a year, seems to be equal in quality with
saying, ‘Do-giang [pinyin doujiang = soy milk] is the poor the freshly made soya milk. It is a little better tasting. Its
man’s milk, do-fuh [doufu = tofu] is the poor man’s meat.’” advantage is that it can be transported to any place without
“We have never observed soybean protein possessing deterioration, and can be freshly made up as required, and
an allergy in any single case. Recently a patient admitted to does not require refrigeration” (p. 457).
the sanitarium informed us that he could use neither wheat, “We use a soydophilus made by inoculating sterilized
eggs, nor milk. We placed him, therefore, on soybean protein soya milk with the acidophilus organisms.” Soydophilus
as found in Vetose milk and soydophilus milk, and he got “creates an intestinal flora that overcomes intestinal
along remarkably well. We have never noted an instance autointoxication.”
where soybean has set up any reaction in the nature of skin Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
eruptions, stomach or intestinal upsets” (p. 451-52). seen (Aug. 2013) that contains the word “soymilk” spelled
“Much experimentation has been carried forward as one word, or that has the word “soymilk” in the title.
along the line of making palatable food products out of the However, the word “soymilk” does not appear in the text.
soybean, of getting rid of the raw, beany, rather bitterish Instead, the term “soya milk” is used at least 22 times and
flavor in the uncooked or partially cooked bean. This the term “soy milk” is used once. The term “modified soya
objectionable beany taste has been shown by Schmalfuss and milk” is used many times but the meaning of “modified” is
Treu [1927] to be a methyl-n-nonyl-ketone, which seems to never explained.
be located in the outer layer of cotyledons. Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2013)
“Since a process is now available for the removal of that contains the word “Vetose” in connection with the work
these ketone bodies immediately the possibilities loom of Dr. Harry Miller with soyfoods. Address: M.D. (both),
before us of the use of soybean as an important element in Shanghai Sanitarium and Pediatric Dep., Shanghai, China.
the human dietary... we may have a true milk substitute.
“We have approached the formulae of cow’s milk by the 33. National Research Council of Canada. 1936. Proceedings
addition of a sufficient amount of carbohydrate in the form of of the Second Conference on Soybeans. Ottawa, Canada. 18
a malt sugar and a little additional oil, together with vitamin p. Held on 4 May 1936 in the National Research Building,
C in the form of tomato juice, and by exposing this liquid to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Confidential.
irradiation with ultra violet light to add vitamin D. Such milk • Summary: Contents: Minutes. Appendixes: A.
can be and is being manufactured as a dried milk powder Memorandum on soybeans: Varieties, introduction, selection,
under the name of Vetose Soya Milk Powder with claims of breeding, variety testing and other experimental work–of
nutritive value the equivalent of other prepared powdered the Division of Forage Plants, Central Experimental Farm,
milk food for infants.” Ottawa, by L.E. Kirk (A1-5).
“Our experimental work on infant feeding has been B. A report on the present status of the soybean industry,
carried on over a period of more than two years, mostly in particularly in western Ontario, by F. Dimmock (B1-6).
the Shanghai Sanitarium Clinic” (p. 454). C. The soybean (The Royal Bank of Canada, Monthly
“In the Shanghai Sanitarium and Clinic, aside from the Letter, April 1936) (C1-2).
use of modified soya milk in the pediatrics department, the In addition to the people present at the first conference

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on April 29, the following were also present: Dr. L.E. Kirk, Lecithin from new plants. Use in ice cream and soup tablets
Mr. C.H. Robinson, and Dr. J.M. Swaine. (as well as linoleum, printing inks, and lubricating oils).
The following subjects were discussed: Dr. Kirk talked Industrial forms using soy beans. New laboratory to study
about the potential for growing soybeans in Manitoba, uses (regional laboratory in Illinois).
Saskatchewan (and the central and northern parts of the other Casein is widely used to make glue. The casein (about
prairie provinces), Nova Scotia, Quebec, the Maritimes, 18% by weight) is used with borax water and glycerine in
Guelph (where O.A.C. had developed and popularized a a state of hydrophilic solution to form the highly cohesive
new variety named Goldsoy), and the area around Medicine jellies called glues.
Hat (in southeast Alberta). “Southern Ontario was the “The fir and plywood industry of the Pacific coast now
only suitable place in Canada for the industrial growth of uses extensively glue made with soy bean casein. Over
soybeans. There was no future for soybeans in Summerland half of the box shook plywood industry-cut boxes made for
[BC], which had other feed crops. The British Columbia assembly at the shipper’s plant–in the southern and eastern
coast, he said, was too wet.” Work on soybeans had once part of this country recently has adopted soy bean glue in
been conducted at Macdonald College [Quebec], but had preference to other glues. Tests by chemists of the plywood
been discontinued. During the last 7 years, the average industry have proven that glue made from soy bean oil will
soybean yield in Canada had been about 25 bushels/acre not dissolve in water. The total consumption of soy bean
(range 18 to 30 bu/acre). Dr. Kirk reported that soybeans glue for various uses in the wood working industries of this
grown in Ottawa [in northeastern Ontario] had shown country is nearly 1,500 tons per month.
consistently higher oil content than those grown at Harrow “Lecithin from new plants: Lecithin is used to give
[at the southwestern tip of Ontario], while the latter had a chocolate candy a gloss. Gumdrop manufacturers put in
consistently higher protein content. a drop of this substance to prevent hardening in storage.
“Mr. Robinson stated that fairly complete analyses of Cotton textile plants produce a soft, supple finish to their
the O.A.C. and Mandarin varieties over a period of two years goods by the use of lecithin. Tanneries want their chrome
were available and that a chemical study of the oil content of leather to take up plenty of grease and lecithin has been
soybeans had been made, but that no report on this had been found to be the best agent to increase the absorption.
prepared yet.” “During the last decade mills for commercial extraction
Concerning the use of soybean flour to extend wheat of lecithin from soy beans were successfully operated in
flour in foods (such as baked goods): “Dr. Kirk pointed out Germany and Denmark, and, according to Rewald, over one
that a good deal of soybean flour was already being used and million pounds are used annually in the German margarine
that its use was likely to increase...” Dr. Whitby referred to industry. For a number of years soy bean lecithin was
Henry Ford’s plant for making plastics from soybeans and imported into the United States in competition with the
the research on industrial utilization being carried out at lecithin extracted from eggs, but recently two mills were
Urbana, Illinois [by the U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory]; constructed in this country to supply the domestic demand.
“industrial outlets looked as though they would be very Lecithin is used in margarine to secure a better distribution
important.” “Dr. Kirk mentioned the recent application of the fat.
of soybeans in the manufacture of ice cream, chocolates, “A solid made by vulcanization of soy bean oil with
sausages and peanut products.” Use of soybeans in feeding sulphur, known as factice, a compounding ingredient for the
animals. Dr. Hopkins was appointed to attend the Second rubber manufacturer, was introduced last year... This brown
Dearborn Conference of Agriculture, Industry and Science, compounder is used to increase the aging, curing, strength
soon to be held in Michigan; one session was scheduled to and wear resisting qualities of automobile tires and other
be devoted to soybeans. The National Research Council heavy rubber products,...”
might consider investigations on industrial development The following is a partial list of firms which buy soy
of soybeans, being careful not to duplicate the work of Dr. beans and make industrial [non-food, non-feed] products
Swaine at the Experimental Farm. The meeting lasted 1 from them: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Milwaukee,
hour and 40 minutes. It was agreed that all discussions and Wisconsin makes refined oils and kindred products.
research would be treated as confidential. Armstrong Cork Company, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
See separate entries for each of the 3 Appendixes. makes cork coverings and linoleum. Armstrong Paint and
Address: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Varnish Works, Chicago, Illinois makes soaps and paints.
The Blanton Companies, St. Louis, Missouri makes soaps.
34. Breedlove, L.B. 1936. Soy bean–The magic plant: Davies-Young Soap Company, Dayton, Ohio makes soaps.
Industrial uses already manifold with more in prospect. Detroit Graphite Company, Detroit, Michigan makes soy
Article XV. Chicago J. of Commerce and La Salle Street bean oil varnish. E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company,
Journal. July 7. p. 11. Wilmington, Delaware makes paints, Duco finishes,
• Summary: Introduction: Casein and soy bean glues. plastics. Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan makes

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plastic automobile parts. Fischer’s Surfa-Saver, Inc., Medica, Ben Tsao Gang Mu, written by Emperor Shen-Nung
Cincinnati, Ohio makes soft soap. Funk Brothers Seed about 4800 years ago... Soybeans were introduced into the
Company, Bloomington, Illinois makes oil meal feeds. United States in 1804, yet a hundred years there were very
The Glidden Company, Chicago, Illinois makes paints, few grown outside the southern states.”
varnishes, lacquers. I.F. Laucks, Inc., Seattle, Washington, The section titled “Products derived from soybeans”
and Portsmouth, Virginia makes glues. Paintcraft Company, (p. 775) contains an extensive list of commercial food, feed,
Galesburg, Illinois makes paint. Peterson Core Oil and and industrial products derived from soybeans and compiled
Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Illinois makes core from letters received by the University of Illinois during the
oils. Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio makes soaps. latter part of 1931. “This list is increasing from month to
Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri, makes oil meal feeds. month.” Some products have brand names and others only
Sherwin-Williams Company, Chicago, Illinois makes paints, generic names. The following products were on the market in
varnishes, lacquers. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, the USA and Canada at that time.
Decatur, Illinois makes refined oils and kindred products. “Food products: Soybean flour. Soybean-meal flour.
Stamford Rubber Company, Stamford, Connecticut makes Refined edible soybean oil. Soybean salad oil. Chocolate
rubber compounders. Woolsey Paint and Color Company, bars (30% soybean flour). Cocoa (up to 60% soybean
Jersey City, New Jersey makes paints and varnishes. flour). Sausages (up to 50% soybean flour). Bread (7½%
The Bankhead-Jones Act of 29 June 1935 authorizes soybean flour). Rolls (10% soybean flour). Macaroni (20%
the USDA to establish several specialized laboratories in the soybean flour). Soybean muffins. Soybean cookies. Soybean
major agricultural regions of this country. The department doughnuts. Vegetable shortening. Infant foods. Diabetic
last month designated the College of Agriculture of the foods. Oleomargarine. Lard substitutes. Filled sweets.
University of Illinois as the regional government research Soybean sprouts. Soybean cheese. Soya cream biscuits.
laboratory to serve the 12 north central states. The 3 La Choy soy sauce. Zoybeans (cooked beans). Bacon
objectives of the laboratory are discussed. “It is expected that and Zoybeans. Zoy bouillon. Casein gluten flour. Non-
twenty research men will soon be at work in the 6,000 square fat mayonnaise. Fatless spread. Soyex-malt-cocoa drink.
feet of space that the new laboratory will occupy.” Address: Soybean milk. Soybean ice cream.
Staff member, Chicago Journal of Commerce. “Feed products: Cake or meal. Commercial feed. Dairy
feed. Hog chow. Poultry chow. Dog chow. Calf chow. Rabbit
35. Live Food Cafeteria. 1936. Health Ice Cream (Ad). chow. 34% protein chow chow. Chick Startena.
California Health News (Hollywood, California) 4(14):6. “Industrial products: Paint. Varnish. Enamels. Oilcloth.
July 17. Linoleum. Printers’ ink. Glycerol. Celluloid. Lauxtex plastic
• Summary: “From soy bean milk, fresh fruit, honey. A wall coat. Lauxtein waterproof soybean glue. Lauxein
refreshing food. We make it. Delicious salads from garden to emulsifier. Soap. Core binders. Rubber substitutes. Plastics.”
you. Send for free literature and health hints.” Photos show: (1) “A beautiful field of Illini soybeans,
Note: This ice cream was served in the Richter’s raw- a variety extensively used for industrial purposes.” (2) “A
food cafeteria; we have no evidence that it was a commercial soybean plant loaded with pods and ready for harvest.
product, sold elsewhere. Address: 325 West Third St., Los Tables show: (1) “Utilization of soybeans and soybean
Angeles, California. products in 1930” For example: Soybeans ground for food:
200,000 bu (bushels). Soybean oil used in various edible
36. Burlison, W.L. 1936. The soybean. A plant immigrant products: Oleomargarine: 750,000 lb. Lard substitutes:
makes good. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 500,000 lb. Other food products: 4,750,000 lb. Soybean oil
28(7):772-77. July. [23 ref] used in industrial products: Paint and varnish: 9,000,000 lb.
• Summary: Contents: Introduction and brief history. Linoleum and oilcloth: 4,000,000 lb. Soap kettle: 8,500,000
Description of the bean. Soybean culture. Industrial uses. lb. Soybean meal used in: Commercial feed: 84,100 tons.
Imports. Composition of soybean seed. Composition of Other 15,000 tons. Soy flour for food: 850 tons. Infant and
soybean oil. Composition of soybean-oil meal. Methods diabetic foods: 50 tons. Other uses, including glue: 10,000
of processing soybeans for consumption: Expeller method, tons.
hydraulic-press method, solvent extraction process. Table 2: “Adaptability of soybean oil to various
Disposition of the domestic crop. Products derived from products.” Drying products: Paint, varnish, linoleum
soybeans. Industrial use of soybean oil. Soybean oil in the and oilcloth, waterproof goods. Soap products: Hard
paint industry. Soybean oil as a core binder. Other uses for soaps (toilet, household, laundry), soft soaps (shampoos,
soybean oil: Lecithin, sulphonated oil. Plastic industry. automobile soaps). Edible products: Lard compounds,
Soybean glue. Further investigation needed. cooking oils, salad oils, fountain drinks, candy, mayonnaise,
This article begins: “The soybean is one of the oldest margarine. Miscellaneous: Foundry core oil, printers’ ink.
crops grown. It was described in a Chinese book on Materia Note: A revised and considerably expanded version of

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 41

this article, with the same title and author but a somewhat
different format, was published two months later as Illinois 40. Hoard’s Dairyman. 1936. March of dairying. 81(24):644-
Agric. Exp. Station, Circular, No. 461. 15 p. Sept. Address: 45. Dec. 25.
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. • Summary: A chronology of major events connected with
cow’s milk from 1609 to 1937.
37. Good Health (Battle Creek, Michigan). 1936. Healthful “1609–”First cows in U.S. landed in Virginia.
recipes. 71(8):249. Aug. “1810–Earliest scientific feeding–Thaer, Germany,
• Summary: Contains recipes for: Baked soy bean publishes table of hay equivalents with meadow hay as
sandwiches (using canned baked soy beans). “Soy standard.
acidophilus ice cream” (using 1½ Soy Acidophilus Milk, 2½ “1811–Dolly Madison serves ice cream at the White
cups cream, various fruit juices, rinds, and grated pineapple). House.” An illustration shows a portrait of Dolly Madison.
Note. This is the earliest English-language document Note: This is the earliest entry for ice cream in this article.
seen (Sept. 2013) that contains the term “soy acidophilus ice However the 1978 book titled “The History of Ice Cream”,
cream.” by the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers
(IAICM, Washington DC) states that Dolley Madison, wife
38. Burlison, W.L. 1936. The soybean. A plant immigrant of U.S. President James Madison, served ice cream at her
makes good. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, husband’s Inaugural Ball in 1813.
Circular No. 461. 15 p. Sept. First printed in Industrial and “1817–First Jersey imported into the United States.”
Engineering Chemistry. 1936. 28(7):772-77. July. [24 ref] “1851–First wholesale manufacture of ice cream,
• Summary: A shorter version of this article, with the Baltimore” [Maryland]. Address: Wisconsin.
same title and author but a somewhat different format, was
published two months earlier in Industrial and Engineering 41. Van Gundy, Dorothea. 1936. La Sierra recipes. Campus
Chemistry 28(7):772-77. July. and Maitland, Ontario, California: Published by the author.
Contents: Introduction and brief history. Description of 47 p. 19 cm.
the soybean. Soybean culture. Industrial uses. Disposition • Summary: Most (but not all) of the recipes in this book
of the domestic crop. Products derived from soybeans: call for soy-based ingredients. Contents: Dedication. “This
Food, feed, and industrial products. Imports. Chemical book is lovingly dedicated to the memory of my father.”
composition: Soybeans, soybean oil, soybean oil meal. Foreword: “Due to the increase of disease in the animal
Methods of processing soybeans: Expeller, hydraulic-press, kingdom, the diet should be as free as possible from these
solvent extraction. Industrial use of soybean oil. Use of elements, including meat, eggs, and milk.” Approximate
soybean oil in the paint industry. Soybean oil as a core composition for La Sierra Products: Soy butter [soynut
binder. Other uses for soybean oil: Lecithin, sulphonated butter] (27.6% protein, 47.1% fats). Soy breakfast food. Soy
oil. Plastic industry uses soybean oil meal. Glue from flour. Cooked soy beans. Soy loaf. Milk. Bean sprouts. Soy
soybean oil meal. Soybean oil meal for fertilizers. Further cheese [tofu]. Soy spread. Soy bologna. Dry soy beans.
investigation needed. 1. The soy bean as a human food: Nutritional value,
The section titled “Products derived from soybeans” (p. varieties of soy beans, flour, soy milk, soy milk from flour,
6-7) gives is an extensive list of commercial food, feed, and soy milk from raw beans, soy cream (made by homogenizing
industrial products derived from soybeans. This list is almost / blending equal parts of soy milk and soy oil or other
identical to that published two months earlier. Address: Chief vegetable oil), soy cheese, soy bean sprouts, soy sauce.
in Crop Production. 2. Soups: Incl. Soyament bouillon. Many use Soyament
(Soy Sauce), soy milk, or soy cream. 3. Entrees. Recipes
39. Lager, Mildred. 1936. New items. House of Better Living incl. Soy croquettes (with Soy Bean Pulp and Smoein).
(Newsletter, Los Angeles) 3(10):3. Sept. Walnut Loaf (with Smoein and soy milk). Soy protose
• Summary: “Dry Soy Milk, ready to mix with water. Soy (with soy butter and Mamenoko flour). Gluten patties
Cocolette–soy milk cocoa not sweetened. Soy steel cut (with Smoein). Soy cheese with tomato sauce. Soy cheese
coffee. Soy milk prepared ice cream powder. Soy milk and croquettes. Soy cheese and Soyament sauce. Baked macaroni
soy milk chocolate bars. Soy milk and soy milk chocolate with La Sierra Vegetable Bologna. Soy loaf. Soy loaf a la
diabetic candy. Soy Gluten Noodles and wafers. Red Soy king. Baked soy noodles. Chow mein (with La Sierra Soy
Beans–cook in 25 minutes when soaked over night... Soy Cheese). Lentil patties (with Smoein).
bean oil.” 4. Sauces and gravies: Many use soy milk, Smoein, or
On page 4 are recipes for Soy bean loaf (with 1 can soy sauce. 5. Vegetables. Incl. Creamed vegetables (with soy
Loma Linda Soy Beans) and Soy bean thousand island milk). 6. Salads and salad dressings. Soy recipes include:
dressing (with Loma Linda soy mince spread). Address: Carrot and soy cheese. Tomato and soy cheese. Pineapple
1207 West Sixth St., Los Angeles, California. and soy cheese. Stuffed celery (with soy cheese). Soy loaf

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 42

salad. Cabbage and banana salad (with soy mayonnaise). (beverage) [coffee substitute]. Smoein (smoked meat flavor).
Head lettuce (with soy butter dressing). Salad dressing (uses Soy spread. Soy flour, raw and processed. Soy beanuts
soy milk in place of eggs). Soy mayonnaise [Note: This (parched soy beans).
is the earliest recipe seen for a soy mayonnaise]. Tomato Soyament brand bean sauce. This soya bean sauce is
mayonnaise (tomato juice beaten into soy mayonnaise). “prepared from soya beans by splitting up the bean protein
Thousand island dressing (with soy mayonnaise). Parsley by a special process which thoroughly decomposes it into
and olive dressing (with soy mayonnaise; uses ¼ cup Amino Acids. A number of Amino Acids, each possessing a
chopped olives, not olive oil). Soy cream dressing. Soy sweet taste, is the most remarkable feature of the Soyament
butter dressing [with soynut butter]. Cream golden dressing Sauce and makes it different from many of the so-called soy
(with soy cream). French dressing (with soy oil or any sauces... On sale at all grocery stores or write to Soya Bean
vegetable oil). Products Co., 3522 East Third St., Los Angeles.”
7. Desserts. * = with soy milk. + = with soy cream. In the section on “Soy milk” (p. 8) is a long quotation
Cream rice pudding*. Rice pudding+. Blanc mange*+ from Dr. [Walter] Siegmeister: “So well has the Soy bean
[Blancmange]. Orange cream pudding+. Lemon fluff+. served as a source of vegetable milk, that the records tend
Fruit fluff+. Cream tapioca*+. Frozen pudding*+. Vanilla to show that it has proven superior to cow’s milk in certain
Ice Cream*+. Almond cream [Almond ice cream] (incl. 1 important respects. The most marked of these is the almost
cup chopped almonds)*+. Strawberry sherbet+. Raspberry complete absence of rickets in China, which is quite probable
sherbet+. Butterscotch chiffon pie+. Lemon pie+. Banana in view of the fact that not only is the Soy bean rich in
cream pie*+. Pumpkin pie without eggs*. Soy pastry with Vitamin D, but also in Calcium and Phosphorous, the chief
soy flour. Soy cookies+. requirements for healthy bone development.”
8. Bread: Soy bread (with 4 cups entire wheat flour and Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2003) that
1 cup soy flour). Entire wheat bread (with 2 cups soy milk). mentions a soy-based shake. It is also the earliest English-
Entire wheat sticks (with 3 parts wheat flour and 1 part soy language document seen (Dec. 2003) that uses the term
flour). Corn meal crisps (with 4 parts corn meal, 3 parts “Milk Shake” to refer to a non-dairy soy milk shake or that
wheat flour, and 1 part soy flour). Short cake (with 2 parts contains the term “Soy Milk Shake” (p. 41). The recipe with
soy milk, 5 parts wheat flour, 1 part soy flour). Waffles (with that title states: “Soy Milk may be mixed with any of the
12 parts wheat flour, 2 parts soy flour, and 7 parts soy milk). fruit juices and beaten with a small amount of chipped ice.
9. Sandwiches: Soy bean filling. Vegetable bologna. Soy It fluffs up and is very palatable. Soy Milk and orange juice
delight filling (with soy[nut] butter). Soy cheese and raisin combine splendidly.” Address: Dietitian, Box 203, Ontario,
sandwiches. Soy butter (soynut butter thinned with tomato California.
juice). Soy butter and honey. Soy cheese and olive [chopped
green olives]. Soy spread [Made by La Sierra]. Sandwich 42. Chicago J. of Commerce and La Salle Street Journal.
salad (with many soy possibilities). 1937. Ice cream, milk from soy beans: Tennessee scientists
10. Beverages: “A very fine coffee substitute is made start new industry. Oct. 13. p. 9, col. 8.
[by La Sierra] from the Soy Bean, and tastes remarkably like • Summary: In a small group of buildings located a few
Coffee. It is particularly fine from an alkaline standpoint, and miles from Nashville, a small group of chemical and
is particularly excellent to be used in connection with high agricultural scientists are doing “big things with the soy
alkaline diets.” Soy-co (Beverage) Add 1 rounding teaspoon bean...”
to 1 cup of water. “Percolate or boil until desired strength. It all started some 25 years ago when some agricultural
Serve plain or with Soy Cream.” Also delicious iced. Soy-co chemists at the small, self-supporting the Nashville
(Made with soy milk). Soy milk shake. Soy banana drink. Agricultural Normal Institute started experimenting with the
Mamenoko drink (uses 3 tablespoons Mamenoko, which is soy bean, then used mainly as forage.
processed soy flour). Soyament cocktail (“A very refreshing Today, in a small group of buildings housing the
beverage may be made by using 1 to 2 tablespoons Soyament 3-month old industry, E.M. Bisalski, his staff of assistants,
sauce to 1 cup of water”). and Dr. Philip Chen (a research chemist from China) are
11. Healthful confections: Beanut brittle (2 cups each making “milk, meat, coffee, and automobile accessories from
Soy Beanuts and brown sugar). Victoria fudge (with “3/4 c the vegetable.”
Soy Milk”). Chen says there was soy bean milk in China 3,000
Use of soy beans in the diet: Outline for 3 meals. years ago, yet it has taken the scientists about 25 years to
Suggestion for 3 days’ menus, using soy products. “neutralize the bean flavor and approximate that of the cow.”
La Sierra Industries manufactures the following 14 Experiments in the institute laboratory showed that many
foods from soy beans: Canned soy beans, plain or with generations of rats living exclusively on soy bean milk grew
tomato sauce. Soy loaf. Soy vegetable bologna. Soy milk. strong and produced prolific offspring. The scientists believe
Soy breakfast food. Soy butter [like peanut butter]. Soy-co that the “bean milk can be produced more cheaply than

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 43

dairy milk and that it can be produced under conditions of soybean milk powder (“mostly nothing but a finely ground
chemical sterility, almost germ free.” soya flour...”), soybean flour, soy acidophilus milk, immature
Having developed good milk, the group next “sought to green soybeans, boiled mature soybeans, soya bread.
compete with cattle as food producers in the form of beef. “In the Orient soybean curd (tofu) has been in daily use
“A product called soy-burger has been produced. It since times immemorial, and is called ‘the meat without the
tastes like hamburger. bones,’ as it serves as a food rich in protein.”
“The scientists have made ice cream and buttermilk “The low basal metabolism of the orientals was to a
and even chocolate flavored milk. They also have a cheese certain extent attributed to their being vegetarians, and the
[probably tofu] which is said to be the closest thing to pure basal metabolism was accepted as a measure of efficiency
protein known to chemistry. It tastes like Swiss cheese but of a nation until recent studies showed the basal metabolism
costs only a fraction as much.” of the Maya Indians to be about 5 per cent above that of the
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2007) white race” (Shattuck & Benedict 1931, p. 518).
concerning a meatless burger made from soy. This is also “It has been shown that while alkalinization of a human
the earliest English-language document seen (Jan. 2007) that being by the administration of sodium salts (bicarbonate
contains the term “soy-burger.” or citrate) is followed by a retention of water amounting
to one Kilo [kg] and greater perspiration during exercise,
43. D.H.K. [Killeffer, D.H.]. 1937. Meringue from soy the alkalinization by the corresponding potassium salts
beans. Scientific American 157:287. Nov. results in a one Kilo loss of water by the body and a marked
• Summary: “When soy-bean flour which has been reduction in perspiration during exercise (H. Dennig, 1937).
completely freed of oil by solvent extraction is dissolved The deficiency of the soybean ash in sodium and the large
in water, the resulting solution can be whipped into a stiff excess of potassium places the soybean in the latter class of
white foam greatly resembling egg white... The whipping alkalizing agents.”
quality of soy meal is destroyed by the presence of fats and “Besides bread and bakery products (such as coffee cake
by the treatments used in the past to eliminate its raw bean and doughnuts) the other main outlets for soya flour are for
flavor. Complete removal of the fat or oil by ethyl ether or the manufacture of crackers (only solvent extracted soya
petroleum ether and deflavoring by heating in a vacuum flour gives a product that will keep indefinitely), pancake
to 130 degrees, Centigrade, leaves the meal with a high flour, cocoa-malt mixes, baby foods, chocolate puddings,
whipping characteristic. Advantages of the extracted soy ice cream powders, macaroni products, and sausages*.
meal over egg white are its cheapness, its keeping qualities, (Footnote: * Mostly meal flours are used today for sausages.
its ease of standardization, and its high concentration as Since sausages containing a substantial amount of soya flour
compared with egg white, so that it may be whipped with can be sold at a reduced price, this may provide the packing
many liquids. Its use is suggested in frozen desserts made industry of our country with a means of expanding the
in the electric refrigerator, with gelatin and cooked starch in consumption of meat”).
whips, sponges, and molded desserts, and with cooked sugar Note: This is the earliest English-language document
in confectionery. Replacing egg white in baked dishes which seen (June 2009) that uses the term “immature green
depend upon the ease of coagulation of egg protein seems soybeans” to refer to green vegetable soybeans. Address:
yet doubtful until new methods for using the soy protein are Chemist, Agric. Exp. Station, Newark, Delaware.
developed.”
Note: The source of this information is an article titled 45. Lyman, J.F. 1938. The soybean as food for man.
“Whipping ability of soybean proteins” by Betty Monaghan- Proceedings of the American Soybean Association p. 25-
Watts in the Sept. 1937 issue of Industrial and Engineering 30. 18th annual meeting. Held 12-14 Sept. at Wooster and
Chemistry (p. 1009-11). No mention is made in either article Columbus, Ohio.
of the use of enzymes in this process to make a modified soy • Summary: “The Chinese and other Eastern peoples have
protein. Address: Chemical Engineer. solved the problem of food seasoning without the use of
meat. They have found that a meaty flavor can be obtained
44. Horvath, A.A. 1938. The nutritional value of soybeans. from the soybean through a fermentation process. Soy
American J. of Digestive Diseases 5(3):177-83. May. Earlier sauce is to the Chinese what gravy is to the American. Even
edition in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 19:733. more important is soy sauce in China because the use of
1937. Amaral 1958. [114 ref] food flavors and condiments in that country is much more
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Composition and restricted than with us. The Chinese have simple tastes. Soy
properties. Nutritive value. Conclusions. This article sauce, salt and pepper are the only food flavors commonly
contains a good review of the literature, with 114 references. used by them.
Individual foods discussed include: Fresh soybean curd, “While the chemist has made but little study of food
smoked soybean curd, frozen soybean curd, soybean milk, flavors and the physiologist has done but little also, enough

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is known of the problem so that soy sauce can be made by washing the beans thoroughly and then soaking them in a
chemical methods as well as by the ancient fermentation large volume of water.”
process. The chief meaty-like taste of soy sauce is known to Table 1 gives a nutritional analysis of 4 types of soybean
be the salt of an amino acid, mono-sodium-glutamate. This milk (including a condensed soybean milk with cocoa),
salt is now manufactured for use as a condiment. The process human milk, goat’s milk, and various types of cow’s milk
involves the disintegration of the soybean of other protein, (condensed, evaporated, fresh, and powdered).
preferably wheat gluten, with hydrochloric acid. A mixture “Condensed soybean milk can be used to make a very
of about 20 amino acids is obtained among which mono- cheap ice cream. Dean Koo and the writer have made for
sodium-glutamate makes up about one-fifth in the case of the first time several quarts of soybean milk ice cream
soybean protein and two-fifths in the case of wheat gluten. which contains 60 per cent condensed soybean milk, 30 per
“The mono-sodium-glutamate can be crystallized from cent cream (having 40 per cent butter fat) and 10 per cent
the mixture by adjusting the acidity to pH 3.2, or the mixture cow’s milk, with 5 per cent fat. The condensed soybean
can be neutralized to a desired acidity and used without milk contains about 52 per cent water. 0.3 per cent gelatin is
refining just as soy sauce is used” (p. 25). added. Flavored with lemon or vanilla or chocolate it has a
“In Japan mono-sodium-glutamate of good purity is sold good taste.”
at a wholesale price of about two dollars a pound under the Note: This is the earliest English-language document
name Ajinomoto” (p. 26). seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “soybean milk
A diagram (p. 28) shows “Some possible food products ice cream” to refer to soy ice cream. Address: Prof. of
from the soybean,” including sprouts, soybean milk, soybean Chemistry, Lingnan Univ., Canton, China.
curd, soybean cheese, soy sauce, meat sauce, meal, flour (for
use in breakfast cereal, bread, sausage, meat loaves, or ice 48. American Soy Bean Association. 1938. 16th annual
cream), refined oil (for use in lard substitutes), crude oil (for meeting (leaflet). 1 p. Single sided. Undated.
us in margarine or dressing), and lecithin (an anti oxidant or • Summary: This leaflet indicates the location and menu
emulsifier). Address: Dep. of Agricultural Chemistry, Ohio for the 16th annual meeting of the American Soy Bean
State Univ. Association. The meeting was held in the Crystal Ballroom
of Hotel Montrose, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The menu included:
46. Product Name: Roberts’ Soy Nut Roast. “Salted soy nuts, cream of tomato soup, fruit cocktail,
Manufacturer’s Name: Roberts (F.G.) Health Food beef tenderloin steak, browned potatoes, string beans,
Products. soy Parkerhouse rolls, butter, apple, celery and egg salad,
Manufacturer’s Address: 40 Chapel St., St. Kilda (a Vi-Tone ice cream, cake.” The leaflet also lists the stores
beach-side suburb of Melbourne), Victoria, Australia. from which the soy products were purchased: “La Sierra
Date of Introduction: 1938. October. Industries, Ontario, California; Madison Foods, Madison
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Tin-plated steel can. College, Tennessee; Petersen Bakery, Cedar Rapids, Iowa;
How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. Milqo Limited, Vi-Tone Company, Hamilton, Ontario,
New Product–Documentation: Ad in Nature’s Path to Canada; Hutchinson Ice Cream Company, Cedar Rapids,
Health (Melbourne, Australia). 1938. Oct. Rear cover (p. Iowa.”
50). A photo shows the label: “The ideal meat substitute. 10 Note: The Vi-Tone Company of Canada made soymilk
ozs. Nett. Another Roberts 100% protective health food.” in malted and chocolate flavors. Ice cream was probably
Note: The same page shows that Roberts also made made from that soymilk for this occasion. We have no
a coconut ice cream named Robert’s Cocoanut; it was evidence that Vi-Tone ever made a commercial ice cream
apparently a non-dairy product. from their soymilk.

47. Chiu, Yan-Tsz. 1938. Analyses of Chinese foods. Chinese 49. Simonds, William Adams. 1938. Henry Ford and
Medical Journal 54(5):435-41. Nov. [9 ref. Eng] Greenfield Village. New York, NY: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
• Summary: “Soybean milk: My first problem is to study the xiv + 268 p. Illust. No index. 20 cm.
manufacture and properties of soybean milk to be used as a • Summary: In chapter 9, titled “Industry and Agriculture,”
substitute for cow’s milk, which is too expensive for poorer Henry Ford’s work with soybeans is discussed on pages 230-
children. In North China soybean milk has been a common 35. Ford developed plastics using soybeans. “The cost of one
food for both adults and children, while in South China only pound of soybean molding material has as yet proved higher
its products (mostly bean curd) are used. Ten years ago the than that of a pound of steel, but the polishing and finishing
manager of a local department store introduced bean milk as of the steel makes the cost of its finished part somewhat
a beverage to take the place of soda water. But many people greater than that of the finished plastic. When a molded
do not like it because of its unpleasant taste. It is found plastic part replaces one of steel, weight is decreased with
that the unpleasant odor of bean milk can be eliminated by consequent reduction in gasoline consumption.

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“Two years before experiments with the soybean in clear whether this was a soynut butter (made from roasted
its relation to industry were commenced, the bean was the soybeans and resembling peanut butter) or whether it was
subject of another definite line of research in the food and made with hydrogenated soybean oil and resembled dairy
diet laboratory maintained by the Company in the rear of the butter.
Engineering Laboratory directed by Mr. Ford’s old seatmate, Note 2. The listing and spelling of the items in this menu
Dr. Edsel Ruddiman... Many will doubtless recall the howl differs slightly from the original menu of 17 Aug. 1934.
of laughter that went up when Mr. Ford informed a reporter Note 3. No mention is made of soy ice cream being
one day of his belief that synthetic milk could be produced. served at this meal in Aug. 1934. Yet shortly thereafter, and
Nevertheless, milk has been produced from the soybean in definitely by Aug. 1935 soy ice cream for dessert was served
the Ford laboratories and elsewhere. It is even better than at similar meals in the pine-paneled dining room in the Ford
cows’ milk for certain infants’ cases, where skin afflictions Engineering Laboratory (Strother 1961).
make use of the latter undesirable... Chapter 10, titled “Little Factories,” discusses Ford’s
“When Dr. Victor Heiser, author of ‘An American rural industries, including the mills at Saline, Tecumseh,
Doctor’s Odyssey,’ visited Greenfield Village he told me of Milan, and Ypsilanti. At Tecumseh, in the heart of soybean
the wide use of soybean milk among the Filipinos, and how country, the Hayden Mills, after its restoration, “was used
the addition of a little oil of banana had made it much more for cleaning and sacking soybeans for seed, preparing them
palatable... for distribution to neighboring farmers in the spring.” At
“With this milk soybean cheese, similar to cottage “the village of Saline where the Chicago pike crosses the
cheese except in flavor, may be made. While somewhat Saline River a few miles north of the soybean farms...” the
insipid in taste, the cheese proves very useful when mixed old Shuyler mill and its dam were restored. “The fall of 1936
in salads, sandwich spreads, croquettes with a food having also found workmen busy at the town of Milan east of the
a strong flavor. The whole bean has many food uses, among soybean area...”
them soups, baked beans, salads, and canning. As the flavor An excellent panoramic view of and guide to Greenfield
of the soya is slightly stronger than that of the ordinary bean, Village are shown inside the front cover and on the
onions and tomatoes are often used to cover it. The process facing page. #11 is a “soybean extraction plant.” Address:
of canning the green soybean was first demonstrated under Dearborn, Michigan.
Dr. Ruddiman’s direction. Production of soybeans in 1935
totaled 590 cans; and in 1936 it reached 1,000.” 50. Musher, Sidney. Assignor to Musher Foundation Inc.
Defatted soybean flour “finds a ready market among (New York, NY). 1939. Retarding deterioration of dairy
visitors at the Village. It is used in many common baked products. U.S. Patent 2,176,024. Oct. 10. 3 p. Application
goods such as bread, rolls, muffins, biscuits, cakes, cookies, filed 17 April 1939.
and so on... Another product that has proved popular with • Summary: To retard the deterioration of fruit-flavored ice
visitors is the salted soya, put up in small packages like cream, low fat soya flour (over 50 mesh containing less than
nuts. In preparing these, the bean is soaked in water for a 10% oil) may be added as a stabilizer. Solvent extraction
time, then roasted in hot soya oil. The salt is added to taste.” with hexane may also be used on soya beans. Address: New
Lecithin can be used to make a “chocolate sauce and coating York, NY.
for soybean candies, with which the Ford men have done
much experimenting. 51. Kloss, Jethro. 1939. Back to Eden: A book on herbal
“As a practical demonstration of the possibilities of remedies for disease, and other natural methods of healing.
the soybean in a variety of foods, a dinner was served one 1st ed. [Washington, DC]: Published by the author. vii + 667
August evening in 1934 at the Ford exhibit in the Chicago + [25] p. Illust. Portrait. Index. 21 cm.
Century of Progress Fair. Every dish on the menu was • Summary: This treasury of herbal lore and vegan cookbook
comprised, in part at least, of the legume. Following was the (it uses no dairy products or eggs, replacing them with soy
list [of 15 dishes served]. products) is one of the most creative and original sources
“Tomato juice seasoned with soybean sauce. Salted of early soyfoods recipes. Contents: Foreword. 1. Personal
soybeans. Celery stuffed with soybean cheese. Purée of experiences. 2. Soil. 3. History of medicine. 4. Fresh
soybean. Soybean crackers. Soybean croquettes with tomato air and exercise. 5. Fasting. 6. Effects of devitaminized,
sauce. Buttered green soybeans. Pineapple ring with soybean adulterated foods on the body. 7. Fruit diet. 8. Meat-eating.
cheese [tofu] and soybean dressing. Soybean bread with 9. Foods. 10. Diet. 11. Aluminum utensils. 12. Cooking
soybean butter. Apple pie (soybean crust). Cocoa with under steam pressure. 13. Disease of animals. 14. History
soybean milk. Soybean coffee. Assorted soybean cookies. of water cure. 15. Water. 16. Water-effects and treatment.
Soybean cakes. Assorted soybean candy.” 17. Water-its effect in sickness. 18. Baths. 19. Compresses
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document and fomentations. 20. Massage. 21. High enemas. 22.
seen (Dec. 2012) that uses the term “soybean butter.” It is not Nursing. 23. Fruits. 24. The eliminating diet. 25. Minerals

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found in the body. 26. Herbs. 27. Medical trees. 28. Tonics. (p. 592). Soybeans and rice (with sprouted soybeans). Baked
29. Herbs (Their description and use in treating disease). beans with tomato sauce (incl. soybeans, p. 593; “Soybeans
30. Definitions of medicinal properties of herbs. 31. Herbs are, no doubt, the best of all beans, but the flavor is not as
indicated for specific diseases. 32. Directions for use of pleasant. This can be overcome by using various seasonings,
non-poisonous herbs. 33. Treatment of disease. 34. Food such as tomato sauce, a little onion, and celery). Vegetable
preparations of various kinds. 35. Oranges. 36. Potatoes; protein (wheat gluten seasoned with soy sauce, p. 597). Nut
gathering and preserving of herbs. loaf (seasoned with soy sauce). Kloss’ granola (with soybean
The Foreword states: “This book contains tried, safe, milk and soybean mash [okara], p. 599). Baked rice (natural
and inexpensive remedies for the prevention of disease and brown rice baked in soybean milk, p. 600). Soybean coffee
sickness, remedies which are the result of my own practical plus 2 recipes for Cereal coffee based on rye or wheat bran
experience of nearly forty years.” “No matter how many [real coffee with caffeine is not included]. Soybean broth
germs get into the body, if the blood stream is clean and (with soybean milk and oatmeal, p. 604-05). Oatmeal broth
the blood corpuscles are in a healthy condition, you will be (with soybean milk). Soybean buttermilk (fermented, p. 605-
safe. Everyone comes in contact with many kinds of germ, 06; “Buttermilk is an excellent article of diet for everyday
but these organisms will not harm you or cause you sickness use, but is especially beneficial in malnutrition, tuberculosis,
and death unless they have a place in which to propagate toxic conditions, and intestinal infections. Soybean
themselves.” Sickness and illness are “caused by violating buttermilk has the advantage of producing an alkaline effect
the laws of nature and health. “If then they would resort to and is more nourishing than ordinary buttermilk. It is rich
simple means and follow the basic laws of health that they in minerals and very palatable. More nourishing than yogurt
have been neglecting–proper diet, use of pure water, fresh buttermilk used under various names.”). Soybean cheese
air, sunshine, rest, and nature’s remedies, herbs, etc., nature (fermented soybean milk, raw peanut butter, and tomato
would restore the body to its original health.” “God has puree). Soybean cottage cheese (fermented soybean milk,
provided a remedy for every disease that might afflict us.” p. 608). Soybeans and rice (with sprouted soybeans, p.
“The fundamental principle of true healing consists of a 608-09). To sprout soybeans, lentils, or grains (p. 609). Soy
return to natural habits of living.” patties (with soybean pulp [probably ground soybeans, not
Virtually all of the information on soybeans and okara] and soy sauce). Gluten patties (seasoned with soy
soyfoods is in chapter 34, “Food Preparations of Various sauce, p. 610). Soybean loaf. Soybean cottage cheese loaf.
Kinds” (p. 582-633). First come two sections of text: “The Soybean milk. Soybean milk no. 2 (made from “soy meal,
nutritional value of the soybean” (p. 582-84; “Taken from p. 611). How to curd [soybean] milk (p. 612). Soybean jelly
an address delivered by Dr. J.A. LeClerc, before the annual (soybean milk jelled with agar-agar flakes and sweetened
meeting of the American Soybean Association. Sept. 15, with malt sugar). Soybean butter (made with 1 cup water,
1936”). “Uses of the soybean for industrial purposes” (p. 2 tablespoons soybean flour, and 2 cups soybean oil, p.
585). 613). Soybean cream (blend rich soybean milk and soybean
Then comes an introduction soy-related recipes (p. 585- oil). Soybean ice cream (made with 2 quarts rich soybean
87): “The knowledge of the value of the soybean here in milk, 2 lbs. malt sugar, ½ pint soybean butter or soybean
America is one of the greatest things that was ever launched mayonnaise, and 1 tbsp. agar-agar). The yolk of an egg
in the food line in the history of the nation, and at this time (made with soybean flour, p. 614). Pancakes (with cornmeal
of great poverty [the Great Depression], want, and disease, it and soybean mash [okara]). Tomato soup (with soybean
is the most important thing that could be given the people.” flour, soybean flour, soymilk, and/or soy sauce, Savita, or
“Soybean milk can be made from soybeans at home for Vegex, p. 618). Cream of tomato soup (with soybean milk, p.
less than two cents a quart.” Soybean milk “is not only a 620). Cream of celery soup. Cream of lentil soup. Vegetable
good food, but a real medicine.” It is easily digested and oyster soup (with rich soy milk, p. 622). Eggplant soup (with
highly alkaline. “I have experimented with soybeans for soybean milk). Cream of spinach soup. Potato soup. Soybean
fifteen years [since about 1924] and have produced a fine, gravy. French toast (made with soybean bread soaked in
acceptable soybean milk as well as many other soybean soybean milk, p. 624). Soy oil mayonnaise (with soy oil and
products.” “I use soybeans in more than fifty dishes.” finely ground soy flour, p. 628). Vanilla sauce (with soybean
Then come recipes (p. 587+): Soybean cheese cream, p. 632). Vegetable gelatin (with agar-agar and
(fermented soybean milk, peanut butter, and tomato puree, soybean cream dressing, p. 632). Orange jelly (with soybean
p. 587). Soybean cream cheese (from fermented soybean cream). Strawberry jelly (with soybean cream). Rice pudding
milk, p. 588). Nut cheese no. 1 (fermented soybean milk, (cooked in soy cream, p. 633). Cream tapioca (with soy
peanut butter, and soybean butter {see p. 613}, p. 588). Nut cream and soybean milk). Soybean bread no. 1 (with whole
cheese no. 2 (raw peanut butter, ground oatmeal flour, water wheat flour, soybean mash or soybean flour, p. 648). Soybean
and salt [no soy], p. 589). Nut milk (made with raw peanut bread no. 2. Soybean buns or cinnamon rolls (with soybean
butter and cow’s milk [no soy], p. 590). Canned soybeans meal, p. 650). Cornmeal gems (with soybean milk, p. 651).

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Oatmeal or soybean gems (with soybean meal). Soybean

gems (with soybean mash [okara] out of which soybean milk 52. Newsweek. 1940. Soybean ‘egg whites’. 15:30. Jan. 22.
has been washed, p. 652). Pones (with soybean milk). Beaten • Summary: Housewives, after using the whites of eggs in a
biscuit (with soybean milk). Unleavened pie crust (with recipe, often wonder what to do with the yolks. Sometimes
soybean flour or mash, p. 655). Raised pie crust (p. 656). they end up in the garbage pail. “This domestic dilemma,
Soybean pumpkin pie (p. 656). Fig marmalade pie (with however, may be solved by the versatile soybean, which
soybean milk, p. 657). Mashed potatoes (with rich soybean has already been used to make everything from printing ink
milk, p. 666). to plastic automobile steering wheels. Mrs. Doris Ulrich
This book does not call for the use of dairy milk or Grundy, a graduate student in home economics at the
eggs. Concerning cow’s milk, Kloss states (p. 75): “Cow’s University of California, and her instructor, Dr. Betty M.
milk is not suited for human consumption. Half the invalids Watts, last week announced discovery of a new, as-yet-un-
in the world suffer from dyspepsia, and milk should not named soybean extract that will serve as a synthetic egg
be taken. Milk causes constipation, biliousness, coated white and eventually may be sold by grocers.
tongue, headache, and these are the symptoms of intestinal “The material can be used as a substitute for egg whites
auto-intoxication. Soybean milk and nut milks are excellent in standard recipes for hard meringues, candies, frozen
substitutes, and have practically the same analysis, and the desserts, and other palatable dishes. It is a pale yellow
danger of disease is removed.” A recipe on page 614 uses a powder which turns white when mixed with five parts of
mixture of soybean flour and soya bean oil as a substitute for water; it will foam to fourteen times its volume, and it is
the yolk of an egg. tasteless in cooking concentrations.
This book contains the same detailed information on the “But the egg-white substitute wasn’t tasteless in
possible dangers of aluminum cooking utensils found in the 1937, when the women researchers first developed it. At
1935 edition. that time they were trying to make mayonnaise from a
Ads on unnumbered pages in the rear include: (1) soybean derivative and found the substance would whip.
Dominion Herbal College, Vancouver, BC, Canada. (2) But it had a bitter, disagreeable taste. So they ground more
“Horta” Pure Vegetable Extract. “Of strong aromatic meat soybeans, extracted all fats from the flour by mixing it with
flavor, though made from leguminous materials only.” petroleum ether and filtering the potion, and added dashes of
F. Behrend, Inc., New York, NY. Established 1886. (3) hydrochloric acid which eliminated the material that made
Old-fashioned Quaker mill. No. 4 Quaker City Mill. Ad: the original mixture bitter. This left an ideal ‘synthetic egg
Enterprise No. 69, Hand Mill. A.W. Straub Co., Philadelphia, white.’
Pennsylvania. (4) Nature’s Original Food Co., Falmouth, “The same process had an industrial aftermath. Dr. Watts
Virginia. “Nuts, grains, fruits and vegetables are Nature’s and Mrs. Grundy found that the eliminated bitter substance
original foods for men. Animal flesh has been substituted. If was glycinin which, like other soybean extracts, can be used
you want health, don’t use it. “Try our [canned vegetarian] in plastics and is particularly valuable in the manufacture of
meats–see the difference.” Meatose. Vegetose. To-Meta. glue.”
Note 1. This latter company was almost certainly
founded and is owned by Jethro Kloss. 53. South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). 1940. Soya
According to Doris Gardiner (Oct. 1990), the original bean milk factory opened: War on malnutrition and T.B.
book (of which she and her aunt each have copies) has a March 10. [Eng]
green hard cover. The first printing was probably done by • Summary: The article begins: “’What is wanted in the
a Mr. Brunck, who worked for the College Print Shop in colony today is a source of supply of nutritious food which
Takoma Park, Maryland. She thinks Jethro self-published the is cheap enough to be within the reach of the masses; and
book. He paid for the printing and sold the books himself. if we can meet a part of this urgent need, one of our main
Jethro and his wife moved to Coalmont, Tennessee. There objectives will have been achieved,’ said Mr. K.S. Lo,
they lived with the Hiatt family, and Mr. Hyatt, owner of Managing Director of the newly-established Hong Kong
Longview Press (renamed The Message Press by 1964) Soya-bean Products Company, Limited, at the inaugural
became the book’s first legitimate publisher. His wife died in ceremony of the company’s factory at Causeway Bay [on
1944. Jethro died in 1946 at age 83. The page numbers from George Street, in Hong Kong] yesterday afternoon. Turning
the 1939 edition are unchanged in later editions. on a switch which set the factory in operation, the Hon.
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document Mr. M.K. Lo officially declared the factory in open in the
seen (March 2007) that uses the term “Soybean cream presence of a large gathering.
cheese” to refer to soy cream cheese. “Among those present were the Hon. Dr. P.S. Selwyn-
Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document Clarke, Director of Medical Services, and Mrs. Selwyn-
seen (June 2013) that uses the term “soybean mash” to refer Clarke, Dr. F.I. Tseung, Dr. J.E. Dovey, Dr. T.C. Li, the Hon.
to okara. Address: Washington, DC. Mr. and Mrs. W.N. Tam. The guests were conducted over the

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works by Mr. K.S. Lo and Mr. Y.C. Kwan.

“Welcoming the guests, Mr. K.S. Lo said: ‘To most of 54. Chicago Daily Tribune. 1940. Soy bean feast served 35
us, the soya bean needs no introduction. We come in contact at cost of $10.87. July 4. p. 23.
with it every day in one form or another. It is the first thing • Summary: “A full seven-course dinner–everything from
that greets us on our breakfast table in the form of soy sauce, ‘soy’ to ‘bean’–was served 35 members of the Chicago
and to many Chinese it is also the last dish served on the chapter of the Society of Grain Elevator Superintendents.
dinner table in the form of a hot delicious soup. Its food And yesterday the diners, while admitting that even a good
value, long recognized by our fore-fathers, has been verified thing can be carried too far, said they had no regrets.
by chemists in modern laboratories. What is new here this The idea of a soy bean feast originated with Dean
afternoon is not Soya Bean, but the birth of our pet baby Clark, national secretary of the organization.” Recipes were
“Vita.” And although “Vita” comes from the age-old soya obtained from a California firm.
bean family, she is as modern as our lass of 1940. Here’s the menu: “Soy-carrot juice appetizer. Hors
“’Vita is nursed and brought up in a hygienic home, d’oeuvre (celery stuffed with soy bean paste [soynut butter]).
scrupulously attended by its expert doctor, Mr. H.L. Hoover Soy-mince soup and soy wafers. Soy-vegelona ‘meat’ course
and a string of white-uniformed nurses. It is dressed up (tasted like bologna). Pineapple salad made with soy bean
in modern romper with a hood as white as that of Snow sandwich spread. Soy bean (100 per cent) bread. Soy butter.
White’s. To make doubly sure that it will turn out to be a Side dish of (you guessed it) baked soy beans with soy sauce.
strong and healthy thing, we are feeding it with calcium, cod- Ice cream made with soy milk and soy fruities wafer. Coffee
liver oil and all the vitamins. with soy milk. Roasted soy beans (for variety’s sake).”
“’As “Vita” grows up, it will be followed by Vita butter, The superintendents were then given “a tour of the
Vita cream, Vita biscuits, and Vita ice-cream.’” Some of the Glidden company’s new elevator at 5165 West Moffat
equipment from the United States for the factory has not yet street–a soy bean extraction plant.” The retail cost of the
arrived. entire banquet was just $10.87.
“’The present Director of Medical Services has set
a new mile-stone in social progress in the Colony by his 55. Simmons, Roscoe Conkling. 1940. The week. Chicago
determined campaign against malnutrition and tuberculosis. Defender. July 13. p. 15. National ed.
The better-off community are well supplied with the best • Summary: Dr. George Washington Carver may have
milk obtainable. It remains for us to look after the needs of missed a report on the stylish seven-course soy-bean
the less fortunate, among whom are thousands of school dinner given recently in Chicago by the Society of Grain
children and wage-earners.’” Mr. M.K. Lo then gave a Elevator Superintendents. “Beans have enjoyed Dr. Carver’s
speech about the importance of good nutrition, and of important attention, but goobers have increased their fame
an adequate intake of the “’protective foods’ containing under his spell.” The full soy bean menu is given: “Soy-
vitamins and mineral salts... Their absence has especially carrot juice appetizer. Hors d’oeuvres (Celery stuffed with
deleterious effects upon children and nursing and pregnant soybean paste [soynut butter]). Soy-mine soup and soy
mothers.’” wafers. Soy-vegelona ‘meat course’ (bologna like). Pineapple
Dr. Selwyn-Clarke, as Director of Medical Services, is salad made with soybean sandwich spread. Soy bean (100%)
making an energetic attack on tuberculosis and malnutrition, bread. Soy butter. Side dish of baked soy beans with soy
especially among the poor in the Colony. “’It seems to me sauce. Ice cream made with soy milk and soy fruities wafers.
that any concern which could produce, under approved Coffee with soy milk. Roasted soy beans.”
hygienic conditions, soya bean milk in such quantity as to be “The cost of the banquet came to $10.87. This writer
available to the poorer section of the community, and at such asked one of the superintendents about the after-effects of the
low prices as to be within their means, would be rendering feast. ‘Easy on the pocket, pleasant to the appetite, agreeable
a public service to the Colony. I understand that the Hong to health,’ he replied.”
Kong Soya Bean Products Company seeks to fill this role.
It has imported the latest machinery and will produce soya 56. McBride, Gordon W. 1940. What’s happening with
bean milk cheaply and under hygienic conditions. I wish the soybeans? Food Industries 12(10):55-57. Oct.
promoters and the Company all prosperity and success.’” • Summary: “Greatly increased production, with
Note 1. According to Vitasoy’s 50th anniversary history accompanying increase in soybean oil output and wider
(1990, p. 102), the English-language name of the company’s utilization of other soybean products, is influencing all food
first product was “Vita Milk.” The name was changed on 11 industries.” Discusses, with many statistics, the utilization
June 1940 to “Sunspot.” of soybeans in the USA, including the amount used for
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2013) oil (crude and refined; nonfood and food), meal, industrial
concerning Vitasoy (named Hong Kong Soya Bean Products proteins, and foods. An interesting table on page 56 states
Co. Ltd. before 24 Sept. 1990). that the following foods are made from soybean meal: bean

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powder, bean curd, soy sauce, soy milk, breakfast food, B.C.”
invalid foods, soy flour, infant foods, ice cream, baked Note: See comment in this journal (21 Feb. 1941, p.
goods, macaroni, and sausage. Whole soybeans are used 183-84) by L.C. Goodrich refuting this latter statement.
to make sprouts, cooked beans, soy sauce, confections, Address: Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
breakfast foods, meat substitutes, and coffee substitutes.
Either whole soybeans or soy flour are used to make “fresh 58. Concepcion, Isabelo. 1941. Significance of soy bean in
vegetable milk,” which can be further processed to make the dietary of Filipinos. Acta Medica Philippina 2(4):479-95.
condensed milk, dried milk, confections, cheese, or casein. April/June. Read before the Sixth Pacific Science Congress,
“In addition to the increasing quantities of soybeans that San Francisco, California, July 24 to Aug. 12, 1939. [28 ref]
are brought to the market as a fresh green vegetable, larger • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Composition and
quantities of the green beans are being canned each year. nutritive value. Supplementary value of soy bean (to a rice-
One unofficial estimate placed the 1939 pack at 15,000 cases based diet). Forms of soy bean used in Philippines: Soy
(24 one-pound cans each).” bean curd or “tokua,” fermented bean curd or “tahuri,” soy
A photo shows the soybean products plant of Archer- bean curd brain or “tojo” (served with a little thick brown
Daniels-Midland Co. recently erected at Decatur, Illinois. sugar syrup), soybean with shaved ice or “mongo con hielo,”
Address: Chemical Engineer, Washington, DC. soy bean flour, soy bean milk. Deficiencies of Filipino
diet. Effects of improper food. The need for a campaign to
57. Von Struve, A.W. 1941. The soybean crop in the United popularize soy bean products. Conclusions.
States. Science 93(2404):86-87. Jan. 24. “Soy bean is grown in many parts of the Philippines
• Summary: According to the 1939 Census of Manufactures, where it is known as ‘utao’ and also as Chinese ‘Balatong.’
47 U.S. firms were engaged primarily in the production It is grown in large quantities in Batangas Province. The
of soybean oil, cake, and meal, worth $43.9 million, and green pods are harvested in October and November and the
employing 1,481 wage earners who drew wages amounting dried seeds may be had in bulk in December and January.
to $1,889,457 and to salaried personnel who drew $663,469 Just when soy bean was first cultivated in the Philippines is
in salaries. In 1937, only 26 firms were reported in this not known. For years casual plantings have been made but
industry, making products worth $24.3 million. it is only in comparatively recent years that the cultivation
In 1909 the Census of Agriculture shows that only has been seriously considered as an agricultural industry.
16,835 bushels of soybeans were produced in the USA. Statistics indicate that consumption of soy bean in the
Cultivation was reported on 339 farms. Philippines has grown faster than production. They also
Today soy bean oil is used primarily in shortening show a growing appreciation of soy bean in the Philippines.”
and oleomargarine. Census reports show that of the 369.7 Soy bean with shaved ice “is a very popular soy bean
million pounds of soybean oil consumed in American mixture introduced by the Japanese but now sold in nearly all
factories during 1939, some 201.6 million pounds (54.5% refreshment parlors all over the Philippines. The preparation
of the total) were use in the manufacture of shortening and consists of a mixture of boiled red mongo and soy bean
70.822 million pounds (19.2%) became an ingredient in mixed with cream, brown sugar and ice shavings. This
oleomargarine. form of soy bean mixture is more nourishing than any other
“The oil is also used in manufacturing candles, celluloid, preparation just described on account of its cream and sugar
core oil, disinfectants, electrical insulation, enamels, fuel, content.”
glycerin, insecticides, linoleum, lubricants, oilcloth, paints, The consumption of soy bean products in the Philippines
printing ink, rubber substitutes, varnish, waterproof goods “does not amount to very much. The reason for this apparent
and food products such as butter substitutes, cooking oil, lard neglect is the general lack of sufficient information. It is
substitutes and salad oils and medicinal oil. desirable that the government should initiate the necessary
“Lecithin is derived from soybean oil and is used as campaign to inform the people regarding the valuable
an emulsifier and in the manufacture of candies, chocolate, nutritive properties of soy bean. Although the Bureau of
cocoa, margarine, medicines and in dyeing of textiles. (Egg Science since 1931 has been carrying a demonstration
yolk was the chief source before.) campaign to teach the public the different methods of
“Dried soybean flour is used in baked products, cooking soy bean with the aim of popularizing its use among
breakfast foods, candies, diabetic foods, health drinks, ice- the masses, its efforts so far have not yielded the expected
cream cones, ice-cream powder, infant foods, macaroni results. Another reason is the lack of a central body in the
products and as filler in meat products. Philippines that can coordinate all the nutrition work to be
“Soy sauce and sprouts are produced from dried beans.” carried out in that country. Furthermore, there is lacking a
Vegetable casein is used in paints, size for paper, textile definite long range policy for the betterment of nutrition...
dressing, and waterproofing. “The first record of the plant “The popularization among the masses of soy bean and
is in the writings of Emperor Shang Nung of China in 2838 soy bean products like soy bean curd, soy bean flour, and soy

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bean milk should be undertaken along with a more intensive

campaign about its nutritive value carried on in the different 60. USDA Bureau of Plant Industry. Div. of Forage
schools all over the Philippines.” Crops and Diseases. 1942. Firms manufacturing or
Note 1. In section titled “Fermented bean curd handling soybean food products. 3 p. July. Mimeographed
or ‘Tahuri’” (4 paragraphs and 1 table), the text is a unpublished manuscript.
combination of that first presented by Gibbs and Agcaoili • Summary: The companies are listed alphabetically
(1912) and Orosa (1932). Although the word “fermented” is by state, and within state by city. Numbered codes after
used here to describe tahuri for the first time, no information each company, keyed to a list of 35 soyfood types in the
about a fermentation microorganism or process is given. back, explain which foods are made by each company.
Note 2. This is one of the earliest English-language Unfortunately, it is not clear from this list which companies
documents seen (Sept. 2006) that uses the term “Soy bean” are manufacturers and which are “handlers” (retailers or
in a new way–as a singular noun, like corn or wheat, not distributors).
preceded by “the.” Examples: “Soy bean is grown in many California: Arlington (Loma Linda Foods), Berkeley
parts of the Philippines...” “... campaign to teach the public (Golden Gate Food Products Co.), Glendale (Hygenic
the different methods of cooking soy bean with the aim of [Hygienic?] Food Co.), Los Angeles (El Molino Mills, Mrs.
popularizing its use among the masses,...” Address: Dep. of Hauser’s Soya Foods Co. {4617 Melrose Ave.}, Kevo Co.,
Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Univ. of Klein Soup Co.), San Francisco (Radcliffe Soya Products
the Philippines. {146 Fillmore St.}), Santa Cruz (Daglish Health Food
Service). Delaware: Milton (Draper Canning Co.). Illinois:
59. Warden, Philip. 1942. Soy beans rise on seed buying by Bloomington (Funk Bros. Seed Co.), Chicago (Allied Mills,
government. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 17. p. 23. Armour & Co., Dewey Food Products Inc., Dietetic Supply
• Summary: “Commodity Credit corporation purchases of House, Durkee Famous Foods, Fearn Soya Foods Co. {355
seed soy beans gave the bean futures market independent W. Ontario St.}, Glidden Co., Great China Foods Co.,
strength yesterday” at the Chicago Board of Trade in Illinois. Griffith Laboratories {1415 W. 37th St.; handles soy flour
“Processing plant operators in Decatur, Illinois, soy and grits}, John F. Jelke Co., Soybean Products Co. {210
bean capital of the United States, informed Chicago grain N. Carpenter St.}, Swift & Co.), Decatur (Spencer Kellogg
men that the government agency was seeking to buy as much and Sons, A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.), Elgin (B.S.
as 100,000 bushels of high grade seed beans for eastern Pearsall Butter Co.), Urbana (Prehn’s Health Food Store).
shipment.” Such high oil yielding varieties were reported to Indiana: Columbia City (Oriental Show-You Co.), Decatur
be selling for $2.50 to $3.00 a bushel. (Central Soya Co.), Indianapolis (Standard Margarine
Government buyers said they wanted only soy beans Co.). Iowa: Des Moines (Soy Products Co.). Maryland:
with a low moisture content; tests at the University of Illinois Baltimore (J.H. Filbert, Inc., The Wm. Schluderberg–T.J.
agricultural experiment station show that these have a higher Kurdle Co.), Takoma Park (Hillcrest Health Products Co.).
germination rate. Massachusetts: Boston (Prince Macaroni Co.), Newton
An interesting diagram, titled “Some of the principal soy Centre (W.L. Cummings & Co.). Michigan: Battle Creek
bean products,” shows whole soy beans falling into a hopper, (Battle Creek Food Co.), Detroit (Shedd Products Co.).
below which are many branching “pipelines” of products Minnesota: Minneapolis (Archer-Daniels-Midland Co.).
made from the whole soy beans: (1) Soysauce, condiments, Missouri: Kansas City (Harrow-Taylor Butter Co.), St. Louis
other uses. (2) From the meal: Stock feed, fertilizer, glue, (Blanton Co.). New Jersey: Vineland (George A. Mitchell).
plastics, other. (3) From the flour used industrially: Vegetable New York: Brooklyn (Agash Refining Corp., Cosmo Packing
casein, paper coating, adhesives, other. (4) From the flour Co., Soy-Malt Co. {234-A Marion St.}), Elmhurst, Long
used as food: Bread, crackers, wafers, macaroni, ice cream, Island (American Lecithin Co.), Glandale, Long Island
sausage, infant & invalid foods, other. (5) From the crude (Beskor, Inc. Note: As of May 1997 there is no place named
oil used industrially: Soaps, glycerine, paint, varnish, core “Glandale”–or “Glendale”–on Long Island), New York City
oil, linoleum, other. (6) From the crude oil used as food: (Barrett & Eastwood, Borden Company, Enco Chemical
Lecithin, confectionary, medicinal. (7) From the refined Corporation, Franklin Mills Co., National Biscuit Co., Soya
oil: salad oils, cooking oil, mayonaise [mayonnaise], lard Corporation of America {Rockefeller Plaza}, Stein, Hall &
compounds [vegetable shortening], other uses. Co.), Rochester (Vegetable Products Co.). North Carolina:
Note 1. This is the earliest published English-language Asheville (Judd’s Health Foods), Lexington (Vitro Nu Foods
document seen (April 2012) that contains the word Corp.). Ohio: Cincinnati (The Churngold Corp., Miami
“soysauce” (spelled as one word). Butterine Co.), Circleville (Winoor Canning Co.), Cleveland
Note 2. This is the 2nd earliest document seen (Oct. (Barton Nut & Candy Co., Pfaffman Egg & Noodle Co.),
2006) which uses the term “soy bean capital” (of the United Columbus (Capital City Products Co.), Greenville (O’Brien
States) in connection with Decatur, Illinois. Milling Co.), Mount Vernon (International Nutrition

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Laboratory [Dr. Harry Miller]), Worthington (Special Foods, honey. It uses no dairy products or eggs, and views a
Inc.). Pennsylvania: Paoli (Great Valley Mills), Philadelphia raw food diet as the ideal–although many recipes call for
(J.S. Ivins’ Son, Inc., C.F. Simonin & Sons, Tastee Soy cooking. Following the dedication is this quote: “The human
Foods), Williamsport (Penna Soya Products Co.). Tennessee: body is the temple of God and as real as God himself,
Madison College (Madison Foods). Wisconsin: Hortonville because He dwells in it...”
(Fox Valley Canning Co.), Oostburg (Oostburg Canning Under “Substitutions” (p. 21) the author notes that “Soy
Co.), Owen (Owen Canning Co.). milk may be substituted for cow’s milk...” Under “For the
The soy food types are: “1. Albumin or protein. 2. infant” we read: “Advice to the mother–Almond milk is the
Beans–baked. 3. Beans–canned green. 4. Beans–roasted. most perfect and ideal food for the infant both in nutritional
5. Breakfast foods. 6. Butter–soy. 7. Candies. 8. Chips or value and digestibility.” Soy sauce (p. 70-71, etc.), Savita,
meats. 9. Chocolate. 10. Chocolate and other beverages. 11. and Vegex are widely called for a seasonings. The soy-
Coffee substitute. 12. Crackers, wafers, cookies, puddings, related recipes in this book seem extremely original and
etc. 13. Curd or cheese. 14. Diabetic foods. 15. Flakes. innovative; they include: Baked lima beans (with soy bean
16. Flavorings. 17. Flour. 18. Flour–prepared. 19. Grits. milk, p. 58). French-fried onions (with soy bean milk, p.
20. Health foods. 21. Ice cream powder. 22. Infant foods. 61). Peas cooked with potatoes and soy bean milk (p. 67).
23. Lecithin. 24. Macaroni products. 25. Malted products. Whole wheat or barley chowder (with soy bean milk, p.
26. Meat-like products. 27. Milk. 28. Molasses–bean. 29. 68). Ripe olive croquettes (with soy milk, p. 71). Vegetable
Oil. 30. Puffs. 31. Sauce. 32. Shortening. 33. Soups. 34. hamburgers (with soy bean milk, p. 72). Carrot loaf I (with
Soybeans. 35. Spreads–sandwich. 36. Toast.” soy milk, p. 73). Tofu (fried in flour breading, p. 74). Tofu
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Nov. 2002) that loaf (baked, p. 74). Tofu omelet (p. 74). Tofu and garbanza
mentions Griffith Laboratories. Address: Washington, DC. [garbanzo] beans (p. 75). Gluten steak (with 1 cup soy sauce,
p. 75). Chop suey (with [mung] bean sprouts and soy sauce,
61. Sonnedecker, Glenn. 1942. Soybean boom: Armed forces p. 78). Savory lima patties (with soy bean bread, p. 85). Soy
and Lend-Lease buy soy products in great quantities. Science bean loaf (with cooked and ground soybeans, p. 85). Soy
News Letter 42:362-63. Dec. 5. gravy (with soy milk and soy sauce, p. 87-88). Wholewheat
• Summary: From soybeans we can make rubber substitutes, bread and rolls (p. 89-92; many call for the use of soy milk).
cloth, high-protein foods, plastics, and vegetable oils. Tofu cake I (like a baked cheesecake with shredded coconut,
Over 600 million pounds of soya flour and grits have been lemon, and agar, but no crust, p. 99). Tofu cake II (like a
purchased by the Agricultural Marketing Administration for cheesecake with a wholewheat or graham cracker crust, p.
shipment to our allies and for school lunches. “Overseas, soy 99). Note: This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2003) that
is used in meat products, baked goods, soups, ice cream and mentions a tofu cheesecake, and the earliest recipe seen (Oct.
milk substitutes.” 2003) for a tofu cheesecake.
“In Army rations: The U.S. government is also adopting “All Bran” muffins (with bran and soy milk, p. 112).
soybean products as part of the rations for the armed forces. Soy wheat germ muffins (with soy pastry flour, p. 113).
So far, Army purchases have been confined to flour. The Corn meal muffins (with soy milk, p. 113-14). Soy bean
Marines are also using it in this form. Wider usage has chocolate frosting (with “2 squares soy bean chocolate,” p.
been hampered, asserted Colonel Rohland A. Isker of the 116). Soy bean chocolate date pudding (with 5 oz “soy bean
Quartermaster Corps Subsistence Research Laboratory, chocolate” and 1 tablespoon soy bean milk, p. 120). Rice
because manufacturers threw soy products on the market that pudding deluxe (with 1 quart soy milk, p. 121). Soy bean
had not been scientifically prepared. This situation is being chocolate ice cream (with 1/3 pound soy bean chocolate and
remedied.” a pint coconut milk, p. 127). Fruit ice cream, Maple sugar
Breakfast foods containing up to 20% soya flour and candy, Maple fudge (each with soy milk, p. 129). Soy bean
flakes “are being shipped by lend-lease to Russia and other chocolate fudge (with 1 cup “grated soy bean chocolate” and
allied countries.” The British are also buying large quantities 3 tablespoons soy milk). Peanut butter fudge (with soy milk,
of soybean flour sausages and grits. p. 130). Soy bean chocolate caramels (with 3 squares soy
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2001) bean chocolate and ½ cup “soy milk,” p. 131).
concerning the use of soy in school lunches or a school lunch On pages 141-43 are two charts: (1) Alkaline, acid and
program. neutral foods (soy beans [dried or fresh], soy bean bread, and
soy bean milk are listed as having an alkaline ash, whereas
62. Rotondi, Pietro. 1942. Vegetarian cookery. Los Angeles, flesh foods, eggs, cheese, and most nuts are listed as having
California: Willing Publishing Co. 151 p. Recipe index. 23 an alkaline ash). (2) Vegetable protein vs. animal protein.
cm. 2nd edition 1948 (150 p.). Divides various foods that are high in protein content into
• Summary: This book, dedicated “To Humanity,” is vegetable and animal, then ranks them in descending order
basically a vegan cookbook–except for the use of a little of protein content. Included in the vegetable protein are: 1.

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(highest) Soy bean flour 39.5%, 4. soy beans 34.0%. The was soon to become Secretary of Agriculture in the
highest ranked animal product is dried beef 39.2%. The cabinets of McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Taft; Henry
average protein content of 26 vegetable foods is 25.89%, Cantwell Wallace was Assistant Professor of Agriculture,
compared with 21.79% for 26 animal foods. later to become Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinets of
The author, a chiropractor, died in about 1986 in a fire at Harding and Coolidge until he died in 1924. His son, Henry
about age 92. A videotape of him has been produced by the Agard Wallace, was to fill the same post during the first 2
Rotondi foundation in Los Angeles. administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt.” The school term
Note: This is the earliest English-language document had already started when George Washington Carver arrived
seen (Jan. 2007) that contains the term “Vegetable in May.
hamburgers” (or “Vegetable hamburger”). Address: Los Before the turn of the century, Carver was preaching that
Angeles, California. the South should balance its agriculture by growing peanuts
and sweet potatoes. He later developed more than 300 uses
63. Burke, A.D.; Flanagan, Douglas. 1943. Use of soybean for the peanut.
flour in an ice cream mix. Ice Cream Review 26(8):14-15, 54, Shortly after arriving at Tuskegee in Oct. 1896, Prof.
56-57. March. Carver started experimentation on various relatively new
• Summary: Written during World War II, this article begins members of the legume family, which he felt could enrich
by noting that when the U.S. government curtailed the use of the soil and serve as valuable additions to the diets of
dry skim milk and limited the serum solids content of mixes, livestock. “In 1896 there was no crimson clover anywhere
ice cream makers were faced with the problem of finding in the county, nor for many counties roundabout. He planted
a replacement. Soybean flour can be used satisfactorily this and the cowpea and hairy vetch. In ‘97 [1897] he
to replace up to 20% of the serum solids of a mix. “The secured a pint of velvet-bean seed which yielded fully three
replacement of a portion of dry milk solids with soybean pecks. He experimented with the peanut, which was no more
flour imparts smoothness to the finished product, thus considered a farm crop than was parsley; the children liked
improving the body and texture.” A number of formulas for to eat peanuts, so a few families had a few vines.
ice cream mixes containing soybean flour are given. “Developing agriculture means keeping an eye out
“In conclusion, the writers wish to express their for new things. The soja pea, now known as the soybean
appreciation to the Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. of (Glycine soya), the little honorable plant and the main
Minneapolis, Minnesota, whose fine cooperation in dependence of China for its food supply, was said to have
supplying samples of soybean flour, made these studies been brought back by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, but
possible.” Address: 1. Head of the Dairy Dep.; 2. Plant nothing had been done about it in this country. This, too,
Superintendent. Both: Alabama Polytechnic Inst., Auburn, Professor Carver planted” (p. 168). He would make every
Alabama. effort to educate away from the one-crop system. A photo (p.
169) shows young Carver at Tuskegee.
64. Holt, Rackham. 1943. George Washington Carver: An In 1901 Carver noted the occurrence of a fungus, which
American biography. New York, NY: Doubleday Doran & he designated as Cercospora canescens E. & M., on soybean
Co. 342 p. 2nd ed. 1963, 360 p. [18* ref] and several other unrelated hosts. This appears to be the
• Summary: This is considered by some to be the best earliest reported occurrence of a Cercospora on soybean
biography of Carver. The author is a woman. There are ten in America.” It was not recorded in the U.S. again until
entries on soy in the index of the 1963 second edition. 1924. In 1903 Professor Carver’s exhibit in the capitol drew
Dr. Carver was born a slave in Missouri, around 1864. crowds to see his dried foods and soja peas and demonstrated
After working his way through school by washing clothes, the value of sweet potatoes and cowpeas.
Carver applied for registration at the University of Iowa and With the notable exception of Professor Carver, few
received a letter of acceptance. However, when he arrived, people in the U.S. had heard of the soybean until 1907 when
and officials learned that he was a Negro, he was rejected. the Department of Agriculture instituted experimentation
Later he attended Simpson College at Indianola, Iowa, and on imported plants and tried adapting it to American soils
then Iowa State College, where he was appointed to the and climatic conditions. Professor Carver had already
faculty after graduation. In 1896 Carver accepted Booker successfully tried his own hand at experimentation. He was
T. Washington’s invitation to come to Tuskegee Institute lecturing on the soybean and the derivatives he had found–
in Alabama, where he stayed until he died. The Iowa State flour, meal, coffee, breakfast food, oil, milk–long before it
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was already an had been picked up by Midwestern growers. He could not
eminent institution in 1891. “It was the seed bed from which emphasize the soybean for industrial purposes, however,
sprouted 3 men who were to rule the agricultural destinies of because of Southern unfamiliarity. He concentrated his
the United States for 28 years. efforts, therefore, on the peanut.
“James G. Wilson, director of the Agricultural Station, Concerning peanuts, page 237 notes that “Professor

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Carver had started publishing recipes for cooking peanuts Detroiters: Soy milk introduced to public. Detroit Free Press.
for the table before 1913, but these were constantly being Sept. 25.
augmented, and the bulletin was in its sixth edition by 1916, • Summary: “A world premier of soy bean milk was part of a
carrying directions for growing and 105 ways of preparing complete soy bean luncheon served by the Ford Motor Co. to
it for human consumption.” During this time he was a selected group of Detroit newspaper women, Friday noon,
teaching senior girls at Tuskegee Institute how to cook with Sept. 24.
peanuts. The girls served a 5-course luncheon to Booker T. “While they had looked forward eagerly to the first
Washington and nine guests–”soup, mock chicken, creamed all soy bean meal that has ever been served, they were
as a vegetable, salad, bread, candy, cookies, ice cream, amazed at the variety of fascinating dishes produced from
coffee–all from peanuts.” this miracle bean... Henry Ford II, enjoying with the rest
Pages 239-40 describes a conversation, in “God’s Little of his guests the foods prepared in special kitchens at the
Workshop,” between Prof. Carver and God in which Carver Administration Building, commented favorably about the
asks God about the meaning of the universe, of human life, soy bean butter...
and of the peanut. Responding only to his third question, “Planned especially to introduce practical soy bean
God replied that “my mind was too small to know all about dishes to the world’s housewives, the luncheon menu was as
the peanut, but He said He would give me a handful of follows:
peanuts. And God said, ‘Behold I have given you every herb Celery stuffed with soy pimento cheese. Canapes of
bearing seed, which is upon the face of the earth... to you it soya crackers with soy butter. Soy bean soup. Soya melba
shall be for meat...” Then God instructs Carver what to do toast. Soy cutlets. Soy sprouts creole. Buttered green soya
with peanuts in order to unravel their mysteries and uses. beans. Baked soy beans. Parsley potatoes. Soy bean coffee.
Page 242 describes Carver’s preparation of peanut milk. Soy bean milk. Soy sprout salad. Soy bean bread, butter and
“Cream would rise upon it which could be turned into butter crackers. Soya ice cream. Soy custard. Soya cookies.” The
without souring. The cream could be removed to produce ice cream, described as “rich” and “delicious,” was one of
buttermilk, and from either an inexpensive, palatable, and the highlights of this “World Neighbor Luncheon.”
long-lasting cheese could be manufactured; where a hundred Note. This is the 4th earliest English-language document
pounds of cows’ milk made ten pounds of cheese, the same seen (Jan. 2013) that contains the modern term “soy sprouts.”
amount of peanut milk made thirty-five pounds. This milk “Robert Smith, soy bean chemist of the Carver
proved to be truly a lifesaver in the Belgian Congo. Cows Experimental Laboratory at Dearborn, Michigan, explained
could not be kept there because of leopards and flies, so if a that the luncheon was held to demonstrate how the soy bean
mother died her baby was buried with her; there was nothing can help to rehabilitate the war-devastated countries where
to nourish it. Missionaries fed the infants peanut milk, and dairy herds and food sources have been destroyed.”
they flourished.” Note 1. Ford served a similar (but not identical) all-soy
On 22 Jan. 1921 Carver spoke at the hearings of the luncheon to reporters nine years earlier, in Aug. 1934, at the
General Tariff Revision before the Committee of Ways and Chicago World’s Fair. Soy bean milk was also served at the
Means of the House of Representatives. Given 10 minutes 1934 luncheon, but not soy ice cream.
to speak, he was found to be so interesting and persuasive Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
that his time was extended to 105 minutes. He showed the seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Soya ice cream” to
Committee a bottle of peanut milk on which the cream refer to soy ice cream.
had risen, a bottle of rich peanut milk for ice cream, plus
samples of buttermilk and evaporated milk. He explained 66. Hartford Courant (Connecticut). 1944. ‘Pioneer’ with
that Secretary of Agriculture Wilson had been his instructor soybeans: They add ‘kick’ to wartime menus. Jan. 23. p.
at Iowa State College for 6 years. SM11.
William Jay Hale, a chemist, coined the term • Summary: One way of getting around a meat shortage is
“chemurgy,” which first appeared in print in 1934 in his to try something new–which will add more variety to your
book The Farm Chemurgic. “Chemi,” the root from which meals. Try using soybeans and soya products which are so
“chemistry” was derived, originally meant the black earth rich in protein that they have been nicknamed “wartime
of Egypt; “ergon” was the Greek word for work. Hence meat.” For example, one pound of whole soya flour “contains
“chemurgy” could be defined as “chemistry at work,” an as much protein as 31 eggs or 6 quarts of milk or 2 pounds of
implied the application of this work to the soil. boneless meat.
In his book Pioneers of Plenty, author Christy Borth Soya products now found in grocery stores include
called Carver the first and greatest chemurgist. Carver later packaged bread, noodles, crackers, macaroni, ready-to-serve
became close friends with Henry Ford. [meatless] meat, ice cream, candy, dried beans, grits, meal,
and two types of soy flour (high-fat and low-fat).
65. Voellmig, Gertrude. 1943. Soy bean luncheon served to Recipes are given for: Soya fudge (with 3 tablespoons

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“soya flour”). Veal terrapin (with 6 tablespoons soya flour). at an altitude of 3,750 feet. Giant Green also did well in
Southern style casserole (with 3 cups cooked or 2 cup dried Utah and New Mexico at altitudes of 7,000 to 8,000 feet. In
soybeans). Salted soys (starting with 1½ cups dry soybeans, California, 11 counties reported success with vegetable-type
which are soaked and cooked, then spread on a baking sheet soybeans. In Tucson, Arizona, 8 varieties were grown under
and roasted; they can also be deep fried). irrigation at an altitude of 2,400 feet, all with satisfactory
Photos show each of the four recipes. The caption of the yields. Some varieties also did well in Canada. In St. George,
third reads: “Salted soyas, either fried or roasted, are giving Ontario, Giant Green, Bansei, Fuji, and Willomi all matured
nuts some healthy competition. Not only are they good to seed before killing frost. Bansei was the best producer. In
nibble at,” they can be used in sandwich spreads, for topping Barrington Passage, Nova Scotia, Fuji was the only variety
salads, etc. that produced pods before frost. At Bogot, Manitoba, only
Giant Green matured seed before frost, but Fuji reached
67. Central Soya Co., Inc. Products Div. 1944. Soy products edible condition. At Swift Current, Saskatchewan, the season
for the baking, confectionery, meat packing, ice cream, and was evidently too cool for soybeans. Page 142 states: “Soy
food processing industries (Ad). Soybean Digest. April. p. grits and soy flakes are made from soybeans in much the
25. same way that soy flour is made. However, they contain
• Summary: “Send for information and samples. Processors almost no fat, and are ground more coarsely. Grits are like
of quality soy products.” Address: Fort Wayne, Indiana. corn meal in texture, while flakes resemble rolled oats. Grits
and flakes both contain less than 45 per cent protein.”
68. Taylor, Demetria M. comp. 1944. The soy cook book. Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
New York, NY: Greenberg. 215 p. Index. 21 cm. [2 ref] seen (Dec. 2012) that contains the word “soynuts.” On pages
• Summary: Emphasis on recipes using soy flour, sprouts, 45-49 the book gives recipes for: Cream of soynut soup
and dried soybeans. Contains one of the most complete early (using 1 cup Co-Op soynuts), Soynut rice loaf. Soynut honey
listings of commercial soyfoods products, with product buns. Soynut brownies. Soynut butter. Economical soynut
name, and manufacturer name and address. brownies. Soybean brittle (using 1 cup chopped roasted
Contents: 1. Soy–The wonder bean. 2. Growing soybeans).
soybeans in Victory Gardens. 3. How to sprout soybeans. Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
4. How to cook soybeans: Green soybeans preservation, seen (Dec. 2012) that contains the term “soynut butter,” used
canning, dehydration, quick freezing, dried soybeans, to refer to a product resembling peanut butter that is made
soybean pulp or “mash” (cooked, crushed or finely chopped from roasted soybeans. The recipe for “Soynut butter” (p. 47)
soybeans), soybean milk and soybean curd or “cheese,” states: “Grind 2½ cups of roasted Vee-Bee soybeans and mix
recipes for dried soybeans, recipes for canned soybeans, with 2 tablespoons of salad oil. Use in place of butter or as
recipes for soybean pulp, roasted soybeans or soynuts (p. a sandwich spread.” On p. 197 is a recipe for Mull-Soy “ice
45), soynut butter (p. 47), recipes for soybean milk and mash cream.”
[okara]; “It makes a good base for macaroon-type cookies”
(p. 50), recipes for soybean curd or “cheese” (tofu). 5. How 69. Miller, Harry W. 1944. The story of milk from the soya
to use soy flour. 6. Using soy grits and flakes. 7. Stretching bean (Continued–Document part VI). Mount Vernon, Ohio:
meat with soybeans. 8. Using other soy products. List of International Nutrition Laboratory. 37 p. See p. 30-34.
[commercial] soybean products (p. 199-202). Key to recipe • Summary: Continued. “After all, protein is an important
sources. component of our clothing and many articles we commonly
Chapter 2, “Growing soybeans in Victory Gardens,” use. The soy bean is nature’s greatest protein yielder. From
states (p. 4): “In general, all varieties may be classified under 35 to 52 per cent, or almost one-half the weight of the dried
two main types: the field type and the edible or vegetable soy bean, is protein. Next in value is the oil. By way of
type. The latter type is the one which is of interest to the comparison with navy beans, peas, lentils and lima beans,
Victory Gardener, although a few field varieties, such as the soy bean has 300 per cent more protein and ten times as
Illini or Manchu, are satisfactory for eating purposes.” much oil content.
Varietal trials (p. 5-8) with four type-A vegetable varieties “In making up our dietary requirements, we pay eight
(suited for cooler, northern climates) show: In mountainous times as much for our protein as we do for carbohydrates
Colorado, all four varieties matured seed at altitudes of and three times as much for protein as we do for oil. This
5,000 to 7,000 feet. In Idaho, all four varieties matured seed may impress the reader with the great economic wealth in
at altitudes of 1,700 to 3,745 feet. In Montana, Giant Green the soy bean. Nitrogen or protein is of first importance to the
soybeans matured seed at altitudes of 3,000 to 4,900 feet. In growth and maintenance of the human race, as well as the
Wyoming, Giant Green was the only variety to mature seed entire animal kingdom. While mankind has often depended
in Campbell county (4,600 feet) and in Park county (4,600 on the flesh and products of animals, such as milk and eggs,
feet). But all four varieties matured seed in Johnson county for this protein supply, the animals had to basically depend

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on vegetables for their nitrogen. It is only vegetation. that market beside cow’s milk, soya milk was chiefly demanded
can utilize the nitrogen of the air and inorganic sources of for certain specific diseases such as correcting acid states,
nitrogen and place it in accessible form for animal life. For intestinal upsets, and for diabetics. The composition of all
instance, we exhale every atom of nitrogen of the air that we soya milk powders will be found on the labels as well as
inhale. None is utilized or stored in our tissues. Therefore, directions for using them.
whether we drink animal milk, eat animal flesh, or take only “Frozen soya milk desserts and soya ice cream are now
vegetation, we get our edible protein solely from plant life, quite popular. Recipes are given for the home refrigerator.
and there is no superiority in the animal stored protein, to “This little pamphlet concerns itself with the history
that eaten by the animal and which is primarily available to of soya milk development rather than trying to cover the
the human from vegetation. So, as the sheep makes wool field of the International Nutrition Laboratory, for this soy
from the protein it eats, so the cow makes casein from the food processing institution is the largest plant in the world
protein she eats. Unless the animal gets protein, there would devoting its entire efforts to human nutrition from the soy
be no wool or casein. But it is not necessary to use the bean and for making meat substitutes. Foods that look like
animal digestive laboratories to make either wool or milk, and taste like meat are made with high protein values. Our
for we can take the products the animal eats to make wool canned soya beans are among the most delightful and tasty
or milk by means of laboratory technique, and that under vegetables. The soy bean is nature’s highest protein yielder
sanitary conditions. and the International Nutrition Laboratory engages in the
“The chief and outstanding product of the International manufacture of these fine protein foods from the edible
Nutrition Laboratory is soy milk, put out under the names varieties only.
of Soyalac and Soy-A-Malt, names having originated in the “No claims are made that soya milk has yet been
early days of our experimental work while pioneering in this developed by us to its final possibilities, but at least these
field. Soy-A-Malt is put out under the registered trade mark twenty-five years of painstaking study and experimentation
No. 390909 U.S. Patent Offices and Soyalac registered trade has resulted in a food second to none as an essential to
mark is 389131 U.S. Patent Office. strong body building and health. So much progress has been
“However, the Laboratory is concerned in making a made in changing the extracted milk liquid of the soy bean
large variety of foods from the soy bean and already has used for millenniums by the people of China for making
a score of such products on the market utilizing the entire cheese [tofu] into a complete food of inviting appearance
bean, which is all valuable in human nutrition. Since milk and delicious taste, with food values the equivalent of either
has a wide variety of uses, we are making a beverage human or animal milk that we feel rewarded for the effort
liquid Soyalac put up in tin cans, of 13 ozs. and 30 ozs. and expense. Our soy milk can be made into a sour milk
respectively. A chocolate flavored Soyalac is also put up in resembling buttermilk, it can be made into a cheese, and this
13 oz. tins. A modified infant food powder, called Soyalac, cheese can be treated so as to have the appearance and flavor
is put up in one pound glass containers, which meets all of meat. We have not tried to enter into the comparative
the requirements of the growing infant from birth onward values of soya milk and cow’s milk. There is much to be
to the end of the nursing period, after which it is used to said regarding the value of soya milk and the story of Soya
supplement the child’s diet. This infant food has as its chief Milk would not be complete without a summary of the many
constituent vegetable oils homogenized, a combination virtues and nutritional values of soy food products. The soy
of sugars including dextrose, maltose and dextrin, and bean, often called these days the ‘wonder bean,’ is just as
supplemented by vitamin A and D with calcium, phosphorus wonderful as a food supplier as in the oil industry, or when
and iron added. Hundreds of babies in America and other used for plastics.
countries with allergy, weak digestion and intestinal “The protein of the soy bean possesses all of the
disturbances, are now being most satisfactorily nourished indispensable amidoacids [sic] and therefore is a complete
by Soyalac, a complete infant food including all known dietary substitute for milk, eggs and meat, and stands as
requirements for infant nutrition. the only vegetable protein that is biologically equal to meat
“Miller’s Soy-A-Malt is now a country-wide known proteins. By our extraction process we are able to obtain
beverage milk sold in either natural malt flavor or chocolate 85 per cent of this edible protein in a soluble form that
flavor and packed in one-pound, four-pound and twenty- means that it is very readily digested. Truly, it is a wonder
pound containers, possessing all values of the soy bean bean, for it does wonders in the nourishment of the well as
nutritionally but without the bean flavor. Many who want a also the sick. It is good for growth and excellent for body
milk more nearly the animal milk flavor call for All Purpose maintenance” (Continued). Address: Mt. Vernon, Ohio.
Soyalac. This is packed in containers same as Soy-A-Malt,
and can he used for cooking purposes as well as beverage 70. Ecuador Ministerio de Economia, Subsecretaria de
the same as animal milk. Until we brought out these Agricultura. 1944? Soya: El alimento del pueblo [Soya: The
vegetable milks which are rapidly taking their place in the food of the people (Poster)]. Quito, Ecuador. 1 p. 2 x 3 feet.

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Undated. [Spa] flavor was mild, not at all ‘beany,’ and the texture smooth.
• Summary: A remarkable poster. If you cannot buy milk, The fat used was hydrogenated soy oil. The mix was frozen
eggs, meat, fruits, etc., get soya, which contains the nutritive in a hand freezer and packed in freezing compartment of
principles of those foods. Raise robust children with Soya. refrigerator in tray. Some crystallization, or ‘iciness’ was
With it you can make empanadas, fideos, galletas, soups, observed after a couple of weeks.”
tortillas, frozen desserts (helados), soymilk (leche vegetal), This Carver Laboratory film only covers the first half of
cream (crema), etc. 1945. Numerous other log books in this accession in the Ford
An illustration (see next page) shows a very strong Archives cover work elsewhere during the 1950s.
Ecuadorian working man, with his right hand raised over his Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2001)
head, standing next to his wife and child, in modern urban concerning Holton W. (“Rex”) Diamond and soy. Address:
dress. Address: Ecuador. Dearborn, Michigan.

71. Diamond, Holton W. 1945. Laboratory notebook. 72. Olmsted, Fred L. 1945. Who’s who and why [Herbert
Dearborn, Michigan: George Washington Carver Laboratory. Marshall Taylor and Delsoy]. Detroit News. April 16. p. 4.
Unpublished manuscript. 23 cm. Courtesy of Henry • Summary: Herbert Marshall Taylor is a native of Canada.
Ford Museum & Greenfield Village Archives (Dearborn, When “hail, frost, and influenza” put an end to his farming
Michigan). Microform negative, Acc. 89.432. in Alberta, he returned to Toronto, where he had received
• Summary: During January and February 1945, Diamond a university degree 6 years earlier. “He acquired American
was doing research on a “soy cheese” made by culturing rights to a gadget which British housewives had bought
soymilk curds at the Ford Motor Company’s Carver in quantity to make cream from butter and milk through
Laboratory. On Jan. 8 he wrote the words “Soy cheese” at the homogenization. He sold 30,000 in the United States, but it
top of his notebook page. Note: This is the earliest English- wasn’t a big-time success.
language document seen (March 2007) that uses the term “By 1937 Taylor had perfected a product using a milk
“Soy cheese” to refer to a Western-style soy cheese. base and vegetable fat. And he had motorized the gadget. He
During March and April he worked on whipped started selling the product to bakers in New York. It saved
toppings. On 24 March 1945 Diamond noted in his notebook them $1 a gallon on whipping cream. The idea spread to
that the previous day he had made two batches of “Exptl. other cities.”
topping” (experimental whipped topping). Concerning the In Nov. 1942 the War Food Administration issued an
first batch, he wrote: “Flavor excellent; definite improvement order prohibiting the sale of whipping cream in America.
[perhaps compared with a sample Florence Diamond says After dairy interests forced Taylor to leave Chicago, he
was brought to the lab by Herbert Marshall Taylor]. Did picked up a partner, Eric R. Swanson, who is still with
not whip.” The ingredients were: 125 gm hydrogenated soy him, and in Dec. 1943 started a business in Detroit. [Note:
oil (“accident–intended to be 62.5 gm), 62.5 gm liquid soy Swanson lived most of his life in Dearborn.] Though dairy
oil, 125 gm skim soy milk, 250 gm water, 4 gm Span 20 people continued to oppose him, his “business soared. In
emulsifier. 1 gm NaCl (table salt), 12 drops butter color, 2 1944 it jumped from 1,400 to 20,000 gallons a month. He
gm B.V. meat flavor, 2 gm butter flavor, SM.” sold at wholesale, then added half pints for the home trade.
During April, Diamond’s toppings vary from “thin” Now he claims 1,500 independent distributors here [in
to “thick,” with some “dark” and others “soapy.” None Detroit]. But along came a War Food Administration order
of the 4 experimental toppings he made on 10 April 1945 placing a 19 per cent limit on all fats–animal or vegetable–
whipped, but two of the three batches he made the next used in his product [which combined a milk base with
day did whip but were very thin. On April 13 the first batch vegetable fat]. WFA also cut his milk quota. So he started
finally whipped although it was somewhat thin. It contained using soy milk as a base, producing an all-vegetable product.
170 gm soy milk, 170 gm water, and 170 gm fat (composed “Taylor drew the fire of OPA [Office of Price
of 92% hydrogenated soy oil, 5% glycerin, 2% glyceryl Administration], too. He says it is demanding damages for
monostearate, and 1% Soyemuls); increasing the glycerin overcharges which would put him out of business. But Taylor
was the key to success. On April 19, the first topping isn’t through. He grossed $267,000 last year. He added a
whipped satisfactorily–in 4½ minutes; the basic ingredients plant in Dearborn to his start in Detroit. He’s planning to
were the same but the pH was adjusted after preparation market soy milk, butter, cheese [tofu?], and frozen dessert
(probably by adding citric acid) to 6.60 or 6.68. By April 30 [soy ice cream]. There is an indication that Henry Ford is
the first sample was “usable.” interested.”
In May and June Diamond concentrated his research Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
on soymilk, then started to work on ice cream in early June seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “frozen dessert” to refer
1945. On June 28 (p. 80) he gave the formula for his soy ice to soy ice cream.
cream then noted: “This batch was exceptionally good. The Note 2. Herbert Marshall Taylor learned how to make

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soymilk and soy-based whipped topping from Bob Smith and

Rex Diamond at Henry Ford’s George Washington Carver
Laboratory in Dearborn.
“’The dairy lobby in Washington [DC] is powerful,’
says Taylor. ‘But I’ve been fighting the dairy interests for 12
years. They’ll never stop me.’” A photo shows Mr. Taylor.
An ad below this article (not in The Detroit News,
but in Rex Diamond’s scrapbook; original source and date
unknown) is titled “What is Delsoy? It’s the dessert topping
that’s winning the enthusiastic approval of housewives by the
hundreds of thousands. Delsoy is the original topping made
of natural vegetable products.” The ad shows illustrations
of two non-dairy whip toppings: (1) In the foreground,
“Delsoy Super Whip: Instant Dessert Topping” which is sold
in a pressurized can. The ad states: “Introduced in August
1944, the first product of its kind, Delsoy dessert topping has
gained tremendous popularity. Continuing to grow by leaps
and bounds...” (2) In the background, “Delsoy: A delicious
whip,” a refrigerated perishable product which is sold in a
half-pint paper container shaped like a truncated cone.

73. Soybean Digest. 1945. Delsoy topping: An all-vegetable

cream. Aug. p. 24.
• Summary: “Delsoy is the new brand name for Devonshire
Topping, all-vegetable whipping product. And the name of
the manufacturing firm has been changed from Devonshire
Topping, Inc., to Delsoy Products, Inc., Herbert Marshall through retail stores in New York City.”
Taylor, the manufacturer, has announced. Headquarters are in A large photo shows Herbert Marshall Taylor using a
the Graybar Building, New York City. spatula to scoop his whipped Delsoy Topping from a metal
“Delsoy Topping has had an interesting history, having bowl onto the top of a pie. Nearby is an eggbeater and a
encountered the usual pitfalls of a new food product that is truncated conical carton, in which Delsoy is sold.
bedeviled with bureaucratic interference and the opposition Note 1. Rich Products Corp.’s Whip Topping was
of powerful economic interests. introduced shortly after Delsoy, and sold in the same shaped
“Topping is the name bakers have for the fluffy white container. Note 2. No mention is made in this article of
dressing they use on the top of pies. Whipped cream is the Delsoy sold in a pressurized can.
traditional topping. Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document
“Taylor began over a decade ago by manufacturing and seen (March 2007) that uses the term “soy cream cheese.”
selling a machine with which bakers could whip up their Note 4. This is the earliest English-language document
own cream from mixtures of powdered milk and butter, an seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “soy ice cream,” but in
operation saving them a dollar a gallon. the form “soy cream cheese and ice cream.”
“When, as he says, the Chicago creameries put him out
of business, he moved to Detroit and began to manufacture 74. Central Soya Co. 1945. Soy products for the baking,
the topping to sell through retail stores. The product was confectionery, meat packing, ice cream, and food processing
made from a milk base and a vegetable oil until WFA [War industries (Ad). Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 52.
Food Administration] cut the firm’s milk allotment. Then • Summary: This ½-page ad has an illustration showing
Taylor switched to a soy milk base and the topping became an aerial view of the company’s huge plant at Fort Wayne,
an all-vegetable product. According to the New York Herald Indiana. To its right is the logo of the “Central Soya Products
Tribune it whips to two and one-half times its original Division.” “Processors of quality soy products.” Address:
volume and looks, tastes and acts like whipped cream. Fort Wayne, Indiana.
“Taylor claims 1,500 independent dealers for Delsoy
Topping in Detroit. He has added a plant in Dearborn to the 75. Diamond, Holton W. 1945. Excerpts from “Cumulative
one in Detroit, and announces that he plans to manufacture Work Report,” George Washington Carver Laboratory–
and sell soy milk, soy chocolate milk, soy butter, soy cream June 1943 to September, 1945. Dearborn, Michigan. 5 p.
cheese and ice cream. This spring the topping was introduced Unpublished manuscript.

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• Summary: At some unknown date (after Sept. 1945 using citric acid and calcium chloride as precipitating
and probably before Aug. 1947) “Rex” Diamond wrote a reagents, and different combinations of the drained and
summary of the work he had done at Henry Ford’s George pressed precipitate with pimentos, pickles, and other
Washington Carver Laboratory in Dearborn: 1. Chlorophyll flavoring materials were made. A number of different
and its derivatives: Edible and inedible chlorophyll varieties of ‘cheese spread’ of this sort were made. The
compounds. 2. Soybean oil. Two types of investigations were texture and flavor of these spreads are comparable with the
made: (A) Deodorizing and deflavoring. “Experiments were flavor and texture of the common spreads made from cow’s
made to determine the optimum conditions for removing milk.
the unpleasant odor and flavor from the oil produced at the “(D) Soy ‘Cheddar’ cheese. A number of attempts were
Rouge Plant. There were found to be: Temperature of the oil, made to prepare an acceptable ‘hard’ or ‘Cheddar’ cheese
140ºC; temperature of the steam, 70-80ºC; pressure, less than from soy milk by chemical souring and mechanical pressing.
4 inches of mercury; time, 40-60 minutes. (B) Extraction of In all cases, however, the pressed cake was brittle, with a
oil from wet soybean flakes following alkaline extraction of tendency to crumble, quite different in texture from ordinary
protein.” Only 50% of the oil was recovered in this process Cheddar cheese. The flavor in each case was considerably
compared with 97% in the extraction of the whole dry flakes inferior to ordinary American cheese.
with hexane. However the flavor of the oil was better. Note: This is the earliest English-language document
3. Gelatinous form of soybean protein. “During seen (Feb. 2007) that uses the term “Soy ‘Cheddar’ cheese”
experiments which were directed toward obtaining a ‘soy to refer to a Western-style soy cheese.
cream’ which would not curd in coffee, a ‘protein’ with “(E) Soy ice cream. (1) Refrigerator tray type. It was
phenomenal gelatinous properties was prepared... It was found that by substituting soy topping for whipping cream
thought such a ‘vegetable gelatin’ might find use in the food and 16% soy cream for coffee cream specified in ordinary
and pharmaceutical industries... Note 1. This is the earliest cow’s-milk recipes for refrigerator ice cream, an acceptable
document seen (Aug. 2013) concerning a non-dairy coffee product could be obtained.”
creamer; in this case it was made with soy protein. Note: This is the earliest English-language document
“4. Wheat Milk. Several attempts were made to make seen (although unpublished) (Sept. 2013) that uses the term
milk by process similar to that used in making soy milk, “Soy ice cream” (p. 250).
but were largely unsuccessful... 5. Peanut Milk. A few See also Diamond’s “Laboratory Notebook,” starting
experiments were conducted with peanut protein. One batch Feb. 1945. Address: Dearborn, Michigan.
of milk was made, of unpleasant color and flavor, due to
the inclusion of the red ‘skins’ and the staleness of the nuts 76. Times of India (The) (Bombay). 1945. The fact that milk
themselves. prepared out of soya bean can be used in exactly the same
“6. Soybean ‘dairy’ products. (A) Soy Milk. Since the way as cow’s milk for ice cream or curds [tofu]... Oct. 30. p.
manufacture and development of soy milk is one of the 5.
major projects of the Carver Laboratory, much of my work • Summary: “... is suggested in a note prepared by Prof. V.
has had to do with this product. Investigations were largely Subramanian [Subramaniam, Subrahmanyan] and Dr. S.S.
in six general fields. (B) Soy Cream. (1) Non-curding cream De, of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.” The say
for coffee. Quite a large number of experiments have been that 1 lb. of soya bean will yield 6 lb. of milk having about
made to prepare a ‘soy cream’ which will not ‘curd’ when the same nutritional composition as cow’s milk.
used in coffee. These experiments are still proceeding. As Note: See Times of India, 13 Sept. 1945.
yet, no palatable non-curding cream has been prepared.
(2) Soy whipping cream. Various types of vegetable fats, 77. Lager, Mildred. 1945. The useful soybean: A plus factor
emulsifiers, and proportions of these with ‘skim soy milk’ in modern living. New York and London: McGraw-Hill
were tried in seeking a cream that would ‘whip’. ‘Sweetex’ Book Company, Inc. xii + 295 p. Illust. General index. Index
fat, manufactured by Procter and Gamble, homogenized at of recipes. 22 cm.
pressures under 500 pounds per square inch with soy skim • Summary: One of the most important and innovative
milk makes an acceptable ‘topping’ which ‘whips’ and books on soyfoods ever written. Contents: Preface. 1.
resembles whipped cream in appearance. The flavor of this Agriculture’s Cinderella: America discovers the soybean,
product is generally considered to be an improvement over our wonder beans, soy as a food in the United States, soy
the flavor of regular soy milk, probably due to the dilution of in rehabilitation food programs, soybeans as an emergency
the soy protein with fat and air. [Note 2. No mention is made crop, soybean terminology. 2. World-wide use of soybeans: A
of mono- or diglycerides. See Florence Diamond interview real antique, monarch of Manchuria, soybeans in mechanized
of Dec. 1992.] warfare–Germany, soybeans in other countries (USSR,
“(C) Soy ‘cream cheese’ spreads. Different methods Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden,
of chemically ‘souring’ straight 16% soy cream were tried, Great Britain, Canada), soybeans in Lend-Lease and United

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States Agricultural Marketing Administration, Food for Soybean Digest and George Strayer in Hudson, Iowa, Soy
Greece, soybeans and the Mexican Indian, soybeans in Flour Association with Edward Kahl as first president, Soya
Hawaii (Mr. C.G. Lennox). 3. Soybeans and industry: The Kitchen in Chicago (Illinois) opened in Jan. 1943, National
versatile soy, uses of soybean in industry, soybean paint Soybean Processors Assoc., National Farm Chemurgic
(from soy oil, incl. Duco finishing), soybean protein (used in Council), educational program, restrictive regulations. 9.
making plywood, plastics, water paints, paper sizing, leather Soybeans and the farmer: Varieties, sources of information,
finishes, and insecticide sprays), Henry Ford and soybeans, seeding and inoculating, harvesting, grading, soybean
soybean glue (I.F. Laucks and the firms he has licensed turn diseases, crop rotation, damaged beans. 10. Tomorrow:
out some 30,000 tons of soybean glue annually), rubber Acreage and production, soybeans on the farm, soybeans
substitute (Norepol), paper industry (Glidden), plastics, soy- in nutrition, postwar industrial uses, future improvements.
cotton helmets, firefighting compounds, lecithin, fertilizers. 11. A few suggestions for better living: Kitchen diplomacy,
4. Nutritional nuggets: Food value of soybeans and soy personal opinions, soybeans for everyone. Recipes: Green
products (vegetable or edible types of soybeans, protein, fat soybeans, dry soybeans, sprouted soybeans, roasted or
& carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, lecithin, alkaline ash, toasted soybeans, meat-substitute dishes, soy-enriched meat
economy, exaggerated claims), principal uses of soybeans dishes, soy noodles, macaroni, spaghetti, sauces and gravies,
and soy products (meat substitutes, meat enrichers, fortifying soups, salads, dressings, soy spreads, soy milk, tofu or soy
foods with soy flour). 5. From soup to nuts: Green beans, dry cheese, soy butter, soy cereals, soy desserts, soy candies, soy
beans, frozen beans, roasted soybeans, sprouted soybeans, beverages, soy-flour recipes, bread and muffins, pancakes
the cow of China–soy milk, the meat without a bone–tofu or and waffles, soy gluten recipes, baking-powder biscuits,
soy cheese, the little giant among protein foods–soy flour, pastry, cookies and doughnuts, cakes.
soy grits, puffed grits, soy oil, miscellaneous soy products Contains recipes for “Soy milk molasses shake (p.
(soy butter [soynut butter, p. 99-100], sandwich spreads, 238). Soy puddings. Soy ice cream (p. 250; “Soy milk may
malts, coffee substitutes, soy sauce, soy albumen–a new may be used in place of regular milk in ice-cream recipes...
product, greatly improved during the past two years, is now adding whipped cream”). Soy fruit ice cream. Soy chocolate
used to “replace egg albumen in candy manufacture” [as in dessert (Eggless) (p. 250-51). Soy shake “(p. 254, made in a
marshmallows]). “liquefier or mixer”).
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document The story of Allied aid to Greece [p. 24-26] is one of the
seen (March 2001) that refers to tofu as ‘the meat without great mercy stories of World War II. Starting in March 1942,
a bone.’ In 1938 Horvath called tofu ‘the meat without the as many Greeks were starving, the first mercy ship sailed to
bones.’ Note 2. This is the second earliest document seen Greece with food and medicine. Up to Nov. 1943, the United
(Aug. 2002) in which the soybean is called the “cow of States through Lend-Lease sent 82 million pounds of food to
China.” Greece. A number of these foods (including soup powders,
Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document stew mixes, and spaghetti) were based on soy flour and grits,
seen (Aug. 2003) that uses the term “soy albumen” (or “soy and specifically developed to suit Greek tastes.
albumens”) to refer to isolated soy protein as a product. Concerning Henry Ford (p. 35-38), his “first
6. The blazed trail: Introduction (history and pioneers), experiments were made in a laboratory in connection with
our tardy acceptance, food pioneers (health-food stores, the Edison Institute in 1930. In these experiments, several
Dr. W.D. Sansum of Santa Barbara and soy bread, allergy tons of wheat were used, also several thousand bushels of
studies, vegetarians, Seventh-day Adventist food companies, carrots; sunflower seeds, which have a high oil content;
meatlike products, Madison College of Tennessee, Loma cabbages; onions; and cornstalks. It was not until December,
Linda Food Co., the International Nutrition Laboratory and 1931, after a long series of experiments with the soybean,
Dr. H.W. Miller, special dietary concerns and diabetic diets), that Mr. Ford and his chemists felt that they were at last
establishing soybeans in the kitchen (The Edison Institute approaching a solution to the problem of finding a basic farm
and Henry Ford, the USDA and the U.S. Bureau of Home material from which the ordinary farmer could develop a
Economics, the Agricultural Marketing Administration, U.S. commercially profitable product.”
railroads, the Soy Products Division of the Glidden Co., the Note 4. This is the earliest published English-language
Soy Flour Association). 7. The challenge of nutrition: The document seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Soy ice
dangers of hidden hungers, nutrition and health, corrective cream” (p. 250).
nutrition, starch-restricted diets, meatless diets, allergy Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (July 2007,
diets, bland diets, building diets, reducing diets, acidophilus one of two) that uses the word “Cinderella” in connection
culture, lecithin. 8. Our wonder crop: Jack and the beanstalk, with the soybean. The author, however, does not elaborate on
early history, new varieties, aids to the industry (Regional this idea.
Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory, American railroads, Note 6. This is the earliest English-language document
American Soybean Association, Fouts Brothers of Indiana, seen (June 2011) that uses the term “soy-flour.” Address:

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Southern California. Products, who holds the ‘Diamond process’ patents for
vegetable fat whippable emulsions, foresees a fine future
78. Doherty, Lawrence E. 1946. Imitation or improvement? for non-dairy products. ‘Generally speaking, vegetable
Dairy ‘replacement’ products widening market, seeking to fat replacements for dairy products can be created,
equal margarine’s success. Food Business. March. p. 22-23, manufactured, distributed, and sold at a lower cost in man
56. hours of effort than can comparable dairy products. The
• Summary: “In the family of vegetable-fat dairy vegetable fat products represent a more efficient utilization
replacements, the Big Brother Who Made Good is of the food producing capacity of the soil and the labors of
oleomargarine. The other family members–including man,’ he said.”
whipped topping, coffee whiteners, and mellorene One ad for Rich’s Coffee Rich shows it being poured
[mellorine]–are working to be equally successful... Today into a cup of coffee. “New non dairy coffee compliment.
vegetable whipping preparations, both powdered and aerosol, Shipped frozen. Keeps 3 weeks after thawing in your
reportedly outsell dairy whipping cream.” Two companies refrigerator.” It is sold in a Pure Pak carton. A second ad
long associated with the dairy industry now make powdered states “Rich’s Coffee Rich wins again!” A Wisconsin cow,
coffee whiteners or creamers: Carnation makes Coffee-mate so labelled, is being carried away in a cage. The sign across
(launched in 1961, and now the market leader), and Borden’s the top which read “Legally Dangerous” has been changed to
makes Cremora (launched in the autumn of 1963). Photos “Legally Meek,” since Coffee Rich won a big legal victory
show a jar of each product. “The non-dairy coffee whitener in the dairy state of Wisconsin. Coffee Rich can be sold there
market” is now experiencing fast growth. These products and it need not be labeled “imitation cream.” Rich has now
have two advantages over cream: they are less expensive and won this legal battle in 7 states.
they keep longer. It was during World War II “that ‘ersatz’ Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 1999)
dairy products got their big boost, due to some shortages of that uses the term “coffee whiteners” (or “coffee whitener”).
dairy products on the home front, and the need to develop It is also the earliest document seen (Jan. 1999) that uses any
non-spoiling dairylike foods for military men on the move. term to refer to this new product category, and the earliest
“Since that time whipped topping and coffee whiteners document seen (March 2001) concerning the etymology of
have made important strides, especially in the institutional such products.
field where lower cost and increased shelf life are telling Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
advantages. On almost all coffee vending machines, the seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “mellorene” to refer to a
‘cream’ button releases what is actually a vegetable-base frozen dessert made with vegetable oils instead of butterfat.
cream replacement, either powdered or liquid.” Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document
“Robert E. Rich, whose Rich Products Corp. sells frozen seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the word “dairylike” to refer to
liquid Coffee-Rich, predicts that within five years vegetable products resembling dairy products. Address: Assoc. editor.
fat coffee whiteners will be outselling dairy cream for coffee.
Rich Products, of Buffalo, New York, is a pioneer in the non- 79. Illick, Edith Windels. 1946. A study of soybean milk:
dairy field. In 1945 Bob Rich, who then (as now) operated Its preparation and its use in some Chinese and American
a large dairy company, learned of work done by the George recipes. MS thesis in Home Economics, Cornell University.
Washington Carver Laboratories [of the Ford Motor Co., 47 + xiv p. June. [38 ref]
Dearborn, Michigan] on making milk and cream from soy • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Review of the literature.
beans, and used this work plus other research to produce a Experimental procedure: Preliminary experiments (variety
soy cream that would whip. Rich’s Whip Topping produces of soybeans, milk supplementation), preparation of
more volume when whipped, remains firmer longer, soybean milk (equipment used, standard recipe, variables
combines with any acid fruit or juice, and costs less. This in experimental procedure, scorecards and judging), use of
was followed in 1961 by Coffee-Rich, and this is where the soybean milk in cookery (in Chinese dishes, in American
company ran into a barrage of legal battles... dishes). Results and discussion: Preparation of soybean milk
“Rich’s Coffee-Rich is probably the largest seller of (amount of soaking water to be used, length of soaking time
liquid non-dairy coffee whiteners. Carnation’s Coffee-Mate required, time for grinding, amount of water to be used for
is said to be the leader among the powdered cream... In the straining, time for straining, length of cooking time), revised
whipped topping field, Rich is said to be the largest seller recipe for preparing soybean milk, use of soybean milk in
of liquid topping. General Foods’ Dream Whip, introduced cookery (in Chinese dishes, in American dishes [chocolate
in 1957 in powdered form, is the leader among the dry ice cream, junket, Spanish cream, baked custard, cream of
packaged whips. Lever Bros.’ Lucky Whip mix, introduced tomato soup]).
in 1961, is considered in second place. Lucky Whip is also Using chocolate ice cream recipe II, “no conspicuous
sold in aerosol containers, as is Whip Topping.” differences were observed in the chocolate ice creams made
“H.W. Diamond, research vice-president of Rich with either cow’s milk or soybean milk.” The recipe is as

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follows: ½ cup soybean milk (or dairy milk). ¼ cup sugar. average Chinese has not incorporated this milk in his daily
¼ tablespoon flour. 1/8 teaspoon salt. ½ ounce (½ square) cooking.
chocolate, cut fine. ½ egg yolk, slightly beaten. 1 teaspoon “During the last decade, soybean milk has received
vanilla. 1 cup light [dairy] cream. Note that this is not a non- recognition in America also. Physicians, realizing its food
dairy product. value, have begun to use it in the diets of persons allergic to
Tables: (1) Recipes for making soybean milk. (2) animal milk. It is usually referred to commercially as Mull-
Summary of methods of preparing soybean milk. (3) Soy, a product developed by Dr. Julius F. Muller (1943).
Composition of soybean milk. (4) Composition of cow’s “What is the value and usefulness of soybean milk?
milk. (5) Composition of human milk. (6) Approximate In this study, an attempt will be made to produce the most
percentage of amino acids in some animal and vegetable palatable soybean milk and to incorporate it in some Chinese
proteins calculated at 16% nitrogen. (7) The digestibility of recipes calling for water and in some American recipes
the protein of soybean milk compared with cow’s milk. (8) requiring milk. The substitution of this nutriently rich
Effect of variations in procedure in making soybean milk on vegetable milk for water in the Chinese recipes appears to
the yield of raw and cooked milk. (9) Effect of variations in be a plausible method of improving the food value of the
procedure in making soybean milk on the appearance and average diet.” Address: Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York.
palatability of the milk. (10) Results of substituting soybean
milk for water in some Chinese products. (11) Results of 80. Soybean Digest. 1946. Frozen soy in 20 seconds! June.
substituting soybean milk for cow’s milk in some American p. 14.
products. • Summary: A machine that produces a frozen food from a
The Introduction states: “’So old and yet so new,’ is mix of soy flour and fruit juices or chocolate in 20 seconds in
one adage that could rightfully be applied to soybean milk, demonstrated by Julius Keller, Jr. “Federal law prohibits the
or vegetable milk as it is sometimes called. Soybean milk product being called ice cream.”
is said to have been developed by the Chinese philosopher Note: This is the earliest English-language document
Whai Nain Tze long before the Christian era, and is known seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Frozen soy” to refer to
to the Chinese under the name of Fu Chiang or bean curd soy ice cream.
sauce. It is used in fresh, evaporated, condensed and
powdered forms, according to Piper and Morse (1923). 81. Diamond, Holton W. 1946. Re: Costs of manufacturing
“Despite its early discovery, soybean milk has not non-dairy whip topping, cheese, chocolate malted, and
been used extensively. Only in the last two or three decades ice cream in a “soy bean dairy” using isolated soy protein
has man some to realise the potentialities of this product. rather than soy milk. Letter to Arthur M. Smith, Esq., 23913
Although it does not compare equally with cow’s milk Michigan Ave., Dearborn, Michigan, Aug. 4. 4 p. Typed,
or other animal milks, it is sufficiently rich in the known without signature (carbon copy).
food nutrients to make it worthy of consideration for more • Summary: Diamond gives material costs per day and per
extensive study and use. gallon for each of the 4 soy-based products listed above
“To make soybean milk more comparable with animal based on a production rate of 2,000 gallons per day. “I have
milk, it is possible to supplement it in various ways with come to the conclusion that the cheapest, most practical
such nutrients as calcium, sodium, chlorine and sugar. This way to obtain the protein component of the soy bean foods
supplementation does not give it equality, but does produce a is to purchase it from a large-scale processor. A spray-dried
product of high food value. commercial product has advantages other than low cost. It
“Even before World War II, malnutrition was manifested can be stored without refrigeration, requires little storage
on every hand in China. only those individuals who were space, and is light and much easier to handle than a ‘curd’
able to supplement the foundation diet of rice with large which contains 95% water, has to be pumped from place to
enough quantities of vegetables, meat fish, eggs and fruit, place, and must be used immediately.”
consumed an adequate diet. These cases were comparatively “The Carver Lab protein cost us more than 5 dollars
rare in proportion to the total population. To alleviate this per pound to make, whereas chemically isolated industrial
serious situation, further study was imperative. Siddall and soy protein sells at 15 to 18 cents per pound... his use of
Chiu (l93l) believed that part of the answer could be found in skim milk powder [dairy, not soy] was a principal reason
the use of soybean milk, since soybeans are a native product why [Herbert Marshall] Taylor, during October, November,
of China, even though they are little used as a regular part of and December of 1944, at a production rate of about 1,200
the diet. gallons per day, was able to make more than $25,000 profit
“Because soybean milk is approximately five to ten each month.
times cheaper than cow’s milk, the latter of which is virtually Diamond estimates that to process 2,000 gallons of
unobtainable to the average Chinese family, the possibility liquid per day, the basic manufacturing equipment (but not
of its increased use appears more significant. To date, the all equipment) would cost roughly $17,675. He would like to

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make 1,000 gallons of topping, 1,800 gallons of ice cream, continues as many plants expand, bring out new products.
425 pounds of cheese, and 50 gallons of chocolate malted Examples: Meat flavor, wool-like fibre, bottle cap adhesive,
per day. “If we had an operating fund of $10,000 this would soymilk cheese. St. Louis meeting draws 400. Wall Street
bring the capital investment required to start a ‘soy bean Journal. Aug. 31. p. 1.
dairy’ to about $55,000. Of course, if we could buy some of • Summary: This article is about the 3-day meeting of the
this equipment used, we could whittle this down a little. American Soybean Association in St. Louis, Missouri. The
“I believe you are right in thinking Rich [Bob Rich of soybean industry thrived during the depression, more than
Rich Products Corp.] has something in freezing his product doubled in size during World War II, and is now continuing
[soy-based Whip Topping].” The late fall months, which to grow. The A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co., America’s
include Thanksgiving and Christmas, are the months of peak largest soybean processor, has just started construction
demand for whip topping. But Diamond does not think he of a new $1 million plant that will turn soybeans into
can get his proposed new company started by that time. He monosodium glutamate (MSG), making one million pounds
has “a feeling that research work along the line of soy foods a year. MSG has been previously made on a small scale in
is going on all over the country, and it just might be possible the USA from wheat, but Staley’s plant will be the first to
that someone else is as smart as we are.” He discusses The make it on a large scale from soybeans.
Borden Company, The Glidden Company (“the largest The Drackett Co. in Cincinnati is putting the finishing
producers of industrial soy protein in the world”), the A.E. touches on a commercial plant that will make a wool-like
Staley Mfg. Co., and Central Soya. fibre from soybeans. Robert A. Boyer, the firm’s research
“Will you give me a ring when you have looked over director, said the new fibre will be used mostly for blending
these data and let me know what our next step should be?” with rayon. He thinks it may sell for less than wool.
Note: Arthur Smith was an attorney who Rex met through ADM, one of America’s four largest soybean processors,
Florence Diamond (Smith lived 2 doors down the street from earlier this year completed a plant to make a “whipping
the Diamond family on Elmwood in Dearborn) and who agent” from the versatile soybean; it can replace egg
helped Rex start Vegetable Products Corp. and find investors. albumin, which is much more expensive.
Later, president Eisenhower appointed Smith a judge to the Dr. Harry W. Miller, president of the International
U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals in Washington, Nutrition Laboratory (Mt. Vernon, Ohio), “started making
DC. Address: 1648 May St., Dearborn, Michigan. soybean products in Shanghai, China, in 1935. Bombed out
in 1937 by the Nips [Nipponese = Japanese], he came to this
82. Diamond, Holton W. 1946. Re: Offer to license to The country and began making similar products here in 1939.
Glidden Company rights to manufacture soy bean food Now his firm does a $500,000 a year business and could do
products that he has invented. Letter to Mr. Adrian D. Joyce, a lot more if sugar and other ingredients used with soybeans
President, The Glidden Co., 11001 Madison Ave., Cleveland, were available.” His most popular items are [soy] milk,
Ohio, Aug. 16. 2 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy). cutlets, and canned green soybeans. He says the milk tastes
• Summary: “For the past three years I have been “rather like malted milk and is especially good for infants
employed as an organic chemist at the George Washington and others allergic to animal milk. His company has also
Carver Laboratory of the Ford Motor Company, acting developed a cheese made from soymilk, a prepared mix for
as chief chemist for a portion of that time. During the ice cream from the soymilk, and “albumen sheets” [yuba],
course of experimentation on soy bean foods, chlorophyll which are very popular in China.
pharmaceuticals, and other biochemical problems, I These sheets aren’t much thicker than a piece of paper
originated some developments in soy foods which I believe and are used in China to make the layers of a loaf filled with
are valuable... mushrooms. The Chinese also use soybeans [yuba] to make
“The patents now pending relate to a synthetic whipping products that taste like both fish and chicken. In American
cream, and similar soy bean products. I believe these kitchens, an excellent substitute for butter can be made “by
products are unique. Especially popular among our visitors at combining soya oil, soya milk,” carotene oil for color, and
the Carver Laboratory is a vegetable ‘cream cheese’ flavored salt.
with pimentos, chives, and the like.” One big American breakfast cereal maker is said to be
Diamond would like to meet with Joyce, show him planning to introduce a “soya flake cereal soon, similar in
samples, and discuss granting him a license to manufacture appearance to cornflakes. Another may soon market a puffed
these foods. soyabean cereal, a third may introduce a cooked cereal made
Note: This letter was “ghost written” for Diamond by from soybeans, oats and wheat.”
Judge Arthur M. Smith. Address: 1648 May St., Dearborn, General Mills is building a factory for producing a
Michigan. synthetic resin from soybeans–a product developed at the
Northern Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois.
83. McWethy, John A. 1946. Soybean success: War boom Dr. G.E. Hilbert, NRRL’s director, says this new resin shows

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“considerable promise as a protective coating and as a heat- In the chapter on baked goods, p. 179 shows that soya
sealing and moisture-proofing agent. flour is rich in protein, vitamin B-1, riboflavin, and niacin.
During the past few years, soybean processors have been And pages 180-81 give a detailed discussion of the benefits
switching to the solvent extraction systems, from the expeller of soya flour and how to use it. Page 182 discusses gluten
system, for obtaining oil from soybeans. Most newer plants flour. Recipes include: Whole-wheat soya bread (p. 183).
use hexane solvent. The advantage of the solvent system is Soya nut waffles (p. 186). Soya muffins (p. 188). Steamed
that it removes all but about half of one percent of the oil, soya bread (p. 189). Four nutritious sandwich spreads with
compared with 3½% to 5% left in the meal when expellers ½ cup soya flour (p. 191). Delicious soya cake (p. 193-94).
are used. The meal currently sells for 3 cents/lb compared Quick service cake (p. 195-96). Soya-flour pie crust (p. 197).
with 11.75 cents/lb for the oil. Soya cookies (p. 204). Soya sand tarts (p. 206).
NRRL has recently developed a process that uses Fletcherizer (p. 221, a type of electric blender).
alcohol instead of hexane. This yields superior “soyflour.” Fletcherized drinks: Cream of soya milk (with soya flour,
Before the war, production of soyflour was 25 million lb/ p. 222), vege-nut milk (with soya flour), almond-, pecan-,
year; this year it is expected to top 400 million lb. Roth walnut-, filbert-, or cashew milk. Cream of soybean soup (p.
Products Corp. of Chicago has already used 6 million pounds 224).
of soyflour this year in its dehydrated soups, baked goods, In the chapter titled “Yogurt, brewer’s yeast, and other
pancake flour mixes, and sausage filler. special foods” is a long section on soybeans and gluten (p.
The soybean industry (especially the NRRL) is also 237-42) including basic information on soybean oil, soya
working to make soybean oil more stable. It “has a tendency flour and grits, soy flakes, soy meats (split or coarsely ground
to develop a grassy or painty flavor on standing.” A process soybeans), soybeans as a vegetable [fresh-green soybeans],
obtained from Germany “goes a long way toward preventing soybean milk, and soybean curd or tofu. Instructions are
the development of these objectionable flavors.” given for making soybean sprouts at home. Recipes include:
The Lincoln soybean variety, developed at the U.S. Boiled soybean sprouts. Fried soybean sprouts. Green
[Regional] Soybean Laboratory at Urbana, Illinois, and first soybeans. Baked soybeans. Soybean milk. Soybean parsley
made available to farmers during the war, is playing a major croquettes. Soybean nut croquettes. Vanilla soya ice cream.
role in increasing yields. Today farmers in the corn belt are Homemade gluten dough. Gluten steaks or chops. Address:
getting 25-30 bushels/acre with Lincoln, compared with only Beverly Hills, California.
15-16 bushels/acre in the early 1920s with varieties then
available. Moreover, today’s soybeans contain 20-21% oil 86. Soybean Blue Book. 1947. Uses of soybeans. p. 97.
compared with only 15-17% about 20-25 years ago. • Summary: This is a full-page diagram with four columns.
In the left column are: Forage, green manure, and pasture.
84. Product Name: Proton (Soy Flour). Meal. Oil. Green bean. Dried bean.
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Foods Ltd. In the second column, for example: After green bean,
Manufacturer’s Address: 40 St. Mary Axe, London, listed vertically, are: Canned, frosted, green vegetable,
E.C.3., England. salad. After dried bean, listed vertically, are: Baked, boiled,
Date of Introduction: 1946. breakfast foods, feeds, flour, roasted, soy sauce, sprouts,
How Stored: Shelf stable. vegetable milk.
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Mrs. I.B. In the third column: After feeds, listed vertically, are:
MacKay. 1983. May 24. “Proton appeared in advertising in Cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep. After roasted are: Candied,
1946 as a processed powder for foodstuffs, ice cream, etc.” coffee substitute, salted.
In the fourth column after flour (with a dotted line
85. Hauser, Gayelord. 1946. The Gayelord Hauser cook crossing the second and third columns), listed vertically, are:
book: Good food, good health, good looks. New York, NY: Baked products, breakfast foods, candies, chocolate, diabetic
Coward-McCann, Inc. viii + 312 p. Illust. 21 cm. foods, health drink, ice-cream cones, ice-cream powder,
• Summary: This is a health food (but not a vegetarian) infant foods, macaroni products, meat products (filler). Note:
cookbook; it uses meats, poultry, and fish. Soy-related There are too many uses on the diagram to describe them all
recipes include: Soya tomato soup (with soya flour, p. 48). here.
Soya soup (with soya flour and soy sauce, p. 49). Soya
cheese sticks (with soya grits, p. 111). Roasted soybeans 87. Hipple, Irene B.; Sadtler, Samuel S. 1947. Ice cream
(p. 115; p. 114 notes that the soybean is a first-class protein and ice cream mix. U.S. Patent 2,433,276. Dec. 23. 2 p.
food). Cranberry soya pudding (p. with soya flour, p. 154). Application filed 17 Nov. 1943. [6 ref]
Caramel soya custard (with soya milk, p. 163). Rice pudding • Summary: Earliest use of “purified soya proteins” (also
(with soya milk, p. 164). Soya ice cream (with soya milk and called “purified soya”) in ice cream; 3% was used in one
agar-agar, p. 167). mix with 20% cream and 50% milk, and 8% in another mix

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with 25% cream and 14% milk solids non fat. Address: 1. of McCormick Hospital in Chiang Mai, and Mrs. Cort took
Haverford, Pennsylvania; 2. Whitemarsh, PA. charge of dietetics at McCormick Hospital.

88. Turnbow, Grover Dean; Tracy, Paul Hubert; Raffetto, 90. American Magazine. 1948. Interesting people (William
Lloyd Andrew. 1947. The ice cream industry. 2nd ed. New Morse): Ice cream grows on bushes. Feb. p. 101.
York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; London: Chapman & • Summary: Shows a nice full-page photo (see next page, by
Hall, Ltd. vii + 654 p. Index. 22 cm. [491* ref] Vincent Finnigan) of William Morse eating soy ice cream.
• Summary: Chapter 1 is titled “History and development “Ice cream, as indicated here by Dr. Morse, can be made
of the ice cream industry.” Soy is not mentioned in the from powdered soybean milk. To launch the soybean in
index. The first edition (titled Ice Cream) was published in America Dr. Morse spent 2 years in the Orient collecting
1928. Address: 1. Formerly Asst. Prof. of Dairy Industry, 5,000 soybean samples.” When he returned, he used his wife,
Univ. of California. Formerly General Manager, Golden daughter, friends and himself as guinea pigs to test the beans.
State Co., Ltd., San Francisco, California; 2. Prof. of Dairy They made entire meals out of soybeans, including soybean
Manufactures, Univ. of Illinois; 3. Formerly with the Univ. wine. The idea gradually caught on. Dr. Morse is a graduate
of California. of Cornell University, soft-spoken, shy and at 63 years old,
still busy at the Department of Agriculture’s experimental
89. Cort, Mabel Gilson. 1948 Personal report of Mabel farm in Beltsville, Maryland. He feels the surface has hardly
Gilson Cort for the year 1947. Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2 p. been scratched.
Unpublished typescript. Undated. The photo was also run in Soybean Digest, April 1948,
• Summary: She has spent the entire year of 1947 at home p. 41.
in Chiengmai [Chiang Mai], Thailand, doing mainly dietetic This digital photo was sent to Soyfoods Center by Joyce
work, but also some evangelical work. She has developed Garrison (William Morse’s granddaughter) of West Hartford,
special diets for patients with particular diseases. “Because Connecticut (July 2004).
of the high cost of living and the scarcity and high price
of such foods as milk and eggs and the number of orphan 91. Miller, H.W. 1948. Survey of soy foods in East Asia.
babies we have in the hospital and the number of patients Soybean Digest. June. p. 22-23.
requiring milk diet, we have used quantities of soy bean • Summary: The primary objective of Miller’s company
product to increase our milk protein and supplies. Every day “was to develop a milk built up to formula for babies,
we make great quantities of white soy bean milk which is children, and adults that could be utilized by Oriental
used to feed the babies, make cream soup, egg nogs, custards populations where animal milk is not available, and which
and even ice cream occasionally. We make tasteless soy for economic reasons can never be a dependable source of
bean flour, which I learned to make at home. We also use food supplies for the masses.
the ground browned soy bean flour [kinako] to feed babies, “Before the war the Laboratory had branches both in
to make a beverage we call soy bean coffee, which is drunk Manila, Philippine Islands, and Shanghai, China. The war
as a beverage, using coconut milk and sugar. It is used in saw the plant in Shanghai completely demolished and the
many hospital diets and the nurses drink it. We enrich it with equipment destroyed. In Manila, the building was left, but all
sugar, starch and calcium, thus making it nearly equivalent the equipment was removed. Therefore we have been busy
to milk in value. We make soy bean flour, rice bran and rice since the end of hostilities in restoring these plants.
flour muffins for beriberi and soy bean flour and rice bran “In 1946 and 1947 and during this last January and
muffins for diabetes. We also send out the browned soy February the writer made trips and spent time in connection
bean flour to mothers in the country to make soy bean milk with these institutions. I am glad to report that on my last
for their babies as the browned flour will keep indefinitely visit to the Philippine Islands I was able to see the plant
and country mothers have not the facilities for keeping the there start its operations. The machinery and equipment are
white milk which sours very easily. We buy bean curd from practically restored.
a Chinese merchant. We use this in curries, soups, etc. We “At the present time there are no soybeans under
have also increased the value of the protein in our diets and cultivation in the Philippine Islands... though certain parts
the use of the bean products are increasing every where. are very well adapted to the growth of the southern type of
We think this is good public health work. All this requires a soybeans.
great deal of reading and compiling from books from China, “The Manila plant is interested in marketing bottled
Malay, the Philippines and America.” ‘Soyalac’ (soy milk) both in natural and chocolate flavors,
Note: Mrs. Mabel Gilson Court worked was a and also in entering the production of soy ice cream–we are
Presbyterian missionary in Siam (later called Thailand) from permitted to call it that in the Philippines.
1903. Her husband was a physician and fellow missionary. “From Manila I went to Hongkong where 8 years ago
They were married in 1910. In 1915 Dr. Cort took charge a small company known as the Hongkong Milk Factory

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made a beginning in homogenizing a constituted soy milk. Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Foods Ltd.
On this last trip to Hongkong, K.S. Lo, the manager, took Manufacturer’s Address: 40 St. Mary Axe, London,
me through their plant. He informed me that they are now E.C.3., England. Phone: AVEnue 4971.
serving to each of the school children a half-pint bottle of Date of Introduction: 1948.
the soy milk, both in the natural and the chocolate flavors, at How Stored: Shelf stable.
their noon lunch. Nutrition: Protein 26%, fat 11%, total sugars 26%.
“The Hongkong Milk Factory is in reality a soybean New Product–Documentation: Ad in Confectionery
dairy. As you view the equipment including the bottle filling News (England). 1948. Began March 5th and ran at two-
machine and the refrigerating unit, you would not know you week intervals to Oct. 1, then at different intervals until 4
were not in an American dairy. Mr. Lo informed me that if March 1949. “The ideal ingredient for all Ice-Cream mixes.
they had refrigeration they could be putting this soy milk out Complete recipes available from the manufacturers.”
in many of the other cities of China on a very large scale. Staines. 1950. Ice-Cream Making and Selling. p. 21.
“The firm obtains it beans from China, mostly from “There is also a proprietary powder on the market based
the province of Chang Tung, though some come from on soy flour. Known as ‘Soylac,’ it is specially prepared,
Manchuria. The beans are not of a very fine quality.” pasteurized and spray dried and is treated to increase
At Shanghai there were two soybean enterprises that solubility.” Soybean Blue Book. 1953. p. 103. Soy Flour
particularly attracted my attention. The one for which we Mixes. Soya Foods Ltd, 40 St. Mary Axe., London, E.C. 3,
helped secure the machinery and equipment is being run England. Plant at Cardiff, South Wales. Affiliate of Spillers
under the name of the International Nutrition Products Co., Ltd. States that Soylac is a spray-dried mixture of Soyolk
Ltd. It is to be run very much like the Manila plant in the and cereal flour.
manufacture of liquid soy milk. The company will develop Indian Council of Medical Research, Special
along with it a soy margarine and soy spread in the form of a Report Series No. 31. 1955. p. 3. Based on a personal
mayonnaise dressing. communication (in which the product name is given as
“The other enterprise is being undertaken by the Soyalac) from S.S. Bhatnagar and F.G. Donnan. “Early in
government. The Chinese Army Quartermaster Department the twenties, Donnan and Bhatnagar processed soya-bean
has purchased a property where ice cream, dried eggs and to yield a product which was subsequently marketed in the
butter, and also candy were made. This large property has United Kingdom under the name ‘Soylac.’ This type of
a splendid group of buildings with refrigeration.” Here product is still being produced, though on a relatively small
the Chinese Army intends to run a “soybean factory and a scale, in the U.K.”
vegetable dehydration plant. Letter from Mrs. I.B. MacKay. 1983. May 24. “Soylac
“The Chinese Army has secured the help of my son, was a milk-like powder for use in cakes and confectionery. It
Harry Willis Miller, Jr. He is there at the present time was last produced in 1952.”
erecting this plant. It is perhaps the largest soy protein Note: This is the earliest known soy protein product
processing plant we know of at present. The firm has bought used in making ice creams.
equipment for large-scale production of a spray-dried soy
milk powder. This is to be included in other rations of a 93. Diamond, Holton W. 1949. Re: Offer to grant a license to
dehydrated character for use of the Chinese Army.” American Maize Products Co. to manufacture soy products.
In Japan, the author found the people to be “greatly Letter to Mr. Theodore Sanders, Jr., American Maize
undernourished, especially in regard to protein. Soybeans are Products Co., 100 East 42nd St., New York 17, N.Y., March
scarcely to be had... Bean curd plants are all closed down... 18. 2 p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy).
I know of nothing that the Japanese nation needs worse than • Summary: Mr. Diamond gives a brief history of his work
soybeans... I found the Japanese people, even to the advisor “while employed as chief chemist at the George Washington
to the Emperor, whom I met, pleading with us to establish Carver Laboratory of the Ford Motor Co. There he developed
a plant similar to that which we have in China and the a popular vegetable “cream cheese,” a vegetable “ice cream”
Philippines. However we have no financial interest in those and related products.
plants. They are carried on wholly by local capital. Our part “I licensed a newly-formed small Michigan company,
is simply the ‘know-how’ in setting them up and transmitting Vegetable Products Corporation, to manufacture and
the processes to them.” distribute these items. This company started on the
Note: This is the second earliest document seen that proverbial shoestring, and after a year and a half of business,
uses the term “soy foods” in the title. Address: International manufacturing only the vegetable whipping cream, in
Nutrition Lab., Mt. Vernon, Ohio. refrigerated, liquid form, this company, through a local
distributor, is now servicing seven hundred groceries in
92. Product Name: Soylac (Powdered Spray-dried Mixture the Detroit area, and a few larger accounts, such as the
of Soyolk and Cereal Flour). University Hospital in Ann Arbor, and several large bakeries

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who use the product for filling puffs and eclairs and the his own ‘Delsoy Products Incorporated’, however he made
like, and as a low cost extender for natural cream. The no definite offer to me other than to suggest that I could have
acceptability of this product is attested by the four thousand a job with them any time I wanted it. I believe that they have
housewives who buy it each week, and by the fact that been making expenses and a little more for some time, but
bakeries and institutions have found it more dependable in with a little outside financial aid, they have recently been
whipping performance than natural cream. Both the whip end doing very well. Bob told me that last week they sold 42,000
the vegetable ice cream mix are of appropriate solids content units, which compares with our 4000 to 4500.
for reduction to a dry powdered form by spray-drying. “The financial condition of Vegetable Products
However, this company at present is not able to carry the Corporation is such that when Tabe and the University of
development and merchandising of these products further for Michigan pay what they owe us, and we pay our bills, we
lack of sufficient funds, and I am considering withdrawing will be about three to four hundred dollars behind.”
from the venture.” Talk with Florence Diamond. 1993. Jan. 27. By the time
He offers to bring samples to show the company (if the Rex wrote this letter, Bob Rich’s frozen soy-based whipped
company will defray his expenses for so doing), and to grant topping [which he began freezing in late 1945] was being
a license to American Maize Products Co. if they wish to widely distributed. That severely hurt Vegetable Products
manufacture these products. Corp. Rex tried to expand into new products but VPC didn’t
Note: A similar letter was sent to Mr. Austin S. have the funds to develop and launch a new product such as
Ingleheart of General Foods Corp. (250 Park Ave., New a soy ice cream, so the latter was never sold commercially.
York 17, New York). Both letters were “ghost written” for The University of Michigan may have been buying Wonder
Diamond by Judge Arthur M. Smith. The American Maize Whip (even though whipping cream had been back on the
response by Mr. B.R. Taylor, who was then manager of market since late 1947) to serve in their cafeterias and/
Planning and Development, and later Vice President in or university hospital, both because of its lower cost and/
Charge of Research and Finance of the company, led to or superior properties. Address: 208 South Ann Arbor St.,
Diamond’s subsequent years of association with American Saline, Michigan.
Maize Co. Address: 208 South Ann Arbor St., Saline,
Michigan. 95. Soybean Digest. 1949. Allied Mills to produce Gelsoy.
July. p. 31.
94. Diamond, Holton W. “Rex.” 1949. Re: Newly developed • Summary: “’Gelsoy,’ the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
soy ice cream, financial condition of Vegetable Products new soy-protein product, will soon be in commercial
Corporation, and Delsoy. Letter to Mr. John J. Hamel, Jr., production by Allied Mills at Peoria, Illinois, the USDA has
200 Cedar Point Dr., Sarasota, Florida, April 6. 2 p. Typed, announced. The company is building a new plant to make it.
with signature (carbon copy). “The substance, said to be the first vegetable protein
• Summary: John Hamel is an investor in Vegetable Products product found which jells, can be whipped like egg white to
Corp. (VPC) and a part owner of the building in which the make meringues for pies...
VPC plant is located. Diamond is sending Hamel by air “USDA scientists also anticipated that ‘Gelsoy’ will
express, frozen, several samples of a newly developed ice find a place in making marshmallows, candy, puddings, ice
cream, which contains the same ingredients as Wonder Whip, creams, cookie and cake fillings, prepared cold meats, soups,
a soy-based whip topping. Diamond has talked with a man and other products.” Gelsoy comes in the form of a fine
who sells 10,000 gallons/week of custard mix during the white powder. Credit for its discovery has been “awarded to
summer, and who believes he could sell as much of this ice Mrs. Letta I. DeVoss, a laboratory assistant at the USDA’s
cream mix in liquid form. It might also be able to be spray Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria. Mrs.
dried and sold in powdered form. DeVoss discovered the gel properties of the new product
“I have not sold Tabe [Tabor meat distributing company when a batch she was supervising was overcooked. She was
in Detroit, the main distributor of Wonder Whip] any awarded the USDA’s superior service award by Secretary of
topping during the past week. Tabe has notified the trade Agriculture Charles F. Brannan.”
that, ‘Due to a serious breakdown at the plant, Vegetable Note: This is the earliest English-language document
Products Corporation has advised us that Wonder Whip seen (Aug. 2003) that contains the term “soy-protein” (or
will not be available for two weeks or more. We will notify “soy-proteins”).
you immediately upon advice from Vegetable Products
Corporation that Wonder Whip is again available. 96. Soybean Digest. 1949. Frozen soy product tests dairy
“Bob Smith of Delsoy called me a few evenings ago law. Sept. p. 91.
and asked me to drop in for a visit, which I did yesterday. He • Summary: “Soya Frozen Dessert” is made by Steffen Dairy
has some interest in my pending patent applications and the Foods Co. in Wichita, Kansas. It contains soybean oil, milk
name of our company which he thinks is a better name than solids, sugar and stabilizer. It is artificially colored. Sold

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at local soda fountains and distributed by Dairy Belle, it is inventions of said Patent Rights and sold by Maize...” but
targeted for lower income groups. The Kansas State Board not more than 20% of profits from these products. Address:
of Agriculture has attempted to halt sale of the product in 1. 1831 Davis, Whiting, Indiana; 2. Whiting, Indiana (a
Kansas, arguing that it may violate a Kansas law which corporation of Maine).
prohibits “selling any fat other than milk fat mixed with milk
products.” A photo shows the product’s label. 101. Staines, Godfrey. ed. 1950. Ice-cream making and
Note: This is the earliest English-language document selling. London: Heywood & Co. Ltd. 310 p.
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Soya Frozen Dessert” • Summary: In the chapter on “Materials and Recipes,” in
to refer to a mellorine-type soy ice cream, containing soy oil the section on “Fillers,” pages 20-21 discuss “Soya Flour.”
but no soy protein. “The filler provides the extra solids needed in the post-war
mix...” Soya flour, “while providing a different type of
97. Product Name: Colmiks (Soy Powder for Use in Ice filler, has quite a distinct place in ice-cream. Not only does
Creams). it contain oil, but its high protein content gives it a good
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Foods Ltd. nutritional value. It is well worthy of consideration when
Manufacturer’s Address: 40 St. Mary Axe, London, planning to produce an ice-cream with good food value.”
E.C.3., England. Phone: AVEnue 4971. “The product sold to-day is practically free from of
Date of Introduction: 1949. flavours, and used as a proportion of the fillers, will not
How Stored: Shelf stable. give any trouble.” One proprietary powder on the market
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Mrs. I.B. based on soya flour is named Soylac. It is specially prepared,
MacKay. 1983. May 24. “Colmiks, ice cream powder, pasteurized, and spray dried to increase solubility “Used in
appeared in 1949.” conjunction with lactose, it can replace, in part or whole, the
solids-not-fat of milk in a mix.”
98. Chemurgic Digest. 1950. List of soybean uses. Feb. p. Soya flour is also discussed briefly on pages 33 and 146.
13. Address: F.I.C.D. Editor, Confectionery News and Ice-Cream
• Summary: This soybean utilization/processing diagram News.
shows all the different products that can be made from
the soybean. The main categories are: Soybean meal, oil, 102. Vegetarian News Digest (Los Angeles). 1951. News
green bean (4 end products), and dried bean (about 35 end from afar... [Natural Healing Society of Iceland]. 2(3):18.
products, including “health drinks, ice cream cones, ice Winter.
cream powder...).” • Summary: On 11 May 1949 a group of 25 people founded
The caption reads: “Editor’s note–The table above, a vegetarian society in Reykavijk; it now has 34 members.
through the courtesy of the Borden Company, presents an
interesting list of the uses of ‘the honorable little bean.’ 103. Ice Cream Trade Journal. 1951. Texas defines legal
New uses for the soybean and its by-products are appearing line between vegetable fat frozen dessert and ice cream.
almost daily.” 47(10):46. Oct. [1 ref]
• Summary: “In an effort to solve a bothersome problem to
99. Vegetarian News Digest (Los Angeles). 1950. Book the Texas ice cream industry, the State Health Department
review: Vegetarian Cookery by Pietro Rotondi. 1(11):30. Jan/ at Austin, Texas, has promulgated a definite legal line
Feb. between vegetable fat frozen dessert and ice cream. Under
• Summary: Recipes include: Soy bean chocolate ice cream. terms of the order, after October 1 all frozen desserts sold
in Texas made with vegetable or other fats must be called
100. Diamond, Holton W.; American Maize-Products ‘mellorine.’” Texas’ State Health Officer, George W. Cox,
Company. 1950. Agreement. Whiting, Indiana. 8 p. Aug. 23. issued the order on 11 Sept. 1951, as follows: “... ‘Mellorine’
• Summary: This is a contract between Rex Diamond and is a frozen or unfrozen product made from edible fat, milk
American Maize-Products Co. (“Maize”). Diamond has solids, and sugar, with or without natural flavoring, and
now been employed by Maize and has executed a standard contains not less than 6 percent edible fat and not less than
form of employment contract with Maize. He owns a patent 30 percent of all solids including fats, and may contain
and applications for a patent concerning foods (particularly not more than 1 percent of a stabilizer approved by the
a dessert mix [soy ice cream] and a whippable topping) in State Health Officer; and may contain one or more of the
which a principal constituent is vegetable proteins derived following optional ingredients: eggs, fruit, salt, nuts,...
from soy beans. Diamond agrees to transfer his rights to his “Use of the word ‘cream,’ or its phonetic equivalent,
patents and inventions to Maize, and Maize agrees to pay however spelled, in connection with the labeling, advertising,
him “an indeterminate sum which shall be equivalent to 5% branding, or sale of this product is prohibited by Article 708,
of the actual sales value... of all products made under the Penal Code of Texas.”

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Note: This is the earliest English-language document flour in confections, soybean protein and flour in ice cream,
seen (Sept. 2013) that contains the word “mellorine.” This soy sauce, monosodium glutamate from soybeans, soybean
word first appeared in print on 11 Sept. 1951. vegetable milk, tofu, miso, yuba, and other Oriental soybean
foods (incl. natto and Hamanatto).
104. Product Name: Chil-Zert (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream). The soy flour industry in the U.S. has grown steadily in
Manufacturer’s Name: Rich Products Corporation. recent years. Deliveries of soy flour “from the years 1930
Manufacturer’s Address: Buffalo, New York. to 1940 averaged about 25 million pounds annually. The
Date of Introduction: 1951. deliveries have increased considerably since 1940 partly
Ingredients: Incl. isolated soy protein, soy oil, corn syrup. as a result of an increase in domestic use and partly as a
How Stored: Frozen. result of deliveries of soybean flour to various government
New Product–Documentation: Buffalo Evening News agencies, largely for export. In 1941, Federal purchases
(New York). 1952. “FDA acts to seize Buffalo product amounted to about 10 million pounds of soybean flour. In
in labeling case.” “The Food and Drug Administration 1943, the amount increased to 170 million pounds when
said today it has brought a civil-seizure action in New large shipments were made to Great Britain and the U.S.S.R.
Orleans [Louisiana] against a shipment of Rich Products under lend-lease. Purchases of soybean flour by the Federal
Corporation’s Chil-Zert.” Kansas Supreme Court. 1964. government decreased for several years, but increased in
Coffee-Rich, Inc., appellee vs. The Kansas State Board of 1946 to an estimated 200 million pounds under the UNRRA
Health. Appeal from District Court of Shawnee County, [United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]
Kansas. This document discusses both Coffee-Rich and program. Total soybean flour deliveries for 1946 were
Chil-Zert (p. 15-17). “The ingredients of Chil-Zert and its approximately 380 million pounds. In the domestic market
method of manufacture were identical with that of ice cream the bakery industry was the largest consumer. About 40%
except for the substitution of vegetable fat in Chil-Zert for of the domestic sales of soybean flour were for bakery use.
the milk fat in ice cream. It was contended that the Chocolate Since the Bureau of Animal Industry has legalized the use
Chil-Zert should be labeled “imitation chocolate ice cream” of soybean flour as a binder in meat products, about 20%
by virtue of Section 403 of the Federal Food, Drug and of domestic sales are to the sausage industry. The balance
Cosmetic Act...” Page 16 states that Chil-Zert “contains is used in prepared dough mixes, macaroni, candy, and in
the usual ingredients of chocolate-flavoured ice cream in institutional feeding.
approximately the same proportions, except that soy fat and “In 1947, domestic sales of soybean flour were over 60
soy protein are used therein in place of milk fat and milk million pounds. This amount, plus government purchases and
protein... The retail price of pint packages of chocolate Chil- exports, amounted to about 415 million pounds. Two-thirds
Zert is substantially lower than the average retail price of a or more of the present domestic consumption of soybean
pint of ice cream, as shown by Labor Department statistics flour is by the bakery, meat processing, and pet foods
for 1951, cited by the claimant.” industries.”
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Table 155 (p. 953) shows Bushels of soybeans used
Creams. p. 24. Based on a talk with Robert Rich, Sr. “The for U.S. soy flour production (1942-1947). In 1942-43,
world’s first soy-based commercial non-dairy frozen dessert the amount of full-fat soy flour produced in the USA was
having a registered trademark.” Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. roughly 40% of the amount of defatted. In 1944-45 it was
History of Rich Products’ work with soy proteins. p. 9. about 49%, but thereafter the percentage dropped rapidly to
only 5% in 1946-47.
105. Burnett, R.S. 1951. Soybean protein food products. In: Note: These statistics relate to Soya Corporation of
K.S. Markley, ed. 1951. Soybeans and Soybean Products. America, Dr. Armand Burke, and Dr. A.A. Horvath.
Vol. II. New York: Interscience Publishers or John Wiley & Concerning soybean flakes and derived peptones as
Sons. xvi + 1145 p. See p. 949-1002. [125 ref] brewing adjuncts (p. 974-77): “Soybean flakes and grits have
• Summary: Contents: 1. Soybean flour, grits, and flakes: been employed by the brewing industry to improve the body
Introduction, early history, types of soybean flour–standard and flavor of beer, to increase foam stability, and to stimulate
definitions, amount of soybean flour and related products yeast growth.
produced, methods of manufacture, soybean flour in “Improvement in foam stability and flavor can also be
bread, soybean flour in other baked goods, soybean flour attained by adding directly to the finished beer a hydrolyzed
in the meat industry, soybean flakes in breakfast foods, soybean protein which has been broken down to the peptone
soybean flakes and derived peptones as brewing adjuncts, and proteose stage...
miscellaneous uses of soybean flour. 2. Isolated and modified “The early history of the use of soybean products as
soybean proteins: Aerating agents for confections and related whipping agents is of interest since this work stimulated
products, neutral spray-dried soybean protein [isolates], the development of processes which eventually led to the
soybean protein in [whipped] toppings, soybean protein and production of the present soy albumens. In 1939, Watts and

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Ulrich pointed out that an active whipping substance could lecithin. 9. Statistical and market analysis.
be prepared from solvent-extracted soybean flour in which Originally soybean lecithin was considered to be an
the protein had not been heat denatured, by leaching it at undesirable sludge, because the hydrated form tends to
the isoelectric point of the protein. This extract was found ferment producing bad-smelling substances. Thus, the main
to whip more readily and to a much greater volume than problem was to dispose of it without creating a nuisance.
suspensions of the original flour... The active principle in In Manchuria and Germany, where expeller and solvent
the whipping substance prepared by Watts and Ulrich was extraction plants were installed, it was decided to dry under
probably the nonprotein nitrogenous material present in the vacuum the hydrated substance which had been removed
soybean flour which is soluble at the isoelectric point of the from the oil using a centrifuge. This dried residue was
protein.” named “soybean lecithin,” and initially no uses for it could
Tables show: (155) Soybeans used in the production be found. Researchers began to look for new applications,
of low-fat and full-fat flour and grits (1942-1947, 1,000 and initially they thought it could be used in nerve tonics
bushels). (156) Peroxide value of fat extracted from pastries like sodium phosphates and phytin, but such applications
stored at -17.8ºC. (0ºF.), containing different percentages would consume very little lecithin. Over the last 20 years,
of soybean flour for periods of 0-6 months. (157) Analysis thousands of commercial applications have been discovered,
of uncooked liverwurst emulsion and of processed (water- yet these use less than 20% of the lecithin that is potentially
cooked) sausage containing added soybean flour and water. available.
(158) Losses in cooking liverwurst containing added soybean The total production of soybean lecithin in the USA was
flour and water. (159). Analysis of frankfurter emulsion and estimated at 8 million lb in 1948, while about 40 million
of smoked sausage made with 3.5% of various binders. (160) lb which could be produced is not recovered. About 94%
Losses in smoking frankfurters made with 3.5% of various of the lecithin recovered in the USA comes from soybeans.
binders and after consumer cooking. (161) Effect of the Soybean oil yields an average of 2.65% commercial
addition of soybean peptone on volume and life of foam on lecithin; other vegetable oils yield on average only about
beer. (162) Composition and pH of soybean albumens. (163) 0.5% lecithin. The large present and potential production of
Composition of ice creams containing soybean flour. (164) lecithin has caused the price per pound to drop from about 75
Comparison of soybean milk with cow milk. One sample cents 20 years ago to about 15 cents in 1950 (p. 593-94).
of cow’s milk is compared with 4 samples of soybean milk Historically, the manufacture of soybean lecithin began
(probably Oriental) and 3 samples of modern U.S. soybean in the late 1920s in Germany with its recovery from expeller
milk reconstituted (Soyalac for infants, all purpose Soyalac, soybean foots, which were composed of phosphatides,
Soyagen canned from Loma Linda Food Co., California). phytins, sterols, glycerides, carbohydrates, gums, water and
Figures show: (199-201, p. 981) Comparison of some soybean meal. After dehydrating the sludge at low
whipping ability of egg albumen and soybean albumen in temperature under vacuum, it was extracted with various
different proportions and combinations. (202) Flow sheet solvents such as methanol, ethanol, benzene, etc. The extract
for the acid hydrolysis process used in making HVP soy was purified by re-extraction with acetone to remove the
sauce. Address: Protein By-Products Research, Research and nonphosphatides. Then the residue was redissolved in an
Technical Div., Wilson & Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois. appropriate glyceride carrier to make commercial soybean
lecithin. This process made a good, stable lecithin, but the
106. Stanley, Joseph. 1951. Production and utilization of various steps made it expensive.
lecithin. In: K.S. Markley, ed. 1951. Soybeans and Soybean The installation in Germany of solvent extraction plants
Products. Vol. II. New York: Interscience Publishers or John for processing soybeans offered a convenient method of
Wiley & Sons. xvi + 1145 p. See p. 593-647. [162 ref] separating and purifying the lecithin without the use of
• Summary: Contents: 1. Occurrence and composition: solvents. The first good process was developed by Bollmann
Occurrence, structure and composition, nomenclature. 2. of the Hanseatische Muehlenwerke, A.G., in Hamburg, and
Manufacture. 3. Commercial lecithins. 4. Physical properties. patented in Germany on 8 Oct. 1923 (No. 382,912) and later
5. Chemical properties. 6. Utilization of lecithin: Margarine, in the USA on 12 June 1928 (No. 1,673,615). A detailed
chocolate (measurement of viscosity of chocolate), description of process is given (p. 601).
confectionery and ice cream, baked products (bread, cakes, World soybean lecithin production in 1948 is estimated
biscuits, cookies, and crackers), macaroni, edible oils and at 10 million lb. Another 2 million lb of vegetable lecithin
fats, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, paints and printing inks, was recovered worldwide, including corn lecithin in the
rubber and petroleum, leather and textiles, cosmetics, soaps, USA, peanut lecithin in England, and rapeseed lecithin in
and miscellaneous applications. 7. Synthetic substitutes and Germany and elsewhere in Europe. During the period 1934-
other lecithins. 8. Analysis of lecithin: Rapid volumetric 1938 soybean lecithin was produced in the USA, Germany,
determination of phosphorus (standardization of 0.1 N uranyl Japan, Denmark, and Norway. “It can safely be said that
nitrate, determination), determination of small amounts of during 1934-1938 the world utilized only about 4% of its

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potential production of soybean lecithin, and it is doubtful • Summary: “The Food and Drug Administration said today
whether more than 10% was utilized even in 1948.” it has brought a civil-seizure action in New Orleans against a
“The lecithin that is not recovered is left in emulsion shipment of Rich Products Corporation’s Chil-Zert.
form or in the foots, and is either thrown away or at best is “FDA said the Buffalo company has violated labeling
mixed with the press cake or sold for soap stock. At least provisions of the Food, Drug & Cosmetics Act by failing to
96% of the potential production of vegetable lecithin of brand the new chocolate desert product ‘imitation ice cream,’
the world suffers this fate.” Address: Joseph Stanley Co., and by failing to list its ingredients.
Chicago, Illinois. “The government agency described the seized goods as a
product in which vegetable fats and soy beans are substituted
107. Learmonth, E.M. 1952. Soya in Britain. Soybean for the milk and cream ingredients of ice cream. It said the
Digest. Sept. p. 30-32, 42. [4 ref] packages are labeled: ‘Not an ice cream. A delicious new
• Summary: “Ignorance, prejudice, and the well-known frozen dessert. Contains no milk or milk fat.’
conservatism of the British public mean that the development “But FDA said this does not conform with the legal
of soya as a protein food is a long and arduous task. requirement that all substitute foods must be labeled with the
Nevertheless we have made some progress. The post-war word ‘imitation’ followed by the name of the food imitated.
production of full-fat soya has ranged around 23 million “Rich merely listed the ingredients in its new product
pounds per annum with a peak in 1947-48 of 31 million as ‘vegetable fats, vegetable proteins and chocolate-flavored
pounds.” All of soya produced in Britain after World War II syrup,’ said FDA. To qualify for shipment in interstate
has been full fat. Most is “debittered full-fat flour and meal commerce, the ingredients must be more fully identified, it
though there is a small but persistent demand for enzyme- explained.”
active soy flour for bread making.” An estimated 50% of the Note. This is the earliest English-language document
debittered product goes into baked goods (cakes, biscuits, seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “imitation ice cream” to
bread), and 20% goes to grocery products (soup powders, refer to a non-dairy frozen dessert.
canned goods, salad creams). Recently the government
restriction on the use of soya in manufactured meat products 109. Buffalo Evening News (New York). 1952. Rich Products
was removed so demand is growing in this area. Smaller case to be tried in Syracuse. Nov. 21.
quantities are used in the sugar confectionery industry and in • Summary: “The Food & Drug Administration said today
ice creams. that a civil seizure action brought against a 15,500-pound
In the early days the soybean was acclaimed as the shipment of Rich Products Corporation’s Chil-Zert has
wonder bean, and many falsely inflated claims were made. been transferred from Federal Court in New Orleans to
This has hurt the soya industry. “The true merits of the soya Federal Court in Syracuse for the convenience of the
bean are still not widely recognised.” Soya flour sells well to Buffalo company. When the shipment was seized last
the bakery industry because it confers 3 types of advantages September in New Orleans, the FDA said the company
on baked goods: technical (protection against oxidative had violated labeling provisions of the Food, Drug &
rancidity), commercial (it extends the shelf life of baked Cosmetic Act by failing to brand the new chocolate dessert
goods), and organoleptic. American bread contains much product as ‘imitation ice cream’ and for failing to specify its
more fat and sugar than its British counterpart. ingredients.”
Before World War II full-fat debittered soya, made in
England, was becoming increasingly popular as a high- 110. Diamond, Holton W. 1952. Dessert mix and method
protein binder in sausages and butchers’ small goods. of making the same. U.S. Patent 2,619,422. Nov. 25. 7 p.
During the war, as meat became less available to sausage Application filed 23 March 1950. [1 ref]
manufacturers, a government regulation required that every • Summary: Concerns the production of a “dessert mix” or
sausage had to contain 7½% of soya grits. The British “frozen dessert” made with the neutral sodium proteinate of
soya industry was unable to produce enough grits, so large soy protein, plus dextrose, sucrose, hydrogenated vegetable
quantities were imported from the USA. “The quality of oil, stabilizer, water. “I have discovered that a frozen dessert
those soya grits has done more harm to the name of soya of the ice cream type can be produced with acceptable
in the United Kingdom than anything in the history of the body, texture, and overrun characteristics by effecting a
industry... What an opportunity was lost to the soya industry partial reversal of the phases of the dessert mix emulsion
by the fiasco of soya grits.” during aeration and chilling.” In the 9 examples given,
A portrait photo shows E.M. Learmonth. Address: hydrogenated cottonseed oil is used as the source of fat in 7,
British Soya Products, Ltd., London. but hydrogenated soy bean oil in the other two.
Note: Rex Diamond was working for the American
108. Buffalo Evening News (New York). 1952. FDA acts to Maize Co. when he applied for this patent. Address: Whiting,
seize Buffalo product in labeling case. Oct. 15. Indiana.

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frozen desserts (such as National Dairies, Borden, Carnation,

111. Buffalo Evening News (New York). 1953. Test case is Foremost, and Beatrice Foods) are now making this new
based on local product. Jan. 12. product in the states where it has been legalized or where it is
• Summary: “If a new food product looks and tastes like a not prohibited. The vegetable fats used in Mellorine cost, on
traditional product, must it be labeled imitation under the average, less than one-fourth as much butterfat (18-25 cents/
Federal Food and Drug Law? This question is coming up in pound versus $0.80-$1.15/pound). Mellorine retails for about
a test case scheduled for argument Feb. 9 in Federal District 26% less than ice cream.
Court at Syracuse, involving Richzert Inc., a subsidiary of The author then argues that increased use of Mellorine
Rich Products Corporation, Buffalo. The Buffalo corporation will benefit soybean and cotton growers, as well as dairy
markets a frozen dessert known at ‘Chocolate Chil-zert’ that farmer. Address: Manager, Products Service Dep., Mrs.
is made of vegetable fats.” Tucker’s Foods, Inc., Sherman, Texas.

112. Soybean Digest. 1953. Institute’s stand on frozen 114. Soybean Digest. 1953. Activities of your association:
desserts. Jan. p. 21. Mellorine. March. p. 6.
• Summary: “The Institute of Shortening and Edible Fats, • Summary: “A model bill to legalize the sale of ‘Mellorine,’
Inc., in its Dec. 10 meeting at Chicago, adopted principles or frozen desserts containing vegetable oils, has been
previously set forth by the International Association of introduced in the Arkansas legislature.
Ice Cream Manufacturers on the use of food fats other “The bill which attempts to set up a consistent standard
than butterfat in frozen desserts, according to E.W. of identity that can be adopted uniformly by other state
Brockenborough, president.” The 3 principles are listed. legislatures, and eventually by the federal government, has
“Frozen desserts made with wholesome fats other than the backing of the National Cotton Council of America and
milk fat are themselves wholesome, nutritious foods.” the American Soybean Association through its vice president,
Jake Hartz, Jr. Hartz attended a strategy meeting at Little
113. Deck, E.M. 1953. Another outlet for vegetable oils from Rock, Arkansas, Feb. 25.
American farms: Mellorine, a nutritious new product made “Mellorine, a comparatively new product, is at present
with soybean and cottonseed oils, can become another major being sold mainly in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri
market after clarifying legal action. Soybean Digest. March. and Illinois, where its sale is legal. It is not ice cream, but a
p. 14-16. pure nutritious food containing edible hydrogenated soybean
• Summary: The annual production of ice cream in America or cottonseed oil.
is approximately 600 million gallons, and it contains about “Our cover picture this time features a little girl with
270 million lb of butterfat–which is a little less than 10% of some delicious dishes of Mellorine. See the article by E.M.
all butterfat produced in the USA. During the last 4-5 years Deck on page 14.
the price of butterfat has been so high it has seemed to be Note: This is the 2nd earliest English-language
pricing quality ice creams out of the market. Manufacturers document seen (Sept. 2013) that contains the word
sought various methods to hold down costs, such as making “Mellorine,” and the first that uses it in connection with
ice creams low in butterfat (where their state laws would soybean oil.
allow it), or making ice milks, frozen novelties, frozen
custards, or sherbets. 115. Associated Press (AP). 1953. Concern fights label of
In about 1947-48 in Texas a few ice cream makers ‘imitation’ for new chocolate dessert. Buffalo Evening News
started to make frozen dessert using hydrogenated vegetable (New York). May 11 and 12.
fats (soybean and cottonseed oils, sometimes mixed with • Summary: “An attorney contended Monday that
imported coconut oil) to replace the butterfat in their ice ‘Chocolate Chil-zert’ was a new product not an imitation
cream formulas. “This was not a new invention at all, ice cream. Edward B. Williams, attorney for Richzert Inc.,
because some vegetable fat had been used during the war, makers of the frozen dessert, made the statement in Federal
and vegetable fat ice creams have been made for years in District Court during a hearing on a test case. Richzert is a
other countries, such as England.” subsidiary of Rich Products Corporation of Buffalo.”
These frozen desserts made with vegetable fats got “’We’re not quibbling over the word,’ Mr. Williams said.
started under such names as “Frosty Kreme,” “Mello ‘We’re arguing about the underlying principle that this is a
Kream,” etc. The new products were well accepted by new product and is not an imitation.”
consumers. The Texas Dairy Products Institute then wrote
a standard of identity for this type of product and gave it 116. Martinez, Margarita C.B. de. 1953. Derivados de
the generic name of “Mellorine.” The minimum fat content la leche de soya [Products made from soymilk]. Tierra
of Mellorine is 6% while the minimum butterfat content of (Mexico) 8(6):482-83. June. [Spa]
ice cream is 8%. America’s large national manufacturers of • Summary: Gives a number of recipes for using soymilk,

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including tofu (queso de leche de soya, coagulated with 22,494,000 gallons was reported in nine states. In 1952, only
vinegar or lemon juice), vanilla ice cream. Also contains four states reported mellorine production. The combined
recipes using whole soybeans and soy flour. production of these four states totaled 11,128,000 gallons.
Note: This is the earliest Spanish-language document “During 1952, mellorine or mellorine-type frozen
seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream, which it calls desserts was made in Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and
Helados de leche de soya. Illinois. In 1953, in addition to these four states, production
was also reported in five additional states–Alabama,
117. Deck, E.M. 1953. Frozen desserts as a market for Arkansas, California, Montana, and Oregon. However,
soybean oil. Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 38-40. not all of these states reported production for the entire
• Summary: Production of edible oils has increased rapidly calendar year. In some states, such as Alabama and
in the USA. In 1952-53 some 2,414 million lb of soybean Arkansas, permissive authority by state legislative action to
oil were produced. Soybean growers and processors must be manufacture mellorine or mellorine-type products was not
aggressive is finding new markets for all of this increased granted until after the year was under way. Texas, which is
production of soybean oil. One new outline is in mellorine, the leading mellorine producing state, had a 1953 output
which is made in the same way as ice cream “except the of 10,870,000 gallons, an increase of 71 percent over the
butterfat is replaced by vegetable or animal fats. Mellorine 6,349,000 gallons produced the preceding year. Texas was
bears the same relation to ice cream as margarine bears to the first state in which this product was made three or four
butter.” The cost to produce mellorine is about 18 to 40 cents years ago. The term “mellorine” was copyrighted by the
per gallon lower than the production cost of ice cream. Texas State Department of Health, and its use is permitted in
“Mellorine offers a large potential market for soybean any other state which wishes to use the name for a product
oil. There is no evidence that it will hurt the market for ice similar to ice cream but made with vegetable fats or oils
cream... As would be expected, the dairy producers’ groups instead of butterfat.
are trying to prohibit the manufacture and sale of mellorine, “The number of plants manufacturing mellorine in
the same as they tried to do with margarine and on similar the four reporting states of 1952 totaled 347. For 1953,
arguments. There is no federal standard of identity for however, the number of plants in the nine states totaled 559.
mellorine and at present it cannot be shipped across state Oklahoma registered a gain of 80 plants from 1952 to 1953.
lines unless it is labeled imitation ice cream. There is some The number of plants in Texas increased by 56. There was
doubt if it can be shipped across even then. Many states no marked increase in numbers of plants either in Illinois or
have standards of identity for ice cream which prohibit Missouri.”
the manufacture and sale of mellorine. Only a few states
specifically allow manufacture and sale of mellorine: Texas 119. Cross, Marion E. 1954. From land, sea, and test
(1 Oct. 1951), Oklahoma (1952-1953), Arkansas (1953), tube: The story of Archer-Daniels-Midland Company.
and Alabama (1953). Other states where mellorine can be Minneapolis, Minnesota: ADM. 88 p. Illust. Index. 28 cm.
made are Missouri, Illinois, California, Oregon, Montana and Second revised edition, Jan. 1957.
South Dakota. • Summary: Contents: 1. Flax comes to America. 2. The
The author advocates creation of a mellorine association Daniels Linseed Company. 3. The Archer-Daniels Linseed
to work with the National Cotton Council and the American Company. 4. Eastward ho! 5. Archer-Daniels-Midland
Soybean Association in working to develop legislation Company is formed. 6. Formula for growth. 7. A depression
favorable to mellorine and to block restrictive legislation. is fruitful. 8. Animal, vegetable and chemical. 9. The
In 1952 some 558.7 million gallons of ice cream and 11.0 soybean–Jack of all trades. 10. New products from research.
million gallons of mellorine were made in America. A photo 11. New horizons. 12. Directors and elected officers.
shows E.M. Deck. “For many years the lion’s share of flaxseed crushing
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2001) that had been handled by 4 firms, and then, after the merger of
contains industry or market statistics for soy ice cream (but Archer-Daniels and Midland, by 3: ADM, Spencer Kellogg
only of the mellorine type) by geographical region. Address: and Sons, Inc., of Buffalo, and the American Linseed
Mrs. Tucker’s Foods, Inc., Sherman, Texas. Company... By a contract signed July 20, 1928, ADM and
Spencer Kellogg agreed to a joint purchase of America’s
118. Soybean Digest. 1954. Big 1953 gain in mellorine linseed interests.”
output. Nov. p. 33. “During 1929 ADM took two more extremely significant
• Summary: “Production of mellorine and mellorine-type steps toward diversifying its manufacturing activities.
frozen desserts made with vegetable fats and oils other than Converting the Toledo and Chicago plants to the crushing of
butterfat in combination with certain milk solids in 1953 soybeans did not seem momentous at the time because the
was more than double the output of 1952, the Agricultural United States was just becoming aware of the potential value
Marketing Service reports. During 1953, a production of of the soybean” (p. 40). A photo (facing p. 40) shows the

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ADM Soybean Processing Plant in Chicago, Illinois. 120. Quick Frozen Foods. 1955. The Rich story: 10th
Chapter 9, titled “Soybean–Jack of all trades” (p. 56-63) anniversary. 1945-1955. 17(7):91-114. Feb. Repaginated and
begins with an overview of soybean history worldwide, with reprinted by Rich Products.
emphasis on the USA. “Until 1935 the supremacy of the • Summary: Contains the best “official” company version
hydraulic press was unchallenged, but within a few years, of its history seen, with many photos, of this company’s first
it was well on its way to becoming obsolete. An improved ten years making a soy-based non-dairy whipped topping.
expeller press came on the market in 1935 that gave better There is a good illustration of the original Whip Topping
results on soybeans than the hydraulic press” (p. 60). (p. 96). And there is a full-page message of congratulations
“When ADM first started to process soybeans in 1929 from Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Inc. (Buffalo 5, New
at its Toledo and Chicago plants, the hydraulic presses that York), which has worked closely with Rich Products in the
had been used for flaxseed were used for soybeans... ADM development of Rich’s Whip Topping.
took a bold step in deciding to install a solvent extraction Contents: Introduction. The Rich family grows. A career
unit for soybeans at its Chicago plant. In this country is launched. Experimentation starts. A new product is born.
solvent extraction, never used for volume production, had The first advertisement is run. New merchandising strategy
made very little headway because no satisfactory solvent evolved. Pressurized metal can appears. All channels cleared
had been found. The soybean industry was still in its early for marketing. Rich’s frozen chocolate eclairs. Production
stage of development and there was no certainty that it was difficulties overcome. The vision behind Rich Products.
just on the verge of enormous expansion. Furthermore, it “Ten years ago, in April 1945, a new industry was
was still the depth of the depression and in 1933 ADM’s founded when the newly organized Rich Products Corp.
net sales were the lowest they had ever been. At this time brought out a vegetable whipping cream. Whip Topping was
plant superintendent E.W. Schmidt was sent to Europe to born. Rich’s Whip Topping was a war baby...
make a study of solvent extraction and bring back the best “Today Rich’s Whip Topping is sold in more than
equipment available. Solvent extraction had originated in 60,000 grocery stores in 48 states and possessions through
Europe, having been introduced by an Englishman in 1843; 38 frozen food brokers and more than 700 distributors...
but only in recent years had the process been perfected to the Within the last three years the original Whip Topping for
point where it had come into wide use. home use was joined by two brothers–Rich’s Green Label
“The Hildebrandt unit that Mr. Schmidt selected in Whip Topping for bakery and institutional use, and Sundi-
Germany consisted of a U-shaped tube about three feet in whip, a package for fountains and over-the-counter trade.
diameter. The soybeans, having been crushed and rolled And just six months ago a lusty addition to the family was
into paper-thin flakes, entered one end of the tube through born–Rich’s Frozen Chocolate Eclairs. Demand for this
which they were propelled by revolving screws. The solvent, product has already outstripped Rich’s production facilities.
hexane, entered the other end of the tube and moved in the As a result a second processing plant is being rushed to
opposite direction while it extracted the oil from the flakes. completion...
The oil and solvent mixture came out one end of the tube “The industry founded by Robert E. Rich owes its
and the meal came out the other. After the solvent had been inception to the food restrictions and government red tape
removed by distillation, the oil was ready to be refined and imposed by World War II conditions. The word Ersatz
the solvent was available for re-use. This process was so became a temporary part of the nation’s language to define
effective that only one per cent of the oil was left in the products evolved as substitutes for staples which were
meal. The lower oil content made solvent extracted meal unavailable or in short supply. Sales of whipping cream were
very hard to sell at first, even though feed purchasers were forbidden during the war. So Bob Rich went to the soy bean
being offered a protein concentrate that contained 44 per to find a substitute.”
cent protein as compared with the 41 per cent produced by One day in 1942 Bob Rich had “a chance meeting with
hydraulic or expeller presses. the chief purchasing agent of Detroit’s Ford Hospital–a
“After the extraction unit had been installed in June meeting which sparked Rich’s idea for soy bean whipping
1934, ADM started to produce lecithin, which is derived cream.” The man explained: “The hospital’s entire supply
from crude soybean oil. Like the soybean itself, lecithin has of milk and cream is produced by the George Washington
a wide variety of uses for edible, industrial, and medicinal Carver Laboratories–from soy beans!”
purposes. It is an important ingredient in bakery products, “Those last words ignited a spark. Rich urged the
ice cream, and candy, being particularly valuable as a hospital purchasing agent to tell him more about this soy
preservative coating for chocolate. Its industrial use ranges bean cream. For 90 minutes he listened to the story of
from anti-knock gasoline to the textile field and its medicinal Carver’s scientific achievement.
uses include cosmetics and pharmaceuticals” (p. 60-61). “He heard how the laboratories had evolved a
Address: ADM, Minneapolis, Minnesota. continuous method of extracting soy protein from the bean as
early as 1940; were able to produce soy milk and cream, but

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were still unable to produce a soy cream that would whip. 9905, Memphis 12, Tennessee.
Rich arranged to have himself invited to visit and inspect the
Carver operation. 122. Schade, Heinz. 1955. Nurupan–Antioxydans und
“For almost three years Rich held to his idea of Emulgator fuer Speiseeis [Nurupan–Antioxidant and
perfecting soy cream that would whip. After resigning emulsifier for ice cream]. Molkerei- und Kaeserei-Zeitung
from WFA, he returned to Buffalo and engaged chemists to 6(49):1758-59. Dec. 8. [1 ref. Ger]
help him transform his idea into reality. They worked with • Summary: A soybean preparation stabilized the mix and
every known type of emulsifying agent in an effort to give caused better emulsification. Address: Darmstadt.
whipping properties to the soy cream.
“After several months of exhaustive study, the 123. Product Name: [Nurupan (Whole Soy Flour)].
experiments bore fruit. Under the guidance of Dr. Alexander Manufacturer’s Name: Edelsoja GmbH.
Schwarcmann, vice president and research director of Manufacturer’s Address: Hamburg, West Germany.
Spencer Kellogg & Sons, a salable whipping cream was Date of Introduction: 1955.
produced. New Product–Documentation: Schade. 1955. Molkerei-
“With the product ready to go into large-scale und Käserei-Zeitung. 6(49):1758-59. “[Nurupan–Antioxidant
production, Rich wrote to the Carver laboratories for rights and emulsifier for ice cream].” Ad in Food Processing (UK).
to its patented method of continuous extraction–a request 1985. p. 35. “Natural baking improvers from soyabeans.”
he had been led to believe would be granted as a matter of Soya Bluebook. 1986. p. 84. “Nurapan” is probably a
routine. misspelling of Nurupan. Soya Bluebook. 1994. p. 56. Soya
“The Carver laboratories, however, were reluctant to Bluebook Plus. 1995. p. 82. “Nurupan (toasted full-fat soy
give up the rights to their extracting methods. Weeks passed. flour, debittered, microfine milled).”
“Exasperated, Rich sought help from one of the nation’s
leading dairy engineers. With his aid a new batch extraction 124. Springer, Gertrude Anders. 1955. Natural food cookery:
method was developed. It surpassed the Carver system in Nature’s sweets, herbs and wholegrain flours. Milwaukee,
efficiency. Thus, in April, 1945, Whip Topping was born.” Wisconsin: Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research. 71 p.
Note: No mention is made of Frank S. Mitchell. No index. 23 cm.
Some of the trade, institutional, and consumer • Summary: An early natural-foods cookbook. Contents:
magazines in which Rich Products advertises are Family 1. Foreword. 2. Fundamental food concepts (“The way to
Circle (May 1953), Parents’ Magazine (15 May 1953), build this vibrantly alive soil is by practicing the Science
Quick Frozen Foods (June 1953), Journal of the American of Organiculture, or the organic method”). 3. Wholegrain
Dietetic Society (July 1953), American Restaurant magazine flours. 4. Wholegrain meals and grits. 5. Other valuable
(July 1953), Progressive Grocer (July 1953), Restaurant foods. 6. Herb cookery. 7. Pies. 8. Cookies. 9. Cakes. 10.
Management (Aug. 1953), Baking Industry (15 Aug. 1953), Cake frostings. 11. Doughnuts. 12. Confections. 13. Fruits.
Institutions Magazine, Frosted Food Field, and The Ice 14. Health beverages. 15. Salads. 16. Salad dressings. 17.
Cream Trade Journal. Breads, rolls and muffins. 18. Meat, fish and eggs. 19.
Vegetable dishes. 20. Soups and stews. 21. Pancakes and
121. Russell, Charlie W.; McCord, Frank A. 1955. Mellorine, waffles. 22. Jams and preserves. 23. Quick desserts. 24.
a market outlet for vegetable oils in frozen desserts. A study Article “Sesame seed–An important food.” 25. Practical
of the potential demand for cottonseed oil in frozen desserts. methods in preparing health-building foods. Note 1. Chapters
Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council of America. 24 and 25 (on unnumbered pages) are written by Royal Lee,
26 p. Aug. Summarized in Soybean Digest, Dec. 1956, p. 23. D.S.S. [dentist].
• Summary: The market potential for mellorine in the Soy-related recipes: Chapter 3, “Wholegrain flours,”
USA is approximately 400 to 500 million gallons annually. contains a photo of bags of five such flours, including “Soya
Between 150 and 225 million pounds of fats would be flour.” A paragraph (p. 5) explains: “Soya flour can be a
required to produce this quantity of mellorine. Whether full fat flour (all of the fat left in) which many consider
or not this market potential can be attained depends on nutritionally superior, or it can be a low fat flour (part of
legislation, sales promotion, product quality, and price. Most the fat removed) for low calorie diets.” Note 2. This is the
mellorine is made from blends of cottonseed, soybean, and earliest English-language document seen (Nov. 2003) that
coconut oils. The wholesale price of mellorine currently uses the term “low calorie” or “low calorie diets” positively
averages about $0.50 less than the whole price of ice cream. in connection with soybeans for human diets. Throughout
The retail price averages about $0.70 less. A map of the USA most of human history, people wanted calories, which
shows states where mellorine is produced (11), or legalizing provide energy.
action is pending (Louisiana), or mellorine is not produced Unleavened Indian chapatis (with ½ cup soy flour, p.
(36). Address: National Cotton Council of America, P.O. Box 52). Basic muffin recipe–Soya muffins variation (“Substitute

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½ cup soya flour for ½ cup of the pastry [flour]. Gradually developments of ice cream manufacturing, with many
increase the soya and decrease the pastry until you are using production statistics. Soy is not mentioned. Address: Dairy
half and half after several batches have been made.” p. 54). Dep., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
Chinese chow mein (with up to ½ cup “Show You sauce,”
p. 62). Japanese sukiyaki (with about ½ cup “Show You 127. Burlison, W.L. 1956. Sixty years of soybeans in Illinois:
sauce,” p. 63). Egg white leavened waffles (with a bit of A review of the history since 1896 in the nation’s leading
soya flour, p. 67). In Chapter 25, the section on “Vegetables” soybean state. How did it happen? Soybean Digest. Sept. p.
contains brief instructions for making soy bean milk, and 54-58, 60.
using soaked, “liquefied beans direct from the blender” in • Summary: Contents: Introduction: Tribute to colleagues
making bread. The Chinese never eat soy bean products Prof. Hackleman, Woodworth, and Sears. The soybean
without first soaking the beans. “It is the secret of successful beginning: Bulletin No. 43 of 1896, Circular No. 5 of 1897,
soy cookery.” The chapter on sesame seeds notes: “Sesame Bulletin 198 of 1917 (note gap since 1897), Bulletin 310
seed ground into a butter like peanut butter is used in some of 1928 (“a most comprehensive publication dealing with
countries–Turkey in particular–like our dairy butter is here, nearly all phases of soybean management... This bulletin,
and is used in almost every food in some degree. It makes after almost a third of a century, enjoys a wide interest”),
first-class salad dressing when mixed with vinegar and Bulletin 384 of 1932 (“considered a classic today”), soybean
prepared mustard. With honey and milk powder a very tasty varieties (Illini released in 1927, followed by Chief, Viking,
cream candy can be made... In Roman times the emergency and Lincoln), the Regional Soybean Laboratory, Bulletin
ration for soldiers was a candy made from sesame seed and 386 of 1932, Bulletin 456 of 1939, and Bulletin 462 of
honey. A very tasty and nutritious ice cream can be made 1940. Other departments cooperate fully with agronomy:
from sesame butter, honey and milk powder. The sesame Agricultural Economics (starting in 1925; nine masters
seed can be used for these purposes instead of the sesame degrees and 7 PhD degrees), Agricultural Engineering
butter if the seed is liquefied with the honey in a blender (studies on operation of the combine since 1923, and storage
or Osterizer. Sesame butter is an ideal shortening for bread since 1943), Animal Science (from 1923), Dairy Science,
and cookies.” Note 3. This is the earliest English-language Food Technology, Horticulture (studies on edible soybeans),
document seen (May 2011) that contains the term “sesame Home Economics (“Work on soybeans and soybean products
butter”–a smooth paste of ground sesame seeds. as human food was launched in 1930 and has continued
This book also discusses: Carob brownies, peanut butter, to date. The present program is under the direction of Dr.
sunflower seeds, how to sprout mung beans, herbs, etc. Frances O. Van Duyne”). Extension effective. American
Note 4. This is the earliest English-language book seen Soybean Association and Soybean Digest. National Soybean
(June 2003), published after World War II, with the term Processors Association. Pioneers early & modern. Brief
“natural food” in the title. summary.
Note 5. This is not a vegetarian cookbook. Recipes (p. Concerning work on food technology: “Before 1937
55-58) call for steak, pork, ground beef, spare ribs, lamb formulas were developed by including both soy protein and
chops, ham, chicken, tuna, and salmon. soybean oil in frozen desserts [with dairy products]. At a
meeting of the American Soybean Association held here in
125. Glabe, Elmer F.; Goldman, P.F.; Anderson, P.W.; Finn, 1937 a sherbet containing soybean protein was served to
L.A.; Smith, A.K. 1956. Uses of Gelsoy in prepared food the Association.” “In a study made by Dr. Tracy during the
products. Food Technology 10(1):51-56. Jan. [15 ref] war emergency, he showed the possibilities of producing a
• Summary: “Gelsoy, a bland-tasting water-soluble desirable processed cheese by combining ripened cheddar
proteinaceous product isolated from soybean meal, cheese and low fat soybean flour. As much as 30% of the
shows promise as a water-binding material in prepared, cheese solids could be replaced in this manner without
comminuted meat products, such as frankfurters, meat loaf, serious change of either the flavor or body of the finished
and canned meat... A spray-dried mix consisting of Gelsoy, product.”
nonfat dry milk solids, sugars, vegetable oil, vegetable gum, Concerning extension work: “Our soybean extension
and modified starch, when reconstituted with water is frozen program has been both vigorous and determined under
directly without further homogenization to provide a low-fat Professor J.C. Hackleman’s direction since 1920, a period
frozen confection of good quality and flavor.” Address: 1-4. of 36 years. He held three demonstrations the first year. By
Food Technology, Inc., Chicago, Illinois; 5. NRRL, Peoria, 1925, 28 counties had put out demonstration plots; from here
Illinois. on–year in and year out–seeing soybeans in a field was a
crusade for soybean improvement. In 1922, 50 bushels of a
126. Lucas, P.S. 1956. Ice cream manufacture. J. of Dairy pure selection of Manchu were distributed and at the end of
Science 39(6):833-37. June. 1927, about 65% of our commercial soybean areas were in
• Summary: Covers fifty years, 1905-56, in the technical this variety.

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Photos show: (1) Dr. Burlison at the podium, flanked Soybean Blue Book). C. References.
by C.M. Woodworth (plant breeder) and J.C. Hackleman Chapter 1, “Protein,” begins: “The soybean is best
(extension agronomist). A tribute was paid to all three men known for its high protein content (p. 7). It then discusses the
at the 1956 ASA Convention. “Burlison said he had a part work of Dr. Harry Miller (p. 14-15).
in persuading both men to come to Illinois. Both retired Chapter 15, “Soybean Culture,” describes how to grow
Sept. 1.” (2) O.H. Sears, the third member of the group that soybeans in a garden. Pages 126-27 discuss the two types of
Burlison helped persuade to come to Illinois. Address: Prof. soybeans: the commercial field type and the edible vegetable
of Agronomy, Emeritus, Univ. of Illinois. type. Five major differences between the two types are
discussed (p. 126). The edible varieties are larger in size, do
128. Chen, Philip S.; Chen, Helen D. 1956. Soybeans not yield as heavily (though they yield more heavily than
for health, longevity, and economy. South Lancaster, snap beans or lima beans), are more prone to shatter as they
Massachusetts: The Chemical Elements. xii + 241 p. Illust. near maturity in the field, are superior in flavor, texture,
Index. 21 cm. 2nd ed. Jan., 1962, 242 p. [24 ref] and ease of cooking, and some edible varieties are also
• Summary: A comprehensive review of the subject. superior in the manufacture of soybean flour, soybean milk,
Contents: Preface, by the author (South Lancaster, roasted beans and other products. Table 31 (p. 130) lists
Massachusetts, July 1956). Foreword, by Geo. M. Strayer, eleven varieties of edible soybeans: Very early–Giant Green.
Vice-President and Secretary-Treasurer, American Soybean Early–Bansei, Fuji. Midseason–Hokkaido, Jogun, Willomi.
Association. Introduction. Part I: Nutritive value of the Late: Illington, Imperial, Funk Delicious, Emperor, Higan.
soybean. 1. Protein (incl. Dr. Wolfgang Tiling of Hamburg, Commercial–Illini.
Germany; Dr. Harry Miller). 2. Fat (incl. phosphatides, Chapter 16, “Preservation of Soybeans,” describes how
sterols and hormones). 3. Carbohydrates and caloric value. to preserve “green soybeans” by canning, freezing, and
4. Minerals. 5. Vitamins. 6. Soybeans and world population. dehydration.
7. Soybeans and disease (incl. Dr. Wolfgang Tiling of Photos show: (1) A sack of Lincoln soybeans (facing p.
Germany). 1). (2) Soybean plants, showing pods and leaves (p. 3 and
Part II: Soy products. 8. Soybean oil: Composition 4). (3) A beam balance with a small amount of soy flour
and properties, processing and refining, reversion, uses, balancing many animal products. “The protein value of soy
phosphatides, margarine, mellorine (vegetable frozen flour: 1 lb. of soy flour contains protein values equal to 2
dessert). 9. Soybean oil meal: Heat treatment, Gelsoy, Multi- lbs. beef, or 34 eggs, or 6 quarts milk.” Source: Health and
purpose Food. 10. Soy flour: Uses, soy bread vs. enriched Character Education Institute (p. 6). A similar photo (p. 24)
white bread. 11. Soy milk. 12. Soy cheese (or soybean states: “1 lb of soy flour contains food calories equal to 3½
curd, “aptly described by the Chinese as ‘the meat without lbs beef, or 3 quarts milk, or 29 eggs. (4) Two views of a
bones’”–incl. pressed tofu sheets and yuba). 13. Soy sauce: child. Left, suffering from marasmus. Right, after six months
Preparation of kojis, brine fermentation, production yields, on a soy milk diet. Courtesy Dr. Wolfgang Tiling (p. 62).
microorganisms are available. 14. Soybean sprouts. (5) A machine at the Northern Utilization Research Branch
Part III: Soybean culture and preservation. 15. Soybean of USDA treating soybean oil with alkali (p. 72). (6) The
culture: Two types of soybeans (commercial field vs. edible distribution of MPF [Multi-Purpose Food] to starving Indian
or vegetable varieties), inoculation, fertilizer, cultivation, children (p. 91; Courtesy Meals for Millions Foundation). (7)
harvest. 16. Preservation of soybeans: Shelling, canning, Quaker City No. F4 grinding mill (p. 102; Courtesy Straub
freezing, dehydration, harvesting dry mature soybeans. Co., 4059 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). (8) Early
Part IV: Recipes. 17. Soybeans and soybean pulp: Green soy cheese (tofu) production in the United States (p. 108;
or fresh soybeans, dry soybeans, soybean pulp (“prepared perhaps at Madison Foods). (9) The Northern Utilization
by pressing cooked soybeans through a coarse sieve or by Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, USDA–
grinding them in a food grinder”), recipes (incl. Soyburger, shows outside of the huge building (p. 113). (10). How to
Scalloped green soybeans, and Roasted soybeans–dry roasted grow soy sprouts in a glass jar at home (p. 119). (11) Well
or deep-fried (p. 151). Describes how to make wheat gluten nodulated soybean roots (p. 129; Courtesy The Nitragin Co.).
at home and praises monosodium glutamate for its ability to (12) Baked soybeans in a crock (p. 144). (13) Soy flour used
improve the flavor of recipes–though its use is called for only in numerous baked products (p. 159; Courtesy ADM). (14)
in the recipe for Soyburger). 18. Soy flour: Breads, cakes, Griddle cakes [pancakes] made with soy flour brown quickly
cookies, pies, soups, other recipes (A recipe for Wafers, p. (p. 173). (15) Soy peanut butter cookies (incl. peanut butter
180, calls for “½ cup roasted soybeans, finely chopped”). and soy flour; p. 185). (16) Soy grits in a glass jar (p. 198).
19. Soy grits and soy flakes. 20. Soy milk. 21. Soy (17) Freshly-cooked crisp soybean sprouts in a raw vegetable
cheese. 22. Soybean sprouts. salad (p. 219).
Appendices: A. Soybean utilization (chart). B. Note 1. The first printing of this book (1956)
Manufacturers and handlers of soy foods (Source: 1956 was dedicated “To Li Yu Ying and William J. Morse,

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The Soybean Champions of the Eastern and Western Contents: List of contributors. Preface, by Altschul. 1.
Hemispheres,” but by the second printing (April 1957) the Introduction, by M.L. Anson and A.M. Altschul. Part I:
dedication had changed “To William J. Morse and Harry W. General properties of plant proteins and their utilization. 2.
Miller, The Soybean and Soy Milk Champions of Our Time.” Proteins, by C.M. Lyman. 3. Plant proteins, by A. Bondi.
The publisher of this third printing was unable to sell 4. Processing of oilseeds, by H.D. Fincher. 5. Effect of
all the books printed, so Chen apparently arranged for a heat on plant proteins, by Irvin E. Liener. 6. Effect of other
company named “Outdoor Pictures” (Box 1326, Escondido, processing factors on vegetable protein meals, by K.A.
California) to sell them. On the title page, Outdoor Pictures Kuiken. 7. Evaluation of protein quality, by C.R. Grau and
pasted their name and address over that of “The Chemical R.W. Carroll. 8. Use of processed plant proteins in mixed
Elements.” feeds, by N.R. Ellis. 9. Use of processed plant proteins as
Note 2. According to the National Union Catalog, human food, by R.F.A. Dean. 10. Vegetable protein isolates,
Philip Stanley Chen was born in 1903. The rear cover by Allan K. Smith. 11. Potential uses of oilseed protein
states that he was born in China and is now a naturalized in foodstuffs, by M.L. Anson. 12. Chemical sources of
U.S. citizen. He is a graduate of Emmanuel Missionary nitrogen as supplements to protein feeds, by J.K. Loosli. 13.
College [in Berrien Springs, Michigan] and Michigan State Supplementation of plant protein with amino acids, by J.
University. Before writing this, his first book on diet, health, Waddell.
or soybeans, he wrote several books on chemistry: (1) The Part II: Processed plant proteins. 14. Soybean oil meal,
Chloro Derivatives of m-cresol. 1933. Easton, Pennsylvania: by W.W. Cravens and Endre Sipos. 15. Edible isolated
Mack Printing Co. 7 p. (Abstract of his PhD thesis, Michigan soybean protein, by Circle and Johnson. 16. Groundnuts
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science); (2) (peanuts) and groundnut meal, by Gordon D. Rosen (J.
The Chemical Elements, Rev. ed. 1948. South Lancaster, Bibby & Sons, Ltd., Liverpool, England). 17. Cottonseed
Massachusetts: Chemical Elements (fold chart). (3) 500 meal, by A.M. Altschul, C.M. Lyman, and F.H. Thurber. 18.
Syntan Patent Abstracts, 1911-1950. 1950. South Lancaster, Sesame meal, by Robert W. Caldwell. 19. Sunflower seed oil
Massachusetts: Chemical Elements. 125 leaves. (4) Syntans meal, by D.R. Clandenin. 20. Rapeseed, mustard-seed, and
and Newer Methods of Tanning. 1950. South Lancaster, poppy-seed meals, by B.C. Christian. 21. Linseed oil meal,
Massachusetts: Chemical Elements. 128 p. by Seth W. Peterson. 22. Minor oilseed and tree nut meals,
In 1962 Chen wrote A New Look at God, published by by J.A. Kneeland (safflower, almonds, walnut, babassu,
Chemical Elements (288 p.). Address: 1. Prof. of Chemistry, hempseed, pecans, Illipé nut). 23. Coconut oil meal, by Leo
Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, Massachusetts; 2. V. Curtin. 24. Palm kernel meal, by J.G. Collingwood. 25.
National Science Foundation Fellow, Cornell Univ. Alfalfa and other leaf meals, by C. Ray Thompson. 26. Peas
and beans, by I. Deschamps. 27. Fermentation feedstuffs, by
129. Marketing Research Report (USDA Agricultural C.S. Boruff and J.M. Van Lanen. 28. Milling feeds, by R.D.
Marketing Service). 1958. Production and marketing Seeley. 29. Microbial proteins, by J.L. Stokes. 30. The algae,
practices for mellorine: A study of the marketing of frozen by W.A.P. Black. 31. Inedible oilseed meals, by Don S.
desserts. No. 212. 79 p. Feb. Summarized in Soybean Digest, Bolley and Raiford L. Holmes (castor, tung, aceituno, other).
Oct. 1958, p. 27. [12 ref] 32. Plant residues and pomaces, by E.G. Kelley. 33. Amino
• Summary: Production and sale of mellorine is now acid composition of foodstuffs. Appendix: National average
legal in 12 states: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Illinois, food supplies.
Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Note: This is the earliest publication seen written by
South Carolina, and Texas. Laws regulating frozen desserts Aaron Altschul about soya. Address: USDA, New Orleans,
preclude its manufacture and sale in the remaining states. Louisiana.
Production of mellorine grew from 11 million gallons in
1952 to 33 million gallons in 1955 and in 1966. Production 131. Anson, M.L. 1958. Potential uses of isolated oilseed
of mellorine in recent years has been increasing at a slower protein in foodstuffs. In: A.M. Altschul, ed. 1958. Processed
rate than at the beginning. Nearly all mellorine is made Plant Protein Foodstuffs. New York: Academic Press. xv +
in plants which also make ice cream. The equipment is 955 p. See p. 277-89. Chap. 11. [12 ref]
identical. Mellorine was first made in 1942 during World • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Preparation and
War II. advantages of isolated protein: Conditions for consumption
of oilseed protein by man, soybean products eaten by man,
130. Altschul, Aaron M. ed. 1958. Processed plant protein oilseed components and isolation of the protein, advantages
foodstuffs. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc. xv + 955 p. of protein isolation, soybean curd, modern possibilities of
Illust. Author index. Subject index. 24 cm. [3300 ref] utilizing isolated soy protein, isolated soy protein. Uses of
• Summary: This book contains 33 chapters by various isolated protein: Fortification of bread and cereals, products
authors; chapters related to soya are cited separately. like animal protein products (products like milk products,

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meatlike textures, nutrition and flavor, no necessity for viscosity behavior–effect of high temperature, flavor.
perfect imitation of existing protein products), special uses Nutritional value of edible isolated soybean protein:
for young mammals and the sick (isolated protein for young Nutritional value for human beings and animals (isolated soy
mammals, isolated protein for infants, isolated protein for protein, soybean oil meal, soybean milk, soybean curd, and
the sick). Cost of isolated protein: Cost of protein for man, Oriental products), amino acid composition, supplementation
limitation of soy flour. Fermentation products. Cheap animal (mutual supplementation, isolated soy protein as a source of
products: Fish protein, skim milk powder. Summary. lysine). Food uses of edible isolated soy protein: Dairy-type
“The only oilseed protein consumed by man on a large products (including recipes for All-vegetable coffee “cream,”
scale in any form is soy protein. This has been done for All-vegetable whipped topping, All-vegetable “cream
thousands of years in the Orient as a basic part of the way cheese,” Non-milk chocolate frozen dessert [ice cream], All-
of life for large populations, but only because methods were vegetable high-protein chocolate drink, All-vegetable high-
discovered for converting soybeans into acceptable products protein non-starch chocolate pudding) meat-type products
by radical processing beyond the mere removal of oil.” (including recipes for All-vegetable “meat loaf,” and All-
Soybean curd: “The ancient Chinese discovery of the vegetable “frankfurters”), baked and cooked products based
technology of producing curd was a great historic step in on dough, cereal-type products, macaroni-type products,
the direct utilization of oilseed protein by man and has made oriental-type foods, specialty foods, confections and
possible a great protein nutritional experiment on many preserves, coatings, feed uses, modified soybean protein
millions of subjects. products, summary and conclusions. Address: The Glidden
“Modern possibilities of utilizing isolated soy protein: Co., Chicago, Illinois.
The traditional manufacture of soybean curd, which is still
carried out on a vast scale in the Orient, points the way to a 133. Ford, Herbert P. 1958. The life story of Dr. Harry
modern technology of using soy protein for man based on the W. Miller. Unpublished manuscript. 169 p. Unpublished
separation of the soy protein from the other components of manuscript. 28 cm.
the bean. The wonder is that the oriental experience has been • Summary: This manuscript is the slightly edited second
so long neglected.” (p. 279). draft of the transcript of a single 7-8 hour interview that Mr.
Concerning products like milk products: “For a while Ford did with Dr. Miller in 1958 in Chicago. According to
during World War II, the Ford Motor Company, as a result of Mr. Ford, Dr. Miller later gave a copy of the manuscript to
Henry Ford’s interest in soybean products, sold soybean ‘ice Raymond S. Moore PhD, a Seventh-day Adventist educator,
cream’ in its cafeterias. All the usual ingredients of ice cream with the understanding that Moore would use it as the basis
were replaced by soy ingredients.” Note: This is the earliest for a book. The book, titled China Doctor, was published in
document seen (April 2000) that mentions soy ice cream in 1961. Dr. Miller was not very happy with the way the book
connection with the Ford Motor Co. turned out.
“My own opinion is that, just as the conversion of Pages 122-35 give a much more detailed account and
oilseeds to oilseed meals through processing created a history of Dr. Miller’s work with soy milk, tofu, yuba, other
revolution in animal feeding, so the further processing of soyfoods, meatlike products, and wheat gluten than is found
oilseed meals into isolated protein and into complex foods in the finished book, China Doctor.
containing isolated protein will create a second revolution. Concerning wheat gluten: Dr. Miller’s company in
The millions of tons of oilseeds throughout the world, the Mt. Vernon, Ohio, International Nutrition Laboratory, “had
basic complex raw materials which neither man nor beast protein foods in which they used wheat gluten and made
can synthesize cheaply, are readily available as a starting meat patties and various kinds of stews, sprouted the green
point for the new technology.” Address: Cambridge, soybeans and made a chili with them and wheat gluten.”
Massachusetts (Present address: 100 Eaton Square, London, They also developed a vegetarian wiener [Veja Links]
S.W. 1, England). containing raw vital wheat gluten, soy flour, seasonings, and
flavors. They stuffed these into wiener casings, submitted
132. Circle, S.J.; Johnson, D.W. 1958. Edible isolated them to a smoke house and to cooking, then peeled off the
soybean protein. In: A.M. Altschul, ed. 1958. Processed Plant casings/skins and canned the wieners. He developed these at
Protein Foodstuffs. New York: Academic Press. xv + 955 p. the Mt. Vernon slaughterhouse.
See p. 399-418. Chap. 15. [93 ref] “Soy milk manufacture in the U.S.A. (p. 131). In 1939
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Isolated soy protein Dr. Miller returned to the United States having been so
compared to soy flour. Availability and forms of edible soy thoroughly convinced that soy milk was destined to have
protein isolate: Soy protein and soy proteinate, modified world-wide acceptance... His son, Harry Willis Miller, Jr. had
forms of soy protein isolate, partial isolates of soy protein returned preceding his father and had started a small soy milk
and by-products. Properties of unmodified isolated soy plant in Utica, New York, where he made and bottled soy
protein: Methods of dispersing protein and proteinate, milk and also made and canned some of the protein foods

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out of wheat gluten for which they had developed recipes. [cow’s milk]. Then Dr. Miller took the results of the studies
This plant was later moved to Mt. Vernon, Ohio, after they in Japan and at Ohio State and submitted them to the Council
started the soybean plant at Mt. Vernon. The plant was rather on Food and Nutrition of the American Medical Association.
small at first as their capital was very limited. They had to The Council has 15 members, the very best scientists on food
build up the food plant out of his surgery earnings. As these and nutrition. “They examined the [soy] milk, examined the
products were mostly for export, the firm was called the claims for it, looked over the research, and then gave the
International Nutrition Laboratory. It was called International seal of approval which was placed on every can of soymilk
because they didn’t think of having any particular market thereafter.”
for soy milk in the United States but anticipated making and “Now that they had this seal of approval, they went to
packing soy powder which they could ship over to China, medical conventions and canvassed the doctors; the sale of
Japan, Korea, and other fields. Since the United States is a soy milk grew very rapidly.” The plant began to get larger;
dairy country, they just thought they would have all kinds of it made great demands and there were many details to look
difficulty getting it introduced over in America. They gave after. These facts and his lack of capital to carry on this work
their attention largely in the early part of the work to making adequately made Dr. Miller realize that he must do one of
some products that went over quite well, which could be sold two things. He must either organize a corporation, issue
locally such as meat patties–vegaburgers. They would take stock, and enlarge the company greatly, or he must dispose
the wheat flour, wash the starch from it, and make gluten of the plant and give his time and attention to research.
patties. They actually built up a very fine product that was During this time, Dr. Miller received valuable help
netting them earnings. The earnings of that, together with from the U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. Dr. J.A.
Dr. Miller’s medical and surgery fees, to finally get together LeClerc (Senior Chemist, Agricultural Chemical Research
a spray dryer which they built with the aid of the know-how Division) and Mr. L.H. Bailey, who investigated the use of
assistance of the Rogers Company, who sold these spray “soybean milk in making breads” and made the results and
dryers... and through this home-made outfit they daily spray analyses available to Dr. Miller. “Thus they got themselves
dried considerable powdered soy milk and placed it on the very well established in this country as having a milk for
market. They made some ice cream mixes and they shipped people who did get along with cow’s milk.”
out in barrels to the Philippines soy milk powder and also However the secretary of the AMA told Dr. Miller that
shipped consignments of the powder to Shanghai where he should not claim or advertise that his soy milk was a good
they had formerly introduced a soy milk to the Shanghai alternative to cow’s milk for all babies, but only “for those
Settlement. Thus they kept soy milk going up until the time babies who do not do well on cow’s milk.” However he
of the world war in 1941 which cut them off from shipping added: “If you can take care of babies that cow’s milk does
to the Orient.” not take care of, there is no reason why you could not take
In the United States they found “an interest on the part care of the other babies that cow’s milk does agree with too.”
of doctors in feeding babies that were covered with various This was his diplomatic way of counseling them not to make
kinds of rashes which they called atopic dermatitis. Many unfriendly comparisons with cow’s in a dairy country–even
of these babies had asthma, diarrhea, projectal vomiting, if those claims are valid. By following his advice, Dr. Miller
nervous irritability and were unhappy babies, all because of was able to work well with the dairy industry without any
the allergy to cow’s milk formula.” Doctors began to realize conflicts.
that babies with allergies and other sicknesses responded The Loma Linda Food Company in California showed
well to soybean milk; the market soon increased. Eggs and an interest in acquiring Dr. Miller’s company in Ohio. “They
milk are the chief causes of allergy, but some vegetable had been making some soy milk in the liquid form, but they
proteins like wheat, corn, and some legumes also cause were interested in getting an Eastern branch.” So in 1950
allergic reactions in some cases. Then doctors began to ask they purchased the [soy] milk plant in Mt. Vernon and have
for evidence that the milk was safe. They suggested that it been operating since that time. This took a great burden
be submitted to the American Medical Association [AMA]. off Dr. Miller’s shoulders and left him free to do medical
So at once Dr. Miller contacted Dr. Earl Baxter, Professor and nutritional research work. “It was then decided to start
of Pediatrics at the Ohio State University Medical School, the International Nutrition Research Foundation and Dr.
and he agreed to conduct some feeding experiments with soy Miller was asked to be the Director of this Foundation. He
milk. These studies showed that “babies could be nourished placed a larger part of the purchase price of the factory into
as well on soy milk.” In Tokyo, Dr. Choei Ishibashi (later this Foundation, which would be devoted to food research
president of the Japan Medical Society) also did meticulous only. From the day this research institution was started it
feeding tests with infants, using the powdered soy milk Dr. has attracted a great deal of attention from all parts of the
Miller had sent after World War II. Over a period of many world; among those interested parties has been the World
months, he compared the blood, measurement, and growth Health Organization of the United Nations. They came to the
records of babies fed soy milk with those fed animal milk conclusion that soy milk had great possibilities in countries

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of low economic conditions where they could not afford spread... After seeing the ready acceptance by the nursing
to buy imported [cow’s] milk,” and in protein-deficient staff and patients of the Tokyo Sanitarium and Hospital of
countries. They came to Mt. Vernon to investigate both the soy milk and soy cream made daily from a small fabricated
soy milk plant and the experimental research. Dr. Miller plant of equipment procurable in Japan, we conceived the
educated them on the many benefits of using protein from idea of such additions to be made to the tofu plants... We
soybeans instead of from animals. As a result, the United fitted up a small tofu plant out in a rural district with a
Nations constructed a large soy milk plant in Djojakarta homogenizer and a few utensils for milk handling. The milk
[Jogjakarta / Yogyakarta] Indonesia. It was built with the is being bottled and capped there, and the local community is
advice of Dr. S.S. De (who has headquarters in Bangkok, most appreciative. Since it sells at half the cost of fresh dairy
Thailand) and the support of the Government of Indonesia, milk it leaves a modest profit for the local shop.”
FAO, UNICEF, and WHO.
137. American Soybean Association. 1960. Soybean Blue
134. Johnson, Dale W.; Circle, Sidney J. 1959. Multipurpose Book. Hudson, Iowa: American Soybean Assoc. 144 p
quality protein offers “plus” factors. Food Processing Advertisers’ index. 22 cm.
(Chicago) 20(3):36-38, 53-55. March. Reprinted for Central • Summary: Contents: American Soybean Association.
Soya Co., Inc. Japanese American Soybean Institute. National Soybean
• Summary: Promine isolated soybean protein contains Processors Association. Soybean Council of America.
92% protein, is free of undesirable flavor characteristics, Midsouth Soybean and Grain Shippers Association. Ontario
and has no indigestible carbohydrates. Gives a list of almost Soya-Bean Growers’ Marketing Board. U.S. Department
100 products in which Promine may be used, including of Agriculture: Agronomic Research (ARS), Disease
bakery products, cereal products, confections, “dairy type Research, Entomological Research, Utilization Research
products (Cheddar-type cheese, ‘cream’, all vegetable,’ and Development (Northern Utilization Division [NRRL],
‘cream cheese,’ ‘cottage cheese,’ flavored drinks, fortified Eastern, Southern, Western), Marketing Research.
‘milk,’ frozen desserts, ‘ice cream,’ margarine, sour ‘cream,’ Tables: (1) World soybean production. (2) Canadian
spreads, whipped toppings, ‘whipped cream,’ ‘yogurt’), egg soybean production. (3) Soybean production, utilization
type products, edible coatings, macaroni type products, meat and value, 1936-1959 Canada. (4) Soybean crushings in
and meat type products, oriental type food products (incl. Canada. (5) Soybean production–United States (with acreage
tofu and yuba), specialty foods, and animal feeds. and yield), 1924-1959. (6) U.S. Soybean production by
Note: This is the earliest English-language document states (1959). (7) U.S. soybean production, supply, and
seen (March 2007) that uses the term “Cheddar-type cheese” utilization (incl. exports, carryover), 1924-1959. (8) U.S.
to refer to a Western-style soy cheese. Address: 1. Manager, soybean production, acreage, and yield by state, 1924-1959.
Edible Protein Products; 2. Research Associate, Chemurgy (9) U.S. soybeans: Inspected receipts. (10) U.S. soybeans–
Div., Central Soya Co., Inc. supply and distribution, 1952-1959 (1,000 bushels). (11)
U.S. Soybean oil meal and cake production, supply and
135. Alikonis, Justin J. 1959. Those new soy proteins: Come utilization, 1924-1959 (1,000 tons). (12) Soybean oil, meal
in striking variety, often out-perform others, cost you less. and cake production and stocks by states, 1955-1958. (13)
Food Engineering 31(4):104-5. April. Oilseed cake a meals, supply and distribution, Oct. 1950-59.
• Summary: Discusses the isolation of soybean proteins, with Incl. soybean, cottonseed, linseed, peanut, copra, total. (14)
a table showing the amino acid content of these proteins. Production of protein concentrates (cake and meal), 1937-
“Unmodified” soy proteins are used in “all-vegetable frozen 41 (avg.) to 1951-59. Incl. soybean, linseed, cottonseed,
desserts.” The sodium proteinates are employed in fried copra, gluten feed and meal, tankage and meat scraps, fish
foods as fat-blocking agents. Most extensively used are the cake and meal, dried milk products (dried and concentrated
chemically modified whipping agents. Address: Director, Al- skim milk, buttermilk, and whey used for animal feed),
Chem Lab., Inc., Bloomington, Illinois. other milk products (fed on farms), total. Note: In 1953-
54,395,000 tons of dried milk products were fed to animals.
136. Miller, Harry W. 1959. Why Japan needs soy milk. (15) U.S. soy flour production. (16) Production and exports
Soybean Digest. April. p. 16-17. of soy flour and grits (incl. full fat, low fat, and defatted
• Summary: “It was an opportunity greatly appreciated to products, exported commercially or to military). (17)
study the needs of the Japanese people nutritionally during Production of mellorine [frozen dessert where vegetable oil
my 7 months’ responsibilities as surgeon and physician at replaces butterfat], 1953-59, by month. (18) U.S. fats and
the Tokyo Sanitarium and Hospital... The idea of a soybean oils production, 1937-41 (avg.) to 1959. Incl. Butter, lard,
beverage and milk from the soybean for soups and cooking edible beef fats, total edible animal fats, corn oil, cottonseed,
was something altogether new... We set us a small pilot plant edible olive oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, total edible vegetable
where we made soy milk, soy cream, soy ice cream, and soy oils, inedible oils. (19) Soybean oil utilization, 1931-1959

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(million lb). Incl. Foods: Margarine, shortening, other, total, (Brockville, Ontario, Canada), Salad and cooking oils,
Non-food products: Soap, paint & varnish, other drying shortening, sausage binders, seasonings, soups, soybean
oil products, miscellaneous, loss, total, total domestic oil, soybeans for cooking and sprouting, soy butter (Town
disappearance. (20) Same as No. 19 but in percentages. Food Co., Riverside, California, makes “Town: soy lecithin
(21) Utilization of soybean products, 1955-56 to 1958- spread; Shedd-Bartush Foods, Detroit, Michigan, makes
59. Incl. meal and oil: Livestock feed, industrial, fertilizer, “Willow Run” soy spread), soy cheese [tofu], soy flour, grits
export. (22) Prices of U.S. soybeans, by month and season and flakes, soy flour mixes, soy milk, soy sauce, sprouts,
average, 1923-1959. (23) Same as No. 22 but only for vitamins, whipping agents.
No. 1 yellow: Chicago, Illinois country shipping points, Manufacturers of industrial products employing
Minneapolis. (24) Same as No. 21 but soybeans for crushing, soybeans (p. 94-95): Caulking compounds & floor tile,
No. 2 yellow. (25) Value of U.S. soybean crop, 1925-59 coated papers & leather dressing, fire-fighting foam,
(thousand dollars) in these states: Total USA, Illinois, Iowa, glues, plywood & adhesives, insecticides, laminating,
Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Minnesota. (26) Soybean price lecithin, oilcloth and coated fabrics, paints and varnishes
support operations, 1932-33 to 1959-60. Started in 1941- (13 companies), paper sizings, wallpaper and wallboard
42 and has continued to the present, with a peak of $2.56 coatings, resins, soaps, soybean fatty acids (8 companies),
per bushel in 1953-55. (27) Price spread, soybeans and end soybean oil. Services for the industry (p. 96-109): Analysts,
products, 1945-1958. Spread between price received by appraisals, brokers, commission merchants & jobbers,
farmers and value of products. (28) Prices of U.S. soybean consultants, engineering services, export elevators, exporters
oil meal (44% protein), 1929-1959 by month. (29) Prices of & importers, export warehousing and handling, farm
U.S. crude soybean oil, by month, 1929-30 to 1959-60. (30) management, field warehousing, futures market, market
Imports, exports, soybeans, oil and meal. analysis, mill construction contractors, milling service,
(31) Soybeans: Inspections for export, 1957-59, with miscellaneous services, oil transports, transportation.
country of destination and port of departure. (32) U.S. trade Equipment and supplies for the soybean industry (p.
in soybeans, fats and oils. (33) Oil and fat exports under 110-32): Aspirators, bagging equipment, belting, chains,
P.L. 480. Total, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, Oct. 1954 to conveyors, elevators, defoliants, drying and aeration
Sept. 1959. Incl. country of destination, the top four being equipment (farm driers, grain driers, meal driers), dust
Turkey, Pakistan, Israel, and Egypt. (34) Imports, exports control systems & dust collectors, elevator buckets,
cake and meal, 1929-1958, incl. cottonseed, soybean, fans, farm equipment, fertilizers, fumigants, fungicides,
linseed, peanut, copra. Exports incl. country of destination. germinators, grain and seed cleaning and separation
(33) Soybeans: Crushings and yields of oil and meal. (35) equipment, grain grading equipment & moisture testers,
Bar chart: Major markets for U.S. soybeans since 1953: grain handling equipment, granulators, grinding & mixing
West Germany, Netherlands, Other Europe, Japan, Canada, equipment, herbicides, insecticides & pesticides, inoculants,
Other. (36) Composition of soybean seeds, by variety, incl. laboratory equipment, man-lifts, material level indicators,
Maturity Group No., % protein, % oil, weight of 100 seeds in materials handling equipment, miscellaneous equipment,
grams. (37) Amino acids of soy protein. (38) Composition of packaging materials, pelleting machines, power transmission
Lecithin. (39) Composition of soybean oil, by variety. Incl. equipment, pumps, respirators, seed protectants, sifters,
linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, saturated acids. soil testing, soybean storage (elevator & processing units,
Official standards for soybeans, Revised effective farm units), spraying and irrigating equipment, temperature
Sept. 1, 1955. Soy flour standards, for full-fat, low-fat, and systems, transportation equipment, truck lifts, unloaders,
defatted. Densities of various soybean products. Map of the waterproofing, weighing and packaging equipment.
USA showing the best adapted soybean varieties for each Soybean processing [crushing] and oil refining
major soybean producing state. Directories: Processors of equipment and supplies (p. 134-42): Bleaching and filtering
soybeans, by state, with address and names of officers (p. 56- equipment, catalysts, complete plants [for crushing],
74). Canadian soybean processors (p. 74). Manufacturers of continuous counter-current solvent extractors, continuous
50% protein soybean meal (by state, p. 76). Foreign soybean screw presses, degumming, deodorization, fractionation,
processors, by country (p. 78-81). Refiners of soybean oil, hydraulic pressing equipment, hydrogenation, margarine,
by state (p. 82-84). Manufacturers and handlers of soy foods miscellaneous equipment, neutralization, shortening, solvent
(p. 86-93): Beverages, breakfast foods, canners of green recovery, solvents, soybean seed [suppliers and private
vegetable soybeans, canners of mature soybeans, cookies, breeders], vegetable soybean seed. Advertisers’ index. Incl.
crackers, toasts and wafers, frozen desserts (companies Allied Mills, V.D. Anderson, ADM, Arkansas Grain Corp.,
that make vegetable oils used in frozen desserts), health Big 4 Cooperative Processing Assn., Blaw-Knox Co., Buhler
food store & supply houses, lecithin, macaroni, spaghetti Mill Engineering Co., Cargill Inc., Central Soya Co., Crown
& noodles, margarine, meat substitutes, proteins (Griffith Iron Works Co., Dannen Mills Inc., Delphos Grain and Soya
Labs, Gunther, Worthington Foods), pudding powders Products Co., Albert Dickinson Co., Louis Dreyfus Corp.,

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Esso Standard Oil, Farmers Cooperative Assn., Farmers’ soybeans, pineapple ring with soybean dressing, soybean
Cooperative Co., Felco Soybean Oil Meal Dealers, French butter, and apple pie with crust of soybean. For drinks the
Oil Mill Machinery Co., Funk Bros. Seed Co., Galesburg choice was soybean milk, cocoa made with soybean milk,
Soy Products Co., General Mills Inc., Jacob Hartz Seed Co., or soybean coffee. The bread, made of soybean flour would
Inc., Honeymead Products Co., Huntley Mfg. Co., Illinois keep fresh nine days, the magnate said, and he urged us to
Soy Products Co., Iowa Milling Co., Iowa Soya Co., Jensen slip a slice in our pockets to prove the point.
Mills, Kansas Soya Products Co, Inc., Spencer Kellogg “Though the Ford executives seemed to enjoy the
& Sons, Inc., Lauhoff Soya Co., Albert Lea Engineering luncheon, nothing we newsmen ate that day led us to foresee
Co., North Iowa Cooperative Processing Assn., Penola Oil that soybeans were destined a few years later to become an
Co., Phillips Petroleum Co., Pillsbury Co., Port of New ingredient in many popular food products, some of them
Orleans, Quincy Soybean Products Co., Rice Grain Corp., delicious. We accepted as reasonable the possibility that
Seedburo Equipment Co. (measures oil content of soybeans the bean might become a leading cattle feed or industrial
in 10 minutes), Skelly Oil Co., A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., T.W. material, and we all felt Ford’s chef had outdone himself in
Wood & Sons (Seedsmen since 1879; Richmond, Virginia). versatility for this occasion.” Note: This document contains
Address: Hudson, Iowa. the earliest date seen for Henry Ford’s work with soy ice
cream (between July 1934 and July 1935, since Ford was
138. Soybean Blue Book. 1960. Production of mellorine. p. born on 30 July 1863 and was age 71 at the time of this
35. meal).
• Summary: A table (the first of its type seen in the Blue “After lunch, Mr. Ford led us through his vast, high-
Book) shows the amount of “mellorine-type” frozen desserts ceilinged laboratory. He walked steadily, putting his feet
produced in the United States each year from 1953 to straight ahead as an Indian does. He wore old-fashioned
1959. The six columns are: 1953-57 average. 1957. 1958, shoes made for him by a cobbler he maintained in an antique
Estimated 1959. Percentage change from 1953-57 average. shop in Greenfield Village. He was about average height,
Percentage change from 1958. In each year column is given only slightly stooped, and as thin as Mahatma Gandhi. He
the amount produced each month (the most is produced could chin himself five times without drawing a deep breath,
each July) and the total for the year. The twelve-month and as most of us knew, from previous visits, he liked to
total was: 1953-57–31.095 million gallons. 1957–34.161 challenge reporters to a 50-yard race, especially if they were
million gallons. 1958–39.571 million gallons. 1959 fat...
estimated–43.450 million gallons, and increase of 40% over “The automobile king, who often fired predictions
the 1953-57 average, and an increase of 10% over 1958. from the hip, had scored some wide misses in his role of
Note: Mellorine is a lower cost alternative to ice cream, free-ranging prophet. But this one [concerning the future of
wherein other fats are used instead of butterfat. It can be soybeans] proved to be a spectacular hit... By 1959, soybeans
made out of animal fat and/or vegetable oil. had climbed to fifth place among all American crops...
“The Old Man’s last connection with soybeans contains
139. Strother, Robert S. 1961. Henry Ford and his magic an ironic reverse twist. It came when he gave a barely
beanstalk. Quest. Autumn-Winter. p. 23-27. Condensed in perceptible nod that set bulldozers to work ploughing up
Reader’s Digest. Nov. 1961, p. 188-92. a nourishing soybean crop. The time was April, 1941, and
• Summary: A colorful overview of Henry Ford’s work with the place was Willow Run. Eleven months later the world’s
soybeans and soyfoods. “One day back in the 1930’s, I was largest airplane factory stood on the soybean field and in it
summoned, along with half a dozen other Detroit newsmen, production rose to a war-time peak of one complete bomber
to a special luncheon in Dearborn, Michigan. Our host was an hour.
the first Henry Ford, then at one of the several pinnacles of “The history books credit Ford with pioneering
his fabulous career. The luncheon, and the conversation that industrial mass production techniques. His role in promoting
went with it in the pine-panelled dining room in the Ford factory uses for farm products rates only a footnote. Yet it,
Engineering Laboratory, consisted entirely of soybeans. too, brought changes felt everywhere today. And of all his
The peppery old motor magnate, then a vigorous 71, held great achievements this may well have pleased him most–his
no convictions lightly, and soybeans were his current contribution to the proof that, indeed, there was industrial
enthusiasm. From the moment he strode in and took his seat magic in a beanstalk.”
at the head of the long oval table we talked of nothing else...
“At the luncheon that day Ford saw to it that everyone 140. Hunter, Beatrice Trum. 1961. The natural foods
gave the food a fair trial. His sharp blue eyes were on us cookbook. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, and
as we politely worked our way through 16 soybean foods, Pyramid Books. xvi + 296 p. Index. 22 cm. Pyramid Books
starting with salted soybeans and ending with soybean ice pocketbook ed. published in 1967.
cream and soybean cookies. There were buttered green • Summary: This very early and important natural foods

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cookbook contains more than 2,000 recipes. The Introduction in the category titled “Smoothies” contain some kind of
is written by Dr. Clive M. McCay, Professor of Nutrition, milk (either cow’s milk or milk made from a seed–soy milk,
Cornell University, New York, and Dr. Jeanette B. McCay, almond milk, peanut milk, cashew milk, coconut milk, anise
nutritionist. The pages numbers are those in the original milk). About half of the smoothies contain fruits or fruit
1961 hardcover edition. The author calls tofu “soy cheese” juices (orange juice, fresh berries, strawberries). None of
and uses it in many recipes, including mashed in a recipe for the smoothies contain ice cream, frozen yogurt, or any other
“soy cheese sherbet” (p. 204). This book is not vegetarian frozen dessert or frozen food. Therefore a smoothie seems to
(some recipes call for beef, chicken, fish, etc.), but was be like a milk shake but without the ice cream.
quite influential in the early days of the U.S. natural foods The recipe for “Milk-Soy Smoothie” (p. 27) reads:
movement. 4 cups milk. ½ cup soy flour. 4 tablespoons molasses. 2
Soy-related recipes include: Soy spreads (p. 14-15): Soy eggs, raw. ½ teaspoon pure vanilla extract. 3 tablespoons
flour spread. Soybean spread (in blender). Soy cheese [tofu] nutritional yeast. Blend all ingredients. Serves 4-6.
spread. Soy butter (made from soy flour, regular or roasted, The section titled “Nut butters (p. 29-30) gives a recipe
and oil). Smoothies (p. 26-29). Soybean-cheese salad (p. for homemade peanut butter with “Variations: Homemade
35). Soybean-vegetable salad. Soybean molded salad. Soy nut butter may be made from raw almonds, filberts,
butter dressing (with soy butter, p. 41). Soy cheese dressing. pignolias, walnuts (English and black), cashews, Brazil nuts,
Eggless mayonnaise (with soy flour). Soybean soup (p. 49). etc. Most of these nuts have enough oil so that no extra oil
Cream of soy soup (with soybeans in blender). Soy-vegetable need be added.” On p. 30 is a recipe for “Homemade peanut-
soup (with soy milk in blender, p. 54). Soy noodles (with soy sunflower seed butter.”
flour, p. 59). Green soybeans in pods (p. 70). Steamed green By the time of the 19th printing, in Jan. 1974, this book
soybeans. Soy grits stuffing (for fowl, p. 127). Homemade had sold over one million copies.
soy cheese (also known as soybean curd or tofu; from soy Note 2. This is the earliest document or book seen (Dec.
milk or soy flour, p. 137). 2001) after 1960 with the term “natural foods” in the title.
Soybeans (p. 142-44): Basic soybean filler. Broiled Note 3. An advertisement for this book appeared in
soyburgers. Soybean ring (in blender). Baked soybean the July 1965 issue of Natural Food and Farming (p. 40).
croquettes. Soybean casserole. Baked soybeans. Soybean- Address: White Mountains, New Hampshire [by July 1965:
lentil loaf. Stewed soybeans. Soybean soufflé. Soybean Hillsboro, NH 03244].
squares. Roasted soybeans (dry-roasted). Leftover soybeans.
Soy-oatmeal porridge (with soy grits, p. 162). Soy-cornmeal 141. Waerland, Ebba (Langenskiöld). 1961. Rebuilding
porridge. Soy sprouts (p. 163). Soy breads (p. 179-80): health: The Waerland method of natural therapy, with case
Kneaded soy-wholewheat bread. No-knead soy-wholewheat histories. Translated from the Swedish by Isabella M. Gibbs.
bread. Soy spoon bread. Unraised soy biscuits (p. 184). New York, NY: Devin-Adair Co. 252 p. Foreword to the
Soy-gluten popovers (p. 189). All-soy pancakes (p. 192). American ed. by Royal Lee. 21 cm.
Soy waffles (p. 195). Soy cheese sherbet (with tofu, honey, • Summary: Ebba Waerland was born Ebba Margaretha
vanilla, and nutmeg, p. 204). Soy cookies (p. 238). Flourless Langenskiöld on 15 October 1897 in Stockholm, Sweden,
soy cookies. Soy-wholewheat cookies. Soy-cheese piecrust of Finnish ancestry on both sides. In 1922 she married
(with soy flour). Spiced soybean pie (with boiled, pureed Eduard Hoffman, a German diplomat, and had two children.
soybeans, p. 250). Her husband died in 1940. In 1946 she married the famous
The section titled “Smoothies” (p. 26-29) contains nutritional physiologist, writer, and philosopher, Are
the following recipes (those followed by an asterisk {*} Waerland, who was the founder of the reformed diet and the
contain dairy products and no soy unless stated in recipe reformed way of life which bears his name and now extends
name; the directions for all recipes in this section is “Blend to the far corners of the earth. Sanatoriums based on his
all ingredients”): Homemade soybean milk (from whole principles are found in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy,
soybeans, or from soy flour). Spiced soy milk. Soy-fig and Iceland, and the Waerland diet is available in hotels and
shake (with soy milk). Milk-soy smoothie (with soy flour)*. boarding houses in many countries.
Almond milk. Peanut milk. Cashew milk. Milk-wholewheat Page 13 gives the “Seven golden rules for health,” which
shake*. Orange-coconut milk*. Coconut milk. Milk fruit include eating lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with uncooked
shrub*. Strawberry smoothie.* Apricot shake*. Anise milk*. green and root vegetables, sleeping with the windows open
Milk smoothie*. Fruit milk shake*. Banana smoothie*. and spending as much time as possible in pure, fresh air,
Lemon egg nog*. Honey egg nog*. Carob milk*. Carob and cultivating a positive, cheerful attitude toward life. Are
smoothie. The recipes followed by an asterisk contain 2-4 Waerland said: “We are not concerned with diseases but with
cups cow’s milk and no soy. Note 1. This is the earliest mistakes in living. Get rid of the mistakes and the diseases
document seen (July 2013) that mentions “smoothie” or will disappear by themselves.” Chapter 3 is his “Daily
“smoothies” in connection with soy. All of the 22 recipes program for health.”

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Page 208 notes that soya beans can be sprouted in the processing and use of soy liquid and powdered milk
same way as wheat. (Continued–Document part II). In: USDA Northern Regional
Research Laboratory, ed. 1962. Proceedings of Conference
142. Chen, Philip S.; Chen, Helen D. 1962. Soybeans for on Soybean Products for Protein in Human Foods. Peoria,
health, longevity, and economy. 2nd ed. South Lancaster, IL: USDA NRRL. iii + 242 p. See p. 149-56.
Massachusetts: The Chemical Elements. xii + 242 p. Jan. • Summary: Continued. “Once we have obtained a fiber-
Illust. Index. 21 cm. 1st ed. 1956. [24 ref] free milklike fluid from the soybean, containing the water
• Summary: This book is identical to the original 1956 dispersal nutrients of protein, oil, carbohydrate, minerals, and
edition, third printing (the dedication is to William J. vitamins processed to make them nutritionally acceptable,
Morse and Harry W. Miller), except that: (1) Table 1, titled it no becomes a question as to formulation. No standards
“Soybean production in the United States” (p. 2) gives have yet been set for the resulting formula. Composition
statistics to 1960, instead of 1958. (2) Appendix B (p. 224- of soy milk today has been a matter largely decided by the
36) has been updated based on the 1961 Soybean Blue Book. respective manufacturers.
(3) The dust jacket has been updated. On the rear dust jacket “Dr. E. A. Ruddiman working in the early 4O’s at
is a portrait photo of Dr. Philip Chen and a biographical Dearborn with the Ford Foundation, tackled this subject
sketch. (4) The paper is slightly thicker. in a paper to the A.S.A. suggesting that cow’s milk be the
Note: In 1962 Chen wrote A New Look at God, standard. Few pediatricians today accept that for infant
published by Chemical Elements (288 p.). Address: 1. Prof. feeding.
of Chemistry, Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, “We know fairly well what are obtained from the
Massachusetts; 2. National Science Foundation Fellow, hydrated bean with 7 parts of water to 1 part of bean by
Cornell Univ. weight; namely, 3.64 percent protein; 1.8 percent fat; and
considering 40 percent of carbohydrate to be edible, a usable
143. Anson, M.L. 1962. Oilseed proteins in foods. Archives 1.5 percent dextrines, sucrose, and starch. In brief, the edible
of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Supplement 1. p. 68-77. [23 entities extracted from the soybean of fat and carbohydrates
ref] are each half that of the protein.
• Summary: “A major occupation of man is to feed plant “To this, additives can be added to formulate human
materials to animals and to use the animals as a source of milk, cow’s milk, cream, and ice cream mixes of any
animal protein foods. It is now possible, by applications variation desired. The types of beans used, methods of
of modern biochemistry and technology, to feed oilseed manufacture, causes variation in availability of nutrients and
materials into a factory and to come out with protein foods elements found in various preparations, so that chemical
similar to animal protein foods in nutritional value, taste and formulae do not always coincide with usability of nutrient.
texture. “Thus far I have dealt with a nonfiber soy milk made
“Protein technologies were developed in the Orient either from the whole soybean, or dehulled, using only
thousands of years ago to produce products such as soybean the cotyledons. This is the practice of the Orient and it is
curd and fermentation foods which still play a big role in my belief that human nutrition is so important that we can
the protein economies of hundreds of millions of people. afford to sacrifice to animal feed the fiber and small amount
The modern oilseed meals now produced at very low price of ingredients that cling to it in order to obtain the rich
give promise of being very useful in the fight against protein ingredients in soluble form. It is still economical compared
malnutrition in poor countries.” with other similar products on the market.
“During World War II, Henry Ford, who had the soybean “However, some researchers have been making milk
religion, made large amounts of good ‘ice cream’ entirely from the whole dehulled soybean used in entirety, giving us 3
from soy protein and fat, until he was stopped. The Chinese percent fiber on a dry basis. For older children and adults this
have a variety of cheese made from soybeans.” can do quite well when formulated. We have objected to the
In the section titled “Ancient foods based on oilseeds,” fiber on the grounds that animal milks are fiber free, and on
the author discusses soy milk and bean curd (tofu) in detail. coagulation we get a rough, tough curd as compared with a
He notes that traditional fermented foods serve primarily as smooth, jellylike curd made from a fiber-free liquid. Isolated
a source of flavor, and perhaps of vitamins. “In Japan today protein, either in entirety or combined with raw soy milk can
scores of thousands of factories, big and little, make the be processed and formulated into a fiber-free milk. Here we
traditional soy foods. These factories use up not only local need to be careful of having the proper additives. We have
soybeans but almost 10% of the huge American crop. The made fiber-free milk from the 70 percent soluble soy flakes
Japanese eat much more soy protein than meat protein.” or grits, and when fortified with vitamins and minerals, good
Address: 100 Eaton Square, London, S.W.1, England. growth records have resulted in animal feeding.
“We may say that protein is protein from the soybean,
144. Miller, Harry W. 1962. Traditional methods of but too long processing at too high temperature, and too

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much exposure to chemical changes leaves a question in producer gets for his crops.
our minds as to whether we destroy its soy nutritive values. “The soybean is rightly called, because of its
We do know that all soy milk needs a heat treatment above comparative wealth nutritionally, “gold from the soil.”
boiling to destroy the trypsin inhibitors. It ranks as the most outstanding product Americans can
“The one outstanding problem of soy milk, whether export if rightly processed for world nutritional relief. Great
from the whole soybean, or its extracted solubles, is a progress has been made in the adaptation of soy formulated
characteristic soybean flavor. Since soy milk looks white like foods for animal and pet diets. The soybean, in the light of
animal milk, those accustomed to animal milk think it should what role it has had in preserving the millions of Southeast
taste like cow’s milk, especially since it is called a milk. Asia people for centuries, deserves the combined efforts of
The dairy people object to the word ‘milk’ used in reference scientists, nutritionists, and financiers to lift it into a human
to soy milk, claiming the term ‘milk’ designates an animal acceptable and economical available food.
secretion. “The soybean is variously called ‘gold from the soil’ or
“Trying to overcome this prejudice of the laity has led ‘meat without bones.’ With its multitudinous variety of ways
to much experimental work. We shall not be able to simulate to incorporate it in the human diet, I would like to give one
the taste of cow’s milk unless we use some derivative of more fitting title to it as a ‘universal protective factor of diet.’
animal milk, but we can mask the soy flavor by processing Animal milk has served this role in Western lands, but is of
methods, also by additives of distinctive flavors. limited availability. Soybeans incorporated in the national
“I wish to conclude this paper by referring to the diets as a milk and cheese, and its many other recipes, if
widespread possibilities of the utilization of the soybean, supplied in adequate quantities insures balanced nutrition.
and the economics involved. We assume that for adequate It is a body builder from infancy to the age limit. It is
nutrition all nations of mankind need a milk beverage, unique compared with other agriculture products in that it is
especially in the very earliest years of life to promote available as a liquid, curd, or solid, as whole beans and flour.
adequate nutrition. The possibility of achieving this lies only “Yet, as a food supplier, the soybean has had little
with the soybean. The human, as well as all other mammals, scientific research or the help of modern trained technicians.
require a milk for post-natal feedings. Soybeans can make We still hark back to the know-how of the Oriental people
this possible for the entire human race through improved and who have learned to relish the soybean and know of its
extended agricultural production and efficient processing building power, and enjoy its energy yield.
methods, and within the reach of the meager economies of “We depend on flash pasteurization and a vacuum
nations. pull to de-bitter the beany odor and taste, but no one has
“Using the formula of animal milk, from l pound of come up with the answer, to what it is and from what it
soybeans we can obtain sufficient protein extracted to comes–the fat or carbohydrate component. We have had
formulate a gallon of milk. This pound of soybeans yields some success in a cheddar cheese, but so far have not been
all needed protein, half of the required oil, and some of the able to make a cheese that melts. It is to be hoped as a
edible carbohydrate. The B vitamins, together with some result of the study and interest that prompted this assembly
minerals are present, and other vitamins can be added at low that chemists, technicians, and dietitians, along with the
cost. At the market value of the sum total of constituents agriculturists, can solve these interesting problems. It may
needed to constitute a gallon of formulated vitamized soy be that an agronomist will come up with a new soybean
milk less than 15 cents is required, and these figures answer with a delicious flavor.” Address: M.D., Director Emeritus,
quite well for most parts of the world. While vitamins cost International Nutrition Research Foundation, 11503 Pierce
more in certain areas than they do here, added carbohydrates Blvd., Arlington, California.
and the oil is cheaper in certain areas. The greatest expense,
of course, is in processing equipment. Low-cost small 145. Jacobson, Robert E.; Bartlett, Roland W. 1963. The ice
pilot plants operated by cheap labor in countries of low cream and frozen dessert industry: Changes and challenges.
economic resources seem very practical. These figures and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 694. 24
statements are verified through the operation of several p. April. [9 ref]
small pilot plants in Southeast Asia countries. The United • Summary: This is an excellent, detailed study of the frozen
States and China produce soybeans abundantly, and with dessert industry and market in America–with extensive
the rising prices of soybeans, they are still the best buy of information on mellorine. Contents: Definition of terms. The
any agriculture product produced from the soil when their rise of new products: Ice milk most popular new product,
contained nutrients are used to sustain human life. milk sherbet at peak during World War II, other frozen
“It must be remembered that nearly all Afro-Asiatic desserts, mellorine (p. 11-14). Factors associated with higher
people cannot afford containers, or the overhead cost of per capita sales of frozen desserts: Income, price, lower unit
merchandising. They live largely on foods they produce and costs, new low-calorie desserts, improved uniform quality,
prepare at a consumer cost little above what the agriculture more and bigger packages, greater availability through food

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 88

stores and year-round sales. Summary. Outlook for frozen The Chil-Zert case is discussed on pages 43-44. Chil-
dairy products. Zert was found to be an imitation product because there
In 1930 the main uses of milk for human consumption was (1) identity in method of manufacture, (2) identity of
were: butter (44.7% of total), fluid milk and cream (42.8%), ingredients, and (3) substitution of one element for another.
cheese (5.3%), evaporated and condensed milk (3.9%), and “Chil-Zert contained the identical ingredients of chocolate
frozen dairy desserts (3.1%). In 1960 the main uses of milk ice cream, except for the substitution of vegetable fat for
for human consumption were fluid milk and cream (48.7% milk-fat protein... Chil-Zert and chocolate ice cream were
of total, up 13.8%), butter (25.8%, down 42.3%), cheese manufactured in the same manner and with use of similar
(11.2%, up 111%), evaporated and condensed milk (4.6%, up machinery.” Chil-Zert was sold frozen like ice cream, and
17.9%), and frozen dairy desserts (7.9%, up 154.8%). Thus it had the same taste, appearance, color, texture, body and
frozen dairy desserts increased at the fastest rate during this melting qualities. Address: Michigan.
30-year period.
Ice cream consumption dropped sharply during the 147. Lager, Mildred; Jones, Dorothea Van Gundy. 1963. The
Depression years of 1929-1933, then rose rapidly until the soybean cookbook: Adventures in zestful eating. New York,
World War II years 1943-45, when butterfat and total milk NY: Devin-Adair Co. xiv + 240 p. Foreword by Ruth Stout.
solids were rationed. “War Price Board regulation M-271, Index. 22 cm.
issued in December 1942, restricted total milk solids used • Summary: The copyright page states: “Note: This is a
by the frozen dairy industry to 60 percent of the amount revised and updated version of a privately printed book,
used in October 1942. War Food Order No. 8 replaced this How to Use the Soybean, by Mildred Lager which was first
regulation in February of 1943 and limited milk solids usage printed in 1955 and reprinted in 1959.” This lacto-ovo-
to 65 percent of the December 1941-December 1942 base vegetarian cookbook contains over 350 recipes, including 72
period level, exclusive of amounts used for armed forces. tofu recipes.
When this final restriction was removed, September 1, 1945, Contents: Preface to 1955 edition. Preface to 1963
ice cream production and consumption increased to record edition. Part I: The versatile soybean. History of the soybean.
levels. Per capita consumption of ice cream fell sharply after Nutritional value. Abbreviations and special terms. Soup
1946 and reached a postwar low of 3.67 gallons in 1950. to nuts: Introduction, green soybeans [green vegetable
Since that year ice cream production has increased by about soybeans], dry soybeans, roasted soybeans, sprouted
150 million gallons, and per capita consumption has climbed soybeans, the cow of China–soy milk (kinds of soy milk),
slowly and steadily.” “the meat without a bone”–tofu or soy cheese, the little giant
Since 1950 new frozen dessert products have been among protein foods–soy flour, soy grits and bits (puffed
on the rise. Ice milk, sherbet, other frozen dairy desserts, grits), soy oil and soy butter, meat replacement foods,
mellorine, and water ices have been responsible for 80% of sandwich spreads, malts, coffee substitutes, soy sauce, other
the growth in per capita consumption of all frozen desserts soy products (soy albumen, Glidden’s product that contains
since 1950. In 1930 ice cream constituted 100% of frozen on a dry basis 96.6% protein [soy protein isolate]).
dessert gallonage, but in 1940 it comprised only 93.7%, Part II: Soybean recipes. Green soybeans. Dry soybeans.
followed by ice milk (3.1%) and sherbet (2.4%). By 1950 Roasted or toasted soybeans. Sprouted soybeans. Meat
ice cream accounted for only 87.3% of the total, dropping to replacement dishes. Soy noodles, macaroni, and spaghetti.
72.2% in 1960. Also in 1960 ice milk made up 15.0% of the Sauces and gravies. Soy soups. Salads. Soy spreads and soy
total followed by mellorine (4.6%), and sherbet (4.2%). butter [“a butter resembling peanut butter may be made from
finely ground soybeans or soy flour... Roasted soy butter
146. State of Michigan in the Court of Appeals. 1963. is made from the roasted beans that have been ground into
Coffee-Rich, Inc. and Mildred L. Larck (plaintiffs and a fine flour.”]. Soy milk. Tofu or soy cheese. Soy cereals
appellees) vs. Michigan Department of Agriculture: Brief of and breakfast dishes. Soy desserts. Soy candies. Soy flour
plaintiffs-appellees. Detroit, Michigan. 62 p. Calendar No. breads: Full-fat soy flour, low-fat or fat-free soy flour. Pastry.
266. Cookies. Cakes. Extra tips. Appendix. Menus.
• Summary: This suit began in late 1961 as Rich Products The chapter titled “History of the Soybean” (p.
attempted to protect its sales of Coffee-Rich in the state 3-7) discusses: W.J. Morse and the U.S. Department of
of Michigan. This document is an appeal from the Circuit Agriculture, Dr. J.A. LeClerc, the American Soybean
Court for the County of Wayne, Hon. George E. Bowles, Association (which has held a national convention every
Circuit Judge. John R. Dykema and Ellis Arnall represented year since it was founded in 1920), its publication Soybean
Rich Products. On 23 Dec. 1963 it was decided that Coffee- Digest, Henry Ford and his work with both industrial and
Rich was not an imitation cream, milk, or half-and-half and edible soy products, T.A. Van Gundy, Harry W. Miller, M.D.,
therefore did not need to have the word “imitation” printed Dr. Clive McCay of Cornell University (Ithaca, New York),
on its label. and the Sept. 1961 Conference on Soybean Products for

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Protein in Human Foods (held at Peoria, Illinois). the crepe-word ‘imitation’ on the company’s new coffee-
Concerning T.A. Van Gundy we read (p. 5): “The father Rich coffee whitener–a replacement for traditional dairy
of one of the authors, T.A. Van Gundy, became interested in cream.
the nutritional value of soybeans while attending the World’s “Because the issues involved in the Kansas decision
Fair in San Francisco in 1915, where they were featured in are typical of all seven states in which Coffee-Rich has
the Oriental exhibits. Upon going home he purchased some overcome the legal challenge of local dairy interests, Food
soybeans and began experimenting in them. As far as we Processing is reproducing in toto the Syllabus and opinion
know he was the first person on the Pacific Coast to develop handed down by the Kansas Supreme Court.”
a line of commercial foods from this wonder bean. By 1927 The states in which Rich Products has won its legal
he had developed a number of palatable products which he battles against the dairy industry and the dates of the
manufactured and sold through health food stores. Soybean decision are as follows: Louisiana, 17 Nov. 1961; Indiana,
foods were virtually unknown at this time, and it took 18 May 1962; Virginia, 29 Oct. 1962; Kansas, 4 Sept. 1962;
courage and perseverance to put them across.” Washington state, 28 Jan. 1963; Wisconsin, 1 Nov. 1963;
Recipes for “Soy Ice Cream” (p. 175-76) now include Michigan, 23 Dec. 1963. In each case it was decided that
vanilla, maple nut, orange, and strawberry flavors. A recipe Coffee-Rich was not an imitation cream, milk, or half-and-
for “Granola” (p. 161) calls for 1 cup soy flour. The rest of half and therefore did not need to have the word “imitation”
the ingredients (such as wheat and barley flour) appear to be printed on its label. “General Counsel for Rich Products
similar to those found in the earliest granola recipes of the Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Coffee Rich
mid-1800s. Address: Southern California. Inc., is Arnall, Golden & Gregory of Atlanta, Georgia. All
of the successful litigation has been handled by Ellis Arnall,
148. Kansas Supreme Court. 1964. Coffee-Rich, Inc., Senior Partner, and Elliott H. Levitas, Junior Partner. Mr.
appellee vs. The Kansas State Board of Health. Appeal from Arnall is former Attorney General and Governor of Georgia.”
District Court of Shawnee County, Kansas. Topeka, Kansas. Within the article is a 2-page sidebar titled “How a
36 p. No. 43,451. 23 cm. [1 ref] man’s vision furthers new forms of food.” It shows portraits
• Summary: The decision in the original case was rendered of Robert E. Rich and Holton W. Diamond (holding a carton
on 4 Sept. 1962 in the District Court of Shawnee County, of Coffee-Rich), and states: “Weaning the world from the
Kansas, holding that Coffee-Rich is not an imitation of cow by means of tailor-made vegetable-fat and vegetable-
milk, half-and-half, or cream, and is not misbranded. The and-protein products that do specific jobs better than their
decision was appealed to the Kansas Supreme Court which, cow-born counterparts–and usually at much lower cost–has
in this document, affirmed the lower court decision on 25 been almost a personal crusade for Robert E. Rich, President
Jan. 1964. This document discusses both Coffee-Rich and of Rich Products Corporation and Coffee-Rich, Inc., its
Chil-Zert (p. 15-17). “The ingredients of Chil-Zert and its wholly owned subsidiary.
method of manufacture were identical with that of ice cream “Like all crusades, this one is costly; Rich has spent
except for the substitution of vegetable fat in Chil-Zert for upwards of a half-million dollars and continues to spend
the milk fat in ice cream. It was contended that the Chocolate large sums of money for legal fees, court costs, etc., as he
Chil-Zert should be labeled “imitation chocolate ice cream” ‘blazes the trail’ for technological advance in state after state
by virtue of Section 403 of the Federal Food, Drug and (see box score at left).
Cosmetic Act...” Page 16 states that Chil-Zert “contains “Interestingly, considering the consternation he produces
the usual ingredients of chocolate-flavoured ice cream in among entrenched dairy interests, Rich has a dairy-plant
approximately the same proportions, except that soy fat and background, and even today continues to head up the largest
soy protein are used therein in place of milk fat and milk solely-owned dairy in the U.S.
protein... The retail price of pint packages of chocolate Chil- “Rich’s pioneering in non-dairy whip toppings and
Zert is substantially lower than the average retail price of a whippable emulsions began immediately after World War II.
pint of ice cream, as shown by Labor Department statistics As milk order administrator for the state of Michigan during
for 1951, cited by the claimant.” the war, he had learned about the Ford Motor Company’s
Note: The Syllabus and opinion handed down by the George Washington Carver Laboratories’ successful
Kansas Supreme Court were reprinted in toto in Food development of a continuous method of producing soy milk
Processing magazine, April 1964, p. 25-34. and cream by extracting soy protein from the bean
“In April, 1945, using a new batch-extraction process
149. Food Processing (Chicago). 1964. The courts are that surpassed the original Carver extraction method in
raising the ‘imitation barrier.’ 25(4):25-27, 30-32, 34. April. efficiency, Rich produced his original soy-cream Whip
• Summary: “In an unbroken series of favorable decisions, Topping. By freezing it, he was able to market it throughout
nine different courts in seven states have recognized the legal the U.S., over extended periods of time.
right of Coffee-Rich, Inc. of Buffalo, New York, not to use “The new synthetic product had several advantages over

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cream. It could be re-whipped, even several days after initial America’s second commercial soy ice cream. Called Affair,
whipping. It produced almost twice the whipped yield of it was a delicious product made for Presto by Swift & Co.
regular cream–more than tripling its liquid bulk when it was at their kosher supervised ice cream plant, using soy protein
whipped. Stiffness and overrun were retained longer, and the from Central Soya and coconut fat. Targeted primarily
product possessed markedly better keeping qualities. And, it to the kosher Jewish market in New York, it was kosher
cost less. pareve and came in chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry
“In addition, when kept frozen, it can be stored for more flavors. The demand for the product was there but Presto
than two years–then thawed and used. This is utterly beyond had great difficulty getting it distributed. The ice cream
the capabilities of whipping cream. distributors wouldn’t touch it and Presto did not have their
“In 1956, Rich acquired the research “jewel” who since own distribution. So it failed and was withdrawn after about
has boosted the company into the position of largest U.S. a year. In l965 Presto licensed Nissei Co. in Osaka, Japan
specialist manufacturer of whippable emulsions. Holton to make their soy ice cream, which Nissei was still doing in
W. Diamond, who had been chief chemist of The George 1985, although at some point they changed the protein source
Washington Carver Laboratory of The Ford Motor Company, from isolated soy proteins to casein. It was not until 1981
came to direct Rich Products’ research. that Presto Foods tried to introduce a frozen dessert again,
“Diamond’s ‘Diamond Process’ patents for producing this time with Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert (Borne
vegetable-fat whippable emulsions enabled Rich to market l985, personal communication).
a line of bases and toppings with remarkable shelf-life,
resistance to mechanical breakdown, compatibility with fruit 151. Jones, Mary Lou. 1964. Better soybean recipes.
acids and other qualities that could not be approached by Anacortes, Washington: Outdoor Pictures. 58 p. Index. 22
conventional cream-derived products. cm.
“Newest all-vegetable-fat emulsion product–liquid • Summary: This small book is primarily about soy milk–
‘Coffee-Rich’ is a coffee ‘whitener’ which, although shipped how to make and use it. Contents: Introduction. 1. Working
frozen, exhibits great stability after thawing, remaining tools. 2. How to make a portable stove with a portable oven
fresh up to two-to-three weeks under normal refrigeration. and kerosene oil lamp. 3. Ingredients for recipes: Soybeans,
This unusually protracted shelf-life results principally lecithin, oil, calcium phytate, slippery elm, flax seed, herbs.
from absence of protein–except for .8 per cent of sodium 4. Preparation of soybeans.
caseinate, used as stabilizer. 5. Recipes (p. 21): Thickening (with slippery elm or
“Since Coffee-Rich is slow to sour or spoil or curdle, it lecithin), oil-lecithin mix, soy milk recipes (soybean liquid
eliminates a major problem encountered with coffee-vending {“Refrigerate pulp to make Soy Cheese [p. 26], Cultured
machines. Restaurants, hospitals, cafeterias and other large- Cheese, or Soy Crackers [p. 31],” p. 23}, soy milk–basic,
volume feeding outlets also are prime prospects.” soy milk concentrate [the favorite, with salt, honey, and
Concerning Chil-Zert soy ice cream: In United States v. oil-lecithin mix], low fat soy milk concentrate, chocolate-
651 Cases, Etc. the court held that Chil-Zert was an imitation like milk [carob], chocolate-like syrup [carob], soy cream
of chocolate ice cream since it “contained the identical {made with “1 cup Soybean Liquid” [soy milk] put in a
ingredients of Chocolate-flavored ice cream in approximately liquefier with water, salt, slippery elm powder, then Whiz
the same proportions, ‘except that soy fat and soy protein are while adding lecithin and vanilla}, whipped cream [to ½
used therein in place of milk fat and milk protein’; that it was cup soy cream slowly add 2 tablespoons oil-lecithin mix
manufactured in substantially the same manner as Chocolate in a blender], ice cream, custard pudding, basic soy cheese
ice cream, and with the use of similar machinery; that it was [not tofu, based on okara]), dressings and spreads (royal
similar in taste, appearance, color, texture, body and melting mayonnaise, salad dressing supreme [based on tofu], cheesy
qualities; that it had identical use and that ‘its composition spread or dressing [based on tofu], soy butter or health
differs only from ice cream in the substitution of a cheaper margarine, royal soy margarine, butter spread [made with
ingredient; namely vegetable oil in place of milk products.’” “soybean pulp” = okara], oil free butter spread [made with ½
cup soy milk, ¼ cup lecithin, a little salt, and one recipe of
150. Product Name: Affair (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream). Soybean Pulp {okara; see p. 24}]).
Manufacturer’s Name: Presto Food Products. Cereals (p. 30) (flax cereals [2 types], soy crackers [with
Manufacturer’s Address: Kansas City, Missouri. soybean pulp], soybean and corn meal muffins [with whole
Date of Introduction: 1964. soybeans], sprouted grain granola [breakfast cereal]). Soy
New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. bread recipes (eight-grain sprouted soy bread, whole wheat
Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 29-30. “The world’s soy bread, bread recipes without soybeans, basic variable
second soy-based commercial non-dairy frozen dessert whole wheat bread, enriched whole wheat bread, bran whole
having a registered trademark.” In 1964, after 9 years wheat bread, carob bread, peanut bread, eight-grain sprouted
of R&D by RGB Laboratories, Presto Foods launched bread), waffles (soy waffles, eight-grain soy waffles, pigeon

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feed waffles). million lb of oils).

Entrees (p. 41) (gluten supreme [meat substitute], malt Data from the next year (p. 68f) showed that 1965
flavored ice cream, mayonnaise, salad dressing, concentrated production of mellorine was 53.2 million gallons, expected
dressing base, gravy, soybean souffle), dextrinizing (heating to decrease to 51.5 million gallons in 1966.
starchy foods to turn the starch into more easily digested
sugar), suggestions for using prepared soybeans without 153. Today’s Food (Loma Linda Foods, Riverside,
using a liquifier [pickle cooked soybeans in concentrated California). 1966. None of these healthy youngsters was
dressing base], yogurt (soy-based medium for culture, yogurt reared on milk. 11(1):1-3. Spring.
made from soy milk), watermelon and cantaloupe seed, fresh • Summary: Photos show many healthy infants and children.
kelp relish. Commercial soymilk products include:
6. Sprouting seeds (including soybeans): Four methods, Soyagen: all-purpose, malt flavored, or carob flavored;
how to serve sprouts (incl. Sukiyaki). Some variations in in liquid or powdered form.
making soy milk. “Multigen: This new soy milk just now being placed
Page 22 is a directory of the names and addresses on the market, is specially formulated to supply a total diet
of major health food distributors in the USA: California: for those on a restricted menu. It supplies a higher fat and
Kahan and Lessin Co. (Los Angeles, or San Francisco). carbohydrate content and all the nutrition needed for those
Colorado: Health Food Sales Co. (Denver). Illinois: Health on a liquid dietary.
Food Jobbers, Inc. (Chicago). Massachusetts: Foods Inc. High-So-Pro: a high-protein powdered soymilk, low in
(Cambridge). Michigan: Health Food Distributors (Detroit). fat, salt, and carbohydrates that is especially good for those
New York: Sherman Foods, Inc. or Balanced Foods, Inc. on weight-reducing programs and ideal for diabetics.
(New York City). Oklahoma: Akin Distributors (Tulsa). “Instagen: an isolated protein soy milk, fortified to
Oregon: Nu Vita Foods (Portland). Tennessee: Collegedale provide the essential vitamins and minerals. Instagen has a
Distributors (Collegedale). Washington state: Kahan & little lighter color, a little milder flavor, and is a little lower in
Lessin Co. or Vital Foods Distributors (Seattle). price.
This book contains considerable information about Whether or not you have dietary problems, if you wish
gluten and the use of the gluten rinse water (as in breads or to lower your cholesterol level, or would like to become a
soups). Pages 41-42 contain a unique recipe for making 2 complete vegetarian, Loma Linda soy milks provide the easy
pounds of gluten at home from whole wheat flour. The gluten answer.
is then baked with a seasoning mix and the rinse water for 10 “As to those who in years past complained of a ‘beany’
hours at 108ºF to make Gluten Supreme. flavor in soy milk: try it once more–today’s product is
Concerning dextrinizing: “This process is acclaimed vastly improved! And for the diehard who still demands a
by many health authorities to be a more healthful way of completely different taste, the new Carob Soyagen with its
eating some starchy foods. Many people who have digestive rich chocolate-like flavor comes not only ready to drink, but
problems with starchy foods can eat them prepared by the may be used in any number of tasty recipes for puddings, ice
dextrinizing process. This process is said to turn the starch cream, and other dishes.”
into a more easily digested sugar.” Breads, cereals, or flour
can be dextrinized by baking at 225ºF until lightly browned. 154. Time. 1966. Commotion in the bean pit. 88:77-78. July
Note: This is the earliest English-language document 8.
seen (June 2013) that uses the word “soybean pulp” to refer • Summary: The soybean is now “the hottest item in the
to okara. Address: Box 1326, Escondido, California. seething U.S. commodities market. Last week futures for
soybeans, soybean oil and soybean meal set seasonal records
152. Soybean Blue Book. 1966. Production of mellorine. p. after a month of wild trading.” Prices tripled during the
68f. month.
• Summary: A table shows the amount of “mellorine-type” “Introduced to the U.S. from Asia in 1804, the soybean
frozen desserts produced each year from 1952 to 1965 and did not become a significant agricultural product until World
the estimated amount of cottonseed and soybean oils used War II cut off normal U.S. imports of fats and oil. From a
in making that mellorine. The estimation is based on the crop of 193 million bu. in 1945, output rose to 843.7 million
assumption that the mellorine contains 8% fat on average bu., worth nearly $2.5 billion last fall. Soybeans are the
and that 85% of the total fats and oils used are cottonseed U.S.’s most valuable agricultural export, ranking ahead of
or soybean oils. 1952–11.2 million gallons of mellorine wheat and corn...
(3.4 million lb of cottonseed and soybean oils). 1955–32.3 “Worthington Foods Inc. takes edible soybean
million gallons of mellorine (9.9 million lb of oils). 1960– fiber produced by Ralston Purina, turns it into meatless
45.2 million gallons of mellorine (13.9 million lb of oils). frankfurters, roast beef and fried chicken, sells them to
1965–52.0 million gallons of mellorine (estimated) (15.9 Seventh-day Adventists and vegetarians. Archer-Daniels-

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Midland Co. is testing a soy beverage to be sold in powder live well and healthfully: Practical orientation to healthful,
form, and Central Soya has developed an ice cream-like vegetarian and yogic food, with recipes for cooking,
frozen dessert made of soybeans. instructions for children and sick people, and on fasting and
“What interests researchers the most about the soybean detoxification]. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Beneficente S.
is its high protein content (up to 50%), and this month Camilo, Departamento Gráfico. 247 p. Portrait. 22 cm. [Por]
Central Soya will begin mass production of Promine, an • Summary: The author is a yoga master, also known as
isolated soybean protein, at a new Chicago plant. Promine Maestra da Ioga, Swamini Sadhana. Soy-related recipes
binds and emulsifies pulverized meats, such as sausages, include: Soja (whole soybeans, p. 167). A comparison of
meat loaf and bologna.” the nutritional/chemical composition of meat and soybeans
is given (p. 187-88). Soya beefsteak (with roasted soy
155. Business Week. 1966. Soybeans move up on the menu. flour {farina de soja torrada}, p. 188). Soymilk (p. 188).
July 23. p. 82, 84, 87. Whole soybeans (p. 189). Homemade soybeans and native
• Summary: “General Mills, under its Betty Crocker Red beans. Soybean soup (with roasted soy flour). Soya ice
Spoon trademark (A.D. Odell in charge), is test marketing cream or sherbet (Sorvete de Soja, p. 189). Soybean cakes
the first of a series of projected foods spun out of a protein or dumplings (p. 190). Soya croquettes. Bolinho de soja.
isolated from soy. Called Bac*Os, it is designed as a Cocada de soja. Nhoque de soja (p. 191). Soybean salad.
condiment and looks and tastes like lean, crumbled, cooked Assado de soja. Bife a Parmesa. File de soja. Pao com soja
bacon. Priced at $0.69 for 3.25 ounces, the jar is equal to 1 (p. 192).
lb of cooked bacon.” Corn Products’ (CPC) Best Foods Div. Note 1. This is the earliest Portuguese-language
is marketing Skippy peanut butter containing the product. document seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream,
“Thomas J. Lipton, Inc., a Unilever subsidiary, recently which it calls Sorvete de Soja.
launched four dried gourmet main dish meals including Note 2. This is the earliest Portuguese-language
beef stroganoff and chicken la scala. Lipton has patented a document seen (Nov. 2012) that mentions roasted soy soy
process to use isolated soy protein (ISP) as a binder for dried flour, which it calls farinha de soja torrada.
meats... Ralston Purina has developed a series of spun soy
protein foods resembling ham, chicken, and turkey out of 158. Hunter, Beatrice Trum. 1967. The natural foods
ISP. It is selling its spun ISP base, Edi-Pro, to Worthington cookbook. New York, NY: Pyramid Books. 368 p. Index. 18
Foods Inc. Worthington has developed its own line of cm.
chicken and ham-like products for sale to religious groups. • Summary: The content of this paperback edition is almost
“Central Soya makes an isolated soy protein binder identical to that of the original 1961 hardcover edition, but
called Promine, which goes into sausage and other processed the pagination is different. The Introduction by Clive and
meats. Sales of the binder at $0.35/lb–twice the cost of the Jeanette is missing. On the cover of the 19th printing (Jan.
binder it is replacing–are so promising that production will 1974) is written: “Over a million copies sold.” Address:
be doubled to 2.5 million lb monthly when a new plant White Mountains, New Hampshire.
opens in Chicago next month... In addition the company this
fall hopes to start exporting a frozen soy dessert to tropical 159. Manber, David. 1967. Wizard of Tuskegee: The life of
countries with no dairy industries.” General Mills, Ralston, George Washington Carver. New York, NY: Crowell-Collier
ADM, Central Soya, and Worthington combined spend Press. vi + 168 p. Illust. Index. 21 cm. [9 ref]
some $4 million annually on research. Half of this sum is • Summary: George Washington Carver lived from about
going into basic research and half into product development. 1864 to 1943. This book is part of the series “America in
ADM recently shipped 3 million lb of a new protein rich soy the Making” written for teen-agers as an introduction to
beverage to Latin America and the East Asia under a USDA important American individuals, ideas, and events. The
program. chapter titled “Carver Rediscovers the Peanut” notes that
in 1904 the boll weevil was making it increasingly difficult
156. Dresner, Samuel H.; Siegel, Seymour. 1966. The Jewish to grow cotton in the South. So Carver urged farmers to
dietary laws: Their meaning for our time. New York, NY: plant less cotton and to raise cowpeas, sweet potatoes and
Burning Bush Press. 77 p. 20 cm. * peanuts to sell. “Although he had been successful at growing
• Summary: Includes a guide to observance, by Seymour the soybean years before anyone had even heard of it, he
Siegel. did not suggest it to the farmer because he felt it was too
different for southern farmers, too unfamiliar to appeal to
157. Mascheville, Maria L.C. 1966. Coma bem e viva them. Peanuts, on the other hand, were not at all strangers
com saúde: Orientacao pratica sobre alimentos sadios, to Alabama farms. Almost every farmer had a little patch of
vegetarianos e iogues, receitas para cozinhar, indicacoes para peanuts somewhere near the house, grown for the children
criancas, doentes e sobre jejum e desintoxicacoes [How to to eat.” The peanut is a native of South America. “The

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Spanish conquistadors brought peanuts back to Spain with American vegan cookbook, which uses no animal products
them. From there they found their way to Africa in the 17th (except in one chapter at the end titled “Recipes Using Milk
century, and were brought to America by slave traders, who and Eggs,” “for those who are in the transitional period.
fed them to the slaves. ‘Goober,’ another word for the peanut, However, we encourage all those who still cling to milk
is actually an African word” (p. 118). and eggs to become acquainted with the facts concerning
Carver developed hundreds of food and industrial their use, and become weaned through this process”). Some
products from the peanut, including milk, cream, and butter. recipes also use honey.
“Peanut milk was a lifesaver in the Belgian Congo. Cows Contains more than 750 unique recipes (plus color
could not be raised there, because they would be devoured photos), including many innovative soy recipes, including
by leopards or diseased by flies... When missionaries the first recipe for shakes made with soy milk ice cream.
started feeding the babies peanut milk, the babies lived and In the Glossary (p. 11-17) are entries for lecithin (p.
flourished. 13; “A food extracted from the soybean”), soybeans (p. 15-
“Carver lectured everywhere on the peanut and issued 16), and tofu (p. 16), as well as agar-agar, almonds, carob,
bulletins regularly. In addition, he lectured on the soybean cashew nut, coconut, dulse, flaxseed, malted nuts (made
and the many products that could be made of it: flour, meal, from peanuts and cashew nuts with dry malt added), nuts,
coffee, breakfast food, oil, milk. Again, however, he realized oils, peanut, sea kelp or dulse, sesame seed, and sesame
that southern unfamiliarity with the soybean would be a tahini. A color photo (p. 55) shows soy sprouts. Soy-related
hindrance to its development” (p. 121). recipes include: Homemade soy coffee (p. 66). Soybeans
“Carver published recipes for cooking peanuts for milks (p. 69; No. 1 costs $0.06/quart homemade. “Soybean
the home in 1913, but the original bulletin was in its sixth pulp [okara] which remains can be made into various dishes.
printing by 1916. It gave directions for growing, and 105 Try Soy Not-Meat,” p. 202; No. 2 uses 1 cup plain soya
different ways of preparing the peanut for eating” (p. 125). starter). Banana milk shake (with chilled soy milk, p. 70).
The first commercial crops of peanuts in Alabama were Banana carob milk shake #1 or #2 (with soy milk, p. 72).
finally planted in 1917. Coffee County, Alabama, on the Molasses milk shake (with soy milk, p. 72). Soy-fig milk (p.
verge of bankruptcy in 1915, soon became the state’s leading 72). Milkless milk shakes (with non-dairy ice cream incl.
peanut growing county. In 1919 its largest town, Enterprise, soy milk powder, p. 72-73). Soy yogurt, cultured (p. 73-74; 3
erected a $25,000 shelling plant. It also honored Carver by recipes–made from whole soybeans, liquid Soyagen, or soy
placing a large monument in the town square. In May 1919 starter). Soya bread or rolls (p. 80). Vanilla ice cream (with
peanut growers met in Atlanta, Georgia, and organized the soy milk powder optional, p. 125). Pineapple ice cream (with
United Peanut Associations of America. They invited Carver, soy milk powder, p. 127). Banana soya ice cream (with rich
age 55, to speak about the peanut. Carver showed them his soy milk, p. 128). Sesame soy cookies (p. 131, with 1½ cups
peanut products. “There were leather stains, wood stains, raw sesame seeds). 7 grain granola (with 1 cup soy flour,
sauces, milk, skim milk, buttermilk, ice cream, evaporated p. 156). Easy granola (with soy flour, p. 157). Soy-millet
milk, fruit punch. He showed them peanut coffee, instant patties or loaf (p. 182). Vegetable-nut loaf (with soy milk, p.
coffee with cream. The Peanut Promoter for October 1920 186). Green soy beans (p. 187; dry, green-seeded soybeans).
wrote that the biggest thing at the convention had been the Buckwheat, soy or whole wheat spaghetti (p. 192). Soybean
address of Professor Carver... The following January the curd #1 (homemade tofu using whole soybeans, curded
association invited him to address the Ways and Means with Epsom salt, p. 195). Soybean curd #2 (from soy flour,
Committee of Congress.” His presentation and exhibit there curded with lemon juice, p. 196). The tofu-making process is
“was a powerful factor in the committee’s decision to write shown in six black-and-white photos. Ways to serve tofu (p.
a stiff tariff into the Fordney-McCumber Bill; the highest 196). “Scrambled eggs” (made with tofu, egg-free, p. 196).
tariff the peanut industry ever had. The trade magazine Tofu loaf (p. 198). Chinese nut loaf (with soymilk, p. 198).
The Peanut World wrote in their May 1921 issue: ‘With Vegetarian chow mein (with soy sprouts, p. 199). Peanut-
profound pleasure and pride we dedicate an entire page to soymeat (with soy flour, p. 200; steamed for 2-3 hours in
that incomparable genius to whose tireless energies and greased cans). Soy not-meat (p. 202, with soaked ground
inquisitive mind the South and the country owe so much...’” soybeans or “the soybean pulp from the soy bean milk. This
(p. 139). way the pulp is not wasted” [i.e. okara]). Peanut-soy round
(p. 202). Soy meat (p. 203; made with 2 cups homemade
160. Hurd, Frank J.; Hurd, Rosalie. 1968. A good cook–Ten gluten, 1 cup toasted ground peanuts, and 1 cup soaked
talents. Chisholm, Minnesota: Published by the authors. blended soybeans, plus water, seasonings, oil and salt,
Printed by The College Press, Collegedale, Tennessee 37315. steamed for 3 hours in greased cans). Soya peanut soufflé
354 p. Illust. Color plates. No index. 22 x 15 cm. Spiral (p. 204). Soybean soufflé (p. 204). Tofu & rice croquettes (p.
bound. [1 ref] 206).
• Summary: A very important, pioneering, indeed classic The chapter titled “Nuts, seeds, olives” (p. 209-20)

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includes: Glossary of nuts, raw nuts for your enzymes, nut document or book seen (Sept. 2012) that contains the modern
notes, almond butter (king of the nuts), raw nut butters, term “Soy yogurt.”
cashew nut butter, cashew Brazil-nut butter, peanut butter, Talk with Rosalie and Dr. Frank Hurd. 2005. Feb. 9.
nut butter clusters, peanuts–oven blanched, dry roasting– Both have moved to Oregon to warmer weather. They have a
soya nuts, malted nuts, browned sesame seeds, seed cereal daughter there. Ten Talents is now in its 48th printing. They
topping (sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, flax seed), peanut are working on a revision. He was born in March 1936 and
butter-seed spread (tahini, sunflower seeds), peanut butter she in April 1937.
balls, simple sesame squares, sprouted sunflower clusters, Talk with Rosalie Hurd. 2009. Jan. 19. Frank is still
olives, tree chestnuts, roasted chestnuts, roasted chick peas. working as a doctor and she as his helper. They are both in
Green soy bean salad (p. 234; probably dry, green- good health. The greatly enlarged 40th anniversary edition of
seeded soybeans). Soybean sprouts salad (p. 234). Tofu Ten Talents has been published and is now available.
cheese salads (p. 235). Tofu sun faces (p. 236). Pineapple The term “Ten Talents” comes from the teachings
tofu salad (p. 245). Pineapple tofu cottage cheese (p. of Ellen G. White: “The one who understands the art of
246). Lo-fat salad dressing (with soy yogurt, p. 251). properly preparing food, and who uses this knowledge,
Soy mayonnaise–eggless (4 types, p. 252-53). Soy butter is worthy of higher commendation than those engaged in
(made with soybean flour, lightly dextrinized, p. 262). Soya any other line of work. This talent should be regarded as
starter (made with soy flour, p. 262). Soya yeast sandwich equal in value to ten talents; for its right use has much to
spread (p. 263). Super sandwich spread (with soybean pulp do with keeping the human organism in health. Because so
[probably okara, see p. 69], p. 264). Pimento-soy chee spread inseparably connected with life and health, it is the most
(p. 265). Sour cream–soy (p. 270). Soy whipped cream (p. valuable of all gifts” (Ellen G. White, Counsels on Diet and
271; whirl in a blender ½ cup each soybean milk and soy oil, Foods, p. 251). Address: 1. D.C. [Doctor of Chiropractic]; 2.
plus 1 tablespoon honey, ¼ teaspoon vanilla, and a pinch of B.S. Both: Box 86A–Route 1, Chisholm, Minnesota 55719.
salt). Tartar sauce, cheese (with soy mayonnaise and tofu, p.
273). Sprouts (p. 291-95). Fresh cucumbers with soy sour 161. Chen, Philip S.; Chen, Helen D. 1968. Soybeans for
cream (p. 304). Celery and green soyas (p. 312; “2 cups health, longevity, and economy. 3rd ed. South Lancaster,
green soy beans, frozen, canned, or fresh.” Probably means Massachusetts: The Chemical Elements. xii + 242 p. Nov.
green vegetable soybeans). Soya starter (base, made with soy Illust. Index. 21 cm. 1st ed. 1956. [24 ref]
flour, p. 326; keep a jar ready for quick use in making tasty • Summary: This book is identical to the original 1956
spreads, milk and cream, mayonnaise, a binder when nut edition, third printing. Address: 1. Prof. of Chemistry,
butter is not available. Dextrinizing the soy flour gives this Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, Massachusetts; 2.
Soya Starter a nutlike flavor). National Science Foundation Fellow, Cornell Univ.
Talk with Rosalie Hurd. 1991. June 3. Ten Talents is
now going into its 44th printing. More than 250,000 copies 162. Chen, Philip Stanley; Chen, Helen D. 1968. Soybeans
have been sold. The latest was published by College Press in for health, longevity, and economy. 3rd ed. St. Catharines,
1985. The first edition was published in May 1968. Frank, ONT, Canada: Provoker Press. ix + 242 p. Illust. Index. 21
originally a chiropractor, is now a medical doctor. The Hurds cm. [24 ref]
now live most of the year in Fountain City, Wisconsin, where • Summary: This is a reprint of the 1956 edition
they run Alpine Springs, a live-in lifestyle program and published by The Chemical Elements (South Lancaster,
center on 585 acres of land offering treatment and education Massachusetts)–except that Appendix B has been updated
in natural health. using the 1961 Soybean Blue Book.
Note 1. This is the earliest cookbook seen (May 2006) On the copyright page is a detailed print history of this
that contains a recipe for soy sour cream. For the basic book: Copyright 1956, 1962 Philip Chen. Second printing,
recipe: Pour 3/4 cup soy bean milk into a blender. Gradually April 1957. Third printing, June 1959. Second edition, Jan.
add 3/4 cup soy oil until desired thickness is reached. Stir 1962. Third edition, Nov. 1968. Second printing, July 1970.
in 1-2 tablespoons lemon juice and ¼ teaspoon salt. Chill. Third printing, July 1975. Address: 1. Head of the Chemistry
“Delicious on fresh cubed cucumbers with a dash of dill.” An Dep. and Chairman of the Div. of Biology and Chemistry,
alternative recipe calls for the use of: ½ cup soy starter (not Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, Massachusetts; 2.
dextrinized, see p. 69, 262), ¼ cup water, and ½ teaspoon National Science Foundation Fellow, Cornell Univ.
honey.
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document 163. Buffalo Evening News (New York). 1968. ‘Hot ice
seen (Nov. 2003) that contains the word “Soymeat” (p. 200), cream’ suit melts: Inventor frozen out as Buffalo company is
or the term “Soy Not-Meat,” or the term “Soy Meat” (p. 203) awarded rights. Dec. 12.
as a recipe name. • Summary: “A Buffalo concern has been declared the
Note 3. This is the earliest dated English-language rightful owner of patent rights to a product which reportedly

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could revolutionize the ice cream industry. 17. In 1984 edition, see section 39.19.
“Supreme Court Justice Joseph P. Kuszynski Wednesday • Summary: Eleven paragraphs describe all aspects of this
granted judgment in favor of Rich Products Corp., 1145 new frozen dessert product named “parevine.” “This product
Niagara St., against Holton W. Diamond, an inventor living shall not contain any milk, milk product, meat or meat
in Detroit. products of any kind or their derivatives of any kind.” It may
“Invented in 1963-64: At stake are the rights to contain eggs. “The weight of the finished product shall be
‘high temperature ice cream,’ a non-dairy product which not less than 4.5 lbs. per gallon.” Note: Soy is not mentioned.
is supposed to be storable as a shelf item because of its Note: This is the earliest English-language document
relatively high melting temperature. seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “parevine” to refer to a
“The product, made from a vegetable base, is supposed kosher frozen dessert. Address: Div. of Milk Control, Dep. of
to be re-freezable after melting. What’s more, it’s supposed Agriculture and Markets, Albany, New York.
to taste as good as regular ice cream.
“The product was invented by Mr. Diamond in 1963 166. Arenson, S.W. 1969. Imitation dairy products: Their
and 1964, when he was employed by the Buffalo company. formulation, processing, quality control. Food Engineering
Justice Kuszynski said the contract under which the inventor 41(4):76-79. April.
was employed unmistakably makes all discoveries the • Summary: The author gives laboratory-tested formulas
exclusive property of Rich Products. for the following products: Soft-serve dessert. Coffee Wite
“The inventor and company had a disagreement and (whitener). Frozen dessert. Milk-shake mix. Iced vegetable
Mr. Diamond left April 15, 1966. Counsel for Mr. Diamond dairy product. Chocolate filled milk. Filled milk. Imitation
argued that he was wrongfully discharged and therefore has milk. Whip topping. Vegetable proteins can be substituted for
refused to sign over the rights. caseinates–such as sodium caseinate. Soy is not mentioned.
“Suit filed in U.S. court: Justice Kusznski’s decision Address: Consulting Food Technologist, Baltimore,
affects only one of three issues in the company’s breach-of- Maryland.
contract suit against Mr. Diamond. The other two issues are
expected to be tried in Supreme Court. 167. Breth, Fred E. 1969. Ersatz-foods: The danger ahead.
“Meanwhile, Mr. Diamond has filed a suit in U.S. British Vegetarian. March/April. p. 141-45.
District Court in Michigan, charging the company owes him • Summary: Writing in a critical tone, the author discusses
some $293,000 in salaries and bonuses. the various products resembling meat and dairy products
“Mr. Diamond is credited with developing a soybean- now available to American shoppers. “Turkey meat that has
based synthetic whipped cream which has had tremendous never held a feather and milk that has never been near a
sales, and reportedly, is working on a bacon-like product cow... These foods are making progress in markets around
which can be fried without spattering.” the world. Like the prospect or not, it is obvious we shall
have to live with laboratory-bred proteins in the not-too-
164. Uphof, Johannes Cornelis Th. 1968. Dictionary of distant future.” For more than a decade, food companies have
economic plants. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. West been developing imitation animal proteins, based largely on
Germany: Verlag von J. Cramer. 591 p. See Glycine max, p. soya bean proteins. Soya bean derivatives are being used to
246. 25 cm. “stretch” low-cost meats.
• Summary: Lists briefly the many food, industrial, and feed “The American dairy industry has yet to find an answer
uses of the soybean. For example: “Seeds are source of an to soya-protein based coffee whiteners, whipped cake
oil, made into glycerine; used in enamels, varnishes, paints, toppings, cream-type and frozen desserts. The consuming
waterproof goods, linoleum, hard soaps, liquid shampoo, public has fully accepted them some time ago–and likes
paste soap for hospital use, oil cloth, used in metal moulding, them. Are synthetics a real threat to animal products? Expert
foundry cores; used with rubber for manuf. mats, hose etc., opinion on this question is deeply divided.” Mr. J.L. Hagle,
rubber substitutes, lubricant, in printing inks. When refined president of Worthington Foods Inc. (“at present the major
used for cooking, salads, margarine, shortening.” Address: producer of ‘synthetic foods’”) believes that “Granted
Tampa, Florida. Emeritus Prof. of Botany. Formerly faculty enough time, the relative efficiency of man-made foods will
member of the Michigan State Univ. and State Univ. of work in their favour.”
Arizona. Economic botanist to the Board of Economic “Professor C.O. Chichester, University of California, put
Warfare, Washington, DC. it even more bluntly: ‘... the isolation of plant proteins and
their processing into textured products may very well result
165. Wickham, D.J.; Kling, H.R. 1969. Regulations, Title 1 in a major change in the eating habits of the world.’”
Agriculture and Markets. Section 39.12 Parevine; identity; “’Meatless’ meats, also called ‘synthetic meats,’
label statement of ingredients. New York State Department of ‘analogue meats’ and ‘textured meats’ are made from isolated
Agriculture and Markets (Albany, New York). Feb. 3. p. 16- soya-protein (90 per cent. protein), which is a tasteless,

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odorless powder.” sales have risen to an estimated level of $10 million. As

“Worthington Foods Inc. is already marketing about flavor and texture improve, 1980 sales will soar to $1,500
30 different ‘meat’ items, including fried chicken, dried million to $2,000 million.” The foodservice industry will be
beef, meat loaf casserole, croquettes, chicken show mein, a prime outlet for the new products.
‘soymeat’ sandwiches, sandwich spread, bacon bits and so The most important food analog in America today is
on.” margarine. Among dairy foods, margarine accounts of about
Experts predict plenty of competition in the field of 66% by volume of the butter market, nondairy whipped
“high-protein drinks” (H.P.D.s). Large companies like toppings have about 60% of the whipped cream market,
Monsanto (a chemical company), Pillsbury (a flour mill), and and coffee whiteners have about 35% of the cream market.
Swift (a meat packer) have already entered this market. They In terms of sales: In 1968 sales of margarine are $475
are all aware of the success story of “Vita-Soy” [Vitasoy], “a million out of $1,150 million (41%) for the total butter and
straight, three per cent. protein soya-bean milk drink,” which margarine market. By 1980 this is predicted to increase
sells 60 million bottles a year and has captured 25% of the to $750 million out of a total $1,250 million (analogs will
Hong Kong soft drink market; it sells for as little as 5 pence have 60% of the total market). Sales of coffee whitener are
per bottle. And they are aware of a similar powdered soy $30-35 million out of $85-100 million (35%) for the total
protein drink [Saridele] which contains 18% protein and is coffee cream and coffee whitener market. By 1980 this is
being marketed successfully in Djakarta, Indonesia and was predicted to increase to $100 million out of a total $130-150
introduced in 1957; 300 tons/year are now being produced. million (71%). Sales of nondairy whipped topping are $25
The author concludes that these new foods are a million out of $40-50 million (55.5%) for the total whipped
necessity from the viewpoint of global nutrition. cream and nondairy whipped topping market. By 1980 this
Note: This is the earliest English-language document is predicted to increase to $50-60 million out of a total $80-
seen (Nov. 2003) that contains the term “meatless meats” or 100 million (61%). Sales of filled and imitation milks are
“meatless meat” (with any combination of quotation marks). $3-4 million out of $3100-3200 million (0.11%) for the total
Three other publications also used this term later in 1969. milk and imitation milk market. By 1980 this is predicted to
increase to $600 million out of a total $3800-4000 million
168. Gentry, Robert E.; Connolly, Eleanor M. 1969. (15%, the biggest percentage increase). Sales of mellorine
Fabricated foods. Stanford Research Institute, Report and other “frozen desserts” are $45 million out of $1200-
No. 374. 16 p. May. (Menlo Park, California, and Zurich, 1300 million (3.6%) for the total frozen dessert market. By
Switzerland). 1980 this is predicted to increase to $80-90 million out of a
• Summary: This is subtitled “A research report by the total $1500-1700 million (5.3%).
Long Range Planning Service.” Contents: Executive A table (p. 5) titled “Soy Protein Products” discusses
summary. Scope and definitions. Present status and outlook: soy flour and grits, soy protein concentrate, and soy protein
Changes in product mix, changing technology. Impact on isolate, describing briefly the protein content, processing,
food processing industry: Markets, marketing strategies, price per pound, 1967 U.S. consumption, and applications. In
processing, research and development. Impact on food 1967 soy flour and grits sold for $0.075/pound and 105-110
service industry. Impact on food wholesalers and retailers. million pounds were consumed. Soy protein concentrate sold
Impact on flavor technology. Impact on packaging materials. for $0.18/pound and 17-30 million pounds were consumed.
Impact on agriculture: Meat and poultry, dairy products, Soy protein isolate sold for $0.37/pound and 22-35 million
oilseeds, grains. Impact on petroleum, natural gas, and coal. pounds were consumed.
Boxes: New protein sources. Approval by the Food and Drug Page 10 lists representative companies developing new
Administration (FDA). Representative groups of companies sources and forms of food. For each, the company name,
developing new sources and forms of food. Examples of city, state, and product name or names are given. Companies
fabricated foods–1980. selling soy protein products include Archer-Daniels-Midland
This report predicts that sales of fabricated foods in (Minneapolis, Minnesota), Bryan Bros. Packing Co.
the USA will increase from about $1,500 million in 1969 (Subsidiary of Consolidated Foods Corp, Chicago, Illinois),
to approximately $7,000 in 1980, but will still account for Central Soya Co., General Mills Inc. (Minneapolis), Griffith
only 5% of total sales of the food processing industry. The Laboratories, Inc. (Chicago), Loma Linda Foods (Riverside,
primary impact during the 1970s will be on convenience, California), Ralston Purina Co., Swift & Co. (Chicago),
snack, and other specialty foods. H.B. Taylor Co. (Chicago), USDA (“Developing edible
“Sales of meat, seafood, and poultry analogs amounted forms of soybean protein”), and Worthington Foods, Inc.
to only about $2.5 million in 1966. Worthington Foods and (Worthington, Ohio).
Loma Linda Foods were the major suppliers to a primarily Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2002)
religious and vegetarian market. In the past few years, containing statistics on the meat alternatives industry
several major food companies have entered the market and or market–by geographical region. Address: 1. Senior

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economist; 2. Industrial economist, Stanford Research Inst., p. 227-28. Gives a detailed description of the method used to
Menlo Park, California 94025. Phone: 415-326-6200. make Soyalac.
William Shurtleff. 1981. Soyfoods. p. 35. “Dr. Harry
169. Arbuckle, Wendell S. 1969. How to make parevine: Miller: Taking soymilk around the world.” “Starting in about
Product formulas, identity standards and regulations for 1955 Dr. Miller started to recommend that the Adventist-run
a new non-dairy frozen dessert. American Dairy Review Japan San-iku School serve soymilk instead of cow’s milk
31(8):19, 22, 74. Aug. to the students; however the staff hesitated because of its
• Summary: “Parevine is a nondairy frozen dessert for those nutritional value and flavor. In 1957 two Japanese Adventists,
who want to avoid mixing meat and dairy products because Mr. Hidekazu Watanabe and Mr. Hanzo Ueda (who ran a tofu
of religious or other reasons.” Parevine contains no milk, shop at the time), started making Japan’s first soymilk on a
milk products, meat, or meat products. It contains vegetable small scale in Hachioji, Tokyo, bottling it in 180-ml bottles,
fat, vegetable protein (soy is not mentioned specifically), and and selling it locally. Mr. Watanabe later described the great
often eggs. The product may be licensed as Kosher-Parevine. value to them of Dr. Miller’s ongoing technical, nutritional,
Note: This is the earliest English-language document and spiritual guidance. After some time, directors of the San-
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “non-dairy frozen iku School visited the small soymilk plant, liked the soymilk
dessert” or the term “nondairy frozen dessert.” Address: flavor, and understood its nutritional value. In 1959 they
Dep. of Dairy Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, bought similar equipment, set up a small plant in the school,
Maryland. and started to produce soymilk, which was bottled in 180-
ml bottles and served to the students at every meal. In 1969
170. Product Name: Provide (Soy Protein and Dairy Whey the San-iku School set up an independent food production
Beverage). company called College Health Foods (which later became
Manufacturer’s Name: Swift Chemical Co. Vegetable today’s San-iku Foods) and through it, with the help of Loma
Protein Products. Subsidiary of Swift & Co. Linda Foods in America, began to produce Soyalac soymilk
Manufacturer’s Address: 1211 W. 22nd St., Oak Brook, IL infant formula.” By 1980 this product was canned in plain
60521. and carob flavors.
Date of Introduction: 1969. November. Letter (in Japanese) from Hidekazu Watanabe. 1981.
New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest. 1969. July 19. Discusses the early history of this product. “The
Nov. p. 42. The soy foods companies. p. 42. Provide is a Ueda Tofu Shop in Hachioji helped with the product
newly developed blend of soy protein and dairy whey, with development; I was there at the time. In those days our name
applications in bakery, confectionery, snacks, and frozen was San-iku Gakuin Shokuhin-bu (the food department of
dessert products. Provide is a one-for-one replacement for the San-iku School). The purpose was to provide a place
skim milk solids; it has equal functional properties and a of labor for the students and opportunities to learn food
very bland flavor. A patent on the process has been applied processing. It was not a business. Dr. Perry Webber was the
for. Provide comes as a spray-dried cream-colored powder, principal of our school at the time.” K. Tsuchiya. 1982. Dec.
available at protein levels of 27-36%, and protein solubilities Tonyu [Soymilk. 2nd ed.]. p. 74. States that Soiyarakku Neo
of 40-65%. was introduced in 1969. It is now sold by Saniku Fuuzu in a
Soybean Digest Blue Book. 1971. p. 115. 425 gm can and distributed nationwide.
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1984. Soymilk Industry & Market.
171. Product Name: [Soyalac {Soymilk}]. p. 63-64. “In 1958 Dr. Miller set up a small soymilk plant
Foreign Name: Soiyarakku Neo. in the kitchen of the Adventist-run Tokyo Sanitarium. It was
Manufacturer’s Name: College Health Foods. Later used to make soymilk, soy whipping cream, soymilk ice
renamed San-iku Foods. cream, and soy spread, which were served to the staff and
Manufacturer’s Address: 1-1 Nagaurataku, Sodegaura- patients. In 1959 a small soymilk plant was established in
machi, Kimizu-gun, Chiba-ken 299-02, Japan. the Seventh-day Adventist San-iku School. From this year,
Date of Introduction: 1969. Japan’s oldest existing soymilk company, San-iku Foods,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 180 ml glass bottle. Caned by traces its origin. By 1982 San-iku Foods was Japan’s fourth
1980. largest soymilk manufacturer.
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Charles D. Letter from San-iku Foods. 1990. June. This product
Howes. 1978. Oct. List of Seventh-day Adventist soymilk was introduced in 1969.
plants. In Japan: San-iku Foods, Kanno 4162, Sodegaura- Letter from Ichiro Tabuchi. 1990. July 4. In 1970 San-
machi, Kimitsu-gun, Chiba-ken 299-02. M. Urumba, iku Foods became independent from the San-iku Gakuin
Manager. Hidekazu Watanabe, production manager for Food Department and started to make and sell infant
Soyalac. formula.
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1979. Tofu & Soymilk Production.

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172. Moore, Raymond S. 1969. China Doctor: The life story the fibrous mass and adding water and other additives being
of Harry Willis Miller. 2nd ed. Mountain View, California: utilized in producing the milk.
Pacific Press. 215 p. “This application is a continuation-in-part of our
• Summary: The original edition of this book was published application Ser. No. 445,695, filed April 5, 1965, for Process
in 1961. This 1969 edition, although it has been completely of Producing Soy Milk from Sprouted Soy Beans, now
re-set, contains only minor revisions: (1) A new color Patent No. 3,399,997 and of our abandoned application Ser.
paperback cover shows a large illustration of Dr. Miller’s No. 638,573, filed May 15, 1967, for Processing of Soy Food
face. (2) This second edition contains a 3-page Postscript Products with Freeze Treatment.” Address: 1. 3151 S. Elm
(p. 150-52), which describes his work in Hong Kong (1960- Ave., 93706; 2. 2411 Divisadero St., 93721. Both: Fresno,
65, 1969), Philippines (1966), expansion of his work with California.
soymilk in Hong Kong (“The Hong Kong soft drink industry
dispenses more milks derived from his soybean milk than 174. Centre de Documentation Internationale des Industries
all others combined”), other work with soy (“His grain- Utilisatrices de Produits Agricoles (CDIUPA). 1970--.
and-soybean-based foods are being adopted as alternates to IALINE (Industries Agro-Alimentaires en Ligne) base de
meat in lands which cannot support animals as a principal données [IALINE (Food and Agricultural Industries On-
diet source. They range from soy cheese, milk, ice cream, Line) database]. 1, avenue des Olympiades–91300 Massy,
and butter-like spreads to simulated steaks, wieners, and France. [271542 ref. Fre]
sausages. These vegetable foods now are making headway • Summary: This is the world’s best database for French-
even in the United States and other Western countries. In language publications related to food and nutrition. It first
an era of population dilemmas, Harry Miller reminds the became available for use in Jan. 1970, and that is also the
experts that meat, as compared with vegetable protein, takes date of the earliest record in the database. It is produced by
several times the acreage to produce the same amount of the Center for International Documentation on Industrial
food.”), George McGovern and Food for Peace (1961) which Utilization of Agricultural Products (CDIUPA), founded
resulted in sharply increased exports of soybeans from the in 1965 by the French Ministry of Agriculture. CDIUPA is
USA. (3) The number of pages in the book has been reduced administered by APRIA (Association pour la Promotion
to 152, from the original 215. (4) The valuable index in Industrie Agricole), which is a member of the International
the first edition has (unfortunately) been omitted. (5) The Commission of Agricultural and Food Industries.
number of photos has been reduced to 11, from 16 in the first The current contents of the database is published in
edition, and many photos from the first edition were omitted. a monthly journal titled “Industries Agro-Alimentaires:
New photos (located on unnumbered pages 142-47) show: Bibliographie Internationale,” which began under that title in
(1) Harry and Maude Miller at the time of their wedding in Jan. 1983. It was preceded by Bibliographie Internationale
1902. (2) Dr. Miller with a woman victim of goiter in China. des Industries Agro-Alimentaires. Bulletin Bibliographique
(3) Hong Kong Hospital for Chinese refugees at Tsuen (published from Jan. 1967 to Dec. 1982). In the monthly
Wan, completed in June, 1965. (4) Dr. Miller with little journal, the citations are grouped under 6 broad headings:
Mohammed Ali, a Bedouin child in Libya. (5) Harry and his 1. General (with 8 subcategories). 2. Agro-food industries
wife Mary in 1957 waiting at the airport in Benghazi, Libya. (industries agroalimentaires; with 17 subcategories; Many
(6) Mr. Chan Shun donates 1 million Hong Kong dollars for documents on soyfoods are cited in subcategory N titled
the construction of a Seventh-day Adventist hospital in Hong “Protéines d’origine animale, végétale, microbiologique,
Kong. Dr. Miller looks on. (7) In 1968 at Albuquerque, New algues et levures aliments”). 3. Fermentation industries (with
Mexico, Dr. and Mrs. Miller are given a red-carpet welcome 6 subcategories). 4. Food microbiology. 5. Food toxicology.
by Governor David F. Cargo. 6. Utilization and adding value to agricultural and food-
industry by-products. Biotechnology. The journal contains 3
173. Okumura, George K.; Wilkinson, Jack E. 1970. indexes: Subject index. Index of sources (periodicals [with
Preparation of vegetable protein-containing food products. journal names written out in full], acts of congress, books,
U.S. Patent 3,490,914. Jan. 20. 4 p. Application filed 15 May theses). Author index.
1967. [6 ref] Information related to soyfoods is likely to be
• Summary: “Water soluble protein is extracted by found under the following headings in the subject index:
precipitation from de-fatted slurry of soy bean or other Aspergillus oryzae; Farine de soja (incl. soy flour, and
protein-containing vegetable material, and is then converted roasted soy flour or kinako); Huile de soja (soy oil); Koji;
by a freezing step in a fibrous, sponge-like protein mass Lait de soja (soymilk); Miso; Nato (incl. natto); Produit à
lacking the taste of soy or other starting material, which base de soja (incl. dawa-dawa, kinema, soy cheese [western
mass can then be further processed into a meat-like solid style], fermented black soybeans / Hamanatto, soynuts, soy
food or into a milk, or derivative of milk such as cheese, ice- ice cream, soy yogurt, thua-nao, yuba), Protéine de soja (soy
cream, yogurt, etc., additional steps of finely comminuting protein products); Protéine de soja, Produit extrudé (extruded

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soy products); Protéines d’origine animale, végétale; Sauce Soy proteins. Soybean Digest. Aug. p. 75-76.
de soja (soy sauce); Soja (incl. green vegetable soybeans); • Summary: A brief chronology of major food and industrial
Soja, germe (soy sprouts); Sufu (fermented tofu); Tempeh; developments with soy proteins from 1917 to 1969. Address:
Tofu. Address: Massy, France. Phone: (1) 69.20.97.38. Peoria, Illinois.

175. Dimler, R.J. 1970. IFT meeting. Notes from the Director 178. Abehsera, Michel. 1970. Cooking for life. Swan House,
of the Northern Division No. 987. p. 2. June 5. P.O. Box 638, Binghamton, NY 13902. xiv + 364 p. First
• Summary: “Mr. Bookwalter (ED [Engineering and Avon Flare Books printing, March 1972. Index. 21cm.
Development]) attended the 30th annual Institute of Food • Summary: Contains many imaginative and joyous
Technologists meeting in San Francisco [California], May macrobiotic recipes. Acknowledgments: “This book could
24-28. Among the exhibit highlights was Central Soya’s never have been completed without the help of my wife,
demonstration of an excellent all-vegetable, soft-serve frozen Claude. Most of the recipes are hers; she cooked, tested and
dessert called ‘Rich Freeze,’ containing isolated soy protein wrote them down... Jack Garvy completed the editing of the
as a replacement for milk solids.” Address: Director. book and made definite English corrections. My exceptional
friend William Dufty gave valuable advice. Finally, my
176. Wolf, W.J. 1970. Re: Memorandum–Visit by Mr. Jose brother Charles was very helpful...”
Zilio from Brazil on June 1. Memorandum to OC (Oilseed The author uses the term “black beans” and from his
Crops) files, June 2. 2 p. Typed, without signature (carbon definition on page 18 it seems that he is referring to black
copy). soybeans: “Black Beans, twin brothers of the red aduki in
• Summary: Mr. Zilio is associated with S.A. Moinhos size, are sold in Chinese, Japanese and natural-food stores.
Rio-Gradenses [Samrig] (in Porto Alegre, Brazil), which They are the milk and honey of the bean family, and their
is in turn associated with the Bunge Corporation. About 3 flavor and texture impart a delightful sweetness and richness
years ago his company made an agreement with Gunther to any soup or vegetable dish.” No definition is given of
Products, Inc. (in Galesburg, Illinois) to assist them in setting soybeans. In the section titled “Condiments” (p. 20-21),
up a protein isolation plant. Gunther’s know-how cost them the author defines soya sauce, miso, seitan, salted plums,
$26,000. A new plant was built for $800,000, including tofu, kuzu, etc. “Tofu is another name for soya-bean curd.
$200,000 for a spray drier and $100,000 for centrifuges. The In Chinatown, you’ll see it in wooden barrels. It looks like
plant’s capacity is 2 million lb/year (compared to 20 million Feta Greek Cheese and some people would swear it tastes
lb/year for Central Soya according to Zilio’s estimates). like chicken. It is excellent served with sauteed vegetables,
The Brazilian plant is presently producing 60-80 tons/ sauces, fried or cooked in Miso Soup.
month of soy protein isolate (1.4 to 1.9 million lb/year) “Seitan: Your guests will almost certainly mistake this
named Proteimax, of which 90-95% is going to the meat for meat. Teeth find it pleasant to chew. A combination of
industry for functional purposes (to bind fat, etc.). They wheat gluten, wheat soya beans [sic], water and salt, it comes
are interested in improving the quality of their product by in handy when mixed with vegetables, sauces and soups.”
reducing flavor and color. They hope to use their improved Note 1. No recipe for making or using seitan appears in this
isolates in dairy products (such as ice cream), bakery book.
products, and infant foods. A description of their process is Soy-related recipes include: Cooking beans in a
given. They are not presently using a flash desolventizer. pressure-cooker (p. 66; “Do not pressure cook black beans.
Their yields are 20-24% based on the weight of starting Their skins may come off and clog the pressure cooker
flakes; Central Soya’s yields are said to be about 29%. spout. It is quite dangerous!”). Cooking beans in a pot (incl.
Although Gunther Products is now owned by Staley and soya beans, p. 67). Black-bean stew (with miso, p. 70). Soja
Co., Zilio recently spent a week at the Gunther plant and jardiniere (with whole soya beans and miso).
became familiar with all of their operations except the pepsin In the chapter titled “Soups,” the author tells the story of
modified protein which was not covered in their original how the famous Japanese physician, Dr. Tatsuichiro Akizuki,
agreement for technical assistance. used miso to strengthen his constitution and to survive
Zilio’s company also makes edible oil, margarine, the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on 9 Aug. 1945.
lecithin, soaps and detergents. They hope to begin production Under “Minerals” in that chapter he discusses other virtues
of soy protein concentrate soon. Griffith Labs filed for a possessed by miso, then gives a recipe for Miso soup (p. 86).
Brazilian patent for concentrate but Zilio’s company filed a Radishes sauteed in miso (p. 114). Sandwich au gratin
protest, which will delay the patent 5 years–if it is granted (with miso spread, p. 114). Macrobiotic marbles (with miso,
at all. Address: Head, Meal Products Investigations, Oilseed p. 155). Claudia’s pizza (with miso, p. 158). Salade au
Crops Lab. cresson (with miso, p. 169). Nato [sic, Natto] (Japanese salad
with natto, p. 171; Note 2. The author describes “Nato” as
177. USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1970. “sour soy-beans, bought in a Japanese store”). Miso sauce (p.

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178). Miso spread (with tahini, p. 187). Oat-miso spread (p. of their protein from animal products, principally milk and
188). Scallion spread (with miso, p. 188). Miso pâté (p. 189). milk products. Oilseeds are an important source of protein
Komoku (with tofu, deep-fried and cut into strips, p. 212). to such persons. Both groundnuts and soybeans are rich in
O’Sushi (with tofu, p. 217). Kasha à l’Orientale (with tofu, protein. However the protein content of soybeans is higher
p. 220). Bi-Cuan (Vietnamese recipe with fried tofu, p. 226). than that of groundnuts and the protein of soybeans is
Kagetsu ice cream (with fine soya powder [perhaps Jolly nutritionally superior to the protein of groundnuts.”
Joan from Ener-G foods in Seattle], p. 334; “Kagetsu is a Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
beautiful restaurant in Seattle”). Yellow pompidou (with soya seen (Dec. 2005) that contains the term “roasted soy flour.”
bean powder, p. 336). Note 2. The page facing the title page announces a
The Foreword states (p. 1-2): “Ten years ago I was a Hindi version of this book, by the same author, which will
sick man, struggling to stay alive and to finish a novel. I be published soon. Address: Extension Specialist, Home
suspected I might fail in both matters and the doctors of Paris Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
agreed. They abandoned me as a hopeless case. It was then Jabalpur, India.
that I discovered a way of life called Macrobiotics. After a
year of eating grains and vegetables, my health restored, I 180. Singh, Rajeshwari (Mrs). comp. and ed. 1970. Soyahar:
ventured to New York to discover America and finish my Indian recipes of soybean. Pantnagar, Nainital, India: U.P.
novel.” Agricultural University. xxviii + 216 p. Illust. 25 cm.
Note 3. Webster’s Dictionary (1985) defines feta, a word • Summary: Contents: 1. Acknowledgment. 2. List of
first used in English in 1940, as “a white semisoft Greek contributors. 3. Preface (by Singh). 4. General information:
cheese made from sheep’s or goat’s milk and cured in brine.” Introduction, how to soak soybeans, how to make soybean
Fax from Jimmy Silver. 1991. Dec. 17. This was the first milk (at home or commercially), how to make soybean curd
best-selling macro / natural food cookbook. Michel is head [tofu] (at home or commercially), how to make soybean
of a (the?) Jewish community in Montreal, Canada. He has flour (at home or commercially), cultivation of soybeans in
7-9 brothers and 1 sister. “His brother, George, founded the India. Tables show: (1) The amino acid content of various
Nature de France clay based body care company–originally vegetable and meat products. (2) Nutritive value of important
called Cattier but changed after they were sued by Cartier. legumes–groundnut, pigeon pea (arhar), chick pea (Bengal
I thought they would have prevailed in the suit but George gram), soybean. (3) Chemical composition of some soybean
didn’t want to spend $500,000 to fight it even if he won.” products (seed, meal, flour, full fat flour, protein concentrate,
Address: New York. isolate, textured food, beef analogue). (4) Nutritional value
of the soybean compares with selected other foods. (5)
179. Kanthamani, S. 1970. Tasty recipes from soybean. Composition of mature green soybean [green vegetable
Jabalpur, India: Directorate of Extension and USAID, soybeans, 70% water]. (6) Composition of dry soybeans. (6)
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya. 100 p. Illust. 28 Uses of vegetable protein products (soybean flours, soybean
cm. concentrates, isolated soy proteins, textured foods–incl.
• Summary: The majority of the recipes use “full-fat soy simulated meats). 5. Milk products (including homemade
flour.” Lime juice is the coagulant used for making tofu. soy milk, homemade soy curd {dahi}, homemade soy
Textured soy flour is not mentioned. cheese {paneer}). 6. Cereals and lentils. 7. Soups, curries,
Contents: Definition of terms. Substitutions. Glossary. vegetables, chutney & raita. 8. Snack foods. 9. Indian sweets.
Introduction. 1. Soybeans are rich food: Findings of nutrition 10. Cookies and confections. 11. Meat products (mostly
research, soybeans are good for certain patients (diabetics, meatless / vegetarian). 12. Useful cooking information. 13.
those with nervous disorders, those with acidity in blood Glossary: Hindi-English and English-Hindi. Contains 221
tissues needing to be alkalinised), soybeans must be properly recipes. 4 p. of errata.
processed, how to make full-fat soy flour [at home]. 2. Fried Photos show: On the cover, a young Indian girl drinking
soy products. 3. Soy sweets. 4. Roasted soy flour. 5. Baking. soymilk from a large glass (color). (1) The seven women
6. Dals and vegetables. 7. Soy milk and milk products who comprise Pantnagar’s Soybean Utilization Team. (2)
(including homemade soy milk and homemade soy paneer Mrs. D.P. Singh, honorary leader of the Team explain a
{tofu, p. 88-89}). 8. Miscellaneous. Appendix. fine point to Prof. Alvin Nelson. (3) Many Indian ladies in
Note: This is the earliest document seen (April 2013) traditional Indian clothing standing behind a long table on
that contains the word “paneer” (spelled that way) used which are soybean delicacies prepared in a conventional
in connection with tofu or soy, or that contains the term Indian kitchen. There are many color photos of prepared
“soy paneer.” Paneer is a soft, fresh dairy cheese, widely dishes. (4) A soybean plant with pods and leaves. Address:
consumed in India. It is more expensive than tofu. Pantnagar, India.
Chapter 1 begins (p. 11): “A large proportion of the
people of India are vegetarians who obtain only a small part 181. Soy protein isolate replaces milk solids in Central

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Soya’s all-vegetable frozen dessert; it was named Rich that soymilk provided a god vehicle to bring a nutritious,
Freeze (Early event). 1970. low cost protein food to people in developing countries but
• Summary: Soybean Digest. 1970. Aug. p. 70. that the bad flavor of soymilk was the principal obstacle to
its widespread acceptance. A lengthy study of the chemistry,
182. Brozan, Nadine. 1971. If you’ve never seen a soybean biochemistry and nutritional value of the soybean was
before... New York Times. Jan. 23. p. 18. initiated. In 1967 the Office of the War-on-Hunger of the
• Summary: Denis Barber owns about 75,000 bushels of U.S. Agency for International Development supported this
soybeans at any given time–yet he’s never seen a soybean. research program with a grant which enabled the tempo of
As president of General Arbitrage, a New York commodity the research to be greatly increased. When Dr. Hand retired,
trading company, he buys and sells commodity futures. The Dr. W.B. Robinson became the Director of the team working
soybeans he purchases are usually resold before the date he on this project.
is required to take delivery; if they are not, they end up in a “One member of the Cornell team, Dr. K.H. Steinkraus,
warehouse in Chicago. who was Associate Director of the project, came to Los
In the financial world, the soybean is known as “the Baños in 1967 and initiated an important section of the
Cinderella crop.” It contains more protein than any other research program, namely to develop a product under
vegetable–and costs less. Yet in America, soybeans are not Philippine conditions that was highly acceptable to the
widely available in food stores–except in health food stores Philippine palate.” A “research project was started and
and Chinese markets. Although supermarkets do not stock a pilot plant for making soymilk was established in
the bean, they do sell many products, ranging from salad temporary quarters in the Agricultural Chemistry building.
dressings to pet foods, that contain soybean oil, meal, or Dr. Steinkraus and his group conducted acceptability
flour. They also carry soy sauce and Worcestershire sauce. studies with 6th grade Filipino children in several schools
Babies allergic to cow’s milk will probably be given soy in this area. In this study they found that it was necessary
milk. Observers of orthodox [kosher] Jewish dietary laws, to add sugar to the soymilk in order to make it acceptable
which do not permit the consumption of meat and dairy to Filipino schoolchildren and that 7% sugar was the
products at the same meal, are now able to enjoy imitation optimum level. They found that the addition of vanilla
sour cream, ice cream, or steaks–each made from the flavoring improved acceptability Ninety five per cent of the
soybean. According to Mr. Barber, less than one half of one children said they liked a formulation containing 7% sugar
percent of the crop is used for human nutrition; its main use with added vanilla flavoring. The addition of chocolate
is as a meal for livestock. flavoring increased acceptability to 96%.” The Steinkraus
Dr. Joseph J. Rackis, principal chemist for the Northern group “also found that 5% coconut milk incorporated into
Marketing and Nutritional Research Division of USDA’s soymilk containing 9% sugar made a good product with a
Agricultural Research Service in Peoria, Illinois, agrees that 96% acceptability. Soymilk frozen in plastic bags in 60 ml.
most soybeans are processed into oil and meal. And even if portions was very acceptable to the children as an ice candy.”
more were available for sale as food, most people don’t like “Dr. Bourne took Dr. Steinkraus’ place as leader of the
their taste–according to a spokesman for General Foods. Los Baños group when Dr. Steinkraus returned to Cornel in
The “future of the soybean probably rests more in what June 1969 and continued the research program...” Address:
it can become than what it is.” The food industry, scientists College of Agriculture, Univ. of the Philippines, Laguna,
and nutritionists believe that the wave of the future lies in Philippines (Visiting Prof.).
the simulation of foods from soybeans. Already they are
transforming soybeans into “hamburgers, canned stews, 184. Zilio, Jose. 1971. Visit with Dr. Wolf at NRRL
bacon strips, hors d’oeuvre dips, chow mein, pasta, sea food, (Interview). Conducted by Dr. Walter Wolf of NRRL, Peoria,
and a wide range of frozen dinners approximating ham, Illinois 61604, June 1. 1 p. transcript.
chicken and beef.” A photo shows soybeans in a plastic bag. • Summary: On June 1, Mr. Jose Zilio, engineer associated
with Samrig, a subsidiary of Bunge Corporation, Porto
183. Bourne, Malcolm C. 1971. Production, acceptability, Alegre, Brazil, stopped at NU [Northern Utilization] to
and nutrition aspects of soy beverages in the Philippines. discuss soy processing.
Paper presented at the meeting on “Potentials for soy Samrig is the largest soy processor in Brazil and is
beverages in the Philippines” U.P. College of Agriculture, located in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, where
January. 11 p. [1 ref] soybean production is concentrated. Plant production will
• Summary: An excellent summary, with some history. shortly be at 1,400 tons of soybeans per day with most of
“About ten years ago the Food Technology Group at Cornell this production going into animal feed for export and oil
University [Geneva, New York] under the leadership of Dr. for domestic production. They recently built a soy isolate
D.B. Hand became interested in the soybean as a rich source plant producing 60-80 tons of isolate per month and will
of low-cost protein. They quickly came to the conclusion market their product as a fat stabilizer in frankfurters.

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In the future, they hope to market the isolate for baby this ice cream in its own catering, but soon began to sell
foods and ice cream products. Mr. Zilio was interested in it in bulk, wholesale to other Jewish caterers. Later Heller
the NU flash desolventizer for producing a high quality, Enterprises sold its mix to pizza stores and even shipped
undenatured product as a raw material for the isolate process. some to Africa.”
Yields of the isolate are affected by denaturation during
desolventizing. Also they would like to improve low yields 186. Food Processing (Chicago). 1972. ‘Good tasting’ soy
caused by loss of curd during the centrifugation and washing products. 33(7):F7-F9. Foods of Tomorrow section. Summer/
operations. July.
Jose Zilio’s business card is attached. • Summary: “Flavor plus processing advances improve
Note: In about 1967 Samrig made an agreement with marketability, parallel consumer interest and demand.”
Gunther Products in Galesburg, Illinois, to assist them in Discusses soyfoods developed by Nelson, Steinberg, and Wei
constructing a protein isolation plant. Gunther’s know-how at the University of Illinois, Food Science Dept.: drum-dried
cost them $26,000. The new plant was built for $800,000, whole soybeans and bananas, vanilla and chocolate flavored
of which $200,000 was spent on a spray drier and $100,000 soybean milk shakes, soymilk and whey blend, canned
on centrifuges. The annual capacity of the plant is 2 million soybeans, a soy spread resembling diet margarine, and
pounds. Address: S.A. Moinhos Rio Grandenses (SAMRIG), soynut butter. “Additional products that appear possible are:
Rua de Coneicao, 195, Porto Alegre, RGS, Brazil. a frozen ice cream type product using soy milk, powdered
drink that could be added to regular or skim milk to make an
185. Product Name: Heller’s Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert instant breakfast type drink, ice cream bar, frozen puddings,
Mix. high protein extruded snacks, nutritious breakfast cereal, and
Manufacturer’s Name: Heller Enterprises. baby food cereal.”
Manufacturer’s Address: New York. Photos show: (1) Soybean spread and soybean butter
Date of Introduction: 1971. spread on crackers, bread, etc. (2) Vanilla and chocolate
New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. flavored soybean milk shakes. (3) “Pork & beans” (navy
Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 36-37. “In 1970, after the beans on left; soybeans on right).
termination of his non-compete clause with Presto Foods, Note: This is the earliest English-language document
Seymour Heller (who had developed a noncommercial seen (Dec. 2003) that contains the term “soybean milk
soy ice cream about 5 years earlier) and Carl Tropper (a shakes.”
pharmaceutical chemist) became partners and founded Heller
Enterprises to make a line of non-dairy products similar 187. Product Name: Dairene Ice Cream.
to those Heller had made while a Presto franchisee: coffee Manufacturer’s Name: Dairene.
creamers, whip topping, and a sour cream analog. Working Manufacturer’s Address: Miami, Florida.
together, they soon developed a new liquid mix for a soft- Date of Introduction: 1972.
serve non-dairy frozen dessert based on their non-dairy New Product–Documentation: Talk with Eddie Goldstein.
creamer, which contained isolated soy proteins purchased 1989. Feb. 27. This product was launched in 1972 in Miami,
from Central Soya. Called Heller’s Non-Dairy Frozen sold only to institutions.
Dessert Mix, it was introduced commercially in mid-1971.
Heller went around trying to sell the mix, and a soft serve 188. Lenderink & Company N.V. 1972. Methode ter
machine to process it in, to caterers. At first the big caterers bereiding van roomijs [Method for manufacturing ice
thought it looked like a good idea, and soon six or more had cream]. Netherlands Patent Application 7,009,789. [Dut]*
a machine and were buying from Heller. As Tropper recalls: • Summary: A soft serve ice cream contains 0.2 to 0.8% (on
‘Our item completely duplicated ice cream. We broke the a dry weight basis) of partially hydrolyzed protein, obtained
taste barrier. I think it was the first commercially successful by alkaline, acid, or enzymic hydrolysis of casein, soy
non-dairy frozen dessert based on isolated soy proteins. protein, or wheat protein. The composition is adjusted to pH
When big companies like Kraft and Hunt-Wesson tried our less than 7, preferably less than or equal to 5, by adding an
product they couldn’t believe it contained no dairy products.’ edible acid.
But before long the caterers found that after calculating the
cost of the mix, plus the $3,000 or more for the machine 189. Product Name: Hostess Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert (a
(not to mention repairs), plus the cost of a man to run the few years later called Double Good or Double Whip).
machine, they were not saving much money, if any. So quite Manufacturer’s Name: Pure Pak Products.
a few dropped the program. A major buyer from 1976 to Manufacturer’s Address: Arlington, Tennessee.
October 1983 was Jerrand Caterers, whom Heller helped to Date of Introduction: 1972.
get started. Jerrand’s subsidiary, Parvelle, processed the mix New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985.
to make ready-to-serve ice cream. Initially Parvelle used Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 37. “Louis Santi was

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 103

an ice cream manufacturer who got out of ice cream and frozen desserts, yogurt type products. 7. Comminuted meat
into the non-dairy business, founding Pure Pak Products products and meat analogs: Comminuted meat products,
in Arlington, Tennessee. The company’s first product was meat analogs, spun fiber type meat analog, extrusion-cooked
a pre-whip topping. Then Santi had hired two researchers type meat analog, heat-gelled type meat analog, meat fibers
away from RGB Laboratories (Presto) in Kansas City to help in heat-gelled protein matrix, assay of soy protein products
him develop a frozen dessert made by rippling non-dairy in meat-type foods. 8. Gelling and aerating agents: Gelsoy as
whip topping into a casein and coconut oil base. In about gelling agent, soy protein isolate as gelling agent, soy protein
1972 Pure Pak launched Hostess (brand) Non-Dairy Frozen isolate as aerating agent, soy whey protein as aerating agent,
Dessert. It was first marketed in Detroit, and targeted for enzyme modified isolates as aerating agent, foam-mat drying
those with lactose intolerance. A few years later the name adjunct, foaming agent for soda water. 9. Miscellaneous
was changed to Double Good or Double Whip (depending on food applications: Brew flakes, soups, gravies and sauces,
the area). The product immediately ran into huge opposition confections, imitation nut meats, and [soy] nut butters, spray
from state dairy associations; the entire first shipment drying adjunct. 10. Nonfermented Oriental soybean foods:
was returned. Nevertheless, many larger dairies wanted to Introduction, Chinese soy milk, dried soybean whole and
distribute it with their ice cream and it eventually sold fairly defatted milks, tofu (fresh tofu, bagged tofu, dried tofu, fried
well in Detroit and elsewhere. Yet many states had special tofu), yuba, kinako (“The Japanese have a product which is
laws requiring the product to have special labels and names, similar to full-fat soy flour except that it is made from whole
such as ‘parevine’ in the Northeast, ‘imitation mellorine’ in roasted soybean and this contains the seed coat”), soybean
the Southwest, or ‘imitation ice cream’ in some other areas. sprouts (compositional changes).
This was a nuisance and raised costs. After about 1978 soy Concerning Brew Flakes (p. 373): “Soy flakes, grits,
protein and soy oil became the key ingredients when coconut and peptones have been used since about 1937 or earlier
oil prices started to rise. A trickle of the product remained (Burnett 1951) as adjuncts in brewing beer. Grits and ground
available over the years. The Kellogg Co. bought Pure Pak meal from screw press processing were the first products
in 1978-79 and in 1983 test marketed basically the same used in brewing but later they were replaced by solvent-
product (called Kellogg’s Double Good) in St. Louis, but it extracted flakes. The best results are obtained with flakes or
didn’t get off the ground (Dick Borne 1985; Frank Macko flour having a high NSI (nitrogen solubility index) with a
1985; Tarn Hilton 1985; personal communications).” minimum of heat treatment in processing. Up to 0.75 lb. of
flakes per barrel of beer has been recommended by Hayward
190. Arbuckle, W.S. 1972. Ice cream. 2nd ed. Westport, (1941).
Connecticut: AVI Publishing Co. vii + 457 p. Illust. No “The flakes may be used in the normal mashing
index. 28 cm. 3rd ed., 1977. operation to provide amino acids, peptides, minerals, and
• Summary: Contains a detailed description of Parevine vitamins as nutrients for the yeast. It was reported by
(non-dairy frozen dessert), and formulas for three mixes: Wahl (1944) and Wahl and Wahl (1937) that addition of
Economy, medium, and deluxe. Only the economy mix uses hydrolyzed soybean protein directly to the beer improves
vegetable protein; the others use eggs. Address: PhD, Prof., foam stability, flavor, and body of the beer.” Address: NRRL,
Dep. of Dairy Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Peoria, Illinois.
MD.
192. Cowan, J.C. 1973. Processing and products [soybeans].
191. Smith, A.K.; Circle, S.J. 1972. Protein products as In: B.E. Caldwell, ed. 1973. Soybeans: Improvement,
food ingredients. In: A.K. Smith and S.J. Circle, eds. 1972. Production, and Uses. Madison, Wisconsin: American
Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology. Westport, CT: AVI Society of Agronomy. xviii + 681 p. See p. 619-64. Chap. 20.
Publishing Co. xiii + 470 p. See p. 339-88. Chap. 10. [180 [52 ref]
ref] • Summary: Contents. 1. Introduction. 2. Processing for
• Summary: Contents: 1. Flavor: Taste panel results, oil and meal: Preparation of flakes, solvents, extraction,
flavor components, plastein formation and flavor, plastein desolventizer-toaster, degumming. 3. Conversion to
formation and nutrition, some food uses tolerant of soy edible oil products: Refining, bleaching, deodorization,
flavor. 2. Bread and pastries: Soy flour history, effect of soy hydrogenation. 4. Edible fat products: Salad and cooking
flour on baking characteristics, soy protein isolate in bread, oils, status of flavor stability, shortenings and margarine
soy flour and flavor, enzyme active soy flour, soy flour in oils, lecithin. 5. Essential fatty acids and atherosclerosis.
Britain, detecting of soy flour in wheat flour. 3. Other baked 6. Industrial uses of oil. 7. Meal for livestock and poultry:
goods: General, doughnuts, snack products. 4. Breakfast Nutritional aspects, factors affecting use of meals. 8. Edible
cereals. 5. Macaroni products. 6. Dairy-type products: protein products: Soy flour, concentrates and isolates,
Imitation milk, soy milk, filled milk, soybean cheese, textured protein products (textured soy flour or textured
imitation cream cheese, coffee whiteners, whip toppings, and soy protein fibers made into “meat analogues” resembling

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chicken, bacon, etc.). 9. Fermented and specialty foods: forage or roughage. (19) Soybean grits and flour–screensize.
Tofu, soybean milk (an intermediate step in the manufacture (20) Composition of soy flour. (21) Composition of 4 types
of tofu), miso, shoyu (tamari, light-colored shoyu), sufu, of soy protein concentrates. (22) Uses for high-protein soy
tempeh, hamanatto, and natto. products (protein 70 [concentrates] and protein 90 [isolates]).
Soybeans flow through a crushing plant as follows: First, Note: This is the earliest English-language document seen
they are cracked to release or loosen the hull and to break the (Dec. 2004) that uses the term “protein 90” to refer to a
cotyledon into about 4 parts. Shakers and aspirators separate soy protein isolate. (23) Amino acid analysis of fractions
the hull from the cracked cotyledons and rollers flake derived from dehulled extracted flakes (Rackis et. 1961,
them. “Purified petroleum hydrocarbons known as hexane 1970). (24) Effect of cooking in salt solutions on texture of
extract the oil from the flakes and the solvent is recovered. structured granules. (25) Composition and use (1,000 metric
Moistened flakes are heated to inactivate the antinutritional tons in 1964 and 1967) of soybeans for traditional foods in
factors and are converted to feeds for livestock and poultry. Japan (Use of whole soybeans in 1967 in 1,000 metric tons:
A small proportion of the flakes goes to a wide variety Miso 169. Shoyu 15. Natto 47. Tofu 329. Total 642. Use of
of soybean protein products including flour, isolates, and defatted flakes or grits in 1967 in 1,000 metric tons: Miso 8.
concentrates.” Shoyu 154. Natto 0. Tofu 77. Total 284).
Tables show: (1) Utilization of soybean in U.S. in Figures show: (1) Flowchart: Processing of soybeans
million pounds, every 5 years from Oct. 1933 to 1970 to oil and meal using hexane extraction. (2) Illustration: A
(Kromer 1970). (2) Use of soybean meal in the USA for modern soybean processing facility (aerial view, Central
feeding livestock and poultry (million tons). In 1969, the Soya, Inc.). (3) Schematic diagram / flowchart: Manufacture
estimated amounts used were as follows: Cattle 3.43. Hogs of edible soybean oil products (salad oil, salad and cooking
1.69. Other livestock 1.73. Total livestock: 6.85. Broilers oil, shortenings, margarines, liquid shortening). (4)
3.07. Hens and pullets 1.28. Other poultry 1.10. Total Illustration: A continuous deodorizer for soybean oil. (5)
poultry 5.45. Total livestock + poultry 12.30. Note that Graph: Effect of prolonged storage at 100ºF on flavor score
cattle are the single biggest users. (3) Bleaching soybean of hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil or soybean salad oil
oil (process, % clay and type, change in Lovibond color (nitrogen packed, air packed). (6) Illustration: Continuous
rating). (4) Effect of bleaching, citric acid, and light exposure chilling and working equipment for margarine production
on soybean salad oil. (5) Specifications for soybean oil. (Votator Div., Chemetron Corp.). (7) Flow diagram;
(6) Effect of linolenate content on flavor of soybean oil at Conversion of emulsions of margarine oils and ripened milk
elevated temperatures. (7) Composition of certain edible oil to conventional stick, whipped stick, and tub margarines
products from soybean oil and related products (salad oil, (Votator Div.) (8) Chemical structure of prostaglandin-E2,
hydrogenated-winterized soybean salad oil, hydrogenated a fatty acid with hormone activity. (9) Diagram: Vapor-
soybean oil liquid shortening, plastic shortening types I and desolventizer- deodorizer for soybean flakes (Blaw-Knox
II). (8) Changes in iron and copper content of soybean oil in Co.). (10) Flowchart and diagram: Operations with extruder-
commercial refining. (9) Properties of all-purpose and high- cooker. (11) Flow diagram: Manufacture of protein 70 [soy
stability shortenings from all-hydrogenated vegetable oils protein concentrate]. (12) Schematic diagram: Manufacture
and blends of animal fat and/or vegetable oil (iodine value, of soy protein isolate (Protein 90). (13) Photo: Chicken-
melting point, % linoleic acid, solid fat index {% solid at simulated soy protein “meat” in three forms (Swift Edible
temperatures indicated}). (10) Typical analyses for mellorine Oil Co.). (14) Photo: Protein tow containing 16,000
and cookie and confectioner’s fat. (11) Analytical data for monofilaments spread apart to show its fibrous nature; other
typical margarine oils low and high in polyunsaturates tows in background (General Mills, Inc.). Address: NRRL,
(iodine value, melting point, % linoleic acid, solid fat index Peoria, Illinois.
{% solid at temperatures indicated}). (12) NSPA–tentative
lecithin specifications (NSPA, 1969-1970). (13) Composition 193. Woodroof, Jasper Guy. 1973. Peanuts: Production,
of soybean lecithins. (14). Approximate composition of processing, products. 2nd ed. Westport, Connecticut: AVI
soybeans and meal products (whole bean, cotyledon, hull, Publishing Co., Inc. xi + 330 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [100+*
hypocotyl, meal {cake–extruded, flakes–solvent extracted, ref]
dehulled flakes–extracted, mill feed–separated hulls, mill • Summary: Contents: 1. Historical background. 2. World
run–separated hulls}). (15) Amino acid analysis of soybean production and marketing of peanuts. 3. The culture of
meal (44% protein and 49% protein {dehulled}) and corn. peanuts. 4. Harvesting, curing, and shelling. 5. Storing
(16) Amino acid analysis of blends of soy flour with cereals peanuts. 6. Composition and nutritive value of peanuts. 7.
and milk (Inglett 1968; Corn soy milk {CSM}, Millet soy Peanut butter. 8. Salted peanuts. 9. Peanut confections. 10.
milk, Wheat soy milk, etc.). (17) Partial formulas for young Peanut oil. 11. Technological developments in peanut uses
swine and boiler rations in percent total rations. (18) Partial (incl. peanut milk, flour, protein, peanut cheese, peanut baby
formulas for dairy feeds (14% protein). A supplement to and invalid food, peanut paste for shortening, peanut butter

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ice cream). Appendices: U.S. standards for farmers’ stock be obtained by grinding peanuts. It soon became known as
white Spanish peanuts, Virginia-type peanuts, and runner peanut butter, and presumably, was made from raw peanuts.
peanuts (unshelled or shelled), U.S. standards for grades of A physician in St. Louis, Missouri, was reportedly the first
peanut butter, technical inspection procedures for peanut to manufacture peanut butter commercially (Beattie 1936)
butter, peanut butter: definition and standard of identity. [Note: Beattie 1936 makes no mention of any physician in
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea, of the Leguminosae family) St. Louis, Missouri in connection with peanut butter!] He
are also called groundnut, earth-nut, monkey nut, goober, recommended it for invalids because of its high nutritional
pinda, pinder, or Manilla nut. They are indigenous to South value. It was said to be used in sanitariums elsewhere,
America, probably Brazil or Peru, where they were known especially at Battle Creek, Michigan, due to its high protein
as early as 950 B.C. They were taken from there to Africa content, low carbohydrate content, and palatability. Due to
by early explorers and missionaries. They were brought the limited sale at first and lack of adequate equipment for
to North America from Africa by slave traders in the early manufacture, the price was too high for general use.
colonial days and used as food for slaves while on shipboard. “Although roasted (parched) peanuts have been ground
In America, peanuts were not extensively used until after into a paste and mixed with honey and cocoa in South
the Civil War in 1865, and then for many years the crop America for centuries, peanut butter as a North American
was confined to Virginia and North Carolina. In about 1920 food was apparently invented independently. The first
the ravages of the boll-weevil forced farmers in Georgia, product was shelled roasted peanuts chopped, ground, or
Alabama, and Florida to substitute peanuts for cotton. In the beaten into a pulp in a cloth bag with salt added...
early days peanuts were used almost entirely for fattening “About 1900 it was learned in the south that peanuts
farm animals, especially pigs, turkeys, and chickens. could be ground into a paste butter in the home. Soon it
In 1899 a missionary, Archdeacon Thompson of the became a staple food and commercial production was greatly
American Missionary Society, took quarts of peanuts in his stimulated.”
luggage to China. Production of peanuts spread to every “The making of peanut butter was largely a local hit-
province of China and China is now the world’s number two or-miss operation until the Peanut Butter Manufacturers
producer with approximately 2 million tons annually. India Association was organized about 1940. Until that time only
is by far the world’s largest producer of peanuts, while the 25% of edible peanuts were used in butter and little attention
USA ranks fifth with 1 million tons. George Washington was given to varieties of peanuts, methods of roasting and
Carver made more than 300 food and industrial products blanching, grades of peanut butter, effect of particle size,
from peanuts in Alabama before World War I. The American means of preventing oil separation, improving speadability,
Museum of Peanut Butter History has been established in preventing sticking to the roof of the mouth, extending
Chicago, Illinois; it covers the period from 1890 to 1925 the shelf-life, and formulas for using. By 1950, about half
[and is sponsored by Peter Pan Co.]. of all edible peanuts were used in butter, and by 1964 the
One of the first industrial organizations for the proportion had risen to 63%.”
promotion of peanuts in America was the American Peanut As of 1962 about 53% of U.S. peanut butter was made
Corp., founded by L.F. Bain in 1849 near Wakefield, from runner peanuts, 34% from Spanish peanuts, and 12%
Virginia. The next major company, Lummis and Co. in from Virginia peanuts.
Norfolk, Virginia, was not founded until 1879, after the Civil Note: Talk with Jasper Guy Woodroof in Griffin,
War. The next four major companies, founded in 1890, 1892, Georgia. 1993. Feb. 17. He does not know where he heard
and 1895, and 1900, were all founded in Virginia. Peanuts that a physician in St. Louis, Missouri, was the first to make
were the foundation of the swine industry in much of the peanut butter. Address: Prof. Emeritus of Food Science,
Coastal Plain area of the Southeast. But peanuts were found Univ. of Georgia, Experiment, Georgia.
to cause soft pork.
The spokesman for the industry since 1920 has been 194. Circle, Sidney J. 1974. Soy proteins in dairy-type
the Peanut Journal and Nut World, published in Suffolk, foods, beverages, confections, dietary, and other foods. J.
Virginia. The National Peanut Council was organized in 1940 of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 51(1):198A-199A.
in Pensacola, Florida, as a trade association for all branches Jan. Proceedings, World Soy Protein Conference, Munich,
of the industry. Germany, Nov. 11-14, 1973.
Chapter 7, titled “Peanut Butter,” contains a history • Summary: Preparation and properties of the following
of the subject: “Peanut butter is by far the most important soy-based product groups are given: Beverages: traditional
product made from peanuts in the United States. Even though unfermented soy milks, traditional fermented–yogurt-like
large quantities of peanuts are grown in other countries, milks, simulated milks based on soy protein isolate incl.
practically none is consumed as peanuts. The history of fermented yogurt-like types, still non-carbonated beverages,
peanut butter is obscure but dates from about 1890 when it carbonated beverages.
was discovered that a very palatable paste or butter could Simulated sweet creams. Sour cream. Margarine and

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spreads. Cheese-like foods: Tofu, sufu, simulated cream been produced at Pantnagar Agricultural University’s pilot
cheese, simulated cured and processed cheese, cheese plant since last year has already become a big attraction, not
spreads and dips. Frozen desserts (incl. ice cream and only on campus but also in nearby towns, such as the hill
sherbet). Whipped toppings. Substitute nuts and fruits. station of Nainital, 75 km. away.
“Table vegetable, green soybeans, and [soy] bean Nutritious, tasty and moderately priced, soyamilk that
sprouts. Available in canned form, also fresh in season in is mass produced is expected to help bridge the huge gap
some areas. Dry beans can be sprouted in home. between the supply of and demand for regular milk in India.
“Soups. Protein fortification as thickener (soy flour, The cost of making soyamilk is expected to be one-third
soy protein concentrate, or soy protein isolate) or in high to one-fourth the price of regular milk.
protein noodles or croutons. Oriental use of yuba.” Address: This soyamilk was developed at Pantnagar by three
Anderson Clayton Foods, Richardson, Texas. Indian and American scientists after three years of research
under a PL-480 grant; Prof. B.P.N. Singh, Dr. Surjan Singh,
195. Meyer, Edwin W. 1974. Introduction to round-table and Prof. A.I. Nelson. The patent for the process and the
discussion on soy protein in dairy-type foods, beverages, equipment, filed in both India and the USA, is held jointly by
confections, dietary, and other foods. J. of the American Oil Pantnagar University and Illinois University.
Chemists’ Society 51(1):197A. Jan. Proceedings, World Soy The development of the process for making soyamilk is
Protein Conference, Munich, Germany, Nov. 11-14, 1973. just the beginning, said Dr. Surjan Singh. His team is in an
• Summary: “This session provides a forum for the advanced stage of research and development for making a
discussion of the uses of soy protein products in specific variety of other soyamilk products “such as ice cream, curds
foods such as: infant formulations and baby foods; coffee [tofu], sweets and baby food.”
whiteners; whip toppings; cheese-like foods; frozen and
chilled desserts; margarine and other spread products; 198. Brody, Jane E. 1974. Soybean has become the focus
beverages, including dietary and nutritional beverages of of drive to give more protein to world’s hungry. New York
the carbonated, still, or milk-like varieties; confections, Times. Oct. 12. p. 62.
including candies; imitation nut meats and nut butters; • Summary: “This is the second of two articles on the drive
whipping agents; and dietary foods, including calorie- to increase the amount of protein in the human diet.” These
reduced foods.” Address: Central Soya Co., Chicago, Illinois. are part of a series of articles examining the world food
situation.
196. Nelson, A.I.; Ferrier, L.K. 1974. Foods from whole Americans are already familiar with at least two
soybeans. INTSOY Series No. 2. p. 173-78. Proceedings of products made from soybeans: bacon-flavored bits and
the Workshop on Soybeans for Tropical and Subtropical hamburger extender (also known as “textured vegetable
Conditions (College of Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- protein”). Scientists believe that Americans will be among
Champaign). [8 ref] the hardest to please with new protein sources. General
• Summary: Properly hydrated and blanched soybeans offer Mills, Inc. is presently test-marketing two soy protein meat
great potential for processing into a wide variety of food analogues named “Country Cuts”–frozen, ready to eat
products. The following are some of the foods made at the cubes with the texture or flavor of chicken or ham. They
University of Illinois: 1. Drum dried flakes: 100% whole are 25-40% less expensive than the meats they imitate.
soybean, soy-rice (50:50), soy-corn (50:50), soy-brown These products contain meat-like fibers made from defatted
sugar-peanut (50:35:15), soy-banana (50:50) weaning food. soybean flour and pumped through a “spinnerette,” which
2. Canned and homecooked soybeans: Vegetarian soybean, resembles a showerhead. The chewiness of the “Cuts” can
three bean salad, soy with chicken, soy with pork, soy with be changed by adjusting the stretch on the fibrils as they pass
lamb, pork with soybeans. 3. Soy beverages and beverage through the spinnerette.
products: Plain beverage, chocolate beverage, blend of University of Illinois food scientists Steinberg, Wei,
soy beverage and cottage cheese whey, ice cream (mocha and Nelson are taking a different approach. Starting with
flavor), yogurt. 4. Spreads: Diet spread (margarine flavor), the whole soybean (oil and all), they have developed a
dip, peanut butter analog [soynut butter]. 5. Snacks: Roasted wide range of foods from soy “milk” and “yogurt” to an ice
soybean cotyledons [soynuts], extruded puffed rice and cream-like dessert, custard, and flakes–and gotten rid of the
corn fortified with full fat soy flour. Address: 1. Prof.; 2. normal “beany” or “painty” flavor by heating the beans to
Asst. Prof. Both: Dep. of Food Science, Univ. of Illinois at inactivate the enzyme that causes it.
Urbana-Champaign. Another approach is fortification of foods with soy flour
or the missing amino acids. Some are working to extract
197. Times of India (The) (Bombay). 1974. Soyamilk protein from green leaves or from waste, others to grow
becoming a big draw. June 19. p. 6. single-cell protein.
• Summary: Pantnagar–The soya-milk and beverage that has Some of these approaches are little more than ideas, on

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which a great deal of research needs to be done. However

for others, such as “various soy foods” and fish protein
concentrate, the technology has been nearly or completely
worked out, at least on a pilot scale, and “could theoretically
be incorporated soon into the diets of protein-starved people.
But the obstacles to such incorporation are substantial.”
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
seen (Aug. 2013) that uses the term ‘soy “milk”’ in
connection with soy milk.
Note 2. This article was reprinted in the Times of India
(New Delhi) on 16 Oct. 1974 (p. 6) under the title “Looking
for new protein sources in war on malnutrition.”

199. Dinshah, Freya. 1974. The vegan kitchen. 9th ed.

Malaga, New Jersey: The American Vegan Society. 48 p.
Illust. Index. 29 cm. Spiral bound.
• Summary: A lifetime vegetarian, the author has been
a vegan since 1959, and the Secretary of the American
Vegan Society since 1960. Married to AVS President H. Jay
Dinshah, she is an accomplished author, lecturer, and teacher.
In this 9th edition, soy-related recipes include: Soya sprouts
(p. 14). Soya patties (with soya flour, baked in an oiled dish,
p. 23). Soya rounds (with whole soybeans, baked on a lightly
oiled baking sheet, p. 24). Soya beans (dry roasted [soynuts],
p. 25). How to shell green soya beans (p. 25). Soya loaf (with
cooked soya beans, baked, p. 28). Soya butter (made with
soya powder/flour, p. 29; this is not really soynut butter).
Sesame/soya milk (with soya powder/flour and dates, p.
30-31; a photo shows a bag of Fearn Natural Soya Powder).
Quick soya/tahini milk (with soya powder/flour, p. 32).
Soya cheese Americana (tofu made with soya powder/flour
and coagulated with lemon juice, p. 32). British Plantmilk
cheese (tofu made with Plamil and lemon juice). Australian the cheezy flavor), Soy nuts (dry roasted), Soy coffee. Soy
soya cheese (with soya powder, p. 33). Vegan soya/potato milk: Homemade using soy flour or using soybeans, Soy
mayonnaise (with soya milk, p. 33). Basic jelled ice cream ice cream–”Ice Bean,”* (made with soy milk in vanilla or
(with soya milk and agar-agar, p. 38). cocoa flavors), Soy yogurt* (p. 5, made with soymilk and
The cover of this cookbook states: “Comprehensive starter from Chr. Hansen’s Lab. in Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
total-vegetarian natural food system. Nutritionally balanced. Soy flour: Basic salad and sandwich spread, Seasoned
Scientifically sound. Healthful and humane. Ethically sandwich spread. Soy cheese* (made from fermented /
unassailable. Ecologically superior. Recipes, menus, ideas, soured soymilk), Soy cheesecake* (made with “soy cheese”),
illustrations.” Address: The American Vegan Society, 501 Cookie crust for cheesecake, Soy mayonnaise* (made with
Old Harding Highway, Malaga, New Jersey. soymilk). Soy pulp [okara]: Introduction, Soy pulp burgers*,
Scalloped potatoes and pulp, Soysage*, Protein spice cake
200. Farm, The. 1974. Yay soybeans! How you can eat better (with soy pulp), Soy pulp cookies, and Soyola* (soy pulp
for less and help feed the world. Summertown, Tennessee: granola). Eggless cookery: Introduction, Pancakes (with
The Book Publishing Co. 14 p. Illust. 22 cm. soymilk), Chocolate cake (with sour fresh soymilk), Soy
• Summary: This highly creative little booklet, printed soufflé (with soy flour). Good Tasting Nutritional Yeast:
with blue ink on white paper (a similar 1978 edition Introduction, Melty nutritional yeast “cheese,” Nutritional
used brown ink on white paper), contains many original yeast “cheese” crackers, Golden gravy. Nutrition of
/ pioneering soyfoods recipes (marked with an asterisk soybeans: Nutritional composition of 1 cup whole cooked
(*)). Contents: Living on soybeans. Some of our favorite soybeans, 1 cup sweetened soymilk, 1 cup mother’s milk, 1
ways to eat soybeans. Basic cooked soybeans: Soybeans cup cow’s milk. “We supplement our soymilk with vitamin A
and tortillas, Soybean stroganoff, Soyburgers, Soy fritters, (150 mcg./cup), vitamin D (2.5 mcg./cup), and vitamin B12
Cheezy soybeans (Good Tasting Nutritional Yeast gives (6 mcg./cup).” Composition of soymilk and soypulp (wet

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to use this nutritious foodage. We’ve found that soy pulp

can be substituted for rice in many recipes. It also can be
used in baked goods like cakes and cookies, where it gives
a coconutty flavor when combined with sugar and vanilla
extract...” Three recipes are given.
The last page is about “Plenty.” “Living in Tennessee
and eating our soybeans hasn’t seemed like quite enough
to be doing about world hunger and other areas of human
need around the planet. So we have formed a new non-profit
corporation called Plenty, with the following purposes, as
stated in its charter:
“’To help share out the world’s food, resources,
materials, and knowledge equitably for the benefit of all.
“’To help and aid any people anywhere in the world who
due to any natural or man-caused disaster such as drought,
famine, flood, earthquake, tidal wave, weather imbalance,
disease epidemic, storm, fire, insect devastation, crop failure,
population imbalance, war, political oppression, religious
oppression, racial discrimination, or greed, are in need of
food, clothing, shelter, medical aid and supplies, resources,
materials; agricultural, engineering, or scientific assistance or
education; or anything else, to enable them to lead healthy,
comfortable, responsible, and productive lives in the pursuit
of happiness...
“’To accept donations, gifts, devises, bequests, and
loans of food resources, materials, equipment, funds, stocks,
bonds, and property of all kinds from any and all sources to
help achieve the purposes of the corporation;
“’To establish and coordinate a group of volunteer
workers who will help achieve the purposes of the
corporation; such volunteers will not be salaried, but will
receive only necessary subsistence...
“’To enter into any partnership or union of interest
and dry, including PER). Some facts about people and food. with others... or produce food, resources, materials, funds,
Plenty. or knowledge that will help achieve the purposes of the
Page 1 begins, “On The Farm we live on soybeans. They corporation;
supply us with the protein part of our diet, taking the place of “’To establish and operate orphanages and foster homes
meat, fish, eggs, milk, and dairy products. We are complete to care for and provide homes for orphans from all countries
vegetarians and don’t eat any of those foods. We are growing of the world...
150 acres of soybeans this year to feed our community of “’To help and aid in finding homes with adopting parents
800 folks... We’ve been living, working, and growing on this for orphans from all countries of the world, and to help these
diet for four years now, as a community, and many of us have orphans settle in these homes with adopting parents...’
been vegetarians longer than that. So far we’ve delivered 230 “We really do have Plenty. Let’s spread it around!
babies here on the Farm...” The last page notes that The Farm “For further information, write: Plenty, Route 1, Box
has “formed a new non-profit corporation called Plenty, with 289, Summertown, Tennessee 38483.”
the following purposes, as stated in its charter: To help share Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
out the world’s food, resources, materials, and knowledge seen (June 2013) that uses the term “soy pulp” or the word
equitably for the benefit of all...” “soypulp” to refer to okara.
The section titled “Soy Pulp” (p. 7) states: “If you make Note 3. This is the earliest document (Oct. 2001) seen
soymilk, you’ll have soy pulp left in the cloth when your that contains a recipe for a soy cheesecake (one of two
milk is done. Our soy dairy produces lots of pulp every day, documents).
and although the pulp contains less protein than the milk, Note 4. This is the earliest document seen (June 2013)
the protein it has is high quality, so we’ve been putting our that uses the word “soysage” to refer to a meatless sausage-
creative kitchen instincts to work developing new ways like food product in which soy pulp is the major ingredient.

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Whereas the original 1943 Soysage was a meatless dry mix, 202. SoyaScan Notes. 1974. Chronology of soybeans,
a yellow meal containing soy flour, peanut flour, cottonseed soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1974
flour, etc., this Soysage is ready to be sliced and fried. (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2010) Soyfoods Center.
concerning Plenty (Summertown, Tennessee). • Summary: 1974 March. The first issue of Vegetarian Times
Note 6. This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2002) published by Paul Obis in Chicago.
that mentions tofu (called “soy cheese”) in connection with 1974 April. Bob Gerner (of Westbrae) and William
The Farm. Shurtleff (guide) travel throughout Japan searching for
Note 7. This is the third earliest publication seen (Jan. quality sources of traditional miso and soy sauce. Right after
2003) in the SoyaScan database under the subject heading the trip, Westbrae starts importing these products.
“Soyfoods Movement.” Address: Tennessee. 1974 Aug. 9. President Nixon, elected in 1968 and 1972,
resigns after the Watergate scandal. Gerald Ford succeeds
201. Stone, David E. 1974. Profile: Francis E. Calvert him as president. Butz continues as Secretary of Agriculture.
pioneer of soybean protein. Food Engineering 46(10):40, 42. 1974. Brazil passes West Germany to become the
Oct. world’s second largest soybean crusher, after the U.S.
• Summary: Francis Earle Calvert was born in 1912 in 1974 late. Miles Laboratories / Worthington introduces
Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was selected by Henry the Morningstar Farms line of meat analogs based on spun
Ford to be part of a special group attending Ford’s Wayside soy protein fiber. Sold nationally at U.S. supermarkets.
Technical School in Sudburry, Massachusetts. There was 1974 late. The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee,
no tuition–a Godsend during the Great Depression. Then publishes Yay Soybeans!, a 14-page booklet containing many
he attended Ford’s Edison Institute at Dearborn, Michigan. innovative soyfoods recipes, such as “soy ice cream–ice
Calvert’s introduction to the soybean came directly bean,” soy yogurt,” “soy cheese,” “soy cheesecake,” “soy
from Ford himself–in the early 1930s. One day the great mayonnaise,” and “soysage” (a meatless okara & soymilk
entrepreneur dropped in lugging a 100-pound sack of sausage). Most of the dairylike products were made with
soybeans, saying that there must be something valuable in fresh or cultured soymilk. The Farm now grows 150 acres
them since Orientals had been using them for 4,000 years. of soybeans to feed its community of 800 people. It has just
He challenged the young students to find out how to use established Plenty, a non-profit corporation “To help share
them. out the world’s food, resources, materials, and knowledge
He and his young co-workers at the Greenfield Village equitably for the benefit of all.”
laboratory had developed a destructive distillation process. 1974. The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee, publishes
It decomposed the soybeans using heat in a closed container. Hey Beatnik, which contains the earliest know use of the
Later Calvert helped to design a new solvent extractor for term “Soy Dairy.” The Farm’s soy dairy now makes 60
soybean built like an Archimedes screw; it removed soybean gallons of soymilk a day at a total cost of $0.30 per gallon.
oil using a counter-current solvent. Soon Calvert, and 1974. Tofu Recipes, the first book on tofu in English,
colleague Robert Boyer, were making spun protein fibers for written and self-published by Grace Kikuchi in Ann Arbor,
upholstery in Ford cars, as well as plastic car parts. Michigan. Spiral bound and 47 pages long, it gives a recipe
Because soybeans were hard to get, the young men for homemade tofu and uses tofu largely with fish and meat.
had to grow their own. They planted several thousand acres 1974 Nov. World Food Conference in Rome. Delegates
of soybeans, then had to develop mechanical equipment from 130 UN member countries adopt an international
to harvest them. Now they set out to adapt them to human strategy to overcome world hunger and malnutrition.
consumption. In 1936 the lab delivered fortified soymilk to 1974-1975? Eden Foods starts to import natural foods,
Dearborn families, made a soy sherbet that was sold in the including miso and shoyu, from Japan.
Ford employee cafeteria, and canned green soybeans for use
as a vegetable. 203. Crowhurst, B. 1974. Making soft-serve ice cream. Ice
Why do soybeans have a bitter taste? Its a survival Cream and Frozen Confectionery 26(12):814, 816. *
mechanism. • Summary: The principles of formulating soft-serve ice
The Drackett Corporation hired Calvert, and shortly cream mixes are given. One recipe uses soy flour.
thereafter they purchased the Ford Textile Fiber Division.
They put Calvert in charge of basic protein research. In 1949 204. Gaskin, Stephen; Farm, The. 1974. Hey beatnik! This
he was appointed research director at Drackett. In 1962 is The Farm book. Summertown, Tennessee: The Book
Calvert joined Ralston Purina Co. in special soy products Publishing Co. 100 p. Illust. No index. 28 cm. Pages are
research. He retired in Aug. 1973. Address: Product Mgr., unnumbered.
Food Protein Div., Ralston Purina Co. • Summary: The Farm is a community of 600 people living
on a 1,700 acre farm in Summertown, Tennessee. They

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have about 300 acres under cultivation, and during the

summer about 200 of this is in soybeans. They practice a
complete and total vegetarian diet; no one eats flesh foods
or dairy products, drinks alcohol, or smokes tobacco.
They do this for religious reasons, to be compassionate to
animals and to leave enough food for everyone. “It is so
grossly uneconomical and energy expensive to run soybeans
through a cow and then eat the cow instead of just eating the
soybeans that its virtually criminal.”
One two-page spread titled “Yay Soybeans!” begins:
“Here’s a spiritual reason for being a vegetarian. You can
get ten times as much protein growing soybeans than eating
beef cattle. If everyone was vegetarian, there would already
be enough to go around, and no one would be hungry.” It
contains recipes for: Soy milk. Soy cheese (let soy milk stand
in a warm place until the curd has separated from the whey,
then boil the curds with salt, drain and press). Soy yogurt
(cultured). Soy butter (made with 3/4 cups each soy flour
and water, 1 teaspoon salt, and 1 cup oil). Soy mayonnaise.
Granola (with soy flour). Raw gluten. Gluten roast. Fried
gluten. Gluten burritos. Soybean stroganoff.
Another two-page spread is titled “The Soy Dairy: Soy
Milk,” by Alexander and the Soy Dairy. It begins: “Soy milk
is an easily digestible form of soybean protein. It can be
made into whipped cream, sour cream, ice cream, cheese and
yogurt. It contains the same amount of protein as cow’s milk,
but less calcium and no cholesterol. We made 60 gallons
a day for total cost of 30 cents a gallon.” There follows a
description of exactly how The Farm’s soy dairy makes
soymilk, what equipment is used, and where it was obtained.
The text ends: “Please write to the soy dairy if you have any
questions about soy milk, or stop by for a visit and tour, and
we’ll be happy to give you a glass of milk to taste. Love,
Alexander and the Soy Dairy.”
This book is loaded with wonderful photos, including: (1974), this creative and creatively illustrated vegan
(1) Shunryu Suzuki, roshi. (2) A large field of soybeans. (3) cookbook contains many extremely innovative and original
Three long-haired members of The Farm eating (L-R): David recipes including: Soybean Stroganoff. Soyburgers.
Chalmers, Charles Hunnicutt, and Wilbur Jordan. (4) A little Spaghetti Sauce with TVP. Soysage. Soy fritters. Indonesian
girl, Susannah Frohman, sitting on a stool drinking a cup fried tempeh. Soymilk. Tofu. Tofu spreads. Soy “yogurt.”
of soymilk, with her other hand on a gallon jar of soymilk. Soy “cheese.” Soy “butter” (made with soy flour). “Cream
(5) The inside of the soy dairy. (6) Leslie Jordan happily cheese” (made with soymilk). Soy “mayonnaise.” Soy
drinking soymilk from a gallon jar in front of a truck that “whipped cream.” Soy “coffee.” “Soy ‘nuts.’” Soy pulp
is delivering soymilk in milk cans. Standing by the truck is granola. Ice Bean [soy ice cream] (Recipes include:
Roger Kanies. Mitchell and Nancy Shapiro are sitting on Pineapple “sherbet” and “Vanilla ice bean,” each made with
the ground nearby. (7) Many views of Stephen Gaskin. (8) soy milk instead of dairy milk). Mellowmeal (breakfast
Growing, harvesting, crushing, and cooking sweet sorghum cereal containing soy flour). Soy “yogurt” Danish pastry. Soy
for use as a sweetener (a light, sweet syrup). Address: bread. Soy pulp cookies. Soy “cheese cake.” Blintzes (filled
Summertown, Tennessee. with tofu).
Gluten recipes (p. 54-59) include: Basic gluten (feeds
205. Farm, The. 1975. The Farm vegetarian cookbook. 8 generously). Gluten roast. Gluten burritos. Chili gluten.
Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 128 p. Oven-fried gluten. Janice’s barbeque [barbecue] gluten ribs.
Illust. Index. 18 cm. Revised edition by L. Hagler. 1978. 223 The rear cover states: “We are a large, long-haired
p. spiritual community in Tennessee. We came together
• Summary: Expanding on the pioneering “Yay Soybeans!” through open meetings in San Francisco with Stephen. We

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have 750 people, including 250 kids, living on 1,750 acres. cover is a color illustration of a basket full of vegetables on
This cookbook is to help as many people be vegetarians as a quilt. Many of the pages have illustrated borders or unique
possible without turning any of them off and making them illustrations (line drawings) (flowers, plants, leaves, a pot of
think its strange or weird and to let people know that it tastes steaming food, psychedelic designs, native American motifs,
good, is nice, graceful, and it can be a turn-on, that it’d etc.) where there would otherwise be empty space. Pages:
be really neat to eat, and make you look forward to meal- (10) A Farm member eating, with one hand, a tortilla wrap
times and make you really happy to eat such good food.” filled with cooked whole soybeans. (20) A young woman in
The Introduction, by Stephen, begins: “The thing about our a kitchen facing the stove. (28-29) Illustrations of two Farm
cookbook is we don’t want to be faddish or cultish or scare members making pizza. (65) Uncle Bill in a kitchen stirring a
people off. We just honestly want them to know how to make pot. (81) A pitcher labeled “Soy Milk.” (83) An old-fashion,
it on vegies, even somebody who doesn’t particularly have hand-turned ice cream machine for making Ice Bean. (88)
a moral reason for being a vegetarian, but just wants to eat Sour soymilk Danish pastry. (95) A happy man and a woman
a little cheaper, or somebody who learns to be a vegetarian eating bagels. The man’s finger, pointing up, serves as a
to lose weight, ‘cause you maintain a really healthy natural bagel holder. Yum! (100) Overhead view of a round table
weight on vegetables... The main thing is that we’re absolute with ten people eating. (105) A vase full of kitchen utensils.
vegetarians. We don’t do meat or milk or eggs or cheese or (113) A lady holding a cake–a very favorite recipe on The
fish or fowl.” Farm. (120) A lady rolling out dough on a table.
“You can increase the world’s food supply by being Note 1. This book played an important role in
a vegetarian. So its good for everybody else, its good for introducing soyfoods (especially tempeh and soy ice cream),
the individual for health, and its good for the soul and the as well as a vegan diet, to America.
spirit not to be involved in killing. And I understand that Note 2. This is earliest publication seen by The Farm
vegetables are alive, but like I’ve said before, I’ve been to that contains a tempeh recipe.
pig stickings, and I’ve been to rice boilings, and rice boilings Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2008)
have better vibrations than pig stickings.” that contains the word “vegies” (one of two documents).
Photos show: Facing title page: People planting white Note 4. This is also the earliest document seen (Oct.
potatoes at the edge of a large field in front of the woods. 2008) that uses the word “barbeque” or “barbequed” rather
The lady in front is Sylvia Tepper, Robert Tepper’s wife. than the standard “barbecue.”
Pages: (1) Little Susannah Frohman eating a rolled up Note 5. Some sources (OCLC/WorldCat) cite Stephen
soybean tortilla. (3) Stephen Gaskin. (18) Ruth Thomas, Gaskin as the author of this book. Others cite Louise Dotzler;
making lunch in the kitchen of the only house on the her maiden name was Louise Hagler, but she was married to
property when Farm folks first came here. It housed The Thomas Dotzler in 1975. Later that decade they separated
Farm’s clinic, school, bank offices, and receptionist for a and Louise reverted to using her maiden name As “Louise
number of years until other facilities were built for these Hagler,” she was the editor / author of several later revised
purposes. Ruth could make a mean soybean burger (which is and expanded editions of The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook
pictured). (23) Laurie Sythe making potato soup on the other (1978, 1988) plus several outstanding books about soyfoods
side of the same kitchen Ruth was pictured in. (35) Poblano published at The Farm. Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
chili plants. (60-61) Tempeh sliced to be round to fit on buns,
resting on a plate (L) and a tray (R). (64). Uncle Bill (age 82, 206. Ferrier, L.K. 1975. Simple processing of whole
center, surrounded, from left by: Marilyn Keating, Jeffrey soybeans. INTSOY Series No. 6. p. 178-88. D.K. Whigham,
Keating, Ruth Thomas, Patrick Thomas, Uncle Bill, Joel ed. Soybean Production, Protection, and Utilization:
Kachinsky, Roberta Kachinsky, Bruce Moore, Roslyn Moore Proceedings of a Conference for Scientists of Africa, the
{holding baby Sam}. All at their home on Schoolhouse Middle East, and South Asia (College of Agric., Univ. of
Ridge. The house, named “Kissingtree,” was originally Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). [17 ref]
built for Stephen and family, but he declared it “too fancy” • Summary: A review of the work at the University of
for him, and he passed it on to this group {women were Illinois with drum-dried flakes, home cooked and canned
mostly schoolteachers in our school}). (67) Janice Hunter soybeans, soybean beverages and beverage products (incl.
making stir fry at the Tower Road House kitchen. (68) John soy ice cream, yogurt, custard, and margarine), spreads (incl.
Hurgeton drinking a glass of soymilk on a construction site a chip dip and a “soybean butter” that resembles peanut
somewhere. (71) Sue Ellen, who worked in The Farm’s soy butter), snack foods (incl. dry roasted soynuts resembling
dairy, holding a glass of soymilk and relaxing. (89) Sour peanuts and puffed snacks). Soy ogi is also discussed.
soymilk Danish pastry. (106) Jars of canned goods stored at “The drum-dried flakes are made by preparing a smooth
the Farm’s canning facility. Thanks to Cynthia Holzapfel for slurry of the cooked soybeans in water and drum-drying the
providing photo captions. slurry on a double drum drier. If the final product contains
Illustrations appear on almost every page: On the front other materials, such as fruit or cereals, these are mixed in

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the soybean slurry and the combination is drum-dried. The 3,893,842. July 8. 5 p. Application filed 1 July 1974. [10 ref]
dried flakes may be ground to any fineness desired. These • Summary: A high-protein, water-soluble, at least partially
flakes may be used directly, as a weaning food, or they may defatted soy flour is mixed with molasses to form a slurry.
be mixed into other food such as baked goods to increase the The mix is then dried to form a solid then film with enhanced
protein content.” crispness and crystalline formation. It may be used in bread,
Concerning soy beverages and beverage products: A flour confectionery, and ice cream. “The term “molasses”
simple process was developed at the University of Illinois as used herein refers to the uncrystallizable syrup obtained
which allows the use of blanched soybeans to produce a on boiling down raw cane sugar or beet sugar. It usually
stable soy beverage with no beany flavor. (A patent has contains 70 to 75% solids and 30 to 25% water.” Address: 1.
been granted in France and Belgium, and is pending in Chicago; 2. Niles; 3. Chicago. All: Illinois.
other countries.) The major advantages of this process
are an excellent mild flavor, no off-flavor, destruction of 209. Nelson, A.I.; Steinberg, M.P.; Wei, L.S. Assignors
antinutritional factors, and increased nutritional value to University of Illinois Foundation. 1975. Soybean
relative to most other soybean beverages. The major beverage and process. U.S. Patent 3,901,978. Aug. 26. 17 p.
disadvantage is the necessity of homogenization in order to Application filed 6 July 1973. [10 ref]
produce a stable suspension. The beverage based has been • Summary: This is the earliest known University of Illinois
used to replace milk in products such as soy ice cream, soy soyfoods or soymilk patent. Based on a pre-blanch of intact
yogurt, custard, and diet margarine, all of which are prepared soybean cotyledons, grinding, and homogenization of the
by conventional methods. Soy beverage base is presently slurry to yield a soymilk base containing the okara or soy
marketed by G.B. Pant University, Pant Nagar, India. The fiber.
selling price (which allows some profit) is about one-third Dehulling is optional; its only purpose would be to
that of cow’s milk. Address: Asst. Prof., Dep. of Food decrease the fiber content and viscosity of the finished
Science, International Soybean Program (INTSOY), Univ. of product. The base may be diluted with water to obtain a milk
Illinois, INTSOY. containing 3.6% protein and 1.8% fat. Such a product can
maintain its physical and organoleptic stability for over one
207. Product Name: Freaky Freeze (Non-Dairy Soy Ice month at 34 def. F.
Cream). At the time of the patent application, Mr. A.S. Alpert,
Manufacturer’s Name: J. Hungerford Smith, Inc. University Patents, Inc. (2777 Summer St., Largo Building,
Manufacturer’s Address: Modesto, California. Stamford, Connecticut, 06901) the exclusive licensing agent,
Date of Introduction: 1975. April. issued a 2-page statement titled “Soybean Beverages” which
New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. noted: Addition of a small amount of breakfast cocoa results
1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 42. “In the spring in a tasty chocolate drink. “The base may be diluted with
of 1975, a year before it became legal to sell soft-serve cottage cheese whey, presently an environmental pollutant,
frozen yogurt in California, a company in Modesto named to obtain a highly nutritious and good-tasting milk-like
J. Hungerford Smith, Inc. developed a soy-based dry mix beverage. Other products which have been prepared with
for a non-dairy frozen dessert, which they named Freaky this soy beverage base include a ‘diet margarine’ soft
Freeze. A subsidiary of United Brands Co., the company spread, frozen ice cream-like product, and a whipped shake
was quite large and had a long history as a supplier of foods product. These products have been taste-tested by numerous
to soda fountains. Freaky Freeze was first sold at the Bear’s persons who have visited the University, and have received
Lair near the University of California at Berkeley. It was enthusiastic responses.” Address: Dep. of Food Science,
dispensed out of a soft serve machine; the small amount of Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
lactic acid added to the mix made it resemble frozen yogurt.
About 3 months after Freaky Freeze went on the market, 210. Finey, David John; Ravenhill, J.R.; Tait, M.J. Assignors
the Dairy Division of the State of California Department to Lever Brothers Company (New York, NY). 1975. Ice
of Agriculture got wind of it, and issued a cease and desist cream. U.S. Patent 3,914,441. Oct. 21. 5 p. Application filed
order, stating that it was against the law to sell it from a soft 7 Dec. 1973. [4 ref]
serve machine. Freaky Freeze was never heard of again (G. • Summary: Discusses the manufacture of ice cream having
Kelly 1985, personal communication).” “First sold at the a low pH, which may contain soya protein. Soya protein,
Bear’s Lair near the University of California, Berkeley. it which has an isoelectric point of about pH 4.6, is (like
was dispensed out of a soft serve machine.” casein) acid-precipitable; it can be used either by itself or
in a protein combination, for example with milk protein.
208. Glabe, Elmer F.; Anderson, P.W.; Laftsidis, S. Assignors Preferred stabilisers include microcrystalline cellulose,
to Food Technology, Inc. (Chicago, Illinois). 1975. Solidified propylene glycol alginate, and dextran. In Example 8, soya
product from molasses and soy protein. U.S. Patent protein is used in place of casein. Address: Stevenage,

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England. and texture...

“As Rich moved into the 60’s, he began to champion
211. Wei, L.S.; Steinberg, M.P.; Nelson, A.I. 1975. A new a product called coffee whitener, which was a substitute
Illinois soybean beverage: Tasty, smooth, nutritious, and for cream or milk in coffee. The dairy interests fought him
economical. Illinois Research 17(4):3-4. Fall. with might and main... Dairy people wanted him to call his
• Summary: This is a relatively short description of the new product imitation cream, but Rich stoutly maintained that
11-step process designed to inactivate the “lipoxygenase his product was not cream, it was something new, and was
enzyme,” which can produce a distinctly “painty” off-flavor satisfied to call it ‘coffee whitener.’...
in soymilk, whenever the beans are ground and exposed to “At the present time, Rich Products does an estimated
water ambient temperatures. The fiber in the soybean is not $100 million a year.”
removed, but rather is finely pulverized by grinding and Photos show Robert E. Rich Sr., Robert Rich Jr., and
homogenization to produce a stable colloidal system, in the original ¼ page ad run in the Jan. 1946 issue of Quick
which the fiber and protein do not settle and the oil does not Frozen Foods.
rise. “Instability of the colloidal system, causing a grainy
mouth feel, can be a severe problem.” The product obtained 213. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1975. The book of
at the end of Step 5, called “Soybean beverage base,” can tofu: Food for mankind. Hayama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan:
be used to prepare such “dairy analogs” as yogurt and ice Autumn Press. 336 p. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi. Index. Dec.
cream, as well as milk. 28 cm. Rev. ed. 1977 Autumn Press, Brookline, MA. [53 ref]
“The University of Illinois Foundation has recently • Summary: This pioneering work started the
patented this process in the United States and in a number of “tofu revolution” in America. Contents: Preface.
other countries. Already three U.S. companies and several Acknowledgements. Part I. Tofu: Food for mankind. 1.
foreign firms have been licensed to use the process in Protein East and West. 2. Tofu as a food: Introduction, rich
manufacturing the beverage, yogurt, ice cream, and similar in high quality protein (NPU, biological value, protein
products. We hope that some of these products will appear score, amino acid content), high protein complementarity
in your local supermarket before too many months have (tofu contains an abundance of lysine, an essential amino
passed.” acid that is deficient in many cereal grains; increase usable
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document protein by combining tofu with wheat, rice, corn, etc.), easy
seen (Aug. 2013) that uses the term “dairy analog” (or “dairy to digest, an ideal diet food, low in saturated fats and free of
analogue”) to refer to soymilk. cholesterol, rich in vitamins and minerals, a health-giving
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document natural food, backbone of the meatless / vegetarian diet, free
seen (Aug. 2013) that uses the term “soybean beverage of chemical toxins, low in cost, easily made at home, quick
base” to refer to a concentrated form of soymilk from which & easy to use, versatile.
regular soymilk or soymilk products can be made by adding 3. Getting started: Introduction, buying and storing tofu,
water, flavors, sweetener, etc. Address: 1. Assoc. Prof. of basic ingredients (whole-wheat flour, miso {rice-, barley-,
Food Science; 2. Prof. of Food Engineering; 3. Prof. of Food and soybean miso, special Japanese miso, Chinese chiang},
Processing. All: Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. oil, brown rice, salt, shoyu {natural shoyu, shoyu, Chinese
soy sauce, synthetic or chemical soy sauce}, sugar, vinegar,
212. Quick Frozen Foods. 1975. National Frozen Food monosodium glutamate {MSG}), Japanese kitchen tools
Convention Grand Award to Rich Products Corp. Dec. p. 46. (each illustrated), preparatory techniques (salt rubbing,
• Summary: “Rich Products Corp. was founded by Robert rinsing and pressing leeks and onions, soaking burdock root,
E. Rich Sr., in 1945, and that year did a gross business of reconstituting dried sea vegetables {dried hijiki, wakame,
$28,000. Its primary product then was a frozen pure-soy agar}, wheat gluten and kampyo [kanpyo], parboiling,
cream for whipping and baking. cutting tofu and vegetables, using sesame seeds, toasting
“It was intended to be a substitute for dairy whipped nori, preparing a steamer), basic recipes (soup stocks and
cream, and had many advantages. In frozen form, it lasted broths {dashi}, basic shoyu dipping sauces {tsuke-jiru},
almost indefinitely, was almost twice as nourishing as heavy miso toppings {sweet simmered miso / nerimiso, miso sauté /
cream, and whipped up to triple its bulk in 45 seconds. It was abura miso, special miso toppings and dipping sauces, finger
originally packaged in a milk-type, cone-shaped container. lickin’ miso, and regular miso}, miso salad dressings, nut
“At first, most of the sales were at the retail level, and seed butter toppings, spreads and dressings, basic sauces,
but as time went by, institutional business and bulk sales rice, noodles and other basic preparations).
became important factors. The success of frozen cream Our favorite tofu recipes (lists about 80 recipe names for
pies was almost entirely due to a coconut oil-based product each of the different types of tofu, plus soymilk, yuba, whole
also manufactured by Rich, which had none of the bacterial soybeans, gô, okara, and curds; very favorites that are also
problems of dairy whipped cream and was of excellent flavor quick and easy to prepare are preceded by an asterisk).

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Part II. Cooking with tofu: Recipes from East and 10. Soymilk. 11. Kinugoshi (“Kinu means ‘silk’; kosu
West (500 recipes). 4. Soybeans: History of soybeans and means ‘to strain’; well named, kinugoshi tofu has a texture
“soybean foods,” cooking with whole dry soybeans, roasted so smooth that it seems to have been strained through silk.”
soybeans (iri-mame), fresh green soybeans (edamame, It is made from concentrated soymilk). 12. Grilled tofu
incl. a recipe for “Sweet emerald bean paste {Jinda}),” (incl. sukiyaki). 13. Frozen and dried-frozen tofu. 14. Yuba
kinako (roasted full-fat soy flour, incl. Japanese health food (incl. many meat alternatives such as Yuba mock broiled
treats such as kinako amé, gokabo, kokusen, kankanbo, eels, Buddha’s chicken, Buddha’s ham, sausage). 15. Tofu
and abekawa mochi), soybean sprouts (daizu no moyashi), and yuba in China, Taiwan, and Korea (incl. Savory tofu
natto (“sticky fermented whole soybeans,” with “gossamer {wu-hsiang kan}; see p. 258 for illustrations of many meat
threads”), tempeh (fermented soybean cakes), Hamanatto alternatives, incl. Buddha’s fish, chicken, drumsticks, and
and Daitokuji natto (raisin-like natto), modern western duck, plus vegetarian liver and tripe, molded pig’s head, and
soybean foods (natural soy flour [full-fat], soy granules, molded ham). One type of Korean soybean miso is called
defatted soy flour and grits, soy protein concentrates, soy kotsu jang [sic, kochu jang]. When tofu is served with miso
protein isolates, spun protein fibers, textured vegetable [Korean-style, Tenjang] as the dominant seasoning, and with
protein {TVP}, soy oil products). 5. Gô (a thick white puree rice, “it becomes the popular Tenjang Chige Pekpem” (p.
of well-soaked uncooked soybeans). 6. Okara or Unohana. 7. 262). 16. Special tofu.
Curds and whey. 8. Tofu (includes history, and preparatory Note 2. This is the earliest (and only) English-language
techniques: Parboiling, draining, pressing {towel and document seen (March 2009) that uses the word “Tenjang”
fridge method, slanting press method, sliced tofu method}, to refer to Korean-style soybean jang (miso).
squeezing, scrambling, reshaping, crumbling, grinding, Part III–Japanese farmhouse tofu: Making tofu for more
homemade tofu (basic, from powdered soymilk, fermentation and more people. 17. The quest. 18. Making community
method related to soymilk yogurt), tofu quick and easy {incl. tofu. 19. The traditional craftsman. 20. Making tofu in the
Chilled tofu–Hiya-yakko}, tofu dressings, spreads, dips and traditional way.
hors d’oeuvre {incl. Creamy tofu dressings and dips, Tofu Appendices: A. Tofu restaurants in Japan; many are
mayonnaise dressing, Tofu tartare sauce, Tofu cream cheese, vegetarian: In Tokyo: Sasa-no-yuki / Sasanoyuki, Goemon,
Tofu sour cream, Tofu cottage cheese, Tofu guacamole}, tofu Hisago, Sanko-in, Shinoda-zushi, Dengaku (south of Tokyo
in salads {Western style and Japanese style salads incl. Shira- in Kamakura). In Kyoto: Nakamura-ro, Okutan, Takocho,
ae}, tofu with sandwiches and toast, tofu in soups {Western Izusen, Junsei, Nishiki, Hakuun-an, Rengetsu, Sagano,
style and Japanese style soups, incl. miso soup}, tofu in Sorin-an. Tea ceremony cuisine (Kaiseki ryori), Zen temple
sauces, tofu in breakfast egg dishes, tofu baked, tofu sautéed, cookery or Buddhist vegetarian cookery (Shojin ryori), Tea
stir-fried or topped with sauces {incl. Mabo-dofu [Ma Po ceremony cookery from China (Fucha ryori), Wild gathered
doufu]}, deep-fried tofu, tofu with grains, tofu broiled cookery (Sansai ryori). A directory of these and others, with
{incl. Tofu dengaku}, tofu simmered in one-pot cookery addresses and phone numbers, is given (p. 312).
and seasoned broths, tofu steamed, tofu desserts {incl. Tofu B. Tofu shops in the West (Directory of 43 shops in
whipped cream or yogurt, Banana tofu milkshake, Tofu the USA, 3 in Europe, and 3-7 in Latin America {Mexico
icing, Tofu ice cream, Tofu cheesecake, Tofu-peanut butter City, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo, Brazil}). C. People and
cookies}). institutions connected with tofu. D. Table of equivalents.
9. Deep-fried tofu: Thick agé or nama-agé (incl. atsu- Bibliography. Glossary. Index. About the authors
agé meaning “thick deep-fried tofu,” “three-cornered agé” (autobiographical sketches; a photo shows Shurtleff and
{sankaku-agé} in Kyoto, agé cubes {kaku-agé}, “five-color Aoyagi, and gives their address as New-Age Foods Study
agé” {gomoku-agé}), ganmo or ganmodoki (incl. hiryozu / Center, 278-28 Higashi Oizumi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
hirosu, “Flying Dragon’s Heads,” “treasure balls,” “Ganmo 177). Sending tofu in the four directions.
treasure balls”), agé or aburagé (incl. kiji, “agé pouches,” Pudding recipes include: Rice pudding with gô and
“crisp agé”, kanso aburagé, “agé puffs,” “fried soybean apple (p. 76, incl. 2 cups soymilk). Tofu chawan-mushi
cakes,” “hollow agé cubes,” “Smoked tofu,” p. 189-91, 197). (p. 147; Steamed egg-vegetable custard with tofu). Tofu
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document fruit whips (p. 148). Tofu rice pudding (p. 150, incl. 1 cup
seen (April 2013) that contains the following terms related soymilk). Tofu custard pudding (p. 152). Soymilk custard
to deep-fried tofu (p. 180-90): “Thick agé,” nama-agé, atsu- pudding (p. 208). Brown rice pudding (p. 208, with 2 cups
agé, Hiryozu, “Dragon,” “Flying Dragon’s Heads,” “treasure soymilk). Soymilk chawan-mushi (p. 209). Chawan-mushi
balls,” “five-color agé,” gomoku-agé, “Ganmo treasure with yuba (p. 249).
balls.” “fresh or raw deep-fried tofu,” “three-cornered agé,” Dessert recipes include: Tofu whipped cream or yogurt
sankaku-agé, “agé cubes,” kaku-agé, kiji. “agé pouches,” (p. 148; resembles a pudding or parfait). Tofu ice cream
“crisp agé,” kanso aburagé, “agé puffs,” “fried soybean (p. 149, with chilled tofu, honey, vanilla extract and salt).
cakes,” or “hollow agé cubes.” Banana-tofu milkshake (p. 149). Tofu cream cheese dessert

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balls (p. 149). Tofu icing (for cake, p. 149). Tofu cheesecake of tofu: Food for mankind (Illustrations–line drawings).
(p. 150). Tofu-pineapple sherbet (p. 151). Also: Soymilk Hayama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, Japan: Autumn Press. 336 p.
yogurt (cultured, p. 205). Healthy banana milkshake (p. 206). Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi. Index. Dec. 28 cm. Rev. ed. 1977
On p. 160 is a recipe for “Mock tuna salad with deep fried Autumn Press, Brookline, MA. [53 ref]
tofu.” • Summary: Continued: Illustrations (line drawings, both
Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document numbered and unnumbered) show: A hearth in a traditional
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Tofu ice cream” to Japanese farmhouse with tofu dengaku roasting around a bed
refer to soy ice cream or that contains a recipe for “Tofu ice of coals in a sunken open-hearth fireplace. An old Japanese
cream.” plum tree blossoming in winter. Three pieces of skewered
Note 4. This is the earliest English-language document tofu dengaku with a sansho leaf atop each in a special
seen (April 2013) that uses the term “Tofu Cheesecake” and serving box. A sprig of sansho with berries. Stylized top of
the first to give a recipe for a tofu cheesecake. a soybean plant in a circle. Fig. (4) Tofu products available
Note 5. This is the earliest English-language document in the West (tofu, dofu, kinugoshi, thick agé triangles, cubes,
seen (April 2013) that uses the term “Tofu Sour Cream” (p. and cake, agé and agé puffs, hollow agé cubes, soymilk, tofu
109) or that contains a recipe for “Tofu Sour Cream.” pudding, doufu-ru {white and red}, ganmo {patties, small
Note 6. This is the earliest English-language document balls, and treasure balls}, grilled tofu, dried-frozen tofu,
seen (April 2013) that uses the term “tofu milkshake” or that instant powdered tofu, okara, dried yuba, soymilk curds,
gives a recipe for a shake made with tofu. pressed tofu, savory tofu). A wooden cutting board and
Note 7. This is the earliest English-language document Japanese broad-bladed vegetable knife (nagiri-bôcho) with
seen (Jan. 2012) that uses the term “sticky fermented” to vegetables and tofu on a woven bamboo tray.
refer to natto. Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
Note 8. This is the 2nd earliest English-language seen (April 2013) that uses the term “treasure balls” to refer
document seen (April 2013) that uses the term “dried-frozen to Chinese-style tofu mixed with various finely-chopped
tofu.” vegetables, rolled into balls, and deep-fried tofu. (8) A
Note 9. This is the earliest English-language document wooden keg of red miso and a plastic bag of barley miso. (9)
seen (April 2013) that describes preparatory techniques for Shoyu in a metal can, wooden keg, glass bottle, and table-
tofu (p. 96-98). top dispenser. Traditional Japanese kitchen tools: Miso-koshi
Note 10. This is the earliest English-language document (woven bamboo strainer used in making miso soup). cutting
seen (April 2013) that contains the term “smoked tofu.” board, Japanese vegetable knife, wooden spatula, bamboo
Note 11. This is also the earliest English-language rice paddle (shamoji) and spoon, woven bamboo colander or
document seen (April 2013) that uses the term “kinugoshi tray (zaru), suribachi, Japanese grater (oroshi-gané), sudaré
tofu” to refer to silken tofu. (bamboo mat), pressing sack for tofu or soymilk, serrated
Note 12. As of March 2007, the various English- tofu-slicing knife, tawashi scrub-brush (made of natural palm
language editions of this book have sold more than 616,000 fiber), wok with draining rack and wooden lid, stir-frying
copies. ladle and spatula, long cooking-chopsticks, mesh skimmer,
Note 13. This is the earliest English-language document deep-frying thermometer, Chinese bamboo steamer (seiro),
seen (Aug. 2011) that contains the term “Modern Western charcoal brazier (konro, shichirin), broiling screen. Covered
soybean foods” (see p. 69), a term that Shurtleff would soon pot steamer. Small lidded pottery pot. More kitchen tools
(by 1983) replace by the more accurate “Modern soy protein (p. 50-51). (10) A soybean measuring box (isshô-bako). (11)
products.” The soybean plant. Two views of a soybean seed with seed
Note 14. This is the earliest published English-language coat, hilum, and hypocotyl labeled. A bag full of soybeans.
document seen (Jan. 2012) that contains the term “creamy Roasted soybeans in a woven bamboo tray (zaru). Edamamé
tofu dressings” (or “dressing”). in the pods. Three shapes of kinako treats. Soybean sprouts.
Note 15. This is the earliest English-language document Natto on a bamboo mat (sudare). Natto wrapped in rice
seen (Sept. 2012) that contains the term “Soymilk yogurt.” straw as it ferments. A hand holding chopsticks that lift natto
Note 16. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2012) up from a bowl of natto–connected by gossamer threads.
that contains an adequate or detailed description of how to Tempeh (round and square pieces). Wrapping a small packet
make yuba at home. of inoculated soybeans to make tempeh. (15) Two Japanese
Note 17. This is the earliest English-language document women in traditional clothing using hand-turned grinding
seen (June 2013) that contains the term “whole dry stones (quern) to grind soaked soybeans when making tofu.
soybeans.” Address: c/o Aoyagi, 278-28 Higashi Oizumi, (16) Push-pull grinding stones. (17) Motor-driven grinding
Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177, Japan. Phone: (03) 925-4974. stones. (18) Water-powered millstones. (19) Wind-powered
millstones. (20) Unohana. (21) A tofu maker sitting on a
214. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1975. The book traditional lever press that presses soymilk from the okara

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in a pressing sack on a rack. A heavy iron skillet. (22) seen (April 2013) that contains the term “treasure pouches”
Folding okara omelet pouches. Okara doughnuts. (23) A or the term “Agé treasure pouches” They refer to a Kyoto-
bamboo colander. (24) A tofu maker weighting a colander style delicacy made with deep-fried tofu pouches.
with a brick so that whey will collect in it. (25) Ladling (74) Agé pouches sealed with foodpicks. Inari shrine
whey from curds; it foams! (27) A horse drinking whey with Shinto torii. (75) Kampyo-tied pouches [kanpyo]. (76)
from a wooden vat. Soymilk curds in a bamboo mat. (28) Making rolled agé hors d’oeuvre. (77) Tofu maker ladling gô
Ladling curds for Awayuki. (29) Fresh tofu in a plastic tub. (fresh soy puree) into a cauldron. (78) Stirring down the gô.
(30) A tofu maker placing a weight on pressing lids as tofu Pressing soymilk from okara with a hand-turned screw press.
is pressed in settling boxes (forming boxes). Transferring (79) Serving fresh soymilk in a tofu shop. Six Japanese
tofu-filled settling box to sink. Cutting a block of tofu into commercial soymilk products. Little girl at The Farm
cakes under water. Eggplant halves in a yin-yang dance. (Summertown, Tennessee) seated on a small chair drinking
Preparatory techniques used with tofu (slanting press, sliced a cup of soymilk. Chinese breakfast soymilk soup with
tofu, squeezing, scrambling, reshaping, crumbling). (32) deep-fried crullers (Siento-chiang with yu-chiao tsao pi).
Utensils for making tofu at home. (33) Three designs for a (80) Takigawa-dofu. (81) Tofu maker pouring the soymilk
homemade settling container. (34) Preparing homemade tofu for kinugoshi tofu. (82) Adding solidifier. (83) Trimming
(a-l). (35) Removing tofu from a farmhouse-style settling kinugoshi from sides of box. (84) Modern lactone kinugoshi
container (forming box). (36) Chilled tofu. Iceberg chilled (with GDL). (85) Modern kinugoshi factory. (86) Sasa-no-
tofu. A hot, moist, white towelette (o-shibori) is used to Yuki’s Gisei-dofu container. (87) Kinugoshi with ankake
wipe the face and hands before (or occasionally after) a sauce. The entrance way to a traditional Japanese restaurant
meal. Tofu salads in three Japanese pottery dishes. Japanese featuring tofu. Traditional metal skewer for making grilled
soups in three types of containers. (37) Chrysanthemum tofu. (88) Traditional tofu maker grilling tofu over a charcoal
tofu. (38) Tofu poached egg. Tofu-stuffed green peppers. A brazier (hibachi). Grilling tofu in a traditional open hearth.
wok. (39) Filling a wok with oil. (40) testing oil temperature (89) An early method of elaborate grilling. Pieces of tofu
in a wok. (41) Deep-frying tofu tempura–and (42) Serving on different types of skewers. Farmhouse sukiyaki with
it in a shallow bamboo basket. (43) Making Kaki-agé. (44) grilled tofu. (90) Tying frozen tofu with rice straw. (91)
Dengaku Hoshi (from Tofu Hyaku Chin). (45) Skewered Drying farmhouse frozen tofu. (92) Pressing frozen tofu
Tofu dengaku. Preparing Tofu dengaku in old Japan (from at home. (93) Deep-fried frozen tofu with cheese. (94)
Hokusai’s sketchbooks). (46) A variety of skewers. (47) Making deep-fried frozen tofu sandwiches (Hakata-agé).
Chinese firepots. (48) A Simmering Tofu wooden serving (95) Frozen tofu wrapped in kombu. (96) Steaming table
container heated by coals from within. (49) Miso oden. (50) in a yuba shop. Ten different types / shapes of yuba. (97)
Tofu wrapped in rice straw. (51) Nanzenji wrapped tofu. (52) Lifting yuba away from soymilk. (98) Yuba sashimi. (99)
Gisei-dofu. (53) Serving freshly deep-fried agé. (54) The Yuba envelopes. (100) Deep-fried yuba dengaku. (101)
deep-frying area of a traditional tofu shop. (55) Deep-frying Folding yuba into bundles. Trimming half-dried yuba from
tools. (56) Wooden bamboo tray with raised sides. Chinese a skewer. (102-113) Tofu and yuba in Taiwan, China, and
cleaver. (57) Nori-wrapped sushi with agé (making and Korea (see separate record). Sesame tofu in pottery bowl.
serving; six drawings). Eating noodles from old Japan (from (114) Traditional farmhouse tofu, tied into a package with
Hokusai’s sketchbook). (58) Preparing homemade noodles. rice straw rope. (115) Shirakawa-go farmhouses with water-
(59) The Oden man on a winter’s eve. A pottery bowl of powered rice-dehusker in foreground. (116) Making seawater
Oden. Kombu rolls. (60) Making konnyaku twists. (61) tofu at Suwanose. Mortar and pestle for pounding mochi.
Nishime in a multi-layered lacquerware box. (61) Pressing Making community tofu: Western metal hand mill, hand-
tofu for thick agé in a tofu shop. (62) Deep-frying tofu turned stone mill apparatus, faces of upper and lower stones,
for thick agé. (63) A tofu maker with deep-fried thick agé colander and cloth, two shapes of cooking pots, Japanese
triangles on screen trays. farmhouse earthen cooking stove, cooking pot set on cut-
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document off oil drum, ladle, two wooden paddles, pressing rack,
seen (May 2012) that contains the terms “deep-fried thick pressing okara, lever press, pressing sack, wooden settling
agé triangles” (p. 181) or “hollow agé cubes” (p. 23). [forming] container with cloths. (117) Making nigari with
(64) Stuffing thick agé. (65) Thick agé stuffed with salt in bamboo colander, a traditional “salt boat” for refining
onions. (66) Pressing tofu for ganmo. (67) Adding seeds and salt of nigari. (119) Country farmhouse tofu (5 illust.).
vegetables. (68) Deep-frying ganmo. (69) A farmhouse open- (121) Morning shopping at a tofu shop. (122) Diagram of a
hearth fireplace with nabe kettle. (70) Preparing homemade tofu-shop floor plan. (123) Modern pressure with hydraulic
ganmo. Ganmo balls in a draining tray. Ganmo cheeseburger. press. (124) Modern centrifuge with 3 soymilk barrels.
(71) Cutting tofu to make agé slices (kiji). (72) Deep frying Thirty-one unnumbered illustrations showing every step in
agé. (73) Opening agé into pouches. Agé treasure pouches. making and selling tofu in a traditional Japanese shop (p.
Note 3. This is the earliest English-language document 299-306). (125) Cutting tofu for Dengaku (from Tofu Hyaku

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Chin). (126) Ladies busy making dengaku (from Tofu Hyaku before, in the history of the world, have so many people
Chin). (127) Hearth at Nakamura-ro. (128) The garden at stood up in front of each other and announced, very bravely,
Okutan. Six types of Japanese sea vegetables: Hijiki, aonori, ‘I don’t eat meat anymore.’ And that standing up has been as
wakame, agar, nori, kombu. (129) Japanese vegetables (27 a seed that has been nourished and spread, and that will bear
illustrations). Address: c/o Aoyagi, 278-28 Higashi Oizumi, much fruit in the New World–a world in which all creatures
Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177, Japan. Phone: (03) 925-4974. are gentle; all creatures are unafraid.
“... which is leading the world to a new, much higher,
215. South African Food Review. 1975. Micronised soya loving and understanding of GOD. Gentleness is the
flour produced commercially. 2(2):22-23. * necessary beginning for a new world, but it is only the
• Summary: A micronization plant installed by Victory Mills beginning...”
in Worcester, South Africa, is now producing a fine-grain Soy-related recipes include: Granola (with “½ cup soy
full-fat soybean flour. Micronization is a dry-cooking process granules, {optional},” p. 5.). Bran muffins (with “1¼ cup
using infrared heat. The composition of the product is soy milk {1 cup water and 4 T [tablespoons] soy flour}, p.
given. It is presently being promoted for commercial use in 7). Oatmeal chewies (with “2 T soy powder,” p. 7). Banana
processed meats, sauce, soups, salad creams [dressings], fish bread (with “2 T soy powder mixed with 2 T water,” p. 7).
products, biscuits, confectionery, baby- and health foods and Soy burgers (with soy beans and tamari, p. 10). Chick pea
ice cream. It has the advantages of increased water binding loaf (with soy powder, p. 11). Tahini tamari sauce (p. 19).
and emulsion power, longer shelf life, greater water-holding Tomato soup (with soy powder, p. 21). Carob ice cream (with
capacity, and improved color. soy powder, p. 25). Vanilla ice cream (with soy powder, p.
25). Quick buckwheat pancakes (with soy or nut milk, and
216. Deer. 1975. The cookbook for people really who love soy powder, p. 25). Carob cookies (with soy powder, p.
animals. God’s Religion, Route 2, Box 98E, Brooksville, FL 27). Carob cake (with soy or nut milk, and soy powder, p.
33512. 31 p. Illust. No index. 18 x 22 cm. 27). Frosting for carob cake (with soy powder, p. 28). Soy
• Summary: This typewritten vegan cookbook with no price butter (Mix ¼ cup water, ½ cup soy powder or soy flour, ¼
on it, copyrighted in 1975 by Burton Waldbaum, expresses cup oil, 1 tablespoon of sweetener, 1 tablespoon herba-mare
the group’s world view. The cover title is hand written below [seasoning salt mixture]. Delicious with muffins, bread,
an illustration (line drawing) of a girl kneeling down with or crackers). The glossary (p. 29) lists two soy products:
a cow, lamb, pig, and chicken. The book contains a good “Soy powder–made from soy beans. Used instead of milk
collection of 62 vegan recipes, which are straightforward, or eggs. As an egg substitute: 1 egg equals 1 tablespoon soy
appetizing, and nutritious. powder and 1½ tablespoons water. As a milk substitute: 4
Contents: Introduction, by Sun. Thank you page, by tablespoons soy powder to 1 cup water, blend.
Deer. Breakfasts (12 recipes). Main dishes: Sauté (5), “Tamari–made from aged soybeans, A pure soy sauce.
Vegetable and grains (10), Potatoes (3), Variety dishes (4). A definite must in all vegetarian kitchens. Used in almost
Sauces (6). Soups (6). Salads (4). Dressings (3). Healthful everything that you will be cooking.” Indeed, tamari is used
treats (8). Glossary. Abbreviations. Memo section. Essential to season more than half the recipes in this book; most are
items for cooking. not specifically mentioned above. Address: Brooksville,
This spiritual vegan community, founded by Burton Florida.
Waldbaum (who is also called “Light”), was later renamed
“World of God,” and after that “Gentle World.” 217. Goulart, Frances Sheridan. 1975. Bum steers: How and
The Introduction begins: “The Human Race (that is, the why to make your own delicious high protein mock meats,
race to reach human perfection) has evolved to an exciting fake fish & dairyless desserts, and avoid useless calories,
point; at least this is true of these who are in the lead. There cholesterol, sodium nitrate, salmonella, trichinosis & high
is a world of truly gentle people on this planet, growing prices. Old Greenwich, Connecticut: Chatham Press. 205 p.
stronger, and surer, and healthier, and happier, and higher Illust. Recipe index. 21 x 19 cm.
every day. And it’s time for the rest of the race to have a • Summary: This vegetarian cookbook, interspersed with
good look at them, and to see that it’s their gentleness that many well-selected anti-meat quotations, describes how
allows them to run faster and better; so that everyone can to make meatless meats and non-dairy products at home.
eventually reach the goal of evolving; so that everyone can Contents: Introduction. On the block: Major mock-meat-
win its rewards. making supplies. Vegebutchering: Master mock-meat recipe
“In spite of all the pessimism, all the cruelty, all the file. Bogus beef. Pseudo pork. Unreal veal. Sham lamb.
brain dirtying, all the lies, all the injustice and all the Con game. Phony poultry. Fake fish. Un-innards. The vege-
hypocrisy; in spite of all the internal and external pollution deli. Mocking up: General dishes. The mock crock. On the
that men and women have been heir to, there is a new breed side. Dairyless desserts. Steerage (sources of unfamiliar
emerging, and it’s rising clear and sweet and free. Never ingredients).

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Chapter 1 begins with an introduction to and nutritional • Summary: After the copyright for the original 1939 edition
composition of tofu, followed by the soybeans, gluten flour, of Back to Eden expired in 1967, the Kloss family, because
other legumes, etc. Under “Flavors enhancers” are listed soy of a complex set of circumstances, neglected to renew it.
lecithin granules or flakes, miso, yeast extract (marmite), The book then went into the public domain. Woodbridge
soy sauce and tamari, and Worcestershire sauce. Chapter 2 Press decided to publish it as a facsimile edition, but with
contains recipes for making gluten, tofu, grainola (with soy pages xiii–xx of the front matter containing a new chapter
grits), a stock with miso for non-meat dishes (p. 32), mock titled “Jethro Kloss–the man and the legend” by Promise
milk I (made with soy flour), mock milk II (made with raw Kloss Moffett.” It was billed on page 1 of that chapter as
cashews or almonds), mock (soy) butter (made with soy “An exclusive feature only in this Kloss family edition. An
flour), and mock cream (with soy flour and soy cream), and intimate, personal account by his daughter.” This chapter
mock yogurt (with cashew nuts and soy yogurt culture). contains four photos: (1) “Jethro Kloss in his early years
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2012) of teaching and healing.” (2) “Jethro Kloss with Amy, his
that mentions a non-soy, non-dairy yogurt–in this case second wife, in Minnesota with his daughter, Promise; her
one made with cashew nuts. A sampling of the many other daughter, Mabel; and their first child, Lucille.” (3) “Jethro
soy-related recipes include: Moo-less ragout (with tofu, Kloss operating men’s hydrotherapy treatment room at Home
soy sauce, and soy butter, p. 43). Vegetarian rolladen (with Sanitarium.” He is dressed in a sort of white togo; a patient
cooked ground soybeans, p. 52). Good red meat (with gluten is inside a large cylindrical chamber (resembling but larger
or tofu, p. 53). Greenbutcher’s meatballs (with tofu, p. 57). than a 55-gallon drum with a horizontal axis) apparently
Mock Mac I (burger with soybeans, p. 64-65). Pineapple filled with steam. (4) Labeling and packing cereal foods in
pig (with tofu, p. 72). Half-calf (with tofu, p. 79). Surrogate Kloss’ Tennessee manufacturing operation. On the cover
salami (with “bean pulp (residue from making Tofu)” of the paperback edition they put the famous Michelangelo
[okara], p. 125). Bumsteads: Two burgers for meat-totalers scene from the Sistine chapel of God reaching out to touch
(with tofu, p. 131). Meatless mincemeat (p. 142). Soybean Adam’s extended finger, thus transmitting the gift of life.
mustard (with soy sprouts, p. 165). Cow tow: Cowless milk New text was added to the cover: “The complete text. A
candy (with soy milk powder). Jersey bounce: A moo-juice- public domain edition. Not authorized by the Kloss family.
less junket (with soy milk, p. 184). Bum bombe: Egg-less, The classic Back to Eden belongs to the public. There is
cream free (with soy cream, p. 184). Two 100% vegetarian ‘provision in Nature for all the ills of man... and a remedy for
ice creams: Eggless, milkless (with soy powder, p. 186). every disease.’ The secrets of Natural Healing made plain by
Many recipes also contain wheat gluten: Charisma: the preeminent leader of the natural health movement. Herbs,
Char-broiled bum steers (p. 48). Pig-less pork sausage (p. foods, treatments. World’s best-known health book!”
70-71). Roast loin of veal (p. 80). Fake steaks: Two sham On the cover of the hardcover edition was written “The
schnitzels (p. 80-81). Vegetarian cutlets (p. 82). Mocking Kloss family heirloom edition. The classic guide to herbal
birds I (p. 83). Fruit stew (p. 86). Sham lamb (p. 89). Sham medicine, natural foods, and home remedies. The copyright
lamb curry (p. 91). Bum bunny (p. 97). Sweet breads (p. page stated: “Copyright 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 by Promise
121). Kloss Moffett, Eden Kloss, and Doris Gardiner.
Aduki beans are used in Moo-less rice pudding (p. 183). On the title page was written: “With exclusive features
Sources of ingredients include: Walnut Acres, Penns Creek, only in this Kloss family edition. American herbs for
Pennsylvania 17862 (herbs, spices, oils, whole grains, flours, pleasure and health: natural nutrition with recipes and
seaweeds, etc.). Erewhon Trading Co., 342 Newbury St., instructions for living the Edenic life.”
Boston, Massachusetts 02115 (seaweeds and general goods, For the bitter-sweet story of how this book came to be
grains, beans, vegetables, seeds, etc.). Shiloh Farms, Route published, see interview with Doris Kloss Gardiner (Nov.
59, Box 97, Sulphur Springs, Arkansas 72768. Arrowhead 1990).
Mills, Box 866, Hereford, Texas 79045. Dynamic Nutritional
Products, P.O. Box 528, North Hollywood, California 91603 219. Wigmore, Ann. 1975? Healthy children, nature’s way.
(Milk-free yogurt culture. Trade names: Soyadophilus and S.l. S.n. [Publisher and place of publication unknown]. 120
Theradophilus). p. Undated. 21 cm.
Sample quotation: “... traditional American reliance • Summary: This book discusses all aspects of raising
on meat, particularly beef, is perhaps the single largest children, starting before conception. Considerable emphasis
inefficiency in world dietary patterns...”–New York Times is given to diet and nutrition; the author recommends a
Oct. 25, 1974. Address: Wilton, Connecticut. vegetarian diet with plenty of live/raw foods, and especially
wheatgrass. The book is undated, but was written sometime
218. Kloss, Jethro. 1975. Back to Eden. Santa Barbara, between April 1974 and 1979.
California: Woodbridge Press. xx + 684 p. Illust. Index. 18 Soy is mentioned in various places. Page 58 states that
cm. soy protein is a complete protein. A recipe for sprouting

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seeds (including soy beans) is given (p. 74). Soy loaf is listed 1.5% soy flour–in place of 11.2% milk solids-non-fat, or
twice as part of a weekly menu (p. 75). Soy-related recipes by replacing up to 50% of the sucrose with a glucose syrup
include: Soya Mayonnaise (with soya powder and soya oil, suitably selected for the type of ice cream being made.
p. 81). Soy-peanut soup (p. 82). Soya sauce (a misnomer Address: Dep. of Food Science, Reading Univ., Reading,
and bad idea, p. 92; 1 cup of raw soybeans (which have Berkshire, England.
been soaked for 12 hours) are blended with 2 cups water, 2
teaspoons vegetal, and 2-3 celery leaves or 1 teaspoon kelp. 223. Bates, Cynthia; Lyon, Alexander; Sorenson, S.;
We are asked to “use the enzyme rich water in which the Keller, B.; Jenkins, Suzy. 1976. Beatnik tempeh making.
soybeans were soaked”). Organic ice cream (with soya milk, Summertown, Tennessee: The Farm. 20 p. Undated. 28 cm.
p. 98). Address: Founder/Director, Hippocrates Health Inst., Mimeograph. [8 ref]
25 Exeter St., Boston, Massachusetts 02116. • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Methods
of preparing inoculum: Pure culture propagated on rice
220. Achaya, K.T. 1976. Standards for protein based foods (California, Kentucky), dry inoculum (Tennessee), inoculum
in developing countries. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ grown on sweet potatoes (Tennessee), serial transfer
Society 53(6):316-20. June. (Tennessee).
• Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Organizations Methods for making tempeh: Making tempeh at home
concerned with standards. Products based on milk proteins. (5 lb.; soaking the beans, splitting the beans, second boiling,
Protein raw materials other than milk (incl. medium-fat and cooling the beans, inoculation, incubation), making tempeh
low-fat soy flours made in India). Foods permitted blending for a large family group (about 4 kg [8.8 lb] per day),
proteins. Beverages and related products. Concentrated community scale production (25 kg [55 lb], Tennessee),
nutrient supplementary foods. Methodology. Related commercial production in California (10 kg. [22 lb] per day).
standards. soy pulp [okara] tempeh. Quality control. A table compares
Table 1 shows the “Status of Indian Standard (IS) “good tempeh” with “bad tempeh” in terms of texture, color,
specifications for protein based foods and related matters.” odor, uniformity, and taste. Tempeh is a great favorite on the
India now has standards for two types of edible groundnut Farm and easily digested.
flour, edible groundnut protein isolate, edible full-fat soy Recipes for tempeh: Indonesian fried tempeh. Tempeh
flour, edible medium-fat soy flour, edible low-fat soy flour, burger. German tempeh sandwich. Albert’s tempeh topping.
edible soy protein isolate, edible sesame flour (expeller The great potential of tempeh. Expanding our tempeh
pressed or solvent extracted), etc. Drafts are in progress operation (on the Tennessee Farm). Some facts about tempeh
for protein based beverages, non-dairy yogurt, non-dairy and food. References. Acknowledgement.
ice cream, etc. A portrait photo shows K.T. Achaya. “Introduction: The Farm is a non-denominational
Address: Executive Director, Protein Foods and Nutrition religious community of 1,100 men, women and children
Development Assoc. of India, Bombay. living in southern Tennessee. We also have a dozen smaller
communities living in other parts of the U.S., also in Canada,
221. Vegetarian World (Los Angeles). 1976. Tofu: Prime Europe and Guatemala. We are complete vegetarians: we
hope for a starving world. No. 6. p. 7. June. eat no meat, eggs or dairy products because we found out
• Summary: Discusses the work of Bill Shurtleff and Akiko that, on the average in the U.S., it takes eight pounds of
Aoyagi with tofu. Photos show: (1) The two holding a block feed protein to produce one pound of meat protein. We
of homemade tofu on a plate. (2) A hungry child. Gives four believe that by being vegetarians we can utilize our planet’s
“quick and easy recipes for delicious tofu dishes:” Crumbly resources more efficiently, and this make more food available
scrambled tofu, Tofu mayonnaise dressing, Grilled tofu for our hungry world.
steak, and Tofu ice cream. “In The Book of Tofu by Bill “Over the last five and one-half years that we’ve been
Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, the authors assert that the exotic together, we’ve developed a tasty, nutritious diet of beans
cakes of soybean curd, found primarily in health food stores and grains that centers around soybeans as a protein source.
in the U.S., are about to revolutionize world-wide eating We have a soy dairy that produces 120 gallons of soy milk
habits.” Address: Lafayette, California. fresh each day to supply our community. The Soy Dairy
also makes soy yogurt, soy cheese and Ice Bean (soy milk
222. Rothwell, J. 1976. Ice cream–Its present day ice cream) from the soy milk. We love the good tasting,
manufacture and some problems. J. of the Society of Dairy versatile, high protein soybean and one of our favorite ways
Technology 29(3):161-66. July. [6 ref] of eating it is the fermented product, tempeh. At present our
• Summary: Preliminary trials on use the use of dried whey communities are making tempeh in Tennessee, California
and soy flour in the production of ice cream show promising [San Rafael], Colorado, Kentucky, New York, and Louisiana
results. Acceptable products have been made using 7.5% [Houma].”
solids-non-fat, plus 2.2% demineralized dried whey, plus “We plan to increase tempeh production on the

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Tennessee Farm to 135 kg. daily for the community, and to

introduce it to neighboring towns.” “Our Colorado Farm
makes solar dehydrated tempeh chips for soup mix, and this
operation could be expanded or duplicated.”
“Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Don
Wilson for the information on the California Farm method
of making tempeh and inoculum.” Thanks also to Diane
Darling, “the Farm Tempeh Crew, and friends who’ve
helped: Debra Heavens, Valerie Epstein, Paul Meltzer,
Maureen Hale, Deborah Stevenson, Laurie Sythe, David
Handel, JoAnn Else, Paula Denton, and Corey Ford.
Later summarized as “Utilization of Tempeh in North
America” in K.H. Steinkraus, ed. 1983. Handbook of
Indigenous Fermented Foods. New York: Marcel Dekker. p.
48-50. Address: The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee.

224. Product Name: Ice Bean (Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert.

Honey Sweetened. Named Soy Ice Bean from mid-1979 to
early 1982) [Honey Vanilla, Carob, Strawberry, Chocolate,
Wildberry, Mocha, Peanut Butter Carob Chip, Toasted
Almond Fudge, or Almond Espresso].
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Food Company Spot in Whole Foods. 1981. Dec. p. 47. “Ingredients:
(Manufacturer). Water, soy powder [powdered soymilk], honey, soy oil,
Manufacturer’s Address: 820 “B” Street, San Rafael, CA vanilla extract, soy lecithin, locust bean gum, guar gum, Irish
94901. Phone: 415-454-3797. moss. 3 fl. oz. Summertown, Tennessee.”
Date of Introduction: 1976. August. Leaflet. 1982. 8½ by 11 inches. Color. “The Original
Ingredients: Honey-Vanilla: Water, soybeans, honey, soy Soy Ice Bean.” Spot in Whole Foods. 1982. July. “New
oil, vanilla, soy lecithin, carob bean, guar. 1979 Orange: flavors are Pineapple Orange Sunshine, Almond Espresso,
Soymilk, orange conc., honey, soy oil, vanilla, salt, veg. and Toasted Almond Fudge.” Spot in Whole Foods. 1982.
gum, lecithin. Oct. “Farm Foods Gets Ice Bean Trademark. 3-gallon tub
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint. size introduced.”
How Stored: Frozen. Talk with Steve Demos. 1983. The Farm gets the
New Product–Documentation: This pioneering product soymilk for its ice cream from Loma Linda spray dried
was first sold commercially in August 1976. Shurtleff and soymilk. The vacuum panning stage reduces beany flavors.
Aoyagi, as the first stop on their Tofu & Miso America Talk with Robert Tepper of Farm Foods. 1984. Dec.
Tour, visit The Farm Soy Deli in San Rafael, California. 28. Robert was in and out of San Rafael. He was the official
1976. Sept. 29. They are given the recipe for Farm Soymilk president of the company. They definitely distributed Ice
Ice Cream: 2 gallons of soymilk. 2.67 cups vegetable oil. Bean with a van from 820 “B” Street in San Rafael. They
1 teaspoon salt. 9 cups sugar. 4 tablespoons lecithin. 2 even started getting involved with Rock Island–a natural
cups of cocoa. 1 tablespoon vanilla. 2 teaspoons agar or 4 foods distributor. One big change at “B” Street was in the
tablespoons slippery elm. Blend it all well and run through equipment used to make Ice Bean. They went from little
an ice cream machine. Serve with 1-2 tablespoons fudge batch ice cream machine with no overrun. At the King Street
topping, if desired. plant in San Francisco they bought a $25,000 Mark III
Label. 1979, undated. 3 inch diameter. Rainbow colors continuous ice cream freezer. So in both locations they made
surrounding a cone. “Mfg. by Farm Foods, San Francisco, Ice Bean themselves!
CA 94107. 100% Vegetarian Frozen Dessert.” Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
Note 1. Farm Foods was the first genuine soyfoods Creams. p. 40-41. “In August 1976 members of The Farm
company in the United States. It traced its origin to The opened The Farm Food Company (a natural food story,
Farm in Summertown, Tennessee. This is the earliest record soyfoods restaurant, and soy dairy) at 820 “B” Street in San
seen (Sept. 2013) concerning Farm Foods; This was the first Rafael, California. There, using a batch Emery Thompson
soyfoods product launched by Farm Foods. ice cream freezer and a soft serve machine, they started to
Ad in Whole Foods. 1979. Oct. p. 69. “Farm Foods make the first commercial Ice Bean. What a name! Was
Soy Ice Bean: The Completely Vegetarian Frozen Dessert.” it a joke? No. It was the absolutely honest, unpretentious,
Leaflet, 1979. tongue-in-cheek vegetarian all-American counterpart to

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such highfalutin pseudo-European names as Haagen-Dazs.

Initially, most Ice Bean was sold in cones over the counter 226. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1976. Tofu & Miso
at The Farm Food Co. soda fountain and in pints in their America Tour: 29 Sept. 1976 to 3 Feb. 1977 [Itinerary with
freezer, but a little was distributed locally by Farm Foods two maps]. Lafayette, California: New-Age Foods Study
van. Soon five flavors were available; strawberry was the Center. Unpublished manuscript.
favorite.” In early 1978 The Farm Food Co. in San Rafael • Summary: On 13 Sept. 1976 the authors bought a large,
was closed. In July 1978 production started at 144 King St. white 1975 Dodge Tradesman 300 van (used, with 40,000
in San Francisco. miles on it). On one side Akiko painted in large, bold letters
Poster. Farm Foods. 1986. “The Scoop of the Year! “Tofu and Miso America Tour 1976-77.” Their Book of Tofu
Since 1975, Ice Bean has been made with the finest natural had been published in December 1975 and Book of Miso
wholesome ingredients... Buy all nine honey-sweetened on 23 Sept. 1976. On Sept. 29 they packed the van full to
flavors.” the ceiling with their books on tofu and miso, plus Larry
Note 2. Webster’s Dictionary defines espresso (derived Needleman’s tofu kits–and departed. In the van was an
from the Italian caffé espresso, literally pressed out coffee), a itinerary of hosts and places to which they had been invited
word first used in 1945, as “coffee brewed by forcing steam and the route drawn on a large map of the USA.
through finely ground darkly roasted coffee beans.” This trip had four main purposes: (1) To introduce tofu
Note 3. This is the earliest record seen that uses the word and miso to America; (2) To introduce people to the many
“espresso” in connection with soy. benefits of a meatless / vegetarian diet; (3) To encourage
people to start soyfoods companies, especially tofu shops;
225. Farm Food Company. 1976. August. New soyfoods and (4) To promote the authors’ newly-published Book of
restaurant or deli. 820 B. St., San Rafael, CA 94901. Tofu and Book of Miso.
• Summary: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1976. Sept. Tofu & Miso This itinerary includes the name and address of 64
America Tour Itinerary. Contact: Kathleen Sandler. people and organizations visited. Many of these were
Questionnaire filled out by Robert & Constance Dolgin. pioneers in the soyfoods and natural foods movements:
1980. Jan. The Farm Food Co. in San Rafael opened its deli Sept. 29–David and Kathleen Sandler, Robert Dolgin,
in about Aug. 1976, and the same month started making Don Wilson, Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, California; we
tempeh, tofu and soymilk. Shurtleff & Aoyagi visited in observed and recorded in detail how Don Wilson made
Sept. 1976. A list is given of dishes containing soyfoods tempeh and tempeh starter / inoculum, and how soymilk
served at the deli during its first year in business: Fried ice cream was made at Farm Food Co.). Oct. 1–Petaluma,
tofu sandwiches, tofu salads [like eggless egg salads], tofu California. Oct. 2–Josephine County Food Center, Grants
salad dressings, and tofu cheesecake; tempeh burger, deep- Pass, Oregon. Oct. 3. Heliotrope Natural Foods (Salem, OR).
fried tempeh cutlet, tempeh with creamy tofu topping, and Oct. 4–West Bank Cafe (Corvallis, OR). Oct. 5. Visit Linda
Indonesian delight (tempeh strips with peanut butter and Shurtleff (McMinville, OR). Visit Rain Magazine (Portland,
miso sauce over rice); soymilk ice cream, soymilk shakes, Oregon). They do an interview which is published in their
soy yogurt, soymilk mayonnaise, and soy whipped creme; Nov. 1976 issue. Oct. 6. Blake Rankin and Janus Natural
soybean stroganoff and burritos; TVP chili; and Vege-Links Foods (Seattle, Washington). Oct. 7. Janus. Oct. 8–Luke
(canned Loma Linda meatless hot dogs). Also for sale at the Lukoskie and Sylvia Nogaki of Island Spring (Vashon,
food store were packaged tofu, soymilk, tempeh, soy mayo, Washington). Oct. 10–Jack Grady, a macrobiotic (Spokane,
and Ice Bean [soy ice cream], all made in the same building. WA). Oct. 13–Univ. of Minnesota. Oct. 14–Georgie Yiannias
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1982. Report on Soyfoods Delis, of Wedge Food Co-op and Ananda Marga (Minneapolis,
Cafes & Restaurants. p. 3. Minnesota). Our largest class with 300 people. Oct. 15–
Laurie Sythe Praskin. 1985. “The Farm soy history: Barbara (“Bobbie”) Reinhardt Shurtleff dies of colon cancer
An overview.” States (p. 3) that it was named “Farm Foods at Alta Bates Hospital, Berkeley, CA. Oct. 15. Famine Food
Cafe.” Co-op (Winona, Minnesota). Oct. 16–Bonnie Maroney of
Note 1. This is America’s first “soy deli,” offering a host The Wisconsin Farm (Ettrick, WI). Oct. 19–Visit George
of highly creative and delicious recipes, served at a counter Strayer and Larry Krueger of the American Soybean
or tables. Assoc. (Hudson, Iowa). Visit David and Ann Tucker (Iowa
Note 2. At this deli was developed and made the world’s City, Iowa). Oct. 20. Outpost Natural Foods (Milwaukee,
first “Tofu Salad,” which would soon (made by various WI). Visit Bountiful Bean Co-op. Oct. 21. Visit Dr. Danji
companies, including Farm Foods in San Francisco) become Fukushima and Kikkoman Foods (Walworth, Wisconsin).
one of America’s first popular tofu products, widely called Oct. 22–Visit Drs. Hesseltine, Wang, Wolf, Mustakas, Cowan
“Eggless Egg Salad” (1977), “Tofu No-Egg Salad” (1978), at Northern Regional Research Center (Peoria, Illinois).
and “Missing Egg Salad” (1978). Address: San Rafael, Oct. 23–Morning class on commercial production for Les
California. Phone: 415-454-3797. Karplus and 5 people at Vegetarian Incorporated (Urbana,

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Illinois). Oct. 23-24. Side trip to visit ADM and Staley Article in The Hartford Courant (Dec. 1). Nov. 27–Long
(Decatur, IL). Oct. 24–Les and Debbie Karplus of Vegetarian River Food Coop in Connecticut. Nov. 28–Stay with Susan
Inc. (Urbana, IL). Oct. 25–Visit Dr. L.S. Wei of the Univ. of and Kirk Gershuny of Snowflower (Tivoli, New York). They
Illinois Dept. of Food Science (Urbana, Illinois). Evening plan to make soy ice cream soon. Nov. 29–Drive in Deep
program for Karplus in Urbana. Oct. 26. Purdue University snow to the New York Farm in Franklin, New York. Stay in a
(Indiana). Oct. 27–Chris Steele (Lansing, Michigan). Oct. big house they built. Nov. 30–Carl Bethage of the East West
28–Mike Potter and Louis Howie of Eden Foods (4601 Center in Gardiner, New York. Also did a radio program.
Platt Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan). Oct. 29–Calico Market 1976 Dec. 1–Visit Frances Moore Lappé at her upstairs
(Erie, Pennsylvania). Oct. 30–Visit Greg Weaver and Jay office in Hudson-on-Hastings, New York. Then visit her
Thompson of Rochester Zen Center (Rochester, New large home on the hillside. Dec. 1-5–We missed a program
York; Later Northern Soy). Visit Genesee Co-op. Oct. 31– for Annemarie Colbin in New York City (partly because
Alternative Health Education Center (Rochester). we feared our van would be burglarized on the street) so
Nov. 1–Visit Arnold Karmody at Empty Cloud we stayed Dec. 1-5 at the luxurious home of Leo S. Nikora
(Canandaigua, New York). Meet Dr. Keith Steinkraus (Niki; Bobbie’s friend). I work on writing The Book of
(Geneva, New York). Nov. 2–Visit with Dr. Steinkraus at Kudzu. Dec. 6-7. Program for 40 people (Hosts: Nancy
New York Agric. Exp. Station (Geneva, NY). Lunch together N. Bailey and Robert Rodale) at Rodale Press (Emmaus,
with his wife, Maxine. Nov. 3–Tom MacDonald at Hannibal, Pennsylvania); I am surprised they serve white sugar on
New York. Nov. 4–Ira and Kathy Leviton of Corncreek their dining tables. Dec. 8–Tim Snyder of Ecology Co-op
Bakery (South Deerfield, Massachusetts). Visit Laughing in Philadelphia. Dec. 9–Stay at home of Sylvia Anderson
Grasshopper tofu shop just before it begins operation. Nov. in Pleasantville, New Jersey and do a program upstairs in
5–Fritz Hewitt of Common Ground Restaurant (Brattleboro, a modern university. Study magnificent photos of Native
Vermont). Visit Tom Timmins of Llama, Toucan & Crow Americans by Edward S. Curtis. Dec. 10–Visit Jay and Freya
(Brattleboro). Nov. 6. Shep Erhard (Franklin, Maine). Dinshah of the North American Vegetarian Society (Malaga,
Nov. 7–Ann S. Johnson, assistant manager of dining halls, New Jersey); their poor vegan child has bowed legs. Dec.
Univ. of Maine (Orono, ME). Nov. 8–Visit Marine Colloids 12–Cindy Blouse in Dallastown, Pennsylvania. Dec. 13–
(Rockland, Maine). Nov. 10–Drive to Boston, stay with Visit Laurelbrook Foods, a natural foods distributor in Forest
Nahum & Beverly Stiskin (Brookline). Nov. 13–Tofu & Hill, Maryland. We meet Rod and Margie Coates. Dec. 14–
Miso program in Boston. Visit Erewhon Natural Foods (33 Big program hosted by Ella May Stoneburner and Seventh-
Farnsworth St., Boston, Massachusetts), Martha Trundy, day Adventists near Washington, DC. Dec. 15–Michael
Jeffrey & Gretchen Broadbent. Nov. 14–Visit to shops in Rosoff (who ran the East West Center in Washington, DC)
Boston’s Chinatown. Michio and Aveline Kushi give a big planned to host a class in a DC church. After we witness
party in our honor at their home at 62 Buckminster Rd., a robbery, we are afraid to leave our van on the street. So
Brookline, then take us out to dinner at the Seventh Inn. we do a scaled-down program in the home of Murray and
Nov. 15–Tofu-making class at a home in Boston. Nov. Pam Snyder, which was the East West Center in Baltimore,
17–Visit offices of East West Journal. Sherman Goldman Maryland. Visit Laurelbrook Foods Warehouse #2 in Durham
conducts long interview, later published in Jan. 1977 issue. / Chapel Hill. Dec. 16–Roanoke Food Co-op in Copper Hill,
Misomaking class at home of Ken Burns. Nov. 18–Visit Joel Virginia. Dec. 17-18–John Shuttleworth and Jim Morgans
Wollner in Cape Cod. Nov. 19–Radio show then program for of Mother Earth News (Hendersonville, North Carolina).
Joel. Nov. 20–Peter Smith at Quaker group in Pennsylvania. They do a long interview and take photos. Program at night.
Nov. 22–Visit Woods Hole, Massachusetts to study sea Note: An audio tape of Bill’s talk at this program is filed with
vegetables. Evening program at New Bedford, MA. Nov. Soyfoods Center documents for 1976. Dec. 19–Chandler
23–Stay with Seung Sahn, Sa Nim at Providence, Rhode Barrett in Atlanta, Georgia.
Island Zen Center. Meditate and show students how to make Dec. 28 & 29–Workshop on tofu and miso at East
tofu. Evening at Insight Meditation Center, Barre, MA, a West Foundation, Coconut Grove, Florida. Not on written
Vipassana center in a former Catholic seminary, co-founded schedule, but shown in two published articles. Handwritten
in 1976 by Jack Kornfield, Joseph Goldstein and 3 others. trip notes show: “Dec. 27-29. Heartsong, Miami. Bob &
We have dinner, meditate with the sangha, and hear Jack talk Toni Heartsong, 6051 S.W. 46th Terrace, Miami, FL 33155.
about Vipassana. Nov. 24 Sit morning zazen with master Was this also related to Mary Pung, who flew from Florida
and students at Providence zendo. Nov. 25–Thanksgiving. to attend one of the programs on our tour? At the time, she
Akiko and I stay alone in a house near Hartford, Connecticut invited us to come to Florida–which was not on our planned
and taste a good tofu pumpkin pie. I read about seaweeds. route.
We take a long walk in the countryside. Nov. 26–Program Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (April 2013)
for Erewhon Natural Foods in Hartford (stay with Maria concerning the work of Ira Leviton or Tom Timmins with
Orefice, owner of Garden of Eating restaurant in Hartford). soy. One evening, before Shurtleff was scheduled to speak

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at Leviton’s Corncreek Bakery, Leviton drove Shurtleff to Jansen, with funding from USAID through USDA. The
see the Laughing Grasshopper Tofu Shop which was under 173-page proceedings, edited by Wilson and Stumpf, are
construction on the second story of an old wooden building published shortly thereafter. Cereal-soy blends are seen as
in the nearby town of Millers Falls, Massachusetts. Much having great promise for production in developing countries.
of the equipment was made out of wood–including wooden This year cereal-soy blends are first produced in Third
curding vats and a wooden cider press. The company opened World countries using low-cost extrusion cookers: Thriposha
in Jan. 1977. in Sri Lanka and Maisoy in Bolivia.
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (April 2006) July 20. What is Tofu? pamphlet by Shurtleff and
concerning Llama, Toucan & Crow in Brattleboro, Vermont. Aoyagi published by Westbrae Natural Foods in Berkeley.
Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (May 2006) Aug. 6. New-Age Foods Study Center established by
concerning the forerunners of United Natural Foods, Inc. Shurtleff and Aoyagi in Lafayette, California. The name was
(INFI)–in the form of Llama, Toucan & Crow. Address: 790 changed to The Soyfoods Center in Sept. 1980.
Los Palos Manor, Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 283- Aug. Larry Needleman of The Learning Tree in
3161. California introduces America’s second tofu kit, which soon
becomes the best-seller nationwide.
227. Ferrier, L.K. 1976. Simple processing of whole Aug. Farm Food Company, a branch of The Farm in
soybeans for food. INTSOY Series No. 10. p. 130-36. R.M. Tennessee, opens America’s first soy deli, in San Rafael,
Goodman, ed. Expanding the Use of Soybeans (College of California. They served tofu sandwiches, salads, salad
Agric., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). [19 ref] dressings, and cheesecakes; tempeh burgers, deep-fried
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Food uses for whole tempeh cutlets, tempeh with creamy tofu topping, and
soybeans. Category I: Drum-dried flakes. Category II: Indonesian delight (tempeh strips); soymilk ice cream,
Canned soybeans. Category III: Dairy product analogues shakes, yogurt, mayonnaise, and whipped creme; soybean
(incl. mocha flavored ice cream, yogurt, peanut butter stroganoff and burritos; and TVP chili. They essentially
analogue). Category IV: Spreads. Category V: Snack foods. launched the concept of second-generation soyfood products.
Appendix I: Prototype foods made from whole soybeans. Sept. 23. The Book of Miso, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi
Appendix II: Sauce formulations for canned soybean published by Autumn Press.
products. Discussion. For the drum-dried flakes: Blend in a Sept. 29. Shurtleff and Aoyagi begin “Tofu and Miso
“Waring Blendor.” Address: Dep. of Food Science, Univ. of America Tour.” They do 70 public programs nationwide and
Illinois, Urbana, IL. travel 15,000 miles in their white Dodge van, continuing
until 3 Feb. 1977. In the van they carry hundreds of copies of
228. SoyaScan Notes. 1976. Chronology of soybeans, The Book of Tofu and The Book of Miso and many of Larry
soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1976 Needleman’s tofu kits, plus little bags of natural nigari, all of
(Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of which they sell at their programs. They usually have meals
Soyfoods Center. and spend the night with the people who have sponsored and
• Summary: Feb. KQED-TV in San Francisco airs a organized their program. They also visit numerous soyfoods
30-minute special titled “Tofu.” It is an interview with producers and researchers, including The Farm in Tennessee
William Shurtleff and recipe preparation by Akiko Aoyagi. from Dec. 21 to Jan. 2. After the tour, tofu shops started in
March. “The Joys of Soy” by Brenda Bortz, published in most of the areas where they spoke.
Organic Gardening and Farming magazine is the first major Sept. Dr. Kenneth Bader becomes executive director
popular article on tempeh in America. In June, Prevention of the American Soybean Association. With the help of
magazine runs a cover story on tempeh. increasing funding from checkoff programs, he ushers in an
April. Soybeans: Brazil as a Competitive Force by J.M. era of growth, and increased activity and strength for ASA.
Schultz and W.P. Mason submitted as a Harvard Business Oct. 13-15. Seminars on the use of soy protein for foods
School MBA thesis. One of the best early in-depth analyses. and meal for feeds are held in Moscow, sponsored jointly by
April. The second of the new wave of commercial the U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service, the American Soybean
Caucasian-run tofu shops is started by Peter and Judy Beane Assoc., and the Food Protein Council. More than 200 Soviet
in Portland, Maine. There were at least 7 small commercial officials attended.
Caucasian-run tofu shops in America by the end of 1976. Oct. The Joy of Soy, by Sylvia E. Anderson self-
May-June. Mother Earth News publishes the first of five published in New Jersey.
long articles on soyfoods, each excerpted from The Book of Nov. Island Spring starts making tofu in Vashon,
Tofu. Washington. Founded by Luke Lukoskie and Sylvia Nogaki.
June 2-5. First International Workshop on Low-Cost Dec. The term “soyfoods” (spelled as one word) is
Extrusion Cookers held at Colorado State University, with coined by Benjamin Hills of Surata Soyfoods in Eugene,
51 participants. Organized by Judson Harper and Richard Oregon, for use in their company name. It is first used in a

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 125

book (Tofu & Soymilk Production) by Shurtleff and Aoyagi a new distributor to take Snow Flower into their state, the
in July 1979, and as a magazine title in July 1980. individual state departments of agriculture do not know how
Dec. Morinaga Milk Industry Co. in Japan is granted to apply their laws to our product. In New York we were
the world’s first patent on a method for manufacturing licensed as a parevine frozen dessert since this category
aseptically packaged tofu (in Tetra Brik cartons), U.S. Patent already existed when we approached NY for a license and
4,000,326. we fit the requirement that all parevine products contain no
* Kibun, in Japan, introduces East Asia’s first milk or meat products.”
commercial fermented soymilk products, a line of Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1979. Tofu & Soymilk Production.
acidophilus soymilk drinks brand-named Soena. p. 239-41.
* Beginning of the rise of the modern soymilk industry Ad in New York Times. 1980. May 18. p. F47. “Soymilk
in Japan. This is the first year that a significant amount of ice cream.” Snowflower Frozen Dessert Co. is now at
soymilk was sold. Riseley Rd., Mt. Tremper, NY 12457.
* Kikkoman soy sauce passes La Choy to become Soyfoods Center. 1980. Sept. Tofu shops and soy dairies
America’s best selling brand of soy sauce. The three major in the West (2 pages, typeset). Address changed to Box 105,
soy sauce markets are consumer retail, restaurants and other Chichester, NY 12416. Owners: Susan Gershuny & Kirk
institutions, and industrial (for food processors). La Choy Meyer.
may still be the leader in consumer retail; Kikkoman leads in Article in Soyfoods. 1981. Winter. p. 63. “Susan
restaurants. Gershuny and Kirk Meyer of Snowflower Frozen Desserts
* Beef consumption in America peaks at 95.4 pounds are producing some 450 gallons of their soymilk ice cream
per capita. It had risen rapidly from 38.6 lb/person in 1930. for national distribution through Shiloh Farms and various
After 1976 it falls steadily, hitting 75 lb/person in 1985. natural foods distributors. Snowflower ingredients include
* National Soybean Research Program established in soymilk, honey, rice flour, corn oil, egg whites, lecithin, pure
Brazil, building upon the National Soybean Project (1972) vanilla extract, and natural vegetable stabilizer.”
and the National Soybean Research Center (1975). Note: This is the earliest English-language document
seen (April 2011) that contains the term “soymilk ice cream.”
229. Product Name: Soymilk Frozen Dessert [Banana-
Honey, or Maple-Walnut]. 230. Batt, Eva. 1976. What’s cooking? A guide to good
Manufacturer’s Name: Snow Flower Frozen Desserts. eating. Revised ed. Enfield, Middlesex, England: The Vegan
Manufacturer’s Address: Box 207, Tivoli, NY 12583. Society. xxxii + 100 p. Introductions by Gordon Latto, and
Date of Introduction: 1976. by Muriel Dowding. Portrait. Index. 21 cm.
Ingredients: Banana: Soymilk, bananas, honey, cold • Summary: A vegan cookbook, the first edition of which
pressed safflower oil, brown rice flour, lecithin, pure vanilla was published in 1973. The author has been a vegan for the
extract, carob bean gum, Irish moss, guar seed. past 16 years. She was the secretary of the Vegan Society for
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint. 5 years and has been the vice-president for the past 7 years.
How Stored: Frozen. The acknowledgements contains a poem which ends
New Product–Documentation: Letter/Order from Susan with the verse: “Old Mother Hubbard’s sweet smelling
Gershuny at the address shown above. 1976. Sept. 8. She cupboard, Has no meat for the doggie to chew; But he’s
orders a catalog of commercial tofu-making equipment. happy to eat Vegetarian eat, Now she puts TVP in the stew.”
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1976. Nov. 28. Visited Susan Page v. recommends Delice (non-dairy frozen dessert). Page
Gershuny and Kirk Meyer on Tofu & Miso America Tour. x features a half-page section titled “Soya” focuses on soya
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1978, Dec. The Book of Tofu flour and recommends the Soyolk brand, which has been
(Ballantine pocketbook edition). “Appendix B: Tofu Shops heat treated. The section titled “Milk” (p. xv) notes that
and Soy Dairies in the West.” p. 397. Snow Flower Frozen “The fortified vegetable milks such as Plamil, Granogen and
Dessert Co., Box 105, Chichester, NY 12416. Owner: Kirk Granolac are useful sources of all of these nutrients [found
and Susan Gershuny. in cows milk] and a daily glass of one of these is a very good
Letter from Susan Gershuny. 1979. May 9. Company habit. Page xvi discusses Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP)
is Snow Flower Frozen Desserts, 2 Glasco Turnpike, and notes that the brands Vitpro and Protoveg also contain
Woodstock, NY 12498. “Our soymilk ice cream business is added vitamin B-12 in the unflavoured types. Soyanutta is a
still growing and Snow Flower and Shiloh Farms soymilk vegetable oil product that is praised for being “entirely free
ice cream taste better than ever. We are presently looking of any hydrogenated oils or fats.”
to take on partners in order to expand the line... One On pages xxix to xxxii is 4-page advertorial titled
problem that often arises is getting each state to ‘import’ “Why Plamil?” by Leslie J. Cross [Secretary, The Plantmilk
the product. Shiloh Farms takes the product to many US Society, Uxbridge, England]; it talks about the suffering that
states, but sometimes when I attempted to get the ok for dairy milk consumption by humans causes to calves and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 126

cows, gives a history of the Plantmilk Society (founded in 232. Wei, L.S. 1976. Soybean food utilization research at
June 1956 in London as a registered charity), the company University of Illinois. Paper presented to Chinese Modern
named Plantmilk Ltd. (founded in 1961), and the production Engineering and Technology Seminar, Taiwan. 20 p. 28 cm.
of its first non-dairy milk in 1965 at Langley, Bucks. (It • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Development of canned
as initially sold under the name Plantmilk, but later for soybean foods and fresh cooked foods. Weaning foods.
legal reasons the brand was changed to Plamil). In 1972 Gruel. Beverages. Soft spreads (analog to peanut butter and
the plantmilk factory at Langley was closed and moved to analog to diet margarine). Frozen desserts. Snack foods (“oil
Folkestone, Kent–the very town where the idea of making roasted soy nuts and a puffed snack”). Effect of inactivation
such a milk first crystallized. Plamil, sold in 2 sizes of cans, of lipoxygenase in the whole soybean on the extracted oil
is now extracted from the soya bean and contains added and meal quality. Flow sheets (p. 12-20). Address: Univ. of
vitamins, including B-12. “In addition to plantmilk, the Illinois.
company also makes a non-animal replacement for dairy
cream: this is sold in cans under the brand name of Plamil 233. Wei, L.S.; Nelson, A.I.; Steinberg, M.P. 1976. Dairy
Delice. There is also a chocolate bar–Plamil Chocolate. analogs from Illinois soybean beverage base. In: L.D.
Soy-related recipes include: Junket (made with Plamil, Hill, ed. 1976. World Soybean Research [Conference I:
p. 62). Frozen fruit nog (made with Granogen). Banana ice Proceedings]. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and
cream (with Plamil). Plamil ice cream (p. 63). Vegetable Publishers, Inc. xvii + 1073 p. See p. 850-60. [5 ref]
cream cheese (made with Plamil, Granogen, or Velactin, p. • Summary: Includes a section titled “Ice Cream Analog
82). Soya cheese (Cheddar style, made with Soyolk soy flour Preparation (Frozen Desserts),” with one formula. Contents:
and margarine, p. 82). Soya compote (with Plamil and soya Introduction. Soybean beverage base preparation. Milk
flakes, p. 82). Onion soup (with soya flour, p. 83). analog preparation. Yogurt analog preparation (fermented).
Page 101 is about The Vegan Society, founded in 1944, Ice cream analog preparation (frozen desserts). Diet
and located at 47 Highlands Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, margarine analog preparation. Flavored dip preparation. Soy-
England. Mrs. K. Jannaway is Secretary. Address: England. whey beverage. References.
To make the yogurt analog: Make soybean beverage
231. Neufeld, Don F. 1976. Seventh-day Adventist base with dehulled soybeans. Mix 3 parts Base with 1 part
encyclopedia, 2nd ed.: Nutana (Danish Food Factory). water. Neutralize to pH 7.0 with 6 N HCl (hydrochloric
Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Assoc. 1640 acid). Add sugars for fermentation: 1.25% lactose, 2.0%
p. See p. 1015. sucrose, and 2.0% dextrose hydrate. Heat to 180ºF.
• Summary: “A health-food factory owned and operated by Homogenize at 3,500 psi (first stage) and 500 psi (second
the Nordic Philanthropic Society in Copenhagen, Denmark. stage). Cool to 104ºF. Add 3% inoculum (mixed culture of
The factory was established by Dr. Carl Ottosen in 1898 to Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) as
provide healthful food for the Skodsborg Sanitarium, which used by dairies. Incubate at 104ºF until pH drops to 4.3-4.4
he had founded that year. (about 4.5 hours). Cool to about 60ºF in ice water bath and
“In 1966 the factory moved from Copenhagen to the store at 34ºF overnight. Flavor with 25% by weight of yogurt
middle of Zealand between Koge and Ringsted. fruit preserves. Package and store at 34ºF.
“During the first years the chief items manufactured Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
were bread made from whole wheat; various nut seen (Aug. 2013) that uses the term “milk analog” to refer to
preparations, such as Nuttolene, Protose, and Granola; soymilk.
various malt preparations; and substitutes for coffee and tea. Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document
Today the newest product is soya-meat. Nutana produces seen (Sept. 2012) that uses the term “Yogurt analog” (or
products of corn, nuts, soybeans, and gluten, as well as “yogurt analogue”) to refer to soy yogurt. Address: Dep. of
vegetable margarine. The greatest sales are on vegetarian Food Science, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
cutlets, soya-sausages, and pate. The total sales for 1973
was $750,000. Nutana provides Denmark, Faroe Islands, 234. Federal Register. 1977. Rules and regulations. Part 135:
Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden with Frozen desserts. Mellorine: Confirmation of effective date of
products.” final regulation establishing a standard of identity. FDA Final
Note: This is the earliest document seen concerning soy rule. 42(70):19134-37. April 12.
products in Iceland (probably). Nutana was selling soyfood • Summary: Mellorine must contain minimum of 2.2%
products at this time, and it seems likely that some were protein (except 2.2% when bulky flavors are used), and a
going to Iceland. We know of no publications that clearly minimum of 4.8% fat. “The Commissioner will not regard a
refer to soybeans or soybean products in Iceland, or the product [mellorine] as nutritionally inferior solely because of
cultivation of soybeans there. Address: Washington, DC. a reduction in the fat content of a food.” Address: FDA.

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235. Food Engineering. 1977. Frozen fruit juice has ice Altogether seven people are employed: four partners, two
cream texture. 49(6):ef-22, 23, 26. June. In special section on full-time employees, and one part timer. They earn $2.75
Engineered Foods. an hour and have an insurance program paid for by the
• Summary: The product contains Gunther’s whipping business Summer sales have averaged $8,000/month. They
protein. Ordinarily, if you freeze fruit juice you get ice. But are moving their shop of some 1,000 square feet to a new
by using a soy-derived whipping protein and an appropriate location of 7,000 square feet for only double the rent. They
stabilizer system, you can freeze fruit juice, whip it, and get are looking for $30,000 in investments to finance their new
a smooth texture similar to ice cream or sherbet. The basic venture. They are importing equipment from Japan. “This
work on this process was done by Irv Rubenstein in 1963 winter we intend to commence soymilk production; next
and 1964. spring: tempeh, soy mayonnaise, soy ice cream, and agé. We
have potentially a very exciting and massive business on our
236. Parihar, Asha S.; Mittal, M.; Datta, I.C.; Quadri, M.A.; hands.”
Kushwah, H.S. 1977. Organoleptic evaluation and nutritive “That’s the bright side of the picture. While the sales
value of recipes of soymilk and soyresidue. J. of Food have been soaring and visions of financial glory mounting,
Science and Technology (Mysore, India) 14(3):130-32. May/ certain hard facts have made themselves known. Running
June. [6 ref] a business is difficult. Last winter I came down with
• Summary: Soyresidue [okara], the solid material remaining mononucleosis and was out for seven weeks. We have had
after soymilk preparation, can be used effectively for very bad relations with our landlord who has burned us on
improving the nutritional value of traditional snacks like an illegal plumbing job he did for us, shut our water off
Samosa. Soyresidue snacks are 25-33% less expensive than twice, in the middle of production, and has threatened to
the standard preparations. take us to court suing us $12,000 for damages done to his
“Soymilk ice cream was rated good and standard ice personal property. We have thrown out hundreds of pounds
cream excellent. Soymilk custard was adjudged very good, to terrible tofu, due to bad beans or bad nigari technique. We
and standard custard excellent. have run out of soybeans and been closed for days while we
Note 1. This is the earliest published English-language drove around finding some. We have been shut down by the
document seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “soymilk ice town health department and given a month’s time to move
cream” to refer to soy ice cream. by the state hoard. We have experienced much indecision
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document and emotional turmoil and the new corporate structure will
seen (June 2013) that uses the word “soyresidue” to refer to probably have Tom Timmins and me as the two principal
okara. Address: Dep. of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary owners with the stockholders. We have been on educational
Science, Jabalpur, India. television; a five minute spot featuring our shop and some
dialogue and shown in Springfield, Massachusetts. A lot of
237. Food Engineering International (Chilton’s). 1977. equipment has broken down, or become unfit to use and we
Frozen fruit juice has ice cream texture. 2(7):28-29, 33. July. are ruining the floor (made of oak beams) even though we
* have 3 large floor drains.
• Summary: The product contains Gunther’s whipping “Most people only see the good tofu coming out of
protein. our shop; the vicissitudes of business are mercifully spared
their consideration. But it’s all a matter of attitude. We feel
238. Nelson, A.I.; Steinberg, M.P.; Wei, L.S. Assignors to confident now about our prospects and feel we will somehow
University of Illinois Foundation. 1977. Soybean beverage muddle through the mess and confusion we have created for
and process. U.S. Patent 4,041,187. Aug. 9. 13 p. Application ourselves.”
filed 23 June 1975. [4 ref] Leviton then answers in detail the following questions
• Summary: Also describes soy yogurt. Address: Dep. of asked by Shurtleff: How did you obtain equipment and
Food Science, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL. ingredients? How did you learn to set up a shop? What type
of equipment did you buy and how much did it cost? What
239. Leviton, Richard. 1977. Re: History of and current about health inspectors and codes? How did you determine
developments at Laughing Grasshopper Tofu Shop. Letter to your prices and what are they? How did you choose the best
William Shurtleff at New-Age Foods Study Center, Aug. 23– variety of soybean to use? How and from whom do you buy
in reply to inquiry. 7 p. Typed, with signature. your soybeans? Your nigari?
• Summary: An excellent letter, full of useful details! “Here are some replies to questions in your letter of
“Laughing Grasshopper has grown rapidly and predictably May 5. We sell 8-ounce pieces of tofu for 21 cents each, 50
since its inception last January.” The company now produces to a pail for $10.50 delivered, with a $2.10 deposit on the 5
700 to 800 lb/day of tofu, 6 days a week, with 3 men gallon pail which we ask to get back. Retail sales (which are
working 8-10 hours each and a janitor working 6 hours. insignificant) are 25 cents a piece.”

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“We have tried 20 different soybean varieties and only a Most of their nutrients comes from soybeans. They grow
few make good, reliable tofu, i.e., firm, holds together, tastes 250 acres of soybeans a year and turn a significant portion of
good. In particular Wells, Rampage, and Prize have given these into an incredible array of foods such as soy flour and
excellent tofu... The oil content of the bean is important... soy milk. The soy milk is made into soy yogurt, mayonnaise,
You want as much protein and as little oil in the bean. If a cheese, tofu, soy ice cream, and tempeh (which is a
there is much oil, then the bags are clogged, the tofu is slimy, fermented soy product from Indonesia). The pulp [okara] that
the yields drop by 25%. We have found many brokers don’t remains after making soy milk is used to make a meatless
even know what kind of bean they are wholesaling. A good sausage; it also add to cakes, cookies, and other baked goods.
bean is a joy to work with, a bad bean is a nightmare. We are Also on The Farm, soybeans are roasted to make nuts, and
buying a truckload of beans from Agricultural Exports Co., ground to make coffee. They have published recipe booklet
Hudson, Iowa, for 24 cents a pound delivered.” Address: titled “Yay soybeans.”
LGTS, 3 Main St., Millers Falls, Massachusetts 01349. The Farm has a great deal of experience in cooking
whole soybeans. The best way is to use a pressure cooker for
240. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1977. Tofu & 1 hour at 15 pounds pressure. Or you can cook them for at
soymilk production: The Book of Tofu, volume II. Lafayette, least 10 hours at atmospheric pressure.
California: New-Age Foods Study Center. 128 p. Aug. 1. A typical breakfast at The Farm might consist of toast,
Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. No index. 28 cm. fried tofu, tea and sugar. Or perhaps fried potatoes and
• Summary: A rough photocopied manuscript with a yellow cheese [made from nutritional yeast] and hot soy milk and
cover, created in response to a letters from many people tea.
requesting information on how to start a tofu shop. This book A cartoon has this caption: “Soybeans are the base for
was published in finished form in 1979 under the same title, cheese, ice cream, sausage, and burgers.” Address: Food
Tofu and Soymilk Production (336 p.). Guide editor.
Contents: 1. So you want to start a tofu shop or soy
dairy? 2. Setting up shop; The community shop, the 242. Product Name: Parvelle Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert (or
traditional shop, the steam-cooker shop, the pressure cooker Parvelle Dairy Free).
shop, the soy dairy, the modern factory. 3. Ingredients. 4. Manufacturer’s Name: Jerrand Caterers.
Scientific data concerning the tofu-making process. 5. Tofu. Manufacturer’s Address: Lynbrook, Long Island, New
6. Firm tofu. 7. Using okara and whey. 8. Deep-fried tofu: York.
Cutlets, burgers, and pouches. 9. Soymilk. 10. Soymilk ice Date of Introduction: 1977. November.
cream, yogurt, kefir, mayonnaise, and cheese. 11. Silken tofu Ingredients: Water, sugar, corn syrup solids, hydrogenated
& soft tofu (Silken tofu is made from concentrated soymilk). and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (coconut and
12. Lactone silken tofu. 13. Grilled tofu. 14. Wine-fermented soybean), soy protein, modified vegetable gums, modified
tofu. 15. Dried-frozen tofu. 16. Yuba. cellulose gums, salt, dipotassium phosphate, polysorbate 60,
Appendix A: People and institutions connected with tofu carrageenan, sorbitan monoesterate, vanilla, and artificial,
& soymilk production. B: Sketches of tofu and yuba shops certified color.
in Japan. C: So you want to study tofu in Japan? D: Table of How Stored: Frozen.
equivalents. New Product–Documentation: East West Journal. “Dairy
Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document free, period” 1984. July. p. 13. “The product, called Parvelle
seen (April 2013) that uses the term “silken tofu” to refer to Dairy Free, is made from water, sugar, corn syrup solids,...
Japanese kinugoshi tofu. soy protein,...” Made in Brooklyn and laden with chemicals.
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document Talk with Dwayne Malm of Parvelle. 1985. Jan. 18.
seen (Oct. 2011) that uses the term “wine-fermented tofu.” Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.
Address: New-Age Foods Study Center, P.O. Box 234, p. 85-86. “Parvelle Corp., NY. Parvelle had been making
Lafayette, California 94549; 278-28 Higashi Oizumi, non-dairy frozen desserts since 1977. In about 1980
Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177, Japan. the Carvel ice cream chain sued Parvelle for trademark
infringement, but a judge in federal court dismissed the
241. Rasmussen, Carol. 1977. Vegetarians straight off the suit. In September 1982 a physician from Texas discovered
farm: Soy is source of successful diet. Chicago Tribune. Parvelle at a catered party in New York. His lactose-
Sept. 8. p. E3, or p. W_A3, or p. N_83. intolerant child loved it, and he soon discovered that there
• Summary: This article is about The Farm, from was a big potential market for the product. So that physician
Summertown, Tennessee, and their creative but strict and a colleague formed a distribution company in Texas
vegetarian diet–that uses no meat, eggs, or dairy products.” and in January 1983 Glick shipped them his first truck load
Margaret Nofziger explains that Farm members are not food of Parvelle Dairy Free in a new carton showing a circled
faddists; they eat cocoa, sugar, and white flour. cow with a diagonal line through it, signifying ‘no milk.’

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 129

were not significantly different that 100% beef patties. The

ice cream with 25% and 50% SPI had the same textural
quality as dairy ice cream but had a significant “beany” off-
flavor. Address: Dep. of Biological Science & Technology,
Korea Advanced Inst. of Science, South Korea.

244. Arbuckle, W.S. 1977. Ice cream. 3rd ed. Westport,

Connecticut: AVI Publishing Co. vi + 517 p. Illust. Index. 24
cm. *
• Summary: See Chapter 1: “Development of the ice cream
industry.” A brief review of the history of ice cream shows
that the first milk-based ice cream probably originated in
Italy in the early 1600s, using the ice from the hills for
freezing. Homemade ice cream came to America with the
early colonists. The first commercial (wholesale) ice cream
in America was made in 1851 in Baltimore, Maryland. The
ice cream soda was introduced in 1879; the ice cream cone
in 1904; the Eskimo Pie in 1921; and the air-inject freezer
in 1927. U.S. per capita consumption of ice cream reached
1 quart in 1909, 10 quarts in 1940, then 20 quarts in 1946,
and about 24 quarts in 1070, when there were approximately
11,000 manufacturers.
Note: America’s first advertisement for ice cream was
placed in the New York Gazette by confectioner Philip Lenzi
on May 12, 1777. It announced that ice cream was available
“almost every day.”
In those days, ice cream was considered a rare and
exotic dessert enjoyed only by the elite. Dolly Madison
served a strawberry ice cream creation for dessert at
President James Madison’s second inaugural banquet in
1812 at the White House. Address: PhD, Prof., Dep. of Dairy
Following a UPI press release backed by the authority of Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD.
two physicians, many southern stores took the product.
By March it was in 8 states and there were plans for an 245. Farm, The. 1977. Vegetarian prenatal nutrition and
ice cream sandwich and a lower-calorie line. Everything high protein recipes. Summertown, Tennessee: The Book
looked promising, so in July Parvelle Corp. moved into Publishing Co. 14 p. 22 cm.
an automated plant in Brooklyn. But with little follow-up • Summary: Printed with green ink on white paper. On the
promotion Parvelle Dairy Free failed to sell well. Just as cover is a photo showing a field of soybeans, in neat rows
things were looking low for Parvelle, in the fall of l983 free of weeds.
Mintz’s soft serve Tofutti began to sell like crazy in New Contents: Introduction (“The Farm is a large longhair
York. So in October Parvelle decided to stop buying mix spiritual community of 1100 people in Tennessee... We
from Heller’s and to reformulate its product, adding tofu are all complete vegetarians [vegans]. Ours is a soy-based
and giving it (believe it or not) a Chinese name.” Ta-tou was vegetarian diet). Taking care of your self while you’re
launched in Feb. 1985. pregnant (by Margaret, Nutritionist for the Farm, incl. iron,
calcium, table of nutritional value of soybeans). Recipes:
243. Kim, C.J.; Byun, S.M. 1977. [Effects of soy protein Basic cooked soybeans. Soybeans and tortillas. Soyburgers.
isolate on quality and acceptability of beef patties and ice Soybean stroganoff. Soy mayonnaise. Soy fritters. Soy
cream]. Hanguk Sikp’um Kwahakhoe Chi (Korean J. of Food yogurt. Soy milk (homemade using soybeans or soy flour)
Science and Technology) 9(3):190-93. [15 ref. Kor]* Tofu (Bean curd, homemade using whole soybeans and
• Summary: Beef patties were made with 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, nigari or epsom salts). Soy cheese. Soy flour basic salad and
75, and 100% replacement of beef with soy protein isolate sandwich spread. Seasoned sandwich spread. Hi-protein
(SPI). Ice cream was made with 0, 25, and 50% replacement soy bread (incl. soy milk and soy flour). Soy souffle (incl.
of milk solids-not-fat with SPI. Sensory analysis by a taste soy flour and nutritional yeast). Soy “nuts” (dry roasted or
panel showed that beef patties containing 30% or less SPI deep fried). T.V.P. Textured vegetable protein. T.V.P. tortilla

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filling. Spaghetti sauce with T.V.P. Sloppy joes. Good tasting also to make isolated soy protein their main soy protein
nutritional yeast (A good source of B vitamins. Distributed product. Other Japanese companies that tried to enter the soy
by The Good Tasting Yeast Company, c/o The Farm). Melty protein market failed because they produced only soy protein
nutritional yeast “cheese.” A word about B12 [vitamin B-12] concentrate (p. 420).
(“If you are a complete vegetarian, eating only plant foods, Fuji Seiyu finished their research on isolated soy protein
you will need to supplement vitamin B12”). at the end of 1966, then started test production in their
People at The Farm eat “soy ice cream” which is 1-tonne pilot plant. In June 1967, they started to build their
mentioned in the introduction, but no recipe is given. full-scale plant, and finished by the end of the year; it had a
Address: The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee. capacity of 100 tonnes/month. The company named its first
product Fuji Pro; this isolated soy protein contained more
246. Fuji Seiyu K.K. (Fuji Oil Co.). 1977. Daizu tanpaku than 90% protein and about 6% moisture (p. 421).
kogyo-ka e no michi [Road to industrialization of soy Then the company found that they could use Fuji Pro
protein. Part I (Document part)]. In: Fuji Seiyu K.K. 1977. in fish paste products, so they tried to sell it to companies
Fuji Seiyu 25 Nen-shi: Showa 21 nen 11-gatsu–Showa 51 making such products. But these manufacturers were very
nen 3-gatsu [Fuji Oil Company Ltd.: 25-year history, Nov. conservative, so after 6 months Fuji gave up and began
1946 to March 1976]. Tokyo: Fuji Oil Co. 622 p. See p. 417- selling it to secondary meat producers (p. 423).
30. [Jap] The meat industry was also very conservative, but after
• Summary: Outline: As a major Japanese soybean crusher, many visits to these companies, Fuji got to understand them
processing whole soybeans into soybean oil and defatted better. Some of these companies were already importing soy
soybean meal, Fuji Seiyu produced large amounts defatted protein from the USA and using it in their meat products.
soybean meal. In 1962-62 Fuji Seiyu began to make Fuji Fuji’s research & development department developed a
Takaramame (a by-product of tofu powder) and Proplus sausage containing Fuji Pro and presented samples to the
using soy protein from defatted soybean meal, even though meat processors; they made many repeat visits. In 1968 Fuji
these were not considered to be good soy protein products. received an order from a large meat processor; after that they
In 1967 Fuji developed isolated soy protein (containing received orders from medium and small processors one after
more than 92% protein) from defatted soybean meal, and another. In Nov. 1968 Fuji’s sales finally reached 100 tonnes/
started to sell this FujiPro isolated soy protein. Since it was a month. Later, after many careful investigations, the Japan
completely new product and little was known about it, sales Agricultural Standards (JAS) decided to make isolated soy
were slow in the beginning. But later it started to be sold to protein a JAS product with a standard of identity for use in
makers of second generation meat products (such as sausages ham, sausages, etc. In this way, sales of Fuji Pro expanded.
or ham). But there was also another reason for expansion: Exports!
In 1969 Fuji started to sell Fuji Nikku (“Fuji Meat”), Actually exports started earlier and were easier than sales
which is a textured protein product (soshiki tanpaku seihin) to the domestic Japanese market. And it was because of the
and this expanded their market among hamburger and demand from abroad that Fuji decided to build their first
hamburger ball (meatball) makers. Based on the above full-scale plant in 1967, even though they didn’t have any
experience, Ralston Purina (America’s leading soy protein clear idea about their domestic sales. Fuji’s exports went
manufacturer) got to know Fuji and invited the company Shoemaker, a Dutch food company; this relationship started
to do a joint venture. Three years later, in Dec. 1973, the in about 1964 (p. 424).
two companies contributed 200 million yen and founded At that time the Dutch company was selling soy protein
a joint company named Fuji Purina Protein K.K. In 1974 made by Central Soya in the USA. Being dissatisfied with
they started to make and sell FujiPur / FujiPua (for “Fuji the product’s quality and prices, they looked to Japanese
Purina”), a spun soy protein fiber. Presently, Fuji Seiyu is oil makers to produce these products. They contacted
trying to expand into new, undeveloped markets for soy several companies, including Fuji Seiyu, which answered
protein foods (p. 418). their inquiry and told them: “We are still study isolates,
For 1964 the Food Bureau (Shokuryo-chô) of Japan’s but we have a product that contains 50% protein.” They
Ministry of Agriculture, planned the following usage of sent Shoemaker a sample of Fuji Takaramame. However
soybean meal: Food 347,000 metric tons (tonnes). Feed Shoemaker wanted a soy protein isolate, so no business was
691,000 tonnes. All but 69,000 tonnes of the food use went transacted. But from that time on, the two companies stayed
for miso, shoyu, and tofu. Of this 69,000 tonnes, 40,000 in close communication and began to exchange information.
tonnes went for soy protein foods (such as breads, biscuits, Shoemaker asked Fuji to develop a soy protein isolate,
doughnuts, shortcake, ice cream, fish paste products, cheese, provided important suggestions concerning the research, and
soup, etc.) and 30,000 tonnes for glutamic acid / MSG (p. sent Fuji a report of the European market for such a product.
419). Shoemaker’s cooperation played an important role in the
Fuji decided to industrialize soy protein very early and development of Fuji’s isolated soy protein.

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Initially, Fuji had placed heavy emphasis on developing ketchup” (p. 93, 99, 113), “Until the second half of the
soy protein products for second generation fish paste nineteenth century, ketchup usually meant a pickle of
products, but after considering the potential demand in mushrooms, oysters, or walnuts” (p. 127), etc.
Europe, Fuji started to research soy proteins for meat Contains a good bibliography. The authors are food
products such as ham and sausage. Fuji Pro was developed writers and critics, including former restaurant reviewers for
to be highly elastic, emulsifiable, and water soluble– the New York Times. Address: New York City.
characteristics desired by the European market. Fuji sent
some samples. Before they started commercial production, 248. Laughing Grasshopper Tofu Shop. 1977. Laughing
they signed a contract with Shoemaker as a sales agent; Grasshopper tofu recipes (Leaflet). 3 Main St., Millers Falls,
it named Fuji as a IPSO (International Protein Sales Massachusetts 01349. 2 panels each side. Each panel: 25.2 x
Organization) and exporter. Thus, it was because of the 19 cm. Undated. [1 ref]
European market that Fuji could start commercial production • Summary: Though no author is listed, this leaflet (25 by
without a domestic market, and it was this European market 19 cm, dark-green ink on beige paper) was probably written
that enabled Fuji to sell isolates in Japan. Everything seemed by Richard Leviton. A later edition had New England Soy
backwards. For example, some Japanese from the meat Dairy as the publisher, indicating that the latter was selling
industry went to Europe to study that industry. There they this brand of tofu for a while. Discusses soybeans, protein,
learned that soy protein (named IPSO) was being used in and world hunger, gives a nutritional analysis of Laughing
ham and sausages. Returning to Japan, they discovered to Grasshopper Tofu, then gives 20 tofu recipes: Basic pan-fried
their surprise that the soy protein was made in Japan by tofu. Basic pan-fried tofu with sauce. Raw vegetable dip.
Fuji. In 1969 Fuji’s contribution to Japanese exports (oil and Creamy scallion salad dressing. Creamy dill dressing. Bean
protein) was honored with an award (p. 425-26). curd soup. Tofu guacamole. Tofu ‘egg’ salad. Scrambled tofu
A knowledge of the overseas market for soy protein sandwich. Tofu kebab. Tofu barbecue. Tofu baked in tomato
was a great help to Fuji as its soy protein products began sauce. Ravioli or manicotti. Sweet & sour tofu. Strawberry-
to serve an international market. This also gave ideas tofu ice (popsicles or ice cream). Raspberry pudding.
for development of new products–starting with meatlike Creamy carob pie. Creamy carob pudding. Tofu ‘cheesecake’
soy protein products. They received news from Bernard deluxe. Peach kuchen.
Hawley in England that textured soy protein products had At the bottom right of the rear panel we read: “We’re
been developed in the USA. Hawley was a nutritionist planning to put together a more complete vegetarian
and a consultant (Hawley & Associates) and Fuji began to cookbook containing recipes using many varieties of soy
use his consulting services in April 1966 (p. 428). Hawley products. If you would like to contribute any recipes or
made many trips to Japan and he and Mr. Nishimura (the suggestions, please send them to: Laughing Grasshopper
president of Fuji Seiyu) became great friends. In 1967 Fuji Tofu Shop, 3 Main Street,...”
sent Hawley to the USA and asked him to study the market Note: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2013)
for textured soy proteins and the send Fuji a market report that contains the term “Tofu ‘egg’ salad” or a recipe for what
(p. 429). Meanwhile, the company president and a man would soon become one of the first popular tofu products,
from the planning department also went to the USA to study widely called “Eggless Egg Salad” (1977), “Tofu No-Egg
the market; they soon decided to start making textured soy Salad” (1978), and “Missing Egg Salad” (1978). This recipe,
protein immediately. They visited Wenger Manufacturing which contains no eggs, calls for tofu, celery, carrots, onions,
Co. in the USA, signed a contract in April 1968, and received mushrooms, green peppers, scallions, mayonnaise, prepared
a machine [extrusion cooker] that year. Actually they bought mustard, tamari soy sauce, turmeric, paprika, celery seeds,
only the main body of the machine from Wenger; the other etc. Address: Millers Falls, Massachusetts. Phone: 413-659-
parts (including the power mill) were invented and designed 3883.
by Fuji technicians (p. 430). Continued. Address: Tokyo,
Japan. 249. Stein, Ellin. 1978. Making money making tofu. Whole
Foods (Berkeley, California). Jan. p. 32-38.
247. Hess, John L.; Hess, Karen. 1977. The taste of America. • Summary: This multi-part article describes commercial
New York, NY: Grossman Publishers. Div. of Viking Press. operations at Farm Foods (San Rafael, California–”Down
xiii + 384 p. Index. 23 cm. [167* ref] on the Farm”), Redwood Natural Foods (Santa Rosa,
• Summary: Does not mention soy or soyfoods in the Index. California), The Tofu Shop (Rochester, New York–”Hope
Yet soy is mentioned as follows: Soy-based ice cream (p. in Rochester”), Surata Soyfoods (Eugene, Oregon–”Tofu
xiv), soybean flour (p. 49), soybean flour (p. 54), soy flour Recipe Doubles in Oregon”), and The Soy Plant (Ann Arbor,
(p. 63), tomato soy (p. 93; in the 1831 [sic, 1838] edition of Michigan–”Midwest Soy Plant Expects to Grow”).
The Virginia Housewife), soy flour (p. 285). Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2011)
Ketchup is mentioned on 16 pages, including “tomato that mentions “Surata Soyfoods,” the first company with the

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word “Soyfoods” in the company name. the world, (Thanks to Akiko Aoyagi for the drawings).” A
Part of the main article (“A Busy Grasshopper Waits for handwritten note at the end reads: “Bill & Akiko, We sent
Profits”) and a full-page sidebar titled “Making Tofu on Main this around to our customers. We’re still reading the B.ofT.
Street” tells the story of Laughing Grasshopper Tofu Shop in [Book of Tofu]. Tom Timmins. P.S. Come visit us next time
Millers Falls, Massachusetts. “With The Book of Tofu as their you’re East.”
guide, Ira and Kathleen Leviton founded the first occidental Note: This is the earliest English-language document
tofu shop in the northeastern USA in this sleepy papermill seen (March 2013) that contains the phrase “Soy to the
town in Aug. 1976. At the time the Levitons owned and world.” Inspired by the new phrase, Akiko Aoyagi designed
operated Corn Creek Bakery in Greenfield, eight miles away, a wreath to send out with Bill and Akiko’s Christmas
and they ran the two businesses until August 1977, when cards later that year. Address: 305 Wells St., Greenfield,
they closed Corn Creek due to a continuing labor dispute. Massachusetts 01301. Phone: (413) 772-0746.
Having formed a partnership with two men, Tom Timmins
in August 1976 and Michael Cohen in February 1977, the 251. Oberg, Elmer B. Assignor to Paul Taylor Company
Levitons found their 100 bread accounts quite eager to stock (Pasadena, California). 1978. Process for preparing stable
tofu. They are now producing over 800 pounds of tofu per full fat oilseed extract. U.S. Patent 4,075,361. Feb. 21. 8 p.
day to service their 100 accounts... Grasshopper makes tofu Application filed 26 Nov. 1976. [6 ref]
with Prize variety soybean shipped from Iowa in trailer loads • Summary: A full fat, stable food material derived from
and stored in the plant... oilseeds is prepared by comminuting oilseeds in the presence
“Fully believing that the tofu market can be doubled of a hot (at least 180ºF, ideally near boiling) alkaline
within the first quarter of 1978, Grasshopper is moving extract solution (preferably sodium hydroxide, with pH
this month to a 3200-sq.-ft. plant in Greenfield that already about 8), and then allowing the comminuted seeds to soak
offers a well-drained concrete floor... Tofu production will be in the solution for about 3-7 minutes. After neutralizing
upgraded with the installation of $5,000 worth of Japanese the solution with preferably hydrochloric acid, the extract
tofu machinery... Cohen estimates daily tofu capacity will is clarified (centrifuged; the fiber is discarded) and heated
increase to 1,600 pounds. ‘As soon as we can,’ says Cohen, to destroy anti-nutritional factors, concentrated, and spray
‘we’ll have not only tofu, but deep-fried age, soymilk– dried. An illustration shows the required equipment. Address:
flavored and unflavored, tempeh, and soy “ice cream.” We Camarillo, California.
feel the market is at our fingertips. We’ve never taken the
step into a serious sales campaign, but I think we will. So far, 252. Town Crier (Greenfield, Massachusetts). 1978. Tofu
we make the soft tofu, we give the soft sell.’” manufacturing plant opens. 12(3):1-2. March 22.
Note 1. This is the first issue of Whole Foods magazine. • Summary: “The New England Soy Dairy, 305 Wells Street,
This is also the earliest article on soy seen (Aug. 2002) in in Greenfield, has opened the doors on its new manufacturing
Whole Foods magazine. plant... The firm has recently completed a long-projected
expansion into more spacious and efficient facilities where it
250. New England Soy Dairy Inc. 1978. Re: Announcing utilizes special tofu-making equipment imported from Japan
opening of New England Soy Dairy, Inc. Letter to customers enabling the company to produce nearly 10,000 pounds of
and friends of the business, Feb. 17. 2 p. Typed, with tofu every week. The Soy Dairy ships this out all across New
signature on orange letterhead. [1 ref] England, New York City, and Pennsylvania.” The tofu, which
• Summary: “Dear friends. We are pleased to announce the retails for about $0.75/lb is “made from organically grown
opening of the New England Soy Dairy, Inc... As soon as we soybeans, water, and nigari, a coagulant extracted from
can hook up our deep fryer and practice making agé and agé seawater...
pouches, we’ll add them to our list of products... We have “The company uses the term ‘dairy’ to indicate its
ordered a packaging machine that is scheduled to arrive in a intention to provide a full range of alternative dairy-like
few weeks.” The company will then start making packaged products all derived from soybeans, including ice cream,
tofu (now it is all sold in bulk), and may begin producing yogurt, cream cheese, mayonnaise, whipped cream, tartar
hard tofu (doufu), tofu pudding, and bottled soymilk. “The sauce, plain and flavored soymilk. In addition, other less
possibilities for freshly made soybean products seem almost familiar items will be introduced, such as miso soy bean
endless. We are experimenting with a soy ice creme, and paste, deep-fried tofu, and a fermented product, called
with miso. We’d really like to start producing tempeh this tempeh. The Dairy operates at a medium level of technology,
autumn... Our tofu price will remain at $0.44/lb to retailers.” fusing traditional hand craftsmanship with modern labor
The company plans to pick up its first two distributors: saving equipment.”
Homestead Trading Co. and nearby Llama. “The company is open Monday through Saturday, 8 a.m.
Shurtleff and Aoyagi, and their Book of Tofu and Book to 6 p.m. and visitors are welcome.” A photo shows Kathy
of Tempeh are mentioned in the letter. At the end: “Soy to Whelan Leviton cutting a large sheet of tofu into cakes.

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Note: This is the earliest English-language document

seen (Aug. 2013) that contains the word “dairy-like”
(hyphenated) in connection with soyfoods.

253. Fussell, B.H. 1978. A tiny hamlet is vegetarians’ hub.

New York Times. June 11. Section 11. p. 16-17. Sunday. [2
ref]
• Summary: A profile of Jay and Freya Dinshah, founders
of the North American Vegetarian Society and the American
Vegan Society in Malaga, New Jersey. They also launched
the North American affiliate of the International Vegetarian
Union. “Everyone knows that vegetarianism in the United
States is on the rise.” There are now 60 to 70 vegetarian
societies in America; the largest are in Washington, DC,
Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City.
“Mr. Dinshah and his wife, Freya, who is from
Epsom, England, are both ‘life vegetarians’ (they were
born into vegetarian families and have never tasted meat).
Mr. Dinshah’s father, Dinshah Ghadiali, was a prominent
vegetarian teacher in the 1920’s and 1930’s, along with
people like Bernard McFadden.
“Known also for inventions, including the ‘Dinshah and Michael Cohen. Before they got together, Tom was
engine-tester,’ which was used by American fighter planes working for a natural foods distributor [Llama, Toucan &
in World War I, Dinshah Ghadiali came to the United States Crow], Kathy and Ira were running a natural foods bakery,
from Bombay [India] in 1905 and eventually settled in and Michael was living in Virginia in a satellite community
Malaga to raise his eight children.” of The Farm (an experience which provided him with a
A photo shows Jay and Freya. Recipes are given for sound working knowledge of soybeans)... They went into
Carobanana Ice Cream (with ½ cup soy powder) and Miami business as the Laughing Grasshopper Tofu Shop...” Later
Coconut Pie. the company moved to a much larger facility on the outskirts
of Greenfield, Massachusetts. Today they make 1,600 lb of
254. Product Name: Island Spring Soy Freeze (Soy Ice tofu per 8 hour day.
Cream) [Carob Mint, Carob, Banana, Vanilla Mint, or The company presently produces only tofu. However
Vanilla]. they are in the “process of perfecting a variety of other soy
Manufacturer’s Name: Island Spring, Inc. products, including soy milk, soy mayonnaise, dips for
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 747, Vashon, WA crackers and spreads for sandwiches, tempeh (split, hulled
98070. soybeans that are fermented), age (deep-fried tofu), and,
Date of Introduction: 1978. June. eventually, ice cream.”
Ingredients: Water, soybean extract [thick soymilk], honey, Photos show: A barrel of soy milk being curded with
soy oil, lecithin, agar, salt. nigari. Arthur Braverman standing by the tofu-making
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quart. equipment at the center of the plant. Tofu being pressed in
How Stored: Frozen. forming boxes. Ira Leviton carrying a tray of tofu ready for
New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1981, undated. packaging.
3.5 inch diameter. Blue on white. Leviton. 1981. Soyfoods.
Winter. p. 43, 63. “210 quarts are made weekly... Carob mint 256. Northern Union Outlook (Seventh-day Adventist;
is the most popular flavor.” Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti Minneapolis, Minnesota). 1978. Hurds hold nutrition class at
& Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 42. “Island Spring was the first MJA. Aug. 7. p. 7.
of many commercial tofu companies in the U.S. to make a • Summary: “May 1 through 4, Frank and Rosalie Hurd
soymilk ice cream.” presented a Natural Nutrition class at the Minneapolis Junior
Academy. Two-thirds of those participating were non-
255. Bellicchi, Kathy. 1978. New England Soy Dairy. East Adventists, with attendance averaging 50 per evening.” The
West Journal. July. p. 42-44. co-authors of the widely circulated Ten Talents cookbook
• Summary: A good history of and introduction to the taught about natural foods, meatless main dishes, and even
company. “New England Soy Dairy began a year and a half how to make a delicious ice cream with cashew milk and
ago with four partners, Tom Timmins, Kathy and Ira Leviton, honey.

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Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore. 90 p. Oct. [126

257. Leviton, Richard. 1978. New developments at New ref. Eng]
England Soy Dairy (Interview). Conducted by William • Summary: The production of milk in India is estimated
Shurtleff of New-Age Foods Study Center, Sept. 1 p. to be 23.5 million metric tons per annum. The per capita
transcript. availability of milk in India is about 113 gm/day as against
• Summary: New England Soy Dairy presently makes 2,400 the recommended level of 280 gm/day. Milk contributes only
lb/day of tofu. The soymilk is coagulated at 85ºC. They about 10% of the protein to the average Indian diet. A recent
also make soy mayo in 1 pint jars and the directors have Economic survey showed that 20 to 40% of the people in
planned to purchase a sophisticated mayonnaise production India were below the “poverty line.” “Attempts have been
system. New products being developed are deep-fried spicy made in using soy milk in milk extender at Jawaharlal Nehru
tofu, creamy tofu puddings made with fruits and carob Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Jabbalpur. G.B. Pant University
powder, soymilk ice cream, yogurt, cream cheese, and of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar have developed
salad dressings. “We are quietly evangelical about tofu. The equipment and facilities for manufacturing soymilk on a
company directors have long desired to make a significant large scale. Soymilk is also commercially manufactured
impact on American food consumption patterns, and to help at Nagpur and Poona under different trade names. Dairy
reduce consumption of meat eating using soyfoods instead, Project of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal,
as a superior protein source.” Address: 100 Heath Rd., Bangalore is regularly manufacturing the flavoured soymilk
Colrain, Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. which is being marketed to the staff and students of the
University.”
258. Shurtleff, William. 1978. Re: The Farm Vegetarian The author prepared soymilk using a modified version
Cookbook. Letter to Margaret Gaskin, Laurie Praskin, of the Illinois Method. Some was used as is and some was
Cynthia Bates, and Louise Hagler, The Farm, Summertown, mixed in varying proportions with cow’s milk to make
Tennessee, Oct. 25. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead “modified milk.” Some combinations were flavored. Using
(photocopy). modified milk, the author also prepared paneer (coagulated
• Summary: “This morning I bought a copy of your new with citric acid), Kalakand, ice cream. Pasteurized flavored
edition of The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook at Shambala in modified milk containing 40% soymilk was well accepted.
Berkeley and spent all day reading it. Akiko too. We both Raspberry-flavored modified milk was liked best, followed
think it is a really outstanding job, one that will benefit by rose, cardamom, vanilla, and pineapple. Pasteurized
people around the country and the world, and one that we flavored modified milk containing 50-70% soymilk was also
look forward to learning a lot of new things from. The book well accepted. Paneer, kalkand, or ice cream containing 20-
has all the touches, so artistically and sensitively presented. 40% soymilk were well accepted. Address: Bangalore, India.
We laughed over the illustration on page 95 of milking the
cow-sized soybean or soybean sized cow, at the parfait 260. Product Name: Soy Scream (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
[Vanilla pudding] on p. 102-03 that expands the more you Cream; Soft Serve) [Carob, or Maple-Vanilla].
open the book, etc. We look forward to trying out many of Manufacturer’s Name: Soy Plant (The).
your soy recipes. With a book like that out, we feel we can Manufacturer’s Address: 211 East Ann St., Ann Arbor, MI
retire from our work of trying to turn the world on to soy. 48104. Phone: 313-663-0500.
You’ve done it, or at least provided a good start. Date of Introduction: 1978. October.
“We have a number of new books on soyfoods coming How Stored: Frozen.
out soon, and you can be sure that we will make very New Product–Documentation: Steve Fiering. 1979. Whole
favorable mention of your book in all of them. We will Foods. Jan. p. 38, 40. “A Midwestern Interest in Tofu.”
even try to get it into the Ballantine Books edition of the This is included in a list of products presently produced
pocketbook mass-market Book of Tofu (175,000 copies first by the company. Talk with Steve Fiering. 1988. June 10. It
printing, out this January) but it may be too late. There will was a lousy product with a great name. Not much was sold
be numerous references in our Book of Tempeh, Tempeh except over the counter soft serve in the deli. It became too
Production, and Tofu & Soymilk Production. In the latter crystalline when we tried to make a hard-pack version. Steve
would you mind if we used a few of your recipes (e.g., Ice is not sure, but he thinks it was made with soymilk rather
Bean) with credits, of course?” Address: New-Age Foods than tofu.
Study Center: U.S.A.–P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549.
Phone: 415-283-2991. 261. Del Valle, F.R.; Camacho, A.; Acosta, H.; Lujan, F.J.
1978. The Chihuahua, Mexico high nutrition low cost food
259. Jagannath Rao, K.V. 1978. Studies on the effect of program (Abstract). In: 1978. International Congress of Food
replacement of cow’s milk by soymilk in the preparation of Science and Technology–Abstracts. See p. 81. [Eng]*
dairy product. MSc thesis, Dairy Technology, University of • Summary: Describes production of nutritious, low-cost

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foods made at two plants. The products are extruded full-fat Consumption of peanuts rose dramatically from 2.5
soy flour for enrichment of foods such as tortillas, soy milk pounds per person in 1910 to 6.5 pounds in 1945. It then
(natural or chocolate flavor), soy ice cream, and soy sweets. fell back to 4 pounds in 1955, after which it has increased
Address: Chihuahua Center for Research and Technical steadily to about 6 pounds in 1975. “In 1975, 46% of peanuts
Assistance, Calle 15 No. 305, Chihuahua, Mexico. were ground into peanut butter; 22% were salted for snacks;
and 17% were made into peanut candy.”
262. Product Name: Whole, Cleaned Soybeans. Concerning fat consumption: “The most alarming
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. change in our diet is our growing fat intake. In 1976, we
Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, consumed 27% more dietary fat (159 gm/person/day) than
TN 38483. Phone: (615) 964-3575. in 1909-13 (125 gm/person/day)... Most of our increased
Date of Introduction: 1978. fat intake has come in the form of ‘separated fats’ and oils
Ingredients: Soybeans. (margarine, vegetable oil, shortening, etc.).” Consumption
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 lb (1.36 kg) paper bag. of ‘separated’ fats and oils has jumped from 45 gm in 1921
How Stored: Shelf stable. to 70 gm in 1976. Consumption of animal fats has declined,
New Product–Documentation: Label. 1978, dated. 4 by while consumption of vegetable fats has skyrocketed from
9 inches. Brown, green and yellow on beige. “Store tightly about 10 gm/person/day in 1920 to 58 gm/person/day in
sealed in a cool, dry place. Free soybean recipes inside. All 1975.
goods grown and packaged in U.S.A.” Total red meat (beef, veal, pork, lamb, mutton, edible
Farm Foods Products Catalog. 1978. p. 1. offals) consumption was 135 lb/person/year in 1910. It fell to
Ad in Tom Riker and Richard Roberts. 1979. The 105 lb in 1935, then has risen steadily ever since to 162.5 lb
Directory of Natural & Health Foods. p. 189. A photo shows in 1976.
the label. “Soybeans are an excellent source of protein, Egg consumption was 305 per person per year in 1910.
with the right balance of all eight essential amino acids... It rose to a peak of 403 in 1945, then has fallen ever since,
Soybeans can be used to make soyburgers, souffles, fritters, reaching a low of 276 in 1976.
casseroles, soysages, soymilk, ice bean, tofu (Japanese bean Total fluid milk consumption was 37 gallons/person/year
curd), tempeh (Indonesian cultured soy cake), spreads, dips in 1910. It rose to a peak of about 47 gallons in 1940, and
and soups and many more. Protein for pennies a day. Protein has been falling ever since, to about 32 gallons in 1976. Soft
for pennies a day.” drinks have lured Americans away from milk (p. 37-40).
Fig. 4 (p. 19) shows coffee, tea, and cocoa consumption.
263. Brewster, Letitia; Jacobson, Michael F. 1978. The Coffee consumption (by far the largest of the three) peaked
changing American diet. Center for Science in the Public in 1945 at 16.5 pounds per person of raw green coffee beans.
Interest, 1755 S Street N.W., Washington, DC 20009. 80 p. By 1976 it had dropped to about 11 pounds per person. The
No index. 22 cm. Update 1982 compares figures for 1976 downward trend in consumption is said to be due to the rapid
and 1980, and gives percentage changes. rise in coffee prices after 1945.
• Summary: A classic. Uses graphs to show changes in per Fig. 7 (p. 22-23) shows butter and margarine
capita “disappearance” of all basic foods (eggs, meat, milk consumption. In 1957 Americans first used more margarine
and cheese, poultry, fruit, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, than butter in their kitchens–8.6 lb/person of margarine
fats and oils [broken down into vegetable oils, butter and and 8.3 lb of butter for a total of 16.9 lb/person. In 1910
margarine, and cooking fats]) and major nutrients (calories, the total of the two was about 20 lb/person, so the trend for
fat, carbohydrate, protein, plus individual vitamins and consumption of the two has been downward–especially since
minerals) from 1910 to 1976. Also shows the sources of our 1935. Address: Washington, DC.
major nutrients.
Concerning alcohol (in terms of absolute alcohol): Per 264. Calella, John R. 1978. Cooking naturally: An
capita consumption peaked in the period 1810-1830 at a little evolutionary gourmet cuisine of natural foods. Berkeley,
over 7 gallons/person/year (mostly beer and cider), then fell California: And/Or Press. ix + 112 + 5 p. Illust. by Pedro J.
sharply primarily as a result of the Temperance Movement. Gonzalez. Index. [81 ref]
During the prohibition years of 1920-1933 no statistics were • Summary: The author of this vegetarian cookbook, of
kept. When prohibition ended, consumption was just under Italian ancestry, is popularly known as “Organic John.” He
1 gallon/person/year but since then it has grown steadily to likes to use fresh foods, and he has a call-in radio show in
2.69 gallons in 1975. San Francisco. In chapter 4, Ingredients (p. 16-), he discusses
Concerning dry beans and peanuts: Consumption of soya butter [margarine], miso, tamari, instant protein powder
dry beans was 6.5 pounds per person in 1910. It rose to 9.5 (incl. Shaklee’s Instant Protein), lecithin granules, Soyamel
pounds in 1930 and has fallen ever since–to 6.5 pounds in powder (powdered soymilk made by Worthington Foods),
1975. Balanced protein seasoning (powdered HVP made from

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 136

soybeans). Introduction, Pancakes (with soymilk), Chocolate cake (with

Chapter 10 (p. 79-83) contains a long section on soya sour soymilk), Cookie crust for cheesecake. A word about
beans, with recipes: Homemade soya bean curd (tofu). vitamin B-12. Some facts about people and food. Plenty.
Things you can do with tofu. Soya patties (with dry soya Address: Tennessee.
beans). Soya bean loaf. Green soya bean mix (with dry green
soya beans). Soya beans in a beet stew. Soya bean spread. 267. Gaskin, Ina May. 1978. Spiritual midwifery. Revised ed.
In the section on Fruit Sherbets, many of the recipes Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 473 p.
contain 2 tablespoons Soyamel (powdered soymilk) and Illust. Index. 23 cm. [10+* ref]
lecithin granules. Address: Berkeley, California. • Summary: The original 1975 edition of this pioneering
book, by “Ina May and The Farm midwives” (380 p.) did
265. Farm Foods. 1978. Good Tasting Nutritional Yeast (R), not mention soyfoods. However in this edition, the section
Tempeh starter, Good For Ya Textured Vegetable Protein, titled “Taking Care of Yourself While You’re Pregnant:
Soy Ice Bean (Leaflet). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN Nutrition” (p. 227-31) states: “You will need to increase your
39483. 1 p. Feb. Front and back. protein intake by about 30%. On the Farm, we are complete
• Summary: Front (see next page): A description of each vegetarians, and our main source of protein is soybeans and
of these four commercial products and a color photo of the soy products such as soymilk; soy yogurt; tofu (soybean
package, all on a tan background. curd); hard, pressed tofu (more concentrated); soymilk ice
Back: Nutritional information about each of the four cream; and TVP–texturized vegetable protein. Soybeans and
products. The bottom one-fourth of the back is devoted to a soy products are very high in protein of a quality comparable
description (with photo) of The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook to eggs and mother’s milk (the international standards for
(Revised Edition), edited by Louise Hagler. It begins: “Here complete protein).
are recipes and nutritional information for a completely “You can get plenty of protein for pregnancy by eating
vegetarian [vegan] diet based on the versatile and Noble daily one cup of soybeans plus 12 ounces of soymilk or
Soybean... There are chapters on cooking with Good Tasting yogurt, or ½ lb. tofu and a pint of soymilk, or one cup
Nutritional Yeast and with Textured Vegetable Protein. hydrated TVP and a cup of soymilk or soy yogurt, or one
Twenty-five tofu and seven tempeh recipes help make this quart of soymilk or soy yogurt and ½ cup of soybeans. We
book a total reference for nutritious and varied vegetarian highly recommend a vegetarian diet for a healthy pregnancy
cookery.” Address: Summertown, Tennessee. and life.”
Note: This is the second earliest published English-
266. Farm, The. 1978. Yay soybeans! How you can eat better language document seen (March 2007) that uses the term
for less and help feed the world. Second revised edition. “soymilk ice cream.” Address: The Farm, Summertown,
Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 14 p. Tennessee.
Illust. 22 cm. 2nd rev. ed. 1978, 14 p.
• Summary: The first edition of this creative little booklet, 268. Hagler, Louise. ed. 1978. The Farm vegetarian
published in 1974, was printed with blue ink on white cookbook. Revised ed. Summertown, Tennessee: The Book
paper; this 1978 edition uses brown ink on white paper. Publishing Co. 223 p. Illust. Index. 22 cm.
Contents: Living on soybeans. Some of our favorite ways • Summary: An expanded and extensively revised version of
to eat soybeans. Basic cooked soybeans: Soybeans and its pioneering and very creative and influential predecessor.
tortillas, Soybean stroganoff, Soy fritters, Cheezy soybeans There are excellent expanded sections on gluten (p. 76-81),
(Good Tasting Nutritional Yeast gives the cheezy flavor), tempeh and tempeh starter (p. 82-93), miso (p. 93), soymilk
Soyburgers, Soy nuts (dry roasted), Soy coffee. Soymilk: (p. 95-101), Ice Bean (soy ice cream, including recipes for
Using soybeans or using soy flour, Soy mayonnaise (made 5 flavors), Frogurt (soymilk frozen yogurt, p. 107), soy
with soymilk), Soy yogurt. yogurt (p. 108-13 including a non-fermented cheese made by
Tofu: How to make at home (6 step process using draining soy yogurt curds in a cotton bag; from this “yogurt
nigari, epsom [sic, Epsom] salts, vinegar, or lemon juice as a cheese” are made soy-based cottage cheese, sour cream,
coagulant), Tofu salad dressing, Tofu salad [like an eggless cream cheese, and cheesecake), tofu (p. 114-41), yuba (142-
egg salad], Scrambled tofu, Pan fried tofu, Tofu cheesecake. 43), soy coffee, soy nuts, granola, and Soysage (p. 144-47),
Soy pulp: Introduction, Scalloped tomatoes and pulp, Soy soy flour (p, 148-53), sprouts (incl. alfalfa, mung beans, and
pulp burgers, Soy pulp cookies. Soy flour: Basic salad and soybeans, p. 154-57). Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
sandwich spread, Seasoned sandwich spread. TVP–Textured
Vegetable Protein: Introduction, TVP tortilla and taco filling, 269. National Soybean Processors Association, Food Protein
Taco filling sauce, TVP spaghetti sauce, Sloppy Joes. Good Council. 1978? The story of soy protein. Washington, DC. 6
Tasting Nutritional Yeast: Introduction, Melty cheese, Cheese panels. Undated.
crackers, Golden gravy, Yeast ‘omelette.’ Eggless cookery: • Summary: Contents: Protein power. Soybean feast.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 138

World of advantages. Processing. Soy flour. Soy protein tempeh, spiced tofu, two spreads (one with eggless soy mayo
concentrate. Isolated soy protein. Textured soy protein. and turmeric; one with tofu, sweet miso and tahini), ice bean
“The golden soybean is protein power. From this oil- [soy ice cream], tofu pies, okara peanut butter balls, and soy
bearing seed comes the most versatile and economical sausage. Address: The Soy Plant, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
source of protein in all the world.” “Every sunrise brings
an estimated 180,000 new mouths to feed. In 30 years, 271. Food Engineering. 1979. Dairy products with soy
nearly seven billion persons will likely inhabit the Earth. protein. 51(1):ef-10, 11. Jan. [1 ref]
Few experts believe it will be possible to feed them without • Summary: Contents: Introduction: Coffee creamers and
assistance from soy protein.” whip toppings. Soy isolate in yogurt. Soy-based infant
“The promise of soy protein is in its versatility. It can formulas. Soy-whey drink mix. Soy in ice cream. Room for
be concentrated; textured; spun into fibers; flavored and new technologies.
colored; formed into slices, chunks, and chips; and tailored A table lists 15 soy-based infant formulas, showing
into virtually any form desired by food processors. Soybeans the product name, form (powdered, ready to feed, or
contain nearly twice the protein content of cheese, twice the concentrated liquid), and manufacturer. The product names
protein of red meat, and 10 times the protein of milk. are Bon Lact, Espelin, Isomil, Lactopriv, Mull-Soy, Multilac,
“Food technologists have great flexibility in adjusting Neo-Mull-Soy, Nursoy, Nutri-Soja, Prosobee, Sobee, Soja
the protein content of soy-containing foods, while tightly Semp, Soyalac, i-Soyalac, Vegebaby.
controlling corresponding amounts of vitamins, minerals,
calories, and fats. They can actually ‘build in’ any desired 272. Industrial Services Centre. 1979. Soyabean processing
level of nutrients, producing highly nutritious foods with no industry in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Industrial Services
cholesterol and high polyunsaturated fatty acid content.” Centre. ii + 39 p. + 15 p. Appendix. Jan. Prepared for NIDC.
“Soybean feast: A noted food editor was led into the 39 cm. [1+ ref]
corporate dining room of a leading U.S. soybean processor. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Background. Market:
He was served an appetizing array of hors d’oeuvres, Uses and introduction of soybean products (soybean oil,
including ham, cheese, sausage, and cocktail frankfurters. flour and grits, milk, sauce, curd, lecithin, neutral spray dried
His main course included sweet-and-sour pork on rice, soybean protein, soybean protein and flour in ice cream),
complemented with a French-style ham pie with egg possible uses of soybean products in Nepal, basic idea of
custard filling, and a loaf of corned beef hash. Dessert was consumption of soybean in Nepal, possibilities of export
lime sherbet and a tasty selection of chocolate candy with of soybean oil in India, general conclusion. Raw material.
almonds. Technical. Financial. Conclusion.
“There wasn’t a morsel of meat in the meal. It was “The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility
entirely soy protein, even down to the almonds in the candy. of setting up a soybean processing industry in Nepal and the
The ‘almonds’ were processed soybeans–textured, flavored report is prepared by the Centre at the request of the Nepal
and prepared to look (and taste) like the natural product.” Industrial Development Corporation (NIDC), Kathmandu.”
“One acre of grazing land produces 43 pounds of “Out of the various crops under cultivation in Nepal,
food protein when fed to beef animals. This same acre will soybean is one of them but a very little attention is given
produce nearly 600 pounds of edible protein [almost 14 to the cultivation of this product. It is usually cultivated
times as much] when planted in soybeans.” Today soybeans during the Monsoon time and harvested during November-
are harvested on more than 41 million U.S. acres.” Note: December. The Department of Agriculture is carrying
That was true in 1968-69. out varietal trials in the different stations with a view to
“By 1980 experts predict soy protein sales will approach introduce high yielding varieties and promote the cultivation
$1.5 to $2 billion annually, as compared to $30 million today. of it in the different parts of the country. Although at present,
Currently, about 425 million pounds of edible soy protein it is cultivated mainly in the hilly regions at different
is produced in the U.S.” Seven photos show soy protein in altitudes ranging from 6000 to 4000 feet, the observations
various applications. Address: Suite 314, 1225 Connecticut made at the plain region reveal that there is a possibility of
Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 or Suite 600, 111 E. extending its cultivation in the terai region too.”
Wacker Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60601. “Soybean oil: In India, soybean oil is being widely used
in the manufacture of vegetable ghee and constitutes the
270. Fiering, Steve. 1979. A Midwestern interest in tofu [The major part of consumption in the Vanaspati industry. The
Soy Plant in Ann Arbor, Michigan]. Whole Foods (Berkeley, little production of soybean oil in Nepal is being used as a
California) 2(1):38, 40. Jan. cooking oil.”
• Summary: This is basically a history of The Soy Plant and “Possible uses of soybean products in Nepal. A few of
some of its creative financing schemes. The Soy Plant began the soybean products that are in use in Nepal are soybean oil
operation in August 1977. New products include soymilk, for cooking, soy curd and soy sauce in the restaurants and

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full-fat soy flour product by simple grinding in the different and updated. Many names of Japanese tofu have been
houses. If soybean oil could be made available, it may find Americanized. Contents: Preface. Acknowledgements. 1.
its wide use in the future in the Vegetable Ghee Factory Protein East and West. 2. Tofu as a food. 3. Getting started:
the installation and erection of which is nearly complete at Favorite tofu recipes. 4. Soybeans. 5. Fresh soy puree. 6.
Hetuuda, Soap factory, and in Paint Varnish industry to act as Okara (Soy pulp). 7. Curds and whey. 8. Tofu & firm tofu.
a film forming material. The soy sauce requirement of to-day 9. Deep-fried tofu: Deep-fried tofu cutlets, deep-fried tofu
in Nepal is met by the imports... Soy milk would be another burgers & treasure balls (tofu treasure balls, p. 269), and
product which might come into wide use in the future.” deep-fried tofu pouches. 10. Soymilk. 11. Silken tofu. 12.
Address: Balaju, Kathmandu, Nepal. Grilled tofu. 13. Frozen & dried-frozen tofu. 14. Fermented
tofu. 15. Yuba. Appendices: A. Tofu restaurants in Japan. B.
273. Monroe, Linda. 1979. The many faces of tofu. Alch Mist Tofu shops and soy dairies in the West. C. Varieties of tofu in
of Ann Arbor (Michigan). Jan. East Asia. D. Table of equivalents. Bibliography. Glossary.
• Summary: The Soy Plant, located at 211 East Ann St., is Contains 250 recipes and 100 illustrations. Price: $2.95.
a tofu shop–but they also make soysage, missing egg salad, This new edition features: (1) New recipes: Over fifty
tempeh, spiced tofu (various spices are added when curdling new American-style tofu recipes including Creamy Tofu
the soy milk), soy milk (regular or flavored with honey and Dressings, Tofu Teriyaki, Tofu Burgers, Tofu Eggless Egg
vanilla), missing egg salad, tofu-tahini spread, tofu tarts Salad, and the like. The key to the book is an updated list of
(a tasty dessert). Coming soon: Soy Scream (soy milk ice favorite tofu recipes plus suggestions for incorporating them
cream), and Boston brown bread (steamed). Tofu is made into a weekly menu (p. 56). (2) New sections: An extensive
four days a week. “Soy products can be and indeed are the new introduction to Soy Protein Foods (p. 66), dairylike
staple of many vegetarian diets.” products made from tofu (p. 150), dairylike products made
“The Soy Plant sells one pound cubes of tofu for 70 from soymilk (p. 302) including soymilk yogurt (fermented),
cents (if you bring your own container), 72 cents with their ice cream, kefir, mayonnaise, whipped cream, popsicles,
plastic bag, or 85 cents in their container [plastic tub]. They buttermilk, and soy shakes. (3) New chapters: Fermented
encourage people to bring their own containers so as to Tofu and Varieties of Tofu in East Asia. (4) New basic
cut down the use of plastic.” “The collective has been very methodologies: The key recipes for homemade tofu and
creative with the versatile little soy bean. Their ideas seem homemade soymilk have been simplified and improved.
to be endless. They have developed many tasty foods by (5) Updates: A complete listing of the 120 tofu shops and
experimenting with different combinations of ingredients.” soy dairies now operating in the West; over 60 Caucasian-
“The Soy Plant is a cheerful, pleasant place to visit. run shops have opened in the past two years. (6) New
You’ll usually find samples of their different spreads and Americanized tofu names: Including deep-fried tofu burgers,
beverages. Any questions about soy products are gladly deep-fried tofu cutlets, deep-fried tofu pouches, deep-fried
answered either by collective members or by just looking tofu puffs, silken tofu, wine fermented tofu, and fresh soy
in any of the various books available there on tofu, miso puree. A major goal of this book is to coin English names
and other soy products. You can be sure the collective will for tofu products that will catch on and come to be used in
always be coming up with new items to surprise and satisfy labeling commercial products, in cookbooks, etc. (7) No
your taste buds. sugar.
“The Soy Plant is open Mondays–Fridays, 10-6, and Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document
Saturday, 9-5.” seen (April 2013) that contains the following terms related
In the middle of the article is The Soy Plant Logo, two to deep-fried tofu: “fried tofu cutlets” or “deep-fried tofu
soybean plants growing (to left and right) out of Planet cutlets” (p. v, to refer to nama-agé), “fried tofu burgers”
Earth. Around the bottom is written “The Soy Plant.” or “deep-fried tofu burgers (to refer to ganmodoki), “tofu
Talk with Steve Fiering, a founder of The Soy Plant in treasure balls” or “deep-fried tofu treasure balls” (p. v, 269,
Ann Arbor. 2000. Dec. 3. The title of this periodical derives to refer to Hiryozu), “fried tofu pouches” or “deep-fried tofu
from the word “Alchemist.” The logo was Steve’s idea, pouches” (p. v, to refer to aburagé).
developed by Marge Bruchac, Susanna Middaugh, and Dan Page 110: “In Japan, tofu is also called momen-
Ecclestone. goshi (‘cotton-filtered’) to distinguish it from its popular
counterpart kinu-goshi (‘silken tofu’).” Note 4. This is the
274. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1979. The book of earliest English-language document seen (April 2013) that
tofu: Food for mankind. Condensed and revised. New York, uses the term “silken tofu.”
NY: Ballantine Books. A division of Random House, Inc. xii Note 5. This is the 2nd earliest English-language
+ 433 p. Jan. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. 18 cm. document seen (Oct. 2011) that contains the term “Wine-
[60 ref] fermented tofu” (p. 361).
• Summary: This book has been extensively revised In Jan. 1988 a new printing (but not a new edition) of

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this book (the 13th), slightly revised, appeared. It had a new and added a personal touch to the showing because he had
cover and many new small illustrations. The subtitle was shot the photos himself over a period of years, and was
“Protein Source of the Future–Now!” The heading: “The familiar with the language, traditions and production of the
World’s Bestselling Book on Tofu.” Address: New-Age Japanese...
Foods Study Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California “’On Saturday morning, The Soy Plant showed us
94549. their method of producing tofu and soymilk. Those with
less experience absorbed information and asked questions,
275. Whole Foods (Berkeley, California). 1979. The food of and those with more experience volunteered information,
the future. 2(1):22-24. Jan. clarified points and offered suggestions. Then Wataru Takai,
• Summary: The article begins: “Why devote an entire issue the overseas manager for Takai Tofu and Soymilk Equipment
of Whole Foods to the subject of soyfoods? Soyfoods are a Co., Japan’s largest manufacturer of this equipment,
rapidly growing part of the natural foods industry...” explained principles behind each step of production, and the
“The bringing of the ‘Soyfoods Revolution’ to the uses of the equipment...
natural foods industry is the work of individuals, toying and “’At a later session, it was remarked that many soyfoods
playing with new recipes in their own kitchens and shops. producers are operating on an inefficient and labor-intensive
No person deserves more credit for this revolution than basis. Some felt this was a good way to begin, first becoming
William Shurtleff who, along with Akiko Aoyagi, wrote intimate with the steps of production and developing a
The Book of Tofu, and told us all how to do it. (An updated market ‘track record,’ and then using that base to upgrade
pocket-size version of The Book of Tofu is just off the presses production by purchasing more sophisticated equipment.
of Ballantine Press.) Shurtleff travels the globe, sharing his Others felt that the time and energy involved in putting
expertise on soyfoods, covering topics as specific as chip- together a makeshift shop which was outgrown in about six
dip recipes and as broad as the role of soybean production in months would be better spent in the capital to start at higher
future patterns of world protein hunger. technological level...
“Other individuals, most of them with small soyfoods “’In one of the most popular and exciting discussions of
shops of their own, met recently to form the Soycrafters the conference, the consensus of the group was that tofu and
Association of North America (SANA), which is likely to soymilk were the foods that Americans have been waiting
serve as the backbone of the Soyfoods Revolution in the for. A list of related products that have been marketed with
natural foods industry. [Note: This historic first meeting incredible success included tofu burgers, no-egg salad,
was held on 28-30 July 1978 at The Soy Plant in Ann honey soymilk ice cream, tofu chip-dips and dressings,
Arbor, Michigan.] SANA selected Larry Needleman as its flavored soymilk, tofu ‘mayonnaise,’ and pressed, marinated
first president. Needleman, whose Bean Machines, Inc. tofu. There was unanimous agreement that it was these
imports the prime line of Takai tofu and soymilk equipment new soyfoods that would capture the interest and palate of
from Japan, has been a major source of information about middle America, people who had turned up their noses at that
soyfoods equipment for our industry. tasteless white cake of tofu floating in water...
“Needleman wrote about the spirit of the new “’Later we discussed the problems of proper storage and
organization at its first gathering in Ann Arbor. display of our products. In US food markets, tofu has usually
“’Imagine a group of seventy people representing been sold with Oriental foods in the vegetable section.
enthusiastic dedication (almost to the point of craziness) to Getting it moved to a cooler, more appropriate cheese display
the production and distribution of tofu and other soyfoods, case, where it will stay fresh longer and compete favorably
gathered in an informal setting in a university town in the with dairy products, has met with resistance...
Midwest, with meetings scheduled from nine in the morning “’In the evening, another slide show by Bill Shurtleff
till eleven at night–and you’ve got a good idea of what went showed us how tempeh, a key protein source for millions
on... ‘Sharing began immediately. Groups of people gathered of people in Indonesia, is quickly and simply produced as a
here and there and began asking each other about their shop cottage industry in their homes. Having sampled this unusual
or organization. Those passing by would hear a familiar food at lunch, we were eager to learn about it because it was
word such as ‘yield’ of [sic, or] ‘pressure-cooker’ and just delectable. Somewhere between a deep-fried fish cake and
stopped to join the conversation. It was apparent that here Kentucky fried chicken in flavor and texture, it lent itself to
was a gathering destined to be stimulating and mutually use in a seemingly endless variety of ways...’
beneficial... “Toward the end of the conference, discussion turned
“’The first evening, Bill Shurtleff set up a slide show to marketing and finance. It was found that some firms
about tofu and miso production in Japan. The presentation lacked capital for growth, while others had enough capital
ran the gamut from small, traditional shops built over their but needed greater management skills to keep up with the
own well, to large, fully-automated factories turning out growing demand for soyfoods. That demand is not uniform
tens of thousand of pounds per day. Bill answered questions nationwide. Different regions show various levels of

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consumer awareness, interest in, and acceptance of soyfoods. Foods Merchandiser’s Fifth Annual Contest.
Printed hand-out sheets and cooking classes were suggested Leaflet (table talker). 1984, undated. Shows cute
as promotional efforts were an important part of the creation penguins, one wearing earmuffs.
of a desirable image for soyfoods. Interview with Steve Demos. 1985. Jan. 2. Gives date as
“Before leaving Ann Arbor, the participants formed June 1980.
the Soycrafters Association of North America as a trade
association to promote soyfoods and exchange information 277. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee). 1979. Soybean
among the members. With the founding of SANA, the project in Guatemala highlands. 1(2):1-3. March.
Soyfoods Revolution took its longest recent stride. • Summary: Plenty was incorporated on 4 Oct. 1974 in the
Soycrafters were no longer isolated persons, groups and State of Tennessee as a non-profit relief and development
shops, but had become a nationwide network devoted to the corporation. In Solola, Guatemala, Plenty will “be setting up
same purposes, sharing their experiences for mutual benefit a village-scale soy dairy to produce 100 pounds of tofu and
and the ultimate benefit of the American consumer.” 40 gallons of soy ice bean (ice cream made from soymilk)
Note: The word “soyfoods” is used throughout this three times a week. The dairy will supply free ice bean for
article. local school lunch programs. It is intended that the dairy
will produce low-cost, high-protein foods and become a
276. Product Name: Polar Bean (Soy Ice Cream. Soymilk local cottage industry, run by indigenous people of Solola.
Based) [Banana Carob, Strawberry, Chocolate, Carob Mint, This project is co-sponsored by the NGO Division of the
or Orange]. Canadian International Development Agency [CIDA] as
Manufacturer’s Name: White Wave. phase one of an Integrated Development Project...” Some
Manufacturer’s Address: 3869 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 1,500 pounds of soybeans have been donated by UNICEF.
80301. Suzy Jenkins is one of the soyfood teachers.
Date of Introduction: 1979. February. “In cooperation with UNICEF and the International
Ingredients: Strawberry: Water, soybeans, honey, soy Soybean Program (INTSOY), Plenty has screened 20
or coconut oil, frozen strawberries, lecithin, guar gum, varieties of soybeans, determining which ones would grow
carrageenan. at 6,000 feet in the Guatemalan highlands... The beans were
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: ½ pint wholesales for $0.80, or successful, yielding up to 40 bushels per acre. Approximately
1 pint wholesales for $1.35. 100 farmers from San Andreas Itzapa and neighboring towns
How Stored: Frozen. will be planting trial patches of soybeans in their own fields
this coming spring. Plenty will supply them with the seed of
the best-performing varieties.”
Contains many purple photos of soybeans and soyfoods
in Guatemala, including: Suzy Jenkins carrying water in a
pot on her head for a soymilk demonstration. A Guatemalan
man standing waist-deep in a field of soybeans with a
bearded Farm member looking on, smiling. Guatemalan
women crushing soybeans in a metate, filtering out soymilk
using a cloth sack, then drinking the soymilk. A little
girl drinking soymilk from a big cup. Planting soybeans.
Amaranth plants.
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (April 2004)
that mentions Solola, Guatemala, in connection with soy.
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2003)
concerning Plenty Canada. Address: 156 Drakes Lane,
Summertown, Tennessee.

278. Wilding, M. Dean. 1979. Vegetable protein application

in whey soy drink mix and ice cream. J. of the American Oil
Chemists’ Society 56(3):392-95. March. [6 ref]
New Product–Documentation: Product Price List. 1979, • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Whey-soy
winter. Banana carob half pint. Labels. 1980, undated. 3 drink mix. Milk protein production trends. Soy isolate use
inch diameter. 2 colors on white. “100% dairyless frozen in ice cream. A photo shows Wilding. Address: Kraft, Inc.,
soy dessert.” Leviton. 1981. Soyfoods. Winter. p. 63. This R&D Center, 801 Waukegan Rd., Glenview, Illinois.
package design won a silver award in 1984 in the Natural

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279. Rhodes, Elizabeth. 1979. A tofu-tempeh tycoon on milk plant. He [Mr. Ford] wanted us to build a plant that
Vashon Island? Seattle Times Magazine. May 6. [1 ref] would produce 150 gallons of milk a day.” Prior to that
• Summary: William Luke Lukoskie was born 24 November time they had produced 1-2 quarts a day, all by hand work
1946 in Duluth, Minnesota. His Catholic family moved to in the lab. After about 2 months they had the soymilk plant
Edmonds, Washington, in 1956 and he attended parochial in operation. For the next few years they produced soymilk
schools. After earning a BA in philosophy (math minor) from to supply the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and the Ford
Carroll College in Helena, Montana, he returned to Seattle. cafeterias. “The milk wasn’t as good as cow’s milk as far
He enrolled in graduate business school at the University as flavor was concerned but it made good ice cream and we
of Washington in 1968, then switched to working on a made a lot of ice cream from it.” When asked if they used the
doctorate in educational psychology, then dropped out. In word “ice cream,” Smith answered: “Well, it turned out there
1976 he founded Island Spring tofu factory. Today Island is a law against making anything that looks like ice cream
Spring produces tofu, tempeh, soymilk, Soyfreeze soy ice if it’s not made out of milk. The patent attorney said that we
cream, and Delicious Steamed Tofu. Future products may could probably fight it but it would be bad publicity for the
include soy mayonnaise, soy yogurt, frozen tofu lasagna, and company so we eventually discontinued it.”
cheesecake. A photo shows Lukoskie smiling and holding a At the Carver Lab extensive research was also
block of his tofu with a six-petaled flower pressed into the conducted on chlorophyll, since it is a very unique
surface. Address: Seattle. substance: (1) its chemical structure is almost identical to
that of hemoglobin in the blood; and (2) it is responsible
280. Smith, Robert A. 1979. Henry Ford, George Washington for transforming solar energy into the various nutrients that
Carver, and the Carver Laboratory. The plastic car and can be used by humans and animals. Mr. Ford found these
Edsel Ruddiman (Document part) (Interview). In: 1979. facts fascinating. The Carver Lab became one of Henry
The Ford Experimental Laboratory and the “Square House.” Ford’s favorite projects. Bob Smith worked at the Carver
Conducted by Donald V. Baut of Dearborn Historical Lab from about July 1942 until August 1945; the main job at
Museum, May 31. 72 p. transcript. See p. 15-43. that time was production of soybean milk. Starting in about
• Summary: The Carver Laboratory developed because Mr. Sept. 1942 they made 150 gallons a day by a continuous
Carver had told Mr. Ford that he knew how to get rubber process that worked around the clock. There were three
from domestic plants. World War II was on and Ford’s main shifts. The soymilk was made from purified [isolated] soy
rubber supply had been cut off by the Japanese. “Mr. Ford protein, hydrogenated soy oil, and corn sugar. Then they got
was interested in finding out what Carver’s plants were involved in making ice cream for the cafeterias, the Ford
and what the process was. He decided to entertain Carver Veterans and Ford Hospital. They also began testing the
and get him to reveal the source of his rubber.” He came to value of soybean milk in rats. “We found we could raise six
Smith one day and said he would like Smith to convert the generations of rats with nothing but soybean milk, which
waterworks (the plant that had once been the waterworks was, the doctors thought, pretty unusual. There are very few
for the city of Dearborn) into a laboratory and to have it foods that you can eat exclusively and survive on for very
done in one week. “George Washington Carver was coming long.” In Aug. 1945 he left to work full time with the Russell
to Dearborn for a visit and this laboratory was going to be Taylor Company making Delsoy [a soy-based non-dairy
named in his honor. We were supposed to find out through whip topping]. Clem Glotzhober took over the Lab after
this how to make rubber out of domestic plants.” With Smith left. Mr. Ford got sick in January 1945 when he was in
all top Ford executives, Charles Lindbergh, the newsreel, Georgia and he never recovered.
newspaper, and wire service people plus photographers Development of the plastic car was started at the
in attendance, “we had the big opening and dedicated the chemical plant, where a solvent extractor produced soybean
laboratory for work on soybeans.” In July 1942, with Mr. oil and meal. The defatted meal, when reacted with phenol
Smith in charge, they spent the next 2 weeks with Carver and formaldehyde, produced a good plastic, and many small
never did find out how to make rubber from domestic plants. molded plastic parts went into Ford cars. The story of the
They were convinced he did not know how, but said he did development of the plastic car is told. Hud McCarroll was
just for publicity. supposed to be the engineer on the project. Lowell Overly
After the big dedication. Smith moved all his equipment designed the first plastic car. “That car was probably 40 or
from Moir House to the Carver Lab, where he had a lot 50 years ahead of its time, like a lot of things Ford did.” The
more room and equipment. But Bob, with his wife and first step was to build a plastic rear deck for Mercury. It was
two daughters, continued to live at the Square House in pulled off the molds in about 1938 and cost $3,500,000. Ford
Dearborn until 1952, when he moved the house to Garden liked to slam this rear door with an axe that he carried in the
City. Eventually there were 25 employees at the Carver trunk of his car. After the plastic car was demonstrated in
Lab, including 3 chemists. “One of the reasons for moving 1941, it ended up in the basement of the Engineering Lab,
to the Carver Lab was to have more room to build a [soy] covered with a piece of white cloth.

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Smith (p. 25) then tells the story of how Mrs. Edsel Trading Company, which they opened recently [March 1979]
Ruddiman wanted her husband, who was almost 80 years on Mack Ave. in Detroit, is a natural foods store and deli.
old, to retire. “So she spoke to Mr. Ford about getting him “Yellow Bean is really an information center on soybeans,”
to retire. Instead of Ford saying, ‘Edsel, I think you’ve says Carol Ann. The deli offers: Whole wheat sandwiches
worked long enough. You’d better retire,’ or something like with sprouts and crunchy vegetable spreads; blocks of tofu
that, he just took his work away from him. He went into his (soybean cheese); pies with whole-wheat crusts and creamy
laboratory one day and he said, ‘I want everything cleaned fillings like peanut butter, carob, or cocoa; egg rolls and
out of here in the next couple of hours.’ So dump trucks nori rolls. All the products contain soy–often tofu. For their
backed up to the door and threw everything out. Then they two children, Eva and Ethan, the Huangs use soy flour in
let Ruddiman sit there for a couple of months with nothing pancakes and soy pulp [okara] in baked goods. They concoct
to do–in about 1941... He was very bitter about the way milkshakes using soymilk and use Ice Bean instead of ice
the boss was treating him.” At times he cried. After a short cream. A large photo shows Carol Ann slicing tofu on a plate
time he quit. The Twin Lakes lab was also closed in 1941. surrounded by many dishes containing tofu. Address: News
Address: Smith: 26351 Hollywood Ave., Roseville, Michigan Staff Writer.
48066; Baut: Dearborn Historical Museum, 915 Brady St.,
Dearborn, Michigan 48124. Phone: Smith: 313-777-5394. 283. Product Name: [Soymilk, based on full fat soy flour
Baut: 313-565-3000. (Plain, or Malted)].
Manufacturer’s Name: CIATECH.
281. Sprague, Terry. 1979. Non-Orientals turn out tofu for Manufacturer’s Address: Bolivar 806, Delicias,
Brattleboro buyers: New England Soy Dairy Co. Reformer Chihuahua, Mexico.
(Brattleboro, Vermont). June 23. p. 7-8. Saturday. Date of Introduction: 1979. July.
• Summary: The New England Soy Dairy is in Greenfield, New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center. 1980.
Massachusetts. “The Americanization of tofu is a major Sept. Tofu shops and soy dairies in the West (2 pages,
goal of the Soy Dairy Co. Stephen Hassel [sic, Hassell], the typeset). Gives the company’s name, address, and phone
company’s product development manager, foresees a time number. Owner: Armando Camacho Griensen. Soymilk from
when the bean curd is served in school lunch programs, fast full fat soy flour.
food stores and in place of the ever increasingly expensive Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1984. Soymilk Industry & Market.
meat and cheese. He likens the future of tofu to what is p. 128. “Widely used commercially as an egg replacer, in
happening now with yogurt.” baked goods, and in a frozen ice-cream-like product. Some
New England Soy Dairy has committed itself to testing 5,000 liters a day were being made by 1981.”
soybeans on 30 acres of land in western Massachusetts. The
company will buy the seed. In the meantime, the company 284. David Mintz, who owns and runs a kosher Jewish
imports organically grown soybeans from the Midwest and deli in Brooklyn, New York, learns about tofu from Pesach
makes them into tofu. “Soy Dairy Co. is owned by two major Lazaroff (Early event). 1979.
investors. Eventually they hope to have it owned by those • Summary: In July, David Mintz, owner of Mintz’s Buffet, a
who work there. But it won’t be a cooperative... The firm kosher Jewish deli in New York City, first learns of tofu from
now produces 20,000 pounds of tofu a week, an increase of Pesach Lazaroff, a young Jewish vegetarian.
12,000 pounds a week since last June. And a new system has That summer Lazaroff spends many hours working with
been purchased that should produce three times that amount. Mintz as a paid consultant, developing kosher tofu recipes.
The company currently is working 24 hours a day with one Mintz later becomes rich and famous for developing Tofutti,
shift just for clean up. a soy ice cream.
“A number of new products are currently being test Over the years Mintz pushed the date that he supposedly
marketed, including soy milk, an ‘eggless egg salad, and a learned about tofu further and further back, from 1979 to
soft syrup product which will be similar to soft ice creams. 1976, to 1974, then finally to 1972.
‘We’d like to make a fresh baby formula substitute also,’ See Oct. 1986 interview with Pesach Lazaroff.
Hassel said.” Four photos show tofu being made at the Soy
Dairy. 285. Harper, Judson; Valle, Francisco R. del. 1979. Mexican
soy plant. Food Engineering International (Chilton’s)
282. Sheridan, Margaret. 1979. Soybeans sprout on Detroit’s 4(7):22-23. July.
east side [Yellow Bean Trading Co.]. Detroit News. July 11. • Summary: This plant, built at a cost of $150,000, began
p. 1E, 6E. producing full-fat soy flour in 1978 at Delicias, Chihuahua,
• Summary: Tim and Carol Ann Huang, both vegetarians, Mexico. The project has been supervised by CIATECH
learned about soyfoods while living on The Farm in (Chihuahua Center for Research and Technical Assistance).
Tennessee. Both had experience cooking. The Yellow Bean The plant is based on low-cost Brady extruder. A list of 10

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potential applications is given: Egg substitute, soy drinks, steam cooker plant; The modern factory. 3. Ingredients.
pasta products, ice cream, cookies/cakes, candies and sweets, 4. Sanitation and safety. 5. Principles of tofu & soymilk
sausages, snacks, blended flours, breads. Address: 1. Dep. production. 6. Tofu. 7. Firm tofu, pressed tofu & smoked
of Agricultural and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State tofu. 8. Foods made from tofu: Introduction, creamy tofu
Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado; 2. CIATECH, Chihuahua, dressing, tofu chip dip, tofu mayonnaise, tofu cream cheese,
Chihuahua, Mexico. cottage cheese, sour cream, tartare sauce, tofu eggless egg
spread or missing egg salad, tofunafish spread or salad,
286. J.F. [Janice Fillip]. 1979. In times of Plenty. Whole tofu rice salad, tofu cheesecake (Sprucetree Baking Co. and
Foods (Berkeley, California). July. p. 9-10. White Wave), tofu pies, tofu creamies or tofu-coconut cream
• Summary: Discusses the work of Plenty (run by The Farm bars, tofu tarts, tofu turnovers, tofu puddings, fruit whips,
in Tennessee) in Guatemala and Tennessee. In Guatemala: custards and parfaits, tofu cinnamon rolls, tofu whipped
“When an earthquake devastated Guatemala in 1976, cream, tofu icing and cream cakes, marinated tofu (fried
some members of the Plenty team went there to assess or baked, p. 166), tofu jerkey [sic, jerky] (p. 166), teriyaki
the damage... Drawing on eight years of experience in tofu, tofu teriyaki, savory baked tofu, savory pressed tofu
soybean cultivation and soyfood production on The Farm, (with five spice powder, wu-hsiang toufu-kan), nori rolls
Plenty volunteers introduced the high-protein soybean to with brown rice & tofu, tofu & brown rice burgers, tofu
local farmers in hops of enhancing the Guatemalan diet. baby foods, tofu in ready-made sandwiches. 9. Using okara,
Experiments in adapting soybeans to tropical highland whey, curds & hulls. Deep-fried tofu (cutlets, cubes, burgers,
growing conditions captured the interest of local farmers treasure balls, burger balls, pouches, puffs). 11. Soymilk.
who began planting soybeans from seeds donated by 12. Dairylike products made from soymilk: Frozen soymilk
UNICEF. Plenty started teaching local women how to make desserts (soymilk ice cream, frozen soymilk yogurt, soymilk
soymilk and tofu with native utensils. Note: This earthquake, sherbets, soysicles, frozen soymilk custard, ice soymilk),
which struck Guatemala on 4 Feb. 1976, magnitude 7.5, fermented or cultured soymilks (soymilk yogurt, acidophilus
killed 22,778 people. soymilk, soymilk kefir, soymilk piima, soymilk buttermilk
“Funded by UNICEF, Plenty is now involved in and other fermented milks), soymilk cheeses (unripened
construction of a soy dairy in Solola, the Cakchiquel capital, fresh, unripened soft {quark, queso blanco, panir, etc.},
near Lake Atitlan. The dairy is expected to produce 100 ripened soymilk cheeses), soymilk mayonnaise, soy shakes
pounds of tofu and 40 gallons of soy ice bean (soymilk and energy drinks, soymilk eggnog (soy nog), soymilk
ice cream) three times a week and to supply free ice bean whipped cream, chip dips, puddings, custards. 13. Silken tofu
to school lunch programs. The solar-powered soy dairy is & pressed silken tofu (Silken tofu is made from concentrated
designed to become a cottage industry for local people to soymilk). 14. Lactone silken tofu (GDL). 15 Grilled tofu. 16.
produce low-cost, high-protein foods. Fermented tofu. 17. Dried-frozen tofu. 18. Yuba. Appendix
“At Plenty-On-The-Farm, a Village Technology training A: Resources. People & institutions connected with tofu &
program provides instruction for Third World trainees in soymilk production. B: Weights, measures & equivalents.
nutrition and soy production, agriculture, mechanics, village Bibliography. About the New-Age Foods Study Center.
construction, radio communications and electronics, solar See ¼-page ads in East West Journal. 1979. Dec. p. 4.
and water systems, primary health care and midwifery. 1980. Jan. p. 19.
Trainees are given free room and board at The Farm while Note 1. This is the earliest English-language book seen
they study. The program has already trained 27 people from with the term “soymilk,” spelled as one word, in the title.
Guatemala, Mozambique, West Germany, Portugal, South Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 2002)
Africa, Brazil and India, and there is currently a backlog of that mentions tofu jerky or any kind of soy jerky.
people applying to study in the program.” Note 3. This is also the earliest English-language
document seen (April 2013) that uses the word “quark,” or
287. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1979. Tofu & “queso blanco” in connection with soy cheese or tofu.
soymilk production: A craft and technical manual. Lafayette, Note 4. This is the earliest English-language document
California: New-Age Foods Study Center (Renamed seen (Sept. 2012) that contains the term “cultured soymilks”
Soyfoods Center in Sept. 1980). 336 p. Illust. by Akiko (or “cultured soymilk”).
Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. July. 28 cm. First published in Aug. Note 5. This is the earliest English-language document
1977 as a rough photocopied manuscript with a yellow cover. seen (Sept. 2012) that contains the term “ripened soymilk
[223 ref] cheeses” (or “ripened soymilk cheese”).
• Summary: Contents: Preface. 1. How to start a tofu shop Note 6. This is the 2nd earliest English-language
or soy dairy. 2. Setting up shop; The community or village document seen (April 2013) that uses the term “smoked
shop; The traditional caldron shop; The steam cooker plant; tofu,” but the first that uses it in its modern sense.
The pressure cooker plant; The soy dairy; The automatic Note 7. This book contains the most detailed and

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complete descriptions seen to date (Oct. 2012) of how to

make tofu, soymilk, and yuba on a commercial scale.
Note 8. This book was first printed on 1 Aug. 1977 in a
photocopied and rough-typed edition with a yellow and black
cover.
Note 8. Reviews of this book appeared in many
publications: (1) Richard Leviton. 1980. Soycraft
(Massachusetts). 2(1):63-64. Winter. “An indispensable
operating manual for soyfoods entrepreneurs... The
illustrations alone make the book a valuable reference tool...
a sustained inspiration. The only book of its kind in English.”
(2) Food Chain (Intermediate Technology, England). 1997.
No. 20. March. p. 6. Address: New-Age Foods Study Center,
P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.

288. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1979. Dairylike

products made from soymilk (Document part). In: W.
Shurtleff and A. Aoyagi. 1979. Tofu & Soymilk Production:
A Craft and Technical Manual. Lafayette, California: New-
age Foods Study Center. 336 p. See p. 235-55. Illust. by
Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. July. 28 cm.

• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Frozen soymilk

desserts: Soymilk ice cream and soft serve (Soy Ice Bean,
Soy Parevine) (The ice cream industry, ice cream production
equipment, ingredients, regulations and labeling, about
overrun, the ice cream process, soymilk ice cream quality,
soymilk ice cream recipes and calculation of mixes {Banana-
honey soymilk ice cream on commercial and community
scales}, soft serve and other formulas).
Frozen soymilk yogurt (Frozen soygurt or Frogurt).
Other soymilk frozen desserts (Soymilk sherbets, soysicles,
frozen soymilk custard, ice soymilk).
Fermented or cultured soymilks: Soymilk yogurt (Soy
yogurt, soyogurt, or soygurt) (Dairylike products made from
soymilk yogurt {Soymilk yogurt cream cheese, soymilk
yogurt cottage cheese, soymilk yogurt sour cream, soymilk
yogurt smoothie, soymilk yogurt cheesecake, frozen soymilk
yogurt}).

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Acidophilus soymilk
(Soyacidophilus).
Soymilk kefir.
Soymilk piima.
Soymilk buttermilk and other
fermented milks.
Soymilk cheeses (soy cheese):
Unripened fresh soy cheeses, unripened
soft fresh dairy cheeses (Quark, ymer,
Latin American white cheeses {Queso
blanco}, panir, ricotta cheese, cottage
cheese and pot cheese, baker’s cheese,
cream and neufchatel cheese, Mozzarella,
milk tofu), ripened soymilk cheeses.
Soymilk mayonnaise, shakes, soy nog
and other products: Soymilk mayonnaise
(Soyanaise or Soymayo), shakes &
energy drinks, soymilk eggnog (soy nog),
soymilk whipped cream and chip dips,
soymilk rice pudding, plain puddings, and
custards. Address: Lafayette, California.

289. Soycraft (Greenfield, Massachusetts).

1979. Soymilk ice cream in Guatemala.
1(1):50-51. Summer.
• Summary: This spring Plenty commenced installation of
a small scale soy dairy, which will manufacture soymilk
ice cream and tofu, in the Indigenous Municipal Building
in Solola, Guatemala. Plenty received a $30,000 grant from
CIDA (the Canadian International Development Agency) for
the project.

290. Soycraft (Greenfield, Massachusetts). 1979. New

England Soy Dairy plans expansion. 1(1):10. Summer.
• Summary: “Equipment being used to produce 25,000
pounds of tofu weekly is designed to make only 10,000
pounds weekly. The company plans to triple its soymilk
capacity and double its tofu production. It will introduce
plain and flavored soymilk beverages, tofu salad, soy
mayonnaise, deep-fried tofu cutlets, and soymilk ice cream,
sometime this summer.”

291. Soycraft (Greenfield, Massachusetts). 1979. Soyfoods at

San Francisco’s New Earth Exposition. 1(1):4. Summer.
• Summary: “The Soycrafters Association of North
America was offered the free use of a booth at the New
Earth Exposition in San Francisco from March 15-18. The
booth was manned by Bill Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi, Larry
Needleman, and friends from Quong Hop Tofu Company.
Over 50,000 people attended the exposition and an estimated two one-hour slide presentations about soyfoods, protein,
12,000 visitors stopped by the booth and tasted free samples and world hunger on the main Exposition stage to an
of Creamy Tofu Dip and slices of Tofu Burgers and Teriyaki audience of 400. Down the aisle, the Gilman Street Gourmet
Tofu, all prepared by Quong Hop. Over 6,000 “What is had a large booth where over 3,000 tofu burgers were sold
Tofu?” pamphlets were given away and Bill Shurtleff gave while The Farm [Farm Foods] sold delectable soymilk ice

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cream (Soy Ice Bean), tofu salad [like an eggless egg salad], that the eating of soy foods may give people a potent weapon
and tofu cheesecake.” in the control of cancer. Walter Troll, Ph.D., a researcher at
New York University Medical Center, is about to publish
292. Mann, Ernest J. 1979. Digest of international details of experiments which show that experimental animals
dairy publications: Ice cream (part 1). Dairy Industries fed soybeans were able to resist the effects of chemical
International 44(8):11-13. Aug. [28 ref] carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). It is already known
• Summary: This is a review of world literature on ice that women living in countries where soybeans and other
creams. Includes general, stabilizers and emulsifiers, seeds are important sources of protein have less breast
ingredients, soya protein, and a source list. Address: cancer. Now there is laboratory evidence showing why.
England. Substances called protease inhibitors [or trypsin inhibitors]
are the key.”
293. Farm Foods. 1979. Soy Ice Bean: The completely “If you are interested in tofu or tempeh-making as a
vegetarian frozen dessert (Ad). Whole Foods (Berkeley, business, you may want to check out Soycraft magazine. The
California). Oct. p. 69. address is 158 Main Street #3, Greenfield, Massachusetts
01301. A one-year subscription–four issues–is $15.” Photos
show: Robert Rodale. Tofu being made at the New England
Soy Dairy.

295. Sato, Tetsuo; Someya, Y.; Shiga, K.; Hashizume, K.

1979. Daizu tanpakushitsu o konyu shita nyûseihin-chû no
daizu tanpakushitsu no kenshutsu-hô [Detection of soybean
protein in soybean protein blended dairy products]. Chikusan
Shikenjo Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin of the National Institute of
Animal Industry) No. 36. p. 121-26. Nov. [11 ref. Jap; eng]
• Summary: Soy protein was mixed with ice cream
or processed in proportions ranging from 0 to 100%.
The mixtures were subjected to polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)
at pH 4.0 to develop a formula for estimating the soy protein
concentration. Comparison of densitograms for milk, cheese,
egg yolk, egg white, wheat and soybean proteins indicated
that PAGE with urea at pH 9.4 gave sufficient separation
to distinguish milk from non-milk proteins but not to
distinguish between non-milk proteins. Using SDS, milk and
soybean proteins could be distinguished from each other and
from egg and wheat proteins. Address: Hiroshima Daigaku
Seibutsu Seisan Gaku-bu, Shokuhin Kagaku Kôza, Japan.
• Summary: “Made from fresh soymilk. Tastes great. Comes
in vanilla, carob, strawberry, orange, banana, and chocolate. 296. SoyaScan Notes. 1979. Chronology of soybeans,
Allergic to cow’s milk? Try this, its cool. Has no animal soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1979
products in it. No cholesterol. Natural? Sure is. (No additives (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
or preservatives). Soybeans are a complete protein. It’s good Soyfoods Center.
for you.” Address: 144 King St., San Francisco, California • Summary: Jan. Yvonne and Irene Lo incorporate The Soya
94107. Bean Products Co., N.A. in San Francisco as a marketing
company and immediately begin to import and distribute
294. Rodale, Robert. 1979. The amazing three-way bean. Vitasoy, the world’s most popular soymilk, to Canada from
Organic Gardening. Nov. p. 28-35. their parent company in Hong Kong. It is not yet sold in
• Summary: Some people see soybeans as just another America due to an FDA ban on aseptic Tetra Pak cartons.
bean. Soycrafters see in soybeans the potential for a natural, Jan. Soycrafters Association of North America
healthful and even profitable new way of life. And one doctor headquarters moves to Colrain, Massachusetts. Richard
even sees in soybeans a possible way of controlling cancer. Leviton takes over as Director. Decides to edit and publish
After discussing tofu and tempeh, and why one might Soycraft magazine.
want to become a soycrafter, Rodale continues: “What may Jan. “The Soyfoods Revolution” published as a cover
really cause soycraft to boom, though, is new information story by Whole Foods magazine.

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Jan. 15-18. Second International Workshop on Low-Cost Andersen published by Rodale Press.
Extrusion Cookers held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with 43 June 29. An internal FDA memorandum is prepared by
participants. FDA headquarters personnel to set forth the agency’s views
Feb. Takai catalog of large scale equipment published. on the attributes of tofu. Publication of a “pull date” on tofu
Feb. 9. Judith Rubenstein, institutional consultant for packages is encouraged.
the New England Soy dairy, initiates a correspondence with July. Farm Foods starts national advertising of tempeh
Carol Tucker Foreman, Director of Child Nutrition programs starter and tempeh kits.
at USDA, on the subjects of tofu standards and acceptance of July. David Mintz, owner of Mintz’s Buffet, a kosher
tofu in USDA Child Nutrition Programs, including the school Jewish deli in New York City, first learns of tofu from Pesach
lunch program. Four letters are exchanged between Feb. and Lazaroff, a young Jewish vegetarian. That summer Lazaroff
Aug. 1979. This is the start of work of tofu standards and spends many hours working with Mintz as a paid consultant,
tofu in school lunch programs. developing kosher tofu recipes. Mintz later becomes rich and
Feb. Natural Foods Merchandiser magazine starts famous for developing Tofutti, a soy ice cream.
publication, founded by Doug and Karen Greene. July. The Book of Tempeh, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi
March 11. KOPTI is founded in Indonesia. It soon published by Harper & Row in both large-format paperback
functions as an active, effective trade association for and professional hardcover editions. The world’s first book
Indonesian tempeh and tofu manufacturers. By June 1986 it about tempeh.
has more than 12,000 members from 40 cooperatives, and is July. Tofu & Soymilk Production, by Shurtleff and
promoting mechanization of production. Aoyagi published by The Soyfoods Center. This is the first
March. Soycrafters Assoc. and Quong Hop & Co. have book to use the term “soyfoods” in English.
adjoining booths at the New Earth Expo in San Francisco. July 17. “Tofu–The Oriental Way to High-Protein, Low-
6,000 people sample free tofu burgers, tofu chip dips. Calorie Meals” published by Family Circle.
Farm Foods sells Ice Bean (soymilk ice cream) and tofu July 23. Judith Rubenstein (see Feb. above) writes
cheesecakes. Gilman Street Gourmet sells tofu burgers. the Commissioner of the FDA requesting that the agency
March. Oak Feed Miso Company founded by Sandy establish a standard of identity for tofu. She notes that the
Pukel, John Belleme, and Barry Evans. Joe Carpenter, Director of Nutrition and Technical Services for USDA
Michio Kushi, and James Kenny are also involved. It is soon suggested that FDA give top priority to this issue. Issues
renamed American Miso Co. of imitation tofu products and bacterial contamination are
March 26-29. World Soybean Research Conference raised.
II held at North Carolina State University. The 897-page July 26-29. Second Soycrafters of North America
proceedings, edited by F.T. Corbin, are published in 1980. Conference: “Producing and Marketing Soyfoods,” held
March. Food Protein Council holds International at Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, organized
Soybean Fair in Washington, D.C. Many Congressmen, by Richard Leviton and financed on a shoestring. A major
consular officials, etc. attend and sample soy protein milestone for the U.S. soyfoods industry. 230 people attend
products and tofu dips. and the content is a great success, but Leviton loses $1,000
March. The Ohio Miso Company, founded by Thom on the venture. The first issue of Soycraft magazine, written
Leonard and Richard Kluding, begins production in Ohio. and published (1,900 copies) by Leviton, is distributed at the
America’s first Caucasian-run miso company. conference. In the keynote address, Shurtleff notes that the
March. Richard Leviton takes a 3-week soyfoods biggest challenges facing the industry are to build a strong
research trip to the Midwest. Establishes many important trade association with adequate funding, and to develop
contacts. soyfoods standards.
April. New England Soy Dairy Product and July. Alimentacion Integral Para Una Vida Plena: Los
Merchandising Guide published. Mil Usos de la Soya (Integral Nutrition for a Full Life: The
April 12. “Good Old Bean Curd Is Suddenly Popular, Thousand Uses of Soya), by Blanca Dominguez published
But You Call It Tofu” by W.M. Bulkeley published as a front by Editorial Posada in Mexico. The country’s first book on
page article in The Wall Street Journal. soyfoods.
May 24. “The Americanization of Bean Curd,” an Aug. Robert Rodale and Rodale Press gives strong
expansion of Bulkeley’s April article, published in the support to Soycraft magazine, with ads and a nice mention in
Washington Post. an article, which brings in 135 subscriptions in November.
May. Quong Hop & Co. in San Francisco introduces Sept. The Soycrafters Apprenticeship Program is started
vacuum packed firm tofu, tofu cutlets, tofu burgers, and by Luke Lukoskie at Island Spring, Vashon, Washington.
teriyaki tofu. Each of the latter three products is the earliest Here people can spend about 3 weeks getting hands-on
known product of its type in America. experience in making tofu, soymilk, and tempeh.
June. The Tofu Cookbook by Kathy Bauer and Juel Sept. Tempeh Works, America’s first Caucasian-run

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commercial tempeh shop in a commercial building and equipment from Japan, and moved to a new, larger location
making only tempeh, starts production in Greenfield, in Greenfield.” Today the Soy Dairy produces on average
Massachusetts. Founded and run by Michael Cohen. 22,000 lb/week of tofu. Sales have been increasing by
Sept. Many articles about the Amherst Soyfoods about 300% a year notes President and Sales Manager Tom
Conference published in national magazines, such as New Timmins. Annual sales are estimated at more than $500,000,
Age. which makes the Soy Dairy the largest Caucasian-owned
Sept. New England Soy Dairy opens America’s first in- tofu manufacturer in the USA. The company sells about 30
house tofu & soymilk sanitation laboratory. cases a week of soy mayonnaise. A soy milk is scheduled
Sept. “Chinese Cuisine: Bean Curd” by Nina Simonds to be introduced at the end of this year and a soy-based ice
published in Gourmet magazine. cream next spring. Photos show: Tofu being packaged into
Nov. 26. A fire destroys Eden Foods warehouse and plastic water-filled tubs. A man cutting tofu into one-pound
$800,000 inventory. The company, struggling for life, moves cakes.
to rural Clinton, Michigan.
Oct. The Great American Tofu Cookbook by Patricia 298. White Wave Soy and Natural Foods. 1979. Product
McGruter published by Autumn Press. price list: Winter. 3869 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301. 6
Dec. Rodale Press contacts Richard Leviton to announce panels. Catalog. Dec.
plans to do a Soybean Newsletter, with Leviton as editor. The • Summary: Soyfoods: Nigari tofu (bulk, packaged, doufu
idea later falls through. [extra firm Chinese style]). Salad dressings (mellow miso
Dec. Frijol Soja (Soybeans) published in Peru by salad dressing, hearty miso salad dressing). Tempeh.
INTSOY. Soysage. Tofu Mayo. Savory baked tofu. Polar bean (banana-
Dec. The Soysage Cookbook, by Cloud and Burdett self- carob soy ice cream).
published in Vermont. The company also sells sesame products (raw tahini,
* San-J tamari starts to be imported to America from roasted tahini, sesame butter, sesame salt), peanut butters
Japan. (salted or unsalted; crunchy natural, creamy natural, Valencia
* California and Maine become the second and third {crunchy or creamy}), more nut and seed butters (roasted
states to enact organic labeling laws. California’s becomes a almond butter, raw cashew butter, roasted cashew butter,
model and a standard for many other similar laws, and it is roasted sunflower butter), and tamaried nuts and seeds
cited on many soyfood product labels. By 1988 there are 12 (tamaried almonds, tamaried cashews, tamaried Spanish
states with organic laws, and 5 more planned. peanuts, tamaried sunflower seeds, and tamaried nut mix [a
* Tofu production in Japan tops 1.1 million metric tons blend of peanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews, and almonds]).
for the first time. Note: This is the earliest English-language document seen
* Soybean research in America begins to shift from (April 2012) that uses the word “tamaried” to refer to nuts
emphasis on production to emphasis on utilization. and seeds that have been seasoned with tamari soy sauce and
* Syntex corporation of Palo Alto, California, recalls its then baked.
soymilk Neo Mull Soy after it is found to be missing a key “White Wave was founded in 1977 upon the principle
nutrient, chloride. Many children who used this product were of supplying the Rocky Mountain region with high quality
mentally damaged. protein foods. As these foods are an extension of our own
* Lauhoff Grain Corp. acquired by Bunge. lifestyles, we offer only products we personally feel are
* 1979-82. Years of the “salt craze.” Growing concern wholesome and nutritious. It is our pleasure to guarantee the
with the level sodium in American food products begins to quality of all our products. All foods carrying a White Wave
hurt sales of miso and shoyu. Continued. label are made solely by us. We thank you for supporting our
business. The Folks at White Wave.” Address: White Wave,
297. Vegetarian Times. 1979. The New England Soy Dairy. 3869 Walnut St., Boulder, Colorado. Phone: 303-443-3470.
No. 34. Nov/Dec. p. 52, 54-56.
• Summary: “In January, 1977 Richard and Kathleen 299. Product Name: Koala, White Crest, and Polyplus D
Leviton started a ‘cottage’ business, which they felt would (Soy-Based Frozen Desserts).
enable them to make enough money working two or three Manufacturer’s Name: Durkee Foods Div., SCM
days a week, to allow them to have the rest of their time off Corporation.
for other pursuits.” Laughing Grasshopper’s sales of tofu Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Union Commerce Building,
hit $70,000 the first year. “In February, 1978 the Levitons Cleveland, OH 44115.
convinced some of their friends and a few private investors Date of Introduction: 1979.
to ante up $50,000 for an expansion program. They changed New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Bluebook.
their name to ‘The New England Soy Dairy,’ incorporated, 1979. p. 94; Soya Bluebook. 1985. p. 101.
sold stock (to raise the money), imported large-capacity tofu

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300. Farm Foods. 1979. Soy Ice Bean. High protein. No

cholesterol. Completely vegetarian frozen dessert (Poster). 302. Product Name: Soy Ice Cream.
144 King St., San Francisco, CA 94107. 1 p. 51 x 44 cm. Manufacturer’s Name: Prasad.
Color. Reprinted in Soyfoods Marketing. Lafayette, CA: Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 7434, Thousand Oaks,
Soyfoods Center. CA 91359.
• Summary: Color illustration shows a hand surrounded by a Date of Introduction: 1979.
rainbow in the sky, holding a cone on which is written “Soy
Ice Bean.” Below is a vast field of rows of soybeans. 303. Jansen, G. Richard; Harper, Judson M. 1979.
Note: After 1980, this poster was later reprinted with Application of low-cost extrusion cooking to weaning
two addresses: Farm Foods, 156 Drakes Ln., Summertown, foods in feeding programs. Fort Collins, Colorado: Dept. of
TN 38483. Farm Foods, 144 King St., San Francisco, CA Agricultural and Chemical Engineering. 43 p. Illust. 28 cm.
94107. Address: San Francisco, California. [31 ref]
• Summary: Introduction: Background, food extrusion,
301. Farm Foods. 1979. Soy Ice Bean (Poster). 144 King St., alternative extrusion systems (low cost extrusion cookers),
San Francisco, CA 94107. Reprinted in Soyfoods Marketing. objectives of the LEC program (at Colorado State Univ.).
Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods Center. Description of food products: Blended foods (such as CSB
• Summary: Poster. 1979. Address: San Francisco, or corn/soy blend), full-fat soy flour, full-fat cottonseed
California. flour, costs of processing. Current applications in developing

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countries: Sri Lanka and Thriposha, Costa Rica, Tanzania experience, which is described at length (p. 88). “I saw...
and Lisha, Guyana and Cerex, other countries (Guatemala, that everything was being; everything was radiating light. I
Honduras, Korea, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand). could then understand that everything is living, everything
Commercial applications: Pro-Nutre in Costa Rica, Maisoy is breathing, including plants, grasses, trees, birds, and even
in Bolivia, Ciatech in Mexico. Nutritional issues: Calories, houses, stones, and soil; everything without exception. Then
protein-calorie ratio, fiber, vitamins and minerals, impact I understood that life is nothing but light and vibration, or
of supplemental food in Sri Lanka. Significant aspects of waves, and the universe is full of life, and is one continuity,
development: Technology transfer, funding, raw material yet is manifested in everything and every being.”
aspects, quality control, packaging, storage and distribution, Michio visited an organization in Tokyo named the
implementation and evaluation. Conclusions. World Government Organization. To Michio’s surprise, the
“The concept of adapting low-cost extruders to the young people there “talked about food and cooking rather
production of low cost weaning foods in developing than world government. They introduced Michio to their
countries was originated by Mr. Paul R. Crowley, USDA, teacher: Nyoichi Sakurazawa, whose name in the Western
and the program has been under his general guidance since world was George Ohsawa.”
that time.” “Ohsawa never spoke to Michio about food. It was
Tanzania: The Tanzanian Government decided to locate always the view of the Universe he talked about–and of yin
a weaning food plant at the National Milling Corporation and yang.”
in Dar es Salaam. “With assistance from Colorado State Jean Charles Kohler (husband) was born in 1916 and
University, an LEC plant (fig. 4) went into production in Mary Alice Kohler (wife) was born in 1917.
May 1978, and since then has been continuously making
CSM by extruding a corn soy mixture and blending in milk 305. New England Soy Dairy Inc. 1979. Product and
solids, vitamins and minerals.” Named Lisha, the product merchandising guide. Greenfield, Massachusetts. 18 p. Illust.
is distributed to Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Centers No index. 28 cm.
under the auspices of the MInistry of Health. It is intended • Summary: Contents: About NESD. What is tofu? Why
to augment CSM imported into Tanzania under the Food for buy tofu?: Consumer benefits, retailer benefits, institution
Peace Program (p. 13). benefits (shows package label). Why buy Soy Dairy tofu?:
“CIATECH of Chihuahua, Mexico, has designed High quality ingredients (soybeans, natural nigari, water),
an LEC full-fat soy processing plant at Delicious, S.A., good taste, freshness, long shelf life (18 days from day
an agricultural cooperative. The product is being sold of production), sales service, product liability insurance.
commercially to bakeries as an egg solids replacer in How tofu is made (with 7 large photos showing each step).
small bags through retail grocery channels and as a major The many uses of tofu. Nutritional highlights. Nutritional
ingredient in a frozen ice cream like product” (p. 20). information: Tofu, firm tofu. Point-of-purchase materials
Address: Colorado State Univ. and program (incl. 3 recipe brochures, color poster).
Letters of recommendation. Kosher letter (1 Sept. 1978
304. Kohler, Jean Charles; Kohler, Mary Alice. 1979. from Rabbinical Council of New England; Tofu and
Healing miracles from macrobiotics: a diet for all diseases. Soymayo have been granted the KVH symbol of Kashruth
West Nyack, New York: Parker Publishing Co. 290 p. Index. endorsement). Care and handling: Packaged tofu, bulk tofu.
24 cm. [70* ref] New products and guarantees. Price list (enclosure).
• Summary: This book is by and about people who were “New products scheduled for release in 1979 are plain
cured of cancer, apparently by following a macrobiotic diet, and flavored soymilk, deep-fried ready-to-eat tofu cutlets,
lifestyle, and worldview. eggless no-cholesterol mayonnaise, and soymilk ice cream.
Miso soup is mentioned on pages 29, 30, 112, 122, 161, In the testing stages are soymilk yogurt and soymilk kefir,
169, 173. Miso-tahini spread p. 208. Miso, tekka, p. 131. and other traditional foods made from soybeans... Guarantee:
Shoyu, p. 169. Soybeans, p. 122, 169. Soy ice cream, p. 214. New England Soy Dairy guarantees the quality and integrity
Tamari, p. 112, 169. Tofu, p. 178 (“you can often find some of all its products.” Address: 305 Wells St., Greenfield,
tofu {some natural-foods stores are equipped to handle this Massachusetts 01301. Phone: (413) 772-0746.
perishable bean-curd}”).
Seitan is mentioned on pages 202, 216, and 218. 306. Waggle, D.H.; Kolar, C.W. 1979. Types of soy protein
The index also contains many entries for seaweed products. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle,
(edible), sesame oil, sesame seeds, sugar, sunflower seeds, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. New York:
tahini, umeboshi plum, vegetarian diets and nutrition, Zen, Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. See p. 19-51. [42 ref]
etc. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybean supply:
At age 16, while visiting a shrine in Akita (in Seed structure and composition, composition of source
northeastern Japan), Michio Kushi had a profound spiritual material, storage and handling, soybean oil, food products

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from defatted soybeans, soy flours and grits, soy protein Manufacturer’s Address: Barrio San Bartolo, Molino
concentrates, isolated soy protein, amino acid and mineral Belen, Solola, Guatemala; Apartado Postal 118, 07091
composition. Food uses of soy proteins: Meat products, Solola.
baked products, infant formulas and food, food analogs, Date of Introduction: 1980. February.
dairy type foods (yogurt, sour cream, frozen desserts, cheese, Ingredients: Soymilk, sugar, natural fruits (pineapple,
and dip-type products), protein supplements, other uses. orange, papaya, blackberry, banana, canteloupe melon,
Address: Ralston Purina, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, zapote, apple, strawberry, coconut, nance) or cocoa, oil, pure
Missouri 63188. honey.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Run thru a Taylor Soft Serve
307. FPRDC (Food Protein Research and Dev. Center). machine. Stored and frozen in 5 gallon plastic buckets and
1979? Final technical report on membrane isolation packaged in 1 liter plastic cups. Also served on ice cream
procedures for the recovery of protein from oilseed flours. cones sold at Q. 0.25 per scoop.
FPRDC, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 143 How Stored: Frozen.
p. Undated. 28 cm. National Science Foundation Grant No. Nutrition: Moisture 80.4%, moisture after drying 3.6%,
DAR-7720806. [51 ref] ether extract (fat) 5.9%, crude fiber 0.07%, nitrogen 2.4%,
• Summary: MIP = Membrane isolation process. UF = protein 15.0%, ash 1.6%.
Ultrafiltration. RO = Reverse osmosis. “Eight UF systems New Product–Documentation: Jenkins, Praskin, and
and five RO systems were evaluated for protein isolation Praskin. 1982. Plenty Integrated Soy Program, Guatemala.
from soy flour... The MIP was found to yield in excess of p. 21, 33. Letter from Amado del Valle. 1987. July 22. From
40% more soy isolate per unit of soy flour than is obtained January-July 1987 the soy dairy produced 865 gallons of soy
from the conventional isolation method. In addition, the ice cream. Interview with Laurie Praskin. 1987. Nov. 30.
MIP produced no effluent waste stream for disposal... Letter from Amado del Valle. 1988. March 16. Q. refers to
Unexpectedly, protein efficiency ratios for MIP soy isolates the Quetzal, Guatemala’s unit of currency.
were somewhat lower than those of a commercial soy
isolate... 310. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee). 1980. Soybeans
“Utilization of MIP isolates as a replacement for milk- in the Third World. 1(4):4-5. Winter.
solids-not-fat in soft-serve frozen desserts and for protein • Summary: “Soy dairy [in Guatemala]: The village
fortification of wheat flour bread was investigated. Sensory soy dairy in San Bartolo is now complete. The building
evaluation scores showed dessert flavor was not affected by was constructed during the summer and fall of 1979
replacing milk-solids-not-fat with soy isolate through the in conjunction with the men of the community. The
80% level. Color measurements indicated that up to 40% inauguration for the 22 by 44 foot soy dairy occurred on
of milk solids in the formula could be replaced with soy or February 15, 1980.”
peanut isolate without loss of color lightness... “Several hundred local people and officials attended and
“The economic profitability of MIP plants was assessed enjoyed the festivities and free ice bean. Augustin Xocuic,
to determine if MIP isolates would be competitive with (pictured above) President of the San Bartolo Community
commercial soy isolates currently available. Analyses of Association, spoke warmly of the cooperation and help given
three sizes of hypothetical soy plants and one size each by Plenty.”
of cottonseed and peanut plants were performed. Results “The dairy has a split-level design for gravity feed
showed the soy MIP to be quite attractive economically, production and also contains a sawdust stove for water
returning 20-30% on investment after income taxes for the heating.”
larger size plants.” Address: Texas A&M Univ., College “The dairy is capable of producing 200 pounds of tofu
Station, Texas. and 35 gallons of ice bean daily. Some will go out free
to schools. We will be test marketing the soy products to
308. Praskin, Laurie. 1980. Re: Plenty’s work with soyfoods determine the viability of the soy dairy as a self-sustaining
in Solola, Guatemala. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods cottage industry.
Center, Jan. 28. 2 p. Typed, with signature. “The construction of the dairy was a community effort
• Summary: Plenty, run by The Farm in Tennessee, on the part of the people of San Bartolo. Training in soy
is introducing soymilk, tofu, and soy ice cream to the dairy management will also involve interested members of
Guatemalan highlands and building a soy dairy in Solola. this community.”
Address: Plenty, San Bartolo, Solola, Solola, Guatemala. “This pilot project has drawn a great deal of interest
from other international organizations.”
309. Product Name: [Soy ice cream (Fruit Flavors)]. “Tofu is a complete protein and when it is served with
Foreign Name: Helados de Soya. a grain food like tortillas or bread it has even more protein
Manufacturer’s Name: Centro de Soya, Soy Dairy. value. Ice bean is naturally the popular way to eat the ‘Noble

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Bean’.” caramel base was added to the liquid to make the shakes.
Lesotho: “During 1979 Plenty introduced soybean in Then the shakes were frozen in an electric ice cream maker
Lesotho. A demonstration of soy technology for home use (not a soft serve machine) to make the ice cream. Note:
was held at the National Agricultural Show in Maseru last These are, in fact, the earliest known shakes made with
June. The booth sparked much interest. Soy demonstrations amasake / amazake.
have been held in the Sebapala villages and were met with The shakes and ice cream were so popular that Martin
acceptance and enthusiasm. went to Boulder, Colorado, in about 1981 and met 30-50
Photos show: (1) The soy dairy equipment being loaded times with Steve Demos, owner of The Cow of China and
for shipment to Guatemala. (2) Augustin Xocuic of San White Wave, which was making a soy ice cream. Demos was
Bartolo talking with two people from Plenty. (3) A Plenty too busy with soy, so he didn’t accept Martin’s suggestion
volunteer and a Guatemalan stirring soymilk with a wooden that they start a joint venture making amasake ice cream.
paddle. (4) A view of the new soy dairy in San Bartolo from Then Martin met with a lady in Boulder named Gloria
the outside. (5) Two little Guatemalan girls enjoying soy Gilbert. He introduced her to amazake and to the idea of
ice cream on a cone. (6) A Plenty volunteer (Suzy Jenkins) making ice cream with it. In about 1981 he and Barbara
and a Guatemalan woman each demonstrating tofu on a moved to Boulder, where Barbara restarted the sandwich
tortilla. “At the annual fair in the square in Solola, we were business on her own, making the sandwiches out of her
invited to set up a booth featuring tofu on tortillas. On the house. Several months later, she sold this enterprise to Gloria
first day we ‘sold out’ in half an hour... on the second day for $200 to $300 when she and Martin left town. At the last
it all sold out in ten minutes.” (7) A Plenty volunteer (man) minute, as a gift, they showed Gloria how to make amasake
standing behind a long wooden table on which are soyfoods (they bought a small incubator and installed a light bulb in
and simple equipment for making them at home. Looking it) and explained to her how to make amasake ice cream and
on are 6-8 people from Lesotho. (8) A Plenty volunteer and that Martin had talked with Steve Demos about the subject
a kid from Lesotho serving soymilk in cups to many other at length. Martin and Gloria may have even met once with
African kids. “In Lesotho, Plenty’s volunteers have begun Demos. Gloria renamed the business Fresh Foods. Gloria
soy demonstration classes for native villagers in the Sebapala coined the name Rice Dream for her amazake ice cream and
area. In Africa, as in Guatemala, the ‘Noble Bean’ has been it was launched in about April 1983. She ended up having
welcomed with great interest and enthusiasm.” her amazake ice cream made by Steve Demos. Thus Martin
feels that he was the originator of Rice Dream, America’s
311. Product Name: Amasake, Amasake Shakes [Carob, first major amazake ice cream and one of the country’s most
Vanilla, and Plain], and Amasake Ice Cream. famous non-dairy frozen desserts.
Manufacturer’s Name: Natural Cafe (The). Talk with Barbara Svenning. 1989. Aug. 21. Before they
Manufacturer’s Address: 1494 Cerrillos Rd., Santa Fe, started their restaurant in Santa Fe, in the summer of 1980
NM 87501. they were making chocolate amasake at home to see if it
Date of Introduction: 1980. March. would go in the restaurant. It was never sold but they did sell
Ingredients: Rice koji, purchased from Cold Mountain in amasake shakes. She fermented it overnight in a Styrofoam
Los Angeles. picnic cooler heated with a 40-watt lightbulb wired into
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Martin Roth. the lid to keep it just under 140ºF all night (a technique she
1989. Aug. 17. Martin learned about amazake from Charlie learned from Muramoto sensei). They taught that technique
Kendall’s wife, who was making this fermented rice drink (free of charge) to Gloria Gilbert when they sold her the
in her basement in Brookline. Charles Kendall also had his fried rice sandwich business. They also bragged about their
amazake drink on the market at that time. Martin may also amasake shakes and ice cream (of which they were very
have attended a class in how to make amasake, perhaps even proud) but did not tell Gloria production details. Gloria
in his study house. At the Natural Cafe restaurant they made began to make amasake at the same time she started her fried
and sold amasake, amasake shakes (which the Mexican rice sandwich business. But Barbara feels that the idea for an
men loved, and called “chakes”), and amasake ice cream. amasake ice cream must have come from Barbara and Marty.
Martin believes these were America’s first amasake shakes Talk with Gloria Gilbert. 1989. Sept. 11. Gloria began
and first amasake ice cream. They started a small natural making and selling amazake in April 1981, before she met
foods manufacturing and distribution company named New Barbara Svenning or Marty Roth. The date that she started is
Mexico Natural which, though it existed for less than a very firm. She bought the sandwich business from Barbara
month, had a line of products out including mochi, amasake, Svenning in Dec. 1981. They could not have taught her how
amasake shakes, amasake ice cream, miso, sauerkraut. to make amazake since she was already making it. She has
To make the shakes, Martin invented the idea of no recollection of their showing her anything about making
caramelizing a small portion of the amasake by heating it amazake or mentioning amazake ice cream, but she vaguely
slowly in a pan until it turned into a thick, brown sweet. This recalls their mentioning amazake shakes. Her amazake

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ice cream came years later and she never met with Marty interests in the company respectively. Stone said the
and Steve Demos concerning any ice cream. She does not agreement will help in obtaining an additional $150,000 in
connect Barbara and Martin with amazake at all, only with loans from local banks... President Thomas Timmins said
fried rice sandwiches and tempeh burgers. the company will experiment with a new product–tofu ice
cream... The soy dairy plans to add 2,400 square feet to the
312. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1980. Soyfoods: The building’s north side, primarily for storage, and construct two
Americanization of tofu. Vegetarian Times No. 36. March. p. 40-foot silos, he said.” Address: Staff reporter.
54-55. [3 ref]
• Summary: An introduction to tofu in America followed by 315. Snowflower Frozen Dessert Co. 1980. Soymilk ice
6 recipes adapted from The Book of Tofu. cream (Ad). New York Times. May 18. p. F47.
“Westerners are doing things with tofu that the Japanese • Summary: “Revolutionize America’s frozen dessert
never dreamed of: “Tofu burgers,” “tofu cheesecake,” and industry (Remember frozen yogurt!) with this all natural,
soybean ice cream are all as American as apple pie. In the cholesterol-free product. Nationally distributed in health-
immortal words of Andy Schecter, of the Northern Soy tofu food stores and ready for quantum leap into supermarkets.
and tempeh shop in Rochester, New York: ‘We can make Multi-million dollar possibilities with low investment.
tofu and soymilk products that rival even the best junk foods Write... or call...” Address: Riseley Rd., Mt. Tremper, NY
in America!’ What more could anyone ask for?” Address: 12457. Phone: 914-688-7709 evenings.
New-Age Foods Study Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
California 94549. 316. Mintz’s Buffet. 1980. June. New soyfoods restaurant or
deli. 1040 Third Ave., New York, NY 10021.
313. Dunn, Carole. 1980. Soya beans are good for human • Summary: Questionnaire filled out by owner of restaurant
‘beans.’ Chronicle, Tuesday Magazine (Eumundi, Australia). or deli. 1982. Lists the company’s most popular soy-based
April 15. p. 11. menu items in descending order of popularity: Tofu ice
• Summary: Cyril and Elly Cain, originally from the cream, tofu spinach egg rolls, tofu burgers, tofu quiches,
USA but now living in Imbil, are selling soyfoods at the tofu vegetable salads, tofu (cheese) non-dairy burger, tofu
Saturday morning Eumundi market, including soymilk rugalach, steamed broccoli with tofu sauce, baked fish with
drinks, smoothies, plain tofu, flavored tofu dips and spreads, tofu cheese sauce, veg. casserole pies with tofu, spinach tofu
tofu sandwiches and burgers, Soysage rolls, ice bean (soy pancakes. The highest weekly total sales over the past 6-2
ice cream), and a variety of cakes and pies such as tofu months, the month that this occurred, and why. The average
cheesecake. A photo shows Elly smiling as she makes a sale weekly sales during this period. Average hourly wages paid
at a tofu & soymilk stall; Cyril appears in the background. to workers. The business startup cost (amount of money
it cost to get the business started). Current profitability
314. Gullion, Laurie. 1980. State to aid soy dairy expansion. status. Plans for the future. Advice the owner would give to
Recorder (Greenfield, Massachusetts). May 8. p. 1, back someone starting a similar business.
page this section. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1982. Report on Soyfoods Delis,
• Summary: “The decision of the nation’s fourth-largest Cafes & Restaurants. p. 3. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti
‘tofu’ producer to remain in Franklin County for seven years & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 54-55. Started by David & Ethyl
may help counter Greenfield’s sagging reputation in retaining Mintz. In 1962 David and Ethyl Mintz purchased a store
its small businesses. The rapidly expanding New England at 1040 Third Ave. and established Mintz’s Caterer’s Inc.,
Soy Dairy in Greenfield will sign Friday a state-funded mostly over the counter, take-home kosher foods with some
$200,000 investment agreement which commits it to a seven- catering. In 1973 they renamed the place Mintz’s Buffet.
year capital improvement program in Franklin County. The In about 1979-80 they first started using tofu in the kosher
agreement is part of an initial $350,000 expansion program menu.
expected to double the infant firm’s $1.2 million in sales. The Note: Mintz’s Buffet is located just east of the southeast
3-year-old business has tripled its sales each year and grown corner of Central Park in the borough of Manhattan, New
to 44 employees... York City. Address: Manhattan, New York City, New York.
“The funds have been made available by the
Massachusetts Community Development Finance Corp. 317. Everybody’s Vegetarian Restaurant. 1980. July. New
through the Franklin County Community Development soyfoods restaurant or deli. 120 21st Ave. North, Nashville,
Corp... The $200,000 deal involves a $100,000 loan and Tennessee.
a $100,000 purchase of stock in the company, said Vice • Summary: Menu sent by Richard Leviton, obtained while
Chairman Donald Stone. The state and county development visiting the restaurant. 1982. April.
agencies will obtain four seats on a 12-person board of Leviton, Richard. 1982. “Everybody’s Restaurant. The
directors to monitor the operation with 30 and 3 percent Farm brings soyfoods to Nashville.” Soyfoods. Summer. p.

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38-39. concerning Jolly Licks, or the company founded and owned

Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1982. Report on Soyfoods Delis, by Mark Brawerman that would become Turtle Mountain,
Cafes & Restaurants. p. 3. Started July 1980 by members of Inc. and Turtle Mountain LLC.
The Farm, in Summertown, Tennessee. Address: Nashville,
Tennessee. Phone: 329-2000. 319. Leviton, Richard. 1980. Effective soyfoods marketing:
“We want to do for tofu what flavors did for yogurt.”
318. Product Name: Jolly Licks Ice-C-Bean [Carob, Soyfoods 1(3):46-51. Summer.
Chocolate, Coffee, Vanilla, Strawberry, or Toasted Almond]. • Summary: Discusses the tofu marketing strategies of: (1)
Manufacturer’s Name: Jolly Licks (Marketer-Distributor). Steve Demos at White Wave (Boulder, Colorado); he makes
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 40429, San Francisco, 7,500 lb/week of tofu and tofu products; (2) John Paino
CA 94110. of Nasoya Foods (Leominster, Massachusetts). Nasoya
Date of Introduction: 1980. July. makes four tofu spreads and a tofu mayonnaise; (3) Luke
Ingredients: Coffee: Soymilk (water, soybeans), honey, Lukoskie of Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington).
corn oil, coffee, soy lecithin, carob bean gum, guar gum. Each week the company produces 10,000 lb of tofu, five
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 oz (1 pint). flavors of Soyfreeze (soymilk ice cream), soyloaf, tempeh,
How Stored: Frozen. soymilk, and spicy Korean tofu; (4) Madeline Fox, director
of Marketing at the New England Soy Dairy (Greenfield,
Massachusetts).
Photos show: (1) Tom Timmins (rear view) addressing a
soyfoods press conference audience in Boston. (2) A waiter
in a black bow tie setting up the tofu buffet at the Seventh
Inn.
Note: This is an earliest document seen comparing the
marketing of tofu to yogurt (the dairy product) in the title.
Address: Colrain, Massachusetts.

320. Product Name: Jolly Licks [Toasted Almond,

Strawberry, Coffee, Carob, Orange, Carob-Peppermint,
Vanilla, or Chocolate].
Manufacturer’s Name: Pacific Trading Co. (Marketer-
Distributor).
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 40429, San Francisco,
CA 94110.
Date of Introduction: 1980. July.
Ingredients: Strawberry: Soymilk, honey, soy oil,
strawberries, citric acid, soy lecithin, carob bean gum, guar
New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1980, undated. gum, natural flavors.
3 inch diameter, red on white. Leviton. 1981. Soyfoods. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint, or 5 oz cup.
Winter. p. 62-63. Interview with Mark Brawerman. 1980. His How Stored: Frozen.
first product was Ice-C-Bean, out in late July 1980, in five New Product–Documentation: Price List & Catalog. 1981.
flavors. Sept. Spot in Soyfoods. 1982. Winter. p. 57. “Soyfoods
Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti and Other Soy Marketer.” The company was originally named Jolly Licks
Ice Creams. Vol. 1. (p. 48). In San Francisco, by July of and the line Ice-C-Bean; Label.
1980, Mark Brawerman of Jolly Licks, had launched Ice- Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) in
C-Bean soymilk ice cream in five flavors: toasted almond, which the name Pacific Trading Co. appears in connections
strawberry, carob, chocolate. and coffee. The soymilk was with work of Mark Brawerman.
made by Azumaya, a big tofu manufacturer, and the Ice-C-
Bean by a local dairy ice cream plant. Letter (e-mail) from 321. Product Name: New Leaf Soy Ice Dream [Orange,
Mark Brawerman, founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain, Fresh Banana, Carob, or Vanilla]. Renamed Soy Ice Delight
LLC. 2013. Sept. 24. He used the same soymilk Azumaya by May 1981.
used for their firm tofu. Jolly Licks soy ice cream was made Manufacturer’s Name: Quong Hop & Co.
by Richmaid Ice Cream Company, Lodi, California; Myron Manufacturer’s Address: 161 Beacon St., South San
and Brigette Brockmeyer. Francisco, CA 94080. Phone: 415-873-4444.
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) Date of Introduction: 1980. July.

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Overview of a high-
potential industry.” p. 69.
The company “recently
introduced frozen desserts
called Soy Ice Delight.”

322. Porter, Sylvia. 1980.

Tofu gaining popularity
as cheap protein source.
Washington Post. Aug. 7.
Special to the Washington
Star. Widely syndicated.
• Summary: “Once found
only in health stores and
Oriental restaurants,
this white, custard-like
substance is sold today
in major supermarket
chains, served in schools
and hospitals, and added
to cakes, quiches and
casseroles available at
urban delicatessens. Many
nutritionists regard tofu as an ideal diet food.
“I’ve got tofu fever,” claims David Mintz, owner of a
Manhattan kosher catering service and deli, Mintz’s Buffet.
“It’s a food of the future, a miracle food. We’re using it
in almost everything–a Caesar dressing, noodle charlotte,
even in fresh fruit salad–and people are so glad because
they can eat these foods now whereas they couldn’t before
because they weren’t kosher or because of their low-fat,
low-sodium diets.” Mintz now turns out a range of foods
from beef stroganoff, muffins, cheesecake and quiches, items
which Jewish dietary law prevented his making before he
discovered non-dairy tofu. Also mentions Matsuda-Hinode
Tofu Co., Harry Tanikawa (their sales supervisor), New
England Soy Dairy, and The Book of Tofu by Shurtleff and
Aoyagi. “Tofu in some form is among the possible new
products Dannon Co. is investigating for distribution.”
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013)
concerning the work of David Mintz with soyfoods. In Aug.
1981 he created and introduced Tofutti, a pioneering non-
Ingredients: Fresh organic soymilk (water, organic dairy, kosher soy ice cream based on tofu. He later founded a
soybeans), honey, soy oil, orange juice concentrate, soy company named Tofutti Brands, Inc.
protein, lecithin, vegetable gum. Note 2. Also appeared in New York Daily News. Aug. 7.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 oz (1 pint). “Japan’s tofu may be next big import”; Transcript-Telegram
How Stored: Frozen. (Holyoke, Massachusetts). Aug. 11, p. 12. “Tofu–another
New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1980, undated. 3.5 Japanese import”; San Francisco Chronicle. Sept. 8. “Import
inch diameter. Orange, black, and cream on silver-gold. that’s not hard to swallow.”
Leaflet. 1980. “New Leaf Soy Ice Dream.” “Use this
shelf talker to increase your sales of New Leaf products.” 14 323. Product Name: Ice Dream or Ice Dreem (Non-Dairy
x 21.5 cm. Single sided. Pink on white. Ice Cream) [Vanilla, Maple Nut, Carob-Mint, Strawberry, or
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Tropical Fruit].
Creams. p. 48. FIND/SVP. 1981, May. “The tofu market: Manufacturer’s Name: Garden of Eatin’.

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handle the manufacturing.” Pint retails for $1.69.

Leaflet. 1981, dated (Black on blue, 8½ x 11 inches,
front and back). “Yes! It’s here at last! 100% non-dairy Ice
Dreem. Frozen dessert made from fresh soymilk. 5 great
flavors. Vanilla. Strawberry. Maple Nut. Tropical Fruit.
Manufacturer’s Address: 5300 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Carob Mint.”
Angeles, CA 90029.
Date of Introduction: 1980. August. 324. Thalman, Margaret Morse. 1980. Memories of her
Ingredients: Carob Mint: Organically grown soybeans, father, William J. Morse (Interview). Conducted by William
water, maple syrup, honey, soy oil, carob, pure vanilla, Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Sept. 18 and Oct. 3. 1 p.
peppermint, guar gum. transcript.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3.5 fluid oz, or pint. • Summary: William Morse, her father, as born on 10 May
How Stored: Frozen. 1884 in Lowville, New York (upstate). His father was a
New Product–Documentation: Article and photo in butcher. W.J. Morse’s wife, Edna, went on the trip to East
Soyfoods. 1981. Winter. p. 59-61. “But the coup de grace Asia, as did Margaret, who was an only child. Edna kept
of the Wizard’s soy product line is his Soy Dream line of diaries for her daughter and wrote down what happened
soymilk ice cream. His current line of ‘frozen desserts’ every day–in child’s language such as “Played in the park.”
include vanilla and maple walnut (in both 3½-ounce and William Morse wrote much of the book about soybean
8-ounce cardboard containers) and strawberry, Tropical foods that he hoped to publish. He wrote it by hand on
Treat, and carob mint flavors are in preparation. As most yellow lined paper; it was never published and she has sent
experimenters with soymilk ice cream report, recipe the manuscript to the American Soybean Association.
formulation is fairly easy, but the difficulty stems from the During World War II W.J. Morse was under a great
need to rapidly freeze the liquid preparation to avoid the deal of pressure. A great many people called on him for
crystalline structure that usually occurs on thawing. The information. He first became aware that he had an ulcer in
Wizard, if I can trust my eyes and tongue, which lolled about about 1943, and this affected his diet. He lost a lot of weight
a pint of his maple walnut Ice Dream until it was empty, has (you can see it in the photos of him from that period) and
mastered this trick and is proudly marketing a rich, creamy he had to go on a “baby food diet.” He ate soft, bland foods
soymilk ice cream. Mr. Jacobsen’s approach may be the including soymilk, tofu and acidophilus soymilk and yogurt.
vanguard of future product development for the soy industry. He bought soyfoods at the Seventh-day Adventist health
Minimum capital outlays are required as his approach is to food store in Takoma Park, Maryland–including the soy ice
engage existing food manufacturing facilities to produce cream he loved. She does not recall that he ever made tofu or
his formulations. He handles the research, development, soymilk at home.
marketing, and warehousing while the bakery and tofu plant After returning from their two years in East Asia, he

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 159

and his wife used soyfoods regularly in their diet. He liked Newsletter. 1980. Soybeans in Guatemala. Sept. p. 3.
very much to make sukiyaki for dinner, especially for guests • Summary: “With 1500 lbs of soybeans donated by
or special occasions. He had a low sukiyaki table made by UNICEF, Plenty has been teaching the people of Guatemala,
having the legs cut of a regular table. Everyone would sit on concentrating on the wives of farmers who have shown an
cushions on the floor, with an electric hot plate on the table. interest in growing soybeans, how to make soymilk and tofu
His sukiyaki recipe always included tofu. (bean curd) using a metate and utensils traditionally found in
He and his wife liked to put soy flour in homemade their homes.
breads and waffles. He did not eat a lot of meat but neither “Classes are held once a week for four students at a
was he a vegetarian. He ate Boston baked soybeans when his time. All students have learned the process in one lesson.
wife fixed them. They return to their homes provided with cheesecloth and
William Morse bought the house in Tacoma Park, DC, in small bags of beans. After they use those, they can return
1917 and lived there until he retired, shortly after which he for more. Most students have successfully made tofu in their
and his wife moved to Eastchester New York, where he lived homes and say their families like it.
the rest of his life. “Plenty plans to set up a village-scale soy processing
He spent the last ten years of his life writing his book plant which will produce 100 lbs of tofu and forty gallons
(from time to time she typed up his notes), doing lots of of icebean (ice cream made from soymilk) three times a
gardening and reading, and writing many letters. He kept in week. Funded by Plenty and CIDA/Canada, the plant will
touch with the world of soy. supply free icebean for school lunch programs. After an
His office, where he had shelved with packaged initial period of training, the soy plant will evolve into a
soyfoods, was in Washington, DC. He did not move his local cottage industry and a means of financial support for
office to Beltsville until about 1939–when all of USDA members of the community.
moved there. “For further information, please write to: Suzy Jenkins;
Note: P.H. Dorsett was born on 21 April 1862. So at Soy Technician; Plenty; 156 Drakes Lane; Summertown,
the time the expedition first arrived in Japan he was age 67. Tennessee 38483 USA.”
Dorsett had a grown daughter.
“William Morse was a gentle, soft-spoken person, 326. Myers, Steve. 1980. [Farm Foods’ original soy Ice
who liked others and they liked him. He liked to tease, and Bean is on the market again (News release)]. Summertown,
the secretaries at his office all loved it. He was a very easy Tennessee: Farm Foods. 1 p. Undated.
person to get along with; he was slow to anger and never • Summary: “Dear People, Our plant moves are complete
cursed. He wasn’t aggressive; where some might push, and Farm Foods’ original soy ‘Ice Bean’ is back. It is now
he would give in. He was intelligent. His work came first. available in these flavors: carob, vanilla, and strawberry, and
He was not financially ambitious.” He was a rather heavy comes in pints, 5 oz. cups, and 3 gallon tubs.
cigarette smoker. His daughter remarked that “If anything The original soy ‘Ice Bean’ is similar in flavor and
upset him, he didn’t let it out on his fellow workers.” texture to ice cream, but contains no milk products and no
“His friends and co-workers called him “Bill.” His cholesterol. “Ice Bean” is completely vegetarian and contains
family called him “Will.” all natural ingredients: soy powder, pure honey, soy oil,
She still has her diaries and some of her father’s small natural fruit and flavors, lecithin, guar gum, and salt. But best
notebooks of the trip plus many photographs glued into of all it tastes great and it’s good for you.”
scrapbooks. She has no files of his left; she sent them all to To help understand this news release, we will quote
the American Soybean Association. from Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams, by Shurtleff and
Verna Donavan was W.J. Morse’s secretary at USDA Aoyagi (1985, p. 46-47). “In 1980 Ice Bean was America’s
starting not long before he went to the Orient to study best known non-dairy soy-based frozen dessert, though its
soybeans. After Morse returned, when the Bureau of Home following was still relatively small, and concentrated in
Economics became interested in soybeans, the two of them California. In February or March of that year, Farm Foods
were often asked to come over and to taste the soybean moved its operations from San Francisco to headquarters in
dishes they had prepared. Tennessee, signaling a commitment to expand Ice Bean’s
Update. 2004. April 14. She has a book that was given market from regional to national. Farm Foods realized that
to her father when he retired from USDA. In it are letters they had a virtual monopoly on soymilk ice cream, for which
from many companies (cereal companies, oil companies, national demand was growing faster than they could supply.
etc.) praising his work. It also has letters of praise from his The company was also aware of the huge potential market on
co-workers and his superiors. Address: 22 Interlaken Rd., the East Coast from kosher Jews and natural foods devotees.
Eastchester, New York 10709. Phone: 914-632-2508. Moreover, the landlord had tripled the rent on their building
in San Francisco. So they sold their big ice cream freezer to a
325. League for International Food Education (LIFE) frozen dairy yogurt maker and pulled up roots.

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“Back on the land in rural Tennessee, Farm Foods’ California.

directors reformulated Ice Bean and had it manufactured at
a dairy ice cream plant in Nashville, later in Memphis. The 328. Product Name: Soymilk, and Soymilk Ice Cream.
Farm Foods’ crew made the soy ice cream there with the Manufacturer’s Name: Vita-Green Enterprises.
help of a plant technician. They applied to register the name Manufacturer’s Address: 5411 Lake Washington Blvd.
Ice Bean as a trademark in 1980 and were granted this in South, Seattle, WA 98118. Phone: 206-237-0900.
October 1982. When they applied for kosher certification Date of Introduction: 1980. September.
in New York with the oldest and largest certifier (O-U), the How Stored: Frozen.
rabbi told them that this was the first non-dairy frozen dessert New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center. 1980.
that he had ever certified as kosher and pareve. 1980 was Sept. Tofu shops and soy dairies in the West (2 pages,
the year that Ice Bean really began to go national, and in typeset). Gives the company’s name, address, and two phone
December Farm Foods started its first national advertising numbers (also 722-7772). Owner: Harry Dea.
campaign, with full-page color ads in at least four national
health food, counter culture, and vegetarian magazines.” 329. San Francisco Bay Guardian. 1980. 4th Annual New
“Initially the reformulated Ice Bean was made using Earth Exposition: “Living lightly on the earth” (Ad). Oct.
powdered soymilk produced by Loma Linda Foods (at the 16-23. p. 13 (Ad).
plant in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, built by Dr. Harry Miller); the • Summary: “Transportation. Shelter. Energy. Health. Food.
vacuum-pan deodorization process reduced volatile beany Growth. Wilderness. Gardening. Environment. Exhibits,
flavors found in typical soymilk. But in about 1983 Farm marketplace, lectures, films, demonstrations, entertainment.”
Foods switched to fresh soymilk made by Dr. Miller’s son, “Highlights:... Delicious natural foods to eat: Soy ice
Willis Miller, at nearby Miller’s Soy in Tennessee, using cream, sushi, tofu, tempeh, mochi, fresh juices, organic
a special patented process. Starting in mid-1984 (after burritos.” Lectures:... Soyfoods (Bill Shurtleff).
Miller’s Soy went out of business) all of the soymilk was “October 17-19, 25-26. 2 weekends. Fort Mason Center,
produced in Summertown, Tennessee, at The Farm’s own soy San Francisco.”
dairy.” Address: President, Farm Foods, 156 Drakes Lane,
Summertown, Tennessee 38483. 330. Siedler, -. 1980. Re: Research on soyfoods in the
Department of Food Science, Univ. of Illinois. Letter
327. Redwood Valley Soyfoods Unlimited. 1980. [Real to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Oct. 28. 1 p.
Food Tofu Shop and Café] (News release). 8473 East Rd., Handwritten responses on Soyfoods Center letterhead.
Redwood Valley, CA 95470. 1 p. Sept. • Summary: The earliest research in this department
• Summary: “Redwood Valley Soyfoods Unlimited is proud appeared in a 1955 MSc thesis titled “Treatment and
to announce their opening of the Real Food Tofu Shop and utilization of extracted soybean flakes for human
Cafe. It is a 14-seat restaurant serving lunch and dinner with consumption.”
deli products featuring our Brightsong Tofu.” The tofu shop The main soyfoods studied to date by this department
is behind the cafe. The wholesale food processing kitchen have been: (1) Dairy analogs: Soymilk, chocolate soymilk,
manufactures Tofu Cheesecake, Soy Juice, Tofu Treat, Tofu yogurt, ice cream, and diet margarine. (2) Weaning foods:
Dips and Dressings, Marinated Salad, Soyannaise, Soy Loaf, Soy-cereal and soy-fruit.
frozen dinners and various sandwiches. “The cafe is the only Dr. Siedler estimates that 10 theses and 15 articles have
one of its type west of Colorado.” resulted from the department’s research on soyfoods. The
Note 1. A leaflet (printed with black ink on pink paper, main researchers have been Wei, Nelson, and Steinberg.
undated, 8½ by 11 inches, single sided) titled “Brightsong.
The Real Food Tofu Café,” gives details: Air conditioned. 331. Leviton, Richard. 1980. The soy deli: Tofuna salad to
Smoke free. 8473 East Road, Redwood Valley. Sandwiches soysage-on-rye. In Business. Sept/Oct. p. 44-47.
$2.00: Tofunafish, Baked-spice tofu, Missing egg salad, • Summary: “The soy delicatessen is emerging as the most
Happy Chicken Salad, Hummous, Tofummus, Stuffed exciting and innovative means of retailing these ready-to-
mochi. Not dogs. Burgers $2.50: Tempeh, Tofu, Soysage. eat natural foods.” Discusses in detail: Hip Pocket Tofu
Desserts: Creamies, Cheesecake, Cookies, Ice Bean, Banana Deli in Columbus, Ohio, started on 1 March 1980 by Mick
Split, Frozen Joy. Salads: Missing Egg... Drinks: Soy shake, Vissman and Bill Lutz; Soja Soyfoods Cafe & Delicatessen
soymilk, Spirulina smoothies. in Toronto, ONT, Canada, started in Feb. 1980 by Tucker
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2011) Held, Lynn Sterling, and Mary Anderson; Far Pavillians
that mentions “Redwood Valley Soyfoods Unlimited.” [sic, Pavilions] in Telluride, Colorado, opened in October
Note 3. On 31 Oct. 1979 Brightsong Tofu ordered 1977 and now run by Catherine Peterson; The Tofu Shop
The Book of Tempeh (professional edition) and Tempeh deli in Rochester, New York, started in November 1978
Production (Vol. II, manuscript). Address: Redwood Valley, by Greg Weaver, Norman Holland, and Andy Schecter;

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The Soy Plant Deli in Ann Arbor, Michigan, a cooperative; a lecture in 1976 by the ‘gurus’ of the soybean product,
The Yellow Bean Trading Company, started in September William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, who wrote ‘The Book
1978 by Timothy and Carol Huang. They opened a retail of Tofu.’ After visiting a shop in Oregon, the Roses came to
soy deli in March 1979; The Good Belly Deli in Boulder, Mendocino County where they discovered ‘Brightsong’ for
Colorado, which recently changed its name from “Cow sale in the spring.”
of China,” is run by Steve Demos, who also owns White The Real Food Tofu Cafe seats 14. “The cafe’s menu
Wave; and Mintz’s Buffet, in the upper East side of New offers such dishes as spiced baked tofu sandwiches, tofu
York City. “David and Ethyl Mintz have incorporated tofu burgers, brown rice tofu burritos, ‘soyannaise’ spread and
into their traditional kosher Jewish deli, featuring dairyless tofu cheesecake.” Tempeh is also served.
tofu cheesecakes, tofu sauces, tofu in vegetable egg souffles, Photos show: (1) Sharon Rose (with long curly hair)
along with their matzoh balls, gefilte fish, and chopped liver, standing at the front counter, with a large menu on the wall
or soup to nuts, old time foods like Grandma used to make, a behind her. Menu items include cheese cake, ice bean cone,
big menu.” soy juice, spirulina, vege herb tofu. (2) A grinder, out of
Photos show: The exterior of Soja Soyfood Cafe, with which ground soybeans are dropping into a 5-gallon plastic
Tucker Held, Lynn Stirling, and Mary Anderson standing bucket labeled Brightsong Tofu. (3) A large, round curding
below the sign. The wooden wall menu at The Tofu Shop basin: “After the nigari is added, the tofu solidifies and
in Rochester, New York. Greg Weaver and one other person separates into curds and whey.” (4) Dik Rose, with beard and
working inside the kitchen of The Tofu Shop. ponytail, cutting tofu into cakes. (5) Cakes of tofu cooling in
Note: This is the earliest article seen on David Mintz’s water in a stainless steel sink.
work with soyfoods; soy ice cream is not mentioned. Note 1. This is the earliest dated document seen (Aug.
Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, Massachusetts 01340. 2012) that mentions Brightsong Tofu. Note 2. This is the
earliest document seen (Aug. 2012) that mentions Dik or
332. Martin, Dale. 1980. New age eatery owners hope to Sharon Rose in connection with this company.
attract diners from all over the state to tofu cafe in Redwood
Valley. Daily Journal (Ukiah, California). Dec. 4. p. 2-3. [1 333. Product Name: Soy Ice Bean (Named Soy Ice Bean
ref] from mid-1979 to early 1982. Honey Sweetened) [Honey
• Summary: The article begins: “Redwood Valley may be Vanilla, Carob, Strawberry, Orange, Banana, Chocolate,
an unlikely place to open a tofu shop and cafe, but store Wildberry, Mocha, or Peanut Butter Carob Chip].
owners Dik and Sharon Rose are hoping this new age eatery Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
will catch on and attract diners from all over the area. Tofu Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
is becoming quite a business these days, as more and more TN 38483.
people are starting to discover the cheap, nutritious, and Date of Introduction: 1980.
versatile soybean product... tofu is finding its way into the Ingredients: Almond Espresso: Water, soy powder
American mainstream. It isn’t just a health food any more.” [powdered soymilk], honey, soy oil, almonds, pure coffee
“Tofu, made from curdled soybean milk, is also called concentrate, soy lecithin, locust bean gum, guar gum, Irish
bean curd. A complete protein, the custardy textured product moss.
has been hailed as being highly digestible and an excellent Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fluid oz (1 pint) carton.
diet food. With meat prices going up and up, many meat How Stored: Frozen.
eaters as well as vegetarians are increasing their tofu intake. New Product–Documentation: Labels. Brown and white
“Dik and Sharon Rose bought into the tofu dream on orange wood motif. “Serve soft for full flavor. Non dairy
in June [1980], when they took over Brightsong Tofu in frozen dessert.”
Redwood Valley from its former owner, David Patton. Ad in Whole Foods. About 1980-81. p. 69. “Farm Foods
The shop is now in its third year of production. Through Soy Ice Bean. The completely vegetarian frozen dessert.”
increased advertising and hard work, the Roses tripled the Note: The powdered soymilk in this product was made by
output of the shop in five months. The shop is now producing Loma Linda Foods in Mt. Vernon, Ohio.
1300 pounds of tofu a week... The Roses currently employ Talk with Robert Dolgin of Farm Foods. 1981. Dec.
two workers who make the tofu by hand with wellwater, 26. In San Rafael, The Farm made soy ice cream with a
fresh soybeans and ‘a lot of care and love,’ according to batch Emery Thompson ice cream machine. Most of it was
Dik.” sold as [soft serve] cones over the counter or in pints in the
Until a few months ago, Brightsong was the only tofu freezer, but a little was distributed locally. Strawberry was
shop between South San Francisco and Eugene, Oregon. But the favorite flavor. Farm Foods expanded operations after
now there is a new shop in Marin and one opening soon in moving into their soyfoods manufacturing plant on King
Arcata. Street in San Francisco. At least a year passed between the
“Dik and Sharon became interested in tofu after hearing time that the San Rafael soy deli closed and the King Street

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plant opened. Robert is now working with David Burns; they

have capital and a warehouse. They plan to do secondary
soyfoods manufacturing and distribution.
Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti and Other Soy Ice
Creams. p. 46-47.

334. Myers, Steve. 1980. Re: The move of Ice Bean

production from San Francisco to Summerton, Tennessee, is
completed. Letter to “Dear People” (sellers and consumers of
Ice Bean). 1 p. Typed, on letterhead.
• Summary: See next page. “Dear People, Our plant moves
are complete and Farm Foods’ original soy ‘Ice Bean’ is
back. It is now available in these flavors: carob, vanilla, and
strawberry, and comes in pints, 5 oz. cups, and 3 gallon tubs.
“The original soy ‘Ice Bean’ is similar in flavor and
texture to ice cream, but contains no milk products and no
cholesterol. ‘Ice Bean’ is completely vegetarian and contains
all natural ingredients: soy powder, pure honey, soy oil,
natural fruit and flavors, lecithin, guar gum, and salt. But best
of all it tastes great and it’s good for you!
“Sincerely, Steve Myers, President. Spot in Soyfoods. 1983. Winter. p. 49-50. “How to
“Ask for it from your local natural food store or Freeze the Buddha.” Monthly production of 1,500 liters in
distributor.” Address: President, Farm Foods, 156 Drakes the winter.
Lane, Summertown, Tennessee 38483.
337. Pacific Trading Co. 1981. Catalog and price list. P.O.
335. Tsuchiya, Kanji. 1980. Tônyû: Yomigaetta dentô Box 1635, San Francisco, CA 94101. Jan.
shokuhin [Soymilk: Traditional food that’s make a • Summary: Lines include Redwood Valley Soyfoods,
comeback]. Tokyo: Shokuhin Kenkyusha. 176 p. 2nd edition Soyfoods Unlimited, Living Lightly, Ice-C-Bean. Address:
published in Dec. 1982. Illust. 17 cm. [Jap] Redwood Valley, California.
• Summary: This is the best book seen on soymilk in
Japanese. For contents and details, see the enlarged 2nd 338. Jewish Times. 1981. Food of life (Mintz’s Kosher
edition (Dec. 1982). A portrait photo on the rear cover shows Buffet). Jan/Feb.
the author, Kanji Tsuchiya, and gives a brief biography. • Summary: Tofu use is spreading to the Jewish community.
Address: Technical consultant, Okazaki Marusan, Japan. Mintz’s Kosher Buffet now offers “a full line of tofu
products, including non-dairy quiches, muffins, vegetable
336. Product Name: Frozen Buddha (Soymilk Ice Cream) souffle’s, spinach pies, and egg rolls. Mintz’s will soon add
[Chocolate Mint, Pineapple Coconut, Lemon Coffee, chocolate cream and banana cream tofu pies to the menu.”
Chocolate Almond, Lime Ginger, Carob, Blueberry, Maple
Walnut, Vanilla, Apricot, or Holiday Spice Eggnog]. 339. Product Name: Honey-Carob Soy Dream Frozen
Manufacturer’s Name: Metta Tofu Products. Dessert.
Manufacturer’s Address: Wren Rd., Denman Island, BC, Manufacturer’s Name: Joy of Soy.
V0R 1T0, Canada. Manufacturer’s Address: 510 Kasota Ave., Minneapolis,
Date of Introduction: 1981. January. MN 55414.
How Stored: Frozen. Date of Introduction: 1981. February.
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Lulu Yoshihara Ingredients: Filtered water, honey, carob, tahini, organic
of Denman Island, BC, Canada. 1981. Sept. 9. Last spring, soybeans, unrefined sesame oil, miso.
her neighbor Ray Lipovsky, “the tofu man,” started making Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quarts.
Frozen Buddha, “a soy ice cream, which is very, very How Stored: Frozen.
popular (because it is very, very delicious). I’ll enclose the New Product–Documentation: Leviton. 1981. Soyfoods.
lid with this letter...” Winter. p. 63.
Label. 1982. Undated.
Letter from Ray Lipovsky in reply to questions from 340. Leviton, Richard. 1981. With spoon in hand: A survey
William Shurtleff. 1982. Aug. 8. Q5. When did you start of soymilk ice creams. Soyfoods 1(4):62-64. Winter.
making Frozen Buddha [soy ice cream]? Ans: Jan. 1981. • Summary: Soymilk ice creams are on the rise in America.

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Discusses: Ice Bean (made by Farm Foods in San Francisco, view (when the sky is clear) of towering, snowcapped Mt.
but removed from the San Francisco Bay market area in early Rainier, rising 14,000 feet above sea level some 120 miles
1980. Mark Braverman [sic, Brawerman] hustled through a to the south. Island Spring, Inc., founded in 1977 by Luke
laborious but streamlined research and development phase Lukoskie and Suni Kim, his wife, shares space in a broad,
for three months to launch his Jolly Licks line of Ice-C-Bean squat building with Wax Cannery, a small-scale orchardist
soymilk ice creams in July. The marketplace was more than and fruit juice bottling company that constructed the Island
primed; it only required a product of comparable quality Spring production space to their specifications. Outside the
and price, which Mr. Brawerman evidently supplied, if his tofu plant, there’s a miscellany of second-hand steam kettles
reports of strong sales and customer satisfaction are any and bulk holding tanks and Army surplus discards, that Mr.
indication”). Lukoskie was quick to scrounge up and rejuvenate for his
Jolly Licks Ice-C-Bean (developed and marketed by production needs.
Mark Brawerman’s Jolly Licks of San Francisco. “His “The Island Spring plant is tightly laid out with five long
current flavors include carob, coffee, chocolate, vanilla, aisles of equipment, workspace, and production supplies,
strawberry, and toasted almond; they retail for about $1.30 flanked by an overhead loft that runs along the back wall
for pints”). and houses dry materials, coagulants, labels, and boxes.
Soy Freeze (made by Island Spring of Vashon, Immediately outside the shop, a metal silo stores 50,000
Washington). Soy Dream (formerly named Ice Dream Frozen pounds of dry bulk soybeans which are augured, when
Dessert, made by Quong Hop & Co. in South San Francisco). needed, into the shop for soaking in either steam kettles on
Soy Dream (developed and marketed by Al Jacobsen’s wheels or in stainless steel twin compartment moveable
Garden of Eatin’ in Los Angeles). Polar Bean (made by tanks. The soaked beans are then scaled up in measures
White Wave Soyfoods of Boulder, Colorado). Soy Dream (the batch size is 140 pounds of beans and 30 gallons of
(made by Joy of Soy in Minneapolis, Minnesota). Sunflower water) on a large industrial scale wrapped in plastic against
Frozen Desserts (made by Susan Gershuny and Kirk Meyer the ubiquitous moisture, placed in polyethylene tubs, and
of Tivoli, New York). Soy Softee (made by Cindy and Steve hoisted to the floor of their five-foot raised platform. The
Hassell of The Granary in Northampton, Massachusetts, and worker mounts the platform to dump the hydrated beans
sold from a soft serve machine in their retail store). into the hopper of their soybean mill (a J.C. Ford Master
wet corn grinder, which they bought for $2,850 in 1976; 548
Monterey Pass Road, Monterey Park, CA).
“The worker tends two adjacent 60-gallon steam kettles
that receive (alternately) the ground soybean puree from
the mill; the foam is sprayed down with cold water, and
when the cooking is finished, the slurry is pumped into their
home-made, hand-hydraulic soymilk press. After extraction,
the soymilk is pumped into one of three steam kettles that
serve as curding barrels. Each barrel, which has a 120-pound
capacity, produces three 40-pound batches of tofu curds, or
enough for three forming boxes. The soymilk is coagulated
using either nigari or calcium sulfate. The curds are then
ladled into the three forming boxes, most of the whey is
drained off before ladling, and buckets filled with water are
For most products, the flavors and ingredients are given. hoisted on top of the lids for weight. The finished tofu is
Photos show: Cindy Hassell of the Granary in Massachusetts sliced on the lid which floats in the water in the cooling tank;
holding up a cone filled with her Soy Softee. Many pints it’s sliced according to an imprinted grid that forms a cutting
of Ice Dream. Mark Brawerman of Jolly Licks. Address: pattern on the tofu during pressing. The cooling tank, which
Colrain, Massachusetts. is 25 feet long and was purchased for only $300, holds 1,800
pounds of tofu, has circulating cold water, and freon coils
341. Leviton, Richard. 1981. Tofu plant profiles: Soycrafters for chilling the water (not presently used). Metal screens
on the Island [Luke and Suni Lukoskie of Island Spring on on four-inch risers are set on the tank bottom to facilitate
Vashon Island, near Seattle, Washington]. Soyfoods 1(4):42- packing and to prevent the tofu from making contact with
44. Winter. the tank bottom. Almost all of the tofu (silken and regular)
• Summary: “From the back step of Island Spring’s soyfoods is packaged in 16-ounce tubs, then packed in cardboard
plant on Vashon Island near Seattle, Washington, when you boxes and cooled until delivery. In late October the daily tofu
take a moment’s break from making tofu and look out over production was 15 batches (1,800 pounds) requiring four
the orchard and small plane airstrip, you enjoy a stunning people working 6½ hour shifts. Mr. Lukoskie reports that 70

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percent of their tofu sales are to Washington supermarkets. hose injected in the side, then hoisted up out of the way
“Island Spring produces both regular and silken tofu when not in use;
(calcium sulfate-based, made every 10 days in 120-pound “(8) iodine dip buckets for hand disinfecting, soaking
batches) for a weekly total of 10,000 pounds. One thousand tanks for production cloths, and the general high level of
pounds are converted into Delicious Steamed Tofu, fresh sanitation awareness; (9) the Sterilizing Hood used for
griddled slabs of tofu packed in a soy sauce, 480 pounds of tempeh starter production and purification of the nail punch;
Soyloaf, 210 quarts of Soyfreeze [soy ice cream] (described (10) the use of shallow broad sinks at the curding barrel
in With Spoon in Hand, this issue), nine gallons of soymilk stations for utensils used in coagulation; (11) the electric
daily, and some 700 pounds of soy tempeh every week. insect grill suspended from the ceiling; (12) the simple
“Let’s look briefly at the Island Spring tempeh process. pumping system that moves the puree from the grinder
For tempeh, the daily batch size is 80 pounds of dry to cooker, slurry from cooker to press, and soymilk from
soybeans that produces 260 eight-ounce units. They use a press to curding barrels; (13) the use of both nigari and
CeCoCo dehuller for bean dehulling, an item they purchased calcium sulfate, unusual among Western shops; (14) their
second-hand in 1976 for less than $1,000 (purchased unique batch-piecework payment schedule that enables
originally in Japan in 1966); this removes most of the hulls some production workers to earn over $7 an hour, including
and the rest are skimmed off when the beans are boiled. a health plan and flexible schedule, making Island Spring
The dehulled beans are kept at a racing boil for 30 minutes workers just about the highest paid soycrafters in the country.
in a portable steam kettle, followed by spin-drying in the “Island Spring has not only mastered the demands
centrifuge. This requires three or four loads to get the beans of engineering a smooth production system with low-
sufficiently dry. This stage is slow as each load handles only technology, low-expense solutions, they have also introduced
25 pounds of beans. North America’s pioneer Soycrafters Apprenticeship
“The inoculated beans are packed in shallow tofu tubs Program, an invaluable service where soycrafters are trained
which have no bottom aeration or drainage; therefore excess for three weeks in all aspects of soyfoods production and
moisture in the beans condenses on the top lid and “rains” business management. Apprenticeship Program Director
down on the fermenting soybeans (rather than escaping as Steven Sloan reports they receive 50 inquiries a month, that
steam), sometimes causing spoilage or retardation of the they have graduated 15 students already, and that several
Rhizopus. The beans and inoculant are blended thoroughly of them have since inaugurated their own soy plants in
in a Leland rotary mixer and vinegar is added; then the places like Utah and Mexico. Other innovations continue.
inoculated beans are scooped out and placed in eight-ounce The tempeh makers are experimenting with producing
tubs to be stacked on trays on moveable bakery racks. The preformed tempeh burgers by incubating the tempeh in round
tubs are heat-sealed with film and holes are pricked in the petri dishes; already they are selling 75 four-ounce patties
film with a special nail punch. This punch has been sterilized weekly. To streamline tofu production, Mr. Lukoskie will
for one hour in a special Sterilizing Hood that purifies and install a new Okita three-compartment cooker and a Brown-
filters air with fans and ultraviolet light; the hood is also used Sweco soymilk extraction unit; and to simplify forming
as a sterile workspace for tempeh starter production. The box tofu pressing, he will construct a series of overhead
tempeh is incubated in a 6 foot x 6 foot incubator at 85ºF for hydraulic beam presses with cement weights. With this new
12 to 18 hours. For the last step, they apply ‘crack-and-peel’ system he expects to increase his production capacity per
tempeh labels over the pin-pricked film, and refrigerate until hour by 25 percent. In addition, Island Spring is the first
delivery. shop in America to install Bean Machine’s brand new BMI
“As a soy plant, Island Spring is a model to emulate, Disintegrator for soybean grinding.
impressive for its efficiency, economy and scale, thrift, “As for new products, Younghee Kim, Suni Kim’s
ingenuity, and product wholesomeness. Specifically, here are sister, is developing a commercial kim che [kimchi, kim chee,
14 points of commendation: (1) their bulk soybean storage kimchee] (fermented Chinese cabbage, very popular among
and auguring system, one of only a few such systems in Koreans) for the Western, rather than Oriental (which has
the country; (2) the innovative use of steam kettles and the suppliers) market in Seattle. Their label describes kim che
concept of ‘kettles on wheels’ which saves space; (3) the as ‘a spicy Korean pickled condiment in a piquant sauce,’
efficient but inexpensive dehuller and wet grinder, both and includes, in one-pint jars, ‘napa cabbage, green onions,
not commonly known; (4) the trim production floor layout garlic, ginger, red pepper, water, salt.’ Kim che contains
designed for compartmentalization of products, high-volume no preservatives with a shelf life of at least 50 days, and
production, and efficiency; (5) the large cooling tank with requires refrigeration after opening.”
inside raised mesh and freon coils’ that was still inexpensive; Photos show: (1) Emptying hot okara into a steel barrel
(6) the use of removable steam injection hoses for the at Island Spring. (2) Suni Kim Lukoskie. (3-4) Two views
‘kettles on wheels’; (7) the marvelous steaming bell that is of the inside of the plant. (5) Laminar sterilizing hood for
lowered over the racks of Soyloaf to the floor with a steam tempeh-starter. Address: Colrain, Massachusetts.

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He loved the strict, puritan atmosphere, the vegetarian

342. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking diet, and the teachings of the church. In 1898, at age 19, he
soymilk around the world. Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter. enrolled in medical school at the newly opened, Adventist-
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Growing up (1879- run American Medical Missionary College in Battle Creek,
1902): Birth, early contact with Dr. J.H. Kellogg, marriage. Michigan, which was associated with Dr. John Harvey
Early years in China (1903-1911). Washington, DC Kellogg’s Battle Creek Sanitarium (founded in 1866), the
(1912-1925). Pioneering soymilk in China (1925-1939): largest and most progressive medical institution of its kind in
Research, development of plant, destruction of plant 13 Aug. America at that time, and the birthplace of modern dietetics.
1937, U.S. patent, No. 2,078,962 for soymilk process and Opposing the popular cures of the day (drugs, bleeding,
equipment, work before return to U.S. Introducing soyfoods etc.), the sanitarium recommended diet (especially a simple
to America (1939-1949): In Mt. Vernon, new products, grain-based vegetarian diet), exercise, hydrotherapy and
work with AMA, American Soybean Assoc. speaker and good mental health as the foundations of healthful living
lifetime member 1958, contact with K.S. Lo and Vitasoy. and natural healing. These teachings had a lifelong effect on
Research and work around the world (1949-1977): Quick Miller.
visit to Shanghai, death of second wife, sale of International “Working to pay his own tuition, room, and board,
Nutrition Foundation, Taiwan work, Indonesian plant, Miller led guided tours through the sanitarium and food
Trinidad, Libya, Japan, old age and relationship with William factory, which forced him to learn more about the various
Shurtleff, the “Great Man.” Contains 5 photos, and a sidebar foods (America’s first meat analogs and breakfast cereals)
titled “Early History of Soymilk.” and how they were made. Miller was deeply influenced
Among the many people who pioneered in bringing by the personality and teachings of Dr. J.H. Kellogg, who
soyfoods to America and to the West, two men of great personally taught a number of the classes Miller attended,
vision, dedication, and perseverance deserve special treated him like a son, and helped put him through college.
mention: Dr. Harry W. Miller and William J. Morse. Dr. One of America’s great pioneers of both nutrition and of
Miller, the well-known ‘China Doctor’(after his biography soyfoods, Kellogg stressed to the small class the importance
by that title), was a world-famous missionary doctor and of preventive medicine, nutrition, and diet. He strongly
surgeon, and founder of more than 15 Seventh-day Adventist opposed the use of alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, and narcotics.
hospitals around the world. He was one of those unique Miller later noted that almost all the students in the small
individuals who was both a dreamer and a doer, and who class lived past the age of 90; Kellogg lived to age 91, Miller
inspired almost everyone who knew him. to 97½ and one classmate to 101.
“Like W.J. Morse, he considered it his personal “Miller graduated in 1902 and was married to a
‘responsibility to awaken the West to the wonders of the classmate-doctor, Maude Thompson, the same year. During
soybean and to promote its use as food. (But where Morse an internship autopsy, Dr. Miller cut his finger badly and
was interested in soybean agronomy, livestock feeding, and suddenly contracted systemic blastomycosis, an infection
food, Miller was interested only in food uses.) Dr. Miller considered at the time to be fatal. With deep faith he prayed
can also be considered the founder of the modern soymilk to God, promising that if he were to be healed, he would
renaissance in Asia. The development and popularization of go anywhere in the Lord’s service. To the astonishment of
soyfoods, and especially soymilk, was his lifelong hobby and his doctors, Miller was miraculously healed. This greatly
despite his other numerous and demanding careers, he never deepened his faith. Shortly thereafter a call came from the
lacked the time, over a span of almost 75 years, to continue Adventist church for a missionary doctor in China. Miller
his ongoing research and work in this new field that he loved accepted the challenge. For the rest of his life he prayed
so well. for his patients before all operations (minor or major), and,
“Growing Up (1879-1902): The first of five children according to others, apparently his great faith was rewarded
of Amanda Ehlers and John Oliver Miller, Harry was born by their recovery.
in a log cabin on a farm in the small town of Ludlow Falls, “Early Years in China (1903-1911): In October 1903,
Ohio (just north of Dayton) on 2 July 1879. His father was Dr. Miller and Maude, together with another physician
a school teacher. He later wrote that he delighted in working couple, sailed for China, stopping briefly in Japan. In Kobe,
on the family farm but found it ‘disgusting’ to have to kill at the home of fellow Adventists, Myrtle Lockwood first
and eat the animals he had raised. When he was 12, Harry’s introduced Miller to soyfoods serving an entree called
parents became Seventh-day Adventists. Two years later, Tofu Loaf, with which Miller was particularly impressed.
after much study, at the annual camp meeting, he and a In China the couple went deep into the interior, near the
friend decided to be baptized and become Adventist church center of Honan Province, where they found great poverty
members. and malnutrition. They both learned Chinese, dressed like
“At age 15 Harry entered secondary school at the the local people, and even adopted the hair style of a long
Adventist-run Mt. Vernon Academy in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. queue and shaved pate. They also ate Chinese foods, and

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soon Miller was visiting local tofu shops, learning about and to return to Shanghai to develop a network of Adventist
sampling tofu, yuba, curds, soymilk, and the like. He found health care facilities, the first of which was the Shanghai
that tofu was much more widely consumed than soymilk, Sanitarium and Hospital, which opened January 1, 1928,
although the latter was quite widely used as a spicy hot with Dr. Miller as medical director. Deeply touched by the
breakfast soup and a warm, sweetened beverage. Dr. Miller high infant mortality rate caused by malnutrition, Dr. Miller
later said (1961) that many Chinese and other East Asians began again in 1926 to turn his attention to soymilk, working
told him that they did not drink much soymilk since they on it steadily in his spare time at a small food plant located
believed it caused them intestinal disturbances, which tofu behind the hospital building. A growing number of orphaned
did not. Perhaps this was why soymilk was not generally fed infants began to appear at the hospital. Their only hope of
to infants-and children. finding food was to find a wet nurse or to be fed cow’s milk,
“In 1905, Dr. Miller’s beloved wife died suddenly of an which was very expensive in China and which not all infants
unknown disease. He was 26. 0ut of his deep sadness grew tolerated well.
an even deeper commitment to help the impoverished and “Dr. Miller was determined to develop a soymilk that
suffering millions of China. After a brief return to America had good flavor and digestibility, could be formulated
two years later, where he married Marie Iverson, Miller to nutritional equivalency to mother’s milk, was low in
returned to Shanghai. Two daughters were born in 1908 and cost, and had a good storage life. Preparing his soymilk at
1910. Then Dr. Miller contracted a severe unknown disease the small soy plant in the typical Chinese way, with cold
and was forced to return to America in 1911. extraction of the soymilk from the okara, followed by
“Washington, D.C. (1912-1925): Miller eventually cooking, he began to study ways to remove the beany flavor
managed to heal himself of what he later learned was a and make the soymilk more digestible.
vitamin deficiency illness called sprue. During recovery he “On his medical travels in other parts of China, and
taught the Bible at Mt. Vernon Academy, his former alma in Korea and Japan, he visited tofu shops and studied their
mater and in 1912 his first son. Harry Willis, Jr., was born. methods. He believed that the beany flavor resulted from
Soon he was called to the position of medical superintendent natural oils in the soybean; perhaps if the soymilk were spray
and surgeon of the Adventist-run Washington Sanitarium and dried and then reformulated with fresh soy oil, the flavor
Hospital, which he developed into a Mecca for congressional would improve.
leaders of the day. He became consulting physician to three “In the early 1930s, returning to America on furlough, he
U.S. presidents. In Washington he pioneered new techniques purchased the necessary equipment for a small soy dairy and
of thyroid goiter surgery, which lowered fatalities from 50 had it shipped to China; a motorized stone mill, an American
percent to about one percent. He eventually performed over extractor, and a small homogenizer. Soon he was making
6,000 goiter surgeries around the world. In Washington he improved formulated soymilk for the babies, patients, and
also met Dr. W.J. Morse and Dr. J.A. LeClerc, both soy staff at the Shanghai Sanitarium. The Chinese, too, liked the
pioneers from the USDA. He later wrote that these men filled flavor. Some friends cajoled that it was ‘undignified for a
him with ‘inspiration, enthusiasm, and information,’ and both talented surgeon to be always playing around with beans.’
later made frequent visits to Miller’s soymilk plant in Ohio. Miller was undaunted, yet the beany flavor persisted.
In 1915 a fourth child, Clarence, was born. “One day, in the mid 1930s, the breakthrough came as
“Prior to 1917 the Sanitarium had used a lot of dairy he was standing in the kitchen of the compound working
products on its vegetarian menus, but in that year, with with slurry from a tofu maker. He later wrote: ‘I heard a
World War I under way, all milk supplies from the local dairy divine voice behind me that said “why don’t you cook it
were requisitioned by the Walter Reed Military Hospital. The longer with live steam?” No one had ever thought of that
sanitarium bought its own herd, but the problems that Miller before. Soon the staff and patients noticed the improved
found with contamination, animal disease (tuberculosis), flavor and digestibility, and he added some soy oil or peanut
and the like, convinced him of the need to develop a good oil during homogenization to make it even better. With
alternative to dairy milk. In the small food plant connected new enthusiasm he began more baby feeding experiments.
with the hospital, where several soyfoods were already Soymilk was added to what was called the sanitarium’s
being produced for use in the lacto-vegetarian diet, Miller ‘Universal Diet,’ which also included whole wheat bread and
began a few basic soymilk experiments in 1925.” Continued. half polished rice, plus other soyfoods. During a trip to the
Address: Lafayette, California. Philippines at this time he learned from refiners of coconut
oil that steam distillation and flash pasteurization improved
343. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking flavor of foods containing fats by driving off volatile oils and
soymilk around the world (Continued–Document part II). gases.
Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter. “So promising was the new product that Miller began
• Summary: Continued. “Pioneering Soymilk in China to move forward on three fronts: controlled feeding studies
(1925-1939): In 1925 Miller accepted the church’s invitation on infants, establishment of a commercial soy, dairy,

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and application for a U.S. patent. In 1932 Dr. Miller had biscuits containing 40 percent okara from their soy dairy.)
established the Vetose Nutritional Laboratory for furtherance The Japanese occupied Shanghai in November, 1937, and
of his research. For two years (1936-37) he fed formulated soon thereafter the Shanghai Sanitarium was closed, to
soymilk to several hundred small children at the Shanghai become a refugee center. The political situation forced Miller
Clinic, running control tests with fresh cow’s milk and to leave Shanghai.
various types of American and European prepared baby On May 4, 1937, while his Shanghai soy dairy was
foods. The study turned out well and the results were still in full swing, Dr. Miller was awarded U.S. Patent No.
published in the April 1936 issue of the prestigious Chinese 2,078,962. He introduced methods for eliminating beany
Medical Journal, an English-language publication read flavor, and for the use of a centrifuge, and an homogenizer.
widely in the U.S. and China. Here it was officially noted In the patent he referred to his product as ‘vegetable milk;’
that babies could be nourished from birth fully as well with however subsequent pressure from the powerful dairy
soymilk as with animal milks. This led to increased interest industry and the USDA convinced him to Latinize the
in the product. Dr. Miller later wrote: ‘I regarded that work name to Soya-Lac. This term was first used in late 1939
as of far greater importance than the building up of the for Miller’s first American soymilk; the spelling had been
sanitarium because it had to do with the preservation of changed to the present one-word Soyalac by September
thousands of lives that otherwise would be lost if they did not 1941.
have a proper substitute for mother’s breast milk, since cow’ “Miller’s patented process was as follows: Soak 1 part
milk is beyond the economic level of the Chinese people by weight of soybeans in 8 parts of water at 60 to 75ºF for
and almost all Oriental races.’ In later years follow-up infant 6 to 10 hours. Grind well in a burr mill, adding a little water
feeding studies were done by other researchers using Dr. while grinding, to produce a mixture of 20 gallons water and
Miller’s soymilk at the Indigent Hospital in the Philippines, 25 pounds ground beans. Extract the soymilk through a fine
at Tokyo University, and at Ohio State University at the cloth in a centrifuge at 2,500 RPM in either of two ways:
Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. (1) before heating; or (2) after bringing to a boil, stirring
“In January 1936 Dr. Miller and his oldest son, constantly, in a caldron and simmering briefly. Now to the
Willis (who did much of the plant design and equipment simmering soymilk add 7 pounds each grain sugar (dextrose,
construction and was the production manager), opened a full- maltose) and oil plus 3 ounces salt. Return to the boil and
scale soy dairy, the first of its kind in the world, on Pingliang simmer, stirring constantly, for 30 to 60 minutes, or until
Road in Shanghai, not far from the Shanghai clinic. The milk the flavor changes from ‘beany’ to ‘nutty.’ Homogenize
was cooked with live steam in open-top kettles. Soon a fresh in a colloid mill or homogenizer to give a milk containing
liquid beverage, called Vetose Soya Milk, was available in 3.5 to 4 percent protein and 5 percent fat. Cool, bottle, and
natural, chocolate, and acidophilus flavors, in half-pint and refrigerate, or dehydrate.
quart bottles. The tangy acidophilus, cultured, bottled (but “From late 1937, Dr. Miller was in Hankow-Wuhan
not sterilized) and delivered chilled was a real favorite. Ice establishing the Wuhan Sanitarium Hospital, where he also
cream was sold to institutions and meat analogs were under had a small soy dairy. Eventually over 15,000 Chinese
development. Production skyrocketed, doubling each month. refugees, escaping the Japanese troops in the north, filled
Eventually the entire city of Shanghai had a soymilk route the hospital compound. Finally in January 1939, as the war
with thousands of families receiving door to door deliveries got too hot, Dr. Miller left China and returned to America
(by three-wheel pedicycles with carts behind them) of 3,000 in April of that year.” Continued. Address: Lafayette,
quarts and 4,000 half-pints a day. The commercial product California.
sold for less than dairy milks and cost less than one-fourth
as much to produce. The soymilk proved so successful that 344. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking
it was soon included in rations for the Chinese army. A soymilk around the world (Continued–Document part III).
system for making dehydrated soymilk was also set up using Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter.
a locally made Grey Jensen spray dryer; the government • Summary: Continued. “Introducing Soyfoods to America:
planned to use the dehydrated soymilk in rations that were Undaunted, Dr. Miller returned to the U.S., convinced that
lighter in weight and could be stored longer. soymilk was destined for worldwide acceptance. He decided
“But the Japanese were now invading China and on to settle in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, where he had formerly gone
August 13, 1937, just eight months after the plant opened, it to school and later taught. Dr. Miller’s oldest son, Willis,
was totally destroyed by Japanese crossfire and bombs. (At had returned from Shanghai after the plant there had been
the same time another soy dairy was being run by Julean destroyed and in 1938 started his own business, Miller’s
Arnold of California and Nellie Lee, a Chinese, both of Soy Foods, in Utica, New York. Later that year it moved to
the China Nutritional Aid Council, in Dr. Fu’s Children’s Washington, DC, and was successfully marketing canned
Hospital in Shanghai. They provided their soymilk to 25,000 soymilk, okara spreads, and gluten cutlets.
to 37,000 refugee children a day and distributed millions of “When Dr; Miller returned to the U.S. he suggested

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that he and his son go into business together; Willis liked but sold it only to the local Mt. Vernon hospital since he
the idea. Working with his son, Dr. Miller set up a company did not want to kill the culture by sterilization required for
called the International Nutrition Foundation and then began long distance distribution. (In 1934, Kellogg had patented a
searching for a suitable site in Mt. Vernon for their new soy similar acidophilus soymilk.) He made tofu from his basic
dairy. Soon they found a 140-acre farm, containing a number soymilk and did extensive experiments, working with Ohio
of fine springs, located several miles outside of town–and State University, in making a fermented tofu cheese; tofu
for the remarkably low price of $7,000. Dr. Miller borrowed was pressed as hard as possible, inoculated with Cheddar
money from his brother Clarence to purchase this farm, microorganisms, then allowed to ripen. The product was
then moved into the one large house on the property. Willis fairly good but often excess moisture in the tofu led to the
moved his soyfoods equipment from Washington, DC, into growth of unfriendly bacteria. Next came a soymilk ice
a garage near the house and got the plant running while the cream. Dr. Miller put all of his medical income into the
new buildings were being built. In April 1939 Clarence, Dr. soyfoods business and by 1940 the company was producing
Miller’s second son, left his job in Washington, DC, and an exciting line of vegetarian soyfoods and meat substitutes,
went to Mt. Vernon to help with the work; he later became sold nationwide, mostly at health food stores. A pamphlet
accountant and treasurer of the soy business. To help raise of that year lists the following, all sold under the brand
money for the soymilk operation, Dr. Miller set up a private name ‘Miller’s’: Soya Lac, a liquid soymilk in natural and
part time medical practice, with an office in one wing of the chocolate flavors sold in 13 ounce and 30 ounce cans. Soy-
local hospital. Although he had very little money, Dr. Miller A-Malt, spray dried soymilk in natural and chocolate flavors
made plans for a 60- by 130-foot building, which he planned in one-pound cans. Soya Sauce, produced in South China.
to enlarge later by adding a second story. A local high school Soya Curd, made by coagulating Soya Lac with lactic acid to
had been recently torn down and he obtained all the bricks make curds, then blending this with tomato puree, pimento,
for free if he would haul them away. So each evening after and soy sauce. Soya Loaf, made from a seasoned mixture of
his medical work was done, Dr. Miller and his sons trucked okara (soy pulp and gluten). Soya Spread, for sandwiches,
the bricks over to their land, cleaned them, and built the new also made from okara and sold in 16-ounce jars. Whole Soya
soy dairy building. The surgeon’s skilled hands were not too Bean Flour, a naturally alkaline full-fat soy flour. Green Soya
delicate for the rough work. The original building still stands Beans, canned, vegetable type. Giant Soya Beans, cooked
strong; today it houses the office, lab, and pilot plant where and canned mature vegetable-type soybeans, and Soya Beans
Loma Linda still makes Soyalac. with Tomato Sauce, edible soybeans canned with tomato
“The new plant was completed in the fall of 1939 and puree and malt.
the first products, canned Soya Lac (made in a pressure “Products added years later included Vegetable Chili
cooker and fortified with vitamins and minerals) and Soy-A- Con Carne and Vegetable Chop Suey, both sold in 16-ounce
Malt were available late that year; powdered Soya Lac was jars with wheat gluten used in place of meat. In 1942
first produced in 1940. But contrary to Miller’s expectations, Kellogg’s Battle Creek Food Company had a similar line of
the American public was simply not ready for soymilk; soyfoods: Soy Protose (a meat analog), Soy Gluten Wafers,
acceptance was painfully slow. He decided that, in order to canned Green Soybeans, Soy Flour, Soykee (soy coffee),
survive, he would have to develop new products, try to get and Soy Acidophilus. A few years later Dr. Miller developed
his soymilk approved by the American Medical Association, Vege-Links, the world’s first meatless wiener, made of
and, in the meantime, sell his soymilk and related soyfoods seasoned okara and wheat gluten packed in a sausage casing,
to ready markets in East Asia. and Vege-Chee, a cheese analog made of curdled soymilk.
“With his typical boundless energy, Dr. Miller, now “During the years that he was developing new products,
61 years old, started by setting up a plant near the soy Dr. Miller made countless trips to the American Medical
dairy to can fresh green soybeans of the tasty, large-seeded Association trying to convince them that the research he had
or vegetable variety, which were grown on the farm. done in China proved that his Soyalac was an acceptable
Partially because of the mushrooming growth of interest substitute for dairy milk in feeding both infants and adults.
in soyfoods during World War II (due to the rationing and But the AMA, apparently strongly influenced by the dairy
high prices of meat, milk, eggs, and cheese), these found a industry, refused to grant any recognition to the product.
ready market and became his most profitable product, with Finally, after one fruitless trip, a member of the board took
40,000 cases a year being sold at supermarkets and health Dr. Miller aside and explained frankly that he would never
food stores around the Midwest by 1943. The company’s get endorsement for his product unless he started to market
best selling product (which was not as profitable due to his product specifically for that 7 percent of U.S. infants
the high production costs) was Miller’s Cutlets, a canned who are allergic to cow’s milk, and avoided unfriendly
gluten entree. He began to develop other meat analogs comparisons with cow’s milk. Dr. Miller was not too pleased,
similar to those developed initially by Dr. J.H. Kellogg at since he had hoped that soymilk would gradually replace
Battle Creek. He now perfected his acidophilus soymilk cow’s milk in the American diet. He felt that soymilk made

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much more efficient use of the world’s land to feed people, grinder. He calmly picked up the severed part, walked into
and that it was a lower cost, more healthful product of his office, and sewed it back on.
comparable nutritional value. Yet he reluctantly accepted the “During the years he spent introducing soyfoods to
AMA’s advice and within a few months had their approval. America, Dr. Miller was one of the most active supporters
Soyalac began to be prescribed by physicians for allergic of the American Soybean Association, a regular speaker
infants and soon started to sell quite well.” Continued. at conventions and contributor of articles to the Soybean
Address: Lafayette, California. Digest. His first speech was “The Role of the Soybean in
Human Nutrition” (1940) and his first article “Soybeans and
345. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking the Orient” (1943), was followed by “Feeding the World
soymilk around the world (Continued–Document part IV). with Soya” (1946), “Survey of Soy Foods in East Asia”
Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter. (1948), and others. Then in September 1958 he was made
• Summary: Continued. “From 1939 to 1941 most of an honorary member of the Association and awarded a gold
Miller’s powdered soymilk and some of his other soyfoods medal.
were sold in the Philippines and China. However World War “By the late 1930s the seeds that Dr. Miller had planted
II cut off his business, so he began to promote his soymilk in East Asia began to sprout. It is interesting to note that most
more vigorously in the U.S. not only as an allergy-free infant of the remarkable expansion of interest in and production
formula that would not clog the nipple, but as a healthful of soymilk that has taken place throughout Asia during the
beverage that alkalized the bloodstream and was good for last half of the twentieth century can trace its origins directly
diabetics, postoperative patients, ulcer and colitis patients, back to the work of Dr. Miller.
and those with atherosclerosis. “While Dr. Miller was in Shanghai, an Adventist named
“Before World War II started, Dr. Miller had set up Howard Hoover had come and learned the soymilk process,
a branch of his International Nutrition Laboratory and a then started his own soy dairy and health food plant in a
Soymilk plant in the Philippines at 41 Nagtahan in Manila. mission school in Canton in about 1938. This was the first
It was run by Paul Sycip (pronounced SIS-up), a private offshoot.
Chinese Christian (but not Adventist) businessman, who had “In 1940 Mr. K.S. Lo of Hong Kong asked Hoover if
come briefly to Mt. Vernon to learn Miller’s process, and he would help him set up a plant. Hoover got approval from
buy equipment. Miller was in the Philippines helping to set Miller, then went to Hong Kong and designed Lo’s first
up the plant when the Japanese attacked. During the war the plant. [Note: K.S. Lo recalls the origin of has company quite
Japanese stole all of the soymilk equipment but did not harm differently; we accept his version of the story]. By 1940
the building. In 1948 Mr. Sinclair Pinnick, a foreman at the Lo’s Hong Kong Milk Factory was making homogenized
Mt. Vernon plant since 1944, went to the Philippines, took soymilk and selling it in natural and chocolate flavors, like
new equipment, and got the plant reestablished. It produced dairy milk, in standard half-pint bottles sealed with a paper
regular soymilk, the first ever in the Philippines. cap and hood. The soymilk was sweeter and a little thinner
“The expanding success of Soyalac encouraged the than Miller’s and had more of the natural (so-called beany)
growth of competing products but Dr. Miller didn’t mind. flavor, which the Chinese prefer. By 1942, when the Pacific
A true evangelist, he was happy to see the message finally War broke out, Lo’s company had gone broke. But in 1945,
reaching the people. after the war, the company reopened as the Hong Kong Soya
“To fully appreciate Dr. Miller’s great energy and Bean Products Co., Ltd, and reintroduced their product, now
diverse talents, we should note that during the early called Vitasoy, not as a milk substitute, but as the world’s
1940’s, as he developed, produced, and marketed his line first soymilk soft drink. By 1974 Vitasoy passed Coca Cola
of innovative new soyfoods, he also maintained an active to become Hong Kong’s best selling soft drink, with sales of
medical practice, partially because the other two doctors at 150 million bottles a year. In the meantime many other large
the hospital where he worked were called for military duty, soymilk plants had started up in Singapore, Malaysia, and
and partially to support his work. Prior to World War II he Thailand.
would fly to the Philippines about once a year, do 12 to 15 “In 1948 the Chinese Quartermaster Department, with
thyroid surgeries a day for two to three weeks, give half of the help of Dr. Miller’s son, Willis, set up the largest soymilk
his income to the hospital there, then return to America with plant in the world in Shanghai, using a process patterned
the balance. In 1942 he and his brother bought the local after that used in Ohio, to make spray-dried soymilk. Costing
hospital in Mt. Vernon where he worked; his son Clarence over $1,000,000, it had a capacity of 5 tons of dry soymilk
came in to manage, renovate, and expand it. Miller was the every 12 hours. The dried soymilk would be mixed with
only surgeon in Knox County (population 35,000). puffed rice, pressed into wafers, and packed into cans, then
“At his Mt. Vernon soy dairy, Miller was always the first opened in the field and soaked with hot water for rations.
one to start the day’s work. One day, while experimenting The plant was completed and ready for operation (Dr. Miller
with a new formula, he cut off end of his finger in a food was at the dedication ceremony) just prior to the Communist

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takeover of Shanghai in 1949. percent of its future research was on soyfoods. He bought a
“Research and Work Around The World (1949-1977): home nearby. For the three years following his wife’s death
In 1949, at age 70, Dr. Miller accepted the invitation of the he worked intensively on soyfoods research. In 1951 Loma
Adventist church to take over the direction of the Shanghai Linda first introduced Soyagen, a lightly fortified soymilk for
Sanitarium and reestablish a soy dairy there. China was in adults to match their Soyalac for babies. Miller did extensive
the throes of revolutionary war and Shanghai was still held work on further eliminating the beany flavor from soymilk
by the Nationalist forces. A daring pilot dropped Miller at using a vacuum pan and flash pasteurization. By 1958 his
the besieged Shanghai airport, hardly pausing to stop. But labs had developed new and improved soymilks, soy cream,
Shanghai fell to the Communists in May 1949; Miller was improved acidophilus soymilk and ice cream, cottage cheese,
soon evacuated, and returned to America. a soy-cream cheese spread, cholesterol-free cheese, and
“In 1950 Dr. Miller’s second wife died. Shortly a non-dairy margarine.” Continued. Address: Lafayette,
thereafter he decided to sell his Mt. Vernon business. There California.
was the increasing pressure of running a food plant and
although sales were good ($1.25 million gross in 1950) 346. Shurtleff, William. 1981. Dr. Harry Miller: Taking
profits were only $120,000 due to high taxes. He wanted to soymilk around the world (Continued–Document part V).
devote more of his time to research and medicine. Although Soyfoods 1(4):28-36. Winter.
offered a large sum of money by a private company outside • Summary: Continued. “In 1953, at the age of 74, he
the Adventist denomination, he decided to divide the married for a third time (his wife was about 35) and shortly
company into two parts, the meat analogs and the soymilk thereafter was asked to establish an Adventist Sanitarium
plus related products, and sell these to Adventist-run firms. in Taipei, Taiwan. With it, of course, he started a soy dairy
In June 1950 he sold the meat-analog part of his business at a school, which supplied the school, the Sanitarium, and
(gluten meats, nut loaves, frankfurters, etc.) to Worthington the surrounding community with soymilk daily. In 1956,
Foods in Worthington, Ohio, a private company owned when it came time for Miller to leave Taiwan, Generalissimo
by Adventist laymen that had been making meat analogs Chiang Kai-shek personally gave him China’s highest
since 1939. They bought the patents, recipes and formulas, award, the Blue Star of China, in appreciation for his
equipment, technology, and good will that went with Miller’s tireless service to the people of China in saving the lives
meat analog business. Most of these analogs contained no of thousands of infants with the use of soymilk and in
soy. Worthington kept the brand name “Miller’s” for several establishing some twelve sanitarium-hospital clinics. At
years thereafter as they sold Miller’s Cutlets, Miller’s Burger, the time, the Generalissimo, who had been a former patient
Miller’s Stew, Vege-Links, and the like. Willis Miller worked of Dr. Miller’s, recalled how he had become so fond of the
with Worthington for some time after the sale. sanitarium’s soymilk that he had once sent his private plane
“In early 1951, Dr. Miller sold the rest of his business over 1,000 miles to Shanghai to replenish his supply.
at a very low price (book value) to Loma Linda Foods of “In 1954 the World Health Organization became
Riverside, California. This sale included the Mt. Vernon interested in Miller’s work with soymilk. His oldest son,
land, buildings, equipment, technology, and recipes and H.W. (Bill) Miller supervised the construction of a joint FAO
formulas for soymilk, canned fresh green soybeans, / UNICEF soymilk plant in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia,
Vege-Cheese (a canned tofu cottage cheese) and related which opened in 1957 and produced about two tons a day of
products. All these products continued to be produced in a spray-dried soymilk called Saridele.
Ohio. Loma Linda Foods, an integral part of the Seventh- “After filling in for other surgeons in Trinidad and Libya
day Adventist Church, was founded in 1906 and had run from 1956 to 1957, Miller went to Japan in 1957 to spend
a plant in Riverside making meat analogs, soymilk, and seven months as medical director and surgeon at the Tokyo
other foods since 1936. Dr. Miller had always believed that Sanitarium-Hospital. He was now 79. Despite his busy
the process for making soymilk was not something that he medical routine, he found time to set up a small soymilk
had originated; the key to it had been a gift to him from a pilot plant in the hospital kitchen where they made soymilk,
higher power. Thus, he felt it was simply not his to sell. So soy whipping cream, soy ice cream, and soy spread, which
he gave the process to the Adventist church but sold the rest were served to the staff and patients. In cooperation with the
of the business to Loma Linda Foods (they operate the Mt. Japanese Ministry of Health, he then developed the concept
Vernon plant to this day), and loaned them the money to of helping existing small tofu producers to set up a soymilk
buy it. They paid him in installments and he returned half operation right in their shops by adding on a boiler, pressure
of the money to them for them to set up laboratories and a cooker, homogenizer, cooler, and bottler. The equipment
pilot plant in their headquarters at 11503 Pierce Boulevard could be installed for less than $2,000 and would enable
in Riverside (the town was then called Arlington). Here he each plant to produce 150 pounds of tofu and 200 gallons of
established the International Nutrition Research Foundation, soymilk a day using three trained workers. Miller personally
which he further endowed heavily with his own funds; 95 helped at least one small rural tofu shop set up such a

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system; their soymilk was sold fresh and hot or cold and soyfoods research. He lived about one mile from Loma
bottled for half the price of fresh dairy milk. Linda Foods in Riverside, and he walked to work each
“Starting in about 1955 Dr. Miller began to recommend morning. He continued his experiments with tofu and
that the Adventist-run Japan Saniku School serve soymilk soymilk, making improved acidophilus soymilk, tofu-based
instead of cow’s milk to the students; however the staff cheese, and cheese spreads. He made a good tofu-based
hesitated because of questions about its nutritional value Cheddar cheese but could not make it melt. His later years
and flavor. In 1957 two Japanese Adventists, Mr. Hidekazu were not as productive as they might have been since, in
Watanabe and Mr. Hanzo Ueda (who ran a tofu shop at the old age, he had lost most of his sense of smell; when he
time) started making Japan’s first soymilk on a small scale in would ask others how new products tasted, they would often
Hachioji, Tokyo, bottling it in 180-ml bottles, and selling it tend to flatter him instead of giving an honest and objective
locally. Mr. Watanabe later described the great value to them response. Yet this work was still of real potential value.
of Dr. Miller’s ongoing technical, nutritional, and spiritual “In 1972 the Southern Asia Division of the Adventist
guidance. church asked Mr. Pinnick of Mt. Vernon to go to India to
“After some time, directors of the Saniku School set up a soymilk plant at their Spicer Memorial College in
visited the small soymilk plant, liked the soymilk flavor, and Poona. In March 1973 Dr. Miller flew over from Hong Kong
understood its nutritional value. In 1959 they bought similar to help the operation get started. Pinnick writes: ‘He would
equipment, set up a small plant in the school, and started to work all day with us at the plant (at age 94) then spend
produce soymilk, which was bottled in 180-ml bottles and nearly-every evening speaking to some group on healthful
served to the students at every meal. In 1969 the Saniku living. There seemed to be no limit to his endurance.’
School set up an independent food production company “Starting in 1975, while in Japan, I exchanged numerous
called College Health Foods (which later became today’s letters with Dr. Miller. He typed each letter himself and was
Saniku Foods) and through it, with the help of Loma Linda always full of questions about new developments in tofu
Foods in America, began to produce Soyalac soymilk infant and soymilk production in Japan. In 1976 he sponsored
formula. That same year, the Luppy Soymilk Company and hosted a program about tofu and soymilk that my wife
started and went on to produce Japan’s first widely popular and I did for several hundred members of the faculty and
commercial soymilk. community of Loma Linda University, La Sierra campus.
“By 1980 Japan’s largest soymilk producers were Kibun During the day of our visit he took us through his pilot plant
Foods (33,000 pacs a day), Saniku Foods (23,000 pacs a and described his latest experiments making tofu-based
day), Okazaki Marusan (23,000 pacs a day), and Mitsubishi fermented cheese spreads. He seemed extremely alert and
Kasei (18,000 pacs a day), A typical pac is 200 ml (6.8 fluid well informed.
ounces). “Dr. Miller died on New Year’s Day, 1977, at the age of
“Prior to 1960, a small soymilk plant similar to 97, just as he was getting ready to go to his beloved church.
those established by Miller in Japan, was set up at the “Harry Miller was a shining example of what the
Adventist-run Mountain View College in Central Mindanao, Chinese call ‘The Great Man.’ He dedicated his life to the
Philippines. The college farm raised edible soybeans and the welfare of all beings, human and nonhuman. He chose a
700 students were served fresh soymilk each morning for life of voluntary simplicity, finding his real joy in giving.
breakfast and fresh tofu for lunch. Close associates estimate that, in professional fees alone,
“In 1960 Dr. Miller again accepted the invitation of the he turned over some $2.5 million to the hospitals, church,
Adventist church to start a new hospital, this time in Hong and nutritional work with which he was connected. Spiritual
Kong. As always, it was accompanied by a little soymilk values were at the center of his life. Though world famous,
plant. By 1960 soy dairies had also been established in Hong he was the most humble of men; though very busy, he had
Kong at the South China Union College and at an Adventist- time for each person who needed him. His vision was fifty
run college in Bandung, Indonesia. years ahead of his time. He left an indelible impression on
“Dr. Miller spent most of his time from 1960 to 1973 in the world. Would that he could he here with us now to see
East Asia. He practiced surgery until the age of 93. In 1961 the blossoming of his work in America and around the globe.
his biography China Doctor by Raymond S. Moore was “The author wishes to give special thanks to Dr.
published by Harper & Bros. In 1963 Dorothea Van Gundy Miller’s two sons, Willis and Clarence, and to Glen Blix,
Jones in The Soybean Cookbook wrote: ‘Certainly Dr. Miller plant manager at the Loma Linda Mt. Vernon plant, for
has done more than any other person to introduce soybeans extensive information provided in interviews and letters. For
and soybean products, especially the milk, to the population a bibliography of Dr. Miller’s publications, send a SASE to
of this country.’ Soyfoods magazine.” Address: Lafayette, California.
“In 1973 Dr. Miller formally retired from medical
practice and returned to California, where he spent the last 347. Stunkard, Jamie. 1981. Soymilk ice cream: The
few years of his life doing the work he loved so much: vegetarian’s dream. Soyfoods 1(4):64. Winter.

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• Summary: Describes the key components of the “soymilk

ice cream” developed by Joy of Soy. The company has “just 351. Murray, Megan Baldrige. 1981. Tofu fever in New
started marketing an orange soy ice using orange concentrate York. 3 p. June 30. Unpublished English-language
and orange oil.” Gives a commercial scale recipe for Carob- manuscript. Published in Japanese in Sept.
Honey Soy Dream (soymilk ice cream): 5 gallons soymilk • Summary: “This American tofu lover, David Mintz...
(7-8% solids), 10 cups honey, 1.5 lbs. carob powder, 1.5 cups started experimenting with tofu as a milk and cheese
tahini, 1.5 cup sesame oil, 2 tablespoons miso, 2 tablespoons substitute five years ago [i.e. in 1976]... Mintz found that
cinnamon. Address: Co-proprietor, Joy of Soy, Minneapolis, he could make cream sauces, quiches, and souffles without
Minnesota. needing to use dairy products if instead he used tofu. Says
Mintz, ‘I’ve got tofu fever. Its a food of the future, a miracle
348. Jacobson, Al. 1981. Pioneering soyfoods in Los Angeles food... The whole secret is tofu’s flexibility. It lends itself to
(Two interviews). Conducted by William Shurtleff of becoming Dutch chocolate ice cream, and it can also become
Soyfoods Center, March 30 and April 13. 2 p. transcript. roast duck... I dream about it. Its a miracle food I never
• Summary: His work with soyfoods started in early 1979. expected to see. I have to learn how to harness it.’
He was introduced to Farm Foods at the New Earth Expo on “After several years experimentation with ice creams
15-18 March 1979, then started to distribute Farm Foods’ based on tofu, Mintz is now producing his own tofu ice
products on a small scale 2-3 months later–in their packaging creams... in several flavors: vanilla, chocolate, maple-walnut,
under their label. He sold a lot of Farm Foods’ tofu salad peach, apple, apricot rum, and peanut butter & chocolate.
(he couldn’t keep up with the demand), but they didn’t want He is making 275 gallons a week... Mintz loves to introduce
him to distribute their Ice Bean (soy ice cream) because he his customers to tofu. He is proud of the tofu wedding he
didn’t have any freezer trucks. Then about 2 months later recently planned, in which the bride and groom started off
Farm Foods dropped Al to go with Nature’s Finest (NF), their married life on a tofu menu.” Address: New York.
a bigger distributor–but that new arrangement didn’t work
out since NF didn’t have a any freezer trucks either. That 352. Product Name: [Kibun Soymilk Ice Cream].
fall, Al considered coming out with his own tofu salad. Manufacturer’s Name: Kibun.
Then Robert Tepper of Farm Foods called Al and asked if Manufacturer’s Address: Tokyo, Japan.
he wanted to distribute the salad again. He replied “No, but Date of Introduction: 1981. June.
I’d like to have you make my product for for me under my How Stored: Frozen.
label.” Farm Foods said okay. This product under Al’s label New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985.
sold even better than before. It was his second soy product, Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 94. “Japan’s first modern
after Cottage Tofu, which was also made by Farm Foods soymilk ice cream was made by Kibun no later than June
in San Francisco. By late 1979 he was marketing a Cottage 1981.” Soya Bluebook. 1987. p. 92. Address: Shinbashi 3-2-
Tofu, Tofu no-Egg Salad, and Super Tofu (curried spread). 5, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105.
Address: Garden of Eatin’, Los Angeles, California.
353. Product Name: Tofu Time Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert
349. Prevention (Emmaus, Pennsylvania). 1981. A health [Carrot-Raisin, Chocolate, Vanilla, Walnut, Maple-Walnut,
food dictionary: Soybeans. March. p. 144-46. Peach, Apple, Apricot-Rum, or Peanut Butter-Chocolate].
• Summary: Soybean foods include soybean oil, tofu, tamari, Manufacturer’s Name: Mintz’s Buffet.
soy milk, tempeh, miso, soybean sprouts, soy flour, soy ice Manufacturer’s Address: 1040 Third Ave. (between 61-62
cream, and soy nuts. St.), New York City, NY 10021.
The article ends: “Do yourself a favor. Get to know the Date of Introduction: 1981. June.
soybean.” Address: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Ingredients: Incl. tofu.
How Stored: Frozen.
350. Garden of Eatin’. 1981. Invoice, catalog, and order New Product–Documentation: Leaflet. 1981, undated
form. Los Angeles, California. 1 p. April 20. 28 cm. and roughly handwritten (Black on pink, 20 x 14 cm. Single
• Summary: Soy products: Honorable Tofu (16 oz). sided). “Tofu Time. Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert. Glatt Kosher
Honorable Tofu Dri-Pak (16 oz). Honorable Tofu Salad (8 Pareve. ‘It’s Beyond Cream.’”
oz). Cottage Tofu (8 oz or 16 oz). Tofu No Egg Salad (8 oz Cook. 1983. Home News (NY). Aug. 24. p. D1. “New
or 16 oz). Super Tofu (16 oz). frozen ice cream dessert uses healthy tofu as base for mix.”
Ice Dream (soy ice cream, each in 3½ oz or pint): Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.
Vanilla, Strawberry, Tropical Fruit, Maple Nut, Carob Mint. p. 56. This product was renamed Tofutti in late summer,
Written in by hand: Baloogie Foofoo (mild or wild). 1981. It was sold commercially inside Mintz’s Buffet from
Jerky Soy. Address: 5300 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles, that time, and to other retail outlets from May 1982.
California 90029. Phone: (213) 462-5406 or 5421.

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354. Smith, Paul. 1981. Re: Pioneering work with debittered “We were amongst the first people in Australia to use
full fat soy flour and with soybeans in Australia. Soybean soya beans to make products for human consumption, in
production in Australia. Letter to William Shurtleff at particular heat-treated or debittered full fat soy flour. We
Soyfoods Center, undated. 2 p. Handwritten. Plus comments were actively involved with the first commercial crops of
on draft of History chapter. soybeans grown in Australia in the early 1950s at Kingaroy;
• Summary: Comments on “History of Soya in Australia” we even had a plot of several varieties of soyabeans growing
manuscript: Vincent R. Smith was a soyfoods pioneer in in our own backyard for several years from about 1953-
Australia. In 1951-52 he began to manufacture Australia’s 55. Though the bushes grow, the soybeans never mature
first whole (full-fat) heat-treated (debittered) soy flour. From properly. We also did some interesting work in canning beans
1953-54 to 1974-75 V.R. Smith also canned soybeans in in tomato sauce or purée and in manufacturing soy meat
tomato sauce or puree. In 1956 he founded Soy Products of substitutes. In addition to our conventional bakery and small
Australia Pty. Ltd. Between 1965 and 1974-75 Mr. Smith goods outlets, our own specialty products and breakfast
developed and manufactured two soyabean meat substitutes– cereals, we are now supplying several small manufacturers
Soya Bean Luncheon Loaf, and Savoury Roast–for Bellevue of tofu, soymilk with soybeans, soy flour (raw), and soy
Health Supplies, as part of his product range within F.G. grits (raw) and have recently become involved in tempeh
Roberts’ Health Foods Proprietary Ltd. This latter company manufacture. The trend here in Australia is definitely
has since been absorbed within Soy Products of Australia following that in the USA and interest seems to have grown
Pty. Ltd. Technically and nutritionally these products were dramatically in the last year or so. Soyfoods seem to have
excellent, but they were discontinued due to rising labour taken off... Unless you can afford shiploads, freight to
costs, the small Australian market, and competition from Australia is a killer, so we do our best to avoid importing
larger, more highly automated companies like Sanitarium soybeans.
and Heinz. At the time, possibly due to the very cheap cost “I am enclosing a recent newspaper article about a tofu
of meat in Australia, there was very little market interest in producer. We supply him with soy flour for making his tofu
soyabeans either as a food, meat substitute, and/or extender. and soymilk.”
By 1981 Soya Products of Australia Pty. Ltd. was Concerning soyabean production in Australia:
making debittered full-fat soy flour and grits, Soy Crunch “Soyabeans are widely grown in Australia from just north
(a breakfast cereal containing soy grits), Soy Compound of Shepparton in Victoria (120 miles north of Melbourne),
(containing dry soymilk, whole soy flour, malt, and lactose), through the Riverina district of southern New South Wales
and several types of Muesli containing soy grits. The (NSW), through central, north, and northeastern NSW; the
company’s main role is in supplying high grade, human Darling Downs area (around Toowoomba) and Kingaroy
consumption quality raw (enzyme active) and debittered districts of Queensland. More recently soyabeans have been
(heat-treated) soy grits and soy flour to industry [food grown in Western Australia, near Perth.
processors] for a wide variety of uses: cakes, biscuits, bread, “A great deal of work has gone into developing suitable
bread premixes, pizzas, breakfast cereals and mueslis, varieties of soyabeans for Australian conditions; much of this
hamburgers, smallgoods, baby foods, soy milk, soy ice has been built on American research and experience. U.S.,
cream, tofu, and calf- and piglet rations. Chinese and Australian beans, while generally similar, are
Interest in soyfoods is growing in Australia, and will very different to handle and process, in our experience.
continue to grow fostered by increasing health consciousness “Initially, soyabeans were grown under natural rainfall
and the rising prices of meats of all kinds. After the end but this is now rare as bean size tends to be small and yield
of the Vietnam war in 1975, there was a big influx of poor. Soyabeans are definitely not suited to dryland farming
Vietnamese into Australia, swelling the number to 50,000, of techniques. Nearly all soya beans now grown in Australia are
which 30,000 are ethnic Chinese. There are also some 10,000 grown under irrigation.”
Indonesians currently residing in Sydney alone. Update (March 1995): Paul Smith joined this family-run
Letter: “Thank you for your hospitality during my visit company in April 1980. In 1981 he was just starting to learn
to the USA... We are now more than fully occupied running, about its history. By 1986 he had done extensive research
maintaining, and expanding our soy flour mill and our health and writing (which see) on the company history, which
food business. In the last two years we have made substantial showed that it had much earlier and very interesting origins.
improvements in our quality control, throughput, and heat- Address: Soy Products of Australia Pty. Ltd., 69 Power Road,
treatment process. We have also been working on improving Bayswater, VIC 3153, Australia. Phone: (03) 729-1738 or
our bulk unloading and grain cleaning system, and plans for 729-3611.
extending and further automating our plant are well in hand...
We are actively participating in research and development 355. Jacobson, Al. 1981. Labels that tell...sell. Soyfoods No.
work on soy flour and its end uses: particularly in the areas 5. p. 44-45. Summer.
of liquid and powdered soymilks and soy ice cream. • Summary: Jacobson is the 67 year old founder and

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president of Garden of Eatin’, Inc. in Los Angeles. Across Aoyagi. The small tofu shop, by Dik Rose. Tempeh making
the bottom of the article are clear photos of the labels of six demonstration, at White Wave. Lecture: The nutritional value
soyfood products: Cottage Tofu, Tofuna, Mild Jerky Soy, of extruded foods, by Dr. Richard Jansen. Expo open. Class
Tofu “No Cheese” Cake (cheesecake), Vegie Yaki, and Ice period 6: How to open a tofu or tempeh plant, by William
Dream. Across the top of the first two labels is printed the Shurtleff. Infant and child nutrition, by Dr. Barbara Smith.
registered trademark “Tofu never had it so good!” Soyfoods desserts cooking class, by Darrilyn Jackson.
Two photos show Jacobson in a chef’s top hat, across Seminar: Recall programs for soyfoods, by Dr. Joseph
the front of which is written “Wizard of foods.” Address: Rakosky. Lecture: Soyfoods & the natural foods industry, by
Garden of Eatin’, Los Angeles. Gil Johnson. Tofu cheesecake bake-off awards. Live music &
refreshments.
356. Leviton, Richard. comp. 1981. Soyfoods in America. Sat., July 11. How to open a tofu business on nothing
The Fourth Annual Soycrafters Association Conference on down, by Al Jacobson. Soyfoods & the kosher market,
Producing and Marketing Soyfoods: Schedule, abstracts, by Chananyah Kronenberg. Government taxes and small
expo information, the menu, registration list, and directory of business, by Dr. Terry Lantry. Demonstrations: Design
instructors. Colrain, Massachusetts: Soycrafters Assoc. 150 and maintenance of the soy plant, by Steve Fiering (at
p. Held 8-12 July 1981 at Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, White Wave). Soysage production, by Jamie Stunkard &
CO. No index. 28 cm. Bob Davis (at White Wave). Seminars: Quality assurance
• Summary: These proceedings were given to the registrants programs, by Dr. Joseph Rakosky. Tofu and institutional
when they arrived. Schedule: Wed., July 8. Lectures: feeding, by Thelma Dalman and Maxine Prairie. Class
Directions for the soyfoods industry, by Richard Leviton. period 8: Sweden’s first tofu plant, by Dr. Ted Nordquist.
Soyfoods: Protein source of the future, by William Shurtleff. Quick home tempeh method, by Linda Gilbert. Frozen tofu
Thurs., July 9. Class period 1: Review of tofu- cooking class, by Robin Clute. Expo open. Lecture: Tofu
making equipment, by Larry Needleman. International from cottonseeds, by Dr. Khee Choon Rhee. Class period
soyfoods cooking class, by Melodie Phipps. Small business 9: Tempeh microbiology and technology, by Chananyah
management, by Dr. Harry Kreuckeberg. Tofu plant tour. Kronenberg. Financial management, by Dr. Oscar Varela.
Seminars: Sensory evaluation, part I, by Adrian Pearson. Tofu production cost control and analysis, by John Baldwin.
Soyfoods & human nutrition, part I, by Dr. Joseph Rackis, Mexican village soya cooking class, by Blanca Dominguez.
chairman. Home soymilk preparation, by Linda Gilbert. Seminar: Principles of tofu production, by Dr. Hwa Wang,
Tempeh production laboratory, by Dr. Clifford Hesseltine Dr. C. Hesseltine, Dr. K.C. Rhee. Dinner. Square dance.
[NRRC, Peoria, Illinois], chairman. Class period 2: Soyfoods Sunday, July 12. Class period 10: Soyfoods in the
master chef cooking class, by Akiko Aoyagi. The Real Food North Woods cooking class, by Demetria Nanos Hamdorf.
Tofu Cafe, by Dik Rose. Soyfoods marketing strategies, by Workers & management / conflict resolution. What are
Dr. Harry Krueckeberg. Tofu plant tour. Tempeh production organic soybeans, by Ardell Andersen. Open technical
laboratory II, by Dr. Clifford Hesseltine, chairman. Lecture: seminar on soyfoods, by William Shurtleff. Tempeh
Low cost extrusion cooking, by Dr. Judson Harper. Expo producers roundtable: Dr. Clifford Hesseltine, chairman.
opens. Class period 3: Cooking soyfoods, macrobiotic Lectures: The woman’s role in promoting soya in Mexico, by
style, by Rebecca Greenwood. Effective advertising and Blanca Dominguez. Morinaga aseptically packaged tofu, by
promotion, by Dr. Harry Krueckeberg. Seminars: Levels Kunisuke Kuwahara. Closing remarks, by Richard Leviton.
of tofu production, Luke Lukoskie, chairman. Introduction A SANA business meeting was held on Sat. July 11,
to nutrition and dietary analysis, by Jennifer Andersen & starting at 7:00 p.m., moderated by Luke Lukoskie of
Suzy Pelican. Lectures: The view from tofu towers, by Island Spring (president) and Richard Leviton (Executive
Thelma Dalman. The history of soybeans in the West, by Dr. Director). Format: President’s report, by Luke Lukoskie.
Theodore Hymowitz. The year in review: Progress, problems Financial report, by Richard Leviton. Proposals, by Richard
& challenges, by William Shurtleff. Leviton. Open discussion. Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain,
Fri., July 10. Class period 4: Tofu in Ecuador cooking Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591.
class, by Ricardo Jennings. Quality control of soy products,
by Dr. Joseph Maga. Labor / management relations, by Dr. 357. Londin, Louise. 1981. Soy delis & Mintz’s Buffet.
Ron Wiggins. Demonstrations: Tofu making, at White Wave, Soyfoods No. 5. p. 6-7. Summer.
Boulder, Colorado. Soymilk ice cream, by Jamie Stunkard • Summary: Discusses the Good Nature Deli in Oak Park,
& Al Jacobson. Extrusion cooking, by Dr. Ron Tribelhorn. Illinois, started on 14 December 1980 by Kevin O’Brien
Seminars: Soyfoods & human nutrition, by Dr. J. Rackis, and Mary Ellen Sackett; The Soyateria in Toronto, Canada,
chairman. Sensory evaluation, part 2, by Adrian Pearson. situated in front of Soy City Foods and started in 1980 by
Business management, by William Scott. Class period Jon Cloud; and Mintz’s Buffet (Glatt Kosher Cookery and
5: Soyfoods master chef cooking class, part 2, by Akiko Catering) in New York City. “David Mintz’s popular recent

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Londin, Louise. 1981. Soyfoods. Summer. p. 6-7.

“Mintz’s Buffet.” Note: Londin designed the first poster
and menu on which the term “Tofu Ice Kream” appeared.
Nation’s Restaurant News. 1981. Sept. 14. “His (Mintz’s)
most popular item is an imitation ice cream made with tofu
and called ‘tofu ice kream.’”
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
Creams. p. 56. This product was renamed Tofutti in late
summer, 1981. It was sold commercially inside Mintz’s
Buffet from that time, and to other retail outlets from May
1982.

359. Shurtleff, William. 1981. William Morse: The father of

soybeans in America (Continued–Part III). Soyfoods No. 5. p.
56-60. Summer.
• Summary: Continued: “Later years in America (1931-
1959): Morse returned to America in March 1931 with great
enthusiasm and interest in transmitting to America all that he
had learned in East Asia. He was now a principal agronomist
contribution to tofu cookery is his creamy, delicious Tofu
at the USDA Bureau of Plant Industry. With the stage set
Ice Kream, which has been attracting large numbers of
for the fruition of years of work and research that would
people into the shop. It is an original blend of tofu, soymilk,
transform the place of the soybean in the Western world, let
fresh fruits, natural essences of apples, figs and raisins, pure
us pause for a minute to ask, ‘What kind of a man was Bill
wildflower honey, egg whites, and soy oil. It comes in such
Morse?’
tempting flavors as country vanilla, old fashioned chocolate,
“In appearance, he was tall and lean, with a kind face
strawberries n’ kream, peaches n’ kream, apples n’ kream,
and soft features. Farmers all over America, with whom he
dutch nut chocolate, and apricot rum. At the Buffet, they call
had met and talked in their fields, might remember his baggy
him Mintz, the Prince of Tofu.” Photos show: David Mintz
suspendered pants, loose tie, and slouched hat, his great
at his Tofu Time ice cream machine. The deli case at Mintz’s
interest in their problems and successes.
Buffet.
“George Strayer, editor for 27 years of the American
Soybean Association’s Soybean Digest, who had
358. Product Name: Tofu Time Tofu Ice Kream [Country
known Morse since 1927, said of him: ‘He was a quiet,
Vanilla, Old-Fashioned Chocolate, Strawberries n’Kream,
unassuming, yet brilliant fellow, not particularly dynamic as
Peaches n’Kream, Apples n’Kream, Dutch Nut Chocolate, or
a speechmaker, but intensely interested in seeing soybeans
Apricot Rum].
progress. He would sit up half the night talking with people
Manufacturer’s Name: Mintz’s Buffet.
about soybeans and soyfoods.’
Manufacturer’s Address: 1040 Third Ave. (between 61 &
“An article by Mary Burr Pieters in the September 1944
62 Sts.), New York City, NY 10021. Phone: (212) 751-9367.
Soybean Digest described Morse as ‘modest and retiring
Date of Introduction: 1981. July.
but sure and right as rain... He studied, he traveled, he
How Stored: Frozen.
toiled, he experimented–he exhorted–and the result of all of
New Product–Documentation: See next 2 pages. Leaflet.
this singleness of purpose and devotion surely borders on
1981, June. (Black on pink, 20 x 14 cm. Single sided.
fantastic.’
“Louise Londin Design”). “Tofu Time. Tofu Ice Kream.
“Edward J. Dies, his close colleague, described him in
A Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert. Tofu is a low calorie, high
Gold from the Soil as ‘heedless of material gain or personal
protein pure food made from soybeans. Widely used as a
honor, shy, modest, agreeable, and easy going, but with the
health food tofu is a powerhouse of nutrition.” “Tofu Ice
repressed intensity of a crusader.’ Martin G. Weiss, who
Kream is an original blend of tofu, soy milk, fresh fruits,
worked under Morse for many years and succeeded him
natural essences of apples, figs and raisins, pure wildflower
when Morse retired, said of him: ‘He was a kindly man,
honey, egg whites and soy oil.”
always willing to encourage and give moral support to
Tofu Time Menu. 1981. Includes Tofu Ice Kreamin
his subordinates. He was loved by all, and his employees
7 flavors: Country Vanilla, Old Fashioned Chocolate,
worked hard–they never wished to disappoint him.’ His
Strawberries n’Kream, Peaches n’Kream, Apples n’Kream,
daughter Margaret described him in 1980 by saying: ‘He was
Dutch Nut Chocolate, or Apricot Rum. “Louise Londin
a gentle, soft-spoken person, who liked others and they liked
Design.”
him. He liked to tease, and the secretaries at his office all

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loved it. He was a very easy person to get along with; he was to introduce them. The variety Easycook (which took less
slow to anger and never cursed. He wasn’t aggressive; where than half as long as most field-type soybeans to become
some might push, he would give in. He was intelligent. His tender after boiling) was introduced to the U.S. in 1894 and
work came first. He was not financially ambitious.’ the Hahto was introduced in 1915. Morse mentioned both of
“After returning from East Asia, Morse was more these in The Soybean in 1923 but did not mention the term
interested than ever in soyfoods, and much of the subsequent ‘vegetable-type soybeans,’ and was apparently unaware of
increasing interest in America derives from his efforts. their significance. Many of the vegetable-type soybeans
He expanded his work with the USDA Office of Home that Morse brought back from East Asia were grown out
Economics in Washington, D.C. and interested researchers and starting in 1934, distributed to various state agricultural
in the Department of Home Economics at the University of experiment stations for trial.
Illinois to get involved with research on soyfoods, especially “Up until 1928, Morse, in charge of soybean research,
on use of the large-seeded, vegetable-type soybeans he had had been the only USDA employee working full time in this
brought back from East Asia. He encouraged development field. In 1928 the USDA hired a second full-time soybean
of soyfoods recipes suited to American tastes and talked researcher, Jackson L. Cartter, who had just graduated with a
a lot about soyfoods at American Soybean Association master’s degree from Iowa State College. From 1928 to 1933
meetings and many other gatherings. Working with others, Cartter did soybean research on a farm in Holgate, Ohio that
he was largely responsible for the development of soy flour was managed by the Ohio Experiment Station. From 1933
and grits. One entire wall of Morse’s Washington office was to 1936 Cartter worked directly under Morse at the USDA
covered with floor-to-ceiling shelves, filled with soyfood Experiment Station, Arlington Farm, Virginia; he tested,
samples from Asia. grew out, and classified many of the soybeans from Morse’s
Except for Dr. Harry Miller, Morse was probably the trip to East Asia. In 1936 Cartter helped to organize the U.S.
first soy researcher in America to make soyfoods a regular Regional Soybean Laboratory at the University of Illinois.
part of his diet. While in East Asia, he and his family had He became the first director of its agronomic division and
become very fond of Oriental cooking, and especially of was placed in charge of the soybean breeding program for
soyfoods, and they enjoyed them often after returning to the 12 Midwestern states; he studied the soybean’s oil and
America. Of the many recipes they brought back from protein composition, and served as director of the laboratory
the Orient, Morse’s favorite was sukiyaki. He built a low until his retirement in 1965.
sukiyaki table with a hot plate on top and cushions around “Unfortunately the long-term results of Morse’s
it on the floor in his home and at every opportunity would collection efforts in East Asia are not what they might have
invite over guests to serve them his specialty which of been. It was estimated in 1980 that only 25,000 acres of
course featured tofu and sprouts. He also liked to take family the 70.1-million-acre U.S. soybean crop were planted in
and friends out to a good Chinese or Japanese restaurant. vegetable-type soybeans, a mere 0.04 percent of the total.
The family enjoyed using soy flour when making breads, They have never become popular here for various reasons;
muffins, or waffles. Morse’s mother [Edna] liked to cook him they give 20 to 30 percent lower per-acre yields than field-
fresh green soybeans and his wife regularly fixed him her type soybeans, tend to shatter easily at maturity and are thus
favorite Boston Baked Soybeans. Morse loved soymilk ice hard to harvest, and consequently sell for 12 to 18 percent
cream; one magazine ran a full-page photo of him happily more than other soybeans. If they were less expensive, large
eating it. He also regularly enjoyed tofu, soymilk (plain and amounts would probably be used in East Asia to make tofu,
acidophilus), and soymilk yogurt, and these foods became soymilk, tempeh, and miso by producers who already buy
increasingly important in his largely meatless diet after he their beans from America.” Continued. Address: Soyfoods
found he had an ulcer. In fact he once told George Strayer Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California.
that, with his ulcer, he felt these soyfoods had greatly
extended his life and good health. 360. Dukess, Karen. 1981. Tofu, tofu everywhere. New York
“Morse also actively continued his soybean selection Times. Aug. 2. Section 3. p. 17, col. 1.
and propagation work at the Arlington Farm. He realized • Summary: Yogurt didn’t catch on in America until Dannon
more than ever that if the soybean was to become a added fruit to the plain product in 1968 and won the hearts
national crop that hundreds of different varieties, adaptable of a newly diet-conscious nation. Yogurt production climbed
to different latitudes, soils, and climates, would have to from 44 million pounds in 1960 to 589 million pounds in
be found and developed by breeding. He was especially 1980. Production of tofu and tofu products in 1980 was
interested in working with farmers and the USDA to about 52 million pounds. But Tom Timmins, owner of New
stimulate research and development on the vegetable- England Soy Dairy, predicts that tofu could be the yogurt of
type soybeans, which had been little more than a curiosity the 1980s.
prior to his trip to East Asia. While Morse was the first to The big American food companies aren’t biting yet.
popularize the vegetable-type soybeans, he was not the first “’Most companies are aware of the incredible blood, sweat,

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and tears it will take to create another yoghurt,’ said Timothy at 62nd Street). He makes a tofu ice cream, and a tofu-
Metzger, director of new products/planning at Dannon.” spinach quiche. “A large Japanese company wants to buy
The Hinode Tofu Co. started in Hawaii in 1939, and exclusive rights to distribute Mintz’s tofutti ‘ice cream’ in
opened in Los Angeles in 1947. Today it is the largest in the Japan. ‘The more dishes I make with tofu, the better my
USA, producing 20,000 lb of tofu a day. It reaped $110,500 business is,’ said Mr. Mintz.” He is frequently called upon to
profit on $3.5 million sales last year. cater “tofu weddings.”
Mintz’s Buffet is a “kosher-soy delicatessen in Also discusses Light Foods in St. Louis (Missouri), and
Manhattan. David Mintz, the buffet’s owner, became the Rochester Soy Deli (in New York). “Two of the people
intrigued when asked to create a kosher beef stroganoff. most responsible for introducing soy foods to Americans are
Answer: substitute tofu for the sour cream, which under William Shurtleff and his wife, Akiko Aoyagi, who in 1975
Jewish law cannot be mixed with meat. Now, after four wrote ‘The Book of Tofu,’ a comprehensive cookbook and
years in the kitchen, Mr. Mintz has created an all natural, introduction to the untapped potential of soy foods as an
no cholesterol tofu ice cream that looks and tastes like the alternate source of protein.”
real thing. Producing 200 gallons a week, Mr. Mintz says he There follow seven recipes featuring tofu and tempeh:
cannot satisfy the demand, which includes a request from Mintz’s tofu herb dip. Breaded tofu cutlets (with frozen tofu.
Mt. Sinai hospital for 500 portions daily. There are also tofu Might also be called “Fillet of tofu,” plus a note on how
bran muffins, vegetable pies, and salads–plus a $2,000 tofu to freeze tofu at home). Tofu tartare sauce. Tempeh salad.
wedding, from tofu roast duck to tofu wedding cake. Carob-tofu-mint pie. Whole wheat pastry crust (with soy
“But the real future of tofu could lie in Washington milk and soy oil). Lotus Cafe not-dogs (meatless hot dogs).
[DC]. If President Reagan has his way, the Child Nutritional Next comes a section titled “Learning more about
Program (mainly the National School Lunch Program, which soy: A listing of useful books.” For example: “There is no
serves approximately 4,350 million meals a year) will have more thorough book on the history and myriad Oriental
to cut $1,500 million from its annual budget. Now tofu forms of tofu than the profusely illustrated “Book of Tofu,”
costs roughly $1.10 a pound, while hamburger is upward of by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi (Autumn Press
$1.50 and fish over $3. (Chicken runs more like 71 cents, / Random House; 334 pages; $8.95). First published in
but that includes bone.) With that sort of math in mind, an 1975, it is credited by most tofu cookbooks as the one that
Agriculture Department task force recommended last month ‘spread the light.’ The hundreds of recipes, mostly Oriental
that tofu be accredited to the program.” in style, will fascinate adventurous cooks. Beginners may
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 1999) prefer the condensed, somewhat more Americanized version
which conceives of tofu as “the yogurt of the 1980s.” This (Ballantine, 433 pages, $2.95).”
theme would repeated many times during the 1980s. The long article ends with a helpful sidebar titled
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2001) “How to buy and store tofu.” “A four-ounce piece of tofu
that contains industry or market statistics on soy ice cream (bean curd) sells for about 30 cents...” One main difference
for individual companies. “between the tofu sold in health food stores and the Oriental-
style tofu sold by many greengrocers is the type of coagulant
361. Sass, Lorna J. 1981. Soy foods: Versatile, cheap and used. Tofu from health food stores is almost always made
on the rise. New York Times. Aug. 12. p. C1, C6. Widely with nigari (primarily magnesium chloride and trace mineral
syndicated. elements derived from evaporated seawater), while Oriental
• Summary: The article begins: “Soy foods have come tofu makers generally use calcium sulphate.”
west and, apparently, are here to stay. No longer restricted A photo shows Katherine Iselin with some of the
exclusively to the world of woks and cleavers, soybeans in special sandwiches at the Tofu Shop, a fast-food soy deli in
America are now patted into soyburgers, and tofu (soybean Rochester, New York. She is wearing a Soyboy Tofu T-shirt.
curd) is puréed into soy mayonnaise, baked into ‘cheesecake’ On the wall behind her is the restaurant menu.
and fried as ‘cutlets,’ while soy milk emerges from the Note: A similar article titled “Out of the wok and into
blender as a frothy carob shake or from the freezer as the frying pan” appeared in The Durham Sun (9 Sept. 1981,
cantaloupe ‘ice cream.’ Section B).
“Because soy foods are an inexpensive source of Another similar article titled “More budget-conscious
protein, low in fat and completely cholesterol-free, they have Americans are hitting the soy–its not just sauce” appeared in
been attracting more and more attention among the growing the Chicago Tribune (29 Oct. 1981, p. W_A21).
number of weight-conscious, health-conscious and dollar-
conscious Americans. Until recently, soy sauce was the only 362. Leviton, Richard. 1981. Soybean ice creams: Getting
soy product familiar to most Americans. your licks in. Vegetarian Times No. 48. July/Aug. p. 18-22.
Contains a long discussion of David Mintz (owner of • Summary: This is a slightly revised and popularized
Mintz’s Buffet, a kosher delicatessen at 1040 Third Avenue version of an article by Leviton first published in Soyfoods

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magazine (Winter [Feb.] 1981, p. 62-64). The author notes: 364. The Soycrafters Association of North American
“For a thorough discussion of soymilk ice cream and recipes, (SANA) board of directors meets at the home of John and
see Tofu and Soymilk Production by William Shurtleff and Valerie Robertson, 2101 San Miguel Drive, Walnut Creek
Akiko Aoyagi (1979, p. 235-42); also The Farm Vegetarian (near San Francisco), California (photograph). 1981. Sept.
Cookbook (p. 104-107). Photos show: Cindy Hassell of the 13.
Granary in Massachusetts eyeing a cone filled with her Soy • Summary: The board decides (unanimously) to change the
Softee. Cindy filling a cone with Soy Softee from her soft name of the association to Soyfoods Association of North
serve machine. Many pints of Ice Dream. America to broaden its scope and base of support.
At the end of the article is a sort of sidebar titled That evening a dinner party for the board is held at the
“Recipes for Dairyless Ice Cream & Frozen Desserts.” Six home of William and Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. The vegetarian
recipes, taken from the two books mentioned above, are meal (featuring tempeh and other soyfoods) is prepared by
given. Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, Massachusetts Akiko. A photo shows (left to right): Steve Demos (White
01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. Wave; gray sweater), Mark Brawerman (Jolly Licks, Living
Lightly, Pacific Trading Co.), Pat Aylward (Joy of Soy),
363. Product Name: Tofutti (Non-Dairy Tofu-Based Frozen Bob Davis (Light Foods), Luke Lukoskie (Island Spring),
Dessert) [Chocolate, Vanilla, Walnut, Maple-Walnut, Peach, Larry Needleman (Bean Machines), Richard “Ira” Leviton
Apple, Apricot-Rum, or Peanut Butter-Chocolate]. (Soyfoods Association, Soyfoods magazine), Valerie
Manufacturer’s Name: Mintz’s Buffet. Robertson (Soyfoods Unlimited), Akiko Aoyagi (Soyfoods
Manufacturer’s Address: 1040 Third Ave. (Between 61-62 Center). The photo was taken by William Shurtleff (of
St.), New York City, NY 10021. Soyfoods Center) on the evening of 13 Sept. 1981 at
Date of Introduction: 1981. August. Soyfoods Center, the home of William and Akiko Shurtleff,
How Stored: Frozen. 951½ Mountain View Drive, Lafayette, California.
New Product–Documentation: Lorna Sass. 1981. New
York Times. Aug. 12. “A large Japanese company wants to 365. Nation’s Restaurant News. 1981. Tofu triggers big boom
buy exclusive rights to distribute Mintz’s tofutti ‘ice cream’ for Mintz’s. Sept. 14. p. 48.
in Japan.” • Summary: “Since David Mintz [the owner of Mintz’s
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Buffet], introduced tofu into his food store, 14-seat restaurant
Creams. p. 57. and catering business, sales have grown to $1 million and he
now expects to develop other tofu restaurants in the city.”

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 183

Mintz says of tofu: “It’s the food of the future.”

“Mintz offers tofu in noodle charlotte, spinach quiche, egg 366. Oakland Tribune. 1981. Tofu products are expected to
rolls, cheesecake, bran muffins in blueberry, carrot apple, leap in ‘80s. Sept. 23.
strawberry rhubarb, banana, pineapple and dutch apple, to • Summary: David Mintz is having great success with
name just a few items. His most popular item is an imitation tofu at his New York delicatessen and catering service. He
ice cream made with tofu and called ‘tofu ice kream.’ This has developed and is selling dozens of western-style tofu
nondairy frozen dessert is made with tofu, soy milk, fresh products from broccoli with tofu mustard sauce to “tofu
fruits, natural essences of apples, figs, raisins, wildflower frozen desserts.”
honey, egg whites and soy oil. It comes in flavors such as FIND-SVP, a New York-based market research and
country vanilla, old fashioned chocolate, strawberries and publishing company, suggests that Mintz is part of a national
‘kream,’ dutch nut chocolate, and apricot rum... Mintz also trend. John Perry, director of research for FIND-SVP, think
operates a catering business which accounts for about half the potential market for tofu “is at least as great as the
his sales.” current market for yogurt.” But it will probably take 5-10
Note: This is the earliest English-language document years to reach that level. The FIND-SVP survey estimates
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “nondairy frozen current tofu sales at about $50 million/year and predicts they
dessert” to refer to soy ice cream. will increase 300% in the next 5 years. Cassandra Marrone
“Mintz developed an interest in tofu about four years thinks William Shurtleff, author of The Book of Tofu, is
ago [1977] and many of the recipes are his own concoctions. responsible for a great deal of the interest in making and
Because tofu is pareve (neither meat nor dairy), Mintz was selling tofu in America.
able to develop kosher dishes previously off limits in a Note: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 1999)
kosher diet since meat and dairy can not be mixed.” Products which compares the potential market for tofu with the current
made with tofu now account for two-third of Mintz’s sales. market for yogurt. Address: California.
A large photo shows the front exterior of Mintz’s buffet.
“The wide variety of gourmet delicacies in Mintz’s window 367. Lesem, Jeanne. 1981. Survey predicts fast growth for
catch the attention of a passer-by.” The signs over and in the foods that contain tofu. United Press International. Sept.
windows read: “Take home foods. Party catering. Strictly Widely syndicated.
kosher. Glatt kosher buffet catering.” • Summary: This is an interview with Dr. C.W. Hesseltine,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 184

initiated by him. Address: NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. stay.”

This year soya ice cream was popular again; the new
368. Mintz’s Buffet. 1981. Tofu Time menu. 1040 Third Ave. soyafood on sale was tempeh. “Both tempeh and tofu had
(between 61st & 62nd Streets), New York, NY 10021. 1 p. satisfactory sales considering that they were not items that
Undated. 28 cm. could be consumed on the spot.”
• Summary: This printed, undated menu (which includes
prices) was probably printed in about Sept. 1981. Tofu is 371. Chicago Tribune. 1981. ‘Tofu’ and other soy books:
included in every item on the menu. Reader’s guide to good eating. Oct. 29. p. W_A21, or N_
Tofu bran muffins ($0.95 each): Strawberry rhubarb, B19.
blueberry, carrot apple, pineapple, dutch apple, banana. Tofu • Summary: This is a briefly annotated list of useful books
vegetable salads ($3.99): Cauliflower, eggplant, steamed about soy products: (1) Soybeans for Health and Longevity,
broccoli with mustard sauce, spinach, broccoli, zuccini [sic, by Philip S. Chen. (2) The Soybean Book: Growing and
zucchini]. Tofu vegetable pies ($2.75): Cauliflower, zuccini, Using Nature’s Miracle Protein, by Phyllis Dobson. (3) The
spinach, broccoli. Tofu Ice Kream (Country vanilla, old Farm Vegetarian Cookbook, edited by Louise Hagler. See
fashioned chocolate, strawberries n’kream, peaches n’kream, recipes for making ice bean [soy ice cream], soy yogurt, and
apples n’kream, Dutch nut chocolate, apricot rum). soysage. (4) The Book of Tofu, William Shurtleff and Akiko
“All tofu dishes are completely natural and free of Aoyagi. Profusely illustrated, with hundreds of recipes.
preservatives.” Glatt Kosher. Louise Londin / Design. “There is no more thorough book on the history and myriad
Address: New York City. Phone: 212-751-9367. Oriental forms of tofu... First published in 1975, it is credited
by most tofu cookbooks as the one that ‘spread the light.’”
369. Murray, Megan Baldrige. 1981. Watakushi tachi mo (5) The Tofu Cookbook, by Cathy Bauer and Juel Anderson.
aratamete minaosubeki kamo. Nyuu Yooku no tôfu fiibaa Incorporates tofu artfully into familiar international dishes
[Perhaps we should reconsider it. New York’s tofu fever]. Many recipes assume access to the by-products of making
Japanese Cosmopolitan (Tokyo). Sept. [Jap] tofu at home: okara (soy pulp) and whey. (6) The Great
• Summary: This is the Japanese version of a manuscript American Tofu Cookbook, by Patricia McGruter. (7) Tofu
written in English on 30 June 1981 (which see). Across Goes West, by Gary Landgrebe. For those who enjoy the
the center of the Japanese-language article is an English- chewy texture of “frozen tofu.” (3) The Book of Miso, by
language sign that reads: “Mintz’s Buffet. Strictly Kosher. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. The best-known book about miso. (8)
Party Catering.” The Book of Tempeh, by Shurtleff & Aoyagi. A thorough
study of this traditional Indonesian food.
370. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1981. Snack foods sales up at
fair. 4(1):1, 8. Sept. 372. Sass, Lorna J. 1981. More budget-conscious Americans
• Summary: The Soya Sales Centre conducted by the are hitting the soy–its not just sauce. Chicago Tribune. Oct.
Department of Agriculture during the Kandy Esala Fair 29. p. N_B19.
last month had, once again, a successful run with a • Summary: This article first appeared as: Sass, Lorna J.
turnover reaching record levels. This was the fourth year in 1981. “Soy foods: Versatile, cheap and on the rise.” New
succession” that the Centre was open at the fair. York Times. Aug. 12. p. C1, C6.
“The Sales Centre opened for the first time in 1978 with
only a soya milk bar run by the Milk Board which produced 373. Product Name: Mocha-Mix Non-Dairy Frozen
the milk from its Pallekele factory. A cup of chilled soya Dessert [Chocolate, Vanilla, Neapolitan, Toasted Almond,
milk was sold at -/25 cents. It was an instant success with Chocolate Chip, or Chocolate Marble].
30,000 cups of milk sold during the first ten days. Manufacturer’s Name: Presto Food Products.
“In 1979 more soya foods were put out for sale at the Manufacturer’s Address: 929 East 14th St., Los Angeles,
Esala Fair Soya Sales Centre which was taken charge of by CA 90021.
the Department of Agriculture for the first time.” Date of Introduction: 1981. October.
“On sale at the 1979 exhibition were soya nuts [oil Ingredients: 1985: Water, sugar, corn syrup, partially
roasted soyabeans], murukku [a deep-fried snack, popular hydrogenated soy oil, soy protein, mono & diglycerides,
in southern India and Sri Lanka], and cutlets which were all sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, tapioca starch, dipotassium
turned out at the home level kitchen of the Soyabean Foods phosphate, artificial and natural flavor, lactylic esters of fatty
Research Centre in Gannoruwa. acids, microcrystalline cellulose, polysorbate 65, xanthan
In 1980 “Soya ice cream which was on sale for the first gum, calcium sulfate, guar gum, salt, polysorbate 60,
time was the most popular item and along with the rising carrageenan, artificial color.
demand each night of the fair for fried [soya] nuts, cutlets Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quarts.
and [soya] milk it was clear that soyafoods had come to How Stored: Frozen.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 185

name “Soyfreeze,” which refers to a soy-based ice cream.

Island Spring is willing to make use of the term “Soyfreeze”
available to SANA, who may allow its members to use
the term under the terms outlined in this agreement. Note:
The agreement was never signed by SANA and the term
was never used by any company other than Island Spring.
Address: P.O. Box 747, Vashon, Washington 98070. Phone:
(206) 622-6448.

375. Andres, Cal. 1981. Prototype products include higher

protein, lower calorie, lower cost frozen desserts, milk based
drinks. Food Processing (Chicago) 42(12):60-61. Nov.
• Summary: ADM Foods has used high fructose corn syrup
(HFCS) and isolated soy protein to develop a new family of
“dairy compatible” products that “will permit dairy managers
to expand product lines and to improve equipment utilization
and operating costs. All products can be made under normal
process conditions on existing equipment.” The two main
product types are non-dairy frozen desserts and drinks.
Ingredients, formulas, nutritional
information, and cost savings are
discussed.
Note: This is the earliest
document seen that mentions
either “high fructose corn syrup”
or “HFCS” in connection with
soy. Address: Senior Associate
Editor.

376. Fast Service. 1981. Is the

time right for soyfood delis? A
surprisingly growing market. Nov.
p. 16e.
• Summary: Discusses Mintz’s
Buffet (located on Manhattan’s
fashionable Third Ave.), and
New Product–Documentation: Label. 1983, undated. Full Good Nature Deli (in Oak Park,
color. Product with label purchased at Safeway supermarket Illinois).
in Lafayette, California.
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice 377. Product Name: Amazake.
Creams. p. 49-50, 131. Presto was one of America’s leading Manufacturer’s Name: Grain Country (South).
makers of pre-whipped non-dairy toppings. Manufacturer’s Address: 3448 30th St., San Diego, CA
Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice 92104. Phone: 619-298-5913.
Creams. Contains a detailed history of this product. See p. Date of Introduction: 1981. November.
30, 49, 103, 108-09, 113, 117, 131. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Plastic bottle.
Product with label purchased at Diablo Foods in New Product–Documentation: Talk with Stuart Kerrigan.
Lafayette, California. 1985. Jan. 8. For ingredients, see 1988. Jan. 30. David was Roy Steevensz’ former partner.
above. Talk with David Jackson. 1988. Jan. 30. He used to work
for Roy Steevensz in Los Angeles in about 1980. He was
374. Lukoskie, W.M. Luke. 1981. Letter of intent between making amazake and amazake ice cream himself, serving
Island Spring Inc. and Soyfoods Association of North it in dishes. Nowadays David does not sell that much, not
America. Vashon, Washington. 2 p. Nov. 27. Typed, with promote it that much and only sells it at his macrobiotic food
signature. store and restaurant during the summer.
• Summary: Island Spring has applied for a trademark on the Talk with David Jackson. 1993. Dec. 8. Roy Steevensz

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taught David how to make amazake in Los Angeles, and • Summary: The first cake of tempeh (just one cake) was
David used to make amazake there. David opened Grain made from whole soybeans, then the rest were all made with
Country (South) in San Diego on 2 Oct. 1981. He thinks that okara. They did not make whole soy tempeh since they had
he made amazake for Thanksgiving that year, and he was no way to dehull the soybeans. They only started making
definitely making it by 1983. He was the first amazake maker tempeh from whole soybeans after the splits were available
and he made big batches, then he taught the process to Jim for use in tempeh kits. Now most of the tempeh is made from
Brefield, who took over from him. “Jim was my first real whole soybeans rather than okara. Cynthia Bates was one of
right-hand person there. He started taking over all the things the first to work with tempeh and to stay with it. They used a
that I did and eventually ended up managing my store while I food dehydrator as an incubator.
did mostly teaching and counseling.” The amazake was sold Members of The Farm Soy Dairy crew (Alexander,
refrigerated in little plastic bottles. Marlene Pantos, Joanne Elfe, Myra Traugot) first started
making soymilk ice cream during the summer of 1972 or
378. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada). 1981. 1973, using homemade soymilk, a hand-crank machine
Soy Dairy: Integrated soy project–Guatemala. Fall. p. 3. provided by Melvin Stiriff, and fresh blackberries gathered
• Summary: “The Integrated Soy Project which Plenty at a patch behind the soy dairy. Needless to say, the product
Canada introduced into the Guatemala Highlands is was a hit, since no dairy products were consumed in the
continuing without the presence of Plenty volunteers. The community and soymilk was still rationed among community
Indigenos of San Bartolo, trained by Plenty Volunteers in soy members. The crew made this non-dairy ice cream 6-12
technology, now operate their Soy Dairy on a daily basis. times during the first summer. A year or two later The
Two hundred local farmers have grown enough soybeans to Farm invested $100 in four tiny table-top Glacier ice cream
supply the dairy for the rest of this year. machines that made 1-2 quarts at a time. Production grew,
“The dairy is currently sustaining itself by selling soy but it was all consumed within the community.
ice bean and tofu at an affordable price in the local market. In 1974 The Farm’s publications “Hey Beatnik” and
Every week it sells about 75 gallons of ice bean and 50 lbs. “Yay Soybeans!” both mentioned soymilk ice cream.
of tofu, and is making just enough money to cover weekly After production of Ice Bean was moved from San
operating expenses.” Francisco, California, to Tennessee, Steve Meyers and
“Just about everybody seems to love ice cream. The Michael Moorman became the two key soy ice cream people.
soy ice bean is rich and creamy and is made with all natural Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
native fruits and flavors such as: banana, pineapple, orange,
raspberry, zapote, papaya, melon and chocolate.” 381. SoyaScan Notes. 1981. Chronology of soybeans,
An illustration shows an ice cream cone with “Soy Ice soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1981
Bean” written on it in large letters. A photo shows many (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
Guatemalan children happily holding up cones of soy ice Soyfoods Center.
bean. Below this article is a form requesting donations to • Summary: Jan. Soyfoods magazine issue No. 4 published.
Plenty Canada. Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, Ontario K0G 1K0, Silver cover. 10,000 copies published. Steve Fiering loans
Canada. SANA money for mailing it and agrees to make a loan for a
test mailing.
379. Tosovic, Teodora. 1981. Proizvodnja mlecnih deserata Jan. Union activity begins at New England Soy Dairy.
u svetu sa posebnim osvrtom na primenu sojinih proizvoda Jan. Boxed tofu (1 lb. vacuum packed in a box with
[Production of dairy desserts with particular reference to the a window) first made by Zakhi Soyfoods in Fort Wayne,
use of soya products]. Mljekarstvo (Dairying) 31(11):334-42. Indiana. This important innovation of packaging tofu in a
Nov. [30 ref. Scr] box was later employed by New England Soy Dairy (1982),
• Summary: This review discusses international Quong Hop & Co. (1983), Swan Gardens (1983), and White
developments in the production of soy-based or soy- Wave (1985).
containing desserts, pudding, and ice cream; flavored dairy Jan. Hain Food Co. starts nationwide color ads for
desserts with vanilla, chocolate, caramel, coffee, etc., and Natural Onion and Jalapeno (Soy) Bean Dips.
milk-based frozen desserts. Address: Visa Pedagoska Skola Jan. Travis Burgeson of Pacific Tempeh near San
za Ekonomiku Domacinstva, Belgrade. Francisco, CA, introduces the world’s first commercial
tempeh burger.
380. Lyon, Alexander. 1981. Early history of tempeh, soy Jan. Paul’s Tofu & Tempeh, the first European tempeh
ice cream, and other soyfoods at The Farm in Tennessee company in Europe outside of the Netherlands, opens in
(Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods England.
Center, Dec. 26. 1 p. transcript. Includes follow-up interview Jan 20. Ronald Reagan inaugurated as president of
of 18 Feb. 1985. the United States. His Secretary of Agriculture is John R.

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Block. The regulatory climate in Washington begins to shift disintegrators/ grinders for tofu and soymilk production.
toward less federal regulation and more encouragement April. “The Miso-Master’s Apprentice,” by John
for industries to regulate themselves. The Republican Belleme published in East West Journal.
administration favors free-market policies with less May. “The Amazing Tofumobile,” by Janice Fillip, about
government regulation and involvement. Wildwood Natural Foods, published in East West Journal.
Jan. 23. Legume, run by Gary and Chandri Barat, is Revival of interest in small tofu shops in areas where there is
incorporated in New York, then that month moves to Verona, a high density of interest and high food consciousness, and
New Jersey. rediscovery of soyfoods craftsmanship.
Feb. 2. Island Spring in Washington becomes America’s May. Tofu Boken by Ted Nordquist and Tim Ohlund
first unionized tofu plant. published by Aros Sojaprodukter in Sweden. Europe’s first
Feb. San-Jirushi International starts its first major book on tofu.
American ad campaign using the slogan “San-J is the real June. Tofu Fever in New York, by Megan B. Murray
tamari.” The full-color, full-page national ads aim to clarify notes that David Mintz is making 275 gallons of tofu ice
the confusion between tamari and shoyu created by the cream a week. This is the earliest known publication on his
macrobiotic movement. work with soy ice cream. He had been making it for 3-4
Feb. Soyfoods Unlimited tempeh plant starts operation months.
in San Francisco area. It is the most modern U.S. tempeh June. “Surprise, It’s Soy” by Barbara Bassett published
plant, although output is small. in Bestways.
Feb. Vitasoy soymilk and Morinaga tofu start to be June. FIND/SVP survey of the U.S. tofu industry and
imported and sold in the USA from Hong Kong and Japan tofu consumer survey published. 33% of respondents in
respectively, immediately after the FDA lifts its ban on major metropolitan areas were aware of tofu and 10% had
aseptic Tetra Pak type cartons. Morinaga tofu was sold by purchased it. Predicts market will grow 32% a year for the
Beech Nut California Corporation, a joint venture with next 6 years... an over-optimistic prediction.
Beech Nuts Food Corp., established in 1977 in San Jose, June 29. “Trader Vic Bergeron Offers Timely Tips for
California. Tofu” by Rose Dosti published in Los Angeles Times.
Feb. “Soyfoods Catching On” by Judith Brown July. Soyfoods magazine is incorporated by Richard
published in USDA National Food Review. About tofu and Leviton, and offers stock.
tempeh. July 8-12. Fourth Annual Soycrafters Convention at
Feb. Many tempeh plants switch to using GEM cultures Colorado State University. 240 people from 18 nations
tempeh starter. attend, 210 pay. First National Tofu Cheesecake Bakeoff and
March 1. Svadesha Pflanzen-Feinkost, West Germany’s Soyfoods Equipment/Supplies Expo in the western world.
first commercial tofu company, starts production. Founded July. Mary Tolan selected Registered Young Dietitian
by Swami Anand Svadesha (Rudiger Urban) in Fuerth im of the Year by the American Dietetic Association. Invited
Wald. to present speech on “Tofu–Food of the Future” at ADA
March. Institute of Food Technologists meeting at New convention in Philadelphia.
England Soy Dairy. Tour, dinner, and speeches. July. Tofu Cookbook, by Sally Sheppard published by
March. Richard Leviton on National Public Radio’s “All Jack’s Beanstalk.
Things Considered” talks for 10 minutes about soyfoods to 2 July. “Soybean Ice Creams: Getting your Licks In” by
million people. Richard Leviton published in Vegetarian Times.
March. The Book of Miso, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi July. Soyfoods Center is working to build the world’s
published by Ballantine Books in a mass market paperback largest library of documents on soyfoods, each with a
edition. bibliographic card, filed by author. Also building a large
April. USDA decides to establish tofu standards, then library of color slides on soyfoods.
announce them in the Federal Register, but this plan is Aug. “Tofu, Tofu Everywhere,” by Karen Dukess
dropped in September, amid controversy over changes in the published in The New York Times’ Business section.
School Lunch Program. Aug. “Soyfoods: The Future Is Here but Are You Ready”
April. Dr. Cook at Kansas State University publishes by Alan Richman published by Health Foods Business as a
a paper on the possible inhibitory effects of soy proteins cover story.
on nonheme iron absorption in humans. USDA becomes Aug. 12. “Soy Foods: Versatile, Cheap and on the Rise”
concerned. by Lorna Sass, and “A Source of Quality Protein” by Jane
April. Tofu at Center Stage, by Gary Landgrebe Brody published in The New York Times, and syndicated
published by Fresh Press. First tofu cookbook containing nationwide.
many recipes calling for use of meat. Aug. “My Favorite Tempeh Recipes” by Aveline Kushi
April. Bean Machines introduces new sanitary published in East West Journal.

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Aug. Delights of Tofu, by Fox, O’Connor and Timmins soymilk. The soymilk boom in Japan starts.
published by New England Soy Dairy. Dec. Juel Andersen’s Tofu Kitchen published by Bantam
Aug. Das Tofu Book, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi published Books in mass- market paperback.
in Germany by Ahorn Verlag. Dec. “World’s Best Tofu Cheesecake” by Richard
Sept. “Soyfoods Report” published by Natural Food Leviton published in Vegetarian Times.
Merchandiser. Dec. Food Protein Council, a trade association, changes
Sept. Home Soyfood Equipment, by Ray Wolf published its name to Soy Protein Council, since all of its members
by Rodale Press. make only soy protein products.
Sept. 13. At SANA Board of Directors Meeting held Dec. La Soya y Sus Derivados (Tofu, Tempeh, Miso), by
near San Francisco, the Soycrafters Association of North Shurtleff and Aoyagi published by Quadernos de Natura in
America has its name changed to Soyfoods Association of Mexico.
North America to broaden scope and support base. Dec. The Tofu-Miso High Efficiency Diet, by Yoshiaki
Sept. SANA and The Soyfoods Center do a major press Omura M.D. published by Arco Publ.
release on soyfoods production and consumption in America Dec. Cooking with Tofu. by Mary Anna DuSablon
to 250 key media. Many magazines publish this report and published by Garden Way.
conduct radio interviews. Dec. There are now 158 tofu manufacturers and 41
Sept. Okita Enterprises takes 22 tofu and bean sprout tempeh manufactures in the USA.
makers to Japan for a 10-day tour. SANA executives Richard Dec. The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook published as Soja
Leviton and Luke Lukoskie make important contacts with Total in German.
Japanese tofu trade officials and publications. * Global economic activity is shifting from the Atlantic
Sept. USDA publishes tofu regulations in the Federal to the Pacific. In 1981 Asia passed Europe to become the
Register, then withdraws entire school lunch revisions and largest market for U.S. agricultural products. In fiscal 1981
revokes permission given to the Santa Cruz (Calif.) school Japan bought $6,700 million worth of U.S. farm products.
system to use tofu in school lunches. * Soybean breeders, which have formerly focused their
Sept. Dr. Hirayama of the National Cancer Center in research efforts on increasing quantity (yield) of soybeans,
Japan announces that miso soup is effective in combating now start to give more attention to quality (composition).
stomach cancer and stroke. Increasing total protein, methionine, and oil, and decreasing
Oct. “Things Go Better With Soyburgers: The New All- linolenic acid and antinutritional factors are priorities.
American Food” by Richard Leviton published in East West * U.S. soybean exports reach their peak this year of 25
Journal as a cover story. million metric tons (tonnes). By 1987 they have fallen to 18
Oct. Cook with Tofu, by Christina Clarke published by million tonnes, a 28% drop, due largely to competition from
Avon Books in mass market edition. Brazil and Argentina, and to foreign subsidies. The market
Oct. John Belleme’s American Miso Corp. begins miso changes from a seller’s to a buyer’s market.
production in North Carolina.
Oct. Workers at Hinode Tofu Co. in Los Angeles go on 382. Product Name: Soy Ice Bean (3 fl. oz. single serving
strike for 2 weeks. size) [Vanilla, or Carob].
Oct. Nasoya Tofu Cookbook, published by Nasoya Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
Foods. Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
Oct. O Livro da Soja, by Jane Cadwell published in TN 38483.
Brazil by Editora Ground. One of the country’s first books on Date of Introduction: 1981. December.
soyfoods. Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, soy powder [powdered
Nov. 10. Erewhon, America’s natural foods pioneer, soymilk], honey, soy oil, vanilla extract, soy lecithin, locust
files for Chapter 11 reorganization under the U.S. bankruptcy bean gum, guar gum, Irish moss.
laws. On 2 April 1982 Erewhon is sold to Nature Food Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 fl. oz. cup.
Centers. How Stored: Frozen.
Nov. Autumn Press, publisher of The Book of Tofu, New Product–Documentation: Spot in Whole Foods.
original edition, files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. 1981. Dec. p. 47. “Soy Ice Bean.” Soy Ice Bean from Farm
Nov. New England Soy Dairy announces 28-Day Self Foods is now available in a new 3 ounce single serving size.
Life Advantage Pasteurized Tofu in a 2/3 page ad in Natural A photo shows the product and label.
Foods Merchandiser.
Nov. Soyfoods Unlimited advertises tempeh burgers in 383. Product Name: Wonder-Vite Dip-N-Joy (Non-Dairy
Natural Foods Merchandiser. Soy Ice Cream) [Carob, or Vanilla].
Nov. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Japan Manufacturer’s Name: Blissquik (Natural) Food Products.
announces a Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for Manufacturer’s Address: 37 Hammett St., Townsville,

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QLD 4812, Australia. 213-851-2023. Pronounced Ma-REE-kuh. “The name of

Date of Introduction: 1981. the product was Frosty Amazake, not Amazake Frosty.
New Product–Documentation: Manufacturer’s catalog. I was there serving it much more than Roy. It was never
1981, undated. distributed. The flavors were Plain, Lemon, Ginger, Vanilla,
Mocha (from Cafix), and Strawberry (fresh seasonal fruits).
384. Product Name: Tofu Dream (Soymilk Ice Cream). Talk with Gary Granas. 1988. Feb. 19. He thinks
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. the product name was spelled “Frostee Amazake.” He
Manufacturer’s Address: R.R. #3, Lanark, ONT, K0G manufactured it for Grain Country for a while. He thinks that
1K0, Canada. Phone: 613-278-2215. he and Roy Steevensz conceived of their respective amazake
Date of Introduction: 1981. frozen desserts independently, neither getting the idea from
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints. the other.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Allan Brown. 386. Product Name: [Green Milk {Soy Milk Ice Cream
1998. May 11. Tempeh (made by Allan in 1979) was the first Ingredient}].
commercial soy product made by Farm Foods in Lanark, Manufacturer’s Name: Green Milk Co., Subsidiary of
Ontario. In about 1981 Farm Foods decided to focus their Dong Bang Oil and Flour Mills Co., Ltd.
energy on a soy ice cream named Tofu Dream, their second Manufacturer’s Address: No. 2 Yangpyung-dong 4-ka,
soy product, which was similar to the Ice Bean made by The Yungdungpo-ku, Seoul, South Korea. Plant at Jin Hae,
Farm in California. Arthur Herold was the man in charge of Kyung Nam.
the product, which lasted for about 4 years. Date of Introduction: 1981.
New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1981. p.
385. Product Name: Frosty Amazake (Also Called Brown 60.
Rice Frostie and Rice Cream) [Plain, Mocha, Lemon, Ginger, Letter from Kyung Lee, ASA country director, Korea, to
Vanilla, Strawberry, or Orange]. William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center. 1983. Nov. 23. Gives
Manufacturer’s Name: Grain Country. history and production statistics.
Manufacturer’s Address: 787 Melrose Ave. (at Orange
Ave.), Los Angeles, California. 387. Kloss, Jethro. 1981. Back to Eden: A human interest
Date of Introduction: 1981. story of health and restoration to be found in herb, root, and
Ingredients: Amazake plus flavoring. bark. Loma Linda, California: Back to Eden Books. xxxii +
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Served from a soft serve 684 p. Illust. Index. 18 cm. Kloss Family Heirloom Edition.
machine into dishes at Grain Country. • Summary: One of the most creative and original sources
How Stored: Frozen. of early soyfoods recipes, which include “Soybean Cream”
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Stuart Kerrigan. and “Soybean Ice Cream.” This revised edition contains
1988. Jan. 30. He started at Grain Country in July 1983. the complete original text of this classic work on healing
There he made a mix for the soft serve ice cream machine herbs, home remedies, diet, and health–plus 16 pages of
that kept him very busy. It was being made when he arrived. new family recollections by Jethro Kloss’ daughter, son, and
They called it Brown Rice Frostie. Our most popular was granddaughter at the beginning of the book, and 16 pages
Mocha flavored with Cafix, a grain coffee. They also had of previously unpublished photographs in the middle of the
lemon and probably orange flavors. For details ask David book. This edition was first copyrighted in 1972. The book
Jackson who runs Grain Country South in San Diego (619- has been published continuously by the Kloss family since
298-5913), who still makes the product. 1946. A blurb on the cover of the 1981 printing (which retails
Talk with Roy Steevensz. 1988. Jan. 30. Roy, who has for $2.95) states: “Two million copy bestseller. The complete
a sweet tooth and was very fond of ice cream, conceived original text [with the same page numbers]. New family
of and developed this product, the first time amazake had additions!” A color illustration by Harry Anderson shows a
ever been made into a frozen dessert, as far as he knows. It man and woman seated by an idyllic river, surrounded by
was a big success, very popular. “Many people urged me to birds and animals, in the Garden of Eden. The rear cover
market this in a big way. We sometimes added seasonal fruits states that this is “The heirloom authorized Kloss family
and experimented with many different flavorings. We tried edition.”
many names, such as Rice Cream, Brown Rice Frostie, but The contents of the book, except for the new sections
we finally settled on Amazake Frostie. For a while my wife, mentioned above, are identical to the original 1939 edition.
Marijke, experimented with amazake ice cream. He was But the recollections of Jethro Kloss by his children and
going to form a partnership with someone in Texas, but they granddaughter contain a wealth of new and interesting
kind of stole our recipes.” information. The recollections by his daughter Promise
Talk with Marijke Steevensz. 1988. Jan. 30. Phone: Kloss Moffett note: “My father was born on a large farm

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near Manitowac, Wisconsin, on April 27, 1863. The ninth of Eden, which was many years in preparation. Jethro Kloss’s
eleven children born to his pioneering parents lived a healthy son Eden was for many years his right hand helper. Whatever
and happy life in that primitive Indian country... my father did in spreading the gospel of health and natural
“When he was about twenty, he went to Florida and living, he did with all his might and trained his children in
worked in the orange groves, finally owning a large grove that same pattern of living...
at Deland. Later he attended school in Nebraska and then in “One of my favorite memories as a family is the daily
Battle Creek, Michigan. While in Battle Creek he worked worship hour when Father would gather his family of seven
closely with the then revolutionary medical leadership of the about him and we would sing hymns, read Bible verses
world-renowned Battle Creek Sanitarium. He saw clearly around the circle, and pray together. He was a gentle but firm
the disastrous results of the use of dangerous drugs then family leader.
prevalent in caring for the sick. He developed further his “Although a strict disciplinarian, my father was warm-
own philosophy and understanding of the laws of nature... hearted and affectionate–devoted to his family. When he was
“He was married March 5, 1900 to Miss Carrie away from home, we invariably received a letter from ‘papa’
Stilson, who had trained as a Bible worker and teacher every day...
and had labored in a mission in Madison, Wisconsin and “Eventually this health food factory at Brooke, Virginia
taught several terms of grade school. At that time he was was taken over by my step-sister, Mabel and her husband.
a licensed minister in Wisconsin and they established their “The Kloss’s then moved to Washington, D.C. and
home at Rose Lawn. Two children were born to this union, carried on his work of treating the sick, lecturing on health
Promise Joy and Paul, who died when only four weeks old and a more intensive study of herbs and preparation of
of whooping cough. During these years, besides my father’s his book, Back to Eden. I still have in my possession an
ministerial work, my parent’s operated a branch of the Battle attractive menu... for a Demonstration Dinner he gave March
Creek Sanitarium and also sold Battle Creek Sanitarium 27, 1933, at the Dodge Hotel in Washington, D.C. The menu
health foods. My mother died in July of 1905. was completely vegetarian and included ‘Sweetbreads a la
“In March, 1907, my father married Mrs. Amy Ponwith, Kloss.’ The pumpkin pie and strawberry sundae were made
a widow with a small daughter, Mabel. My father and step- with soy milk...
mother owned and operated an attractive sanitarium in “Back to Eden was at last published in 1939, the fruition
pleasant surroundings in St. Peter, Minnesota, which they of much toil and sacrifice for many years by the entire Kloss
named The Home Sanitarium... Their daughter Lucile was family... [Jethro’s] wife Amy [Pettis] Kloss died in 1944 at
born here in St. Peter in 1908 and their son, Eden, in 1910. Fredericksburg, Virginia...
“Next the Kloss’s became interested in the self- “In 1945 papa became acquainted with Mr. and Mrs.
supporting work being conducted in the south and visited Deloe Robert Hiatt on a trip to Madison, Tennessee. Together
some of the schools in North Carolina and Tennessee. About they found a property at Coalmont, Tennessee, where the
1911 they sold the sanitarium in Minnesota and moved to Hiatts took over the promotion and publication of Back to
Fountain Head, Tennessee, where their youngest daughter, Eden... [Jethro] peacefully went to sleep in June of 1946, his
Naomi, was born in 1913. Here they bought a 250 acre farm, eighty-fourth year [but he was age 83], and today rests in a
built a large house and barn, and raised many kinds of fruits little cemetery in Tennessee.”
and vegetables... The recollections by his son, Eden, note: “I was
“A later development in good health was his creation of born in St. Peter, Minnesota, on February 10, 1910, to
a significant health food manufacturing operation in Amqui, Jethro and Amy Kloss... After the move to Tennessee, my
Tennessee after receiving a call from them to take charge of parents developed a plant for the manufacture of a line of
their food factory... vegetarian meat substitutes, cereals, crackers, and other
“Before this factory was sold to the Nashville items, at Amqui, near Nashville. (Our business was called
Agricultural Normal Institute he was shipping health foods the Nashville Sanitarium Food Factory.) Many of my early
all over the United States and Canada. It was during this time memories center on that large two-story factory, where raw
at this place that he originated many new health food recipes. materials were transformed into good-tasting, healthful food
This establishment later became a part of what has since products...
become the well-known Madison College near Nashville, “My father was an untiring worker. He would be up
Tennessee. hours before the rest of the family–building fires, starting
“Our next move was to Brooke, Virginia where [in cracker dough, and making everything ready so that the work
1921] papa established a health food factory and retail could go full speed ahead when the workers arrived in the
market. Each of us children was pressed into service in one morning... One day when Eden was burned while canning
way or another with this family enterprise. At times we tomatoes, Jethro rushed him to the Madison Sanitarium for
would be helping with some food experiment, or perhaps in treatment. Kloss also made gluten there.
typing and retyping the material that later became Back to “When I was nine or ten years old, the factory was

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sold to the private school at Madison and transferred to containing beverages and to market them by utilizing
that campus, and our family traveled in our pickup truck, its extensive distribution network in several developing
camping en route, from Tennessee to Virginia. Here, at a countries... Brazil, having an abundant availability of
town named Brooke, we found an ideal location–a plot of soybean, was chosen as the first market. Further, it was
ground with a building in which we could make and sell decided to develop initially a non-carbonated milk-like
health foods and teach people about healthful living... bottled beverage, using soybean as the sole source of protein.
“It was here at Brooke, Virginia, that Papa started to put “The first such product was given the brand name
in uncounted hours working on the beginnings of his book, “Saci”–a mythical character in Brazilian folklore. Saci was
Back to Eden. a sterilized beverage containing 3.0% protein and seven
“After some years, my oldest sister and her husband vitamins. Sterilization was necessary because of the non-acid
took over the food factory, and my parents moved to Takoma character of the beverage (pH 6.8).
Park (on the outskirts of Washington, D.C.)... “Several prototypes in various flavors were consumer
“Papa’s travels to give lectures and food demonstrations tested to ascertain preference and the two flavors–chocolate
took him to places like Miami, Florida, and Houston, Texas.” and caramel–were selected for commercialization. The
There are also recollections by his granddaughter, beverage was launched in early 1968 in Rio de Janeiro,
Doris Joyce Kloss Gardiner. In about 1939-40 she used Brazil and marketed [in glass bottles] for about 3 years.
to be with her grandparents when they visited relatives in The product was withdrawn as the marketing objectives in
Falmouth, Virginia, just north of Fredericksburg. There terms of volume and profitability were not achieved.” Four
she helped make soymilk: “Nor was I happy to stand at the observations made concerning Saci are then given.
stove stirring and stirring large kettles of soybean milk (so Next a product named Samson, based on casein (a milk
the milk wouldn’t stick and be scorched)–a laborious and protein) was launched in Paramaribo, Surinam [Suriname],
time-consuming process. But Grandpa’s soybean milk was in June 1970 in a 200 ml glass bottle. Samson Power Bar, a
delicious, and so were the twenty or so other soy products non-dairy frozen dessert, was also launched at that time. The
that he originated and produced–including meat substitutes marketing was discontinued after about 7 years.
and soybean bread, butter, cheese, and ice cream... Next, a protein-containing soft drink product named
“Often Grandpa would prepare soybean ice cream to Tai was launched in Brazil. The generic name “Samson”
serve at the close of his lectures or cooking demonstrations. was given to beverage powders. A liquid version of Samson
One of my favorite treats was to lick the paddle from the ice- called “Sanson” was launched in Mexico in 1978 and sold in
cream freezer before we left home to go to the lecture... bottles like a soft drink.
“Grandpa and Grandma Kloss died when I was in my In 1976, when the Brazilian government announced its
mid-teens.” The frontispiece (facing the title page) is a ambitious program to food school children, pregnant and
portrait photo of Jethro Kloss. An original of this photo was nursing women, the Cocoa-Cola Co. developed powdered
sent to Soyfoods Center in 1985 by Doris Kloss Gardiner Saci according to specifications set by the government. Since
of Loma Linda, California. On the 4th page of photos in then, the company has supplied beverage powders based
the center section is an ad by “Kethro Kloss Health Food on soya and milk proteins, and fortified with vitamins and
Company, Brooke, Virginia.” Photos show two hand minerals. Two types of Saci were developed, each obtaining
grinders, a large-scale gas-fired pressure cooker, a large 60% of its protein from soya and 40% from dairy sources.
stove-top pressure cooker, and a hand scaler. The text begins: Saci 200 contained 200 calories per bottle, and Saci 300
“We manufacture a large line of health foods.” In 1921 Kloss contained 300 calories. The nutritional composition of
opened this health food factory in Brooke, VA, and it as on each product is given. “Initially, only a chocolate-flavored
this site that he began writing Back to Eden. Address: P.O. product was made available to the schools but now mocha,
Box 1439, Loma Linda, California 92354. strawberry and coconut flavors have been added to the line.”
Whey-based Samson is now available in cans and Tetra-
388. Bhatia, Darshan S. 1981? Development and marketing Brik cartons. The soya + milk or soy-based beverage has a
of protein-containing beverages. Atlanta, Georgia: The Coca- satisfactory shelf life in Tetra Brik. UHT Saci contains 6.0
Cola Co. 15 p. Undated. Unpublished manuscript. gm of protein and 4.0 gm of fat per 200 ml pack. The protein
• Summary: “In the mid 1960’s nutritionists and public source is either soya or and 80:20 soya:dairy milk blend.
health authorities in some developing countries started The availability of fairly bland soy protein hydrolysate may
advocating the fortification of some soft drinks with proteins make new types of products available. Address: Director,
and other nutrients. The rationale behind this was that soft Corporate Research and Development Department, The
drinks, being ubiquitous and popular with children, could be Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Georgia.
suitable vehicles for increasing their nutrient intake.
“In response to this situation and with good intentions, 389. Sass, Lorna J. 1982. Budget-conscious Americans are
The Coca-Cola Company decided to develop protein- hitting the soy–its not just sauce. Chicago Tribune. Jan. 21.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 192

p. S_A151. (ice cream type), 4% fat (ice milk), and 2% fat (sherbet). The
• Summary: This article first appeared as: Sass, Lorna J. ingredients are soy oil, soy protein isolate, a 55% fructose
1981. “Soy foods: Versatile, cheap and on the rise.” New 36DE corn syrup, and stabilizer/emulsifier. Various flavors
York Times. Aug. 12. p. C1, C6. It first appeared in the have been developed and the formulas can be modified for
Chicago Tribune on 29 Oct. 1981 (p. N_B19). higher protein, reduced sweetness, or reduced sodium.

390. Pacific Trading Co. (Living Lightly brand). 1982. 394. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1982. History
Product catalog. P.O. Box 40429, San Francisco, CA 94110. of soymilk and dairylike soymilk products. Soyfoods
12 p. [1 ref] Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 53 p. April
• Summary: Includes photocopies of all product labels, 4. Unpublished typescript. Available online at www.
showing all ingredients. A pioneering and extremely creative soyinfocenter.com.
product line. Address: San Francisco, California. • Summary: A comprehensive history of the subject.
Contents: Introduction. Etymology. Four stages of growth.
391. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1982. Tofu & Part I: History in Chinese-speaking Asia. Origin and early
soymilk production: A craft and technical manual. Lafayette, development. Roots of East Asia’s soymilk renaissance.
California: Soyfoods Center. 336 p. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Hong Kong and Vitasoy. Singapore. Taiwan. Part II: History
Shurtleff. Index. Feb. 28 cm. [223 ref] in non-Chinese speaking Asia. Japan. India. Philippines.
• Summary: The contents is identical to that of the original Vietnam. Indonesia. Thailand. Malaysia. Korea. Sri Lanka.
Aug. 1979 edition, but the publisher’s name has changed Part III: History in Europe. The early years (1739-1919).
to Soyfoods Center from New-Age Foods Study Center. 1920-1939. 1940-1959. 1960-1980. Part IV: History in the
Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, United States. The early years (1898-1919). 1920-1939.
California 94549. 1940-1959. 1960-1980. Part V: History in Latin America
and Africa. Part VI: Soymilk overview and future. Part VII:
392. Soyfoods. 1982. Soyfoods marketer. Winter. p. 57. Dairylike soymilk products (nonfermented). Soymilk ice
• Summary: “Mark Brawerman’s Pacific Trading Co. cream, 1918. Soymilk cream and whipped cream, 1932.
distributes a diverse line of frozen and refrigerated soyfoods Soymilk custards and puddings, 1935. Soymilk mayonnaise,
around the greater San Francisco area. Besides his stock 1936. Soymilk shakes, 1944. Soy nog, 1944. Nonfermented
of yogurt, cheeses, juices, eggless honey dairy ice cream, soymilk cheese, 1973. Other.
and middle eastern specialty foods, Brawerman distributes Note: This is the earliest English-language document
soyfoods from three West coast producers including Island seen (Dec. 2003) that contains the term “soymilk shakes”
Spring (Smoked Soyloaf, Steamed Tofu), Redwood Valley (or “soymilk shake”). Address: Lafayette, California. Phone:
(Almond Creamie, Berry Creamie, Soysage, Tofumous, 415-283-2991.
Missing Egg), and Soyfoods Unlimited (Tempeh, Tempeh
Burger). Brawerman also handles two brand name lines of 395. Everybody’s Vegetarian Restaurant. 1982. Menu.
his own, Jolly Licks Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts and Living Nashville, Tennessee. 1 p.
Lightly. The Jolly Licks line of soymilk ice creams was • Summary: Contains many recipes using tofu, tempeh,
introduced in July 1980 and includes these flavors: Toasted cooked whole soybeans, plus soymilk ice cream (“The
Almond, Strawberry, Coffee, Carob, Orange, Carob Mint, original soy milk Ice Bean” in cones, cups, milk shakes, or
Vanilla, Chocolate, (in pints and 5 oz cups). The Living sundaes), soy sour cream or mayo, soy milk shakes, tofu
Lightly line includes soft and firm tofu (water-packed and cheesecake, and apple crisp a la mode. Address: 120 21st
vacuum packed), tofu cutlets, SoyMoo beverage (plain, Ave. North, Nashville, Tennessee. Phone: 329-2000.
vanilla-cinnamon, in pints and quarts), two flavors of Tofu
No-Cheese Cake (Hawaiian, Strawberry, at 12 oz), and 396. Product Name: Eden’s Orchard Tofutini (Non-dairy
six frozen tofu entrees, (Tofu Tamale, 7 and 12 oz; Tofu Frozen Dessert; Renamed Tofu-Zert by Jan. 1984) [Banana,
Enchilada, 12 oz; Tofu Lasagna, 18 oz; Tofu Ravioli, 14 oz; Vanilla, Rum-Raisin, Maple-Walnut, Chocolate, Strawberry,
Tofu Italian Salad, 8 oz; and Tofu No Egg Salad, 8 oz).” or Almond].
Manufacturer’s Name: Heller Enterprises.
393. Hannigan, K.J. 1982. Corn/soy-based frozen desserts: Manufacturer’s Address: 395 Atlantic Ave., East
Taste & nutrition made to order. Food Engineering 54(3):92. Rockaway, NY 11518.
March. Date of Introduction: 1982. April.
• Summary: ADM has developed a non-dairy frozen dessert How Stored: Frozen.
in which butterfat is replaced by hydrogenated soy oil and New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Monthly.
casein is replaced by soy protein isolate (Ardex F). Three 1983. May. “Soymilk ice cream renamed: Eden’s Orchard,
variations with formulas are available containing 10% fat makers of soymilk / tofu ice cream (See Soyfoods Monthly,

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Oct. 1982) has renamed their product ‘Tofu-Zert’ which and delicious, it’s beyond cream.’” Address: 100 Heath Rd.,
is available in 8 flavors, both soft or hard packed. The Colrain, Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591.
company is establishing national distribution and planning an
advertising campaign.” 398. Simmons, Diane. 1982. Some hippies find that high-
Talk with Carl Tropper of Heller Enterprises. 1985. tech industry can keep them happy down on The Farm.
Jan. 17 and 25. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other People. May 31. p. 95-98.
Soy Ice Creams. p. 50-51. David Mintz’s Tofutti and Carl • Summary: About The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee,
Tropper’s Tofutini were both launched in New York retail where some “1,300 free souls live on the Farm’s 1,700
stores in the spring of 1982. Mintz threatened to sue for acres trying to prove that the ideas of the ‘60s can survive
trademark infringement and his lawyer got a cease and in the ‘80s.” “The Farm itself is governed by 50 elders, not
desist order. Tropper changed the name to Tofu-Zert. See including Gaskin, who is the Farm’s spiritual leader and
Also Tofutini Dessert, launched by American Food Lines in emissary to political demonstrations across the country.”
Merrick, NY, Dec. 1982. “Another project, Farm Foods, sells vegetarian products,
including an ice-cream substitute called Ice Bean” [a soy ice
397. Leviton, Richard. 1982. On the road for the fast food cream].
burger: A soy deli odyssey. Vegetarian Times No. 56. April. “The vibes are good down on the Farm, although the
p. 62-65. life is not for everyone. While there is a waiting list of
• Summary: Includes visits to and detailed descriptions of 700 people who want to join, 50 to 100 leave every year.
the ambience and menu at: The Well Bean Deli in Santa The Farm grows its staples–wheat, soybeans and green
Cruz, California (Kevin Van Slooten), Real Food Tofu vegetables. Liquor, meat, cigarettes, and hard drugs are off
Cafe in Redwood Valley, California (Dik & Sharon Rose), limits.” A quarter of the population is Jewish.
The Tofu Shop in Arcata, California (Matthew & Susanne
Schmit), South Fork Tofu Cafe in Helena, Montana (Bruce 399. Fitzpatrick, Brian. 1982. Soya milk in Asia. In:
Anfinson, Vicki Keller, and Richard Saravalli), The Good Theng Chye Yam, W-L Kwik, and C-Y Fong, eds. 1982.
Nature Deli in Oak Park, Illinois (Kevin O’Brien and Mary Proceedings of Food Conference 1982. viii + 382 p. See p.
Ellen Sackett), The Soy Plant Deli in Ann Arbor, Michigan (a 261-62. Held 16-20 May 1982 in Singapore. Publ: Singapore
co-op), Hip Pocket Tofu Deli in Columbus, Ohio (Bill Lutz), Inst. of Food Science & Technology.
Nature’s Grace in Honesdale, Pennsylvania (Jamie and • Summary: Contents: History. Consumption of soymilk.
Nancy Stunkard), Lotos Cafe in Rochester, New York (Greg Nutrition. Soymilk- the product. Unprocessed raw materials
Weaver), Soyateria in Toronto, Ontario (owned by Soy City suitability. Clarified and suspended products. Packaging.
Foods), Mintz’s Buffet in New York City (David Mintz), and Yields for clarified and suspended. Product mix (yogurt, tofu,
Everybody’s Vegetarian Restaurant in Nashville, Tennessee ice cream). Present market.
(run by The Farm). Recent introductions of commercial soymilk products
At Mintz’s Buffet (1040 Third Ave., 10021) “David include: Green Spot Bangkok (1960), Coca Cola test market
Mintz would like to stuff the Big Apple with savory tofu, of SACI in Brazil (1969), Singapore Cold Storage (1969),
judging by the enthusiasm with which he embraced tofu a Kibun, Japan (1976), and Ace Canning (1980). Address:
year ago in his traditional Jewish kosher deli and catering Alfa-Laval South East Asia, Singapore.
company. Mintz added tofu to his line of ‘soup to nuts, old
time foods like Grandma used to make, a big menu,’ and 400. Mandoe, Bonnie. 1982. Soy power! Part I. Bestways.
placed tofu vegetable pies and tofu ice cream proudly next May. p. 98, 99, 101.
to the gefilte fish, chopped livers and matzoh balls. Located • Summary: “However familiar–or unfamiliar–we may
on New York’s upper east side near Bloomingdale’s, Mintz’s be with soy foods, the eighties are certain to increase our
(which seats 15) receives celebrities and ordinary folk appreciation of these versatile and varied products. The same
alike, people who are drawn to its special ‘Mintz’s Tofu marketing skills that turned yogurt from the curious ‘health-
Buffet of Vegetable Quiches,’ Tofu Vegetable Pies, Tofu food oddity’ it was in the sixties, to the popular supermarket
Vegetable Salads (for instance, steamed broccoli with tofu item it is today, are being applied to soy foods, particularly
mustard sauce), Tofu Egg Rolls, Tofu Blintzes, Tofu Bran tofu, tempeh, and soya ice cream.”
Muffins (strawberry-rhubarb, apple-walnut, blueberry-bran, Contains a short section on tofu that mentions Larry
carrot-apple, pecan, lemon-granola, pineapple-coconut and Needleman and Soyfoods magazine, and a shorter section on
cherry-granola), Soy Burgers and Soy Pizza. Before we tempeh. Gives 3 tofu recipes and 4 tempeh recipes. Photos
glide out of Mintz’s soy emporium on a cloud of soybeans, show: (1) Bonnie Mandoe. (2) A cake of tofu.
we must sample his renowned Tofu Ice Kream (also called
Tofutti) made from tofu, soymilk, fresh fruit, essences of 401. Thornock, Kaylene. 1982. The usability of tofu in
apples, figs and raisins, honey, egg whites, soy oil–’creamy schools and colleges. Jack’s Beanstalk, P.O. Box 26615, Salt

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 194

Lake City, Utah. iii + 102 p. May. No index. 28 cm. upcoming food of the future is coming your way.” Tofu
• Summary: Contents: About tofu. Acknowledgments. seems to work best in desserts, entrees, salads and dressings,
Agreement for research on tofu. Statement of objectives. sauces, soups, and beverages. Try to develop recipes to yield
Research objectives #1-6. Summary of research findings by at least 75 to 100 portions.
objectives.
Tofu was served and evaluated by students at Brigham 402. Product Name: Tofutti (Soft Serve Non-Dairy Soy Ice
Young University in a number of popular recipes. Generally, Cream).
the more students knew about tofu, the higher their Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Time, Inc. (Marketer). Made
acceptance level. Tofu was very well accepted in both in Middletown, New York by Gem Ice Cream Co., then in
entrees and dessert items. A cheesecake, in which tofu was New Jersey by Welsh Farms.
substituted for one-third of the cream cheese, was preferred Manufacturer’s Address: 1638–63rd St., Brooklyn, NY
almost 2-to-1 over that without. 11204.
Among the recipes tested which contained tofu were: Date of Introduction: 1982. May.
Brownies, burritos, chow mein, chili rellenos, cheesecake, Ingredients: Water, high fructose corn sweetener, corn
enchiladas, French toast, fruit smoothies, guacamole dip, oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, all natural flavorings (if
onion dip, pizza, pumpkin pie, quiche, scrambled tofu, strawberry--color is derived from the juice of beets; if
spaghetti sauce, stroganoff, tofu stew, and yakisoba (fried chocolate, cocoa is added), soy lecithin, vegetable gums
buckwheat noodles). (guar seed, carob bean, carrageenan), salt.
Cost savings: Ground beef at $1.39/lb was found to Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint.
be 74% more expensive than tofu at $0.80/lb. At 50:50 How Stored: Frozen.
extension a foodservice operation would save $29.50 per 100 New Product–Documentation: Spot in Soyfoods. 1983.
lb of food product, or 21%. If 600 lb a week was served, this Summer. p. 54. “The Tofutti Union. Tofutti, which is a soft-
would result in an annual savings of $9,204 in one entree serve dairyfree ice cream made from tofu, soymilk, lecithin,
item. Foodservice directors find this very impressive. Tofu soy oil, fruits, flavorings, and honey, is distributed to 11
may replace all or part of the following ingredients to realize states in gallon containers (in liquid form with a 7-week
substantial cost savings: Bleu cheese $4.60/lb. Mozzarella shelf life). The soft-serve form has been on the market since
cheese $3.60. Cream cheese $2.95. Round steak $2.15. Beef May 1982 and is sold in 60 outlets in New York City alone,
sirloin roast $1.79. Ground beef $1.39. American cheese including Bloomingdale’s 40 Carrots, Zabar’s, The World
$1.29. Tofu $0.80. Other economical substitutions are for Trade Center’s Big Kitchen, New York Health and Racquet
mayonnaise, salad dressing, cottage cheese, sour cream, ice Clubs, and the Great American Health Bar.”
cream, eggs, chicken, sausage, pork. Note that TVP (textured
soy flour) is now widely used by foodservice institutions in 403. Farm Foods. 1982. American Booksellers Association
tacos and to some extent in hamburgers. tastes tofu and Ice Bean at annual convention (News release).
Nutritional value: Tofu is a star, being free of 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN 39483. 1 p. June 11.
cholesterol, low in total fats and saturated fats, very low in • Summary: “Anaheim, California: Farm Foods and sister
calories, and free of salt... in addition to being an excellent company The Book Publishing Company sampled recipes
source of high-quality protein. from their new book, Tofu Cookery at the annual Booksellers
Acceptability: Jack’s Beanstalk (a tofu manufacturer Convention and Exposition May 28-June 3. Seventeen
in Salt Lake City, Utah) introduced a 50-50 mixture of tofu thousand people filed through one of the largest trade shows
and ground beef under the catchy name of “Burgerlite” in in this country, sampling tofu onion dip, tofu cheesecake
college food lines. “Where tofu content has been 25-50% and soy Ice Bean (a nationally distributed soymilk ice cream
and all recipes tested have been in a form familiar to the similar to a recipe for tofu-ice cream in the new cookbook).
college students (i.e. meat loaf, tacos, spaghetti sauce, “’For many people it was the first time they ever tasted
etc.), acceptability has been equal to that of products soy foods. The response was great. So many people thanked
not containing tofu.” The more education and exposure us for showing them how tasty tofu and soymilk ice cream
people have concerning tofu, the more their general level can be... We kept the serving bowl filled for four days,
of acceptance increases. The more accurate information using well over 150 pounds of tofu,’ says Robert Tepper,
they have, the less they fear change. To boost acceptability, Marketing Director for Farm Foods and collaborator on Tofu
two things are important: educate frontline foodservice Cookery.” Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
employees and give general (or, even better, specific)
recommendations for using tofu. In addition, develop 404. SoyaScan Notes. 1982. What are piima and viili?
a general strategy for introducing tofu as a new food to (Overview). June 17. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
students, much as you would launch any new product. For Soyfoods Center.
example, prepare a campaign slogan: “Tofu, the new and • Summary: Piima and viili are two traditional cultured dairy

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 195

milk products which have long been very popular in Finland. soymilk turned into piima faster than dairy milk; soy piima
The two words are not clearly differentiated, for various had a thicker and better consistency, and was liked by all
reasons. First, the word “piima” is often used generically who tasted it. 1-2 tablespoons of piima per pint of soymilk
to refer to all of the many Finnish cultured milk products. were incubated at 27ºC (80ºF). Thereafter she advertised
Second, viili traditionally referred to the choice, rich, creamy that her starter could be used to make good soymilk piima. A
(high-fat) layer that formed on the top of a bowl of piima; discussion of soymilk piima and viili, and their commercial
the less rich, bottom portion, specifically called piima, was production, was given in Tofu & Soymilk Production (1979)
often served as a refreshing drink. Today, however, viili and by Shurtleff and Aoyagi, based largely on information
piima are generally made separately; viili is thicker and more obtained from Pat Connolly.
stretchy. Finally, there are a number of similar or slightly The earliest known viili to come to the USA from
different cultured milk products, which have various names Finland arrived in about 1900 with the Kinnunen family, who
in different parts of Finland. For example, viili is stretchy lived in Fort Bragg, northern California. It was popular in
in west and north Finland, but not in East Finland. A similar the Finnish community there. It might have stayed isolated
stretchy product in west and north Finland is pitkapiima, in the community had not Gordon McBride, whose mother
while viilipiima is a cultured milk drink. Related products was a Finn from that community, and Betty Stechmeyer,
are taette milk in Norway, tatmjolk and langmjolk in Sweden, started a small business named GEM Cultures in Fort Bragg
and skyr in Iceland. Swedish-speaking Finns have lang fil. in July 1980. They started selling tempeh starter cultures,
All of these products have a thick, rich consistency with but they soon added viili culture to their line of products.
some degree of stretchiness (ropiness) plus a delicate, subtle In December 1980 they made the world’s first batch of
sweetness; they are not sour like yogurt. Kokkeli piima is soymilk viili, which they liked very much, although they
like buttermilk. found that it was not stretchy, and it was easier to propagate
Since ancient times piima and viili have been made the starter on cow’s milk than on soymilk. Soymilk viili
in individual Finnish homes, although today the custom is has much less beany flavor than the soymilk from which it
gradually dying out, since store-bought products are readily was made. The first popular article on viili in the U.S. was
available (sold in cups like sour cream) and fewer people written by McBride and Stechmeyer for the Summer 1981
raise their own cows. Traditionally each family kept its own issue of Soyfoods magazine. In the article they called the
culture going. Roughly a tablespoon of starter culture, taken product “viilia” (as they had heard it called by local Finns),
from a previous batch, was spread over the bottom of a large the partitive case of the noun viili. Mention of soy viili next
bowl, typically 6 inches in diameter and 2½ inches deep. appeared in the October 1981 issue of East West Journal
Each family member had his or her own bowl, used solely in an article by Rebecca Greenwood, and a third article by
for this purpose. The microorganisms for both products Shurtleff in the Winter 1982 issue of Soyfoods pointed out
are lactic acid streptococci; the predominant species is that the product was always called “viili” not “viilia” in the
Streptococcus cremoris, but S. lactis and S. diacetilactis literature.
are also abundant. In viili a significant proportion of these Starting in early 1981, Shurtleff and Aoyagi did
microorganisms are slime/capsule formers; microscopic extensive home research on soymilk viili and found it was
analysis shows that many of the individual organisms, best if 2 teaspoons of honey and 4-8 drops of vanilla were
composed of chains of bacteria (streptococci), form a added to each quart of soymilk prior to incubation. By
thin jellylike capsule around them. Moreover, in viili, a early 1981 Hesseltine and Wang at the Northern Regional
surface-growing milk mold (Oospora lactis or Geotrichum Research Center were investigating both dairy and soymilk
candidum) is usually present; it forms a prized, velvet-like viili, and planning to publish their findings. There was an
layer on the surface of the unhomogenized milk. In addition, interest in the formation of vitamins, reduction of beany
most traditional viili cultures contain some (nonessential) flavors, and decrease of flatulence-causing oligosaccharides
yeasts. There is a widespread but apparently unfounded during fermentation, in the best microorganisms for soymilk
folk belief, first reported by Weigmann in 1899 and Olsen- viili, and in how to increase or decrease stretchiness. Having
Sopp in 1912, that taette or piima can also be made by served dairy and soymilk viili to many friends, Shurtleff and
adding leaves of butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) or sundew Aoyagi believe they have great potential in the U.S., perhaps
(Drosera rotundifolia), small Scandinavian herbs (Kon more than yogurt. Yet as of 1982 neither piima nor viili were
1959). being made commercially in America. They deserve much
The earliest known attempt to make these Finnish wider attention.
cultured foods using soymilk dates from 1978, when Pat
Connolly, who had long been selling piima starter in the USA 405. Lotus Cafe (The). 1982. Menu. Rochester, New York.
(La Mesa, California), made soymilk piima at home, using June.
a recipe for soymilk from The Book of Tofu by Shurtleff and • Summary: This original menu, dated June 1982 and
Aoyagi. She reported in a letter to Shurtleff (May 1979) that typed on beige paper, is divided into: Soups. Salads (incl.

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Hummus, Devilled tofu, Tempeh salad). Sandwiches (all number of tempeh manufacturers. Recipes. Listing of North
with the Lotus Cafe’s original tofu mayonnaise): Tofuburger, America’s largest tempeh manufacturers and their weekly
Tempehburger, Not dog, Tempeh Reuben, Pita sandwiches output.
in Syrian pocket bread (incl. Tofulafel, Temptation). Entrees: 7. Analysis of the worldwide soymilk industry: Analysis
Incl. Tofu spinach pie, Tofu ravioli, Tofu and sauce with of the soymilk industry in the United States. Analysis of
brown rice and marinated tofu. Side dishes. Beverages: Incl. the soymilk industry in Japan. Major Japanese soymilk
Shakes with fresh soymilk (Banilla, Carobanana, Banana companies and their products.
colada), freshly made juices, sparklings, glass of soymilk 8. Analysis of the soy sauce / shoyu and miso industries
or carob soymilk. Desserts: Incl. Almond cream cheese tart, worldwide. Statistics on fermented soyfoods in East Asia.
Maple walnut pudding, carob brownie, ice cream (Ice Bean). The soy sauce market in the United States (1981). U.S.
Address: 686 Monroe Ave., Rochester, New York 14607. imports of soy sauce. Graph (1947-1981. Source: U.S.
General Imports, Schedule A. Commodity by Country. U.S.
406. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1982. Soyfoods Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Census). U.S. imports of
industry: directory and databook. 2nd ed. Lafayette, soy sauce. Table (1947-1981. Source: U.S. General Imports,
California: Soyfoods Center. 56 p. June. 28 cm. [24 ref] etc. See above). The shoyu / soy sauce market in Japan.
• Summary: A detailed study of the rapidly emerging Graph. (1886-1980. Includes: Number of manufacturers. Per
soyfoods industry and market. Contains original statistics capita consumption. Shoyu production. Kikkoman’s market
compiled by the Soyfoods Center through interviews with share (%)). The miso market in Japan. Graph. (1930-1980.
companies. Contents: 1. Terminology: The many types of Includes: Per capita consumption. Total miso production.
soyfoods. I. Traditional low-technology soyfoods. 1A– Factory production. Number of manufacturers. Home
Nonfermented soyfoods: Fresh green soybeans, whole dry production. Amount of soybeans used). Overview of the
soybeans, soynuts and soynut butter, soy sprouts, whole miso market in the United States. Miso exports from Japan
soy flour & grits, roasted soy flour [kinako] & soy coffee, (1981). Japan’s ten largest miso manufacturers and their
soymilk and dairylike soymilk products, tofu (eight types), output.
okara or soy pulp, yuba. 9. Other: Analysis of the soynuts industry in the U.S.
1B–Fermented soyfoods: Tempeh, miso, soy sauce, North America’s larger soyfoods delis, cafes & restaurants.
shoyu & tamari, natto & thua-nao, fermented tofu The soybean crushing industry; overview.
& soymilk, soy nuggets [fermented black soybeans] 10. Soyfoods terminology and standards (Glossary of
(Hamanatto & tou-ch’ih). soyfoods terms): I. Traditional nonfermented soyfoods: Fresh
II. Modern soy protein foods: Defatted soy flour, grits green soybeans, okara, roasted soy flour (soy coffee, soy
& flakes, soy protein concentrates, textured soy protein chocolate), soybeans, soymilk (soymilk ice cream, soymilk
products, soy protein isolates. soft serve, frozen soymilk yogurt, soymilk mayonnaise,
III. Soy oil products: Soy salad oil & cooking oil, soy oil soy shakes, soy nog, soymilk whipped cream), soynuts, soy
margarine & shortening, soy lecithin. sprouts, tofu (regular tofu, deep-fried tofu {deep-fried tofu
2. Soyfoods industry directory: Names and addresses of cutlets called nama-age or atsu-age in Japan, deep-fried
over 850 soyfoods manufacturers in the Western world, plus tofu burgers or burger balls, called ganmodoki or hiryozu
major soymilk, miso, shoyu, and yuba manufacturers in East in Japan, deep fried tofu pouches (called aburage in Japan;
Asia. 3. Analysis of the soyfoods industry in the U.S. the words “deep-fried” may be dropped from the names
4. Trends in U.S. and world soybean production: Graph after the initial usage, and in recipes or on package labels,
of world soybean production (1922-1979) including graphs if desired}), silken tofu {made without separation of curds
for the world total, USA, Asia total, and Latin America. and whey, called kinugoshi in Japan; modern types, all made
Graph of U.S. soybean production, yields, and exports with glucono delta-lactone as coagulant, and all known in
(1924-1979). Japanese as juten-dofu, are packaged lactone silken tofu,
5. Analysis of the tofu industry in the West: The U.S. bagged lactone silken tofu (fukuro-dofu), sealed lactone
tofu market: overview and outlook. Graph of the number of silken tofu (buro-dofu), and Ever-Fresh Lactone Silken Tofu
tofu (and tempeh) manufacturers in the West from 1975 to (in Tetra-Pak}), grilled tofu, frozen and dried-frozen tofu.
1982. Four-year analysis of the tofu industry in the West. (Note 1. It is illegal to describe the latter product as “freeze-
Listing of North America’s largest tofu manufacturers and dried tofu,” since freeze-drying is a completely different
their weekly tofu output. Japan’s largest tofu manufacturers process), terms associated with making tofu {fresh soy
and their daily output. Favorite tofu, soymilk, and tempeh puree, a coagulant or curding agent, forming box, filter bag
recipes as served at U.S. soyfoods, delis, cafes, and or pressing sack, tofu comes in cakes, not blocks}), whole
restaurants, or marketed as ready-to-serve products. Books soy flour, flakes and grits, yuba.
on tofu published in America. II. Traditional fermented soyfoods: Fermented soymilk
6. Analysis of the tempeh industry in the West: Graph of products (soymilk yogurt {Soy Yogurt, Soyogurt, Soygurt},

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acidophilus soymilk, soymilk kefir, viili, piima, buttermilk Soya-nuez (nuez means walnuts or pecans), Soya-huate
{Soy Kefir, etc.}), fermented tofu (wine-fermented tofu, (means peanuts from cacahuate). Oil roasted soynuts–Soya
brine-fermented tofu), miso (rice miso, barley miso, nuez tostada (meaning nut). Dry roasted soynuts–Soya-huate
soybean miso, Chinese soybean chiang), natto (thua-nao tostado (meaning peanuts). Soynut butter–Mantequilla de
from Thailand and kinema from Nepal; all are non-salted), soya. Roasted soy flour–Harina de soya tostada (kinako).
fermented black soybeans [fermented black soybeans] Soy coffee–Soyafee. Soy chocolate–Soyalate. Soymilk–
(Chinese fermented black soybeans know as shih, tou-ch’ih, Leche de soya. Soymilk ice cream–Helado de leche de soya.
tou-shih, or dow-si; savory fermented black soybeans called Soymilk curds–Cuajada de soya, Jocoque de leche de soya.
Hamanatto in Japan, Daitokuji fermented black soybeans Tofu–Tofu, Queso de soya, Cuajada de soya. Soft tofu–Tofu
called Daitokuji natto in Japan, Philippine fermented black blando. (Regular) Tofu–Tofu comun. Firm Tofu–Tofu firme.
soybeans called tausi or tao-si in the Philippines, Indonesian Extra firm tofu–Tofu extra firme. (Deep fried) Tofu cutlets–
soy nugget paste called tauco, formerly spelled tao-tjo, chuletas de tofu. (Deep fried) Tofu burgers–Hamburguesas
Malaysian soy nugget sauce called tao-si), soy sauce (shoyu. o tortitas de tofu. (Deep fried) Tofu pouches–Saquitos de
The five basic types of Japanese shoyu are: regular shoyu tofu. Silken tofu–Tofu sedoso. Pressed silken tofu–Tofu
called koikuchi shoyu in Japanese, light-colored shoyu called sedoso prensado. Grilled tofu–Tofu a la parrilla. Dried
usukuchi shoyu, tamari shoyu, clear shoyu called shiro frozen tofu–Tofu seco congelado. Okara or soy pulp–Okara,
shoyu, and rich shoyu called saishikomi shoyu), tempeh, pasta de soya, pulpa de soya. Yuba–Yuba. Fermented black
other fermented soyfoods. soybeans–Palanquetas de soya. Miso or soybean jian–Miso
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2012) (el). Soy sauce–Salsa de soya. Shoyu–Shoyu (el). Tamari–
that uses the word “Soygurt” to refer to soy yogurt. Tamari. HVP soy sauce–Have not found it. Tempeh–Tempeh
III. Soy oil and modern soy protein foods: soy oil, (el). Fermented tofu–tofu fermentado. Fermented / cultured
defatted soy flour, flakes and grits, soy protein concentrate, soymilk–Leche de soya fermentada. Natto, thua-nao,
soy protein isolate, textured soy protein products (TSP, TVP kinema–Natto (el). Soy oil–aceite de soya. Soy lecithin–
is a registered trademark of the Archer Daniels Midland Lecitina de soya. Soy flour–Harina de soya. Whole (full fat)
Company and cannot be used as a generic name for this soy flour–Harina de soya entera. Defatted soy flour–Harina
product), meat analogs (foods typically made from spun soy de soya degrasada. Soy grits and flakes–Soya martajada
protein fibers to resemble meat, fish, or poultry products). y hojuelas de soya. Cereal-soy blends (CSM, WSB,
11. Names of soyfoods around the world: Names of etc.)–Soyavena (with oatmeal). Soy protein concentrate–
40 products. Brazilian / Portuguese names. British English Concentrado de proteina de soya. Soy protein isolate–
names. Chinese names (fermented tofu is Toufu-ju or Sufu). Aislado de soya. Textured soy protein products–Productos de
French names, German names. Japanese names. Spanish soya texturizada. Textured soy flour, TSF, or TSP–Harina de
names. soya texturizada. Textured soy concentrates–Concentrados
12. Key institutions working with soyfoods in the de soya texturizada. Textured soy isolate–Aislados de soya
West: The Soyfoods Center, Soyfoods Association of North texturizada. Spun soy protein fibers–Fibra de proteía hilada
America, INTSOY, American Soybean Association, Bean de soya. Soy casmar, Soya Cocoa, Coco soya–Beverages
Machines, Inc., Soycrafters Apprenticeship Program, USDA made with chocolate or cocoa. Pastisoya–Like spaghetti or
Northern Regional Research Center, Sojaquelle. noodles of different kinds made with soy flour–commercial
About The Soyfoods Center. products. Vegesoya–Commercial products for soups. Soya
Note 3. This is the 2nd market study published by mex and Chocosoya–for beverages. Soya pac–Textured soya
Shurtleff. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, like meat, also a commercial product.” Address: Apdo. Postal
Lafayette, California 94549. 226, Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.

407. Dominguez de Diez Gutiérrez, Blanca. 1982. Re: 408. Fabricant, Florence. 1982. The lighter ice creams: Now
Names of soyfoods around the world: Spanish. Form filled less is more. New York Times. July 21. Living section. p. C1,
out and returned to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, C6.
July 9. 1 p. Handwritten. [Eng; Spa] • Summary: “What is new in New York this summer is...
• Summary: Gives the names of all the various soyfoods in Tofutti, an ice-creamlike product made of tofu, which has a
Spanish. Note: A typed list of these names is published in butterfat count of exactly zero... Tofutti, which comes in such
Soyfoods Industry and Market: Directory and Databook, flavors as chocolate, strawberry, maple-walnut, vanilla and
1985. 5th ed. p. 164. carrot-raisin, is pastel-colored, smooth, creamy, cold, sweet
“Fresh green soybeans–Frijol de soya tierno o ejote de and pleasant. It contains a mere 100 or so calories in a four-
soya. Whole dry soybeans–La soya, Frijol de soya. Black ounce serving and has no animal fat or, for that matter, dairy
soybeans–Frijol de soya negro. Fresh soy puree–Pure de ingredients whatsoever. (It has only 7 percent fat, all of it
frijol de soya. Soy sprouts–Germinados de soya. Soynuts– polyunsaturated, from soybean oil). Each serving has about

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5 grams of protein. Tofutti also does not have the chalky or TN 38483.
metallic aftertaste that affects many of the ice cream and Date of Introduction: 1982. July.
frozen dessert substitutes designed for low-fat, low-guilt Ingredients: Almond Espresso: Water, soy powder, honey,
indulgence.” soy oil, almonds, pure coffee concentrate, soy lecithin, locust
It will be featured at Bloomingdale’s 40 Carrots bean gum, guar gum, Irish moss.
restaurant starting this week. It took David Mintz, the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fluid oz (1 pint) carton.
inventor, “five years of experimenting, to develop the tofu- How Stored: Frozen.
based frozen dessert that is now being swirled into cups and New Product–Documentation: Spot in Whole Foods.
cones from ice cream machines in about a dozen locations 1982. July. “Farm Foods introductory offer.” Three new
in the city [New York]. Tofutti, which is kosher and pareve flavors of Ice Bean are now available in pints from Farm
(meaning it can be served with both meat and dairy), first Foods: Pineapple Orange Sunshine, Almond Espresso, and
appeared about a month ago.” Toasted Almond Fudge.
“Although it obviously cannot measure up to premium Labels. Brown and white on orange wood motif. “Serve
ice creams when it comes to richness, Tofutti is clearly a soft for full flavor. Non dairy frozen dessert.” Food Report
sensible choice on the basis of sound nutrition. Even frozen (Lehmann). 1982. July.
yogurt has about 40 calories per ounce, against Tofutti’s 26.”
Address: New York. 412. Leviton, Richard. 1982. Touring for soyfoods. Soyfoods.
Summer. p. 32-37, 41.
409. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1982. Kissaten de ninki • Summary: At The Farm in Tennessee, the soy dairy,
jôshôochû. Tôfu “aisukuriimu” mada mada uremasu. Jishin managed by Chuck Haren, “operates 3 days a week, turning
tappuri no tenchô. Mr. Pû [Tofu ice cream is becoming out 7,500 lb/week of calcium sulfate tofu for immediate
popular in tea parlors, such as Mr. Poo’s. He has confidence consumption by the Farm’s 1,300 soyfood lovers.” They use
he sell a lot more]. July 21. [Jap] a Sweco-Brown filtration system. The okara is composted.
• Summary: Soymilk ice cream is selling well in this tea They make 600 gallons per week of fresh soymilk. Their
house at 380 yen for a dish. The owner calls it “tofu ice tempeh shop makes 700 lb/week of fresh tempeh–the 7th
cream.” The owner, Mr. Yamanouchi, got the idea when he largest in the UA. Both the tofu and tempeh plants have
traveled to Los Angeles. He has been selling it for 4 years, been used as training grounds for apprentices from Europe,
since 1978. South America, and Africa, who come to The Farm to
Note: This is the earliest Japanese-language document stay for 6 month sessions. A ice cream manufacturer in
seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream, which it calls Memphis makes their Ice Bean. Plenty is active in Haiti,
Tôfu “aisukriimu.” where they are providing soymilk for malnourished children,
and in Lesotho, South Africa, where they are aiding in the
410. Durnford, Nancy. 1982. There’s no cream in Ice Bean. construction of a village soy dairy and demo site as part of
Gazette (The) (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). July 28. the Motsemocha Village Technology Center. They recently
• Summary: “With the arrival of Ice Bean, virtually every conducted a Caribbean cruise with 8 soy technicians.
Montrealer can lick or spoon a frozen confection. Ice Bean, Legume: “Gary and Chandri Barat and Robert Shapiro
an ice cream-like dessert, contains no cream or milk solids have a booming company on their hands after 1 year of
and is suitable for anyone on a cholesterol-restricted diet or business with an impressive line of prepared frozen tofu
for those allergic to cow’s milk. It is also low in calories. A entrees and desserts. Jan. 1981 rented facility in Verona,
three-ounce serving of the soybean based dessert contains New Jersey. May 1981 Celantano started co-packing. Photos
66 calories compared to more than 200 calories for a similar show: Chandri Barat, Gary Barat, and Robert Shapiro of
portion of ice cream. Legume (see also photo on p. 3).
“Salt-free and sweetened with honey, the creamy- The following people and their companies are also
smooth Ice Bean is packaged in two sizes and five flavors. discussed, with photos: Tim Nusser of Rising Sun Soy Farms
The one-pound containers are available in three flavors: (Columbus, Ohio). Jim Saunders of Real Foods (tofu shop in
Carob, vanilla and mocha. Individual portions or three-ounce a supermarket in Allentown, Pennsylvania). Renate and Karl
sizes come in those flavors plus Orange Sunshine, containing Krummenoehl of Cricklewood Soyfoods. Jamie and Nancy
orange juice concentrate, and Dutch Chocolate, made with Stunkard of Nature’s Grace. Joel Dee of Edward & Sons
cocoa.” in Saluda, North Carolina (marketers of Miso-Cup). Henry
Salazar of Sam Sung Tofu Co. Eileen Foote and Eileen Judge
411. Product Name: Ice Bean [Pineapple Orange Sunshine, of Kingdom Foods. Bob Hunt of Blue Ridge Soyfoods.
Almond Espresso, or Toasted Almond Fudge]. Soya Food Products in Cincinnati (Ben & Nina Yamaguchi).
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Rising Sun Soy Farms. Bill Lutz of Hip Pocket Tofu Deli
Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, (Columbus, Ohio). Robert Marrochessi and Bill Spear of

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The Bridge (Middletown, Connecticut, macrobiotic, run by by 1967, at least 22 million pounds were produced, and by
Roberto Marrocchesi and Bill Spear. Began tofu production 1981, annual production was estimated at 90 million pounds
in March 1981). Suzy Jenkins and Laurie Praskin of Plenty as isolates were used in numerous foods.
(Summertown, Tennessee). Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, “Soy isolate production begins with defatted soybean
Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. flakes, from which protein is extracted, in an aqueous
solution, from the insoluble residue with the aid of
413. Leviton, Richard. 1982. Multimarket targeting: Where screens or centrifuges. The ‘soy curd’ is precipitated at
is the soyfoods market? Soyfoods. Summer. p. 61-68. the isoelectric point (pH 4.5, where the solubility of the
• Summary: Discusses Pacific Tempeh, White Wave, Quong protein is at a minimum) using a food grade acid such as
Hop Tofu Cutlets Marinara, Burgers, Cannoli. Photos show: acetic or phosphoric. The curds and whey are separated
Jim Miller and his wife Emily of Quong Hop, with the New by centrifuging, the curds are washed, then neutralized
Leaf products. Steve Demos at Pat Calhoun in the White with food grade alkali. Finally the isolate is spray-dried for
Wave booth at the Natural Foods Expo, 1982, Anaheim, storage.
California. Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, Massachusetts “Recently ADM Foods announced the development of a
01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. ‘wet’ curd isolated soy protein” that has maximum functional
properties. The curd is suitable for interaction with milk,
414. Mintz’s Buffet. 1982. Tofutti: Dairy free (Leaflet). 1040 whey, and egg proteins in foods. The wet curd can be used as
Third Ave. (between 61 and 62 St.), New York City, NY a partial replacement (up to 50%) for casein (a milk-derived
10012. 1 p. Single sided. 21.6 x 14 cm. July. protein) in imitation mozzarella cheeses, and as a coffee
• Summary: See next page. Printed with pink on beige whitener that will not coagulate after immersion in the hot
cardstock. “Tofutti (TM) tastes just as good as regular ice liquid. The soy isolate slurry is not heat denatured, has a
cream even though it’s not made with cream, butterfat or any pH of 4.5, solids content of 23%, is easily pumped, can be
other dairy products. It’s made with tofu. And lots of people delivered in stainless steel tanks of 45,000 pounds capacity,
are turning on to tofu. Made from soybeans, it’s high in and is stable for two days at room temperature.
protein, low in calories and has no cholesterol. “At first glance, soy isolates may seem a world away
“Tofutti’s light, rich taste comes from mixing tofu with from everyday tofumaking, yet this year ADM researchers
soy milk, fresh fruits and pure wild honey. It’s completely began experimenting with their Ardex isolated soy protein
natural, very low in cholesterol, has no sugar and is free of for a silken tofulike product and even custom designed
preservatives. yogurt type desserts. A soy beverage base, made from soy
“In the past, ice creams have always tasted good. Now, isolate, is heated to 80ºC; then 1% (by weight) glucono-
here’s one that’s also good for you.” delta-lactone (GDL) is added. After 20 minutes the milk
“Distributed by Mintz’s Buffet. Glatt Kosher. Made by has set to a yogurt-style smooth consistency. To make a
Tofutime Inc.” ‘firmer’ silken tofu, ADM scientists added (5% by weight)
A pointillist illustration shows three swirls of Tofutti in a kappa-carrageenan and 0.5% tetrapotassium phosphate to the
bowl. beverage before heating.
Note. This is the earliest English-language document “This method, ADM researchers suggest, greatly
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “dairy free” (or “dairy- simplifies the tofumaking process while providing significant
free”), regardless of capitalization, with a non-dairy frozen cost reductions. ‘These products can be formulated to
dessert or a soy ice cream. Address: New York City. Phone: achieve up to 80% ingredient cost reductions compared to
(212) 751-9367. conventional tofu,’ their report states. The use of soy isolates
also allows for the extension of several dairy systems using
415. Soyfoods. 1982. Soy isolates: New tofu ingredient? soy such as puddings, sour cream, yogurt, baby food, and
[ADM Foods]. Summer. p. 7-8. frozen desserts.
• Summary: “ADM Food’s search for new applications for “ADM Foods has experimented with three processing
its high protein soy isolates have led them to frozen soymilk methods for preparing a soymilk beverage including batch
dessert, a flavored soymilk beverage, imitation cheeses, and, pasteurization, high temperature, short time pasteurization,
most recently, silken tofu. and ultra high temperature (UHT) for aseptic packaging.
“ADM, one of the nation’s largest soy isolate producers, “For the batch method, water at 50-55ºC is agitated
located in Decatur, Illinois, has been devoting considerable while the soy isolate powder is mixed in, followed by corn
research effort to find new product applications for its basic sweetener (fructose) and vegetable oil. The mix is heated to
soy ingredient, isolated soy protein. Initial commercial 60ºC and held for 30 minutes with constant agitation.
interest in isolates (which contain 90% protein, as most of “Next comes a two stage hot homogenization (at 2500
the carbohydrates have been removed) began in the 1930s psi, then 500 psi) followed by immediate cooling to 5ºC.
when they had industrial uses such as paper coatings. But Flavorings are added and the product is packaged for storage.

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The ingredient cost per 8 fluid ounce serving for unflavored Sanitarium Food Company (which was sold in 1919-1920).
soy beverage is $0.032 compared to $0.086 for whole milk. She said that she does recall his experimenting with soy
The cost per pound of protein served is $1.701 compared to beans when they lived in Brooke, Virginia (in about 1924).”
milk’s $4.938. The soy beverage’s nutritional profile includes Address: Back to Eden Books, P.O. Box 1439, Loma Linda,
3.47% protein, 2.00% fat, total solids l3.97%, and 67.70 California 92354. Phone: (714) 796-9615.
calories per 100 grams.
“The soy isolate has been applied in making frozen 418. Hamlin, Suzanne. 1982. Hot sweets this summer: Time
soymilk ice creams that yield protein contents twice the for Tofutti, the frozen soy joy. Daily News (New York). Aug.
level of those in standard ice creams. With the isolate-based 4. Wednesday.
desserts, as the fat content is reduced, the caloric density is • Summary: “Does this mean they’ve finally invented a
also reduced, so that a 4% fat soy dessert has about 20% less guilt-free ice cream?” asked one skeptic. Tofutti has been
calories than standard ice cream, while a 2% fat dessert has sold in the cafe at prestigious Zabar’s [pronounced ZAY-
nearly 30% fewer calories. The ingredients include Ardex barz] for about 6 weeks. It is also sold at Bloomingdale’s
soy isolate, sucrose, CornSweet (corn sweetener), corn syrup, 40 Carrots. Dispensed from frozen yogurt machines, Tofutti
stabilizer, emulsifier, while the ingredient cost is $0.017 “appears to be this summer’s hottest gastronomic find.”
compared to $0.048 for standard ice cream–a savings of Zabar’s is selling 4 times as much Tofutti as frozen yogurt,
64.6%. Nutritionally, the product is comparable to standard in part because of its low calorie count–95 to 100 calories
ice creams, with 1.8% protein, 2.00% fat, 142.50 calories per per 4 ounces, as compared to 270 calories for the average
100 grams, and 117 calories per 4 fluid ounce serving. Haagen-Dazs flavor or 160 calories for frozen yogurt. David
“ADM representatives provided samples of their Mintz, who invented the product, says “You either hate it or
strawberry soymilk dessert along with chocolate and you love it.”
unflavored (but sweetened) soymilk beverage at the recent
U.S. International Food Show in New York City.” 419. Muther, Elizabeth. 1982. Sublime scoops for
sophisticated palates. (Ice cream innovators coast to coast).
416. Soyfoods. 1982. Soyfoods at Natural Foods Expo in Christian Science Monitor. Aug. 18. Food section. p. 16.
Anaheim, California. Summer. p. 7. • Summary: “Tofutti, a brand name, is the latest rage in
• Summary: “Juel Andersen, with her tofu kit and various New York City, where Bloomingdale’s 40 Carrots restaurant
tofu cookbooks, and Robert Tepper of Farm Foods with reports 20-minute waiting lines... The soft-serve Tofutti is
samples of Ice Bean, were among the 15 soy exhibitors at the the result of more than seven years of development research
Natural Foods Expo, March 1982, in Anaheim, California.” by a former caterer and food retailer, David Mintz.” Mintz’s
Photos show Juel Andersen and Robert Tepper. business, Tofu Time, is headquartered in Brooklyn, New
York.
417. Gardiner, Doris Kloss. 1982. Re: Jethro Kloss’ work
with soyfoods. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods 420. Spanel, Amy. 1982. Soybean ice cream arrives in
Center, Aug. 3. 1 p. Answers handwritten after typewritten Brooklyn. Prospect Press (Brooklyn, New York). Aug. 5-18.
questions on Soyfoods Center stationery. No. 14. p. 17-18.
• Summary: Doris is Jethro Kloss’ only grandchild. She • Summary: About Ice Bean, which is made and sold by
was born on 28 Feb. 1929 in Miami, Florida. Concerning Farm Foods. Eileen and Michael Moorman are selling it in
her grandfather’s work with soy ice cream she recalls: “My the streets. Michael estimates that Ice Bean has gross sales of
mother and I, my uncle Eden, and my grandfather spent $600,000. Marketing the product is a “collective enterprise–
the winter of 1935-36 in Miami, Florida. I know he was the profits will go back to The Farm.” The average price of
preparing soy ice cream to serve at the close of his lectures Ice Bean is $1.69 a pint.
and food demonstrations at that time. I used to get to lick the
freezer paddles before he left for the lectures. 421. Di Gregorio, Deb. 1982. I scream, you scream, we all
“I have no idea where and when and why Jethro scream for... [Ice Bean]. American Health. July/Aug. p. 26.
Kloss became interested in soybeans. The soy foods that I • Summary: “Move over Haagen-Dazs, here comes Ice
remember that he made and that I ate as a child were the soy Bean, your soybean cousin.” This non-dairy frozen dessert is
ice cream (of course!), delicious soy bean bread, soy bean also kosher. “The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations
butter, soy milk, soy cheese, pie crust, soy coffee, broth, soy of America just delivered its seal of approval as the first
mayonnaise, and soy bean roast. natural ice cream-type product to be both kosher and
“I just talked with my aunt (Promise Kloss Moffett), pareve...” Robert Tepper of Farm Foods reports that 28,500
who lives in Hagerstown, Maryland, and who turned 79 gallons of Ice Bean were sold in 1981.
today, and she does not recall if Jethro used any soy in Note 1. In Prospect Press, a Brooklyn newspaper,
the commercial health foods he made at the Nashville Michael Moorman stated that sales of Ice Bean are about

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$600,000 annually. Note 2. Haagen-Dazs, maker of high-fat a little home soy business on the island and make a living. So
superpremium ice creams, was founded by Reuben Mattus I went to Japan in 1977 to find a miso teacher. We’ve been
(Mattis). together since 1971. Address: Colrain, Massachusetts 01340.

422. Moorman, Michael. 1982. Ice cream: Another soy 424. Reymonenq, Juliette. 1982. Old meets new in good
surprise. Bestways. Aug. p. 78, 81. [2 ref] rapport: A look at new food alternatives and old concepts
• Summary: Describes The Farm’s work with soy ice cream redressed. Restaurant Hospitality. Sept. p. 95-96, 98, 100.
in the USA, Guatemala, and Haiti, and their soy dairy • Summary: Health, physical fitness, and diet consciousness
in Lesotho. “Plenty, the relief organization of the Farm are currently playing an important part in the American
community based in Summertown, Tennessee, built a village lifestyle. As people eat leaner, one food gaining in popularity
soy dairy and tofu shop in Solola, Guatemala, with the help is tofu–soybean curd.
of local Indians and funding from the Canadian International “Allan Ballerini, author of The Complete Chef, believes
Development Agency, UNICEF, and Plenty donations. In tofu is now where sushi was ten years ago.” He thinks
February, 1980, the Solola soy dairy began production and that tofu will follow the same path as sushi. “Soy delis are
started selling soy ice cream and tofu from the dairy and in offering alternatives to fast food operations.” A large photo
the local market place. The soy dairy is currently operated (p. 95) shows Tofu Stroganoff and Tofu Mexicale Pie.
by local people trained by Plenty technicians. Free soy ice
cream is distributed to poor and undernourished children 425. Hagler, Louise. 1982. Tofu cookery. Summertown,
through the nearby schools... Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 160 p. Oct. Illust.
“Plenty technicians also went to Haiti and worked with (color). Index. 29 cm.
Mother Teresa’s Sisters of Charity. They made soy milk ice • Summary: Contents. Introduction. Recipes–1. Dips and
cream there for malnourished children. After training some spreads. 2. Soups. 3. Salads. 4. Salad dressings and sauces. 5.
of the people in how to use soybeans, they left equipment Main dishes. 6. Side dishes. 7. Breads. 8. Cookies and bars.
for them–including an ice cream machine–so they could 9. Desserts. 10. Making tofu at home.
continue on their own... This vegan cookbook contains no recipes calling for
“Another arm of Plenty is reaching out to Lesotho, eggs or dairy products. Note: Robert Holzapfel of The Book
South Africa, where technicians are building a Village Publishing Co. says (Jan. 1991) that this book has sold
Technology Center. One of the stone huts of the Center will about 205,000 copies. Sales during the last few years have
be used as a soy demonstration kitchen, where local villagers averaged about 18,000 copies/year. Sales rose substantially
will be taught how to process soybeans at home. Plenty’s in 1989 and 1990, largely because of the rapid increase
projects are just one example of how soyfoods can be of interest in vegetarianism in America, especially among
introduced into a foreign culture.” young people. A new edition will be out in Feb. 1991.
Four recipes are given for homemade soy ice cream, Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
each based on soymilk. Note: This is an early document
concerning soybean products (soy ice cream) in Lesotho. 426. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1982. Jaffna’s first tofu shop.
Address: Production Manager, Farm Foods, Summertown, 5(2):4-7. Oct.
Tennessee. • Summary: “The credit for opening Sri Lanka’s first
tofu shop should perhaps go to Mr. K.S. Kumaraswamy
423. Leviton, Richard. 1982. In a small bright building: of 235, Navalar Road, Jaffna. Sixty-three year old Mr.
Cottage soy industries on Vancouver Island. Colrain, Kumaraswamy opened his tofu ship in 1977... but within
Massachusetts. 15 p. Sept. Unpublished typescript. two months the venture folded up. He was born in Singapore
• Summary: Discusses Sooke Soyfoods (Wayne Jolley), and raised in Sri Lanka. In 1968 he returned to Singapore on
Thistledown Soyfoods, Shin Mei Do Miso, and Metta Tofu. a visit. Since he was a vegetarian, his sister prepared a tofu
Note: This article was commissioned by East West Journal dish for him, but he was reluctant to eat a dish that looked
but never paid for or published. For a good summary, see: so much like meat. After many assurances that the dish
Soyfoods. 1983. Winter. p. 36-37. “Cottage soy industries contained no animal products, “he agreed to taste tofu for the
thrive on Vancouver Island.” first time in his life. What he ate was a revelation, so much
Concerning Shin Mei Do on Denman Island: Lulu so that he decided to take a closer look at the process of tofu-
Yoshihara recalls: In 1976 we picked up The Book of Miso at making itself. He visited many tofu shops in Singapore and
Uwjimaya department store in Seattle [Washington]. It didn’t she saw the equipment for grinding the soaked beans. He
look like it would be all that hard [to make miso] or take that also discovered Tau fu fah,” the sweetened curds.
much time or technology. Plus miso wasn’t perishable and A man with excellent mechanical skills, he believed that
didn’t need to be marketed right away. Ray [Lipovsky] was he could make the necessary equipment in Sri Lanka. All that
already here doing tofu and that gave us the idea we could do he needed were the grinding stones.

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“On a second visit to Singapore in 1975 he selected the after she sent booklet to Soyinfo Center. 2012. May 11.
equipment he needed and in 1976 began his experiments of “The booklet was developed for a presentation I gave to
making tofu in Sri Lanka.” Although soyabeans were not the Vocational, Technical and Adult Education meeting
readily available at that time, he did manage to get some in Wausau, Wisconsin, November 19th, 1982. The title of
locally. “He even found farmers in Jaffna growing soya from my workshop was ‘Creativity with Tofu... The Food of the
whom he obtained some of his requirements. Future,’
“All in all he followed the Chinese technique of making “The first printing was done by the print staff at the
tofu, not the cold water method but the hot grind. He built a University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin.
fireplace about 3½ feet tall with a built-in large pan in which About 30 booklets were printed. I was a grad student
to cook the slurry.” earning a Masters degree in Vocational and Adult Education.
After “the ceremonial opening on August 20, 1977,” he I completed the degree in 1983. I used the booklet as a
began making and selling his first tofu. But he soon faced the take home for the participants. There were about 30 home
harsh realities of trying to market an unfamiliar food. economics teachers there.
Nonetheless, he found a hard core of consumers who The second printing was done about 16 years later; I was
encouraged him–but not enough to justify his efforts at married and a teacher. I used it for my students who were
running a power mill. He tried to educate his customers by enrolled in the foreign foods class, Family Consumer Science
issuing printed recipes (see p. 3) along with his product. But Department, Carmel High School, Carmel, Indiana, 1998.
after 2-3 months he was forced to shut down his shop. At one The reason the pages are out of order in this booklet, second
point there was a faint hope that the business might revive printing (1998) is that the student print shop at Carmel High
if he sold only soya milk. He got a hotelier in Jaffna town School messed up... I had about 35 students enrolled in this
interested in making ice cream from soya milk. The results class. About 40 booklets were printed in second printing.
were exciting but in the end the hotelier said he could buy This booklet is very typical of what we used to make for our
dairy milk power much cheaper than the soya milk. students for classroom use and hopefully, the participants
“A house he is building for himself has diverted him in both situations would take the booklet home and use the
temporarily from his life-long ambitions. Once that is over recipes! Address: Menomonie, Wisconsin.
he plans to give tofu-making another try.”
Photos show: (1) “Mr. Kumaraswamy standing 428. Product Name: Jolly Licks Nondairy Frozen Dessert
beside the fireplace he built with mud. A pan for cooking [Toasted Almond, Carob, Carob-Peppermint].
the slurry is built into the fireplace. (2) Some of the cane Manufacturer’s Name: Living Lightly (Marketer /
[bamboo] utensils used in Singapore for tofu-making... Distributor).
The finely woven baskets are used to remove the whey Manufacturer’s Address: San Francisco, CA 94110.
without disturbing the curds.” (3) “The machine built by Date of Introduction: 1982. November.
Mr. Kumaraswamy for grinding soaked soyabeans. Only the Ingredients: Toasted Almond: Soymilk (water, ground
grinding stones are imported.” The rest of the equipment was
made locally.

427. Barber, Linda. 1982. Tofu sampler. Menomonie,

Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Stout Print Shop. 24 p.
Nov. 22 cm. [7 ref]
• Summary: A saddle-stitched (stapled) booklet of creative
American-style tofu recipes with an orange cover and
black lettering. Contents: What is this thing called tofu?
Tofu mayonnaise. Deviled tofu salad. Tofu mayo dip. Tofu
cheese rolls. Tofu burgers. Chinese steamed buns with tofu.
Nail soup (with heart-warming story about the hobo who
came for dinner). Tofu pancakes. Tofu quiche. Easy pie
crust. Tofu jumbles. Tropical tea bread. Dark mystery cake.
Chocolate tofu creme. Tofu ambrosia pudding. Banana cream
pudding or pie filling. Tofu cheesecake. Bread crumb crust.
Tofu carrot cake. Tofu nog. Tofu peach frozen dessert. One
more idea [about a beautiful geisha in Japan who used tofu
externally as an aid to beauty]. A sampler of soyfood books
[cites 7 books].
E-mail from Linda Barber Pike in reply to questions

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soybeans), honey, soybean oil, toasted almonds, soy lecithin, “The commissioner of prisons also said that with these
carob bean gum, guar gum, almond extract. new machines it will be possible to begin a new prison’s
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fl. oz. (1 pint). industry–making soyafoods. Already he was planning to use
How Stored: Frozen. the residue left after making soya milk by incorporating it in
New Product–Documentation: Labels for three flavors the bread made in the prison bakery. Tofu also could be made
sent by Mark Brawerman, founder. Labels are 3½ inches and put on sale.
diameter, Brown, dark blue, and light blue on white. Self “There are other soyafoods that can be made and they
adhesive. Illustration shows an ice cream cone. “Made from are now looking into the possibilities of making soya sauce,
organically grown soybeans. PLT. 06-1963. Distributed by soya ice cream and soya yogurt.
Living Lightly.” Note: We are unsure of the exact date this “The Commissioner of Prisons, Mr. Delgoda, thanked
product was introduced. Mrs. Gai Kim, wife of the Resident Representative of the
UNDP, Mr. Y.Y. Kim, for suggesting the introduction of soya
429. Plenty News (Summertown, Tennessee). 1982. Central into the diet of prisoners.”
America. Fall. p. 3. A photo shows a man standing next to “the grinding
• Summary: Refugees continue to pour out of Guatemala machine installed at the Welikade Prison. The machine
and El Salvador. “Recent reports have an estimated 100,000 grinds 100 pounds in an hour.”
Guatemalans seeking sanctuary in southern Mexico. These
are poor rural people, mostly Indians. Many of them have 432. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1982. [Daie, large
seen their homes destroyed, crops burned...” supermarket and department store company, has launched
“In a country where 81% of the children under the age their own brand of soymilk]. Dec. 1.
of five suffer some degree of malnutrition, soy ice bean is • Summary: Daie is pronounced dai-EH. The brand will be
a tasty way to bolster protein and calorie intake in the diet. Captain Cook Cut & Balance. They have four flavors: Plain
Thanks to Food Fund donations, we’ll be giving away free soymilk (200 ml). Coffee soymilk (200 ml). Mixed fruits
ice bean to a thousand kids at the town’s annual fair this soymilk (200 ml). Soymilk ice (ice cream?) (500 ml).
summer.”
“Two years since we departed, and through continuing 433. Hyde, Nina. 1982. The list. Washington Post. Dec. 30.
civil war, our intrepid soy dairy near Solola is still operating– p. D1.
producing tofu and ice bean for sale in the market.” • Summary: This is a list of pairs, one that has been “in” (in
Photos show: (1) Many happy Guatemalan boys eating fashion, in style, in vogue) and the other that has been “out,”
soymilk ice cream from cones as they sit on the grass. (2) A during the past year.
Guatemalan child in a cowboy hat hold two soy ice cream For example, “Frozen tofu” [soy ice cream] has been
cones. in and frozen yogurt [made from dairy milk] has been out.
Likewise, hips are in and shoulders are out. Bare backs are in
430. Seventeen. 1982. What’s doing: Rap-up. Nov. p. 74. and bare fronts are out.
• Summary: “Teens are talking about... Tofutti, the new ice Note: This is the earliest English-language document
creamlike frozen dessert made of tofu, with less than 100 seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “frozen tofu” to refer to
calories per serving! At health-food stores.” soy ice cream.

431. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1982. Soya saves the coconut. 434. Gerston, Jill. 1982. Ins and outs [for the year].
5(3):1. Nov. Philadelphia Inquirer. Dec. 31. Section E.
• Summary: By mixing two parts coconut milk with one part • Summary: What’s in: Paul Newman, Sylvester Stallone,
soya milk, the Welikada Prison has saved 108,000 coconuts Crew cuts, Bobby sox, Gandhi, “Tofutti (frozen tofu), Bad
in one year. The also relieved the pressure on the kitchen girls, Second marriages...”
budget. “At present soya milk is supplied to the prison in What’s out: Robert Redford, John Travolta, jellybeans,
the form of a paste [soy base]... This paste is then added to frozen yogurt, pantyhose, living together, discoes, Brooke
curries. Now the Welikada Prison will be able to make it own Shields, Dear Abby.
paste because, with the saving it has made, it has bought two
grinding machines from Bean Machines, U.S.A. 435. SoyaScan Notes. 1982. Chronology of soybeans,
“One of these machines will be installed at the soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1982
Bogambara Prison, Kandy. There are also plans to install (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
more of these machines at the Anuradhapura, Jaffna, and Soyfoods Center.
Mahara prisons.” Soymilk is considered more healthful than • Summary: Jan. White Wave in Colorado is the first
coconut milk. “There have been no complaints from the company to get its tofu placed in the yogurt / dairy case in
prisoners regarding any changes of taste. supermarkets.

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Jan. Legume, Inc. launches Tofu Lasagna, frozen in a introducing tofu to institutions. Develops 30 bulk recipe
box. It is soon followed by Tofu Ravioli. cards scaled to 100 servings.
Jan. The Incredible Tofu Cookbook, California Style, by April. ADM unveils work with glucono delta-lactone
Immegart and Dansby self published. (GDL) and soy isolates in making tofu.
Jan. New England Soy Dairy launches “Year of the April. Toyo Shimpo, Japan’s tofu newspaper, gives
Dog” Chinese New Year tofu promotion and nets 47% extensive coverage to upcoming Soyfoods Come West
immediate sales increase. conference in Seattle.
Jan. Island Spring survives industry’s first publicized May. Island Spring releases two 5-minute color
tofu recall and the discovery of new tofu spoilage video tapes demonstrating tofu cooking for showing in
microorganism, Yersinia enterolitica. supermarkets.
Jan. ADM becomes sponsor of “This Week with David May. Public schools in Hawaii granted permission to use
Brinkley” on Sunday ABC TV, with 4.4 million viewers. tofu in meals.
Jan. Soyfoods Unlimited in California introduces May. Soyfoods Directory and Databook. by Shurtleff
tempeh burgers and ships them air freight to East Coast and Aoyagi published by Soyfoods Center, the first book
markets; Pacific Tempeh in California follows suit. of its type listing all soyfoods companies and industry and
Feb. Yuba is first produced and sold commercially in market statistics, 21 pages. Second edition published in June
the Western world by Ken Lee of Soyfoods of America, in as Soyfoods Industry: Directory and Databook, 52 p.
Duarte, southern California. Trial production had begun in May. William Shurtleff and Mark Fruin receive a grant
Nov. 1981. from Kikkoman to write a book on soy sauce.
Feb. Soyfoods magazine No. 6 (yellow cover) published. May. Cook with Tofu, by Christina Clarke is 2nd runner-
Feb. Many large ads run by San-J (tamari), New up in R.T. French’s Tastemaker awards for cookbooks.
England Soy Dairy, and Legume in major national trade May. Clearway Tofu sponsors the first Mother’s
journals. Day Tofu Fair in Santa Cruz, California, with tofu recipe
Feb. Unicorn Restaurant in Miami has $15,000 gourmet, competition, music, and prizes.
soy / natural foods banquet to welcome chef Ron Pikarski, June. Vitasoy USA runs color display ads for soymilk on
who makes elegant tofu dishes and carves a swan from soy San Francisco buses.
butter. June. Kibun of Japan exhibits four flavors of soymilk in
Feb. Nasoya buys $50,000 Kutter vacuum-packaging Tetra Pak cartons at National Restaurant Show in Chicago.
machine, which helps to popularize this packaging style for June 16. The New York Times runs an article on Dieter
tofu. Hannig, Director of Food Research for Hilton Hotels. His
March. Tofu Fantasies, by Juel Andersen published by many tofu recipes on microfiche are sent to 86 Hiltons
Creative Arts. worldwide.
March. USDA issues new school lunch regulations, fails June. Bestways magazine begins 3-part series on
to approve tofu for use. soyfoods by Bonnie Mandoe.
March. Inaccurate, damaging article on iron binding by June. The Soy Dairy: A Way to Save the Small Farm, by
soy proteins appears in San Francisco Chronicle and Los MacCormack published by Sunbow Farm.
Angeles Times. June. The Book of Nigari Technique (in English)
March. Fifteen soyfoods companies exhibit at Natural published by Yoshikawa Kagaku in Japan.
Foods Expo, Anaheim, CA. Richard Leviton gives key June. Metta Tofu Products in Denman Island, B.C.,
speech. 5,000 visitors see expo. Pacific Tempeh unveils new Canada, introduces Frozen Buddha soymilk ice cream.
full-color tempeh burger poster. June. Haarmann & Reimer debuts flavors for tofu and
March. Big increase in European soyfoods companies; okara at IFT convention in Las Vegas.
there are now 11. June. Royal American Foods is launched in Kansas City
March. Name of The Beanfield newsletter changed to with $1 million startup capital to sell TVP entrees, tofu-like
Soyfoods Monthly. products via multi-level marketing system.
March. Great Eastern Sun trading company founded in June. Granny Goose Potato Chips does extensive radio
North Carolina by Barry Evans. advertising in California for a new potato chip. Ad makes
April. At New York’s International Food Show, Quong frequent, positive reference to tofu. First national radio ads
Hop, Yeo’s, and President brand soymilks, and Veda’s Bayou mentioning tofu.
Delights (tofu / tempeh pot pies) exhibit. ADM serves soy June. Farm Foods presents Ice Bean at American
isolate ice cream and soymilk. Booksellers Convention at Anaheim, California, along with
April. Quong Hop unveils its new Soy Deli marketing previews of their new tofu cookbook.
concept for retail using posters and tofu entrees sold frozen. July. “Discover Tofu” published by Cosmopolitan
April. Jack’s Beanstalk in Utah does creative work at magazine.

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July. Farm Foods receives a U.S. trademark for “Ice was prepared with 7.5% sugar and the remaining sugar was
Bean” as a soy ice cream. added by dry-blending before packaging. The mix could be
July. Light Foods excites NNFA convention in New stored for 12 months refrigerated at 5ºC in polyethylene bags
Orleans with debut of Light Links, the world’s first tofu hot or lacquered tin cans (LTC), or in LTC with nitrogen at 30ºC
dogs. for 8 months. Without nitrogen at 30ºC it could be stored for
July. Eden’s Orchard tofu / soymilk ice cream 4 months in LTC or 32 months in polyethylene bags. Sensory
introduced in New York by Heller Enterprises. scores of the ice cream prepared from the mix decreased with
July. Richard Jennings announces a new formula for increasing storage time. Address: Div. of Dairy Technology,
okara / barley tempeh; later purchases Southwest Soyfoods, National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal 132001.
relocates company in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Continued.
439. Tsuchiya, Kanji. 1982. Tônyû. Shinban [Soymilk. 2nd
436. Product Name: Tofutini Dessert (Non-dairy Frozen ed.]. Tokyo: Shoku no Joho-sha. 223 p. First edition was
Dessert; Renamed Tofu-Zert by Jan. 1984) [Banana, Rum- published in 1980. Illust. 17 cm. [Jap]
Raisin, Maple-Walnut, Strawberry]. • Summary: This is the best book seen to date on soymilk in
Manufacturer’s Name: American Food Lines. Japanese. A detailed chronology of tofu and soymilk is given
Manufacturer’s Address: Merrick, New York. on pages 173-76. Over 20 years ago, when Mr. Tsuchiya
Date of Introduction: 1982. December. was plant manager of the Kyôdo Nyûgyo dairy milk plant
Ingredients: Incl. pure honey, soya oil, organic tofu, soy at Matsumoto, he became interested in using soy protein
flour, soya lecithin, guar seed gum, sea salt, water. to replace dairy protein. Although soybean crushers had
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Liquid mix, 2-gallon dipping investigated the use of defatted soybean meal, the techniques
tubs, pints, or 4 oz cups. for removing the beany flavor and smell were not yet good
How Stored: Frozen. enough to allow substitution of soy protein for milk solids.
New Product–Documentation: Food Report (Lehmann). At that time there was a shortage of imported nonfat milk
1982. Dec. Note that a product with a similar name was for use in ice cream bars. It was said that a small numbers of
introduced earlier this year by Heller Enterprises in East manufacturers of the inexpensive ice cream products were
Rockaway, New York. already using some soy protein to increase their over-run.
“Discovering this, Nisshin Seiyu, after some research, found
437. Rajor, R.B.; Gupta, S.K. 1982. Soft-serve ice cream a method of removing the beany smell by fermentation with
from soybean and buttermilk. I. Method of manufacture. a yeast; they asked if Kyodo Nyugyo could make a test
Indian J. of Dairy Science 35(4):454-59. Dec. Based on run of 10 kg of spray-dried soymilk in our plant. So they
Rajor’s PhD thesis, Panjab Univ., Chandigarh. [11 ref. Eng] dissolved soy powder (daizu-ko; which had been defatted
• Summary: To obtain an acceptable flavor, a solids-not- at a low temperature) in water, added yeast, waited until
fat (SNF) ratio of greater than or equal to 2 buttermilk the reaction was finished, diluted it with some water, and
to 1 soy was used in a mix containing 12% SNF, 8% fat, put it in a spray dryer. Yet the spray drying caused some
and 14% sugar. Optimum composition of the mix was 1.3 protein denaturation and an increase in the viscosity of the
soybean SNF to 1 buttermilk SNF, with 12% SNF, 9% fat, soy powder, which made it difficult to pump the solution to
and 15% sugar. The effects of sodium alginate stabilizer are the top of the spray dryer. Glucose was used to replace half
discussed. Best whipping characteristics were observed in the soy powder. The spray-dried powder would not dissolve
the mix having a 1.1 to 1 ratio and no stabilizer. The order in water and the resulting mixture had a muddy brown
of acceptability of the flavors was pineapple > strawberry > color, a flavor that was too sweet, and a beany flavor. It was
orange > vanilla. Pineapple flavored ice cream made from a useless. They had discovered that defatted soybean meal and
1.3:1 mix containing 12% SNF, 9% fat and 15% sugar scored nonfat dried milk behave differently. Defatted soybean meal
7.5 on a 9-point scale. Estimated cost of the product was Rs contains about 20% sugars, but less than 1/3 of these are
0.66 per cone. Address: Div. of Dairy Technology, National water soluble and many have a very complicated structure
Dairy Research Inst., Karnal 132001. and high viscosity.”
Therefore they started to study the basic nature of
438. Rajor, R.B.; Gupta, S.K. 1982. Soft-serve ice cream defatted soybean powder (dasshi daizu-ko) and after much
from soybean and buttermilk. II. Drying and storage studies. trial and error, in 1961 they applied for a Japanese patent on
Indian J. of Dairy Science 35(4):410-17. Dec. Based on “The method of refining defatted soybean powder” (Dasshi
Rajor’s PhD thesis, Panjab Univ., Chandigarh. [14 ref. Eng] daizu-ko no seisei hôhô). They were issued the patent
• Summary: A soft serve ice cream mix with ratio of (#16,658) in 1962. The key to the success of this patent
1.3 soybean solids-non-fat (SNF) to 1 buttermilk SNF, was the use of meta potassium bisulfite (meta jûaryusan
and containing 12% SNF, 9% fat, and 15% sugar, was karium), which lowers the viscosity, bleaches it and increases
successfully spray dried. To prevent caramelization, the mix the amount of soluble nitrogen. Not enough of the beany

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 207

flavor had been removed, yet at that time it was an excellent removed) and said ‘I wonder if you have to refine soymilk
product, which could be used in place up to 30% of nonfat to this degree for Chinese people.’ His words left a strong
dried milk to make an ice cream product without a beany impression in my memory. Sure enough, when the factory
flavor. Mr. Masaharu Sato (who is presently head of the was completed and we launched our canned soymilk powder,
soybean department of Kyodo Nyugyo’s central research lab) we heard Chinese saying, ‘This is not real soymilk. It’s an
was the person who contributed most to the discovery. He is imitation.’ But we did a good marketing campaign and soon
now conducting research on tofu and soymilk. “I still see him the soymilk started selling. When my 2-year contract ended,
often since we are both members of Soyfoods Development I returned to Japan. After that, the products produced in this
Study Group (Daizu Shokuhin Kaihatsu Kenkyû-kai). He plant were used as food for the Taiwanese army and were not
recently told me, ‘After that incident, I became captivated by sold to the public. Moreover, because of the chlorella boom
soy protein.’” in Japan, the spray dryer was used for chlorella and soymilk
“After about 2 years of research, during the summer we production stopped. Since I had great expectations for this
received an order from Nisshin Seiyu for 200 tons of soy plant, I was greatly disappointed.
protein. Our plant had been losing money for a long time, “Right after I returned to Japan in 1970, I was asked
and this discovery helped to make some profit during my to provide technical assistance to Keijô Shison Shokuhin
time of work there. I will never forget it. I feel real gratitude Kenkyusho, a research lab in Korea headed by pediatrician
to Nisshin Seiyu for helping us to become captivated by Son Zaien. I visited there several times and even drafted
soybeans.” a floor plan, then suddenly the Japanese government told
At about that time dairy farmers throughout Japan began me that the money which had been available for helping
to compete with one another in a price war which lowered Koreans was no longer available, so I could do no more” (p.
milk prices. The battle between them and the owners of dairy 18-21; see p. 53 for more on soymilk in Korea). Continued.
milk companies got worse and worse. Among the leaders of Address: Technical consultant, Okazaki Marusan, Japan.
this struggle were progressive dairy farmers in Matsumoto.
“Although we made soy powder very secretly, one of the 440. Product Name: Deli Items: Soy Yogurt, Dream Bars,
plant workers, who was the son of a dairy farmer, leaked the Frosty Bean (Soft Serve Soy Ice Cream), Toasted Tofu.
secret. This caused an uproar (we were using soy powder Manufacturer’s Name: Bountiful Bean Plant.
instead of dairy milk) and the local farmers asked us to stop Manufacturer’s Address: 903 Williamson St., Madison,
immediately. However we decided to continue making soy WI 53703.
powder for various reasons: (1) We had to fulfill the order Date of Introduction: 1982.
that we had accepted; (2) Since we simply processed soy and How Stored: Frozen.
sold it to another company, this had no effect on our plant’s New Product–Documentation: James Lubbe. 1988. March.
use of unprocessed dairy milk; (3) The soy business allowed Abbreviated History of the Bountiful Bean. They also sold
out plant to operate profitably and this allowed us to return miso and rice nori rolls as deli items. In October 1983,
some money on the dairy farmers’ investment.” For a variety they closed the deli, and started to pay more attention to
of complex reasons related to this conflict, Mr. Tsuchiya was marketing.
fired as plant manager for Kyodo Nyugyo’s Matsumoto dairy
milk plant. Though his retirement was very near, he left the 441. Product Name: Ardex Soya Protein Isolate, and Arcon
dairy industry without regret to continue his research on soy Soya Protein Concentrate.
powder (p. 14-19). Manufacturer’s Name: British Arkady Co. Ltd.
“Meeting with Dr. Miller: During the period 1965-1969 Manufacturer’s Address: Old Trafford, Manchester, M16
I was involved in the founding of Taiwan Ryokusô Kogyô 0NJ, England.
Kôshi, and I took a leadership role in constructing modern Date of Introduction: 1982.
plants to make powdered soymilk and chlorella. One of the How Stored: Shelf stable.
leaders in the chlorella industry, the late Dr. Yoshio Takechi, New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1982. p.
was in charge of the chlorella cultivation department and 66. Form filled out by P. Fitch of British Arkady. 1983. He
I was in charge of chlorella product development and of calls it “isolated soy protein.”
powdered soymilk production. In 1966 Dr. W.A. [sic, Harry Manufacturer’s brochure. 1990. Ardex SP6 Soya Protein
W.] Miller (who was a founder of Loma Linda Foods) and Isolate. “Applications include cooked meats, powdered
his son visited our company, under the guidance of Dr. Taisei beverages, dairy type products, and dietetic foods requiring
of Taikei University. At that time Dr. Miller stood on the a low sodium content.” Note: All Arkady isolates contain a
platform atop our spray dryer, which was 20 meters tall and minimum of 90% protein on a dry basis.
had 500 liters/hour capacity. Admiring it, he said: ‘I’ve never Manufacturer’s brochure. 1990. Ardex F Soya Protein
seen a soymilk plant which has this much facilities!’ He also Isolate. “Ideal for all dairy applications including soya
tasted the soymilk (from which the beany flavor had been beverages, high protein drinks, frozen desserts and ice

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creams because of its low flavor profile and excellent

dispersibility properties... It contains a minimum of 90%
protein (on a dry weight basis).”
Manufacturer’s brochure. 1990. Ardex DHV Soya
Protein Isolate. “Can be used in many meat applications
requiring emulsification of fat and water, stabilization of
comminuted meat products, water binding, cohesion and
formation of heat stable gels.”
Manufacturer’s brochure. 1990. Ardex D Soya Protein
Isolate. “Is suitable for all applications including cooked
meats, powdered beverages, dairy type products, and dietetic
foods requiring a low sodium content.”

442. Soyfoods company business cards. 1982. 1 p.

• Summary: See next page.
1. Sonoma Specialty Foods (Santa Rosa, California).
2. New Leaf / Quong Hop & Co. (South San Francisco,
California).
3. BrightSong Light Foods (Petaluma, California).
4. Farm Foods (Summertown, Tennessee).
5. Soy Power (Santa Monica, California)
6. Farm Foods (Summertown, Tennessee) (Different
design).
7. Laughing Moon Food Co. (Venice, California).
8. Auenland Tofu und Soya Produkte (Wildenwart,
Frasdorf, Germany).

443. Tofutti. 1982. Tofutti. It’s a miracle. It’s creamy without

the cream (Leaflet). 1638–63rd Street, Brooklyn, NY 11204.
1 p. 28 cm. Reprinted in Soyfoods Marketing. Lafayette, CA:
Soyfoods Center. Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1978, English). Illust. 21 cm.
• Summary: See next page.“Mintz, the caterer, loved ice [Ger]
cream but he couldn’t serve dairy products in his kosher • Summary: This interesting vegan cookbook book is loaded
delicatessen. So he made his own frozen dessert with tofu. with creative recipes, illustrations (line drawings), and
Tofu is an unusually nutritious food that is low in calories black-and-white photos. Contents: Beans. Soyameat (TVP).
(only 25 calories per ounce), high in protein and has no Italian dishes. Chili rellenos, nixatamal and masa. Nutritional
cholesterol. He called his new dessert Tofutti. And his yeast. Knishes. Soups. Uncle Bill’s recipes. Gluten. Tempeh.
customers raved. Miso. Soymilk. Ice Bean (Soymilk ice cream, p. 4, 96-98).
“Tofutti is rich and creamy even though there’s not one Soy yogurt. Tofu. Pureed tofu. Yuba. Soy coffee. Soynuts.
drop of cream, butterfat or any other dairy product in it. It’s Soya pulp (okara). Soy flour. Vegetables. Bread. Cereal grain
completely lactose free. It’s made by blending tofu with soy recipes. Breakfast breads and pancakes. Desserts. Nutritional
milk, honey, and other natural ingredients. It comes in eight advice.
delicious flavors. So try some. It’s a good habit to get into.” Note: This is the earliest German-language document
A large photo shows David Mintz, sporting a big smile seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream, which it calls
and sunglasses, dipping into a dish swirled high with Tofutti. Soja-Eiskrem, Eis-Bohnen, or Schokoladen-Bohnen-Eiskrem.
The caption under the photo reads: “It’s a natural beauty.– Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
Mintz, caterer.” The logo on the bottom reads: “Tofutti: Tofu
Frozen Dessert. 100% Dairy Free.” Address: Brooklyn, New 445. Henderson, Bruce R. 1982. Oakland organic: A vegan
York. primer. Albany, New York: Caboose Press. 200 p. Illust. 23
cm. [24 ref]
444. Hagler, Louise. 1982. Soja Total. Das vegetarische • Summary: This is a book about veganism which contains
Kochbuch der Tennessee-Farm [Total soya. The vegetarian a few vegan recipes near the back. It focuses on the San
cookbook of the Tennessee-Farm]. Hamburg, West Germany: Francisco Bay Area and urban areas, and contains extensive
Papyrus Verlag. 200 p. Translation by Elizabeth Leihs of The information about soybeans and soyfoods, much of it

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inspired by Yay Soybeans, from The Farm in Summertown, During the next two years, their efforts produced a three-
Tennessee. As follows: Miso, and Soya-Mineral Bouillon phase program of soy introduction that improved the lives
(Dr. Bronner’s) (p. 19). Soy as an alternative protein source of several thousand Guatemalan Indians. What follows is
(p. 37-43). Soymilk (p. 53-56; Jethro Kloss). More soy (p. their account of a program that included the cultivation of
57-61; soy pulp [okara] pudding, soysage, Garden of Eatin’ soybeans by village farmers, home demonstration of soy
Soy Jerky (illustration of package), Brightsong Missing preparation techniques and the creation of a village-scale soy
Egg Tofu Salad (illustration), soy yogurt (fermented), dairy which produces soy ice cream and tofu for sale in the
soy tofu–hard, baked, or fried). Sprouting (p. 67-70; incl. local market and for free distribution to hungry kids.”
soybeans). Fermented foods (p. 71-74; incl. tempeh, raw Page 15 states: “The Extension Program was
tofu). Snacks & quick foods (p. 88-96; incl. Ice Bean–soy ice implemented by one soy technician and the 18 trained
cream, Ice-C-Bean). Miso and soy sauce (p. 120-21). Soy- cooperative extensionists. In six months over 1,000 men and
related recipes: Baked apples with miso (p. 185-86). Tofu women were taught how to make soymilk and tofu through
cheesecake (p. 188-89). Soysage (p. 193). Soy ice bean (p. this program. One hundred ten classes were held in 74
195). Note: Bruce Henderson was born in 1946. Address: different areas.” Photos show tofu and soymilk being made.
Oakland, California. Thirteen photos (p. 12-17) show the step-by-step process for
making tofu in a Guatemalan village, including:
446. Jenkins, Suzy; Praskin, L.; Praskin, A. 1982. Plenty (1) San Martin soy extensionists preparing tofu at a
integrated soy program, Guatemala. Summertown, nutrition class.
Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 48 p. Illust. 28 cm. Twenty-four photos (p. 18-32) show the Solola Soy
• Summary: This remarkable, inspirational, creative booklet Dairy, including its construction, inside, outside, floor plan,
contains the best summary of Plenty’s Solola Soy Program, and the step-by-step process for making tofu and soy ice
with 71 excellent black-and-white photos, many of them cream. Page 21 states: “The soy dairy started operation
taken by Jenny Banks Bryant and others. “Plenty Canada” in February of 1980. It produces approximately 90 to 100
(founded in 1976 by a group of Canadians) provided the gallons of soy ice cream and 60 to 75 pounds of tofu a week.
funding for this project and Plenty International provided the Its maximum production capacity with the present equipment
volunteers. It was a very successful and innovative project, is 200 gallons of ice cream and 450 pounds of tofu a week.
that unfortunately was suspended in 1980 when the political It was stocked with a year and a half supply of soybeans and
situation became too dangerous for Americans to stay in the has since been supporting itself by selling soy ice cream and
area. Happily, it was restarted by Plenty Canada in mid-1985 tofu from the dairy in the local marketplace.”
and as of early 1988 is active and growing.
Contents: Plenty. Preface. Soy agricultural program.
Soy demonstration program. Soy extension program. Step-
by-step demonstration process (how to make soymilk and
tofu in a Guatemalan village). Plenty Solola soy dairy. Soy
dairy floor plan and flow sheet. Step-by-step production
procedures. Marketing soy products. Poor people and
nutrition. Training apprentices. Appendix.
The Preface, by Plenty director David Purviance,
notes that Plenty went to Guatemala in 1976 to help with
reconstruction following a severe earthquake. Plenty set up
a primary health care program and an orphanage. “In these
programs, we fed soymilk to the children who were brought
to us for care. The beneficial effects on these malnourished
kids were unmistakable. Many of the Indian mothers
observed that our own children remained healthy on a soy-
based diet. Living in the village and learning the language
and lifestyle of the people, Plenty volunteers remained
accessible to our Indian neighbors.
“In 1978, agronomist Daryl Jordan began testing the
feasibility of growing soybeans in the highland area. The
results were good, and Suzy Jenkins started demonstrating
how to make soymilk and tofu in some of the local homes.
As interest and support for the soybeans grew, they were
joined by Laurie and Alan Praskin to help expand the project.

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(2) “The soy dairy is open for selling tofu and soy ice Summertown, Tennessee.
cream seven days a week. Suzy Jenkins hands soft-serve soy
ice cream in cones from a soy dairy window (p. 32). 447. Plenty International. 1982. Soy Demonstration
(3) Little Mayan girl eating seasoned tofu from a bowl. Program: Introducing soyfoods to the Third World. A step by
“A one-half pound serving of tofu sells for 25 cents [U.S.] step guide for demonstrating soymilk and tofu preparation.
and contains: 163 calories (10% of the Recommended Summertown, Tennessee. 16 p. Undated. Illust. 21 cm.
Dietary Allowance for a child age 4-6 years), and 17.7 grams • Summary: Actually written by Suzy Jenkins and Laurie
of protein (59% of RDA) (p. 37). Praskin, this booklet is a summary of two larger works
published in 1980 (written by Darryl Jordan and Suzie
Jenkins) and earlier in 1982 (by Suzy, Laurie and Alan
Praskin).
As interesting as it is innovative, this summary focuses
on Plenty International’s Soy Demonstration Project in
Guatemala, showing how soybeans are being grown in
local villages and women are making soymilk and tofu
using traditional equipment. All Guatemalans are shown in
traditional Mayan clothing (traje).
Contents: Introduction. Soy extension program. A soy
demonstration in photographs: Soaking the beans, grinding,
cooking, straining, soymilk, curding tofu, straining the curds,
storing the products. Helpful hints. Recipes. A nutritional
comparison. Soybean agricultural impact statement.
Black and white photos show soyfoods and people
in Guatemala. These include: (1) A little Guatemalan girl,
kneeling, licking her fingers as she eats seasoned tofu from
a bowl. (2) Women smiling and laughing as they grind
soybeans on traditional stone metate. (3) Women’s nutrition
group (with children) from San Jose Poaquil standing behind
their soybean patch. (4) Simple tools needed for making tofu.
(5) Close-up of a woman grinding soybeans on a metate.
(6-8) Cooking ground soy slurry and filtering the soymilk
from the pulp. (9) A little girl drinking a big cup of soymilk.
(10-14) Curding the tofu, straining the curds, and pressing
the tofu. (15) Girl eating tofu on a bun. (16) A happy group
(4) Little Mayan girl licking a big soy ice cream cone as of Guatemalans and Americans standing around a stove,
she runs. “Our soy ice cream contains soymilk, tofu, sugar enjoying soymilk and tofu. (17) Soybean variety trials in
and oil, which make it abundant in calories and protein. A Solola, Guatemala. Elevation: 7,200 feet (2,195 meters).
half-cup serving of our soy ice cream sells for 10 cents and (18) A little bustling along as she licks a cone of soymilk ice
contains 183.4 calories” (11% of the Recommended Dietary cream.
Allowance for a child age 4-6 years) and 3.1 grams of On the rear cover: “The Soy Demonstration Project
protein (10% of RDA) (p. 38). was funded by Plenty International, UNICEF (United
In the chapter titled “Marketing soy products,” a photo National International Children’s Educational Fund) and
(p. 33) shows the Soy dairy booth in the Solola market. CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), and
The sign over the window reads: “Helados y Queso– donations from supporters.” For further information write:
Hecho de frijoles de soya” [“Ice cream and cheese–Made “Suzy Jenkins or Laurie Praskin, Plenty Soy Technicians,
from soybeans”]. Photos on the next two pages show: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, Tennessee 38483 USA.”
Mayan women preparing tofu to be sold on tortillas at the Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
Solola State Annual Fair. The booth at the fair with a sign
advertising soy ice cream and tofu. Guatemalan soldiers 448. Re: Names of soyfoods around the world: French. 1982.
enjoying soy ice cream cones. Many happy kids holding up Form filled out by William Shurtleff based on sources given
soy ice cream cones. A Plenty volunteer “giving away soy below. 1 p. [Eng; Fre]
ice cream to 180 children at a school in a rural village.” • Summary: Gives the names of the main soyfoods in
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2003) that French. Sources: Bernard Storup; Bau & Debry, of France.
mentions “Plenty Canada” (see p. 4). Address: The Farm, “Soyfoods–Aliments à base de soja.

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Fresh green soybeans (edamamé)–Edamamé or Soja Soy grits and flakes–Flocons et granule de soja.
frais. Cereal-soy blends (CSM, WSB, etc.) -
Whole dry soybeans–(haricots de) Soja sec / secs. Soy protein concentrate–Proteine de soja concentrée.
Black soybeans - Soy protein isolate / Isolated soy protein–Isolat de
Fresh soy puree–Purée de soja. proteines de soja. Proteine de soja isolée.
Soy sprouts–Pousses de soja. Soja germe. Textured soy protein products–Protéines de soja
Soynuts–Soja grillé. Graines de soja grillées. texturées (Produits à base de proteines de soja texturée).
Oil roasted soynuts–Graines de soja grillées (à l’huile). Textured soy flour, TSF, or TSP–Farine de soja texturé.
Soja grillé, revenu dans l’huile. Textured soy concentrates–Concentrat de soja texturé.
Dry roasted soynuts–Soja grillé à sec. Graines de soja Textured soy isolate–Isolate de soja texturé.
grillées à sec (or sans huile). Haricots de soja, grillés à sec. Spun soy protein fibers. Address: Soyinfo Center,
Soynut butter–Buerre de soja grillé. Lafayette, California 94549.
Roasted soy flour–Farine de soja grillé.
Soy coffee–Cafe de soja. 449. Wholefood Cookery School. 1982. Homemade tofu and
Soy chocolate–Chocolat de soja. its uses. Wigston, Leicester: WCS. 12 p.
Soymilk–As of Feb. 2012 only the terms “boisson au • Summary: Contents: Introduction: What is tofu? Buying
soja” or “jus de soja” or “tonyu” (the Japanese word for and storing tofu. Making tofu at home. Recipes using tofu:
“soymilk”) can be used legally on commercial soymilk Tofu tamari and ginger. Tofu burgers. Tofu ice-cream.
products in France–because of dairy lobby protests. The term Tofu mayonnaise. Tofu quiche. Tofu dip. Address: 16, 18
“lait de soja” is generally used in cookbooks, books, articles, Bushloe End, Wigston, Leicester, LE8 2BA England. Phone:
etc. Leicester (0533) 883701.
Soymilk ice cream–Glace au soja or glace au lait de
soja. 450. Desert Gardens. 1982? New soyfoods restaurant or deli.
Soymilk curds - 702 Main St., Safford, AZ 85546.
Tofu (regular)–Tofu or Tofou (le). Note: Many French • Summary: Menu sent by owner Katerina Lewis about
speakers, who are also soyfoods experts, prefer “Tofou.” 1982. “One of our main staples is tofu...” Soy-related recipes
Soft tofu–Tofu mou. include–Appetizers: Eggless salad (with tofu), Brazilian
Firm Tofu–Tofu ferme. Extra firm tofu–Tofu três ferme. bean dip (with tofu), French onion dip (with tofu & miso),
(Deep fried) Tofu cutlets–Tranches de tofu frites. California guacamole (with tofu). Side dishes: Potato
(Deep fried) Tofu burgers–Tofuburgers frits. Burgers de tofu knish, Chili beans & tofu, Baked potatoes (with tofu
tofu (frits). sour cream), Tofu pizza. Deli: Tofu cottage cheese, Soy
(Deep fried) Tofu pouches–Poches de tofu (frites). sour cream, Tofu cream cheese. Entrees: Sicilian eggplant
Silken tofu–Tofu soyeux. Parmesan (with tofu), Tofu & fresh vegetable saute, The
Pressed silken tofu–Tofu soyeux. combo (featuring breaded tofu cutlets). Sandwiches:
Grilled tofu–Tofu grillé. Tofuburger with millet, Sizzling tofu, Guacamole, Tofagel
Dried frozen tofu–Tofu séché. Tofu déshydraté. (tofu, sprouts, and tomato on a toasted bagel). Beverages:
Okara or soy pulp–Okara (l’). Soy milk, Soy shakes. Desserts: Tofu cheesecake. Soybean
Yuba–Yuba (le). ice cream. Address: Safford, Arizona. Phone: 428-5132.
Dried yuba sticks -
Sweet dried yuba - 451. Health Foods Retailing. 1983. Frozen desserts mean
Fermented black soybeans - traffic and sales. 47(1):66. Jan.
Miso or soybean jiang–Miso (le). • Summary: “A tofutti and yogurt dispenser put Utopia on
Soy sauce–Sauce de soja. Sauce soja. Shoyou (le). the food map at 113th and Broadway in New York City.
Chinese sauces - ‘The juice bar was built around the machine,’ said manager
Tamari–Tamari (le). Jacquie Davis... Tofutti costs $9.60 a gallon. It comes four
Tempeh–Tempeh (le). 1-gallon jugs to a box.”
Fermented tofu–Tofu fermenté (au vin).
Fermented soymilk–Lait de soja fermenté. 452. Rajor, R.B.; Gupta, S.K.; Patel, A.A.; Patil, G.R.
Natto, thua-nao, kinema–Natto (le). 1983. A new “softy” from buttermilk and soybean. Indian
Soy oil–Huile de soja. Dairyman 35(1):29-32. Jan. [10 ref]
Soy lecithin–Lecithine de soja. • Summary: The term “softy” refers to soft serve ice cream.
Soy flour–Farine de soja. Because of its relatively high cost in India, it is consumed
Whole (full fat) soy flour–Farine de soja entière. mostly in urban areas. Buttermilk is a low-cost, abundant
Defatted soy flour–Farine de soja dégraissée. byproduct of making butter. Soymilk can also be produced at

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low cost, and is nutritious. A soy-buttermilk softy has good

taste appeal and is far less costly than conventional products 455. Soyfoods. 1983. Manhattan’s tofu dessert craze... strikes
of the kind. twice (Tofutti and Eden’s Orchard). Winter. p. 46. [3 ref]
Dehulled blanched soybeans are ground with fresh • Summary: Discusses Carl Tropper, Heller Enterprises,
sweet-cream buttermilk to obtain a fine slurry. “A softy mix Eden’s Orchard, David Mintz and Tofutti.
is then prepared by adding melted hydrogenated refined
vegetable oil (to adjust the total fat level of the mix to 456. Soyfoods. 1983. Cottage soy industries thrive on
9%) and refined sugar (15%) to the slurry, preheated to Vancouver Island. Winter. p. 36-37.
approximately 65ºC. This mix is homogenized in two stages • Summary: Wayne Jolley’s Sooke Soyfoods, which opened
at 3,000 and 500 psi... It is pasteurized by flash heating to in early 1981, produces 1,800 lb/week of nigari tofu.
15ºC and then cooled to 15ºC before aging for 2 hours at Thistledown Soyfoods, run by Jan Norris, opened in October
the same temperature. Finally the aged mix is frozen in the 1981. Each week the company produces 350 lb of tofu, 150
conventional ‘softy machine’ to obtain the ready-to-serve lb of tempeh (vacuum packed), and 75 lb of soy pate from
product.” The resulting product contains 15% sugar, 9% fat, okara. At Shin Mei Do Miso, Lulu and Yoshi Yoshihara have
36% total solids, and 6% protein. It also melts more slowly been making miso since 1979. They now produce 10,000 lb
than traditional ice cream–a key fact in tropical countries. of 3 styles of miso each year. Metta Tofu is owned by “Ray
When flavored, as with pineapple, the product scored higher Lipovsky, who might be North America’s original cottage
in taste panel tests than its dairy counterpart, and cost tofumaker as he’s been coagulating soymilk with sea water
less. The mix can be spray dried. Address: Div. of Dairy since 1975... Besides producing 600 pounds of nigari tofu
Technology, National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal 132 001, every week, Lipovsky is hot on the trail of Frozen Buddha,
India. his multi-flavored line of frozen soymilk ice cream, already
producing 360 gallons weekly.”
453. Mintz, David. 1983. History of the development of Also on the island in Victoria, though too large for the
Tofutti (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of cottage scale, is Dayspring Soycraft Corporation, operated
Soyfoods Center, Feb. 14. by Michael Hsieh. Hsieh, a trained dentist, and his brother,
• Summary: Extensive, frank discussions on his pioneering Steven, and their families, emigrated to British Columbia
work, from its earliest days. Mintz says that Tofutti contains from Taiwan and decided to launch a pressure cooker tofu
lots of tofu. Address: New York. plant in 1982.

454. Purviance, David. 1983. Caribbean report. Plenty News 457. Tepper, Robert. 1983. Farm Foods and Ice Bean
(Summertown, Tennessee) 3(1):1-3. Winter. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 2. Conducted by
• Summary: “In preparation for our venture with the sailing William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
ship Fri, Plenty recently visited six of the poorer islands in
the Caribbean.” They are: Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,
Antigua, Jamaica, and Haiti. A descriptive profile of each
island is given. The population was surprisingly youthful,
agriculture dominated the economies, and the low-priced
banana was often king. “In the short term, we’ll use the Fri to
bring tools and supplies to farmers’ organizations, women’s
groups, schools, and individuals. In the long run, we’ll send
soybean farmers, soy dairy technicians, and alternative
technology specialists to begin soy variety trials, offer advice
to local farmers, and construct soy dairies on the islands.
Currently all dairy products are imported and costly. A soy
dairy will be a new business, providing a market for soybean
farmers, and a local outlet for high-protein products. Soy ice
cream (“ice bean”), flavored with local fruit, will be made in
the dairy and sold by vendors throughout the island.”
At the Iona school in Jamaica, Plenty would like to
start a soy dairy as a training program. “Wherever we went,
Plenty’s experience with soybeans was openly welcomed.”
A map shows the proposed route of the Fri, which will leave
the USA from northwestern Florida (St. Augustine). Address:
Director, Plenty, Summertown, Tennessee.

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• Summary: Farm Foods presently has 37 distributors

nationwide for Ice Bean. More than 10 of those are in
California. The “soy powder” in the product is spray dried
soymilk. Ice Bean is made at an ice cream plant in Memphis.
People from Farm Foods make it there 2 days a week with
the help of a plant technician. In 1982 sales of Ice Bean were
almost $500,000. There are now 1,200 people living on The
Farm, and almost half are children. Farm Foods started as a
name under which The Farm sold its surplus produce to local
food stores in Tennessee. Farm Foods in now mostly Ice
Bean plus some tempeh starter sales. Ice Bean’s future is to
expand into supermarkets.
Robert will send some new photos of Ice Bean products
and his business card. Address: Summertown, Tennessee.

458. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1983. Prisons expand use of

soya. 5(7):7-8. March.
• Summary: “After the new machine [disintegrator / grinder]
was installed in Welikada Prison last September, there has
been a further saving of nearly Rs. 65,000 during a period of
three months from September 1982 to December 1982.”
“In addition, the work camps and open prisons have also
cultivated soya this maha [rainy season].”
“The Department of Prisons which has shown that large
savings are possible by using soya in institutional feeding
has now branched into the production of other soyafoods like

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• Summary: “Dear Bill: Hope all is well with you and Akiko.
I see you will be at the Whole Life Expo. Please stop by our
booth #158. We’ll have a few very new products there.
“At some point in May I would like to stop by and
show you what our expansion plans are. I think you will
be interested. We’ve put together a financing proposal and
business / marketing plan and projections We have gotten
very positive rejections, which is to say they thought the
presentation and plan were well done but they had no capital,
were too far away, it was too small... We are currently in
discussions with a few others tho. Looks promising. It took
about two years to
prepare and research the
plan.
“The latest in
the great soymilk wars
is that the state food
& ag dept. has told
us to stop using the
word soymilk. After
researching it this is
what it boils down to: in
1982 laws were passed
relative to non-dairy
products in California. It
defines non-dairy frozen
dessert and a few others,
as well as banning the
sale of a soymilk with
other than a trade or
suggestive name. Even
the generic or common
name cannot be listed
on the label. A first in
food packaging laws.
Thus we must call it
Vitasoy, Fresh&Light
soya fortified bread and yogurt. (the one we chose), etc.
“Exhibition: Independence day celebrations held in but we can’t also call it soybean beverage, etc. A company
Kandy this year featured an Agricultural and Technical challenged it on the grounds that it was in conflict with
Exhibition...” At the soyafoods stall, ice cream sold for Rs. federal laws requiring the common name, but the company
2/-, soyamilk for Rs. 1/- and 100 grams of fried tempeh was lost in court. The law also states that to even make “products
1/-. resembling milk products (PRMP),” the definition of which
“In the eight days that the exhibition ran many more is provided and could be construed to include tofu, soymilk,
thousands came to know and understand the immense salads, desserts, etc., the plant must be a registered PRMP
potential of the bean that is at present the cheapest pulse in plant and be regulated by the state Food and Ag and each
the market” where it retails for Rs. 4.00 to 4.50 per 500 gm. PRMP product must be registered with them at a cost of S25/
A photo shows a field of soyabeans at the open prison year. The plant certification costs $1OO/year. The law also
camp, Anuradhapura. states that the standards for the product that your product
resembles are applicable to your PRMP, i.e., milk standards
459. Rose, Richard. 1983. Re: The great soymilk wars and for soymilk, cheese standards for tofu etc.
strict labeling regulations. Letter to William Shurtleff at “To the best of my knowledge no one has had the Food
Soyfoods Center, April 18. 2 p. Typed, with signature on and Ag come down hard on them in the soy industry, but
letterhead (photocopy). that possibility certainly exists. We decided to be as low-

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460. Wagner, Martha. 1983. Forget about meatballs,

America; after 2000 years its time for tofu. Chicago Tribune.
April 27-28. Section 7. p. 8B. Wed/Thurs.
• Summary: “Hawaii, where tofu is as common as peanut
butter, can now offer tofu in all school lunch programs. And
in New York City, 40 schools use tofu in a pilot program
serving meatless meals.”
Prepared soy foods are selling well. Eight brands of soy
milk ice cream are now available, not to mention tofu salads
and frozen tofu entrees such as lasagna and enchiladas, plus
tofu dips, salad dressings, muffins, cheesecakes, tofu burgers
and hot dogs, and much more. Gives a brief summary of
three of America’s most popular tofu cookbooks, plus recipes
for Sunny tofu salad, and Baked marinated tofu.
profile as possible and change our labels, copies of which I’ll
send to you when we receive them. We feel it opens up new 461. Product Name: Rice Dream (Amazake-Based Non-
possibilities for the re-positioning and marketing of soymilk. Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Plain, Carob, or Almond].
We also intend to become a PRMP plant as very little work Manufacturer’s Name: Fresh Foods.
is needed to bring our facility to PRMP code, which is Manufacturer’s Address: Boulder, Colorado.
essentially dairy code. Date of Introduction: 1983. April.
“What is desperately needed in California are new laws Ingredients: Sweet rice, rice koji, soy oil, honey,
written by the soy industry reflecting the unique needs and carrageenan, flavorings.
products we have. This must be done right away before other Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints.
states follow suit, our industry gets big enough to alarm the How Stored: Frozen.
dairy lobby, and while we are still a low profile industry. New Product–Documentation: Talk with Robert
The soy industry is in need of standards relating to purity, Nissenbaum. 1988. Feb. 7 and 11. According to his contract
identity, additives, labeling, etc. and if we don’t initiate them, with Gloria Gilbert, owner of Fresh Foods in Boulder,
a bureaucrat will. Colorado, she began to use the trademark “Rice Dream” on
“Also re: sufu [fermented tofu]. State law states that no or before 26 August 1983. He recalls that she only made
food may have more than ½ of 1 percent alcohol by volume a total of 2-3 batches. At the time Robert was planning to
in it, otherwise it is an alcoholic product. This would seem to make an amazake-based frozen dessert and was looking for
indicate that sufu is not legal to sell in California. a name. He felt the best name was Rice Dream. So he called
“An over-zealous young health officer in Sonoma Gloria, whose company was small, and offered to buy the
County is trying to outlaw the self-service sale of bulk tofu. rights to the name Rice Dream from her. She wanted to sell
He is citing the law that says “potentially hazardous foods him the entire company. But he was already making his own
may not be sold in bulk”. The store personnel must dispense amazake and he did not want to add any sweetener; he only
the tofu. He is trying to enforce this in Sonoma County only, wanted the name. On 10 February 1984 he purchased the
and meeting great resistance. Dr. York sent a letter stating name Rice Dream for $2,000.
that the sale of properly refrigerated bulk tofu presents no Talk with Steve Demos. 1988. Feb. 8. The lady’s name
public health hazard. It is ironic because the retailers in this was Gloria and her company was Fresh Foods. It still exists.
county are very careful about how they handle tofu and other Demos made her Rice Dream at his present plant. It was only
foods, but in Marin tofu and dairy sandwiches are displayed on the market for 3-6 months. She was close friends with
for hours at room temperature, the tofu is presented in a very Don McKinley of Quinoa Corp. She is now in New York.
sloppy and hap-hazard fashion (bulk that is), with no care Talk with Don McKinley of Quinoa Corp. 1988. Feb. 22.
taken with sanitation, etc. Gloria works for Louis Harris & Associates, pollsters. Work:
“I hope to see you at the Whole Life Expo. Take care. 212-698-9600. Home: 177 E. 93rd St., Apt. 3A, New York,
Dik Rose” NY 10128. Phone: 212-534-5468. Don McKinley: Office:
“P.S. We followed your suggestion and dropped the 303-444-9466. Home: 303-530-9414. He incorporated in
Sonoma Natural Foods. We are now officially known as 1984. Colorado State University is the pioneering university
Brightsong Light Foods. Our P.O. Box has been changed with this crop.
from 603 to 2536, same town and zip.” Address: Brightsong Talk with Gloria Gilbert. 1988. Feb. 22. The idea of
Light Foods, P.O. Box 603, Petaluma, California 94953. freezing amazake came from a friend, Peggy Markel, who
Phone: 707-778-8638. said one day, “It would be great if we macrobiotics had a
non-dairy ice cream.” By December 1981 Gloria had started

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experimenting with freezing amazake, and by late 1982 or erected where large scale production can be effected.’ Thus,
early 1983 she had begun to sell it informally to friends. Dr. Berczeller’s Soyolk, soya flour, was hailed as “The Great
With the product fairly well developed in soft serve and the New National Food” and The Soya Flour Manufacturing
name Rice Dream established, she went to Steve Demos of Co. Ltd. was the first in this country to introduce soya and
White Wave (a soy ice cream manufacturer in Boulder), who its benefits to the nation... In 1930 a book was published, by
began to make it for her in hard pack on a larger scale. Her C.J. Ferree (later one of the Directors of Soya Foods Ltd.),
birthday is August 26, but she is fairly sure it was informally ‘The Soya Bean and the New Soya Flour.’
on the market locally, without the name Rice Dream, before “In 1933, The Soya Flour Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
that, perhaps in late 1982 or early 1983. She thinks that changed its name to Soya Foods Ltd... In September 1941
Rainbow Natural Foods Distributing picked it up as Rice it moved to new offices at Boreham Holt, Elstree, with the
Dream, with a label, in about August 1983. It was always mills at Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire. The mill was a small
packed in pints. Flavors were plain, carob, and almond. She plant and during the war years beans were rationed and all
does not recall adding a sweetener. supplies came from the then Oil and Fats Division of the
Talk with Barbara Svenning. 1989. Aug. 21. She and Ministry of Foods. This control still existed up to 1952.
Marty Roth made amasake, amasake shakes, and amasake “Mr. J.C. Ferree was the Chairman and Managing
ice cream in 1980 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In mid-August Director of Soya Foods Ltd. for 19 years. He left the
they moved to Boulder, Colorado, and Barbara started a company in March 1952 to work on other projects. He was,
business named Community Kitchens which made a Fried in his Soya Foods days, a founder of the Soya Overseas
Rice Sandwich with tofu. In mid-December she sold that Development Co. which was composed of practically all the
business to Gloria Gilbert. At the time of the sale they soya manufacturers in Britain. He was also the originator
taught Gloria (free of charge) how to make amasake, how to of ‘Soylac’ and an author of many books and articles on the
ferment it overnight in a Styrofoam picnic cooler heated with soya bean.
a 40-watt light bulb wired into the lid to keep it just under “Soya Foods Ltd. offered products like ‘Soyolk’–the
140ºF all night (a technique she learned from Muramoto pioneer edible soya flour for all foods, ‘Diasoy’–the special
sensei). They also bragged about their amasake shakes and enzyme-active soya flour for bread and, ‘Soypro’–the fat
ice cream (of which they were very proud) but did not tell reduced soya flour... ‘Soylac’ was another product and it
Gloria production details. Gloria began to make amasake at was a milk like powder for use in cakes and confectionery.
the same time she started her fried rice sandwich business. ‘Proton’ appeared in advertising in 1946 as processed
But the idea for an amasake ice cream must have come from powder for foodstuffs, ice cream, etc. ‘Soylac’ was last
Barbara and Marty. produced in 1952.
“During the war soya became one of the most important
462. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1983. Book review: The art of foodstuffs, being used widely in bread and sausages
selling soyafoods. 5(8):4-5, 8. April. as a substitute for meat. Soya also gained vast military
• Summary: A full page, positive review (by. S. importance both as a foodstuff... and as a component
Pathiravitana) of Soyfoods Labels, Posters, and Other for explosives and other war chemicals which were
Graphics (1982), compiled by Shurtleff and Aoyagi. On manufactured from it...
page 4 is a review of the book plus a photo of “Cheeseless “Soya Foods Ltd. was purchased by Spillers Ltd.
cheesecake with peach glaze.” On page 5 are black and white in 1945 (and is still part of the Group) and moved to
reproductions of five labels. its new address at 40 St. Mary Axe, London EC3, with
manufacturing works still at Rickmansworth, Herts.
463. MacKay, I.B. (Mrs.). 1983. Re: History of Soya Foods “Products were being added to the range. ‘Vitasoy’–
Ltd. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, May mentioned in the advertising in 1948 was a dehydrated,
24. 3 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. Plus many pasteurised and vitaminised infant and vegetarian food.
photocopies of early ads. [5 ref] ‘Colmiks’–ice cream powder, appeared in 1949, ‘Soyzipan’–
• Summary: “Unfortunately, we could not find any evidence cake topping and ingredient for making macaroons etc., in
that Dr. Chas. E. Fearn was in any way connected with our 1950. Other products were ‘Hot-Mix’–complete ice cream
company... Soya Foods Ltd. was formed on 6 Feb. 1933. powder.
The partners in the business at the time were the Ferree “In the 1950s, Soya Foods Ltd. expanded further with
brothers, who were of Dutch extraction. Prior to that date, a new plant in Cardiff. Extracted soya bean meal, defatted
there are newspaper cuttings referring to 1929 and 1930 and soya flour and de-gummed soya bean oil were added to its
mentioning that ‘a company was formed for the production products.
of Dr. Berczeller’s soya flour in this country’–The Soya “Prior to 1952 the Board of Directors were J. Twomney,
Flour Manufacturing Co. Ltd. of 7 Mincing Lane, London J.C. Ferree, Mr. Laycock and David James. Mr. Laycock
E.C.3–and ‘a large and well-equipped factory has been was the Technical Director and assisted in the erection of the

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Cardiff plant. a big garden, I conduct my first of four seminars on soymilk

“In January, 1956 the plant was relocated to for government officials China. I have prepared a 2-hour
Bermondsey, S.E. London. In 1968 the factory and soya mill slide show with 60 color slides. The main topics: (1) Ten
were rebuilt and this modernised factory produces the current reasons soybeans will be the protein source of the future.
wide range of soya flours and food ingredients. (2) The role of soymilk in China’s modernization program.
“Today, Soya Foods Ltd. is a company within the (3) Various products a soy dairy can make from soymilk
Dalgety-Spillers Group, and closely linked with Spillers (ice cream, tofu, yogurt, yuba, etc.). (4) The advantages of a
Milling Ltd., with vast research and development back-up at combined soy-cow dairy. (5) Soymilk as a modern food.
the Group’s laboratories in Cambridge. Part II: DTD described its soymilk process and we
“The Head Office is at New Malden House, 1 Blagdon served 3 samples: plain, sweetened, and chocolate. Out of the
Road, New Malden, Surrey, where the Directors and 35 participants, most liked the plain-unsweetened flavor best.
Sales Administration are situated. Production is located in They said it was free of grassy and burnt flavors and was not
Bermondsey and local depots are strategically placed around too thick or too thin. The second favorite was the sweetened.
the UK to back up the National sales team. Only 1 person rated the chocolate as the best. The thickness
“The Company specializes in the manufacture and was just right; the sweetness too. They would like to drink
sale of soya flours and baking improvers and believes in it hot in the winter. A general complaint regarding the
operating with a strong technical bias, and the strength and sweetened and the chocolate was that they coated the mouth
benefit of this can be seen in the quality and sophistication and were too thick, but I noted that they were not cold when
of the products. A major contributor to this is the RTC (The served.
Research and Technology Centre), where all research and 1. Soymilk could be used to make ice sticks. 2. Mingun
development is centered. The RTC occupies a three-acre site = a type of firm, deep-fried tofu. 3. Bamboo yuba [dried yuba
in Cambridge and employs 180 people with professional sticks]–Fu Chuk in Cantonese. 4. There is a lot of dried Yuba
qualifications and experience in a wide range of skills and in Guangzhou. 5. Henan is a major soybean growing region
disciplines. in China.
“Today, Soya Foods Ltd. sells sophisticated bread Lawrence Yung-Lu Li.
improvers which fulfill the requirements of the modern 1. Dr. Chow (initials = I.C. or En-Tsu) got a PhD on tofu
processes used in bread and morning goods production. The in the USA in the 1930s from Cornell University (Ithaca,
product range is vast, and it includes all purpose improvers, New York). See Cal (Berkeley) thesis list of dissertation
specialist improvers and now bakery concentrates, together abstracts. 2. Guangzhou dairy is planning to make soymilk.
with ingredients for flour confectionery. 3. There are no books on tofu in China, new or old.
“Ongoing product development ensures new ingredients May 31. I walk out in the early morning to watch
being developed all the time. Soya Foods Ltd. now sells thousands of people doing Tai-chi. I conduct Guangzhou
specialized ingredients, including Soyolk, to many parts of seminar #2. Then drive out into the Guangdong countryside
the food manufacturing industry.” to see proposed DTD dairy site. Address: P.O. Box 234,
Following this information are 6 pages of photocopies Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991.
of early articles and advertisements (starting in Feb. 1929)
about the Company. Address: Business Development Asst., 465. Bermudes, Fernando. 1983. Building a soy dairy [in
Soya Foods Ltd., New Malden House, 1 Blagdon Road, New Lesotho]. Soyanews (Sri Lanka) 5(9):4-5, 8. May.
Malden, Surry KT3 4TB, England. Phone: 01-949-6100. • Summary: Plenty has “successfully introduced soya as a
garden crop and a useful addition to local diets.”
464. Shurtleff, William. 1983. Fly from Hong Kong to “Under the Soyabean Agricultural Project and
Guangzhou (Canton); Give seminar on soymilk (May 29- the Village Soya Dairy Project, soyabean cooking
30) (Document part). In: William Shurtleff. 1983. Log of demonstrations are being carried on in some of the villages
Soyfoods Research Trip to China and Japan: 29 May to 10 of the project area. The women grind soaked soyabeans
July. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 117 p. See p. using a traditional “leloala” grinding stone. Then they make
5-6. Unpublished manuscript. soya milk and tofu, using the leftover soya pulp [okara] to
• Summary: On Sunday, May 29. Our group of three make “makoenya.”
(John Davies and Asger Somer Hansen of Danish Turnkey A pilot village soya dairy is now being built, at
Dairies {DTD}, and I) took an airplane from Hong Kong Motsemocha, designed to produce about 100 litres of
to Guangzhou, in the far southwest of China. Today is my soyamilk per day. Plenty’s first experiment in planting
first day in the People’s Republic of China. Canton is very soyabeans in Lesotho was in 1979/80 in the Sabapala area
different from the rest of China, more affluent, western, of Quthing district. This initial crop was badly damaged
capitalistic. The people speak Cantonese. Seminar rehearsal. by frost and drought. This past season, Plenty planted 35
May 30, Monday. In our nice Chinese hotel, built around different soyabean varieties. Five varieties were from the

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Republic of South Africa; sixteen were from the INTSOY’s extracts / recovers only about 60% of the protein in the
ISVEX program, a 12 came from AVRDC (Taiwan). soybeans; the modern method and technology recovers 80-
Photos show: (1) Lesotho women preparing soya milk– 85%.
but not at the soy dairy. (2) Soya ice cream being sold at the New products he would like to make from soymilk are
Solola Soya Dairy, Guatemala. Address: Soy Technician, ice cream (he saw it in Japan, tasted it and liked it), yogurt,
Plenty International, Lesotho. and infant foods. He would like to use soybean protein in
meat products (they are testing this now). He attended a
466. Product Name: Brown Rice Frostie (Non-Dairy recent meeting in Shanghai (not related to ASA) on the use
Amazake-based Frozen Dessert). of soy protein isolates. China seems unaware of the vast
Manufacturer’s Name: Grain Country (South). potential of soy flour.
Manufacturer’s Address: 3448 30th St., San Diego, CA He says that the government policy based on direct use
92104. Phone: 619-298-5913. of the soybean as food makes better use of the land than use
Date of Introduction: 1983. May. in a feedlot or feeding soybeans to animals and then eating
How Stored: Frozen. the animals. The policy is for plant protein to be the major
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Stuart Kerrigan. source of protein and for animal protein to be secondary.
1988. Jan. 30. David was Roy Steevensz’ former partner. Vitasoy is Witanai (pronounced wi-TAH-nai). Hi-C is
Talk with David Jackson. 1988. Jan. 30. He used to work Yangwan.
for Roy Steevensz in Los Angeles in about 1980. He was For soymilk, Mr. Pan prefers the term douru to dounai.
making amazake and amazake ice cream himself, serving Danny Wang says the World Bank is helping to finance
it in dishes. Nowadays David does not sell that much, not reclamation of 2 million ha (hectares) of farmland in the
promote it that much and only sells it at his macrobiotic food three rivers area of Heilongjiang. One-third of this will be
store and restaurant during the summer. planted to soybeans. Address: P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
Talk with David Jackson of Prescott, Arizona. 1993. California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991.
Dec. 8. He learned about this product and amazake from
Roy Steevensz in Los Angeles. He first made this product 468. Shurtleff, William. 1983. Meet Susan Scurlock,
during the summer (it was too yin to be served in the winter) American Embassy Agricultural Attache (Attaché) in Beijing
after he purchased a soft serve machine. It was probably (June 9) (Document part). In: William Shurtleff. 1983. Log
introduced in the summer of 1983, but it could have been the of Soyfoods Research Trip to China and Japan: 29 May to 10
summer of 1982. It was made basically by running amazake July. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 117 p. See p.
through a soft-serve machine. 18-20. Unpublished manuscript.
• Summary: Sources of information on soybean production
467. Shurtleff, William. 1983. In Beijing. Our guide. Meet in China: The China Review of Agriculture. 1981 outlook for
Mr. Pan (June 9) (Document part). In: William Shurtleff. 1982 is my best source of overall summary of her data.
1983. Log of Soyfoods Research Trip to China and Japan: 29 Her best sources, as U.S. Ag Attache, are (1) Statistical
May to 10 July. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 117 Yearbook of China. The best primary data, but 1½ years late.
p. See p. 17-18. Unpublished manuscript. I got all relevant data in the 1981 edition. (2) Four Chinese
• Summary: Morning: Ms. Chen Xihau is our guide. She researchers at the embassy read Chinese newspapers for
says fear is everywhere in China. Everyone is a potential spy. all of Chinese’s provinces, looking all over for clues. (3)
Fermented tofu (doufu-ru) and soy nuggets (douchi, Travel to the provinces for information from each province.
[fermented black soybeans]) are sold in “salty vegetable” (4) Meet with Beijing Ministry of Agriculture (its Foreign
(sien tsai) shops. Affairs Bureau) but they usually have poor data. (5) Most
Mr. Pan is the top man in the federal Ministry of Light Chinese trade statistics come from other countries.
Industry (MinLight). Super guy. He is director of the Food My best channel for the latest statistics and summaries is
Industry Bureau. He is interested in developing a soymilk to call the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) or the
industry in China. Cow’s milk cannot meet the demands USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) and to ask for the
of a large population. A new policy in China is to increase latest data in their computers on soybeans, foreign country
soybean production. Recently the American Soybean production, imports and exports.
Association (ASA) sponsored 6 MinLight (Ministry of Light ERS has the best data on soybeans in China. They only
Industry) people (both federal and Beijing municipality) on do research and have commodity analysts, especially for
a trip to study soymilk production in Hong Kong, Japan, and the USA. In the USA, phone 202-447-8676. FAS promotes
Thailand. They are now considering whether or not to use the exports of U.S. farm products. Susan works for FAS
the “wet” or “dry” process. He says that Vitasoy uses the dry in their oilseeds division. Phone: 202-447-7037 or 8809.
process. Jerry Harvey is the head of the FAS oilseeds division. Ralph
The traditional Chinese method of making soymilk Detro is an oilseeds analyst. Deborah Pumphrey is with FAS

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oilseeds. Pre-Pak: These are inexpensive plastic bags for milk or

Data on soybean production in Heilongjiang from a other beverages; widely used in Europe, and some in Japan.
Heilongjiang newspaper dated 15 May 1983 stated that the China is thinking of using these for packaging soymilk.
province’s soybean production in 1982 was 2.55 million Alfa-Laval soymilk systems are promoted by ASA; they
metric tons. This was up 26.8% from 1981. do not know DTD.
Total soybean production statistics in China: In China, dried yuba sticks are known as fuzhu (in
In 1980 some 7.94 million metric tons were produced on pinyin). Address: P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.
7.226 million hectares. Phone: 415-283-2991.
In 1981 some 9.33 million metric tons were produced on
8.024 million hectares. 469. Product Name: Ice Bean Sandwich (Ice Bean Between
In 1982 some 9.03 million metric tons were produced on Carob Coated Honey Wafers) [Honey Vanilla, Carob, or
8.226 million hectares. Peanut Butter].
In 1980 the central government increased the soybean Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
“procurement price.” Manufacturer’s Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
But 1.25 million metric tons of soybeans in storage at Date of Introduction: 1983. June.
the same time is not enough for the needs of food (tofu) and Ingredients: Vanilla: Ice Bean Ingredients: Water, soybeans,
compound feeds–due to mismanagement. honey, corn oil, pure vanilla extract, soy lecithin, guar and
China both exports and imports soybeans. They export carob bean gum. Carob wafer ingredients: Whole wheat
since it is easier to export from Heilongjiang to Japan than flour, wheat flour, honey, corn oil, carob, molasses, salt,
to ship to south China. In 1982 China imported no soybeans baking soda, soy lecithin, pure vanilla extract.
from the USA–partly related to textile quotas. After a huge Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 sandwiches, 3 fluid oz each,
jump in textile imports from China, the U.S. limited the in paperboard box.
growth rate. But China is not really importing soybeans from How Stored: Frozen.
anyone. In China today soybeans are mostly
grown on the dykes around rice paddies.
In 1981 Hunan and Anhui both doubled
soybean production. Yet tofu is scarce.
The main activities of the American
Soybean Association in China: They are in it
for the long pull. (1) To promote compound
feeds, which are seen as the wave of the
future. (2) To promote the use of new
technologies–for making soy protein isolates
and concentrates, soymilk, etc. There will
be a “Soybean Symposium” in Jilin. Susan
does not foresee much growth of soybean
production in China. However she does see
much growth in rice, cotton, and tobacco
production. And rapeseed production
doubled in two years.
That evening we have a maotai banquet
with Mr. Pan. We discuss the following:
Meiji makes soymilk ice cream in
Japan.
Ice stick prices in China: Sugar and
flavor–3 fen. Sugar, flavor and a little milk–5 fen. Sugar, New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods. 1983. Summer.
flavor and much milk–15 fen. p. 48-50, 52. “Ice Bean Sandwich: In May Farm Foods
Of four soy experts from southern China, none has heard released a newly redesigned Ice Bean container, a new
of tou-cha-ping (Chinese tempeh). vanilla flavor (sweetened with fructose), and an exciting Ice
Beijing soymilk flavor tests: 15 people prefer sweetened Bean Sandwich (vanilla Ice Bean layered between carob-
soymilk vs. 12 people prefer it unsweetened (plain). The coated wafers). The new products were unveiled at the May
majority like chocolate, yet they would like it better if it were ECHO show in Atlantic City and the NNFA show in Denver
less thick; the sweetness is just right. They also like sour in July.” They also introduced a honey vanilla soy ice cream
orange which has the consistency of soy yogurt. and a new package; Spot in Natural Foods Merchandiser.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 222

high. Vegetarian Times. June. p. 12. [1 ref]

• Summary: This is a review and summary of Soyfoods
Industry Directory and Databook 1983 by Shurtleff and
Aoyagi. 1982 USA production and retail sales figures are
given for the following foods: Tofu (27,500 tons, $50 million
in 1981), tempeh (450 tons, $2 million), and miso (750
tons). Four factors contributing to the growth of soyfoods are
summarized. “Low-calorie convenience soyfoods products
and frozen, meatless ‘heat and serve’ entrees will play and
important role in soyfood’s entrance into the mainstream
American diet... Dairy-like soymilk and soymilk shakes,
yogurt and ice cream, tofu cottage cheese and tofu burgers
will soon be low-cost, low-calorie alternatives to mainstream
supermarket fare.”

473. Product Name: [Meiji Sunglow Soymilk Ice Cream

1987. July. p. 84. Two new flavors: Peanut Butter Ice Bean (Vanilla, or Chocolate)].
with Carob Wafer and Carob Ice Bean with Vanilla Wafer. Foreign Name: Meiji Sanguroo Tônyû Aisu (Banira,
Label reads: “No cholesterol. Lactose free. Low sodium. Chokoreeto).
Honey sweetened. 6 sandwiches.” Six black and white Manufacturer’s Name: Meiji Milk Co. Ltd.
photos of different Ice Bean products sent by Robert Tepper. Manufacturer’s Address: 2-3-6- Kobayashi, Chuo-ku,
1983, April. Tokyo 104, Japan.
Date of Introduction: 1983. June.
470. Product Name: Ice Bean (Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert) Ingredients: Soymilk, sugar, vegetable oil, flavors,
[Soft Serve: Vanilla, or Chocolate]. emulsifier, stabilizer, calcium sulfate, salt, vitamin C, colors.
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: White plastic tub.
Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, How Stored: Frozen.
TN 38483. New Product–Documentation: Label. 1983, undated. Blue,
Date of Introduction: 1983. June. red, green, and white. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti &
How Stored: Frozen. Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 94. This is Japan’s best-selling
New Product–Documentation: News Release. 1983. June. brand of soy ice cream. 500 ml sells for 350 yen ($1.48).
Note: This is the earliest Japanese-language document
471. Farm Foods. 1983. Some like it fresh–Ice Bean comes seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term Tônyû Aisu to refer to
in mix (News release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN soy ice cream.
39483. 1 p. June. Alfa-Laval. 1988, June. Soyfoods: Old traditions with
new potentials. p. 9. Shows a color photo of the front of the
package.

474. Product Name: Penguino’s Dairy Free Frozen Dessert

(Using Soymilk and Tofu) [Dutch Chocolate, Strawberry,
Carob Mint, Almond, Orange, or Maple Walnut].
Manufacturer’s Name: Penguino’s Inc. Made in Syracuse,
• Summary: “Due to popular demand, Ice Bean is now New York, by Darling Ice Cream Co.
available in a soft mix–to be run through in-store ice cream Manufacturer’s Address: 192 Hillside Ave., Rochester, NY
and yogurt machines. Packed in one-gallon containers, 14610.
Vanilla and Chocolate Ice Bean soft serve is available coast Date of Introduction: 1983. June.
to coast through Farm Foods’ complete line of frozen food Ingredients: Carob Mint: Water, soybeans, honey, tofu,
distributors. soy oil, carob, vanilla, pure peppermint flavor, lecithin, guar
“This all natural, non-dairy, cholesterol-free, low-calorie gum.
soymilk ice cream... is already available in 8 pint flavors, five Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint.
3-ounce cup flavors and an Ice Bean Sandwich.” Address: How Stored: Frozen.
Summertown, Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964-3484. Nutrition: Per 3.5 fl oz.: Calories 115, protein 2 gm,
carbohydrate 13 gm, fat 6 gm, sodium 2 mg.
472. Gullo, Karen. 1983. Soyfoods consumption hits all-time New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1984, undated.

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Creams. p. 76-77. Introduced in June 1983, it was first made

and sold in the Lotus Cafe (Rochester, New York) in Aug.
1983. In September 1983 it was first sold outside the Lotus
Cafe, in Wegmans supermarkets.

475. Shurtleff, William. 1983. Soymilk seminars in China,

May-June 1983, and proposals for future DTD work with
soymilk. Singapore. 12 p. 28 cm.
• Summary: This report begins: “1.1 The Key Question DTD
must face and study in depth is the potential for soymilk
worldwide during the next 5-20 years in East Asia (especially
China), the Third World in general, and in industrialized
nations.
“Will soymilk be a minor part of DTD’s income (l-2%)
or does it have the potential of being 20-30% of sales in
10 years? If the latter is true, then it is essential that DTD
start now to develop a stronger commitment to soymilk and
greater expertise in this field.
“1.2 Evidence of Potential Growth
“1.2.1 Hong Kong–This was the first market for modern
soymilk, pioneered by Vitasoy (soydrink made by Hong
Kong Soya Bean Products Company Ltd.) from l945.
“Cholesterol free. Dairy free. Low sodium. No sugar added.
Vitasoy’s production grew from 50 million packs in l962 to
No preservatives. No artificial ingredients.”
100 million in 1970, to 130 million in 198l. Yeo Hiap Seng
Talk with Greg Weaver of the Lotus Cafe. 1984. Dec.
and Coca-Cola Hi-C also have significant shares of the Hong
30. Three people were initially involved: Jay Thompson,
Kong market.
Miriam Phalen, and Greg Weaver. Penguino’s was first
“1.2.2 Japan–Production nationwide grew from 4
served in the Lotus Cafe was Aug. 1983. It was made from
million litres in 1978 to 46 million litres in 1982, worth
soymilk, tofu, honey, guar gum, and flavorings–in a little
US$61 million.
Gelato ice cream making machine from Italy. They owned
“1.2.3 South East Asia–Since 1975 soymilk has taken
it, having bought it with intent of setting up the business.
off in all these nations except Indonesia. Competition is
They also bought a used Taylor soft-serve ice cream machine
fierce.
which they set up in the restaurant. Served as part of product
“Major Untapped Markets–China is unquestionably
development. They had never served ice cream before that.
the largest untapped market. It has a long tradition of using
They experimented with a soy ice cream in 1978 but never
soymilk, is interested in modernization, is committed in
served it at the restaurant since they didn’t have the facilities.
‘Masterplan 2,000’ to greatly expanding production of both
The corporation, Penguino’s Inc., was founded in Sept.
soy and dairy milk, has a major need for the nutrients of
1983. They immediately swung a deal with Wegmans, a
soymilk (protein, calories, minerals), and could make many
large supermarket chain in upstate New York. By Dec. 4
products from this milk such as ice cream, ice stick, yoghurt,
they wanted Penguino’s in their new superstore. Hectically
tofu, yuba, etc. This China market is as big as all others
they put together a small factory and developed flavors:
combined.” Address: Singapore.
Strawberry, Chocolate, Carob mint, Maple, Walnut. Started
selling in Dec.–hard pack pints only. Continued to sell soft
476. Soyfoods. 1983. Soy marketing: Promotions [Hinode
serve at the Lotus Cafe. Saw big demand for nondairy ice
tofu, New England Soy Dairy, Ice Bean sandwich, Bread &
cream. In Aug., Jay and Greg were bought out. Miriam
Circus, Tree of Life]. Summer. p. 48-51.
became the owner. She got interested to soy ice cream after
• Summary: Soy Dairy discontinued selling its Herb Garden
trying Tofutti; she liked the taste but not the ingredients.
and Spice Garden Tofu in boxes, switched to redesigned, less
Talk with then Letter from Miriam Phalen of Penguino’s.
expensive, standard tofu tubs.
1985. Jan. 4. Gives a brief history of the company.
“Ice Bean Sandwich: In May Farm Foods released
Product Alert. 1984. Jan. 30. Ice cream. Penguino’s is
a newly redesigned Ice Bean container, a new vanilla
now available in pints, made by Penguino’s Inc. It comes in
flavor (sweetened with fructose), and an exciting Ice Bean
Dutch Chocolate, Carob Mint, and Maple Walnut flavors and
Sandwich (vanilla Ice Bean layered between carob-coated
retails for $2.09.
wafers). The new products were unveiled at the May ECHO
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
show in Atlantic City and the NNFA show in Denver in July.

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“Farm Foods also operates a monthly press release City alone including Bloomingdale’s 40 Carrots, Zabar’s,
service, adds marketing co-director Beth Lloyd, in which the World Trade Center’s Big Kitchen, New York Health and
product information releases are mailed to 125 trade journals Racquet Clubs, and the Great American Health Bar.”
and distributors, and, every couple of months, publishable
short articles, with recipes (Southern Soy Breakfasts, Low 479. This Week (Oahu, Hawaii). 1983. “Tofutti” unveiled.
Calorie Coolers for Hot Summer Days) are sent to 100 July 4-10.
newspaper food editors. In terms of the article publications • Summary: “’Tofutti’ is the name of the latest scoop at
and favorable notices, this twofold program has been ‘very Le Petit Deli, on the ground floor of the Hyatt Regency [in
effective,’ states Beth Lloyd. Oahu]. It’s a new dairy-free dessert that’s made from tofu...”
Farm Foods predicts that sales of Ice Bean will jump
50% in 1982, and will top $1 million by the year’s end. 480. Sugarman, Carole. 1983. Imagine–Now they’re making
Farm Foods recently established a Los Angeles warehouse ice cream from tofu!!! Washington Post. July 24. p. K1, K4.
to handle its 14 West Coast distributors. Farm Foods also Food section.
recently landed the Alpha Beta supermarket account; Ice • Summary: “Health food hits the mainstream once again,
Bean is now sold in 15 of the chain’s leading Northern this time with Tofutti–ice cream made with tofu.” More
California outlets in their natural foods centers. In February than 10 years ago David Mintz stumbled upon soybean
1983, Ice Bean moved into 40 Raley’s Supermarkets in curd after reading about it in a book. A New York kosher
the Sacramento area. And Ice Bean is sold at 500 General caterer, restaurateur and orthodox Jew, he was looking for
Nutrition Centers (about half of all outlets) nationwide. alternatives to fresh fruit desserts. “Mintz the Prince of Tofu”
got his first tofu in a basement of New York’s Chinatown. At
477. Soyfoods. 1983. The soyfoods industry on display [at his restaurant and catering business, “he began substituting
Natural Foods Merchandiser Expo in Anaheim, California tofu for the cream in beef stroganoff and combining tofu
and Whole Life Times Expo in San Francisco]. Summer. p. with vegetables in his egg rolls. For the Jewish holidays,
7. Mintz sold his matzo balls spiked with tofu, which even
• Summary: Sixteen soyfoods companies exhibited at landed in his homemade gefilte fish. And for a vegetarian
Anaheim to 7,600 paying visitors. “Six soyfoods companies wedding party, he catered an all-tofu menu...” After 4 years
shared an official Soyfoods Association booth, where they of working on Tofutti, the quasi-ice cream is Mintz’s full-
retailed their own products and provided liberal tasting time business. “Soft-serve Tofutti was a hit last summer
samples as well. Participants included Legume Inc. (tofu in New York at Zabar’s and Bloomingdale’s and spread to
pizza, tofu lasagna), Farm Foods (Ice Bean, in cones), Quong Hawaii, California and Massachusetts... In September he
Hop (tofu burgers, tofu canolli, soymilk), Sonoma Specialty hopes to distribute a hard-pack version in pints and quarts in
Foods (tofu salads, tofu cheesecakes), Laughing Moon supermarket freezer cases. This summer Tofutti has finally
(vegetable tofu turnovers), and San-Jirushi International made its way into slowpoke Washington” [DC], though
(samples of San-J Real Tamari). The Association booth, it is available at only one location, Crescent’s, a creative
one of 10 food catering booths at the Expo, was ‘packed cafeteria-style eatery.
solid through the whole show,’ reports Farm Foods’ Robert An illustration by Dan Sherbo shows a young Jewish
Tepper.” man, wearing a yarmulke and glasses, eating a scoop of
“William Shurtleff gave a one hour speech and slide Tofutti from a deli carton using chopsticks.
presentation on soyfoods to an enthusiastic audience.”
Other interesting companies include: Pacific Tempeh, 481. Obis, Paul. 1983. The scoop on soy ice creams.
Light Foods, Essential Foods, Garden of Eatin’, Living Vegetarian Times. July. p. 46, 48-49. [1 ref]
Lightly, Kibun, Westbrae Natural Foods, Edward & Sons, • Summary: Discusses: Brief history of soy ice creams.
Cedarlane Foods, Morinaga, Worthington Foods. Today’s leading manufacturers and brands. Basic soymilk
Interesting products: Light Links tofu “hotdogs,” recipe. Eight recipes for making or using soymilk ice cream.
Ravioli, Tofumale Tamale, Tempehroni Pizza, Chili Con Address: Oak Park, Illinois.
Tempeh, Tempeh Enchilada.
Photos (without captions) show: (1) Danielle Lin of 482. Product Name: [Vanilla Safflano (Soymilk Ice
Laughing Moon. (2) Steve Snyder of Hinode. (3) The Cream)].
Morinaga booth, with Mr. Seishiro Ikegami. Foreign Name: Safflano Tônyû Aisu.
Manufacturer’s Name: Soken-sha.
478. Soyfoods. 1983. The Tofutti union. Summer. p. 54. [3 Manufacturer’s Address: 724 Katakura-cho, Yokohama,
ref] Kanagawa-ken 221, Japan.
• Summary: “The soft-serve form of Tofutti has been on the Date of Introduction: 1983. July.
market since May 1982 and is sold in 60 outlets in New York Ingredients: Soymilk, kappuring sugar, unrefined sugar,

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safflower oil, stabilizer, vanilla bean, lemon extract. basement where I found these people manufacturing tofu.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 140 ml x 3 per pack. I didn’t, of course, speak Chinese, and I spent a long time
How Stored: Frozen. trying to get across what I wanted. They call it “tof” so they
didn’t even know what I was saying.’”
Back at his deli, the first dish Mintz made using tofu
was a beef stroganoff, in which the ingredient replaced
the sour cream. Photo shows: David Mintz, sporting large
sunglasses. A one-gallon container of Tofutti soft-serve mix,
made by Welsh Farms in Long Valley. Address: Home News
consumer writer.

485. Bryan, Ford R. 1983. Dearborn’s Chemical Park. III.

The Carver Food Laboratory. Dearborn Historian (The) No.
3. p. 90-97. Summer. [23 ref]
• Summary: A good overview of Henry Ford’s work with
soybeans starting in about 1930 when Robert Boyer was
brought to Dearborn to work at Greenfield Village and put
in charge of the Chemical Plant. Ford’s stated objective was
to “find industrial uses for farm products.” “Mr. Boyer’s
summary of the first year accomplishments describes work
extracting oils from orange peels and furfural from garbage,
as well as work on wheat, soybeans, and carrots. Boyer’s
New Product–Documentation: Label. 1983, undated. 1931 summary report [i.e. report of work conducted during
Drawing (see next page) of Jack and the Beanstalk on the the year 1931, written in Jan. 1932] was sent to Mr. Ford
box. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice at Fort Myers, Florida... In a separate building near the
Creams. p. 94-95. Engineering Laboratory in Dearborn, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman,
Henry’s boyhood schoolmate, was working with wheat,
483. Time. 1983. Gelato by the superscoopful. Aug. 15. p. 48. soybeans, carrots and tomatoes to ‘make milk without a
• Summary: One paragraph on Tofutti, which is the biggest cow.’
media coverage received by the product to date: “There “In 1932 [sic, Dec. 1931] Mr. Ford issued orders to
is yet another newcomer to the frozen scene: tofutti. As concentrate on the soybean. His tractors began to plant and
its ungainly name suggests, it has a powdered soy base, harvest thousands of acres. In a 25-acre field on Greenfield
no lactose, butterfat or cholesterol, and contains only 128 Village property some 500 experimental varieties of
calories per 4-oz. scoop, vs. as much as 325 for a premium soybeans were grown. In Sept. 1932 Dr. Ruddiman and
dairy ice cream and 280 for gelato. A sellout among celebs Mr. Boyer attended the American Soybean Association
and fast trackers from Manhattan to Honolulu, this noncream convention in Washington, DC. That year the Village
ice cream, which comes in five flavors, actually tastes good. Chemical Plant was extracting 6 tons per day of soybean oil.
Best of the batch: banana pecan.” The Rouge plant started with 24 tons a day, followed by the
Milan and Saline plants. These industries utilized the oil in
484. Cook, Winnifred I. 1983. New frozen ice cream-type making paints and plastics. The small Village Plant led the
dessert uses healthy tofu as base for mix. Home News (New parade, however, with soybean milk, bread, ice cream, and
Jersey). Aug. 24. p. D1. Wednesday. Lifestyle section. an experimental plastic car (chassis excluded). The soybean
• Summary: “Already the famous and the not-so-famous que foods became standard fare at the Ford plant cafeterias and at
up at some of the most chic New York eateries to devour the Ford Hospital. The ice cream–most delicious–was for years
new food–Tofutti. It is a frozen dessert resembling soft ice sold as Del(icious) Soy(bean) Topping” [i.e. Delsoy Topping;
cream in texture and is sold in five flavors... It has a creamy actually it was a soy-based whipped topping, not an ice
smooth texture, and is cool, light and sweet, and has about cream].
115 calories for a four-ounce serving... The major ingredient Ford had known of the work of Dr. George Washington
is tofu...” Carver since about 1910 but they probably first met in
“Tofutti, the frozen dessert Mintz is selling, took almost 1936 at the Second Dearborn Conference of the National
10 years to perfect. He has been in the food business for 27 Farm Chemurgic Council. Both were vegetarians with
years... He’d read a book about tofu and Oriental cooking. similar interests, and firm believers in natural foods. Dr.
It intrigued him enough to head for Chinatown in search Carver’s assistant, Mr. [Austin W.] Curtis, spent the summer
of the soybean product. ‘It was spooky. I went down into a (ca. 1940) working with Robert Boyer in The Soybean

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Laboratory. similar interests, and firm believers in natural foods. Dr.

In July 1942 Dr. Carver came to Dearborn and dedicated Carver’s assistant, Mr. [Austin W.] Curtis, spent the summer
the “Nutritional Laboratory” of the Ford Motor Co. It was (ca. 1940) working with Robert Boyer in The Soybean
in the old Water Works building. Soon the laboratory, with Laboratory.
its eventual 25 people under Mr. Robert A. Smith, went In July 1942 Dr. Carver came to Dearborn and dedicated
into volume production of soybean milk and ice cream. On the “Nutritional Laboratory” of the Ford Motor Co. It was
5 Jan. 1943 Dr. Carver died in Tuskegee, Alabama. The in the old Water Works building. Soon the laboratory, with
Nutritional Laboratory, soon better known as the Carver its eventual 25 people under Mr. Robert A. Smith, went
Laboratory, operated for at least a while after 1945, when into volume production of soybean milk and ice cream. On
Robert Smith left to go into business for himself, and Clem 5 Jan. 1943 Dr. Carver died in Tuskegee, Alabama. The
Glotzhober took charge. After Mr. Ford died on 7 April 1947, Nutritional Laboratory, soon better known as the Carver
the building was again essentially abandoned. Address: Laboratory, operated for at least a while after 1945, when
Dearborn, Michigan. Robert Smith left to go into business for himself, and Clem
Glotzhober took charge. After Mr. Ford died on 7 April 1947,
486. Bryan, Ford R. 1983. Dearborn’s Chemical Park. III. the building was again essentially abandoned. Address:
The Carver Food Laboratory. Dearborn Historian (The) No. Dearborn, Michigan.
3. p. 90-97. Summer. [23 ref]
• Summary: A good overview of Henry Ford’s work with 487. Quick Frozen Foods. 1983. Robert E. Rich Sr.: Father
soybeans starting in about 1930 when Robert Boyer was of non-dairy frozen foods. Aug. p. 61-64, 66-68.
brought to Dearborn to work at Greenfield Village and put • Summary: In this interview, “the inventor of frozen non-
in charge of the Chemical Plant. Ford’s stated objective was dairy topping and founder of what may be the largest family-
to “find industrial uses for farm products.” “Mr. Boyer’s owned frozen food business in the country tells about the
summary of the first year accomplishments describes work early days of the industry and how they relate to today’s
extracting oils from orange peels and furfural from garbage, multi-billion-dollar business.” A photo shows Robert E.
as well as work on wheat, soybeans, and carrots. Boyer’s Rich, Sr.
1931 summary report [i.e. report of work conducted during
the year 1931, written in Jan. 1932] was sent to Mr. Ford 488. Shurtleff, William. 1983. Log of soyfoods research trip
at Fort Myers, Florida... In a separate building near the to Hong Kong, China, Singapore, and Japan: May 29 to July
Engineering Laboratory in Dearborn, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, 10, 1983 (Unpublished report). Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box
Henry’s boyhood schoolmate, was working with wheat, 234, Lafayette, CA 94549 USA. 117 p. Aug. Unpublished
soybeans, carrots and tomatoes to ‘make milk without a manuscript.
cow.’ • Summary: Contents: Hong Kong: K.S. Lo and Vitasoy.
“In 1932 [sic, Dec. 1931] Mr. Ford issued orders to May 29 (Sunday)–Plane from Hong Kong to Guangzhou
concentrate on the soybean. His tractors began to plant and City (Canton) in Guangdong (Kwantung) province. China:
harvest thousands of acres. In a 25-acre field on Greenfield Guangzhou (May 29-30), Zhengzhou, Beijing, Harbin,
Village property some 500 experimental varieties of Beijing #2 (Scurlock, Chen Xi-Hau, Joe Rakosky, Terrence
soybeans were grown. In Sept. 1932 Dr. Ruddiman and Foley, local markets, vegetarian deli). Singapore: STS and
Mr. Boyer attended the American Soybean Association Anders Lindner, Alan Yeo, American Soybean Association
convention in Washington, DC. That year the Village (Don Bushman, Sabrine Lee, Lars Wiederman).
Chemical Plant was extracting 6 tons per day of soybean oil. Japan: Seiyu department store, Kibun, ASA Tokyo
The Rouge plant started with 24 tons a day, followed by the (Ms. Kojima), Kanji Tsuchiya, Japan Soymilk Assoc., Sano
Milan and Saline plants. These industries utilized the oil in Rinji, Kikori, Prasad and natural foods, Goro Kanasugi
making paints and plastics. The small Village Plant led the and tempeh, Tsuchiya soymilk #1, Kikkoman at Noda
parade, however, with soybean milk, bread, ice cream, and (Yokotsuka #1, Mizunuma, Plant #6 modern, Yokotsuka #2,
an experimental plastic car (chassis excluded). The soybean Goyo Gura, Noda Museum, Noda Library, Mr. Ichiyama),
foods became standard fare at the Ford plant cafeterias and at Morinaga, Kikkoman Tokyo, Japan Packaged Tofu Assoc.,
Ford Hospital. The ice cream–most delicious–was for years Natto statistics, Asahimatsu, Natto-tempeh meeting, Mr.
sold as Del(icious) Soy(bean) Topping” [i.e. Delsoy Topping; Katoh, Nakano Masahiro, Mr. Iitsuka of Kikkoman, Daizu
actually it was a soy-based whipped topping, not an ice Shokuhin Kaihatsu, Tsuchiya #2, Nagayama, soynuts, oil
cream]. association, kinako, Ishige, Mr. Mori and soy sprouts, Katoh,
Ford had known of the work of Dr. George Washington Arai-san, Kodansha, Nagayama and kinako, Dr. Nakano
Carver since about 1910 but they probably first met in #2, Arai shoyu, Tsuchiya #3, Tenmi. Address: Lafayette,
1936 at the Second Dearborn Conference of the National California.
Farm Chemurgic Council. Both were vegetarians with

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489. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1983. The book of you are likely to run into a host of celebrities such as...
tofu. 2nd ed. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 336 p. Address: New York.
Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Aug. 28 cm. [321
ref] 491. Farm Foods. 1983. American Soybean Association
• Summary: Three parts of this new edition have been samples soy milk and Ice Bean (News release). 156 Drakes
extensively revised and updated: (1) “Tofu Makers in the Lane, Summertown, TN 39483. 1 p. Sept.
West” (p. 313-16) has been updated and now includes 310 • Summary: 2,800 people attended the annual ASA meeting
tofu producers in the Western world (with the name, address, in Nashville, Tennessee. They sampled soymilk and Ice
phone number, and contact person for each company), Bean. “The products we tasted were excellent,” said Ed
arranged by state or foreign country. This is the only tofu Quinones, division Manager from Asia and Latin America.
book containing such a directory. Address: Summertown, Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964-3484.
(2) The “Bibliography” (p. 319-324) has been greatly
expanded and updated. It now contains 321 publications on 492. Product Name: Green World Festive Frozen Dessert
tofu, including all known scientific and nutritional journal (Non-Dairy Tofu Ice Cream) [Carob, Carob Mint, Vanilla,
articles, the 33 books about tofu written in North America Strawberry, Blueberry, Piña Colada, Raspberry, Banana-
since publication of the first edition of The Book of Tofu in Coconut, Tofrutti].
1975, and other key articles and books about tofu from East Manufacturer’s Name: Green World, Inc.
Asia and Europe, the earliest from Europe dating back to Manufacturer’s Address: Mayfield Stage, Boise, ID
1613! 83706.
(3) An updated listing of “People and Institutions Date of Introduction: 1983. September.
Connected with Tofu” in the U.S. and around the world, Ingredients: Tofu, soymilk, honey, oil, carob, lecithin,
including researchers, major tofu manufacturers in Japan, vanilla.
trade associations, publications, equipment dealers, and tofu Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fluid oz (1 pint). Retails for
apprenticeship programs. $1.19 to $1.25.
The “Glossary” (p. 325-27) has been condensed to make How Stored: Frozen.
space for the expanded bibliography and back matter. There New Product–Documentation: Boise Statesman. 1984.
is a new page about the Soyfoods Center (p. 333). The page June 6. “Green World Tofu Frozen Dessert.” Shurtleff &
“About the Authors” (autobiographical) has been expanded, Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 77.
and the photograph has been updated. “Sending Tofu to the Interview with James Herrington. 1987. Dec. 30. The Tofrutti
Four Directions” (p. 335) and the inside rear cover have both flavor, introduced in the fall of 1983, was before he had ever
been updated. Still contains 500 vegetarian recipes–both heard of Tofutti. It contained pineapple, orange, banana, and
western and eastern style. apricot. The first two flavors were carob and carob mint. This
Note: A news release of 17 Aug. 1983 states: “The Book is their second most successful and profitable product after
of Tofu, which introduced the Western world to tofu and tofu.
inspired the founding of more than 200 tofu shops and soy
dairies in North America, has sold 340,000 copies to date, 493. McDougall, John A.; McDougall, Mary A. 1983. The
making it the world’s best-seller on this popular new ‘protein McDougall plan. New Century Publishers Inc., 220 Old New
source of the future.’” Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box Brunswick Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854. 340 p. Foreword by
234, Lafayette, California 94549. Nathan Pritikin (8/83). General index and recipe index. 24
cm. [804* ref]
490. Van Maanen, James. 1983. Scoop! Here’s the story on a • Summary: This carefully researched and documented book
new dessert that’s the newest craze of health-conscious New and cookbook argues convincingly in favor of a vegan diet
Yorkers... Good Housekeeping (New York ed.). Aug. NY6-7. that uses no animal products, that is low in fats, calories,
• Summary: “including Brooke Shields, Jaclyn Smith, and sodium, and rich in complex carbohydrates. Pages 89-
Michael Brandon, Dyan Cannon, and Vincent Spano.” All 90 give the percentage of calories from fats in various foods
are celebrities. The author, a free-lance writer, describes under 3 categories: low-fat vegetable foods (incl. oatmeal
himself as “a recent Tofutti convert.” Today Tofutti is sold 16% of calories from fat, apple 9%, broccoli 9%), high-fat
in more than 100 locations–Mostly in Manhattan, but also in vegetable foods (incl. avocadoes 88% of calories from fat,
Queens, Brooklyn, New Jersey, and Long Island. The author almonds 82%, peanut butter 77%, sunflower seeds 76%, tofu
then gives a round-up of 20 Manhattan locations “where you 53%, soybeans 40%, wheat germ 27%, tempeh 25%), and
can sample your first cup or cone along with the celebrities animal foods (bacon 94%, t-bone steak 82%, frankfurters
who already love the stuff...” What better place to start than 80%, cheddar cheese 73%, egg 65%, tuna in oil 64%, milk
at swank Bloomingdale’s, where it “is sold in 40 Carrots, [whole 3.5% fat] 49%, ice cream 49%, milk low-fat 31%,
Bloomie’s ‘healthy’ restaurant on the basement level.” Here chicken [light-skinned] 18%, tuna in water 6%, buttermilk

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 229

3%, skim milk 2%).

Note: The author, however, argues repeatedly against the 495. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1983. The book of
use of tofu and tempeh based on the “percentage of calories miso. 2nd ed. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 278 p.
from fat” concept. His figures are correct but we and many Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Sept. 28 cm. [223
nutritionists feel the basic concept, originally popularized by ref]
Nathan Pritikin, overlooks two key points: (1) the percentage • Summary: Contents: What is miso? Preface to the second
of water in the food, and (2) the average serving size. edition. Preface to the first edition. Acknowledgments.
Page 198, in a section on rich [high fat] plant foods, Part I. Miso: Savory, High Protein Seasoning. 1. Soybeans,
states that tofu, tempeh, soybeans, textured vegetable protein protein and world hunger. 2. Miso as a food. 3. The miracle
(TVP), and miso contain excessive fat and most are high of fermentation. 4. The varieties of miso: Regular Miso:
in calories. “The rich plant foods may account for a small Rice miso (red / aka, light-yellow / shinshu, mellow red
portion of your daily food (less than 10 percent of your / amakuchi akamiso, mellow beige / amakuchi tanshoku,
calories per day) but only after you have attained the level of mellow white / shiro koji, sweet red / edo or edo ama-miso,
health you are striving for. In general, these foods are more sweet white / Kyoto shiro miso), barley miso (karakuchi
harmful than health-supporting. Never eat these foods if you mugi, mellow barley / amakuchi mugi), soybean miso /
have problems with your health that remain unsolved. If you mamé miso (Hatcho miso, soybean miso / mame miso,
begin using this group of foods and find that you are also tamari miso). Special Miso: Finger lickin’ miso / Namemiso
gaining weight or getting back some of your old ailments, (Kinzanji miso, moromi miso, hishio, namémiso, natto miso,
then stop eating these foods immediately.” goto miso), sweet simmered miso / nerimiso. Modern Miso:
Appendix I, p. 322-28 contains a table listing the Akadashi miso, dehydrated or freeze-dried miso, low-salt /
percentage of calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrates high-protein miso.
in many foods. It also gives the calorie concentration Part II. Cooking with Miso (400 recipes). 5. Getting
(in calories per gram) for each food; foods with a low started. 6. Recipes from East and West. Part III. The
concentration aid in weight-loss programs. Tofu has only Preparation of Miso. 7. Making miso at home and in
0.72 calories per gram, and soy sprouts only 0.46; both are communities (incl. Homemade natural shoyu, and
low. No soyfoods are used in the many recipes in this book. Homemade namémiso, p. 184). 8. Japanese farmhouse miso
Note: According to a colleague, John McDougall (how to make miso at home). 9. The traditional miso shop.
suffered a stroke at age 19, which led to much of his current 10. The modern miso factory. Appendixes: A. A history
interest in diet and health. He is not a Seventh-day Adventist. of miso and soybean chiang. B. Other East Asian misos:
Address: 1. M.D. Both: Near Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Chinese chiang, Korean jang and Indonesian Taucho. C. The
microbiology and biochemistry of miso fermentation. D.
494. Plenty USA. 1983. If we share there is more than Miso manufacturers in the West. E. People and institutions
enough to go around... Plenty (Brochure). Summertown, connected with miso. F. Miso with seafoods, chicken, and
Tennessee: Plenty. 12 panels. Sept. 28 cm. meat. G. Measures, weights, and equivalents. H. So you want
• Summary: This brochure, containing many photos, to study miso in Japan? I. Miso additives. Bibliography [223
describes the activities of Plenty USA and Plenty Canada references]. Glossary. About the authors (autobiographical).
(R.R. 3, Lanark, Ontario, Canada K0G 1K0) worldwide, The Soyfoods Center.
including Guatemala and the Caribbean. It is accompanied In May 1993 a new printing of this book appeared,
by a cover letter from David Purviance, Director, dated 10 containing many small changes made by the authors.
September 1983. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
Photos show: (1) Plenty volunteers in Solola, California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991.
Guatemala, working on a water project. (2) A Mayan woman,
in traditional Mayan dress, grinding soybeans on an ancient 496. Owen, David. 1983. Freezer shock. CalToday. Oct. 23.
tool, the metaté. (3) Two young girls in Solola enjoying p. 13-16.
soy ice cream from Plenty’s soy dairy. “A one-cup serving • Summary: About Rich Products’ Freeze Flo, which allows
provides 20% of a child’s recommended protein allowance.” (for example) frozen strawberries to be soft and sweet and
The Village Technology Training Center in Lesotho, with firm at temperatures far below freezing. “When Bob Rich
solar panels. graduated from the University of Buffalo, his father gave
Note 1: This is the earliest document seen (July 2004) him $5,000. Bob used the money to make a down payment
concerning Plenty International (called Plenty USA in the on a dairy. He disliked the milk business as intensely as his
early days). father did, but he wanted to assert his independence.
Note 2: This is the earliest document seen (July 2004) “During World War II, Rich worked for the War
that uses the term “Plenty USA.” Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Production Board and was appointed milk administrator
Summerton, Tennessee 38483. for the state of Michigan. His job was to divert excess milk

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supplies to thirsty American soldiers. One day he paid a visit (Berkeley, California). Oct. p. 27-28.
to the George Washington Carver Laboratory, a research • Summary: “The Hinode Tofu Company of Los Angeles
institution endowed by Henry Ford. The laboratory’s recently propelled the industry years by running a series of
principal activity was supplying Detroit’s Ford Hospital full page, full color ads for their branded tofu in regional
with a product Rich had never seen before: milk made from editions of Good Housekeeping, Weight Watchers, Runner’s
soybeans. World, Bon Appetit, and the Los Angeles Times (circulation:
“In a certain sense, Henry Ford’s career can be viewed one million). Their ad included a 15¢ discount coupon (eight
as a plot to eradicate large domestic animals. Having million were printed in total). Edward & Sons has been
rendered the horse obsolete with his automobile, he had now advertising its Miso-Cup instant soups and Miso+Plus Chive
set out to eliminate the cow. Carver scientists spent their and Jalapeno dry miso dips in national trade and consumer
days striving to realize their benefactor’s vision of a cattle- publications. And Farm Foods, with their expanding line
free society. Periodically Ford threw parties for journalists of Ice Bean soy ice creams (hard packed and soft-serve)
at which he served nothing but milk, ice cream, hamburgers, recently launched a cooperative advertising and discount
cheese and other foods made from soybeans. He even built a program in cooperation with retailers...”
soybean car. The Real Food Store on Polk Street in San Francisco has
“Ford’s antagonism toward cows struck a chord in introduced what is probably the first distinctly labeled soy
Robert E. Rich. Bob Rich, after all, was a second-generation case. It consists of a self-standing reach-in cooler filled with
hater of the dairy business. about 34 different soyfood products, from bulk and packaged
“’I’d always said that the cow was the most inefficient tofu to soymilk and tempeh burgers.
manufacturing plant in America,’ he explains. ‘Its product “At press time, Bread & Circus, a leading natural foods
is 87 percent water, and it’s high in bacteria, and it has to be retailer in Boston, was planning a week-long soy promotion
pasteurized...’ in cooperation with a half dozen Bay State producers...
“In November 1944, he founded Rich Products Corp. to Elsewhere, Tree of Life, Florida’s $35 million distributor and
manufacture his invention, converting his dairy’s garage into manufacturer, designated August as Soyfoods Month and ran
the production plant for the world’s first non-dairy whipped promotions in their 60-page monthly newsletter sent to their
topping. Its name: Whip Topping. 2,000 accounts. Soyfoods were presented as that month’s
“At first, Rich distributed Whip Topping to the ‘Super Specials’ with ‘deep pocket discount’ for retailers,
customers on his milk routes, billing it variously as ‘the reports Morris Shriftman, vice president.” Address: Colrain,
Miracle Cream from the soybean’ and ‘Gold from the Soil.’ Massachusetts.
The early months were not a fabulous success. ‘We were not
chemists,’ an employee later admitted. But gradually Rich 498. Shurtleff, William. 1983. Re: Concern over deceptive
refined his formula, and in 1946 he was invited to make a use of the word “tofu” in promoting Tofutti, when it contains
sales presentation to a refrigerated-food distributor on Long no tofu. Letter to David Mintz of Tofu Time Inc., 1638 63d
Island. He packed some samples in dry ice and newspaper St., Brooklyn, New York, Nov. 11. 3 p. Typed, with signature
and took the overnight train to New York. on letterhead.
“The following morning, while 50 salesmen looked on, • Summary: This letter was written less than 1 month
Rich took out his samples and discovered with horror that before David Mintz and Tofu Time planned to have their
they had frozen solid. He began to perspire. Cow’s cream, first public stock offering. Shurtleff, who has learned from
he knew, would not whip after freezing. ‘I thought briefly a tofu manufacturer that Tofutti has been made for roughly
about telling them I had brought them all together to unveil 6 months without any tofu, begins by thanking Mintz for
a great way to keep newspapers cold.’ He stalled for as long all the work he has done over the years to introduce tofu
as he could, then borrowed a knife and hacked nervously at and other soyfoods to America. “Recently, however, like
his frozen soybean cream until he could fit the pieces into a many other people in our industry who have contacted me,
mixing bowl. He held his breath. ‘It whipped to perfection.’ I have become very concerned about what you are doing.
“No one was more surprised than Bob Rich. But he had As I understand it (and please correct me if I am wrong),
the presence of mind to realize that he had done more than some time ago you stopped using tofu as an ingredient in
escape from a potentially embarrassing situation: He had your ice cream. Yet you continue to state and to lead others,
invented the world’s first frozen non-dairy whipped topping. many others, to believe that your product is still made with
That meant that his market was no longer limited to Buffalo. tofu as the primary ingredient. It is this ongoing activity of
Now he could sell Whip Topping anywhere in the world. deliberately preying on the good image of tofu to deceive
Quite by accident, Rich Products Corp. had entered the age the public that concerns me deeply, for when it is exposed
of frozen food.” by the media, as it inevitably will be, it will create a scandal
that will hurt not only you, but our entire industry and tofu’s
497. Leviton, Richard. 1983. The soy deli case. Whole Foods public image as well.

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“Your activities to make others believe that your product The stuff comes in pint containers and 3-ounce cups in the
contains tofu have been manifold. At trade shows you are following flavors–vanilla, honey vanilla, carob, strawberry,
passing out promotional literature that talks about tofu. toasted almond fudge, almond espresso, mocha, pineapple
On Good Morning America TV and National Public Radio orange, Royal Dutch cocoa and coffee. And that’s not all.
you and your interviewers talked extensively about tofu, How about an Ice Bean sandwich–all natural carob wafers
implying to millions of people that your product contains it. with vanilla ice bean filling.”
Most of the articles in my files about your product imply that
it contains tofu, and some say specifically that it does. On the 501. Lee, Kyung. 1983. Re: The soymilk industry and market
ingredients listing for your product displayed on the side of in Korea. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center,
soft serve machines, ‘tofu isolated soy protein’ (a term which Nov. 23. 3 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead.
you must have coined) is prominently written. You continue • Summary: “Unfortunately, there is no book or publication
to distribute to places serving your products a flyer that was either in English or Korean about the history of soybeans
written years ago stating that your product is made with ‘tofu or soyfoods in Korea. I am enclosing a book “Science of
dessert base’ and honey... which it no longer is. The name of soybean, tofu and soybean sprout,” written by Dr. K.H.
your product (Tofutti) and the name of your company (Tofu Kim. This book discusses the technical procedure to make
Times) all combine to create the unmistakable impression different soy foods such as tofu and soybean sprout. I hope
that what you are doing is intimately involved with tofu... you can make a good use of this book.
when in fact it is not. Are you deliberately trying to “As far as soy milk industry is concerned, it can be said
misrepresent your product and to deceive the public, David?” that soy milk industry is one of the fastest growing food
Shurtleff then discusses the differences between tofu industries in Korea.
and isolated soy proteins. As long as Tofutti contains no “The leading soy milk maker is Chung’s Food, which
tofu (or even a token amount), he encourages Mintz to markets Vegimil (brand). Chung’s Food began soy milk
(1) Stop mentioning tofu in his promotional materials business in 1973 and observed the 1Oth anniversary in
and public appearances, (2) Drop the word tofu from all October.
ingredient listings in which it appears, and (3) Drop the “The second largest maker is Dong Bang, which markets
word tofu from the name of name of his product (Tofutti) Green Milk and Hae Pyo Doo Yoo (brands). Dong Bang
and the name of his company (Tofu Time) within 6 months. entered the soy milk market in September 1979.
If Mintz fails to take corrective action, Shurtleff plans to “The third largest maker is Seo Ju Industry, which
propose that the Soyfoods Association notify the Food and markets Seo Ju Mill. It entered the market in October 1982.
Drug Administration (FDA), Federal Trade Commission “As of March this year, there were 9 makers, out of
(FTC), and SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission; which three companies went bankrupt. Later during the year,
which could jeopardize Mintz’s forthcoming stock offering), Lotte Chilsung entered the market in May. Currently there
then publish an exposé in Soyfoods magazine. The letter are 7 makers.
closes: “I hope you will clean up your act before it hurts us “Their status is as shown on the attached paper. On The
all.” Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, average, one kg of soybeans produces 6 kg of soy milk. The
California 94549. usage of soybeans as allocated by the National Agricultural
Corporation was as follows in 1983;
499. Lum, Curtis. 1983. Soy Boy sells Tofutti, an unlikely “Chung’s Food 7,500 MT (metric tons)
dessert. Pacific Business News. Nov. 14. “Dong Bang 2,000
• Summary: Soy Boy, Inc. was formed in Hawaii 6 months “Lotte Chilsung 800 (Makes Lotte Doo Yoo, started
ago to sell Tofutti, a frozen dessert that comes in 6 flavors. May 1983)
Marilyn Marsh and Marilyn Kochi brought Tofutti to Hawaii “Dong A 700 (Makes Sun Dew, started March 1983)
and founded the company. Local businessman Robert Taira is “Dae Won 200 (Makes Eggmil, started August 1982)
president. Taira, along with associate Clark Feeley, recently “Kwang Ju 200 (Makes Supermil, started May 1982)
formed Bob Clark Hawaii, Inc. to retail Tofutti, which “Seo Ju * Not using soybeans, but rather soy protein
contains 128 calories per 4-oz serving. The average price for concentrate.
a cone is $1.15. All soymilk in Korea is sold in 180 cc Aseptic cartons.
Dong Bang’s sales volume includes soymilk sold to ice
500. Fairfax Journal (Virginia). 1983. Yet another tofu cream makers in bulk. Out of the total of 170,000 cartons per
delight. Nov. 21. day, about 70% is sold in consumer packages and the rest is
• Summary: “Down in Summertown, Tennessee, where sold in bulk, which is then converted to consumer package
it’s made, they call it Ice Bean. ‘It tastes great and is good equivalent. Address: Country Director, American Soybean
for you,’ say the tofu folks who produce the ‘all natural, Assoc., P.O. Box 1704, USIS Bldg., 63 Eul Ji Ro 1Ka,
non-dairy, cholesterol-free, low-sodium [frozen] dessert.’ Chung Ku, Seoul, Korea. Phone: 722-2601 X-4368.

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Date of Introduction: 1983. November.

502. Fitzell, Phil. 1983. Food [Mark Brawerman, Pacific Ingredients: Banana Coconut: Soy milk (made from
Trading, and Jolly Licks]. Venture. Nov. p. 54-57. organically grown soybeans and water), bananas, coconut,
• Summary: Tells how Mark Brawerman, age 35, developed honey, soy oil, lemon juice, natural vegetable stabilizers
and distributes Jolly Licks, a soy-based ice cream. “When (guar, carrageenan, pectin).
two frozen food distributors declined to handle the product, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 fluid oz on a stick.
in July, 1980, he rented a van and hired drivers to deliver How Stored: Frozen.
his ice cream. Within two months, claims the entrepreneur, New Product–Documentation: Leaflet. 1983, dated. “Get
175 health food stores in the San Francisco area were buying involved in Nuclear Freeze. 100% non-dairy frozen delight.
Jolly Licks. Brawerman incorporated Pacific Trading, It’s delicious!”
San Francisco, to distribute that product and a line of 100 Los Angeles Times. 1984. July 16. Business–”Mixes ice
different Living Lightly soy-related natural foods (mostly cream, philosophy.” Al Jacobson has created Nuclear Freeze.
cheeses) as well as to distribute other manufacturers’ brands, Spot in Soyfoods. 1984. Summer. p. 43. A sort of
including yogurt and bulk cheese. 3-ounce soymilk popsicle on a stick developed by Al
“Brawerman estimates he poured between $50,000 and Jacobson. “One of the tastiest yet lightest soyfoods desserts
$75,000 into his distribution operation, borrowing from on the market.” Leaflet. 1983, dated. “Jelly beans, no!.
his family in addition to using his own capital. Brawerman Nuclear Freeze, Yes! We have it! 4 Delicious Flavors.”
projects Living Lightly food sales for 1983 at more than
$1 million, and close to $2 million for distribution sales, 504. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1983. Tofu &
including business from other manufacturers’ brands. To soymilk production. 2nd ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods
handle his burgeoning business, Brawerman moved into Center. 344 p. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Nov.
10,000 square feet of a 35,700-square-foot warehouse.” Two 28 cm. [223 ref]
photos show Brawerman. • Summary: Some information in Chapter 1, Appendix
A, and many advertisements have been changed. Address:
503. Product Name: Nuclear Freeze (Soymilk Ice Cream Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.
Pops) [Carob-Mint, Raspberry, Maple-Walnut, or Banana-
Coconut]. 505. Product Name: Soy Nibbles (Soymilk Ice Cream
Manufacturer’s Name: Garden of Eatin’. Sandwiches) [Raspberry, or Carob].
Manufacturer’s Address: Los Angeles, California. Manufacturer’s Name: Soy City Soyfoods.

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Manufacturer’s Address: Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Oct. Kikkoman: Company, Clan, and Community (358
Date of Introduction: 1983. November. p.) by W. Mark Fruin published by Harvard University Press
How Stored: Frozen. as part of their series Studies in Business History.
New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Newsletter. 1984. Oct. Major reorganization of The Farm in Tennessee. It
Jan. p. 1. Individually wrapped and round. The sandwich is no longer a cooperative. Every participant must pay his/
layers are wheat free, made with okara. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. her own way. All workers earn wages. The soy dairy sells its
1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 77. tofu and soymilk to Farm residents. Farm Foods becomes an
independent, for-profit corporation.
506. Product Name: [Tofu, Marinated Tofu, Tofu Ice Nov. Hymowitz and Harlan’s “The Introduction of
Cream, Tofu Burgers]. the Soybean to North America by Samuel Bowen in 1765”
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofurei Ebner. published in Economic Botany. This brilliant piece of
Manufacturer’s Address: Obere Oedlitzerstr. 8A, A-2560 historical research pushes the introduction date back 39
Berndorf, Austria. Phone: 026-723-507. years, and shows that by the late 1760s Bowen, in Georgia,
Date of Introduction: 1983. November. was making soy sauce and exporting it to England. It also
How Stored: Frozen. credits Benjamin Franklin with the earliest known reference
New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods Center by an American to tofu, in 1770.
Computerized Mailing List. 1984. Feb. 7. Owner: Guenter Nov. 11. Wm. Shurtleff and Gordon Bennett (Westbrae
Ebner. Natural Foods) mail out a packet including proposed U.S.
Talk with Guenter Ebner of Sojarei Ebner-Prosl. 1990. soy sauce standards, English translation of Japanese Shoyu
May 28. This company started in Nov. 1983. It merged Standards, and proposal for formation of a Soy Sauce
with Erich Wallner’s company, Soyarei, in 1984 in a new Council to 60 companies connected with soy sauce in the
location in Baden, where the company is still located. Before USA.
the merger the company made tofu, marinated tofu, soy ice Nov. Soyfoods Assoc. officers meet with David Mintz
cream (a small amount), and tofu burgers. of Tofu Time (maker of Tofutti) asking him to either use tofu
as an ingredient in Tofutti or drop the term “tofu” from his
507. New York Times. 1983. Briefs–Common stock: Tofu product name and stop stating or insinuating that his product
Time Inc. filed an initial public offering... Dec. 13. p. D13. contains tofu.
• Summary: “... of 500,000 common shares at $5.75 a share, Nov. 11. William Shurtleff writes a strongly worded
through Starr Securities.” letter to Mintz threatening to report the matter to the
Securities and Exchange Commission and the FDA if Mintz
508. SoyaScan Notes. 1983. Chronology of soybeans, fails to stop deceptive practices. Mintz quickly re-adds tofu
soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1983 to Tofutti.
(Continued) (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Nov. 19. House Shokuhin Kogyo, a major Japanese food
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. company, invests $2.5 million in Hinode Tofu Co. in Los
• Summary: Continued. Oct. 9 to Nov. 14. Leviton travels Angeles as part of a joint venture to expand tofu production.
to Europe as a consultant for the American Soybean Nov. 25. Dr. Clifford W. Hesseltine of the USDA NRRC
Association. Gives six speeches on soyfoods in Italy, receives the award of the Third Class of the Order of the
Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, and Hungary. The Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan in recognition of
50-minute speech in Italy is about the soyfoods industry the meritorious services he has rendered: proving the safety
in the USA, presented to 150 members of EUVEPRO, the of Japan’s traditional fermented foods, training Japanese
European Vegetable Protein Association. Leviton studies scientists, and promoting technical cooperation in the field of
soyfoods throughout Europe, the first representative of the food fermentation between the United States and Japan.
American soyfoods movement to do so. He reports that Dec. New England Soy Dairy, in a half-page article in
virtually all tofu in Europe is vacuum packaged. On Oct. Inc. magazine, is named as one of America’s 500 fastest
28, ASA Belgium Office expresses interest in sponsoring a growing small private companies.
European Soyfoods Conference and a European Soyfoods Dec. Inari Trading Co. in Michigan develops a delicious
Newsletter. Leviton writes a 56-page report on the trip. Christmas Soynut Sampler with seven flavors of Super Soys,
Oct. New England Soy Dairy starts to sell its tofu under including yogurt-coated, carob-coated, and butter-toffee.
the Tomsun brand. Runs full page color ad in Soybean Digest.
Oct. The world’s first spray-dried tofu is introduced by Dec. International Bibliography of Soybeans (3
Clofine Dairy & Food Products of Linwood, New Jersey. St. volumes, 2,500 pages) published in Brazil. 19,571 references
Peter Creamery first began spray-drying soymilk powder in total, under 75 subject headings, all published during 1970-
late 1984, and tofu in the summer of 1985, under the Oberg 1982. Volume III contains author and subject indexes. Mostly
patent. soybean agronomy, but 1,584 references on soyfoods.

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Dec. 1. The title of Soyfoods Monthly is changed to big plans for early 1984. Vitasoy had the largest total imports
Soyfoods Newsletter. in 1983, but mostly sold to the Asian-American market.
Dec. 5-7. Symposium on Soybean Utilization held at Large new soymilk plants are planned to open in 1985.
Ibadan, Nigeria, Sponsored by IITA. First event of this type East Asian Soymilk Sales are Skyrocketing, leading
in Africa. to a general soyfoods Renaissance, and reevaluation of
Dec. 8. Tofu Time Inc. in New York raises $3.2 million traditional soyfoods staples. Production of soymilk in Japan
($2.4 million net) in their first public stock offering, to tops 100,000 metric tons (tones) for the first time, reaching
finance national marketing of Tofutti soy-based ice cream. 116,724 tonnes, up 71% over last year. The per capita
Dec. 10. Doug Fiske becomes majority owner (55%) consumption of soybeans in Japan is 5.8 kg/year, up 3.6%
of Soyfoods magazine, Leviton owns 45%. Fiske will take from last year.
over most publishing responsibilities. Leviton moves to San Soy Ice Cream is becoming fashionable. Made with
Francisco Bay Area. tofu, soymilk, and/or isolated soy protein, it is emerging as a
Dec. Soyastern starts to make tofu in West Germany. major way that Americans are discovering soyfoods.
By 1987 they are the country’s largest tofu manufacturer, Tofu industry is vulnerable to sanitation and credibility
making 4,000 kg/week. problems as vividly demonstrated by the Connecticut quality
* Eurosoya, the annual publication of the European / contamination report in March and subsequent adverse
Cooperative Network on Soybean, begins. publicity, and by a Tofutti mislabeling incident in November.
* Soymilk production peaks in Japan at 116,724 kl. By The industry urgently needs standards and better sanitation.
1986 it has fallen to 43,392 kl, which is only 37% of the Tofu souring and spoilage is the tofu industry’s number one
peak. problem.
1983 New Trends: The Soy Deli Concept: Defunct or Ready for Takeoff?
New Capital and Expertise are Flowing into the No new openings and some closings. But more and more
Soyfoods Industry, leading to many exciting new ideas natural food and vegetarian restaurants are starting to
and products and marketing programs. A dozen or so large use soyfoods, and Chinese and Japanese restaurants are
companies with nationwide marketing are emerging. increasing their traditional use. In Soyfoods No. 9, Leviton
New Emphasis on Soyfoods Marketing, now that calculated that as much as 16% of all tofu made in the U.S. is
production techniques have been fairly well mastered, is seen being served in restaurants, but this figure is probably far too
throughout the industry, and is reflected in new editorial and high. Most promising, plans by Tofu Time/Tofutti to open a
advertising policies of Soyfoods magazine. chain of natural, fast food restaurants featuring tofu, soymilk
Brand-Name Promotion by larger companies is and other soyfoods could bring the Soy Deli concept new
surpassing generic or commodity promotion. life and widespread publicity as a healthful alternative to
Stylish Second-Generation Products, prepared McDonald’s, Burger King, and the like.
convenience soyfoods, are appearing with better product European Soyfoods Industry is Flourishing, with lots of
quality, better marketing and promotional programs, and innovation. Large producers of tofu and tempeh are emerging
better packaging and graphics. These are the fastest growing in the Netherlands.
component of the soyfoods industry. Tempeh is Starting to Take Off in Japan and interest is
Extensive Professional Advertising of Soyfoods in rising rapidly: 13 articles were published on tempeh in Japan
natural and health food consumer magazines, as by Legume, this year, followed by 20 in both 1984 and 1986.
Eden Foods, San-J, Hinode, Edward & Sons, and Pure
& Simple. Each of these companies run very attractive, 509. Starr Securities, Inc. 1983. Tofu Time, Inc. Prospectus.
professional ads. Brightsong Light Foods has top graphics 500,000 common shares. New York, NY: SSI. 40 p. Dec. 8.
for a small company. 23 cm.
Exhibits at National Trade Shows are now a matter of • Summary: This is the prospectus for Tofu Time’s first
course: The Natural Food Merchandiser show, followed by public stock offering. The company hopes to net $2,337,500
the National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA) show are from the sale of stock, and to use the money as follows:
most popular. 26% ($600,000) for the acquisition of additional soft-
Tofu Market Control is Increasingly Concentrated in the serve dispensing machines; 26% for the development of
hands of large manufacturers, who distribute nationally and Tofutti shops, both company owned and franchised; 26%
have professional marketing. Most companies are getting for working capital, including payment of approximately
much more professional, but many small tofu companies $40,000 in salaries accrued to officers since 1 Aug. 1983;
are going out of business. The total number of companies is 13% for product research and development; 8% for
stabilizing. capital improvements, including expansion of the research
Soymilk Makes its First Big Splash in the American laboratory, and 1% for repayment of long-term debt. The
Caucasian Market, led by Eden Foods’ Edensoy. Vitasoy has company is located at 1638-63rd Street, Brooklyn, New York

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11024. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2 fluid ounces each.

“Since May 1982. the Company has been engaged in How Stored: Frozen.
the sale of a liquid mix for the production of Tofutti by soft- New Product–Documentation: Photocopy of Label. 1983,
serve machines at retail locations. The mix is principally sold undated. 4 by 3 inches. Leaflet. 1986, Jan. “Festive Favorites
to approximately 100 specialty food stores and restaurants in with Yahmee Rice Nectar.” 8.5 x 11 inches, both sides, green
the New York metropolitan area. The Company has recently on white. “Also look for Yahmee! frozen amasake delite,
entered into an exclusive six-year distribution agreement for now in seven wonderful flavors, and crispy, nutty, chewy
the sale of soft-serve Tofutti mix to a California distributor Bongo Bars.”
and has commenced shipments to the distributor. The News release from PriceRice Foods Co., Price,
Company has also shipped soft-serve Tofutti mix on a Maryland 21656. 1984. July 1. “Yahmee! a frozen amasake
non-exclusive basis to distributors in Hawaii, New Jersey, delight.”
Washington, DC, and upstate New York. Talk with Charles Kendall. 1988. Jan. 26. They started
“The company is in the process of developing a hard- near Baltimore 4-5 years ago, but are now in Florida. Talk
frozen Tofutti to be packaged in hard-frozen pints” (p. 5). with Stuart Kerrigan (305-532-5427 Home or Macrobiotic
In 1981 Mr. Mintz began developing a frozen dessert (p. Foundation 305-448-6625). 1988. Jan. 29. PriceRice was
12). started in about 1983 in Price, Maryland by Mary Lee
On page 13 we learn (for the first time in writing) that Bergman. She made two amazake products in her home;
Tofutti no longer contains any tofu: “Tofutti is a non-dairy, they were distributed by Organic Farms. Then she moved to
soya-based frozen dessert. Its ingredients are pasteurized Wilton Manners, a city inside Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
soya dessert base consisting of water, hi fructose corn
sweetener, honey, soybean oil and isolated soy protein; 511. Brewster, Letitia; Jacobson, Michael F. 1983. The
assorted flavorings; soya lecithin; guar seed, carob bean and changing American diet. 2nd ed. Center for Science in the
carrageenan, all of which are vegetable gums; and salt. The Public Interest, 1755 S Street N.W., Washington, DC 20009.
original formulation of Tofutti utilized fresh tofu. However 87 p.
to facilitate the production of Tofutti on a commercial • Summary: A classic, documenting with easy-to-read graphs
basis, Mr. Mintz reformulated Tofutti to include isolated the changes in per capita consumption of all basic American
soy protein instead of fresh tofu. The Company is currently foods since 1910. Address: Washington, DC.
developing a new formulation of Tofutti for commercial
production incorporating both fresh tofu and isolated soy 512. Bryan, Ford R. 1983. A prized friendship: Henry Ford
protein.” and George Washington Carver. Greenfield Village Herald
Soft-serve Tofutti is now sold at approximately 100 food (Dearborn, Michigan) 12(2):90-95.
stores and restaurants in the New York metropolitan area. • Summary: “Beginning in 1937 and continuing until
“Some of the Company’s customers in the New York area Carver’s death in 1943, the two men maintained a
are Zabar’s, the 40 Carats restaurant at Bloomingdales,...” (p. correspondence on a variety of subjects.” Their letters are
14). For the fiscal year ended 31 July 1982 the company had now in the Ford Archives and Research Library in Dearborn,
net sales of $23,847 and a net loss of $33,370. For the 1983 Michigan. In 1896 Carver became the first black person to
fiscal year net sales increased to $329,171, and net income graduate from Iowa State University. His thesis was titled
rose to $92,634. “Plants as Modified by Man.” The Tuskegee Institute in
Two attractive color photos show: A glass filled with Alabama was organized in 1881 by Booker T. Washington to
swirled Tofutti, surrounded by fruits, nuts and cubes of tofu. offer practical education for black students. As head of the
A waiter dressed elegantly in a black coat and bow tie, with Tuskegee Research and Experiment Station at the Tuskegee
white gloves, carry an iced hard-pack pint of Tofutti on a Institute, Carver revolutionized Southern agriculture while
silver tray with a white flower and napkin. Address: New earning a worldwide reputation. In 1906, when the boll
York. weevil struck the cotton crop, Carver recommended peanuts
as a replacement crop.
510. Product Name: Yahmee! A Frozen Amasake Delight “Meanwhile Ford, having gone on to increasing success
(Popsicles) [7 Flavors]. as an industrialist, became fearful that the automobile which
Manufacturer’s Name: PriceRice Foods Co. he had helped spread far and wide had destroyed many of the
Manufacturer’s Address: Wilton Manners, Ft. Lauderdale, traditional values to which he was committed. He therefore
FL 33334. Then by 1986 to 650 N.W. 71 St., Miami, FL started on the course that in 1929 led to the establishment
33150. of The Edison Institute, comprising Henry Ford Museum
Date of Introduction: 1983. and Greenfield Village. Within the village grounds, he built
Ingredients: Cultured sweet brown rice, water, natural a chemical laboratory and a greenhouse with the objective
fruits, flavors and nuts. of finding ‘industrial uses for farm products.’ Robert Boyer

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was put in charge of what was called the Chemical Plant. Ford Bryan (3 Dec. 1992): Delsoy Topping was a soy-based
In his account of the plant’s first year of operation in 1931, whipped topping, like whipped cream. It was not an ice
Boyer mentioned the extraction of oils from orange peels, cream and Robert Smith never commercialized a soy-based
and furfural–a liquid aldehyde–from garbage, as well as ice cream.
experiments with wheat, soybeans, and carrots. Shortly after Carver died on 5 Jan. 1943, Ford said, in a
“... in a building near the Engineering Laboratory in public statement, “Dr. Carver had the brain of a scientist and
Dearborn, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, Ford’s boyhood schoolmate, the heart of a saint.” Address: Dearborn, Michigan.
was experimenting with wheat, soybeans, carrots, and
tomatoes in an effort to ‘make milk without a cow.’ 513. Kripalu Center for Holistic Health. 1983. The best
“In early 1932, Ford issued orders to concentrate on of Kripalu Yoga Quest: handbook for total living. Summit
the soybean. His tractors began to plant thousands of acres. Station, Pennsylvania: Kripalu Publications. ix + 101 p.
In a 25-acre field on Greenfield Village property, some 500 Illust. (some color). 28 cm. Index. [1 ref]
experimental varieties of soybeans were grown. That year the • Summary: This is a collection of articles previously
village chemical plant extracted six tons per day of soybean published in Kripalu Yoga Quest, a magazine which began
oil, using it to produce soybean bread, milk, butter, ice publication in Sept. 1978. This magazine is published
cream, and an experimental plastic car (chassis excluded).” by the disciples of Yogi Amrit Desai of Summit Station,
Carver’s extremely competent research assistant was Austin Pennsylvania.
W. Curtis, Jr. The book is divided into sections; the first section is
In 1937 Ford and Carver first met; Carver spoke at titled “Food.” The first article in that section is “Soymaking
the meeting of the National Farm Chemurgic Council in for health!,” by Linda Smith (p. 2-3) (from Vol. 2, No. 3,
Dearborn. In March 1938 Ford made his first of several Fall 1979). It begins: “Over the past year, soy products have
visits to Tuskegee. After the Fords visited Carver in March become a regular item on the Kripalu weekly menu. One of
1940, Carver wrote Mrs. Ford and sent her samples of some the most versatile foods available, soybeans can be used to
meatless soy-based gravies he had developed. “I made this create a wide variety of culinary delights, from sweet date
same gravy substituting the soy beans. I ground them up soy milk, to sauteed tofu, to one of our favorite flavors of soy
very fine and made a very rich milk, and to one pint of this ice cream.
milk I used a tablespoon of soy bean oil. This was cooked “A nonmucous-forming high protein food, soybeans are
down until it creamed, became thick like the richest creamed a diet choice for vegetarians,... The rest of us eat it because it
chicken gravy. tastes so good!”
“I hope you and Mr. Ford will try these gravies. They Recipes: To make soy milk (makes 12 cups. “The
are so rich in protein and other food nutrients and the meat pulp, which has remained behind in your pressing cloth, is
can be greatly reduced, and with some other of Mr. Ford’s called okara, and can be used in making granola and other
fine soy bean products, can be left off altogether.” Ford and recipes”). To make tofu (from 1½ cups dry soybeans, using
Carver were in complete agreement that plants, not animals, nigari as a coagulant). Barbecued tofu. Soy mayonnaise
were the solution to human problems. In about 1940 Austin (with “1 cup soy milk”). Maple-walnut soy ice cream (with
Curtis spent a summer in Dearborn working with Robert “3 cups soy milk”). Yummy vanilla pudding (with “3 cups
Boyer in the Soybean Laboratory. soy milk”). An illustration shows water being pressed from
“The Fords traveled to Tuskegee in early March 1941, soy curd using a tofu press and heavy weight.
to dedicate the George Washington Carver Museum there, Cream of celery soup (with “1 quart milk or soy milk, 1
inscribing their names in the cement and donating soybeans quart tofu whey or water, tamari to taste,” p. 12).
and a variety of soybean plastic car parts to be placed in the The chapter titled “Portable meals,” by Sarah Forth (p.
cornerstone.” 16-17) has recipes for Tahini miso spread, Tasty tofu spread,
In the summer of 1942 Ford had a log cabin replica of and Scrambled tofu.
Carver’s birthplace constructed in Greenfield Village and
converted the abandoned Dearborn Water Works building 514. Plenty International. 1983. Caribbean islands: Another
into the “Nutritional Laboratory” of the Ford Motor rotten day in Paradise (Leaflet). Summertown, Tennessee. 1
Company. Carver came to Dearborn to dedicate the new p. Front and back. 3 panels each side. Undated. Illust. 28 cm.
laboratory and log cabin in July 1942. The laboratory, under • Summary: A map shows the proposed voyage of the
the direction of Robert Smith, soon began producing soybean ship Fri (rhymes with “Free”), a 105-foot sailing ship,
milk and ice cream. “The soybean foods became standard from northern Florida, through the Caribbean, then back
fare at the Ford plant cafeteria and at Henry Ford Hospital in to home port. They plan to visit St. Vincent, St. Lucia,
Detroit. The ice cream–most delicious–was later marketed Dominica, Antigua, and Haiti. “And in the long run: Food
independently by Robert Smith, a Ford Laboratory manager, self-sufficiency can happen on these islands. Plenty soy
as Del(icious) Soy(bean) Topping.” Note after talk with technicians will stay to help local farmers grow and process

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soybeans into protein-rich foods such as soy milk, tofu and each side. Each panel: 22 x 14 cm. Undated.
soy ice cream. This will help fill the need for protein in their • Summary: “Tofutti’s light, rich taste comes from mixing
diet.” tofu, soy milk, fresh fruits and pure wild honey into a
A postcard, printed with blue ink on white, requests completely natural frozen dessert.” The product is said to
donations for: Caribbean project. Guatemalan refugee fund. contain only 128 calories per 4 oz. serving. Ingredients
Wherever needed. “$5 included to mail me–Guatemala: A are listed as “Pasteurized tofu dessert base (water, high
Commentary on Human Rights.” fructose corn sweetener, honey, soybean oil, tofu isolated
Note: This cruise stirred up considerable controversy soy protein), all natural flavorings (if chocolate, cocoa is
concerning appropriate use of limited funds. Address: added), soy lecithin, vegetable gums (guar seed, carob bean,
Summertown, Tennessee. carrogeenan [sic, carrageenan]), salt.” The use of the term
“tofu isolated soy protein” is deceptive, perhaps illegal.
515. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1983. History of This leaflet was being passed out by Paradise employees
soybeans and soyfoods: Past, present and future. 4 vols. at the Natural Foods Merchandiser trade show at Anaheim,
Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 2,400 p. manuscript. California, March, 1984.
Forthcoming. 28 cm. [27500+ ref] Note: This undated leaflet may be the earliest English-
• Summary: The most comprehensive book of its type ever language document seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term
written. Most chapters are now available in manuscript “nondairy tofu frozen dessert” to refer to soy ice cream.
form. Those that are, are listed individually in this database. Address: 18655 Western Ave. (P.O. Box 6396), Torrance,
Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 90504.
California 94549.
518. Rakosky, Joseph, Jr. 1984. Rich Freeze, Central
516. Woodroof, Jasper Guy. ed. 1983. Peanuts: Production, Soya’s soy ice cream (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 12.
processing, products. 3rd ed. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Publishing Co., Inc. xiv + 414 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [100+* • Summary: Dr. Rakosky started work with The Glidden Co.
ref] as a bacteriologist, then went with Glidden to Central Soya
• Summary: All chapters are by J.G. Woodroof unless in 1958. By 1963 Central Soya had begun development of
otherwise noted. Contents: 1. Historical background. 2. a soy ice cream based on their Promine-brand isolated soy
Production and marketing of peanuts in the United States, proteins. A memo dated 21 April 1964 referred to a pilot-
by D.H. Carley. 3. World production and trade of peanuts, plant run to produce a dry mix for the product. In 1965
by D.H. Carley. 4. The culture of peanuts. 5. Harvesting, the innovative new non-dairy frozen dessert was granted a
curing, and shelling. 6. Storing peanuts. 7. The aflatoxin registered trademark: Rich Freeze. The product was initially
crisis, by T.H. Sanders. 8. Composition and nutritive value developed for a company in Japan since that country had a
of peanuts. 9. Peanut butter. 10. Salted peanuts. 11. Peanut shortage of dairy products. But there were many problems–
confections. 12. Peanut oil. Diversified food uses for peanuts, for example, they had to remove all sugar to avoid huge
by Kay H. McWatters: Introduction, white and whole wheat import duties. Using a Taylor Soft Serve machine Central
peanut bread, variety breads, cookies, cakes and brownies, Soya prepared samples using the dry mix and gave them out
doughnuts and sweet yeast products, pies, peanut milk, in Japan, but finally the deal fell through.
peanut yogurt, and peanut cheese-type systems, frozen Then, in about 1970, Central Soya gave out more
desserts, nonmilk beverages, soups and gruels, peanuts with samples at a big international food convention in
meats, peanut snack products, breakfast cereals, summary. Washington, DC, and at ANUGA in Europe (spiked with
14. Peanut protein properties, processes, and products, by brandy). They also talked with the U.S. navy about using it
John P. Cherry. 15. Nonfood uses for peanuts. Summary on ships. The fat was coconut fat and it was a good product,
and future outlook. Appendices: 1. U.S. standards for but it was never commercialized. He thinks this was the
peanuts: Farmers’ stock white Spanish peanuts, Virginia-type world’s first soy ice cream made from soy protein isolates.
peanuts, and runner peanuts (unshelled or shelled). 2. U.S. Address: 5836 Crain St., Morton Grove, Illinois 60053.
standards for grades of peanut butter. 3. Technical inspection Phone: 312-966-7660.
procedures for peanut butter. 4. Peanut butter: definition and
standard of identity. 5. Common conversions. Address: Prof. 519. Food Engineering. 1984. These tasty frozen desserts
Emeritus, Dep. of Food Science, Univ. of Georgia Agric. can be high protein: Frozen desserts are reformulated to
Exp. Station, Experiment, Georgia. Phone: 404-227-3376. double the protein at much less cost. You can cut calories,
too. And with good taste. 56(1):49. Jan.
517. Paradise Distributors. 1983? The latest scoop... Tofutti. • Summary: Dr. L. Steven Young is Manager of Product
Its a natural beauty. All natural nondairy tofu frozen dessert. Applications for ADM Foods (1825 N. Laramie, Chicago,
5 luscious flavors (Leaflet). Torrance, California. 2 panels Illinois 60639). He has used Ardex Isolated Soy Proteins and

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Cornsweet 55 (55% high fructose corn syrup) and vegetable miso, 5-spice, and curry flavors).
oils to replace the milk protein, lactose and sucrose, and Contains black-and-white ads by Westbrae Natural
butterfat in traditional ice cream. The new products can have Foods (shoyu, tamari, and soy sauce), Chico-San, Inc.
twice the protein of standard ice cream at less cost. A good (imported miso and soysauce), Fantastic Foods, Inc. (tofu
example of how ADM’s formulations can succeed is in the burger mix), Penguino’s, Inc. (dairy-free frozen dessert),
Trinidad School Lunch Program. Young reports: “They’re Nasoya Foods (Firm Style Tofu, Soft Style Tofu, Marinated
using a product that is actually a soy protein fortified milk & Broiled Tofu, Tofu Burgers, Tempeh, Tempeh Burgers,
made with MSNF (milk solids not fat), vegetable oil, isolate, Tofu Vegi-Dip [Creamy Dill, Soyannaise, Bleu Cheese,
and sweetener.” This lower cost product has all the nutrition Onion, Creamy Garlic], Corn Cakes [Plain with Bran,
of milk and twice the protein. Blueberry, Cranberry]; Non-soy products in the “Oriental
Cuisine” line include Fresh Noodles, Wonton Skins, Egg
520. Product Name: Eden’s Orchard Tofu-Zert (Non-dairy Roll Wrappers), Hinode Tofu Co. and Azumaya, Inc. (“The
Frozen Dessert; Formerly Named Tofutini) [Banana, Vanilla, #1 and #2 tofu producers in America”).
Rum-Raisin, Maple-Walnut, Chocolate, Strawberry, or The only article, whose author is not given, is titled
Almond]. “Soyfoods Pavilion debuts at Natural Foods Expo ‘84.”
Manufacturer’s Name: Heller Enterprises. On the front cover of the insert is a list of members of the
Manufacturer’s Address: 395 Atlantic Ave., East Soyfoods Association of America (formed in Feb. 1983)
Rockaway, NY 11518. that participated in Natural Foods Expo ‘84. In addition to
Date of Introduction: 1984. January. the advertisers mentioned above, they include: Farm Foods,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints, sundaes, dixie cups, and Laughing Moon Food Co., Paradise Distributors, Inc.,
2.5 gallon bulk packs. Soyfoods Magazine, Tempeh Works, Inc., and White Wave,
How Stored: Frozen. Inc. Address: 526 East 20th St., New York, NY 10009.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Carl Tropper
of Heller Enterprises. 1985. Jan. 17 and 25. Shurtleff & 523. Tofu Time Inc. 1984. Introducing Tofutti. The new
Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 50-51. premium nondairy frozen dessert (Ad). Natural Foods
David Mintz’s Tofutti and Carl Tropper’s Tofutini were both Merchandiser. Jan. p. 8 (unnumbered) of 12-page color
launched in New York retail stores in the spring of 1982. advertising insert. Soyfoods Pavilion ‘84. Marketing
Mintz threatened to sue for trademark infringement and his soyfoods in America.
lawyer got a cease and desist order. Tropper changed the • Summary: This stylish full-page color ad begins: “The ‘in’
name to Tofu-Zert. See Also Tofutini Dessert, launched by frozen dessert for 1984. Tofutti. Increased concern for health
American Food Lines in Merrick, NY, Dec. 1982. and nutrition has created an enthusiastic following. Tofutti is
more than a frozen dessert. It’s a wholesome food.” Murray
521. Penguino’s. 1984. Prospecting? Try Penguinos and Klein, owner of Zabar’s in New York City, says, “We’re
strike a rich dessert (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. selling four times as much Tofutti as frozen yogurt–so much
Jan. p. 9 (unnumbered) of 12-page color advertising insert. we’ve put on extra help. Our customers like the fact that
Soyfoods Pavilion ‘84. Marketing soyfoods in America. Tofutti contains no milk products, and tastes good.”
• Summary: This 4 inch square black-and-white ad states: “The rich light taste of Tofutti comes from blending
“Join the rush to booth 655 in the Soyfoods Pavilion and tofu, soy protein, and fresh fruit juices, sweetened with
stake out your claim for summer sales. Dairy-free frozen honey and fructose. The taste? Completely delicious and
dessert. All natural. Cholesterol free. Low calorie.” Comes in delectably creamy without cream, butterfat or other dairy
four flavors. An illustration shows penguins of various sizes. products.”
The logo states: “Tofutti brand nondairy tofu frozen
522. Soyfoods Assoc. of America. 1984. Soyfoods Pavilion dessert.”
‘84. Marketing soyfoods in America (Ad). Natural Foods A photo shows a glass cup piled high with a swirl of
Merchandiser. Jan. 12-page color advertising insert. soft-serve Tofutti and surrounded by bananas, pieces of
• Summary: Contains large color ads by Legume Inc. (6 chocolate, strawberries, peach wedges, and a walnut and
frozen tofu entrees), Erewhon, Inc. (shoyu tamari), Vitasoy peanut.
(USA), Inc. (natural and coconut soy drink, sweetened with Note: This is the earliest English-language document
maple syrup), San-J International, Inc. (tamari, teriyaki seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “nondairy tofu frozen
sauce, tamari crackers, teriyaki crackers), Tofu-Time, Inc. dessert” to refer to soy ice cream. Address: 1638–63rd St.,
(Tofutti “nondairy tofu frozen dessert”), Eden Foods, Inc. Brooklyn, New York 11204. Phone: (212) 232-1031.
(Edensoy soy beverage in plain and carob flavors, retort
pouch), and Westbrae Natural Foods (natural ramen in 100% 524. Blaine, Charley; Chu, P.; Fox, J.; Nelson, T. 1984. N.Y.
whole-wheat, buckwheat, brown rice, mushroom, seaweed, caterer cashes in on USA’s tofu craze: Nutritious ice cream.

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USA Today. Feb. 13. p. 2B. 1960-61. From 1962-74, he worked for Ralston Purina. In
• Summary: “David Mintz... used to close his kitchen at December 1958 Ralston purchased Procter & Gamble’s
night by telling his employees, ‘Its tofu time.’ Little did they plant in Louisville, Kentucky, and were already somewhat
know what he meant. Mintz says he spent about ten years involved with isolates; they began working with foods after
[i.e. from about 1974], from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. experimenting 1962.
with tofu. Today, Mintz is cashing in on the USA’s tofu craze Ralston went into dietary products and infant formulas
as president of Tofu Time Inc., a company that went public in in about 1963-64, supplying soy protein isolates to most of
December at 5 3/4 a share and now is priced between 10 and the infant formula manufacturers such as Miles and Wyeth
11¼... His sales grew from $23,847 in 1982, his first year of Labs. Ralston, Loma Linda and Worthington were the
business, to $329,171 in 1983 (a loss of $33,370 the first year biggest suppliers of infant formula from 1962-74.
to a profit of $92,634 the following year). What’s next on Don Walker, Vice President of Ralston Purina, took a
the corporate drawing board? ‘Franchises and tofu burgers, strong interest in soy protein. Ralston took the lead primarily
tofu sauces and dressings, tofu pies and tofu egg rolls,’ Mintz because of the strong interest and leadership of Hal Dean,
says.” Note: This is the earliest article on soy seen (Aug. then Chairman of the Board and CEO. Dean was the key
2002) in USA Today, the national newspaper. motivating force from the early 1960s. He firmly believed in
and supported soy protein development.
525. Calvert, Francis E. 1984. Work with Ford and Drackett Ford was the father of the soybean industry in the U.S.
on soybeans (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of He had an impact just through his interest in soybeans. He
Soyfoods Center, Feb. 19. 3 p. transcript. planted soybeans and promoted and merchandised them in
• Summary: Francis (Frank) Calvert was first introduced the same way he promoted the industrial barn at the World’s
to soybeans after he went to Detroit. In about 1931, Ford Fair in Chicago. Ford set up an extraction plant and actually
arrived at the Chemical Plant in Greenfield Village (also a extracted oil and molded gearshift balls at the Industrial Barn
lab and a pilot plant), with a 20 pound sack of soybeans. He at the Fair. People couldn’t believe their eyes! Ford was the
threw them on the workbench and said, “More people eat single largest soybean grower in the U.S. at that time.
these than anything else. There must be something awfully Note: Frank Calvert passed away in about 1986.
good about them. Why don’t you fellows find out what it is.” Address: 1513 Northlin, Kirkwood, Missouri 63122. Phone:
They were already doing research on agricultural wastes and 314-822-3187.
chemurgy, on almost every crop you could think of.
Their first problem was getting soybeans. There were 526. Florida Grocer. 1984. Tofutti enjoys sensational profits.
none available. Within the next year or two they planted Feb.
thousands of acres themselves. Ford plowed up a big field • Summary: Tofutti, a non-dairy frozen dessert, is the
and planted quarter acre plots with different varieties. It was brainchild of New York restaurateur David Mintz, founder
an enormous quantity. Even though they didn’t know what of Tofu Time, Inc. Willa Abramson of W.R.A. Distributing,
to do with them, it was Ford’s style. He did nothing small. exclusive Florida distributor, told Florida Grocer that Tofutti
They raised hundreds of quarter acre plots, testing different will we available in April in hard pack to retailers.
varieties. No specific profits are mentioned. except that Abramson
Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, after whom Edsel Ford was says “The profits with Tofu are sensational.”
named, was a nutritionist and pharmacologist. He ran the
food laboratory and made lots of the foods served in the 527. Seligco Food Corp. [Frusen Gladje]. 1984. Gloria
Ford cafeteria to Ford employees. They were first sold as Vanderbilt and Frusen Gladje in new tofu frozen dessert
samples, but didn’t sell well because of the flavor. From blend (News release). 424 East John St., Lindenhurst, New
about 1932-33, the products included soy milk, soy cheeses, York 11757 [Frusen Gladje]. 3 p. Feb.
and soy ice cream and sherbets. Soynuts were also made in a • Summary: “Gloria Vanderbilt and the makers of Frusen
counter-current fryer in rectangular buckets on a chain. The Gladje Natural Ice Creams have blended together their
employees ate most of the products and tourists consumed talents and fashioned an elegant new frozen dessert.
some. Food was also served from the kitchen at the Wayside The culmination of more than two years of research and
Inn in the village. Products were provided as a snack, but development, Gloria Vanderbilt Glacé is a tofu-based
most were given as samples, and a few were sold. premium frozen dessert with the taste and texture of the
Both Atkinson and Calvert, research chemists, reported finest ice creams. What it does not share with its dairy-based
to Boyer. Calvert left Ford in 1938 and went to Drackett. counterparts are cholesterol, high calories and high saturated
Boyer and Atkinson left later to do work on soy-based fat level... It will be available at better supermarkets in the
plastics. South Florida area” in 9-10 flavors.
ADM bought The Drackett soybean crushing plant in “As mentioned, Gloria Vanderbilt Glacé is made
about 1957. Calvert went with ADM for about 5 years, until from tofu, a highly nutritious soy derivative.” Address:

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Lindenhurst, New York. the USA in 1983.

Also in 1983, consumption of soymilk by adults in
528. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1984. Soymilk the USA was as follows: 1,743,000 gallons were made
industry and market: Worldwide and country-by-country by specialized soymilk manufacturers in the USA (Loma
analysis. 2 vols. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. Vol. Linda Soyagen 1,000,000 gallons; Worthington Soyamel
1, 199 p. Vol. 2, 100 p. Feb. 28 cm. [165 ref] 670,000 gallons, Miller’s Soy (private label) 73,000
• Summary: A comprehensive overview, worldwide, with gallons). 690,000 gallons were imported (328,000 gallons
extensive historical information. The first study of its type, of Vitasoy by Vitasoy USA, 254,000 gallons of Yeo’s by
with many statistics, graphs, and tables. Volume 1 is the YHS, 50,000 gallons of Edensoy by Eden Foods, 25,000
market study, and Volume 2 is black-and-white copies of gallons of President by President, 25,000 gallons of Kibun
soymilk labels and other graphics. by Kibun, 8,000 gallons of To-Neu by San-J International).
Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Directory of soymilk 250,000 gallons were made fresh by tofu companies (45,000
manufacturers and related companies worldwide. 3. gallons by Mighty Soy, 41,000 gallons by Victor Foods
Definitions and varieties of soymilk. 4. Overview of world [Scarborough, Ontario, Canada], 39,000 gallons by Quong
soymilk industry and market, and future outlook. 5. United Hop & Co., 35,000 gallons by Wy Ky, and 90,000 gallons by
States soymilk industry and market. 6. Japan. 7. Korea. others).
8. China. 9. Taiwan. 10. Hong Kong. 11. Singapore and Yield. 1 ton of raw soybeans yields approximately 4,320
Malaysia. 12. Southeast and South Asia: (13. Vietnam. 14. gallons of soymilk. Conversion: 3.785 liters = 1 gallon.
Thailand. 15. Philippines. 16. Indonesia. 17. India. 18. Sri On page 56 is a table of “Large natural food distributors
Lanka). 19. Europe (Incl. Plamil Foods in England, Tetra Pak in the US” with the dollar figure being estimated annual sales
Group in Sweden, Alfa-Laval and John Wilson in Sweden, in millions of dollars.”
Danish Turnkey Dairies–DTD and Soya Technology Systems 1. Rainbow Distributing (Denver, Colorado) $13.
(STS), Alpro / Vandemoortele in Belgium, Nestle, F. de 2. Arrowhead Mills (Hereford, Texas) $12.
Selliers in Belgium, Dansk Soyakagefabrik in Denmark, 3. Eden Foods (Clinton, Michigan) $10.
Lima Andiran in France, Galactina in Belp, Switzerland, and 4. Rock Island Foods (Ignacio, California) $10.
Semper A.B. in Sweden). 5. Westbrae Natural Foods (Emeryville, California) $9.
20. Latin America. 21. Africa. 22. History of Vitasoy 6. Pacific Rim (Seattle, Washington) $7.
in Hong Kong. 23. Two modern soymilk manufacturing 7. Cornucopia Natural Foods (Coventry, Rhode Island)
processes: Marusan and Alfa-Laval. 24. Etymology of the $7.
word “soymilk” worldwide. 25. Analysis of ingredients in Total estimated sales for the top 7 distributors: $68
49 popular Japanese soymilk products. 26. Bibliography. million a year.
27. About the Soyfoods Center. A table on p. 12 gives an Note: This book was favorably reviewed by: (1) Andrew
overview of world soymilk production in 1983 ranked in C. Peng, Professor, Food Processing and Technology, Dep.
descending order of annual per capita consumption. These of Horticulture, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,
statistics do not include China (PRC) or soy-based infant in Food Technology Oct. 1984, p. 160. (2) Toyo Shinpo
formulas, usually made from soy protein isolate. 1. Taiwan, (Soyfoods News, in Japanese). 1984. Aug. 1. Address:
210 million liters, 11.1 liters / capita, growing at 30% per Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.
year. 2. Hong Kong, 39.1 million liters, 7.5 liters / capita,
growing at 10% per year. 3. Singapore, 11.2 million liters, 529. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1984. Japan:
4.7 liters / capita, growing at 15% per year. 4. South Korea, Soymilk industry and market (Document part). In: Shurtleff
67.0 million liters, 1.60 liters / capita, growing at 60% per and Aoyagi. 1984. Soymilk Industry and Market: Worldwide
year. 5. Malaysia, 21.4 million liters, 1.53 liters / capita. 6. and Country by Country Analysis. Vol. 1. 177 p. See p. 63-
Japan, 131.8 million liters, 1,10 liters / capita, growing at 81.
101% per year. 7. Thailand, 50.0 million liters, 1.00 liters / • Summary: Historical. Soymilk was not a part of the
capita. 8. USA, 9.6 million liters, 0.04 liters / capita. Total traditional diet in Japan, as it was in China. Cow’s milk,
world production: 548.3 million liters. which entered Japan in about 1000 A.D., likewise, never
Page 36 gives an overview of the U.S. market for soy- became a part of the basic diet. Reference to soymilk (then
based infant formulas and adult soymilk. Production of called toju or “bean liquid”) may have appeared as early as
soy-based infant formulas (on a ready to serve basis) in 1983 the 1100s, but the first clear reference was not published until
was as follows: Ross Laboratories made 14,720,000 gallons 1895, when Inouye did one of the world’s first nutritional
of Isomil (i). Mead Johnson made 14,080,000 gallons of analyses of soymilk, and compared it to cow’s milk. In 1906
Prosobee. Loma Linda made 2,240,000 gallons of Soyalac. Katayama wrote two articles on soymilk; in one he described
And Wyeth Labs made 960,000 gallons of Nursoy. Thus preparation of a fermented soymilk cheese, similar to Swiss
32,000,000 gallons of soy-based infant formula were made in cheese. Yet both Inouye and Katayama wrote in English.

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In 1924 Sato Yoshitane wrote a book called Daizu Kakko, the concept that the elite should be especially healthy, both
which is said to contain the earliest known reference to the to improve their own performance and well being, and to set
word soymilk (tônyu), written with the present characters. an example for others. The American health, natural foods,
From this time on (and perhaps from an earlier date) soyfoods, and vegetarian movements all had a significant
some Japanese (an estimated 1% of the population) would influence on Japanese attitudes toward good health.
order fresh soymilk from their local tofu shop, usually for 2. Improved soymilk quality/flavor, and a growing
health-related reasons, as in diabetic diets or for mothers who number of varieties and flavors.
had difficulties with breast feeding, or because it was thought 3. Popularization of packaging (such as Tetra Brik
or found to be a health-giving beverage. aseptic cartons) that would give the soymilk a long shelf life,
The earliest known commercial production of soymilk allowing nationwide distribution from one large soymilk
in Japan dates back to the influence of Dr. Harry Miller. In plant.
1957 two Japanese Seventh-day Adventists, following his 4. Strong interest and support by the media/mass
inspiration, started making soymilk in Hachioji, Tokyo, and communications followed, after 1981, by extensive
selling it locally in 180 ml cartons. In 1958 Dr. Miller set up advertising and promotion on TV (especially by Kibun and
a small soymilk plant in the kitchen of the Adventist Tokyo Marusan), in the print media, and with in-store demos by
Sanitarium. It was used to make soymilk, soy whipping soymilk companies.
cream, soymilk ice cream, and soy spread, which were 5. The aggressive marketing of soymilk by all of Japan’s
served to the staff and patients. In 1959 a small soymilk plant major milk companies.
was established in the Seventh-day Adventist Saniku School. 6. The establishment of Japanese Agricultural Standards
From this year, Japan’s oldest existing soymilk company, (JAS) for soymilk in May 1981.
Saniku Foods, traces its origin. 7. Large numbers of tofu shops starting selling fresh
A chronology of the starting date of Japanese soymilk soymilk (containing its natural “beany” flavor), starting in
companies is as follows. Only three, each followed by an about mid-1982.
asterisk, are no longer in business: 8. Large manufacturers and distributors of beverages
During the period from 1973 to 1976 soymilk started and related food products started to buy soymilk in bulk from
to become quite popular in Japan, largely because of manufacturers, then to market and distribute it under their
developments in processing technology that made it possible own labels. Examples: Kirin Beer, Kagome (a large ketchup
to produce soymilk with a bland (non-beany) flavor, and maker), Suntory, etc.
because of promotion by the new soymilk companies. In From 1978 to 1983 the soymilk market in Japan, on
1974 Japan’s first major book on soymilk was published. average, more than doubled each year, making it the fast
By 1976 the Japanese were making the best soymilk in the growing food market in Japan! Many new brands started
world–by Western standards. appearing in 1982 and there was a big jump in production.
A new era began in 1976 when Kyushu Milk Co., a Soymilk was the star and darling of the media and it played
long-established, middle sized dairy milk company, started a major role in enhancing the image and sales of all soyfoods
making soymilk. Tremendous momentum was added to this in Japan.
new direction in April l979, when Meiji Milk Co., Japan’s Market Size and Growth Rate: The following statistics
second largest milk company also started to sell soymilk show the increase in size of the Japanese soymilk market:
(made by Marusan but with the Meiji brand). Meiji first Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
began to make their own soymilk in their own plant in March California 94549.
1981. That same month Morinaga Milk Co. was licensed
by Mitsubishi to distribute their soymilk. Quickly thereafter 530. Farm Foods. 1984. Farm Foods expands Ice Bean
each of the other major Japanese milk companies (Meito, (News release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN 39483.
Yuki-jirushi) followed suit, joining the wave of the future 1 p. March 1.
rather than fighting it. Their analysis was that fundamentally • Summary: Farm Foods announces the addition of a new
soymilk and cow’s milk were complementary rather than Chocolate pint to its line of nationally-distributed non-dairy
competing products, and that making soymilk would allow frozen desserts. It is made from fresh soymilk and sweetened
a company to expand its market size by reaching people with honey. There are now nine flavors in all. Robert
who did not ordinarily drink cow’s milk. In retrospect, this Tepper is marketing director for Farm Foods. Address:
analysis has proven to be correct. Summertown, Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964-3484.
What has since often been called “The Soymilk Boom”
really started in Japan in about 1981-82. The main reasons 531. Daily News (New York). 1984. Caterer has frozen food
for this were: treat. March 18. Sunday.
1. A growing interest among Japanese in good health • Summary: Tofutti now comes in three new flavors: Almond
and nutrition, through improved diet. A corollary of this was Banana, Vanilla Fudge, and Pina Colada–the latter being

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launched at David Mintz’s wedding last month. Tofutti 538. Soyfoods Association of America, Standards
franchises are being opened nationwide. A pint-sized hard Committee. 1984. Tofu standards. First draft. Lafayette,
pack container will be launched in the spring. California: Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Center. 15 p. March 29. [11 ref]
532. Cicero, L. 1984. Totally tofu! Miami Herald. March 22. • Summary: In this first draft, the term “second generation”
Food section. is first applied to soyfoods in the section titled “Naming
Address: Florida. Second Generation Commercial Food Products Containing
Tofu.” Address: Lafayette, California and Greenfield,
533. Miner, Jo Ann. 1984. Aloe vera juice and ‘Funoodles’ Massachusetts.
were attention-getters at Natural Foods Expo at Anaheim.
Santa Ana Register (California). March 22. 539. White Wave Inc. 1984. Order form and list of products.
• Summary: “There were many tofu products–everything 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, CO 80301. 1 p. March.
from frozen entrees to burger mix to dairy-free frozen • Summary: Soyfoods include: Bulk tofu (hard or soft).
desserts. Tofutti, a soft-serve type [non-dairy] frozen dessert Packaged tofu (hard or soft). Savory baked tofu. Soysage (1
that debuted last year is really delicious.” lb. or ½ lb.). Tempeh burgers (bulk or packaged). Tempeh
(soy, soy rice, or five grain). Polar Bean (soy ice cream, 1
534. Mintz, David. 1984. History of the development of pint; carob mint, strawberry, chocolate, vanilla, and mocha).
Tofutti (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of The company also makes various nut and seed butters.
Soyfoods Center, March 23. 2 p. transcript. Address: Boulder, Colorado. Phone: (303) 443-3470 or 3485.
• Summary: Extensive, frank discussions on his pioneering
work, from its earliest days. Address: New York. 540. Passaic Herald News (New Jersey). 1984. Sales boom
expected for soybean dessert [Tofutti]. April 3.
535. Mintz, David. 1984. Re: Enjoyed our recent • Summary: At the Welsh Farms dairy in Long Valley [New
conversation. Letter to William Shurtleff at The Soy Food Jersey], Mintz makes close to 10,000 gallons of Tofutti
Center, March 26. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. mix each week. It comes in six flavors, with wildberry and
• Summary: He enjoyed our recent conversation via phone chocolate supreme coming in the next few months. Mintz’s
on Friday. He is happy we cleared up any misunderstandings. tofu mania began about 10 years ago [i.e. in about 1974].
He is looking forward to meeting in person and is extending One retail shop owner says Tofutti really tastes good.
an invitation, again, at the earliest convenience, to visit with But she is worried about the price–$1.25 for a 4-ounce cup
him at the plant where Tofutti is made. Address: Tofu Time of the soft serve product–was going to intimidate some
Inc., 1638-63 Street, Brooklyn, New York 11204. Phone: customers. David Mintz predicts sales of $2 million in the
(212) 232-1031. 2nd half of 1984.
Photos show: (1) Containers are filled with Tofutti at
536. Farm Foods. 1984. Ice Bean. Everything you love about the Welsh Farms plant in Long Valley. (2) David Mintz
ice cream... without the dairy (Leaflet). 156 Drakes Lane, dispenses Tofutti in a form similar to soft ice cream.
Summertown, TN 39483. 1 p. 8½ x 11 inches. Front and
back. 541. Rubenstein (Howard J.) Associates, Inc. 1984. David
• Summary: Full color. A half page photo shows a mother Mintz: The prince of tofu (News release). New York. 2 p.
and daughter enjoying Ice Bean. On the back is a description April 24.
of Ice Bean’s features, sizes, and flavors. Address: • Summary: “In 1972, while searching for a milk substitute
Summertown, Tennessee. for desserts, pastries, pies and sauces, David Mintz
‘discovered’ the soy bean product [tofu].” In September 1981
537. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1984. 5th Annual Natural Tofu Time Inc. was founded and on 8 December 1983 it went
Foods Merchandiser Merchandising Awards: [Silver: Polar public. Apparently Tofu Time’s first news release. Address:
Bean by White Wave, Inc.]. March. New York.
• Summary: “Silver awards: Penguins wearing earmuffs. On
any other frozen dessert product, the approach might appear 542. Rubenstein (Howard J.) Associates, Inc. 1984. Tofutti:
flippant. But White Wave pulls it off with a colorful package, The guilt-free ‘ice cream’ (News release). New York. 1 p.
humorous cartoon characters and a simple package shape...” April 27.
The result is to create an alterative to the serious “gourmet” • Summary: “Tofutti, the nondairy frozen dessert, is made
look conveyed by most ice cream packages these days. with tofu and has no cholesterol, no milk, no butterfat and
A color photo shows the front of a package of Polar Bean only 32 calories per ounce... Tofutti consists of pasteurized
Dairyless Frozen Dessert. tofu dessert base (water, high fructose, corn sweeteners [sic],
honey, soybean oil, tofu and isolated soy protein), assorted

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natural flavorings, and vegetable gums... It comes in six release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN 39483. 1 p.
flavors.” Address: New York. May 1.
• Summary: Farm Foods Ice Bean Sandwich now has pure
543. Rubenstein (Howard J.) Associates, Inc. 1984. Tofutti in honey as its sweetener, not fructose. The company has also
bulk-pack [hard frozen] available nationwide (News release). dropped the fructose vanilla pint, but has kept the popular
New York. 2 p. April 27. Honey Vanilla flavor. Ice Bean now comes in 8 pint flavors,
• Summary: “Tofutti, the nondairy soy-based frozen two 3-ounce cup flavors, etc. Address: Summertown,
dessert, is now available hard-frozen in 2½ gallon bulk pack Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964-3484.
containers to restaurants and food service establishments
nationwide... The first five bulk pack flavors are Vanilla 546. Tepper, Robert. 1984. Ice Bean and soy ice cream at
Almond Bark, Chocolate Supreme, Maple Walnut and Farm Foods in Tennessee (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May
Wildberry Supreme. 4. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
“Tofutti, which is made with tofu, is similar to ice cream • Summary: The success of Tofutti is creating more sales for
but contains no cholesterol, no lactose and no butterfat. Its Farm Foods’ Ice Bean. Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
ingredients are water, high fructose, corn sweeteners [sic],
honey, corn oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, assorted natural 547. Advertising Age. 1984. Tofu dessert hits the street. May
flavors and vegetable gums. 7.
“Tofutti has been available in soft-serve form since • Summary: Tofu Time, marketer of Tofutti, has signed an
1981 through distributors in New York, Hawaii, California, agreement to have its cholesterol-free, soybean-based frozen
Florida, Washington, D.C., Oregon, Washington, Idaho, dessert sold from street carts in New York City beginning in
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah and Canada. June. The product will be sold in 5-oz. cups in hard-frozen
“Sold in a liquid mix, retailers then dispense it through form. “As in the soft-serve version, there will be several
a soft-serve frozen dessert machine in any one of six soft- flavors including vanilla, chocolate, and wildberries.”
serve flavors: Vanilla, Chocolate, Strawberry, Maple Walnut,
Banana Pecan and Peanut Butter.” 548. Bard, B. 1984. Tofu ‘miracle’ feeds the dessert-hungry.
Then discusses the effects of cholesterol on heart New York Post. May 7.
disease, and lactose intolerance–which afflicts approximately • Summary: Tofutti is now sold in 200 health food stores and
40 million Americans. gourmet shops in the metro area, including Bloomingdale’s
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) “Forty Carrots,” Macy’s “Yogurt Bar,” Gimbel’s “Great
stating that Tofutti is sold outside the United States. Since American Health Bar,” and Zabar’s. Sales have grown from
1981 it has been sold in Canada as a liquid mix and served in $23,000 the first year to $329,000 last year. Address: New
soft-serve form. York.
Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013)
stating that Tofutti is now available to resellers as a hard- 549. Brown, Paul B. 1984. Mixing fleishig and Tofutti.
frozen / hard pack product. Previously it had been sold only Forbes 133:82. May 7.
from soft-serve machines. However it would not be available • Summary: The story of Tofutti and David Mintz. His
to consumers until about June 1984. Address: New York. contract dairy in Long Valley, New Jersey, fills 2,000 one-
gallon containers an hour, five days a week. Mintz says it
544. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1984. Soyfoods took him ten years to perfect Tofutti. He watched thousands
industry and market: Directory and databook 1984. 4th ed. of batches go down the drain. “I am personally responsible
Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 203 p. April. 28 cm. for clogging up the sewers of New York.” He formed Tofu
[325 ref] Time Inc. in August 1981. It went public in December 1983
• Summary: Traditional soyfoods, which include tofu, at 5 3/4 a share and recently traded at 12 5/8. Mintz owns
tempeh, soymilk. miso, soy sprouts, soynuts and soy 61% of the 1,714,700 outstanding shares.
sauce accounted for $465 million in annual domestic retail “Tofu has no particular taste of its own and, in Asian
sales. High-tech, modern soy protein foods, which include dishes, its gelatin-like texture offends many Westerners.”
soy flour and grits, soy protein isolates and concentrates, Yet the market for tofu in America is growing rapidly.
extrusion textured soy flour and meat analogs, totaled $501 “Consultants for Frost & Sullivan project that the market for
million. When the two sectors are tallied together, Americans tofu in the U.S., $55 million in 1981, will reach $98 million
spent $966 million in 1984 for soyfoods... not including soy by 1987. But others a re aware of the fast-growing popularity
oil or exported products. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box of tofu too. Del Monte, a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds,
234, Lafayette, California 94549. Beatrice Foods, Dannon, and Kraft are all reportedly looking
at the market.” Mintz is not concerned.
545. Farm Foods. 1984. Farm Foods drops fructose (News A photo shows Tofu Time chairman David Mintz with

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a Tofutti ice cream cone. The caption: “Is America ready for York. Phone: 212-233-1080.
tofu-based dessert?”
554. Product Name: SoyBoy Soymilk Ices (Non-Dairy Ice
550. Annual sales figures and number of employees for Cream).
America’s larger soyfoods companies: Dun & Bradstreet Manufacturer’s Name: Regular Tofu Company Ltd. Made
database search. 1984. 3 p. May 23. Unpublished manuscript. in Leicester, England, by Rossa Ltd.
• Summary: Yamauchi Enterprises, Los Angeles, California: Manufacturer’s Address: 16 The Halcroft, Syston,
$4,500,000 (60 employees). Cedarlane Foods, Los Leicester, England LE7 8LD.
Angeles, CA: $1,000,000 (11 employees). Kanai Tofu Co., Date of Introduction: 1984. May.
Hawaii: $700,000 (20 employees). American Pride, Iowa How Stored: Frozen.
(Earl Kaplan): $500,000 (2 employees). Tofu Time Inc., New Product–Documentation: Letter from John Holt.
Brooklyn, New York: $329,000 (11 employees; makes 1987. Aug. 19. “First introduced here approx. May 1984.”
Tofutti). Northern Soy, Rochester, New York: $350,000 (11
employees). Island Spring, Vashon, Washington: $323,000 555. Farm Foods. 1984. Farm Foods expands Ice Bean soft
(15 employees). Ohio Tofu Co., Cleveland, OH (Brooks serve line (News release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
Jones): $250,000 (11 employees). Ota Tofu Co., Portland, TN 39483. 1 p. June 1.
Oregon: $171,000 (5 employees). Mu Tofu, Chicago, Illinois: • Summary: Farm Foods has expanded its new Ice Bean soft
$170,000 (8 employees). Yah Kee, Boston, Massachusetts: serve mix line of non-dairy frozen desserts to six flavors:
$100,000 (3 employees). Cricklewood Soyfoods, Mertztown, Honey Vanilla, Carob, Strawberry, Mocha, Chocolate, and
Pennsylvania: $20,000 (2 employees). Nomura Tofu Co., Maple Nut. These are packaged in 1 gallon tubs. Address:
Chicago, Illinois: Not available (5 employees). Summertown, Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964-3484.

551. Donovan, Anne. 1984. Tofu Time’s delicious treat: 556. Condé Nast. 1984. Tutti-frutti or tofu? The Condé Nast
Soaring sales. Investor’s Daily. May 24. p. 5. Package (Ad). New York Times. June 7. p. D21.
• Summary: A detailed financial analysis of Tofu Time Inc., • Summary: Condé Nast is a worldwide magazine publishing
whose stock has climbed from $5.75/share in December company. This ad invites advertisements in fashion and
1983 to $16 at present. lifestyle magazines (such as Vogue, Glamour, Mademoiselle,
Self) published by Condé Nast. The ad reads:
552. Food Institute Report (Fair Lawn, New Jersey). 1984. “Although you may think of it as a side dish to a
Tofutti to be vended from street carts. May. Japanese meal, tofu is becoming one of the hottest frozen
• Summary: This new development is the result of an desserts. Blended with fresh fruit juices, honey, and enriched
agreement between Tofu Time, Inc. of Brooklyn, New York, with soy protein, tofu could give frozen yogurt some healthy
and Good Morning Carts, Inc., which licenses 100 street competition. Especially since it is free of cholesterol and
carts in the New York City area. lactose, has no preservatives, and amounts to 32 calories per
In a separate agreement, Tofu Time, Inc. said it had ounce.
reached an agreement with Balance Foods Inc., a national “Who has a taste for frozen yogurt? The 26 million
distributor of foods to health food stores, to distribute soft- women whose food tastes are the most adventurous and
serve Tofutti. experimental. The women of the Condé Nast Package.”

553. Frost & Sullivan Inc. 1984. Imitation and substitute 557. Geist, William E. 1984. High hopes for pushcart sales
foods. 106 Fulton St., New York, NY 10038. 291 p. $1,400. of frozen tofu: About New York. New York Times. June 20. p.
* B3 (N.Y. ed.). Wednesday.
• Summary: Review in Chain Marketing & Management • Summary: Begins by describing how David Mintz, a
Newsletter: “Another item expected to grow substantially in Brooklyn restaurateur age 53, invented and developed
the coming years is tofu–soybean curd. Until recently tofu Tofutti. His wife urged him (as he would get up in the
was sold only in health food stores but now it has appeared middle of the night) to give up his hopeless quest, but Mintz
in supermarket chains. In the last two years it has been used believed that the world was out there “just waiting for a
to formulate an ice cream substitute which has attracted the soybean- curd-based frozen dessert. He could not, would not,
attention of several major food processors. Its health benefits rest until Tofutti was invented.”
and ease of cooking, along with its low cost should help tofu In the process, Mintz made sour cream from tofu, then
sales grow from $50 million at retail in 1982 to about $200 used it to invent kosher beef stroganoff!–”which was like
million by 1988. The report speculates that the growth of defying gravity.” Then came tofu cheesecake. Customers,
tofu in the coming years will be comparable to the growth who were sure he was violating kosher law, “threw down
yogurt experienced a number of years ago.” Address: New their napkins and walked out. Others called him a fool,” or

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asked him if he’d lost his religion. Australia, as part of his company controls 106 supermarkets
“Yesterday Mr. Mintz was tasting vindication and in Australia (as well as 140 supermarkets in Asia)–through
Cappuccino Tofutti as he watched 50 young men and women Franklins in Australia, noted for its cut-price retailing, and
in a training session in midtown, preparing to take to the its rapid expansion into Queensland and Victoria.” Address:
streets of Manhattan today with their Tofutti carts.” Tofutti P.O. Box 283, Caulfield South, 3162 Victoria, Australia.
will be available in five flavors and retail for $1.25 per
5-ounce serving. A photo shows a push cart under a huge 561. Product Name: Rice Dream (Amazake-Based Non-
umbrella, with the word “Tofutti” on each panel. Mintz and Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Hard Pack Pints: Vanilla, Carob,
two young ladies wearing white “Tofutti” uniforms and caps Carob Chip, Strawberry, Lemon, Orange, Carob Almond].
are standing under the umbrella, sampling some Tofutti, the Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc.
frozen dessert “based on soy bean curd.” Mintz spoke of Manufacturer’s Address: Moniteau Farm, Jamestown, MO
how he was making history. In Paris, Tofutti was making an 65046. Or P.O. Box 1702, Fayetteville, AR 72702. Phone:
appearance at the Salon International d’Alimentation, a food 501-443-7216 AR.
show. Date of Introduction: 1984. June.
In New York City, street vendors sell all kinds of foods Ingredients: Water, cultured brown and white rice, maple
from pushcarts. Venders need to overcome an “anti-tofu syrup, vanilla, soy lecithin, extracts from Irish moss, carob
sentiment.” One trainee noted that she hates tofu. Another bean and guar seed, sea salt. Safflower oil was added in
said she found it scary, foreign, and weird. Yet both agreed assorted flavors by Oct. 1984, and the maple syrup was
that Tofutti isn’t at all like tofu. replaced by a sweeter koji in 1985.
David Mintz grew up in the Williamsburg section of Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint carton.
Brooklyn and now lives in Sheepshead Bay. Locals recall How Stored: Frozen.
lines outside his kosher restaurant on Church Avenue in Nutrition: Per ½ cup: Calories 100, protein 1 gm,
Brooklyn; it was famous for employing Jewish grandmothers carbohydrates 24 gm, fat 155 mg, sodium 18 mg. After
in the kitchen. His company went public in Dec. 1983. oil was added: Calories 132, fat 4 gm, protein 1 gm,
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013) carbohydrates 28 gm, sodium 18 mg.
that uses the term “frozen tofu” in the title as a generic term New Product–Documentation: Label. 1984, undated.
to describe soy ice creams alleged to contain tofu. Address: White and blue on light blue. “Please serve soft for full
New York. flavor. No cholesterol. No refined sweeteners. Low calorie.
Amasake is a sweet, rich, non-dairy milk made from brown
558. Okun, Janice. 1984. Dessert ‘grown’ in Brooklyn rice.” Poster. 1984, Oct. “Finally! A Great Tasting Ice Cream
challenges the WNY [West New York] market. News (Ft. That Makes No Compromises With Your Health.” Shows
Lauderdale, Florida). June 22. Label (dark blue and light blue carton), gives company
• Summary: “Tofutti made an instant hit–soon everyone address as P.O. Box 1702, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72702, and
in the Big Apple was buying it–at Bloomingdales, Macy’s, lists 7 hard pack and 4 soft serve flavors, with ingredients.
Gimbels, Zabar’s, et cetera, et cetera.” A small photo shows Features: Dairy free, grain based, no refined sugar, fructose
“David Mintz: ‘Prince of Tofu.’” Address: Food Editor. or honey, no cholesterol, low sodium.
Ad in East West Journal. 1984. June. p. 15. And in
559. Giges, Nancy. 1984. Tofu Time to pick shop. New Age. 1985. May. p. 5. Same title as Oct. 1984 poster.
Advertising Age. June 25. p. 114. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.
• Summary: This maker of soy ice cream is in the final stage p. 88-89. Letter from Frank Marrero/Allen of Grainaissance.
of selecting an ad agency for its $500,000 plus per year 1987. Dec. 21. Nissenbaum introduced Rice Dream at a
Tofutti account. natural foods trade show in July 1984 and it took off.
Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. Feb. 7 and 11.
560. Wilson, Geoff. 1984. Expatriate Australians boosting In 1983 he bought the rights to the name Rice Dream for
soy. National Farmer (Australia) No. 11. June 14-27. p. 25. $2,000 from Gloria Gilbert, owner of Fresh Foods Boulder,
New Series. Colorado. In the summer of 1984 he was talking with
• Summary: John Wilson, who developed the Alfa-Laval Chico-San, especially Peter Milbury, about his making
soymilk system, is now based in Lund, Sweden. Owen Price amazake and their making Rice Syrup in the same plant
is managing director of the Dairy Farm group of companies in Fayetteville, Arkansas, a rice farming center, where the
in Hong Kong. He is guiding his company toward soy macrobiotic trading company Mountain Ark had just moved.
products. “The first formulation he admits to is a soy ice- The idea fell through when Bob Kennedy sold Chico-San to
cream well suited to the expanding Hong Kong market. Heinz. Robert decided to move his company there anyway.
Others can be expected. However Price may well become He lived in Fayetteville for 1 year. His present partner,
a force in the supermarket selling of soymilk foods in Ken Becker, an attorney, joined the company in the fall of

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1984. Then one day Milbury called and said that a company “At a time when almost everyone seems to be borrowing
named California Natural Products (in Manteca, CA), which ideas from Japan, is it possible that the people of that nation
was making a coffee substitute and inulin (for diabetics; a could learn something from us? You bet it is!... In less
tasteless white polysaccharide found esp. dissolved in the than a decade, Americans have adapted tofu to the Western
sap of the roots and rhizomes of composite plants) from palate. . . and Occidental cooks have really pioneered the
dahlia tubers, had the necessary equipment. Their process development of a number of tofu desserts. The creations
was similar to malting and extracting a syrup, but they used include a mouth watering array of pies, cheesecakes,
no rice or enzymes. California Natural Products started to puddings, cakes, cookies, delicate pastries, and even ice
make Nissenbaum’s amazake using rice and commercial creams!”
enzymes in early 1985. They shipped it in a stainless steel
tanker to the Peninsula Creamery in Palo Alto, where it was 564. Product Name: Tofutti (Soy Ice Cream) [Hard Pack:
made into Rice Dream. Koji was no longer used. Talk with Chocolate Supreme, Vanilla Almond Bark, Maple Walnut, or
Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. March 24. The original Rice Wildberry Supreme].
Dream, from homemade koji, had no added sweetener. Then Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Time, Inc. (Marketer).
they added maple syrup to make it a little sweeter. This was Manufacturer’s Address: 1638–63rd St., Brooklyn, NY
discontinued after a sweeter koji began to made by CNP. 11204.
Date of Introduction: 1984. June.
562. Leneman, Leah. 1984. The foods that are soya good. Ingredients: Wildberry Supreme: Water, high fructose
Vegetarian (The). May/June. p. 12. corn sweeteners, corn oil, tofu, raspberries, blackberries,
• Summary: “Soya foods are playing an increasingly strawberries, blueberries, natural flavorings, isolated
important role in the American health food movement, a soy protein, soy lecithin, guar seed gum, cellulose gum,
positive trend which hopefully will be echoed in the U.K. carrageenan, carob bean gum, natural beet extract, salt.
By soya foods I do not mean TVP (which has never really Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint carton.
caught on in a big way in the States), but tofu (soya bean How Stored: Frozen.
curd) and tempeh. These are low-cost, low-technology Nutrition: Per 4 fl oz.: Calories 170, protein 3 gm,
products simple enough to make in your kitchen.” In carbohydrate 19 gm, fat 9 gm.
America the movement away from dairy products is for New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1984, undated.
reasons of health rather than ethics. In Britain, ethics come Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.
first. Cholesterol is the real bugbear to Americans. In New p. 66, 131. “At last–a frozen dessert that tastes deliciously
York the author tasted a soft-serve tofu ice cream with a creamy yet contains no cream, butterfat or other dairy
“creamy texture I would not have believed possible in a products.” Lists all ingredients and nutritional information.
dairyless product.”
565. Varkonyi, Charlyne. 1984. Tofutti developed as dessert
563. Szilard, Paula. 1984. Toothsome tofu pies. Mother to eat with meat in kosher shop: Diet concerns a main
Earth News No. 87. p. 42-44. May/June. product appeal. News (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida). July 5.
• Summary: Gives recipes for: Apricot tofu pie. Banana- • Summary: “Brooke Shields has been spotted eating Tofutti.
coconut tofu pie. Orange tofu pie. Carob-almond tofu pie. So have Jacelyn Smith and Dyan Cannon.” “It’s served at

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 251

Bonaventure Inter-Continental Hotel & Spa.” Yet it isn’t so the $1.5 to $2 million Tofu Time account. The client’s sole
low in fat unless you compare it to a premium ice cream such product is Tofutti, a frozen soy dessert.
as Haagen-Dazs.
A large photo shows a smiling young lady eating ice 571. People. 1984. A happy zealot turns bean curd (yuck!)
cream in a spoon. The caption: “Those on Bonaventure’s into a creamy treat. 22:66. July 30.
regimen can enjoy Tofutti as dessert.” Address: Food Editor. • Summary: “Dieters and health-food fans love it; so do a
lot of other people, who lap up 40,000 gallons of Tofutti
566. Reed, J.D. 1984. Its trendy, tasty and Tofutti: This every week... Eight years ago [i.e. 1976] he hit on the idea
summer’s hot frozen dessert is no-cream ice cream. Time of basing the dessert on an oriental food called tofu.” Photo
124:81. July 9. caption reads: “Mintz, holding a homely hunk of tofu and
• Summary: This two-thirds page article represents the a yummy swirl of Tofutti, still carries 50 pounds he gained
biggest print media coverage for Tofutti to date. “Americans testing his product.”
are licking up 40,000 gal. a week of this chilly concoction. Note: The implication of this photo is that Tofutti is
Production has nearly doubled in the past month. Move made with tofu.
over Frusen Glädjé and frozen yogurt; this is the summer of
Tofutti. A photo shows smiling “Tofu tycoon David Mintz 572. Tofu Time Inc. 1984. Annual report pursuant to Section
and his chic chiller.” 13 or 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 1638-
Mintz is experimenting with tofu-based drinks and a 63rd Street, Brooklyn, New York. 20 + 14 p. 28 cm.
vegetable salad. His next obsession is a nonmeat burger... It • Summary: For the fiscal year ended July 31, 1984. In 1982
is made of tofu and has the taste and smell of a beefburger. Tofu Time Inc. had sales of $23,847 and a loss of $32,819.
Says the tycoon of tofu: ‘I am close to this tremendous In 1983 it had sales of $329,271 and a profit of $29,473.
breakthrough. It is made of tofu and has the taste and smell In 1984 the company had sales of $2,361,392 and a
of a beefburger.’ Given his marketing skills, it may not be loss of $173,329. Address: Tofu Time Inc., 1638-63 Street,
long before Tofutti addicts sit down to the main course: a Big Brooklyn, New York 11204. Phone: (212) 232-1031.
MacFutti.”
573. Product Name: LeTofu (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream in
567. Heinzel, Ron S. 1984. Mixes ice cream, philosophy. Los Hard Pack and Soft Serve. Later written Le Tofu) [Dutch-
Angeles Times. July 16. p. E2. Business section. Chocolate, Vanilla-Almond, California Strawberry, French
• Summary: Al Jacobson has developed a new product Vanilla, Carob, Maple, Plain, or Coffee].
named Nuclear Freeze. Its a non-dairy ice cream on a stick Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Light Foods.
that “contains no sugar or cholesterol and has less than half Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box
the calories of ice cream. It is made from 100% organically 2536), Petaluma, CA 94953.
grown soybeans, fruit and honey and comes in four flavors: Date of Introduction: 1984. July.
maple nut, raspberry, carob mint and banana coconut.” Ingredients: French Vanilla: Water, tofu (water, organically
“Jacobson, a peace advocate, says he plans to donate grown soybeans, pure calcium sulfate coagulant), high
50% of the profits from Nuclear Freeze to organizations fructose corn sweetener, soy oil, corn syrup solids, honey,
working for peace.” pure vanilla extract, crystalline fructose, natural flavors,
cellulose gum, lecithin, guar gum, Irish moss, carob bean
568. Los Angeles Herald Examiner. 1984. Now you can eat gum, annatto for color, salt.
the Nuclear Freeze. July 23. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Soft serve pints, 5 oz cups, or 3
• Summary: Atlanta: Al Jacobson has developed a new gallon dipping tubs.
product named Nuclear Freeze. It’s a non-dairy ice cream How Stored: Frozen.
on a stick. He was presenting the product at the annual Nutrition: Per 3.2 fl. oz. Vanilla: Calories 100, protein 1
convention of the National Nutritional Foods Association in gm, carbohydrates 13 gm, fat 5 gm, sodium 21 mg.
Atlanta, Georgia. New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (black on pink,
typewritten; single sided, 8½ x 11 inches). 1984. June.
569. Star-Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota). 1984. Tracking Dated. “LeTofu has arrived.” It is made entirely by
Tofutti. July 29. Brightsong Light Foods in California. Meets “our customers’
• Summary: Tofutti is not in national distribution by Haagen- need for a natural, soft-serve tofu honey-ice cream mix of the
Dazs and should be available in the Minneapolis area. highest quality...”
Labels. 1985, dated. “Naturally delicious. Le Tofu... an
570. Adweek Midwest (Chicago, Illinois). 1984. Tofu Time exciting frozen dessert for today’s lifestyle. A wonderful food
signs on with Levine, Huntley, Schmidt & Beaver. July 30. for people watching calories, fat, cholesterol, and sodium
• Summary: This New York advertising firm has picked up without compromising enjoyment. Light and natural, Le

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 253

of Colombo. 1985. Jan. 2. Colombo Tofu was officially

introduced in mid-July 1984. Colombo is a family business,
started in 1923. Yogurt is the only product they ever made.
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
Creams. p. 81. Deceptively named, since the product
contains no tofu. Renamed Tofree by April 1985.

575. Florida Grocer (Miami). 1984. Tofutti: The dessert of

the 80s. July. p. 35.
• Summary: “The 1980s have been proclaimed as the
decade of health and fitness awareness. Consumers are better
informed than ever before about the foods they eat and the
effects these foods can have on their bodies.” Tofutti has
good taste, but also has no cholesterol or lactose, very little
sodium and only 96 calories per 3-ounce serving.

576. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1984. Rice Dream, made from

amasake: Finally! A great tasting ice cream that makes no
compromises with your health (Ad). East West Journal. July.
p. 29.
• Summary: This ad (5 inches square) was the first ad ever
run in a national magazine by Imagine Foods. Printed with
Tofu is a deliciously rich and creamy healthy treat... for those blue and black ink on a white background, it contains a blue
who care!” Brightsong Foods. 1985. Brightsong debuts tofu photo of a pint carton of “Ice Dream: A non-dairy frozen
frozen dessert (News Release). The product, Le Tofu, has dessert.” Small letters below the word “Amasake” explain
a suggested retail price of $1.99/gallon. Flavors are Dutch that it is “a non-dairy brown rice milk, made by a culturing
Chocolate, French Vanilla, and California Strawberry. Curtis process where the rice starches are converted into complex
& Tompkins, Ltd., Analytical Laboratories, San Francisco. sugars.” The text explains the asterisk: “* Non-dairy–Rice
Phone: 861-1863. Analyses of Le Tofu (Chocolate, Vanilla, Dream is 100% free of any products of animal origin.
Strawberry, Plain) and of Yodolo (Peach), Tofutti (Wildberry, “No refined sugar, no fructose, no honey–We use Rice
Soft Serve). Brightsong Foods. 1985. What is Le Tofu? It Syrup from Chico-San, and a touch of Vermont Grade A
contains 15% organic Brightsong Tofu. Sweetened with maple syrup.
fructose and honey, it is kosher and pareve. Spot in Food “No oil–The leading soy ice creams on the natural
Engineering. 1984. July. foods market today all contain refined vegetable oil. We’ve
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice developed a unique recipe using sesame tahini instead of oil.
Creams. p. 79. A Tofutti-style product containing soy protein “Low calorie–Though you’d never know it by the
isolates; In Business. 1985. Nov/Dec. p. 25. “It is different creamy, rich flavor, Rice Dream contains only 100 calories
from all other soy-based frozen desserts because it contains per 4 oz. serving. That’s as low as most diet ice creams.”
15% real, organic tofu instead of the more commonly “Currently available in pints: Vanilla, carob, carob chip.
used processed soy powder. The suggested retail price is If not available in your area, ask your favorite natural food
$1.99 per pint.” Spot in Whole Foods. 1986. Jan. “Frozen distributor to contact us: Imagine Foods, Inc., Jamestown,
Tofu.” A photo shows the product (California Strawberry Missouri 65046. Phone: (816) 849-2583. Available from:
flavor). Letter from Richard Rose. 1987. Aug. 29. The main Earthly Organics, Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. Rainbow
ingredient was fresh tofu. It contained no soymilk. Natural Foods, Denver [Colorado].” Address: Jamestown,
Missouri 65046. Phone: (816) 849-2583.
574. Product Name: Colombo Tofu (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
Cream) [Honey-Vanilla, Chocolate, Maple Walnut, Honey 577. Laurence, Leslie. 1984. King of curd: David Mintz
Almond, Wildberry, or Peanut Butter]. produces a frozen dessert from soybeans. Money. July. p. 28,
Manufacturer’s Name: Colombo, Inc. 30.
Manufacturer’s Address: Danton Dr., Methuen, MA • Summary: Tofutti is a nondairy frozen dessert that David
01844. Mintz developed from–would you believe?–tofu. “Mintz’s
Date of Introduction: 1984. July. Brooklyn-based company, Tofu Time, expects sales of more
How Stored: Frozen. than $1 million this year. At recent prices, Mintz’s 62% share
New Product–Documentation: Interview with Bob Brooks of the publicly traded company is worth about $15 million.”

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Mintz, age 53, is the son of a baker, and he ran food stores Barron’s. Aug. 6. p. 35.
in the Catskills and Brooklyn. “In 1973 he opened a gourmet • Summary: Tofu Time made its public debut in Dec. 1983
takeout shop on Manhattan’s chic Upper East Side. There at $5.75 a share. Soon the stock was bid up as high as $18 a
Mintz found himself in a bind. Kosher dietary laws prohibit share. It was split 2-for-1 in June 1984 and was promptly bid
mixing dairy products with meat, yet Mintz, a devout Jew, up close to $18 again.
felt his beef Stroganoff would taste better if he could just add “Besides the action of its shares, Tofu Time’s claim to
a dollop of sour cream.” He ended up making a sour cream fame is Tofutti, which is a soya-based frozen dessert that is
from tofu, then, after 4 years of experimenting, he developed blessedly free of cholesterol, if not calories. The stuff is sold
a soft-serve ice cream from tofu. Tofutti is now sold in 6 in the New York metropolitan area at specialty food stores
flavors, including banana pecan, maple walnut and peanut and restaurants which boast a special machine for making
butter. It’s dispensed from soft-serve machines in about it... little sidewalk stands with umbrellas also dispense
1,000 specialty food stores and restaurants in 12 states. Soon Tofutti at strategic locations.” The company, which is barely
hard-pack pints for home consumption will be on the market. 2 years old, has been growing rapidly.
“Only one other person, his production manager, knows
the formula. Says Mintz with a pleased grin: ‘If take all the 582. International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers.
ingredients and try to make Tofutti, you’ll never do it.’” 1984. The latest scoop. Facts and figures on ice cream and
Mintz now lives in Brooklyn’s Sheepshead Bay with his related products. Washington, DC: IAIM. 38 p. No index. 21
second wife, Rachel, his bride of 5 months. A photo shows cm.
Mintz eating Tofutti. • Summary: Packed with interesting facts, figures, and
information about ice cream in the USA. Contents: General
578. Product Name: Yodolo (Fruit-Based Non-Dairy information: Historical information, how ice cream is made,
Frozen Dessert). Renamed Vitari by June 1988. review–United States, international review, definitions–
Manufacturer’s Name: Olympus Industries Inc. selected frozen desserts, nutrition information, employment,
Manufacturer’s Address: North 222 Wall St. Suite 202, wages and value of shipments, 1947-82, capital expenditures
Spokane, WA 99201. for new plants and equipment, 1947-82, the “real” price of
Date of Introduction: 1984. July. ice cream [inflation adjusted], 1973-83, breakdown of ice
New Product–Documentation: Ad in Natural Foods cream processor’s dollar–chart.
Merchandiser. 1984. July. p. 13. “Now there are two ways to Total production (hard and soft)–United States: 1984
enjoy an apple.” production–January to May, production changes–1983,
Whole Life Times. 1985. No. 40. Jan/Feb. Inside front total and per capita, 1859-1983, by states–1983, ten leading
cover. “It’s Not Ice Cream, Yogurt, or Tofu. Yodolo is Fruit!” states, 1983, with chart, monthly 1981-83, seasonality of
Contains a small amount of isolated soy protein. production, 1983, with chart, production by regions 1983,
per capita by regions, 1960-83, mix for frozen products by
579. Schrage, Michael. 1984. The year’s hottest product: states, 1983, number of plants, 1960-83.
Tofutti, the soy wonder. Adweek. July. p. M.M. 17. Hard frozen production–United States: Total and per
• Summary: “If last year’s food craze was frozen yogurt capita, 1955-83.
(now undergoing something of a meltdown), this year Soft serve production–United States: Total and per
belongs to Tofutti.” This non-dairy premium frozen dessert, capita, 1955-83.
developed by David Mintz in 1977, took off along with Potpourri: Consumer demographics, performance of ice
the health food trend and the increased demand for low- cream and select products in supermarkets, 1983, foodservice
cholesterol, low-calorie foods. Mintz now plans to introduce sales, 1982, ice cream consumption by age group and sex,
Tofutti shops that will also sell such products as tofu-based 1977-78, wholesale value of ice cream products, 1981-82,
muffins and dressings. flavors.
Production–Canada, by province 1981-83.
580. Flinders, Carol. 1984. Try homemade frozen yogurt or Production–other countries: By country, total and per
tofu ice cream. Fayetteville Observer (North Carolina). Aug. capita.
1. p. 30. Note: For a good summary of this see AP (Associated
• Summary: You can use an electric ice cream maker to Press) story in Contra Costa Times. 1984. Aug. 10. p. 13C.
make these recipes: (1) Apricot-orange frozen yogurt (with 1 Address: 888 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20006.
quart plain lowfat yogurt). (2) Banana maple tofu ice cream Phone: (202) 296-4250.
(with 8 oz fresh tofu and 2 cups milk or soymilk). Address:
California. 583. AP (Associated Press). 1984. American ice cream
social: 879 million gallons dipped. Contra Costa Times. Aug.
581. Abelson, A. 1984. Up and down Wall Street: Tofu Time. 10. p. 13C. [1 ref]

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• Summary: Last year Americans consumed a record went to Chinatown to buy some. From it he made sour cream
878.9 gallons of ice cream according to the International and used it in a beef stroganoff. Then he used it to develop a
Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers. Ice cream rugelach. Tofutti is now available in 1,000 shops nationwide,
production rose by 3% in 1983 as Americans continued to distributed by Haagen-Dazs. Mintz may be the Christopher
lead the world in ice cream consumption. Columbus of pareve desserts. People like Tofutti because
The 879 million gallons are part of a record 1.2 gallons “it’s lower in fat than ice cream, and has only 32 calories an
of frozen dessert. “Also included in that category are ice ounce.” Mintz says “’I appreciate the slant of health foods,
milk, sherbet, frozen yogurt, water ices, and so-called but I’m not a vegetarian and I have a tendency to binge on
novelty items such as Popsicles. junk food. I like rich pastries and mousse. I’m an old-time
U.S. consumption of frozen desserts was 44.21 pints nosher... I’ve put on 50 pounds in the last two years... I
per capita (counting every man, woman, and child) in 1983, tasted every ice cream in the market.’ Not to mention taste-
followed by 36.58 pints in Australia, 35.87 pints in New testing his own product, which he is happy to do at the drop
Zealand, 32.50 pints in Canada, and 28.26 pints in Sweden. of a scooper.” Photos show: David Mintz standing beside a
Note: According to the National Food Review (“U.S. Tofutti street vending push cart with an umbrella over the
per capita dairy product consumption,” 1982, p. 30, based on top, offering a cup of Tofutti. Mintz smiling in a straw hat
USDA data), from 1950 to 1982: (1) Ice cream consumption with a Tofutti hatband.
was roughly constant at 17-18 pounds per capita, whereas ice
milk consumption had grown steadily from 1.5 lb per capita 586. Jacobs, Phil. 1984. Tofutti man: The nation’s hottest
in 1951 to about 9 pounds during the 1970s. Dairy milk selling snack is the creation of an Orthodox Jew named
consumrtion had fallen dramatically and yogurt consumption David Mintz. Baltimore Jewish Times. Aug. 17. p. 40-42.
had risen dramatically during this 32-year period. Also in Jewish News (Detroit, Michigan). Aug. 24. p. 25.
• Summary: “It seems the least likely place for a success
584. Mintz, David. 1984. Barron’s Mailbag: Tofu Time story.” The home of Tofutti is at a run-down location on 63rd
responds [to column by Alan Abelson on Aug. 6]. Barron’s. Street in Bensonhurst, a working class Italian and Jewish
Aug. 13. p. 9, 32. neighborhood in Brooklyn. But Tofutti “is becoming the rage
• Summary: Tofu Time began distributing hard-frozen of the food industry, turning its creator, David Mintz, into
pints of Tofutti in mid-July through their master distributor, an overnight star. A laminated portrait of the Lubavitcher
Haagen-Dazs Co. The product is sold in over 15 markets, rebbe, Menachem Schneerson stares from one wall. Wearing
through chains and independent grocery stores. Tofutti’s soft- a yarmulke, Mintz, himself a Lubavitch Jew, kisses the
serve mix can be processed through any standard soft-serve mezzuzah [mezuzah; a small parchment scroll inscribed with
dispensing machine, the same machines used to process soft- passages from Deuteronomy as a reminder of one’s faith] in
serve ice cream and frozen yogurt desserts. For this reason, the entranceway of his office before sitting down. After 10
during the past year the company has been able to expand years of research, Mintz, 53, has managed to scoop the rest
sales of soft-serve Tofutti to over 20 states and Canada. of the ice cream industry.
Preliminary figures indicate that sales of Tofutti products After 2 years of marketing Tofutti, Mintz’s stock is
for the just completed fiscal fourth quarter exceeded $1.5 worth between $18 and $26 million–according to Roz
million and that the company had a profitable quarter and Pollner, his woman bookkeeper and top assistant. The stock
perhaps a profitable year. in publicly traded Tofu Time Inc. has tripled in value since
Tofutti is lactose free. It has been estimated that 25% it was first offered in December 1983. The company now
of the U.S. population has lactose intolerance. The figure is ships 40,000 gallons of Tofutti each month to distributors all
even higher in many foreign countries. Address: President, over the world. His products are the result of his search for
Tofu Time Inc., New York City [New York]. something milk products for use in desserts, especially for
people like himself who observe the laws of kashruth. Tofutti
585. Elkin, Michael. 1984. The man behind Tofutti. Jewish now comes in seven soft-serve flavors (vanilla, chocolate,
Exponent (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 176(7):30, 49. Aug. strawberry, maple walnut, banana pecan, peanut butter, and
17. Cover story. wildberry) and four hard pack flavors (vanilla almond bark,
• Summary: Tofutti offers “freedom of choice for diet- chocolate supreme, wildberry, and maple walnut). Tofutti,
conscious consumers and for those observant Jews who want which is being distributed by the Haagen-Dazs company,
an alternative to ice cream following a meat entree. Which is produced at a plant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mintz
is exactly what David Mintz was looking for. An Orthodox plans to move his company from Bensonhurst to Rahway,
Jew, Mintz, 53, had been in the kosher catering business New Jersey. Mintz is a workaholic and his devotion to
for years and was well aware of the problems of offering a his dream cost him his first marriage in 1982. As for new
palatable dessert to go with meat courses.” After supposedly products, Mintz is considering a non-dairy yogurt and a tofu
reading about tofu in a health food magazine, Mintz says he pasta.

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Cups: Chocolate Supreme, Cappuccino, Vanilla/Chocolate,

Forest Maple].
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Time, Inc. (Marketer).
Manufacturer’s Address: 1638–63rd St., Brooklyn, NY
11204.
Date of Introduction: 1984. August.
Ingredients: Chocolate Supreme: Water, high fructose corn
sweeteners, corn oil, cocoa, tofu, isolated soy protein, soy
lecithin, guar seed gum, cellulose gum, carrageenan, carob
bean gum, salt.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 5 fl. oz. paperboard cups.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1984, undated.
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.

590. Jacobson, Al. 1984. Re: Enclosing Tofutti containers.

Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Aug. 29. 1 p.
Handwritten, with signature on letterhead.
• Summary: “Dear Bill–Here are the Tofutti containers, both
the Soft Freeze gallon and the individual containers.
Photos show a somewhat overweight David Mintz: “You’ll notice there are a few differences in the new
Eating Tofutti. Dispensing Tofutti from a soft-serve machine. individual size ingredients, as stated on the label.
Measuring flavor extract in his laboratory. Working in Note: Tofu was not listed on some labels. Address:
his laboratory pouring ingredients into a measuring cup. Garden of Eatin’ Inc., 5300 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite B-15,
Address: Asst. Editor. Los Angeles, California 90029. Phone: (213) 462-1984.

587. Elkin, Michael. 1984. Tofutti: The man behind the 591. Fiske, Doug. 1984. Soyfoods in the supers
craze. Jewish Standard (Jersey City, New Jersey). Aug. 24. [supermarkets]. Soyfoods. Summer. p. 18-23. Cover story.
• Summary: The same story by the same author, under the • Summary: See next page. Gives an in-depth look at
title “The Man Behind Tofutti,” appeared in the Jewish the marketing strategies of Legume Inc., Tomsun Foods,
Exponent (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) one week earlier Eden Foods, Vitasoy, Tempehworks, Nasoya, Eden Foods,
(Aug. 17. p. 30, 49). Soyfoods of America (Furama and Naturespring brands),
White Wave, Hinode Tofu Co., Tofu Time (Tofutti), and
588. MacNeil, Karen. 1984. A frozen dessert for anyone’s Nasoya.
taste. USA Today. Aug. 27. Self section. Eden Foods of Clinton, Michigan, has been involved
• Summary: Discusses the merits of each of the different with natural foods for 15 years, but only within the past year
types of frozen dessert: Ice cream (including such premium have they been able to establish a beachhead in supermarkets
brands as Alpen Zauber, Haagen-Dazs, Frusen Gladje, with their miso, soymilk, and soy sauce products. They are
Bassets, etc. which usually contain 16% or more butterfat. presently selling through 5 chains representing about 50
Haagen-Dazs chocolate chocolate chip has 309 calories per individual stores. Supermarket sales now account for about
4-ounce serving), gelato (has less air whipped into it than 10% of their $7.5 million yearly sales.
American ice cream), ice milk, sherbet, sorbets and Italian
ices, frozen yogurt, and Tofutti (“Billed as the guiltless 592. Leviton, Richard. 1984. Plant profile: Quong Hop.
frozen dessert, Tofutti has no milk, no cream, no saturated Soyfoods. Summer. p. 26-28.
fats, no cholesterol and less sugar than ice cream. Its made • Summary: An excellent history of Quong Hop & Co.
from tofu (soybean curd) with high fructose corn sweetener, plus an accurate account of their present activities. Photos
honey, corn oil, isolated soy protein and natural flavors... show: (1) The company’s heirloom, a board on which are
Calories: 128 per 4-ounce serving”). written the characters “Quong Hop.” (2) Jim Miller with
In the end, which looks best? “In terms of calories, sugar Quong Hop’s products. Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain,
and fat content, Tofutti wins hands down... But don’t decide Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591.
to eat twice as much...” A photo shows pints of each of the
different types. 593. Leviton, Richard. 1984. Soyfoods market: The top 15
prepared convenience soyfoods. Soyfoods. Summer. p. 42-
589. Product Name: Tofutti (Soy Ice Cream) [Hard Pack 43.

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• Summary: “Since 1980 most of the innovation–and duplicate the attention he’s gotten already.” Mintz even has a
excitement–in the American soyfoods industry has centered license plate that reads “Tofutti” (photo shown). “Following
around what are now called prepared convenience soyfoods.” a year of talks with Haagen-Dazs, a distribution agreement
The top 15 are: (1) Legume Light & Natural Tofu Entrees. was made that will extend Tofutti’s reach in hard pint and
(2) Edward & Sons’ Miso-Plus Jalapeno and Chive miso 3.5-ounce cup versions to supermarkets nationwide.” Tofutti
dips. (3) Farm Foods’ Ice Bean and Ice Bean Sandwich. typically retails for $2.50 to $2.79 per pint.
(4) Tofu Time’s Tofutti. (5) Light Foods’ Light Links (tofu “Alfred Gingold’s Items From Our Catalog, a parody of
hot dogs). (6) Brightsong Light Foods’ Tofu Desserts and the L.L. Bean mail order catalog published by Avon Books,
Dips. (7) Tomsun Foods’ Spice and Herb Tofu. (8) Eden offers Tofu Innersoles: ‘Firm-style bean curd insoles cushion
Foods’ Edensoy. (9) Nasoya’s Vegi Dips. (10) Sonoma feet, absorb perspiration and provide more protein than meat
Specialty Foods’ Nutcracker Sweets. (11) Pacific Tempeh or fish innersoles of twice the weight. Tofu compresses with
and Soyfoods Unlimited’s Tempeh Burgers. (12) Soyfoods use, becoming more pungent and flavorful. May be removed
Unlimited’s Leandro’s Meatless Lasagna. (13) Fantastic when not in use to dry or marinate. Innersoles are ready
Foods’ Tofu Burger Mix. (14) Quong Hop’s Soy Fresh. (15) to eat after 1,200 miles of wear. Each pair provides adult
Garden of Eatin’s Nuclear Freeze (soymilk ice cream pops). protein requirement for two meals. Insoles are sized large to
A photo shows each product. allow for snacks. Recipe booklet included.’
“Another parody, Futile- The Magazine of Adult Dating,
594. Quick Frozen Foods. 1984. On the lighter side [Tofutti]. published by Workman Publishing, features a recipe for Tofu
Aug. p. 26. Stuffed Potatoes in its Cookin’ Bachelors department under
• Summary: A large photos shows David Mintz, creator the title ‘The Last Word in Curd.’”
of Tofutti brand non-dairy frozen dessert, as he samples
the fruits of his labor. “Available in six flavors, the low- 598. Soyfoods. 1984. New products: Ice eight plus six.
cal, cholesterol-free product is sold in soft-serve form Summer. p. 44.
nationwide.” • Summary: A large photo shows a pint of Chocolate
Ice Bean. “Farm Foods of Summertown, Tennessee adds
595. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1984. Soy chocolate to round out their Ice Bean line at 8 flavors.
ice cream bibliography. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods According to the company, the non-dairy frozen dessert is
Center. 4 p. Aug. Unpublished. 28 cm. [167 ref] made from fresh soymilk and sweetened with honey. The
• Summary: Consists of bibliographic records, numbered, Farm has expanded its Ice Bean soft-serve mix line to 6
sorted alphabetically by author, printed on a dot-matrix flavors: honey-vanilla, carob, strawberry, mocha, chocolate,
printer. None of the records has a summary or abstract. Nor and maplenut–all cholesterol free, low calorie and 100%
is there any index. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, natural. The mix is packaged in 1-gallon tubs.”
Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991.
599. Soyfoods. 1984. Press releases. Summer. p. 14.
596. Product Name: Honey Bean (Non-Dairy Soy • Summary: Summarizes new releases from Farm Foods
Ice Cream) [Honey-Almond, Honey-Carob, or Honey- (Ice Bean), Legume, Laughing Moon Foods, Market Sales,
Chocolate]. Worthington Foods, Frieda’s Finest / Produce Specialties,
Manufacturer’s Name: Soy Shop. The Soyplant, NutraBlends, Soy Systems (Ridgefield,
Manufacturer’s Address: 1863 Memorial Dr. S.E., Atlanta, Washington; Hananya Kronenberg).
GA 30317.
Date of Introduction: 1984. August. 600. Product Name: Polar Pal (Soy Ice Cream Sandwich)
How Stored: Frozen. [Chocolate, Vanilla, or Carob Mint].
New Product–Documentation: Talk with The Soy Shop Manufacturer’s Name: White Wave, Inc.
in Atlanta. 1985. Jan. 17. They make a soft serve product Manufacturer’s Address: 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder,
named Honey Bean. Production started in late summer of CO 80301.
1984. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Date of Introduction: 1984. August.
Creams. p. 77. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Spot in Soyfoods.
597. Soyfoods. 1984. Soyfoods in the media [Tofu Time, 1984. Summer. p. 44. “And Hold the Cow.” Polar Bean is
Tomsun Foods, Soyfoods Association, Legume, Items From sandwiched between two peanut butter cookies. 4.5 oz. Three
Our Catalog]. Summer. p. 14. flavors.
• Summary: David Mintz of Tofu Time in Brooklyn has
gotten a lot of press and TV coverage recently for Tofutti. 601. Whole Foods Source Directory. 1984. Tofu Time signs
He says “that if he spent $5 million he wouldn’t be able to with Balanced Foods. 1984-85.

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• Summary: “Tofu Time, Inc. of Brooklyn, New York, Brooklyn man who invented the nondairy frozen tofu dessert
has announced an agreement with Balanced Foods, Inc. of known as Tofutti, is obsessed with tofu.”
Ridgefield, New Jersey, to distribute Tofu Time’s soft-serve The founder of Tofu-Time Inc., Mr. Mintz dreams of
Tofutti frozen dessert throughout the United States and tofu. “He spends hours in the kitchen concocting Tofutti
Puerto Rico. Balanced has a network of an estimated 7,500 flavors and recipes with the product made from fermented
health food stores in the 50 states. soybean curd such as tofu beef stroganoff and tofu brownies.
“Tofu Time will continue its existing distribution He married last year and his wedding cake was made of
agreements with Paradise Distributors in California and tofu.
Hawaii and with W.R.A. Distributing, Inc. in Florida, And now, just in time for the Jewish New Year (Rosh
according to Davis Mintz, Tofu Time president and chairman Hashanah), Mr. Mintz has developed three special nondairy
of the board.” recipes: Tofu matzoh balls, Tofu noodle pudding (recipe
given, calling for 1 pound tofu), and Tofu honey cake.
602. Whole Life Times. 1984. More beans on ice. No. 36. p. Note: Neither Tofutti nor any of the other dishes
47. July/Aug. mentioned above is made with “fermented soybean curd”
• Summary: “You shouldn’t feel guilty when you eat this [fermented tofu]. The stroganoff and brownies are made
kosher ice cream, declares David Mintz, a caterer from New with regular tofu–which is not fermented. The cake probably
York, who invented it. After all, it’s not even cream. Mintz had icing / frosting, including layers, made of sweetened,
decided tofu might be the perfect milk substitute for the blended tofu.
kosher diet–and for people trying to avoid cholesterol and
lactose as well. After nine years of experimenting in the back 605. Hall, Trish. 1984. Gloria Vanderbilt hopes to follow
of his store, he came up with a cookbook full of tofu recipes, jeans coup with designer dessert. Wall Street Journal. Sept.
then began marketing his frozen non-dairy dessert–Tofutti. 14. p. 29.
Now sold in soft-serve form, Tofutti contains water, corn • Summary: “Gloria Vanderbilt, the socialite whose name
sweeteners, honey, corn oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, natural adorns millions of pairs of blue jeans, is now signing her
flavorings, soy lecithin, vegetable gums, and salt. Tofu Time name to a tofu dessert.” She is the first celebrity to get
lnc., Dept. WL, 1640 63rd Street, Brooklyn, NY 11204; involved with “what is still considered a fringe food.” Miss
(212) 489-6900.” A photo shows a pint of Tofutti, next to a Vanderbilt developed a formula for the ice cream with a
scoop in a clear dish. Address: New York. friend. Two years ago she approached Frusen Gladje Inc.
of Lindenhurst, New York, a maker of premium dairy
603. Abcarian, Robin. 1984. Soy what’s for dessert? Tofutti, ice creams. She and the company have been improving
that’s what. L.A. Life, Daily News. Sept. 6. the formula (especially the texture) for the past 2 years
• Summary: David Mintz says 50,000 gallons of Tofu are and soon they will be making and marketing the product
now being produced each week. One hundred Tofutti street in a partnership. The company hopes to begin national
carts were loosed in Manhattan in June and they are selling distribution of about 9 flavors in two months. The name
about 12,000 cups per day. Ruth Sarfaty, who handles Tofutti will be something like “Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace.” It will
publicity in New York, says there have been only two major probably have about half the calories of Tofutti. Thomas A.
paid ads for the frozen dessert: one full-page ad in the Andrews, Miss Vanderbilt’s attorney and business manager,
New York Times in June and another in a trade magazine. “sees even more potential in Gloria Vanderbilt tofu than
“We’ve been successful through word of mouth and friendly there was in Gloria Vanderbilt blue Jeans.” But Faith
media,” said Sarfaty. “People love it.” David Mintz says Popcorn, president of BrainReserve, wonders. “We’re finding
that when he first read about tofu 9 or 10 years ago “a whole resistance to tofu–It’s still a foreign object,” she notes.
new world opened up. I realized I was onto something big. Address: Staff reporter.
First, we made a sour cream of tofu incorporated into beef
stroganoff. When this was so successful, I went into pastries, 606. Beecroft, George. 1984. Upscale without the weight.
souffles and quiches. People thought they were eating cheese Asbury Park Press (New Jersey). Sept. 19.
danishes. It was tofu! I had people lined up outside. They • Summary: Gloria Vanderbilt, former socialite turned jeans
couldn’t believe they were eating something with no dairy.” czarina, “is entering the fitness food wars. Her product? A
Mrs. Gooch’s Natural Foods Ranch Market does not buy designer ice cream made from tofu. It’s supposed to give you
Tofutti “because it has high fructose corn syrup, which is all the taste without the waist. All the better to fit into those
basically refined sugar.” Address: Daily News staff writer. jeans, my dear.” A large photo shows Gloria Vanderbilt, with
the caption: “Pass the tofu.”
604. Carroll, Maurice; Rimer, Sara. 1984. New York day by
day: Tofu on the mind. New York Times. Sept. 14. p. B3. 607. Frozen Food Age. 1984. Tofu Time Inc., Brooklyn, New
• Summary: “Some might say that David Mintz, the York. Sept.

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• Summary: In mid-July Tofu Time Inc. began shipping $100,000 in 1983 expects to gross $150,000 this year.
frozen pints of Tofutti to the retail trade in 15 markets Presently about 80% of Brightsong’s sales are in “secondary
through its master national distributor, The Haagen Dazs tofu products.” The rest are in its raw tofu and marinated
Company. Tofu Time says it expects profits on sales of tofu. Quong Hop, with sales of well over 1 million a year,
approximately $1.5 million for the fourth quarter ended July sells mostly basic tofu. Their Soy Deli merchandising
31, 1984, up from $875,000 [sales] and a net loss of about concept is now in 13 Safeways in the Bay Area and will soon
$92,000 for the nine months ended April 31, 1994. be going into the Co-op markets. But “the concept has been
less than successful.” A spokesperson for Safeway stated:
608. Mwangi, -. 1984. The Jamaica nutrition project. Yard “Only a few of the soy delis were successful. It was a good
Roots Reports (Oakland, California). Sept. p. 4-5. merchandising idea, but the products didn’t move. There
• Summary: The author is working to raise $100,000 to wasn’t enough customer demand. The concept was ahead of
develop a soy dairy in Jamaica to make tofu, soy-burgers, its time.”
tempeh, soy milk, ice cream, mayonnaise and other products A photo shows youthful Sharon and Richard Rose of
from soy beans. The Afrobean Foundation in Kingston is Brightsong Foods.
also interested in this idea. Two groups in Jamaica will
find soy products useful in their diet. First, the more than 611. Langway, Lynn; Gosnell, Mariana; Bailey, Elizabeth.
100,000 Rastafarians, most of whom are attempting to 1984. Here Tofutti, there Tofutti. Newsweek 104:115. Oct.
pursue a vegetarian diet. Second, Jamaicans of Chinese 15.
descent who have traditionally used soy products. “Most of • Summary: This full-page article represents the biggest print
the imported soybeans today are mainly used for making media coverage for Tofutti to date. Tofu’s most spectacular
oil and for poultry and pig feed.” Readers are asked to send new guise is a frozen dessert named Tofutti “that comes
donations to Caribbean Media and Community Resources, deliciously close to ice cream. Introduced in New York two
Inc. in Oakland, California. Address: Caribbean Media and years ago, Tofutti has now spread to outlets in 40 states.
Community Resources, Inc., 314 17th Street #188, Oakland, Haagen-Dazs, the elite ice-cream manufacturer, will soon
California 94612. Phone: (415) 536-3031. start serving Tofutti in its 300-plus parlors around the United
States, and would-be purveyors from seven countries are
609. Yard Roots Reports (Oakland, California). 1984. Plenty pursuing distribution rights.”
in Jamaica. Sept. p. 6-7. “Mintz’s company, Tofu Time Inc., enjoyed $3 million
• Summary: In the summer of 1982 the author (whose name in sales during the last fiscal year–10 times the previous
is not given) went to Jamaica armed with a package of year’s level–and the company’s stock has tripled in value
information on soy beans. “My dream then was to develop since it went public last December.”
a soy-dairy in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica, to produce tofu, soy Tofutti is not low in calories; 4 ounces of soft serve
milk, and ice bean [soymilk ice cream].” There was little Tofutti contain 160 calories (versus about 120 for frozen
interest among Jamaican Rastafarians (Rastas). yogurt) and 4 ounces of hard pack contain 170 to 210
After returning to California, in March 1984 he met calories (depending on the flavor; versus 300+ for deluxe
David and Joan Dixon of Oakland, California. They told ice creams). Free of cholesterol and low in saturated fats,
him about Plenty, a relief organization run by The Farm in Tofutti is healthier than ice cream, which contains butterfat.
Tennessee, and their work with Plenty to introduce soyfoods And because it lacks milk, “Tofutti is safe for the estimated
to Jamaica. Plenty is now attempting to establish a soy dairy 30 million Americans who suffer from lactose intolerance.”
in the rural town of St. Ann’s Bay. Plenty has tried to grow But Tofutti has competition from an earlier product called
soybeans on the old Richmond Landowvery sugar estate Ice Bean and later challengers such as the Nuclear Freeze
but without much success. Joan has done soybean cookery popsicle. But next month Tofutti will face a real challenge
demonstrations. Address: Caribbean Media and Community when jeans queen Gloria Vanderbilt launches her Gloria
Resources, Inc., 314 17th Street #188, Oakland, California Vanderbilt Glacée, which will be distributed nationwide by
94612. Phone: (415) 536-3031. Frusen Gladje. New products? Mintz is working on a Tofutti
yogurt.
610. Cohen, Richard L. 1984. Tofutti: An alternative to ice Color photos show: (1) Tofutti vendors at noon in New
cream. San Francisco Business Journal. Oct. 8. p. 9. York City; a “Tofutti” umbrella shades at the attractive
• Summary: As a result of the success of Tofutti, Brightsong mobile dipping stand. (2) Creator David Mintz, wearing a
Light Foods in Petaluma, California, is planning to introduce big smile, a while laboratory coat, and a “Tofutti” hat, and
LeTofu in soft serve and hard pack. Essentially, says Rose, holding a large cup brimming with a swirl of soft-serve
Brightsong has been developing new products ever since Tofutti.
he and his wife bought the company in 1980. They have
test marketed more than 90 products. The company grossed 612. Sugarman, Carole. 1984. When dietitians convene:

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Facing a day-long blitz of workshops and exhibits, issues and and oranges. Seven flavors are now available in hard pack
aerobics. Washington Post. Oct. 21. p. G1, G4. Food section. pints (vanilla, carob, strawberry, lemon, carob chips, orange,
• Summary: More than 13,000 members of the ADA and carob almond), and four flavors of soft serve mix
(American Dietetic Assoc.)–the nation’s largest association (strawberry, lemon, carob, orange).
of nutrition professionals–attended the annual ADA “Ingredients: Water, brown and white rice (naturally
convention at the Washington Convention Center. Close to cultured), safflower oil, (strawberries, dairy-free carob chips,
700 manufacturers, trade associations, and organizations almonds, lemon and other natural flavors), maple syrup,
promoted their wares. tapioca starch, soy lecithin, extracts from Irish moss, carob
“If the exhibits are any indication, our future is in bean and guar seed, sea salt.”
soybeans.” Soybean oil. Soybean ice cream. Soybean Features: Dairy free, grain based, no refined sugar, no
meat. Legume “light and natural tofu entrees.” Colombo. fructose, no honey. No cholesterol. Low sodium.
Checkerboard Farms. Address: Washington Post staff writer. “Grain based–The secret to the creamy goodness of Rice
Dream is our amasake (ah ma ZA kee), a sweet rich non-
613. Yoshimura, Sam. 1984. Re: Update on work with dairy milk made from brown rice. For centuries a traditional
soyfoods. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, food in Japan, amasake is made by a culturing process where
Oct. 21–in reply to inquiry. 1 p. the starches in whole rice are converted into natural sugars.”
• Summary: Shurtleff writes: “I just read a little blurb “When we claim that Rice Dream contains no refined
about you, written by your wife, that was in the Madison sugars, we mean it! The inherent sugars in whole rice are
Survey. It indicated that you were now in Canada and again made available by the natural culturing process, making Rice
making soyfoods. Could I ask a few questions for use in the Dream a naturally sweet gourmet treat.”
Adventist chapter of our history book? Note: Imagine Foods ran an ad with this same title and
1. What is your present address and postal code. Ans: similarities in text (though smaller) 3 months earlier in East
See above. West Journal. In the first ad, only 3 flavors were available:
2. When did you leave Worthington Foods? Ans: Sept. Vanilla, carob, and carob chip. In this ad, four new flavors
30, 1981 (Retired). are available. A slightly different ad appeared in May
3. Could you please tell me a little about your new 1985 in Vegetarian Times (p. 44). Address: P.O. Box 1702,
business? When did you start selling products? Are you Fayetteville, Arkansas 72702.
working alone or with another company? What products
do you make? Can you send me some descriptive or 615. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1984. Finally! A great tasting ice
promotional literature on your products? cream that makes no compromises with your health (Leaflet).
Ans: “Name of company: MGM Brans. I am a technical P.O. Box 1702, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72702. 1 p. Single
consultant of the above company. We started selling products sided, 28 cm.
in January 1982. • Summary: See next page. An elegant glossy color leaflet.
“Our main product is meat analogs–franks, sausages, Dairy free. “Grain based–The secret to the creamy goodness
sandwich slices, chicken nuggets & burgers. Currently we of Rice Dream is amasake (ah ma za ke), a sweet rich non-
are developing tofu-based meat alternates [alternatives] & dairy milk made from brown rice. For centuries a traditional
other products.” food in Japan, amasake is made by a culturing process where
Note: Sam does not send any labels or descriptive the starches in whole rice are converted into natural sugars.
literature. Address: Home: 19 Masedale Cres., Willowdale, “No refined sugar, no fructose, no honey–When we
ONT M2J 3A3 Canada; Plant: MGM Brans, 59-F Howden claim that Rice Dream contains no refined sweeteners, we
Rd., Scarborough, ONT M1R 3C7. Phone: 416-473-9254 or mean it...”
416-752-6600. “Now available in pints: Vanilla, Carob Chip, Carob,
Orange, Strawberry, Carob Almond, Lemon. Also soft serve
614. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1984. Finally! A great tasting ice mix: Strawberry, Lemon, Carob, Orange.” The ingredients
cream that makes no compromises with your health (Leaflet). are listed. Address: Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Fayetteville, Arkansas. 1 p. Single sided. 28 cm. Undated.
Reprinted in Soyfoods Marketing. Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods 616. Trinidad and Tobago Review. 1984. The “noble bean” in
Center. the Caribbean. Oct. p. 27.
• Summary: This 8½ by 11-inch color leaflet, with a light • Summary: “On the main road about 1 mile south of the
blue background, shows a pint carton of Rice Dream (dark heart of Roseau between Dominica’s western slopes and
blue and white on light blue), one dessert dish filled with the shoreline is the Plenty Canada Soya Shop (a photo of
a swirl of soft-serve strawberry Rice Dream, and another which is shown). After only a week opening in Newtown,
filled with a scoop of carob Rice Dream–surrounded by this unusual take-away outlet sells out of accras and [soy]
brown rice, strawberries, carob chips, almonds, lemons, ice-cream nearly every day.” Each morning the staff prepares

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batches of soyamilk. which is “used to make ice-cream and the mass marketing of value-added tofu is Legume... Barat
Tofu (soyabean cheese) and some is reserved to be sold as touts his Legume line as a ‘natural Lean Cuisine.’” A list of
milk while the presscake [okara] is combined with tofu, Legume’s line of frozen tofu entrees is given. Photos show
wholewheat flour and seasonings to prepare the delicious Gary Barat and Chandri Barat.
and popular fried accras. The shop opens at one o’clock and Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2000)
serves a steady stream of customers until eight, unless stocks with the term “value added” in the title, in connection with
run out.” soybeans or soyfoods. In the document itself, the term “value
Note. This is the earliest English-language document added” is used–not in connection with a tax–to refer to
seen (June 2013) that uses the word “presscake” to refer to products such soy ice cream, which is made from tofu and
tofu. adds value to it.
Plenty Canada’s representatives arrived on Dominica
in response to requests from local people. “With the co- 618. Chandler, Michele. 1984. Soybeans had an early friend
operation of the government they have demonstrated in Henry Ford. Detroit Free Press. Nov. 22. p. 2A. Wayne
simple home-scale soyafoods preparation in local areas Central.
and conducted soyabean seed trials. The initial interest in • Summary: Four decades before Tofutti and other types of
soyafoods was enough to encourage them to set up shop in “soybean ice cream became the latest fashionable East Coast
central Roseau, grinding the beans at first by hand in a cocoa rage, auto magnate Henry Ford was dishing it up to his blue
mill. As the business grew they needed more production collar Rouge Plant workers. Ford, who rarely ate meat and
space and more contact with local people on a ‘grass roots’ had an interest in ways to promote more healthful foods,
level as the shop was intended primarily as a training wasn’t just a wizard when it came to designing cars.
situation. Since the move to Newtown a Dominican couple “During his experiments with soybeans in the 1940s,
are planning to re-open the original premises as a second when he was in his 70s, he devised whole meals made with
soya shop, Creole-style. the beans, which still grow on 350 acres of Ford property
“Plenty’s soya project is staffed by three volunteers from on Dearborn, just north of the Ford Motor Co.’s World
Canada and the USA, who receive only subsistence, and five Headquarters. Lester Twork, a Dearborn resident who taught
wage-earning Dominicans who are learning to manage the job skills to residents at Ford’s apprentice school after World
shop. They have requests for soya shops in other parts of the War II, well remembers Ford’s soybean lunches. ‘Mr. Ford
island... would make a point of saying we were having a soybean
“Plenty brought in an initial supply of soyabeans from meal that day. Everything would be made out of soybeans–
North America and are now supplying seed to two groups of soybean milk, soybean whipped cream, soybean ice cream,
local farmers who are keen to grow for the shop... The shop soybean biscuits, a soybean mixture fried like hamburger,’
is beginning production of Tempeh, a cultured soya food said Twork, now a volunteer at the Henry Ford Estate–Fair
from Indonesia.” Lane.
Note: This is the earliest English-language document “’I remember that once, Henry Ford was in line just
seen (Aug. 2002) that uses the term “Noble Bean” in the title ahead of me when people were being served cafeteria-style,
to refer to the soybean. with large, stainless steel trays with many compartments. He
picked up some of the biscuits and turned around and told
617. Wheelan, Carol. 1984. The mass marketing of tofu: me they were quite good. I just nodded...’
Growth stems from introducing value-added products. Food “Soybeans were planted on 350 acres of Ford Motor
& Beverage Marketing. Oct. Land Development Co.–owned land near the intersection
• Summary: According to John Paino, president of Nasoya of Ford Road and the Southfield Expressway... The current
Foods in Leominster, Massachusetts, “there are now 161 tofu soybean farmer is none other than Mickey Redmond,
producers in the United States. Tofu is now sold to produce the former Detroit Red Wings hockey player who now
departments in its unadulterated [plain] form, and as a value- broadcasts hockey games for the Canadian Broadcasting
added item to supermarkets and health food stores across Co.”
the country. Ten years ago, he says, it was sold in bulk form,
primarily to restaurants, as an additive for dishes such as 619. Medoff, Marc. 1984. Thoughts after attending the
bean curd soup. first Tofutti Shop in Uptown, New York City (Interview).
“The growth of tofu stems from the ‘Americanization’ SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 30.
of the product, according to Paino... Tofu caught on in the • Summary: Mark visited this Tofutti Shop on Nov. 20. It
natural food market, in 1975, as a result of The Book of Tofu. is located on Columbus Ave. in the 70s. It is in a very nice,
The book’s author, William Shurtleff, touted tofu as ‘the chic, upscale area, with high foot traffic, lots of boutiques,
protein food of the ‘80s.’” and upwardly mobile people. The shop was almost gaudy–
“One of the companies that has made an impact on quite a scene and spectacle. Mark found most of it to be

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in fairly poor taste–both the taste of the food and in the religious reasons, there’s a vast market in America for
aesthetic sense. It is aimed at the typical consumer, not those lactose-reduced foods as well as substitute products.”
interested in natural foods. Much of the food is covered with Since the enzyme lactase became commercially
white sugar or refined white flour. “Most of it is garbage.” available 7 years ago, “lactose hydrolysis has become the
One new thing is “Tofu Flour.” Mintz is using eggs in some wave of the future in processing dairy products for the
products, so they now have cholesterol. Mintz is grossly lactose-intolerant consumer.”
overweight; he and his wife, who were in the shop, were In all its forms, lactose intolerance affects an estimated
chain-smoking and the smoke was drifting over the food. She 30 million Americans. Soymilks include Vitasoy (color photo
was wearing furs. shown) and Health Valley Soy Moo (which has been on the
Mark picked up an extra menu, which he will send. The market for over 6 years). Ice creams include Tofutti (which
products included deli salads (but no tofu dressing), lots with was discovered in 1981 by David Mintz). Entrees include
eggs, quiches, lots of pies, cakes, and cookies with white Legume Cannelloni Florentine (color photo shown).
sugar. Of course they were selling Tofutti in both soft serve
and hard pack. 623. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1984. Plenty study team in Sri
There were no entrees or anything substantial, and no Lanka. 7(3):1, 7. Nov.
seats, so one would not go there for dinner. It was a deli • Summary: “A three-member team from Plenty Canada
format, behind glass. Everything was to go–take-out. arrived in Sri Lanka at the end of last month to study the
Richard L. Cohen, writing in the San Francisco Business impact of the country’s Soyabean Development Program.
Journal, was the first to mention that Tofutti contained less The members are Suzy Jenkins Viavant, Soya Development
than 10% tofu. Address: Editor and publisher, Whole Life, Consultant, Maya Shearer, Nutrition Consultant and Larry
New York. McDermott, Director of Plenty Canada.
“Plenty Canada, like its American counterpart, Plenty
620. New Chronicle. The Conscience of the Nation International is a non-profit, non-governmental, relief
(Dominica, West Indies). 1984. Soy foods available. Nov. 30. and development organisation engaged in increasing self-
• Summary: Today Nathalie Andrew is opening “Soy sufficiency in developing countries through appropriate
Kweyol,” a take away health oriented catering service in village technologies...
the heart of Roseau, Dominica. All of her foods are made “Sri Lanka’s Soyabean Development Program has
from soybeans, and are homemade. A photo shows Nathalie attracted the attention of CIDA, the Canadian International
serving a beverage from her shop window. “Soy beans, it has Development Agency, which has commissioned this team
been discovered, can now be grown locally. Farmers in areas from Plenty to make a study of the current state of the soya
like La Plaine have successfully produced their first crop of foods introduction program with an eye to improvements at
beans and have already begun preparations for planting a grass roots level.”
second crop. The seeds which take three months to grow can A photo shows Shearer and McDermott tasting soymilk
be obtained from the ‘Plenty’ Office in Victoria Street, New ice cream. Plenty plans to use this type of ice cream to help
Town.” Address: Dominica. introduce soyfoods to Sri Lanka. The Plenty team will end
their visit to Sri Lanka near the end of this month.
621. Dairy Record. 1984. Frusen Glädjé takes on tofu: A letter from Chuck Haren on page 7 states that he
Designer Gloria Vanderbilt lends name, recipe to frozen is currently operating a Soy Training Center at Roseau,
dessert. Nov. p. 34. Commonwealth of Dominica, in the West Indies. Plenty is
• Summary: Randall Stuart, sales and marketing director of now also operating soy development programs in Lesotho,
Frusen Gladje in Lindenhurst, New York, says that Gloria Jamaica, and St. Lucia.
Vanderbilt’s agent claims the new non-dairy frozen dessert
will receive at least $1 million in free publicity because of 624. Tofu Time, Inc. 1984. Tofu Time, Inc. cordially invites
its fashionable backer. “Most food marketing experts will you to join us in celebrating the opening of our first Tofutti
agree that tofu has a long way to go before it’s integrated into Shop and the introduction of the new Tofutti product line.
the diet of mainstream America.” But promoters of this new New York City, NY. 1 p. 16 x 11 cm.
product hope that “Vanderbilt’s name will attract not only • Summary: “Tuesday, Nov. 20, 1984. From 12 o’clock noon
health-conscious city dwellers, but consumers who have no to 2 o’clock. Tofutti Shop, 336 Columbus Ave. (Between
idea what tofu is but are hooked by Vanderbilt’s high-class 75-76th Streets), Manhattan. R.S.V.P. Ann Welischar (212)
image.” Print ads will feature the theme “no regrets.” 489-6900.”

622. Food Engineering. 1984. 30 million people can now 625. Tofutti Shop. 1984. Invitation to opening and menu
enjoy lactose-reduced foods. 56(11):80-81. Nov. (Leaflet). 336 Columbus Ave. (between 75-76th Streets),
• Summary: Subtitle: “Whether for health, dietary, or Manhattan, New York.

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• Summary: See next 2 pages. The shop opened on 20 Nov. corporation, incorporated in the state of Tennessee.
1984. Describes the many items served at the first Tofutti Now only 250 people are living on The Farm. Half
Shop in New York. Soft serve, for scooping, juice shakes, are kids. They are in a very poor part of Tennessee and
tofu pastries, tofu vegetable pies, tofu soups, tofu salads. The Farm had way outgrown its resource base as far as
Address: Manhattan, New York. job opportunities go. Farm Foods Inc. is owned by Swan
Industries. Workers simply draw wages. He hopes it changes.
626. Medoff, Marc. 1984. Survey of Tofutti consumers’ Address: Farm Foods, P.O. Box 37, Summertown, Tennessee
attitudes toward the product. New York. 3 p. Dec. 23. 38483. Phone: (615) 964-3584.
Unpublished manuscript.
• Summary: A landmark study. In mid-December, about a 629. Tepper, Robert. 1984. New developments with soy ice
month after this Tofutti Shop opened, Medoff and a research creams, Ice Bean, and Farm Foods (Interview). Conducted
assistant stood outside the shop on the sidewalk for about 6 by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. 28. 2 p.
six hours and asked the customers, as they exited, the same transcript.
4-5 standardized questions. No one was coached. People did • Summary: Sales of Farm Foods’ Ice Bean were about
not realize how little tofu is contained in Tofutti. Address: $500,000 in 1982, almost $700,000 in 1983, and just short
Editor and publisher, Whole Life, New York. of $1,000,000 in 1984. More than 90% of the sales were in
hard-pack pints.
627. Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). 1984. Eating less meat Robert was in and out of San Rafael. He was the official
(Editorial). Dec. 23. Sunday. president of the company. They definitely distributed Ice
• Summary: There is growing alarm about over-use of Bean with a van from 820 “B” Street in San Rafael. They
farmland in the USA and concern over health-effects of too even started getting involved with Rock Island–a natural
much cholesterol. Both problems arise from the same cause: foods distributor. One big change at “B” Street was in the
“eating meat and dairy products.” equipment used to make Ice Bean. They went from little
“Advocating outright vegetarianism for a majority of batch ice cream machine with no overrun. At the King Street
Americans would be foolish. But a decline in the amount of plant in San Francisco they bought a $25,000 Mark III
meat and dairy products in the U.S. diet seems inevitable. continuous ice cream freezer. So in both locations they made
Entrepreneurs are successfully marketing products ranging Ice Bean themselves! They sold the Mark III when Farm
from ice cream-like ‘Tofutti’ made from soybeans, to Foods left San Francisco to a frozen yogurt company.
soyburgers.’” At King Street by 1979 they were shipping to Midwest
Natural Foods, Tree of Life in Florida, etc. The move from
628. Pratt, Dan. 1984. Farm Foods and Ice Bean (Interview). King Street [to The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee]
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. marked a commitment to getting more involved with ice
27. 1 p. transcript. cream and less with tofu (which was growing fast but was
• Summary: In 1984 sales of Ice Bean rose 40% over the more competitive). They had a monopoly on ice cream.
previous year. This is the third year of over 40% growth. They didn’t think they could do both. Both were growing
During 1984 the equivalent of 125,000 gallons (1 million so fast. The peak was 500-600 per week. Most was sold in
pints) of Ice Bean were sold. California.
Robert Tepper now lives in Pacific Palisades where he is At King Street rent was a huge problem; also difficulties
Farm Foods’ West Coast sales representative. Steven Meyers of urban communal life. They moved from Richmond
is in charge of Ice Bean manufacturing; it is made at two where all had lived together in a hotel in a high-crime black
ice cream plants in Memphis, Tennessee, both owned by the neighborhood. They tried to move to San Francisco, so rent
same company. The Farm Soy Dairy is now a commercial and food went way up. Combined with realization that they
company which in June 1984 started to make all of the had a hot product and monopoly with Ice Bean.
soymilk used in Ice Bean. Michael Moorman is in charge of With tofu they were first with tofu salads, cheesecakes,
research and development. They held Al Jacobson [Garden of Eatin’] at Bay. Didn’t
Farm structure: When The Farm was founded, they want to private label.
set up The Foundation to handle the material affairs of the From their point of view, Tofutti helped them by
spiritual community. It got the nonprofit tax status of a expanding the market. They have sold about one million
religious organization. With the reorganization they set up a pints and over one million pints equivalent. More than 90%
Holding Company, Swan Industries. The For-Profit divisions is in hard pack pints.
are Farm Foods, Book Publishing Co., and Solar Electronics. They’ve done lots of experimenting with soy protein
There is also a partnership, the Farm the Building Company, isolates. Farm Foods now has a natural foods line with fresh
which employs lots in the local construction trade. Plenty soymilk and honey and a line resembling Tofutti’s taste and
is a charitable organization. Farm Foods is a for profit ingredients. The first of the latter products were introduced

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in Nov. 1984 and are now sold in Southern California in Michigan 48414. Phone: 517-634-5203.
dipping stores. Their 3-gallon dipping tubs are on the market
now. This Tofutti-like product uses both isolates and fresh 631. Yoshimura, Sam. 1984. Soy ice cream and soymilk
soymilk, with honey and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). at Madison College (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 30.
They are test marketing the products in Southern Calif and Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Ohio. There will probably be parallel product lines in all • Summary: Sam arrived at Madison College, Tennessee,
forms. The Tofutti style product will contain tofu and the in 1937. In about 1940 Mr. Shiro Kunihara, a student from
term tofu will precede the flavor term, e.g., Ice Bean Tofu Japan like Sam, made soymilk at Madison and Sam thinks he
Vanilla. They make the tofu on The Farm. also made a soy ice cream, working with Harold M. “Pop”
Malone and Hyde in Nashville is now distributing Farm Mathews. Both the soymilk and the ice cream were served
Tofu. One of top 5 distributors in the USA is running test in the school dining hall when Sam was there. The ice cream
markets on both ice beans and tofu. They’ve upgraded the was also served in the cafeteria. Mr. Kunihara is retired from
soy dairy; it’s now sanitary and looks nice. It would surprise Loma Linda University. Address: 8200 Colonial Meadows,
me. They can make several thousand gallons a day. List Westerville, Ohio 43081. Phone: 614-882-0625.
Farm Soy Dairy as source of milk, tofu, and tempeh.
Big changes on the farm during the almost past 1½ 632. SoyaScan Notes. 1984. Chronology of soybeans,
years. Some things are still collective. Land, medical, soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1984
the gate, and electricity. But the actual cash flow thru (Continued–Part II) (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by
people’s hands has changed drastically. It’s now a blend of William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
community and capitalism. Most are happy with the changes. • Summary: Continued. July 26. At the NNFA (National
But making the change was wrenching and difficult. Big Nutritional Foods Association) show in Atlanta, Great
changes in philosophy. Eastern Sun rolls out Ah Soy, its new line of soymilk
The main reasons for closing B Street: The rent imported from Saniku Foods in Japan, in vanilla, chocolate,
skyrocketed, difficulties of large urban communities very and plain flavors, in foil retort pouches. After the show, the
expensive. A small business could not support them. Soyfoods Association board meets. Steve Snyder replaces
Address: Farm Foods, 632 Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, Michael Austin as director of SAA. The next day, SAA
California 90272. Phone: 213-459-9251. directors Snyder, Burke, and Barat travel to St. Louis to
meet with the staff of the American Soybean Association
630. Bisalski, Ed. 1984. Soy ice cream and soymilk at to discuss possible areas of mutual interest. ASA appears
Madison College (Interview). Conducted by William friendly and open minded, and offers to discuss specific
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. 30. 1 p. transcript. future joint projects. A potential line of communication is
• Summary: He never made ice cream himself. Harold opened.
M. “Pop” Mathews (he was a staff worker, not a teacher, July 30. People magazine (circulation 2.8 million)
in charge of the cannery where they canned fruits and article on Tofutti titled (ineptly) “A Happy Zealot Turns Curd
vegetables) made the first ice cream. He is quite sure of that. (Yuck!) into a Creamy Treat.”
In the cannery they first made soymilk, introduced by Dr. July. “The Soyfoods Industry: Growing Like a
P.A. Webber. But a Japanese boy (a student) named Sam Beanstalk” by B. Bialick published in Whole Life Times.
Yoshimura and Dr. Perry A. Webber, then Philip S. Chen, a Aug. 9. Soyfoods magazine No. 10 (color cover)
teacher and native of China, brought soymilk to Madison–he published by Doug Fiske. 7,000 copies printed at a cost
thinks, but is not sure. Pop Mathews’ daughter still lives at of $11,200. Magazine’s focus has been changed from
Madison; Dorothy Mathews. production to marketing of soyfoods. This is the last issue of
They never marketed the ice cream–never sold it off this pioneering magazine.
campus. Ed ate it often. They made 5-10 gallons at a time, Aug. 12-17. World Soybean Research Conference III
from soymilk. Flavors: No chocolate was used since its a held at Iowa State University. Heavy emphasis on soybean
stimulant; most was vanilla. It was served scooped in the production and agronomy; relatively little new material on
dining hall and one could also get it from the soy dairy; just soyfoods. Soyfoods movement is not represented.
bring own dish and eat it on the spot. It was very popular on Aug. 20. Ralston Purina introduces Checkerboard Farms
campus. He first went to Madison in June 1931; they were TenderLean, America’s first branded ground beef product
not making it then. He took over management of the food consisting of 75% ground lean beef and 25% textured soy
factory in Sept. 1933. But a Madison article said Jan 1932 protein isolate. Some meat journals are harshly critical and
ice cream was made. many meat departments refuse to carry it. Ralston withdraws
Milk was first made in cannery, then about 1934-35, the product.
brought over to the food factory; they homogenized it and Aug. 24. Westbrae Natural launches WestSoy Natural,
sold it commercially. Address: 3123 E. Miller Rd., Bancroft, a plain soymilk similar to Ah Soy but lower in price and

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made with organic ingredients. Imported in a foil pouch from Nov. 16. Chico-san Inc. is purchased by H.J. Heinz Co.,
Saniku Foods in Japan, it is the company’s first soymilk. largely for its rice cake business.
Aug. 31. San-J International Inc. announces that it will Nov. 21. After years of searching, William Shurtleff,
construct a soy sauce plant (44,000 square foot, $5 million) with help from Nancy Florida in Java, discovers an 1815
in Virginia on a 27-acre site just north of Colonial Heights. reference to tempeh in the Serat Centini, from the Court in
Sept. Chico-san, Inc. introduces unpasteurized miso in a Solo, Java. This pushes the earliest reference to tempeh back
revolutionary “Pressure Release Package,” a plastic bag with 60 years and has it originating in Indonesian rather than in
a one-way valve that allows the escape of the carbon dioxide Dutch culture.
produced naturally during fermentation. Nov. 30. America’s first Tofu Standards are issued by the
Sept. 9-14. Gloria Vanderbilt announces that she, in Soyfoods Association’s Tofu Standards Committee, in part to
conjunction with Dolly Madison and Frusen Gladje, will help stem the rising tide of products bearing the name “tofu”
launch a tofu ice cream. that contain little or no tofu.
Sept. 27-28. First European Soyfoods Workshop Nov. Galactina, a Swiss manufacturer of soymilks since
held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, at the Grand Hotel 1969 (they make Vita Drink / Enteroform, a soymilk sold to
Krasnapolski, organized by the American Soybean in vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry flavors to the dietetic
Association’s Belgium office. ASA reports attendance and pharmaceutical markets for tube feeding), starts test
as 105 people from 14 countries, but participants report marketing tofu in Swiss supermarkets. Attractive recipe
a maximum of 50 participants. Talks on tofu, soymilk, booklet attached to each packet, which is pasteurized for a
tempeh, distribution, and microbiological standards, all later 6-week shelf life.
published in the Proceedings. There is a large Expo with Dec. Excellent, 19-page cover story on “Soymilk and
soymilk equipment from Alfa-Laval and Soya Technology Soyfoods,” published in the prestigious Journal of the
Systems prominently featured. A very successful event, and American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1984 is the Society’s 75th
another ASA first! anniversary.
Oct. The Tofu Gourmet by Linda Barber and Junko Dec. Ralston Purina, in its 1984 annual report, notes:
Lampert published by Kodansha in Menlo Park, CA. 129 p. “The Company has entered into preliminary agreement with
Many color photos. Cargill, Inc., to sell six of the Company’s seven soybean
Oct. 15. “Here Tofutti, There Tofutti,” a full-page, very [crushing] plants.” It also reported strong, steady growth in
positive article with 2 color photos published in Newsweek sales of soy protein products, from about $98 million in 1980
magazine (circulation 3 million). to $152 million in 1984, for an 11.5% compound annual
Oct. 23. The joint managing directors of the growth rate (but only 4.5% after adjusting for inflation).
International Food Information Service, owners of Food Dec. Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace, a soy-based nondairy
Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA, the world’s ice cream, starts being test marketed in Los Angeles, in nine
largest, oldest, and most widely used food-related flavors.
computerized database) visit William Shurtleff at The Dec. A poll of readers by Vegetarian Times magazine
Soyfoods Center to discuss putting the 6,500 bibliographic finds that 53.1% of readers used tofu one or more times
records in The Soyfoods Center Library into FSTA, thus during the past 7 days; 29.4% used it 3 or more times.
making this information available worldwide. Both parties Dec. 31. Brightsong Light Foods in Petaluma,
are very interested in the project but technical problems California, receives the first funds of a $500,000 equity
remain to be solved. investment from a Hong Kong investor, who had seen an
Oct. Westbrae Natural Foods launches Malted’s, billed article praising Brightsong in Venture magazine. Brightsong
as “thick and rich non-dairy soy delights.” Marketed like greatly expands its product development and promotion.
a milkshake and imported from Japan in a foil pouch, they * American Soybean Assoc. phases out its Human
come in three flavors: vanilla, carob, and cocoa-mint. Nutrition Dept., headed for years by Judy Trujillo.
Oct. Three member team from PLENTY Canada * Chicago Board of Trade starts trading options
spends one month in Sri Lanka, funded by the Canadian contracts on soybean futures. Continued.
International Development Agency, studying the country’s
soyfoods program. They learn, teach, and introduce tofu ice 633. Product Name: Tofait (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream)
cream. [Soft Serve Mix: Wild Berry Delight, Strawberry Lisse,
Nov. 13. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Swiss Chocolate Silk, French Velvet Vanilla, Peanut Butter,
America’s oldest existing soybean crusher, announces that its or Cappuccino].
soybean crushing operations are for sale. Manufacturer’s Name: Hawthorn Mellody.
Nov. 20. Tofu Time’s first Tofutti Shop opens in uptown Manufacturer’s Address: 1827 Walden Office Square,
Manhattan, New York. A fast-food retail outlet with a slick, Schaumburg, IL 60195.
red-and-white plastic, almost gaudy, decor. Date of Introduction: 1984. December.

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How Stored: Shelf stable. Ingredients: Incl. pureed tofu and soy protein isolates.
New Product–Documentation: News release sent How Stored: Frozen.
by Chuck Chase of Hawthorn Mellody. 1985. April 9. New Product–Documentation: Talk with John Murphy
“Hawthorn Mellody’s new “good for you” Tofait: Provides of Honey Hill Farms. 1985. Jan. 29. Their “Frozen Tofu”
real health benefits from real tofu.” Dairy Record. 1985. non-dairy frozen dessert soft serve mix was launched in
May. p. 29-30. Tofait is said to contain 15-20% real tofu. Dec. 1984. It contains pureed tofu and soy protein isolates.
Available in both soft serve and hard pack. Hawthorn Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams.
Mellody is a subsidiary of Custom Creamery System; p. 81. The product comes in seven flavors.
Product Alert. 1985. Aug. 19. “Tofait contains approximately Note: This is the earliest commercial product seen (Sept.
20% real tofu.” Przybyla. 1985. Prepared Foods. Sept. p. 2013) that contains the term “frozen tofu” in the product
146. name, used as a generic term to describe soy ice creams
Leaflets. 1986, undated. 8½ by 11 inches. Full color, alleged to contain tofu.
both sides. Label reads: “Light & Creamy Tofait. 100% all
natural. Made with real tofu. Cholesterol and lactose free.” 635. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1984.
Dairy Foods. 1987. March. “A terrific time for tofu.” Soyfoods entering mainstream U.S. diet. 61(12):1800-02,
Kingma. 1987. Soya Newsletter. 1(3):11. “The company 1804. Dec. [1 ref]
markets seven hard-pack and six soft-serve flavors, • Summary: One relegated mainly to small natural foods
distributed in the Mid-Atlantic states.” outlets, soyfoods are now found in regular supermarket
Note 1. Webster’s Dictionary defines cappuccino chains throughout the USA. The most widely available are
(derived from Italian, literally Capuchin, from the likeness soy sauce and tofu. Contains a discussion of the soyfoods
of its color to that of a Capuchin’s habit), a word first used market in the USA. One of the most popular new products is
in 1948, as “espresso coffee mixed with frothed hot milk or Tofutti, a non-dairy frozen dessert.
cream and often flavored with cinnamon.” Note 2. This is
the earliest record seen that uses the word “cappuccino” in 636. Liebman, Bonnie. 1984. Tofu tales. Nutrition Action
connection with soy. 11(10):11. Dec.
• Summary: Tofu is used in commercial frozen entrees and
634. Product Name: Frozen Tofu (Soy Ice Cream Soft desserts. The nutritional value of tofu relative to cheddar
Serve Mix) [Honey Vanilla, Maple Walnut, Chocolate Fudge, and part-skim ricotta cheeses as a lower calorie substitute is
Banana Pecan, Hazelnut Amaretto, Wildberry, Almond illustrated.
Mocha].
Manufacturer’s Name: Honey Hill Farms. 637. Tofu Time Inc. 1984. Announcement of relocation of
Manufacturer’s Address: 3810 Delta Fair Blvd., Antioch, national headquarters and warehouse to Rahway, New Jersey
CA 94509. (Leaflet). Rahway, New Jersey. 1 p. Single sided. 10.5 x 14
Date of Introduction: 1984. December. cm. Dec.

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• Summary: Effective date: Dec. 20, 1984. This company 2536), Petaluma, CA 94953.
makes Tofutti. Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway, New Date of Introduction: 1984.
Jersey 07065. New Product–Documentation: Brightsong Foods. 1985.
Industrial Tofu and Frozen Desserts Offered (News Release).
638. Product Name: Amazake, Koji, and Koji Ice Cream. “Brightsong Foods, the oldest tofu development company
Manufacturer’s Name: Unicorn Village. in the U.S., announces the introduction of its new industrial
Manufacturer’s Address: 332 E. 7th St., Tucson, AZ products: Tofu Plus+, Concentrate Plus+, and Mix Plus+.”
85705. Dairy Foods. 1986. April. p. 81. “Brightsong Foods has
Date of Introduction: 1984. December. offered Liquid Mix Plus since 1984.”
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Calli Fiedler. 641. Hall, Carol. 1984. Marketing tries to take the tofu out of
1984. Dec. 3. He now makes Amazake, Koji, and Koji Ice Tofutti. Ad Forum. p. 57-59.
Cream at Unicorn Village.
642. Product Name: Soymilk, Tofu, Soy Ice Cream, Fried
639. Product Name: Eternity (Soy Ice Cream). Accras, or Tempeh.
Manufacturer’s Name: Betwo Ltd. Manufacturer’s Name: Plenty Canada Soya Shop.
Manufacturer’s Address: 60 Rehov Kikar Malkey, Tel Renamed Soy Development Center by 1987.
Aviv, Israel. Phone: 03-363674. Manufacturer’s Address: Roseau, Dominica.
Date of Introduction: 1984. Date of Introduction: 1984.
Ingredients: Incl. soymilk, seasonal fruits, tahini, brown How Stored: Frozen.
sugar. Whole wheat ice cream cones. New Product–Documentation: Trinidad and Tobago
How Stored: Frozen. Review. 1984. Oct. p. 27. “The ‘noble bean’ in the
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Letter from Caribbean. Accras (fritters), a traditional local food, are now
John Irving, president Betwo Ltd. 1985. Aug. His company made by mixing tofu and okara with wholewheat flour and
makes Eternity at their two parlors. Poster. 1985, undated. seasonings, then frying.
“World Premiere! Israel introduces Eternity. The world’s Plenty Bulletin. 1987. Fall. p. 4. Note: This is the
first all-vegetable ice cream parlors. A futuristic concept in earliest known commercial soy product made in Dominica.
healthful eating.”
Letter from Yeskah Yisrael. 1989. Sept. 15. They have 643. Product Name: Sojal Frozen Non-Dairy Dessert.
3 outlets in Tel Aviv, and one in Ra’anana. They make the Manufacturer’s Name: Regular Tofu Company Ltd. Made
products at their own ultra-modern factory in Yehud, Israel. in Leicester, England, by Rossa Ltd.
“John Irving is no longer with the company but we are Manufacturer’s Address: England.
still very much in business. The headquarters are now at Date of Introduction: 1984.
the factory. The eternity phenomenon began in 1984 with How Stored: Frozen.
the opening of an Eternity ice cream parlor in Tel Aviv New Product–Documentation: Interview with John Holt.
by John Irving. Because of popular demand, the menu 1987. Aug. 1987. “Our company was the first to sell soy ice
increased from Soya Ice Cream and all natural desserts to cream in England. Michael Cole was one of our salesmen.
an extended all-vegetarian lunch and dinner menu. In 1985 Then he left and started making and selling his own soy ice
the food operation moved out of the restaurant kitchen to an cream.”
ice cream and food factory to supply health food stores and Note: This is the first non-dairy soy-based ice cream
supermarkets and was incorporated in the company Betwo, made or sold in the UK.
Ltd (from BETter WOrld–because we make products for a Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
better world).” 10 and 16. The name of this product was pronounced SO-jal.
Talk with Yoyam Getzler from Jerusalem Tofu. 1989. Ray is quite sure they had it made for them by Rossa Ltd.,
June 29. The only other tofu manufacturer he knows of a very small ice cream company in Leicester (pronounced
in Israel is Eternity, which is run by Black Hebrews, who LES-tur), and he thinks the same company also later made
originally came from Detroit or Chicago and settled in Israel. the first soy yogurt for the Regular Tofu Company Ltd.
They claim to be the original Hebrews. They use their tofu in
their ice cream. 644. ADM Co. 1984. Dairy products update. Decatur:
Illinois: Archer Daniels Midland. 24 p.
640. Product Name: Mix Plus+ (Liquid Mix to Make Tofu • Summary: On the cover are two colorful scoops of ice
Frozen Desserts). cream on top of a cone which is an ear of corn. It’s called an
Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Light Foods. “Ice cream corn.”
Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box Contents (soy related): The use of corn sweeteners and

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soy protein in dairy products... The use of soy protein in Japan–the free way for imports. 7. The embargo of 1973–
fluid and frozen products. The use of soy protein in cheese Trade war and crisis: the exchange awakens.
substitutes and cheese-like products. Characteristics and 8. Brazil–The new soybean giant: The export sector
use of Ardex brand isolated soy protein (90% protein)... is nursed back to health, credit–but not for everyone, the
Additional brochures available. export boom, the equal weight problem. 9. The newcomers–
“Field performance of soft serve mixes is critical. The Argentina and Paraguay. Paraguay, a little appendage of
product must be dry and stiff to remain on cones.” “Frozen Brazil?, startup difficulties in Argentina, help for Soviet
yogurt is likened to something between ice milk and sherbet. stock-farming.
Lactic fermentation provides tartness, which is highly 10. The new questions: The Eastern Bloc in the conflict
compatible with fruit flavors.” of goals, industrial comeback of the soybean in China,
Various types of yogurt include: Regular or unflavored, developing countries–meat and oil for the poor? 11. The
Swiss style, sundae style, and liquid yogurt. reverse side of the “Soya Model:” Brazil–Flight from the
Ardex F is dispersible isolated soy protein. TVP can land, dependency, and hunger, Tunisia–adulterated olive
be used to add protein and “crunch.” “Ardex isolated soy oil, Senegal as loser in the peanut / soya battle, a model of
proteins [F] can be used effectively to produce tofu-like supply dependency.
products” (p. 19). 12. Which alternatives? A “protein plan” in the European
A table (p. 20) gives formulas for “Yogurt” soft curd. Union, better utilization of the green forage stock, industrial
“Tofu” firm curd. “Tofu” from dry mix. Chocolate dessert. amino acids–a way out / escape? 13. Plant- vs. animal
Ardex F is dispersible; used for dairy foods. Ardex SP-6 protein: Industrial soya protein–food of the future?, the Third
is dispersible; used primarily for injected whole muscle World, a large market with the ability to pay, a future with
meat products. Ardex R is used where special functionality contradictions. Address: France.
is required, e.g. coffee whitener, liqueur, cheese, etc. Ardex
D is an emulsion stabilizer for use in meat systems,... Ardex 646. Gerras, Charles. ed. 1984. Rodale’s basic natural foods
DHV is a water and fat binder and adhesive agent. Address: cookbook. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. xi + 899 p.
Illinois. Illust. Index. 24 x 20 cm.
• Summary: This book, containing over 1,500 recipes, does
645. Bertrand, Jean-Pierre; Laurent, Catherine; Leclercq, not use salt or white sugar, but does use meats, poultry,
Vincent. 1984. Soja. Aus dem Franzoesischen von Felicitas and fish. It was also published by Simon & Schuster as “A
Schaetzl [Soya. Translated from the French by Felicitas Fireside Book.” It contains extensive information on and
Schaetzl]. Zurich, Switzerland: Unionsverlag. 130 p. [Ger] many recipes for soyfoods, including whole dry soybeans,
• Summary: This book gives a very good overview (from tofu, soy ice cream, soy flour and grits, miso, soymilk, soy
the French point of view) of the development of the soybean oil, okara (soy pulp), soy sauce, tamari, and soy sprouts.
plant in the context of world agriculture. Contents: 1. The Address: Pennsylvania.
soybean in the world economy: Portrait of a “sacred grain,”
soybean meal / cake–a high-value feed, soy oil–from diesel 647. Saito, Akio. 1984. [Chronology of soybeans in Japan,
motors to ice cream, soy protein–the industrialized protein, 1970 to 1984] (Document part). In: Akio Saito. 1985. Daizu
producers and users. 2. The soya complex: Consumers Geppo (Soybean Monthly News). Feb. p. 16-18. [Jap]
and producers without power, the producers–a club with • Summary: 1970–Soybean cultivation area in Japan drops
contradictions, the multinationals in the middle of the soya to 95,500 ha, falling below 100,000 ha for the first time.
chain, the international wholesale business, the commodity Soybean cultivation area in Japan is nearly 10% of total
exchange as a barometer. cultivation area for all crops.
3. How prices are determined: Subsidy politics in the 1970–Soybean imports rise to 3,243,790 tonnes, passing
USA, price guarrantees in Brazil, the price of soybean meal 3 million tonnes for the first time.
and soy oil. 4. From sacred bean to soya complex–a look 1972–Production of defatted soybean meal reaches
back: Colonial times, Europe becomes curious, the American 2,035,000 tonnes, topping 2 million tonnes for the first time.
soya complex is born, the struggle over margarine, soybean Production has risen 2.8 fold during the past decade.
meal becomes successful, the war as a big opportunity, soya 1972–Production of deep-fried tofu pouches (aburage)
conquers America, soya against cotton–the oil battle. reaches 200,000 tonnes.
5. Soya from the Americas conquers the world: The 1973–Soybean imports reach 3,635,000 tonnes, up 7%
Marshall Plan–the first clever offensive, Public Law 480– over last year despite U.S. export regulations.
food aid with a club-foot, trade pressure under the banner 1973–Some 2,740,000 tonnes of soybeans, representing
of free trade. 6. The politics of the importing countries: about 80% of all soybeans in Japan, are crushed to make soy
U.S. soya vs. EU cereal grains, France–the model of protein oil. 1973 Jan. 27–An extraordinary Cabinet meeting is held
dependency, in the maze of European agrarian politics, and the decision is made to import soybeans from the USA

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urgently. The price of soybeans in late 1972 was 3,000 yen miso, and salad oil, start to be sold. They retail for about
per 60 kg sack but now it has become very difficult to get 30% less than major branded products.
them even if you pay 15,000 yen per 60 kg. Soybeans are 1979–Tofu production continues to rise, reaching
called “yellow diamonds.” 1,114,000 tonnes, an topping 1.1 million tonnes for the first
1973 June 27–President Richard Nixon sets new time.
regulations for U.S. soybean exports. These give the 1980–Production of natto reaches 153,000 tonnes, up
Japanese tofu, miso, and soy oil industries a big “shock.” 33% compared with 10 years ago (when it was 115,000
1973 July 6–The Japanese government passes a new law tonnes).
that forbids soybean brokers or sellers in Japan from buying 1981–The area occupied by registered soybean varieties
up and selling at inflated prices 16 important items–including rises to more than 60% of total soybean area.
soybeans. 1981 Per capita consumption of miso drops below 6 kg/
1973 July 12–The Japanese Department of Commerce year to 5.9 kg/year, down 30% compared with 20 years ago
announces that it permits the export of soybeans for special (when it was 8.4 kg) This is a reflection of the health food
food uses, such as tofu and high-quality misos, which were movement in Japan.
planted under previous contracts. 1981 Sept.–Dr. Hirayama of the National Cancer Center
1973 Sept. 7–The U.S. Department of Agriculture announces that miso soup has some effect on lowering the
removes all regulations that concern exports of agricultural death rate from stomach cancer, stroke, and sclerosis of the
products. liver.
1973 Oct. 17–OPEC nations decide to regulate the 1981 Nov.–The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
production and supply of crude petroleum. This leads to announces JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standards) for
huge price increases in petroleum products–known in Japan soymilk. The soymilk boom starts. The total yen value of
as the “oil shock.” Japanese buy up toilet paper and wash the soymilk by all major Japanese manufacturers is 5,000
detergents causing much confusion. million yen.
1974–Good quality miso now retails on average for 251 1982–There are now 77 registered varieties of soybeans
yen/kg, up 22.4% from last year. The average retail price of cultivated in Japan. Two of these (Norin 1-go and Norin
shoyu in Tokyo is 434 yen for 3 liters, up 33.5% from last 5-go) have a Norin [Ministry of Agriculture] number, and 25
year. have various place names.
1974 Feb.–The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and 1982–Production of soybeans in Japan this year is
Forestry asks manufacturers of tofu, natto, deep-fried tofu 226,300 tonnes, and soybean imports are 4,344,000 tonnes–
pouches, and dried-frozen tofu to reduce the retail prices of which is only 5% self sufficiency.
their products to the levels they were at in November 1973. 1982–Per capita consumption of soy oil rises to 5.1 kg,
1974 July 30–In order to get rid of AF2 (a preservative topping 5 kg for the first time. It is 3 times higher than it was
widely used in tofu), the City of Tokyo decides to make a 3 years ago.
public announcement of all foods which may contain AF2 1982–Production of defatted soybean meal reaches
and announces that food inspections will start immediately, 2,800,000 tonnes–up 38% over the last 10 years.
on August 1. 1983–Production of soymilk in Japan rises to 116,724
1974 Aug.–The Japanese Ministry of Public Welfare tonnes, topping 100,000 tonnes for the first time. It has risen
forbids the usage of AF2. 71% during the past year.
1974 Oct.–The JAS food certification system, formerly 1983–Per capita consumption of soybeans in Japan is
applied to widely distributed foods, is applied to tofu, natto, 5.8 kg, up 3.6% during the past year.
konnyaku, etc., which are foods that are distributed over a 1984–The use of soymilk as a beverage is declining in
small area. Japan. The movement to use more soymilk as an ingredient
1975–The typical price of Tofu in Tokyo is 60-70 yen in foods (such as noodles, breads, ice creams, and creamy
per 300 gm. Yet in supermarkets it averages 50 yen, and soups) is becoming more active.
some sell it for as little as 25 yen. 1984–Soybean yields in Japan reach 1,770 kg/ha, an
1976–Soybean production in Japan drops to 109,500 all-time record. The old record was 1,540 kg/ha in 1982.
tonnes, the lowest level since 1878 when production statistics Address: Norin Suisansho, Tokei Johobu, Norin Tokeika
started to be recorded. Kacho Hosa.
1978–The soybean cultivation area reaches 127,000 ha,
topping 100,000 ha for the first time in 9 years. 648. State of California. 1984. Food and Agricultural Code.
1978–Soybean imports rise to 4,260,000 tonnes, topping Chap. 6: Products resembling milk products. Sacramento,
4 million tonnes for the first time. This is 4.5 times as much California. See p. 517-26.
soybean imports as 20 years ago. Address: Sacramento, California.
1978 Aug.–Unbranded generic foods, such as shoyu,

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649. Tofu Time Inc. 1984. Tofutti: The real treat (Leaflet). Size / Case pack: 4.5 oz. 12 x 4.5 oz. per case.” Address:
1638 63rd St., Brooklyn, New York 11204. 1 p. Front and Boulder, Colorado.
back. 10.1 x 14.5 cm.
• Summary: An elegant, glossy color table talker. On the 651. Yoder, Lois. 1984. Soy for the 21st century: The
front: “Cholesterol free. Lactose free. No butterfat. Nondairy secret to debittered soy. Nu-Soy Publishers, P.O. Box 3415,
frozen dessert. More than a delicious frozen dessert, a Columbia Heights Station, Washington, DC 20009-0415. 68
wholesome treat. p. Illust. by Edna Searles. Index. 22 cm. Spiral bound. [1 ref]
On the rear: “Tofutti’s rich light taste comes from • Summary: Contents: Introduction–The soybean and its
blending tofu, soy protein, and fresh fruit juices, sweetened preparation. Soy-grain cereals and munchies. Breads, sweet
with honey and fructose. Completely delicious... No breads. Main dishes. Side dishes, soups, and salads. Sweets:
preservatives. 32 calories per ounce.” Distributed by Tofu Frozen desserts, pies, cookies, cakes, puddings, and other
Time, Inc. David Mintz, President. Address: Brooklyn, New delights. Spreads, miscellaneous. Beverages. Notes.
York. This cookbook begins with a description of how to
debitter soybeans: Bring 8 cups water to a rolling boil. Add
650. White Wave. 1984. We all scream for Polar Bean: Sold 2 cups soybean grits or granules. Stir, remove from heat, and
here (Leaflet). 3869 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301. 2 panels allow to soak for 10-40 minutes. Drain in a strainer rinse
each side. Each panel 14 x 21.6 cm. Front and back. under cold water until water runs clear, return grits/granules
• Summary: See next page. Black and white penguins with to pan, add 8 cups water, bring to a boil, and cook for 3-5
orange beaks, one wearing ear-muffs, on a turquoise blue minutes. Repeat draining and rinsing, pour into a press and
background. press until excess water is removed. Stir to create soy fluff.
Accompanying this is a 1-page leaflet titled “Product Freeze in an airtight container. To make soy flour, dehydrate
specifics: Polar Bean dairyless frozen dessert.” “Flavors the fluff and grind. A patent (no. 462,001) is pending on this
available: Strawberry, Chocolate, Vanilla, Mocha and Carob process. Address: 1121 Columbia Rd. N.W., Washington, DC
Mint. Size / Case pack: 1 pint (16 fl. oz.) 8 pints per case... 20009. Phone: 202-265-3847.
Minimum order: 110 cases (any mix of flavors).
“Wow! Ask about our new Polar Pal.” “Polar Bean 652. Product Name: Polar Softie (Soft Serve Soy Ice
all wrapped up in a delicious cookie sandwich. Flavors Cream) [Mountain Berry, Chocolate, Vanilla, Strawberry].
available: Chocolate, Vanilla, Strawberry, and Carob-Mint. Manufacturer’s Name: White Wave.

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Manufacturer’s Address: 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, 45 West 36th St., New York City 10018. Their symbol is OU.
CO 80301. OU is the main certifier in the country.
Date of Introduction: 1984? “When we applied for kosher certification the rabbi
How Stored: Frozen. told us that they had never certified a nondairy ice cream as
New Product–Documentation: Interview with Steve kosher and pareve.” But a frozen dessert doesn’t have to be
Demos. 1987. Oct. This product, introduced in about 1984, pareve for a kosher Jew to eat it, unless the meal has meat.
was not successful, and did not last long. Talk with Steve Haagen-Dazs is kosher. The pareve aspect allows you to eat
Demos. 1989. Nov. 1. This was never sold as a soft serve it with milk or meat since it contains neither. So products
product while White Wave was at Walnut Street, but only before Ice Bean had animal products in them.
after they moved to 1990 North 57th Court. It was launched “In 1989, when we really started to go national, we first
during the Tofutti craze. realized we basically had an East Coast product!
Robert was at The Farm in the very early days. Ask
653. Farm Foods. 1985. Farm Foods moves sales director to Alexander Lyon who was the first ice cream maker. During
West Coast (News release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, the first year Alexander put the dairy together. Robert’s
TN 39483. 1 p. Jan. 3. earliest memories go back to Laurie Praskin making Ice
• Summary: “Robert Tepper, Vice President / Sales & Bean. Once she got there she was a real inspiration to keep
Marketing for Farm Foods, manufacturers of Ice Bean, the the dairy going every day–the key source of energy. But
original soymilk non-dairy frozen dessert, has moved to she didn’t come to The Farm knowing something about
Southern California and has opened offices there for the soyfoods. So she apparently learned after she arrived.
Tennessee based company. Titles: Robert is VP in charge of marketing and sales.
“’Having our own sales office in Southern California Dan Pratt does not have a title; he is in-house sales manager
puts us in a better position to meet the tremendous potentials and one of two bookkeepers. Steven Meyers is the other
becoming available to Farm Foods. We will be in closer VP in charge of production. Michael Moorman is Secretary.
contact with a large and growing part of our customer base... Daniel Lloyd is president. So list 4 people on the board of
Farm Foods has grown considerably over the last three directors.
years without the advantage of a ‘local’ market to work About 35% of health food dollars are spent on the West
directly with, to get involved with, and to be innovative and Coast. At the upcoming Natural Foods Expo in Anaheim,
experimental with. there will probably be at least 6-8 soymilk ice creams. Most
“’I am very excited to be here in Southern California. soy ice creams that claim they contain tofu probably have
The move will greatly reduce my traveling time, which will much less than 6%!
give me both more time for my family and for a greater The Farm will have 13 new products at the show; 7 new
concentrated effort for the business,’ says Tepper. flavors of pints in the isolate / tofu
“Farm Foods’ new offices are at: Farm Foods, 632 fructose line; 3 new novelties in the soymilk / honey
Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, CA 90272. (215) 459- line; 3 new soft serves in the new line; and a new ½-gallon
9251.” Address: Summertown, Tennessee. Phone: (615) 964- printed carton instead of those old tubs. Address: Farm
3484. Foods, 632 Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, California
90272. Phone: 213-459-9251.
654. Tepper, Robert. 1985. New developments with soy ice
creams, Ice Bean, and Farm Foods (Interview). Conducted 655. Kosher certifiers of New York. 1985. Tofutti was unique
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 5, 16, and 29. and revolutionary (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 8.
3 p. transcript. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
• Summary: The Farm was reorganized on 14 Oct. 1983. It • Summary: She calls my interest “Pareve ice cream.”
was both on a definite day and a slow process. There was Kosher foods are categorized as follows: Fleshig [Fleishig]
a series of meetings, then Oct. 14 was picked as the date to means “from the flesh.” Milchig means “from the milk.
switch over some internal financial systems. On that date all Parev means neither flesh nor milk, and therefore can be
companies, instead of turning a certain amount per employee eaten with either. Pareve contains no dairy, no casein, and no
into the Foundation, turned that amount over to the employee sodium caseinate. However it could contain egg whites.
thru the foundation. Technically it distributed funds from the Jewish housewives have been making Pareve ice cream
Church. That day they got their first paychecks. for years at home using one of two basic processes: (1) Use
Mocha Mix is probably the most popular non-dairy egg whites instead of milk and cream. (2) Buy a Pareve
frozen dessert in America today. It is sold at most Safeway whipped topping like Rich’s Whip Topping; they would
supermarkets and even advertised. whip it up, put in flavorings, and freeze. It made an excellent
The most respected of the 2-3 major kosher certifiers is substitute. She thinks that all the other early Pareve ice
the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, at creams used the same concept as Rich’s.

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But Tofutti was completely different–and revolutionary. going to do very well.

It was the first to contain no cholesterol. It was an entirely “’We are just gearing up to go into soyflour production
different approach. Address: England. and sales–it’s probably going to be a big seller, judging from
our initial marketing survey. Soy fever has definitely hit
656. Sierra, Edward. 1985. Re: Plenty’s work with soybeans these parts...It seems as though people are starting to see the
in the Caribbean. Letter to William Shurtleff & Akiko economic benefits to soy (not to mention nutritional value)
Aoyagi at Soyfoods Center, Jan. 11. 2 p. Typed, without and our project has gotten its feet on the ground. People want
signature on Plenty letterhead. to help move things in a positive direction.’
• Summary: Thanks for joining Plenty with a kind donation. “One of the heart connections that has come of our work
Plenty was founded in Oct. 1974. PAS stands for Plenty with soy in the Caribbean, is with the rastas. Many of them
Ambulance Service. have long ago vowed to “not eat no flesh mon!” stick with
On page 8 of the Tenth Anniversary Newsletter [about “Ital”–godfood, pure stuff. Many were into soy but had none.
Oct. 1984] the top photo shows our soy tech and a rasta One fellow, Ras Bongo on St. Vincent, had been given four
friend looking over The Book of Tofu. We have taken to heart soybean seeds by one on another island. Ras Bonga planted
your suggestion for spelling “soyfoods” as one word–an them, and carefully saved the seed each year, until he could
appropriate industry standard. afford to try some. Meanwhile, he asked around for soy, how
Plenty’s work with soybeans and soyfoods in the to use it, recipes, ideas for growing them, but found little.
Caribbean is going well. On Jamaica, Plenty Canada is When we showed up we were able to supply him with more
funding some agricultural work with variety trials of seeds and show him how to cook soyfoods. This is one of
soybeans and other vegetables. the intangible rewards that come with the work.” Address:
“On St. Lucia, as a result of our work last year, there Plenty USA, P.O. Box 90, Summertown, Tennessee 38483.
are 135 farmers now growing soybeans and plans call for Phone: (615) 964-3992.
setting up a “Soy Shop” [to sell soyfoods] there soon. The
first Soy Shop is on the island of Dominica where Plenty 657. Lewis, Stephen. 1985. Outdoor dining a la cart: New
volunteers Sara [sic, Sarah] & Norman Ayerst have launched York loves its food vendors. Chicago Tribune. Jan. 13. p. K3.
an integrated soy program (agriculture, variety trials, soy • Summary: New York–On a recent stroll down 5th Avenue,
demonstrations, etc.) which, last year, flowered into the Soy the writer counted 70 pushcarts selling food on corners in
Shop. Sara, who did the soy demonstrations on Dominica, the 10 blocks between 59th and 49th Streets. He watched as
found that there was a popular and tasty food called “rootis” New Yorkers bought “Italian ice cream, ice cream and frozen
(pronounced ‘roadie’), which are sauce & meat wrapped in tofu [soft-serve soy ice cream], melons, nectarines, peaches,
dough and fried. She whipped together a tasty tofu recipe hard candy, dried apricots, almonds and pistachios by that
and popped that in, and they’re a great success! I quote to pound, all washed down with gallons of ice-cold soda and
you from Norman’s most recent letter: fresh orange juice.”
“’The soya shop is still doing quite well. We sell about A large cartoon shows a food cart selling hot dogs.
800 accras (fritters) per day (25 cents ea.). We’re open Mon.
thru Fri.–can’t handle the weekends yet. Ice cream is also 658. Laura, J. 1985. Fast-growing Tofutti maker desserts
a big seller and when we get our own machine we have [New York] city for New Jersey. Crain’s New York Business.
requests for wholesale lots of the ice cream. We recently put Jan. 14. p. 17. *
tempeh on the market and it sells slowly (but steadily), at
this point–along with the tofu and bottled soymilk. We are 659. Rakosky, Joseph, Jr. 1985. Re: Central Soya’s work on
planning for some promotion of these last three products– non-dairy frozen desserts. Thoughts on the term “isolated
milkshakes, sandwiches, etc. Once the folks taste some soy protein.” Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center,
appetizing dishes they’re much more willing to take the Jan. 18–in reply to inquiry. 1 p. Typed, with signature on
product home in its raw form. There are a lot of vegetarians letterhead.
here and people interested in health, and everyone seems to • Summary: “The earliest reference I have in my files
have a great love of good food. concerning Central Soya’s work on frozen dessert made
“’We’re operating out of a big house in the Newton with isolate is dated April 21, 1964. Since this was a memo
district of Roseau... A friend of ours has reopened our old referring to a pilot plant run in producing the dry mix, work
shop under the name of “Soy Kweyole”. The new shop is its was obviously done previous to this date. The other bit
own entity [self owned by the local folks, which was one of of information is that the first use of the tradename ‘Rich
our original goals for the project... ed.] but we have provided Freeze’ was 1965...
backup in many ways and we supply the basic raw materials “Incidentally, we always regretted coming up with the
for the soyfoods they sell. They’re going into baked goods– generic name ‘isolated soy protein’ because people always
high protein breads, cakes, pies, etc. It looks like they are felt it sounded like a chemical. For some reason ‘soy protein

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concentrate’ never bothered anyone. As a result we started to potential and versatility of isolates. We served the ice creams
favor the generic name ‘soy protein isolate.’ It’s strange the to potential customers. I started to work with Purina in 1960
way people think in such instances.” Address: 5836 Crain and our team (headed by Ralph Hoer and soon joined by
St., Morton Grove, Illinois 60053. Phone: 312-966-7660. Frank Calvert) started building an isolate plant in St. Louis,
Missouri, shortly after that, so the first ice creams at Purina
660. Nelson, A.I. 1985. Present status of soybeans and were probably made in about 1962-63.
soyfoods in India (Interview). Conducted by William “When I joined Ralston Purina, the company already
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 29. 1 p. transcript. had a commercial isolate plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that
• Summary: Prof. Nelson is not aware of any soy ice cream made industrial isolates for paper coatings. It was only after I
being made on any level in India. arrived that Purina became involved in edible food-grade soy
The soy program in India is improving significantly. He protein isolates, and these isolates are now a major, rapidly
visited there recently for several days. A very substantial All- growing product line–which trace their origin back to Henry
Indian research and development effort is being established Ford.
in Bopal (the center of soybean production) to be used for Rich Products Corp. in Buffalo, New York got interested
training in soybean utilization and production. It is being in soy via Rex Diamond, who worked for Henry Ford as
funded by the Government of India and US AID (part of Bob Smith’s assistant. “Rex Diamond was the original spark
the PL 480 program). They hope to involve INTSOY very plug for Rich. I’m not sure who had the original idea for
strongly. whip toppings, coffee creamers, etc. Rex finally became the
The soybean utilization plant in Sri Lanka looks just research director for Rich Products Corp. and that company
beautiful. “It’s got to be head and shoulders above anything developed the first good whipped topping and coffee
else in the world.” The short course there was excellent with whitener.
24 participants from Sri Lanka. Address: Prof., Dep. of Food “When Bob Smith went out on his own to put out his
Science, Univ. of Illinois. own soymilk [sic, Delsoy whip topping], Rex went with him
[though several years later]. After that, Rex left Bob Smith
661. Boyer, Robert A. 1985. Henry Ford, soymilk, soy and eventually went with Rich Products. Later there were
ice cream, Bob Smith, Rex Diamond, and Rich Products some hard feelings between Rich Products and Rex, but I
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 30. Conducted by William don’t know what that was all about. I once visited Rex in
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Buffalo, New York.” Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. 731,
• Summary: Soymilk and soy ice cream: “We made soy Dunedin, Florida 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415.
ice creams in the early 1930s, as a sort of by-product of
our work with soymilk. We actually built quite a nice 662. Mayer, Jean; Goldberg, Jeanne. 1985. Nutrition.
little production unit for making soymilk. It was a natural Washington Post. Jan. 30. p. E3.
evolution to make soymilk from ice cream; we didn’t learn • Summary: Uses a question and answer format. Q: “A
the idea or the process from anyone. To make the ice cream, friend came to my house with a package of frozen dessert
we coagulated the soymilk to make a curd, like fresh tofu, made from tofu (soybean curd) that was similar to ice cream.
which we then dispersed (without drying it) in a colloid I was skeptical at first but found it quite tasty. The label said
mill. We found we got a better product from the curd than it contained no cholesterol. I am sending you the packaging
from the soymilk itself. So you could call the final product from both the fruit and the chocolate flavors...” What do you
a sort of tofu ice cream. The ice creams were made in the think?
laboratories at Greenfield Village in Dearborn. We had A: When evaluating the nutritional value of any new
2-3 labs there. Henry Ford used to call it the Engineering food, we should “look at two places on the label: the
Laboratory. The ice creams were served to special ingredients list and the nutrition information panel.” Indeed
visitors. Mr. Ford would put on special press luncheons this product contains no animal fat and no cholesterol; and
for journalists, food editors, etc. and soy ice cream was their is no indication that the corn oil has been hydrogenated.
always on the menu. It was also served in the VIP lounge. It “In terms of total fat (and calories), however, this dessert
remained an experimental item that we and Mr. Ford would does not seem to offer a significant advantage.” Four ounces
serve to impress people with the good taste and versatility of “the fruit-flavored frozen tofu dessert” contains 9 grams
of soy. We served it in the basic favorite American flavors: of fat and 170 calories. That is more than regular dairy ice
Chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. I don’t recall whether cream (10% fat) which contains 7 grams of fat and 135
or not it was served at the 1934 World’s Fair in Chicago calories.
[probably not], or whether it was served after the start of The chocolate frozen tofu is even more of a problem.
World War II. It contains 13 grams of fat and 210 calories per 4-ounce
“Later at Ralston Purina we made soy ice cream serving.
prototypes from soy protein isolates in order to show the

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663. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1985. Rice Dream (Interview).

SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 31. Conducted by William Shurtleff of 666. Product Name: Rice Dream (Rice-Based Non-
Soyfoods Center. Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Hard Pack, Pints: Vanilla, Carob,
• Summary: In June 1984 Robert launched Rice Dream, a Strawberry, Lemon, Carob Chip, Orange, Carob Almond].
non-dairy ice cream based on amazake made from koji in the Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc.
traditional way. Rice Dream was his idea and he developed Manufacturer’s Address: Amazake made by California
the product. He was working at the time with partner David Natural Products, Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream made by
Carlson, who liked the hands-on craftsmanship. Carlson is Peninsula Creamery, 900 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94302.
presently an inactive partner in the business, but he still owns Offices at 299 California Ave. #305, Palo Alto, CA 94306.
stock. They were working with Chico-San, from whom they Date of Introduction: 1985. January.
were buying rice and Yinnies rice syrup. They agreed to do Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, brown rice (partially milled),
a joint venture to make amazake and rice syrup at the same safflower oil, vanilla, lecithin, carob bean and guar gum,
new plant in California. So Chico-San moved the rice syrup carrageenan, sea salt.
out of their plant and into the new plant. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint carton. Retails for $2.22
Robert is now having the Rice Dream made at Peninsula to $2.25 (2/88).
Creamery in Palo Alto, but he still lives in Fayetteville. How Stored: Frozen.
Working with a photographer and typesetter, he recently Nutrition: Per ½ cup. Calories 130, protein 1 gm,
developed a new color leaflet. Rice Dream will be in carbohydrates 20 gm, fat 5 gm, sodium 80 mg.
Berkeley, distributed by Rock Island, in 2 weeks. The price New Product–Documentation: Interview with Thom
is higher than Ice Bean and a little lower than Tofutti [both Leonard. 1985. Aug. Robert Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods
soy ice creams]. The only soy in the product is the lecithin. no longer makes or uses koji. Instead he uses a commercial
Imagine Foods no longer makes any soyfoods. Rice Dream enzyme blend from Miles Laboratories and other enzyme
has 16 distributors nationwide. They presently sell only hard suppliers. His company is now in Palo Alto.
pack Rice Dream but will soon develop a liquid mix. They Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1986. May. p. 53.
buy koji from Miyako Oriental Foods in Los Angeles. They “Presenting Rice Dream Soft Serve.”
used to make it themselves and plan to do so again later. The Bob Schiering. 1988. Jan. 18. U.S. Amazake
product originally contained no added oil. Now they add Manufacturers Update. Based on interviews with 8
a little safflower oil to the thick amazake to avoid iciness companies. Imagine Foods now makes about 2,000 to 4,000
and get it to pack well in cartons. Address: Executive Vice gallons/week in spring, summer, and fall, 2,000 gallons/
President, Director of Product Development, Imagine Foods week in winter. It retails for $2.09 to $2.16/pint. It is made
Inc., P.O. Box 1702, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72702. Phone: with “pure culture enzymes.” Talk with Steve Reed of Brown
501-443-7216. Cow. 1988. Feb. 1. California Natural Products in Manteca,
California makes the base for Rice Dream.
664. Schaefer, Robert. 1985. Development of the parevine Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. Feb. 7. In the
standards (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of summer of 1984 he was talking with Chico-San, especially
Soyfoods Center, Jan. 31. 2 p. transcript. Peter Milbury, about his making amazake and their making
• Summary: Former secretary of the New York Ice Cream Rice Syrup in the same plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas, a
Manufacturer’s Association, he worked with the state of rice farming center, where the macrobiotic trading company
New York to draft America’s first standards for parevine Mountain Ark had just moved. The idea fell through when
(pronounced par-VEEN). Parevine is a non-dairy frozen Bob Kennedy sold Chico-San to Heinz. Robert decided to
dessert that resembles ice cream except that it contains no move his plant there anyway. Then one day Milbury called
milk or meat products, nor their derivatives (such as gelatin). and said that a company named California Natural Products
It may contain eggs. New York was the first state to adopt (CNP, in Manteca, CA), which was making inulin (for
parevine standards–in the late 1960s. Most other states diabetics) from dahlia tubers, and a natural coffee substitute
adopted New York’s parevine standards. Address: New York. from the same tubers, had the necessary equipment. Their
process was similar to malting and extracting a syrup,
665. Product Name: Tofugurt (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream). but they used no rice or enzymes. CNP started to make
Manufacturer’s Name: Continental Culture Specialists. Nissenbaum’s amazake using rice and enzymes in early
Manufacturer’s Address: 1354 E. Colorado, Glendale, CA 1985. They shipped it in a stainless steel tanker to the
91206. Peninsula Creamery in Palo Alto, where it was made into
Date of Introduction: 1985. January. Rice Dream. Koji was no longer used. The use of enzymes
How Stored: Frozen. increased the glucose content of the product, obviating the
New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. use of maple syrup. Robert moved to Palo Alto in 1986.
Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 82. California Natural Products is now doing a booming business

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making rice syrup, which is rapidly becoming the preferred results showed that 39% of those responding thought Tofutti
sweetener in the natural foods industry. Today Rice Dream contained 50% or more tofu, and only 8% answered correctly
retails for about $2.00 to $2.25 in California. It is less that it contained less than 15% tofu. The conclusion was
expensive than most soy ice creams. Robert is exporting it to clear: The great majority of the people thought that tofutti
Canada and will soon export containers to the UK. He has a contained much more tofu than it actually did. Medoff
patent pending on the process and formulation. One gallon thought that this was proof of misbranding. The follow-up
of amazake base from CNP yields about 1.5 gallons of hard question was “Would you buy Tofutti if you knew what was
pack Ice Dream. The amazake base comprises more than really in it?” It was explained that the three main ingredients
90% of the ingredients. If white rice has 100% of the bran were water, fructose, and oil. Over 61% said they would
removed, his rice has only 30% removed. Thus it is lightly either stop buying it, or would be discouraged from buying
polished brown rice. Labels. 1988. Feb. Many flavors. Full it again or as often. The remaining 39% said they would
color showing ice cream cones floating in the sky. “Rice continue to consume it regardless. Address: New York.
Dream Non-Dairy Dessert. Parevine. Pareve. No cholesterol.
No refined sweeteners. Rice Dream has fewer calories than 670. Product Name: Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace Tofu Frozen
most frozen tofu desserts and none of their refined sugar. Dessert [Ten Flavors].
The sweet creaminess you love in Rice Dream comes from Manufacturer’s Name: Seligco Food Co. Frusen Gladje
our unique recipe that enables the starches in brown rice to Ltd.
convert to natural sugars.” Manufacturer’s Address: 424 E. John St., Lindenhurst, NY
11757.
667. Kerr, D. 1985. Tofu technology opens profit niche: Not Date of Introduction: 1985. January.
really low calorie. Dairy Field 168(1):64-67. Jan. Ingredients: Water, sucrose, high fructose corn sweetener,
soy oil, cocoa, chocolate chips, tofu, soy protein, mono and
668. Leviten, Peter. 1985. Soy products are on the move: diglycerides, cellulose gum, dipotassium phosphate, salt,
Long a staple of the health foods industry, soybeans are polysorbate 80.
finding their ways into many exciting new products. Health How Stored: Frozen.
Foods Retailing. Jan. p. 18-22.
• Summary: Over the past 2-3 years, the popularity of soy-
based products has been growing. “Smart health food store
owners will profit by giving customers a wide variety of
these tasty, low cholesterol, high protein items.” Taste is the
key to soy foods’ success. One pioneer product was tofu.
One flashy newcomer is Tofutti.
Danielle Lin, owner of Laughing Moon Foods in Los
Angeles, is a self-proclaimed tofu “freak.” She is also the
maker of a tofu turnover that is a meatless alternative to the
traditional chicken pot pie. Lin also handles public relations
for the Soyfoods Association of America.
Lin believes that the success of Tofutti could be the
catalyst for launching other soy-based foods, a view that is
echoed by several manufacturers of such foods. Gary Barat
of Legume, Inc. says sales of his frozen entrees made with
tofu are up 400% over last year.
“The interest in soy foods has basically been sparked by
tofu.” Address: Associate Editor.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Interview
669. Medoff, Marc. 1985. Miracle or myth: Debunking the with Randy Stuart of Frusen Gladje. 1985. Jan. 16. He will
Tofutti fad. Whole Life, 89 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, New York, send a news release on the product. Talk again on Feb. 27.
NY 10003. 30 p. Jan. Unpublished manuscript. They will soon have a big press conference to announce their
• Summary: On 23 December 1984 Medoff and a research product. He does not know whether or not it contains any
assistant stood for 5½ freezing hours outside the Tofutti tofu. The theme will be “Ice cream with no regrets.”
Shop in uptown Manhattan administering a questionnaire a Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
simple questionnaire to 132 customers as they left the shop. Creams. p. 82-83. This product was off the market by mid-
When asked “How much tofu is in Tofutti?” those polled 1986.
could respond with any percentage estimate they liked. The

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671. Product Name: Tofruzen (Non-Dairy Soft Serve equal shares of the market for isolated soy proteins; there
Soy Ice Cream) [Multiberry, Strawberry, Dutch Chocolate, are no other major manufacturers. In 1984 approximate total
Orange Coconut Custard, Vanilla Almond, or Peach Melba, use of isolates, with Tofutti as a major user, was 200,000 to
Mountain Berry, Tropical Sunshine, Chocolate Peanut 400,000 lb as delivered. Since only 2% of the soy ice cream
Crunch]. mix is isolates, this translates into 10 to 20 million lb of mix.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Today (Marketer). Made in To convert this to gallons, figure 40-50% overrun, leading to
Boulder, Colorado, by White Wave, Inc. 3 to 3.5 million gallons of nondairy frozen desserts.
Manufacturer’s Address: 333 W. Hampden, Suite 1010, Why did Central Soya get out of the soy protein isolate
Denver, CO 80110. business at the very time when they were the world leader
Date of Introduction: 1985. January. with their line of Promine products? Probably because it
Ingredients: Incl. tofu. was not profitable. When they got out, they literally handed
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints, soft serve, 3.5 oz cups, or the market over to Ralston Purina. They told their former
bulk. Pint hard pack costs $2.49. customers to buy from Purina, and even which products to
How Stored: Frozen. buy. This move made Purina’s isolate business profitable.
Nutrition: 4 oz. has less than 130 calories. Prior to that, Purina was within a year of getting out of
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Shurtleff & isolates. Address: ADM, Manger of Product Applications,
Aoyagi. 1985. Feb. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 81. Food Research Div., 1825 N. Laramie, Chicago, Illinois,
Made with tofu and isolated soy proteins. Private labeled 60639.
for Tofu Today in Denver; Spot in Product Alert. 1985. May
27. Vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry flavors available. 673. Wilkinson, Ralph. 1985. History of Grain Processing
Company is in Englewood, Colorado. Product Alert. 1985. Corp (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of
Sept. 23. A new variety is Orange Coconut Custard, in pint Soyfoods Center, Feb. 1. 1 p. transcript.
cartons for $2.49. “Tofu Today, Inc., located in Denver, • Summary: GPC had a pilot plant producing commercial
Colorado, is the manufacturer [sic]. soy products in about 1969. Their basic business is wet
Spot in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1985. Oct. Six milling of corn, making starches and beverage alcohols.
flavors. Spot in Food & Beverage Marketing. 1985. Nov. Their only soy product is isolates. They are the pioneer in
“Tofu Heads for Rockies.” The product is being introduced maltodextrins. Address: Muscatine, Iowa.
into the Denver area. Jason Bois is president of Boulder-
based Tofu Today. 674. Brawerman, Mark. 1985. Selling his company
Sentinel (Lakewood, Colorado). 1986. Jan. 30. “Local (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 6. Conducted by William
Competition for Tofutti.” It sells for a little over $2/pint at Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
King Soopers. By Aug. 1986 Tofu Today Inc. was at 300 • Summary: Mark has decided to sell his company. The new
East Hampden, Suite 403, Englewood, CO 80110. Leaflet. buyer may introduce a new soy ice cream. Mark plans to go
1987. March. 8½ by 11 inches, color. “Introducing the to work for a food company.
hottest new seller in frozen desserts... Tofruzen, Instead of
Ice Cream. The frozen dessert with tofu that meets Soyfoods 675. Medoff, Marc. 1985. Checking up on Tofutti
Association standards.” (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Talk with Steve Demos of White Wave. 1989. Nov. Center, Feb. 6. 1 p. transcript.
1. Tofruzen is in very bad shape, largely from poor • Summary: Medoff thinks Tofutti contained no tofu from
management. They want the fast buck. A market exists for April 1983 to Dec. 1983. Address: New York.
their product. White Wave’s sales to them were last year
$800,000 last year but only $300,000 this year. Now they are 676. Doblin, Stuart. 1985. Plans to make soymilk ice cream,
starting to rise a bit. They greatly over-ordered last year and soy yogurt, and soymilk at Cream of the Bean (Interview).
had huge inventories. Most of their sales are from hard pack. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 11.
Sales of bars are small. Tofruzen Light, announced in Aug. 1 p. transcript.
1987 (see Soya Newsletter. 1(3):11. Coming soon. To be • Summary: His company, Cream of the Bean, is building
made entirely without sugars), has not yet been launched. a new, fully-automatic plant, which will be ready in about
a month. His first product will be a soy yogurt, his second
672. Young, L. Steven. 1985. Work with soy protein products a soymilk, and his third a soy ice cream. The soy ice cream
by ADM and Central Soya, including soy ice creams and soy probably won’t be out, on a small scale, until Sept. 1985, in
protein isolates (Three interviews). Conducted by William vanilla and carob flavors. The name of the ice cream has not
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 9 and 16, Feb. 14. 7 p. yet been decided, but it may be “Cream of the Bean.” The
transcript. company will do its own distribution in the Chicago area.
• Summary: ADM and Ralston Purina have approximately Eventually he also hopes to make a soy kefir.

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He is using the Illinois method for making the soymilk

and ice cream. He signed a licensing agreement with an 681. Aldon, Don. 1985. Work with Swift & Co. and non-
independent firm appointed by the University of Illinois in dairy frozen desserts (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 26.
Dec. 1984. This is the first University of Illinois license for Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
ice cream or yogurt; it is valid until 1987. (Beatrice Foods • Summary: Don started with Swift & Co. in 1961 in the
licensed the rights to produce a soymilk). Most ice cream “Vegetable Protein Products Division,” a brand new division
is made from “condensed skim,” which is less expensive of the oil mill department. The oil was their main product
than nonfat dried milk. His ice cream will be made from and the protein-rich meal was a by-product. The president
condensed soymilk and will contain no tofu. of the oil mill department started this department to turn the
Update: Talk with Stuart Doblin. 1989. Aug. 14. He meal into food. Research on vegetable proteins started in
made the soy ice cream for one summer, the summer of about 1957-58.
1987. He made the soymilk only for those who brought their Their first product, launched in early 1961, was brand-
own container to his plant, so it was not really a commercial named SFP (Swift’s Protein Food), a water-extracted,
product. Soymilk sales were never more than $100/month. granular soy protein concentrate, containing 70% protein. It
Address: Cream of the Bean, 3973 Grove Ave., Gurnee, was not an isoelectric concentrate, and it was not texturized.
Illinois 60031. Phone: 312-623-4114. It was used mostly in ground beef products, but also in some
breads. More was sold to other companies than used in
677. Bourne, Dick. 1985. Rich Products Corp., Presto Foods, Swift’s meat products.
Rex Diamond, and the National Association for Advanced The next product was Texgran, a textured soy flour
Foods (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of (somewhat like today’s TVP), invented by Dean Wilding
Soyfoods Center, Feb. 12. 1 p. transcript. in about 1963-64. He invented a texturization process
• Summary: RGB Labs is a sister company of Presto Food while trying to find a way to extrusion cook soy flour. He
Products, 1602 Forest St., Kansas City, Missouri 64108. visited Wenger and saw a variety of products they made.
Presto Food Products did early work using isolated soy He recognized their value and bought a machine. Don
proteins in non-dairy products. Founded in June 1936 by worked for about 18 months developing the process, doing
Melvin S. Morse in Kansas City, Missouri, the company research, and generating information to be used in the patent.
acquired a franchise from the Instant Whip Company in Swift started selling the product before they applied for the
Columbus, Ohio, to make Instant Whip, an aerosol dairy patent. “As soon as our competitors saw this product, they
whipped cream. For details, see Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. recognized its value because they had been extruding dog
Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams. Address: RGB Labs, 1531 food. Ralston Purina slammed things together and got a
Charlotte St., Kansas City, Missouri 64108. Phone: 816-474- patent application in first. Two weeks later ADM had one in.
3342. Then 3-4 weeks later Swift applied.” Swift started selling
Texgran in 1964-65. The patent was finally issued in about
678. Washington Post. 1985. McFadden at Penny’s. Feb. 17. 1971-72. Litigation went on for years and years between the
p. H3. three companies. Finally Ralston got the basic patent since
• Summary: Licensing new products: “Gloria Vanderbilt is they had applied first. ADM and Swift got a royalty-free
putting her name on a frozen tofu! In ten flavors, including license. They did that just to settle the litigation. Note: The
three chocolates and southern pecan.” final key U.S. patent (No. 3,940,495) was issued to Ronald
Flier of Ralston Purina in Feb. 1976, based on an application
679. Lyon, Alexander. 1985. Early history of soy ice cream field on 17 Jan. 1973, but based on an earlier application
on The Farm in Tennessee (Interview). Conducted by filed on 10 July 1964.
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 18. Texgran was used by Swift as a meat extender and sold
• Summary: See interview of 26 Dec. 1981. Address: to other companies as well. The first retail product in which
Summertown, Tennessee. Texgran was used was artificial bacon bits, the first such
product on the market. Don developed this product, which
680. Anderson, Bob. 1985. Work with Swift & Co., Grain was launched in about 1977-78. It was based on Texgran,
Processing Corp., and non-dairy frozen desserts (Interview). with flavors added then smoked in a smokehouse. Right after
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 25. that, General Mills introduced Bac*O’s.
1 p. transcript. Swift, which had a combined dairy and ice cream
• Summary: Bob used to work with cheese, butter and dairy department (the main plant was in Holland, Michigan) was
products for Swift & Co. He recalls a nondairy frozen dessert also involved in making soy ice creams, using soy protein
made with Promine D [from Central Soya]. “In about 1972 isolates purchased from Central Soya. For years, Swift also
we sold it in Jamaica and tried unsuccessfully to get it into made an artificial nonfat dried milk (NFDM) called Provide,
Mexico.” based on soy flour and cheese whey. They introduced it in

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about 1973-74. It was used by bakeries in place of NFDM. Gary Barat, president of the Soyfoods Association,
But Swift never really got into using isolates commercially. states: “You have companies that want to say they’re using
They were preparing to do so when they sold the business. tofu when they aren’t because its a terrific marketing angle.
Dean’s Dairy in Arizona was the first to start selling Its a little misleading.”
Swift’s artificial milk, which contained vegetable fat, nonfat Another product with no tofu in it is “Colombo Frozen
dry milk, and soy isolates. The product didn’t last very long; Tofu.” Address: Staff reporter.
it was used to sort of test the market. For details, ask Tony
Scaletto, who was Mr. Dipper Dan–head of Swift’s ice cream 683. Johnson, Dale W. 1985. Work with The Glidden
operations. “We had those ice cream parlors nationwide at Company and Central Soya (Interview). Conducted
one time. He developed all the ice creams and novelties. by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 27. 5 p.
He may not remember all that went on with soy; we were transcript.
compartmentalized.” Note: Talk with Tony Scaletto (Feb. • Summary: Dale went to work for Glidden in 1948. The
26): He is certain that Swift never had a frozen dessert following people worked at Glidden: Walter Bain, Sidney
containing soy protein on the market. He tried using soy Circle (who now has Parkinson’s disease), Andy Engstrom,
protein in a soft-serve product but it was unsuccessful. Art Levinson (who was with Spencer Kellogg & Sons in
Swift got out of the soy protein business because it was the 1920s and 1930s before coming to Glidden), Willard C.
driven by the vegetable oil business. They sold the whole oil Lighter, Ed Meyer, Joseph Rakosky. People who worked
business (3 crushing plants) to A.E. Staley in about 1979. at Central Soya before Central shut down their food labs in
The one making soy products was in Champaign, Illinois. early 1949: Louis Sair who went to Griffith Laboratories,
He is not sure exactly why, but probably because sales and Ken Gunther who founded Gunther Products, and E.B.
earnings fluctuated too much and could not be controlled. Oberg who went to Glidden and then Carnation.
Also, most of the old-timers who really knew the business Industrial soy protein isolates really started
had retired. commercially in about 1934. They were originally used
Staley kept Provide and had it custom made outside. mainly as coatings for paper, but some were used in paints,
Since Staley had its own textured soy protein product, it shut shoe polish, and other miscellaneous uses. Procter & Gamble
down the Swift protein plant; SFP lingered on, then died. started making industrial soy protein isolates in the late
Concerning Swift’s early history: They started as a meat 1930s or early 1940s; they made an isolate that went into
packer. Then in the 1930s or 1940s they started making oil Spic and Span, a wall cleanser. The isolate served both as
products from lard. In about 1938, to extend their business, a good detergent and to give a coating to a painted wall to
they got into the oil extraction business and soybeans. Today make it easier to clean the second time.
their big products are processed meats and poultry. Swift Also discusses Promine D, Amisoy, Ralston Purina,
bought Hunt-Wesson in late 1983 or 1984. Swift & Co. is Pillsbury’s work with soy isolates, Picot Laboratory in
now a division of Beatrice Meats, Inc. in Oak Brook, Illinois. Mexico, General Foods, Pillsbury, Morel, Sidney Circle’s
All the old company records on soy have been discarded. move to Anderson Clayton in 1967, why Central Soya
Dean Wilding is now in the Philippines building houses. sold its isolate business to ADM, the story of how Glidden
He left Kraft several years ago. His son is a contractor. developed soy protein concentrate (first commercialized as
Address: Alberto Culver, 2525 Armitage, Melrose Park, Promosoy by Central Soya in the early 1960s), first big sale
Illinois. Phone: 312-450-3000. of Promosoy in the early 1960s to Mead Johnson for use in
their Metrecal Wafer (it was not used in liquid Metrecal),
682. Hall, Trish. 1985. Tofu products may be in, but its fans Central Soya’s concentrate plant at Gibson City, Illinois,
wonder it there’s tofu in the products. Wall Street Journal. Henry Ford’s researchers who did the pioneering work in
Feb. 27. p. 33. whipped toppings, especially Rex Diamond who eventually
• Summary: Discusses the lack of tofu in Tofutti and Royal went to Rich Products and ended up committing suicide,
American’s Tofu Mousses. In 1983 when David Mintz was and Bob Smith who went to Delsoy, Bob Boyer and Francis
raising money to expand his Tofutti business, his prospectus Calvert went to Ralston Purina, Bill Atkinson went to ADM,
boasted that the non-dairy frozen dessert contained no Jim Liggett at Central Soya developed Rich Freeze (a soy ice
butterfat, no cholesterol and no lactose. It failed to mention cream). Address: Food Ingredients (Minnesota), Inc., 2121
that the product also contained no tofu. Instead of tofu, the Toledo Ave. No., Golden Valley, Minnesota 55422. Phone:
product used isolated soy protein. 612-588-9456.
But despite the initial disagreement, Mr. Mintz has
emerged as something of a hero among those who long to see 684. Australian Dairy Foods. 1985. Soy report: Soy blends
tofu accepted as a new food. “Thanks to the rapid success of to overcome disadvantages? Frozen soybean desserts.
Tofutti, tofu is a word that can now help sell a product rather Technology is here for soy beverages. Feb. p. 46.
than automatically drive customers away.” • Summary: Blends of soymilk and dairy milk are being

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considered in Australia. Address: Australia. for You.” Made with 15% tofu. Frozen Food Age. 1987.
April. p. 42. Adding three new flavors: Cappuccino Almond,
685. Australian Dairy Foods. 1985. Soy report: Tofutti is Heavenly Hash, and Peanut Butter Crunch.
tantalising U.S. tastebuds. Flavored soy drinks selling well.
Feb. p. 51. 687. Boyer, Robert A. 1985. Reminiscences: Automotive
• Summary: “Americans are devouring 180,000 litres of design–Oral history project. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry
Tofutti a week.” Ford Museum and Greenfield Village. 130 p. Accession
Ceres Natural Foods Pty. Ltd. in East Bentleigh, #1673.
Victoria, Australia is currently distributing 7 varieties of • Summary: This is the transcript of an interviews conducted
soymilk plus a Tetra Pak tofu. Mr. Don Lazzaro is the by Dave Crippen of the Henry Ford Museum on 7 Feb.
company’s director. Address: Australia. 1985 at Mr. Boyer’s home in Dunedin, Florida. It covers all
aspects of Boyer’s work with soybeans at the Ford Motor
686. Product Name: Tofulite (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream– Co., including: Growing up in Royal Oak, Michigan; his
Parevine) [Vanilla, Chocolate, Strawberry, Banana-Pecan, father worked in the accounting department of the Ford
Heavenly Hash, Peanut Butter Crunch, Cappuccino Almond, Motor Co. at Highland Park, Michigan (p. 1). Boyer’s
or Wildberry]. first meeting with Frank Campsall (p. 2). Growing up at
Manufacturer’s Name: Barricini Foods Inc. (Marketer). the Wayside Inn (the oldest hotel in America, in South
Made in Tennessee by Farm Foods. Sudbury, Massachusetts, p. 1-6). Attending high school in
Manufacturer’s Address: 68 West Main St., Oyster Bay, Framingham, Massachusetts (p. 6). First meeting with Henry
NY 11771. Ford when the two ice skated together on the mill pond
Date of Introduction: 1985. February. behind the Wayside Inn (p. 7). Moving to Dearborn in Sept.
Ingredients: Strawberry: Water, sugar, corn syrup, 1927 to attend Ford’s Trade School (p. 7-11). Early work
sunflower and/or coconut oil, strawberries, tofu, soy protein at the chemical plant (quarter-size model of Iron Mountain
isolate, strawberry extract with other natural flavors, soy plant) in Greenfield Village (p. 12-13). Ford’s trip to
lecithin, carob bean, guar, salt. Germany [Peace Ship to Europe, in 1915 during World War
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint carton. I?] crystallized a lot of his thinking. The Great Depression
How Stored: Frozen. and the origins of his chemurgic thinking. In 1934 the first
Nutrition: Per 4 fl oz. strawberry: Calories 130, protein 1 National Chemurgic Conference was held at Dearborn Inn;
gm, carbohydrates 20 gm, fat 5 gm, sodium 45 mg. Boyer was in charge of the program. Mr. Irenee DuPont
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Quick attended and Mr. Ford spent a lot of time with him. Before
Frozen Foods. 1985. Feb. p. 56. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. that, the DuPonts and the big banks did not trust Ford. (p.
Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 85. “During 1984 14). Opening of Greenfield Village in late 1929 on the 50th
Barricini selected Farm Foods, Tennessee-based makers of anniversary of Edison’s first successful light bulb (p. 15).
Ice Bean, to develop with them, then to make and market Chemical experiments on truckloads of farm crops using a
for them, an all-natural non-dairy soy ice cream.” Food retort; Frank Calvert (p. 16-19).
Processing. 1985. April. p. 41-42. Experiments starting in about 1933 using hexane as a
Leaflet, 2 sides, color, 8½ by 11 inches. 1986. June. solvent to extract the oil from soybeans; the Ford Extractor
Tofulite. “As Rich and Delightful as Ice Cream, only Better (p. 20-23). Boyer’s group wanted to get pure protein from

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soybeans. So “in the lab we developed our own process 45). Development of soy ice cream; lipoxidase enzyme
for extracting the oil... We used hexane solvent, like dry inactivation (p. 45-46).
cleaning. We’d flake the beans and run them through a pipe Visits to Battle Creek, Michigan and Dr. John Harvey
that was full of hexane on an angle with a screw in it.” Kellogg (p. 47). Boyer’s work was with industrial products;
Hexane solvent is “distilled out of petroleum. It has a very the plastic car and structural plastics with hemp, flax, and
narrow boiling point–66º centigrade. The Ford extractor... phenol formaldehyde (soya protein Bakelite resin) (p. 47-64,
got quite a lot of attention. We built it across the street from 70). Making trunk lids using a hydraulic press (p. 50). Ford’s
the chemical plant. It was about 150 feet away. Mounted it famous axe demonstration on a trunk lid (p. 50-52). Lowell
all by itself because everybody was afraid of fire.” A roof Overly and Joe Stewart (p. 53-56, 61, 78-79). Boyer drives
was built over it but no walls. It was probably built in about the plastic car home (p. 63). Ford’s aim with the plastic car:
1933. to provide industrial markets for farmers (p. 65). World War
In 1933 at the World’s Fair [sic, the Ford Exposition II stops plastic car development (p. 65-66). Contract to build
of Progress] in New York City, Boyer’s group had a glass an airplane wing of plastic (p. 66-70). The plastic lid and car
model (on a table) of this extractor that used hexane solvent. contain little or no soy (p. 70). Fiberglass and the Chevrolet
Note: Ford boycotted Chicago’s A Century of Progress Corvette (p. 71). Plexiglas and the B-24 bomber made at
Exposition which opened in 1933, in part to call attention to Willow Run (p. 72). Edsel Ford’s death of stomach cancer in
the company’s 30th anniversary; he held his own “industrial the spring of 1943 and its effect on his father, Henry (p. 73-
fair,” first in Detroit and then in New York, in late 1933. 74). Ending work with soy fiber (p. 74).
Business Week described it as “the greatest industrial show Boyer leaves Ford in 1943 and goes to work for Drackett
ever held.” Some 2.3 million people attended the two-week Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wife needs to leave Detroit. After
show in New York. 1943 Boyer’s career really takes off. Dr. Gangloff (p. 75-77).
A working model of the Ford extractor, using hexane Use of soy fiber by Drackett in felt hats. “We sold them a lot
solvent, was at the Chicago World’s Fair, starting in mid- of fiber and we decided to build a bigger plant.” Building
1934, in the Ford Industrial Barn. “They would never let you a protein plant and a fiber plant in Cincinnati big enough
do that today. Too dangerous.” to supply the hat company’s demands and larger “than we
Research on purified soy protein and soy plastics with needed just to supply our fiber operation.” They also had a
formaldehyde; Bakelite (p. 24-25). Use of soy oil for foundry big operation in Cincinnati for high-impact (not structural)
core binders for casting the Ford V-8 engine block; thus, plastic (p. 78-80). Drackett’s marketing people knew how
the soy experiments are now commercialized. Building a to market Windex and Drano “but they had no feeling for
50 ton/day extractor (p. 26-27). Spinning soy protein fiber the soybean operation. So when Mr. Drackett died, they
like rayon, based on spinning milk protein in Italy. Using sold the whole soybean plant to Archer-Daniels-Midland
the fibers to make wrinkle resistant synthetic wool, a suit (ADM, p. 81-83). Before Mr. Drackett died, Boyer’s division
of clothes for Henry Ford and others, overcoats, neckties, had developed commercial soy products, and Drackett was
felt hats. “We also found that these fibers blended in very making money on the plastic (phenol formaldehyde plus
well with rabbit fur for making men’s felt hats. So the Hat hemp) and the fiber (p. 81). Use of soy protein as a paper
Corporation of America took all the fiber we could make. coating (p. 83). ADM finally closes the old Drackett protein
It wasn’t very much and they would blend it in with rabbit plant and sells it to Central Soya, which used the million
fur. And they actually had them [the men’s felt hats] on the bushel elevator capacity for storage (p. 83-84).
market.” Rabbit fur is very expensive (p. 29-36). Ford’s suit Shortly after Mr. Drackett died, Boyer left Drackett to
of clothes contained 65% wool and 35% soy fiber. Boyer work on his edible soy fiber, where he owned patents. “If we
leaves Ford Motor Co. in 1943. Problem with fiber was can make a fiber from soy protein that resembles the outside
tensile strength, especially wet strength. Ford’s interest in of a sheep, why not make a fiber that will resemble the inside
this fiber work, and his fitness at age 75 (p. 37-38). Ford (p. 84-86). Idea of building an edible soy protein plant is in
“was not a true vegetarian but he was pretty close” (p. Cincinnati, with Mr. Drackett’s approval (p. 87). Boyer tries
38). Edsel Ruddiman’s work with foods (p. 39-47). Boyer to find companies to license rights to his landmark patent:
and Ruddiman attend American Soybean Assoc. soybean Virginia Carolina Chemical (Taftville, Connecticut, p. 88);
conference in Washington, DC [in Sept. 1932] where Swift & Co. (p. 89-92); Unilever, which was interested in
they saw “leather-like products that the Chinese make” peanut protein in Africa and at Port Sunlight near Liverpool
[yuba]. Boyer tried unsuccessfully to use the idea to make (p. 92-94, 112-13); General Foods and Nabisco (Fairmont,
“synthetic leather.” USDA’s experimental farm in Holgate, New Jersey research lab) (p. 94, 99). Unilever and Swift pay
Ohio, where many soybeans sent back by W.J. Morse were licensing fees of $20,000 a year plus consulting fees. General
tested (p. 40-42). Work with soybean milk (p. 43-46). The Mills and Ralston Purina (p. 94-95). Why Swift dropped its
executive dining room in the Engineering Laboratory. interest (p. 95-96). General Mills and Bacos (p. 96). Patent
Henry Ford invited Boyer to lunch there about 6 times (p. expires in 1971 after 17 years (p. 96). Worthington Foods

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(p. 97). Ralston Purina was getting into protein. In about Michigan State University to teach canning to students. (p.
1956-58 they “had bought Procter & Gamble’s protein plant 129-30). Boyer’s personal impressions of Henry Ford (p.
in Louisville [Kentucky], which was making industrial 128-30). Address: 632 Edgewater Dr. #731, Dunedin, Florida
protein for paper coating” (p. 98). Worthington Foods was 33528.
too small to make their own soy protein fibers, so Ralston
Purina made it for them (p. 78-80). Ralston Purina’s great 688. Product Name: Ice Bean Tofu Flavors (Non-Dairy
success with edible soy protein and their small conflict: pet Frozen Dessert) [Soft Serve: Tofu Vanilla, Strawberry, or
food vs. human food (p. 100-01). From 1961 to 1971 Boyer Chocolate].
was receiving licensing fees / patent royalties from Ralston Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
Purina, Worthington, and General Mills (p. 102). General Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
Mills and Bacos (p. 103-04). Ralston Purina’s patent lawsuit TN 38483.
against Far-Mar-Co. Ralston won $8 million. Boyer testified Date of Introduction: 1985. February.
as an expert witness (p. 104-05). Ingredients: Incl. soy protein isolates, fresh soymilk, tofu,
Boyer remarries and retires in 1971 (p. 102, 105, high fructose corn syrup, honey.
107). Subsequent work with Miles and Worthington; the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Half gallon cartons.
Morningstar Farms line (p. 105-08). Companies now How Stored: Frozen.
spinning soy protein fiber (two in the Netherlands, one in New Product–Documentation: Talk with Robert Tepper
Japan, one in Australia). Ford Foundation was not interested of Farm Foods. 1984. March. Soy protein isolates give
in his work with soy protein for Third World nations (p. an ice cream that tastes better to most Americans and is
110). Central Soya bought the ADM plant that was located in considerably less expensive than that made from fresh
Chicago (p. 113-14). Kellogg’s Corn Soya breakfast cereal soymilk. Farm Foods plans to introduce a product like this
(p. 114-15). Worthington’s Soyloin Steaks; all early Kellogg for institutional markets.
and Worthington vegetarian products based on wheat gluten Poster (8½ by 14 inches, black and white). 1985,
(p. 119). When Worthington bought Battle Creek they got undated. “Sneak Preview. Opening Soon. Ice Bean’s Tofu
their lady research director; she worked at Worthington until Flavors... with that sweet, creamy taste you’ll love.” Starting
she was quite elderly. Boyer visited her in her lab at Battle Feb. 15th, soft serve in half gallons, 3 flavors: Tofu vanilla,
Creek several times (p. 119-20. Note: Josephine F. Williams tofu strawberry, and tofu chocolate. Showtime March 1st,
was in charge of the lab and product development at Battle pints and 3 gallon tubs in 3 flavors: Tofu vanilla, tofu almond
Creek, where she worked closely with Dr. John H. Kellogg. fudge, and tofu strawberry. Open April 1st, pints and 3 gallon
She kept similar positions at Worthington Foods, according tubs, in 4 more flavors: Tofu wildberry, tofu banana pecan,
to Ron McDermott). Henry Ford as a soybean pioneer and tofu rum raisin, and tofu peanut butter. New novelties by
visionary. The soybean is now America’s No. 2 cash crop May 1st: Sandwiches, fudgsicles, creamsicles. “Ice Bean’s
and also our second largest earner of foreign exchange. “That original 8 flavors, made with soymilk and honey, remain
really started from Ford. When we first started in 1931, unchanged.” Address: Farm Foods, 632 Radcliffe Ave.,
hardly anybody ever heard of the soybean, and Henry Ford’s Pacific Palisades, CA 90272. Phone: 213-459-9251. Note:
penchant for publicity publicized the soybean... He certainly This was the residence of Robert Tepper, vice president/sales
made it popular and made people become aware of it. Today for Farm Foods.
it’s darned important.” He should be remembered as the Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti and Other Soy
“Father of the Soybean.” “I always thought it would be nice Ice Creams. (p. 79-80). “Even good old, honest Ice Bean,
if they would rebuild the [Soybean] laboratory [in Greenfield the healthful granddaddy of natural foods ice creams was
Village] or restore it like it was when we were doing the affected by Tofutti. First, Tofutti helped Ice Bean sales by
soybean work and give it the real credit that it deserves...” expanding the market. More important, it led to the creation
(p. 120). After Henry Ford died in 1947 his family wanted of a new line of Ice Beans and a new style of promotion.
no part of any of his pet projects. They completely Since 1982 Farm Foods had been experimenting with the
eradicated the old Ford company (p. 121). Henry Ford was use of isolated soy proteins to replace soymilk in their Ice
deeply interested in the welfare of American farmers. His Bean. But the natural/health foods market was suspicious of
tractors and Model T were of great use to them (p. 121). isolates. In November 1984 Farm Foods began to test market
Origins of Ford’s interest in chemurgy; William Hale and a mainstream non-dairy ice cream in 3-gallon tubs to dipping
Dow Chemical Co. in Midland, Michigan; the first three stores in Southern California and Ohio. It contained isolates,
chemurgic conferences in Dearborn, Michigan, in May 1935, fresh soymilk and tofu, and was sweetened by mixture of
1936, and 1937 (p. 122-27). Ford and Ruddiman establish fructose (high fructose corn syrup) and honey. The line was
a complete canning line for good-tasting green soybeans on billed as ‘Ice Bean’s Tofu Flavors.’ A vanilla flavor, for
the outskirts of the Ford estate. The equipment was quite example, would be called Tofu Vanilla. Tofu flavors? What
expensive. When World War II threatened, Ford gave it to could that possibly mean... unless it was a way of implying

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that the new products contained a significant amount of tofu, soja en Europe [The discreet / cautious entry of soya into
without actually saying that they did.” Europe]. Revue Laitiere Francaise No. 438. p. 16-20. Feb.
Spot in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1985. Sept. p. 76. [Fre]
Made with a creamy tofu base and sweetened with fructose, • Summary: An illustration on the cover shows an American
in half gallon cartons. A photo shows the carton. cowboy-like man, wearing a cowboy hat and cowboy boots,
smoking a cigarette, and carrying a briefcase on which is
689. Farm Foods. 1985. Farm Foods boasts 40% growth in written ASA. He appears to be emerging from a garbage
1984 (News release). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN can labeled “soya” and from his briefcase are flying several
39483. 1 p. Feb. cartons of soymilk. The article begins: “Two soy products,
• Summary: “Farm Foods is proud to announce a sales milk and tofu, were at the center of a conference organized
growth of 40% in 1984. This is the third year of over 40% in September 1984 at Amsterdam [Netherlands] by the
growth rate... Farm Foods has been manufacturing and American Soybean Association (ASA).”
distributing soymilk and honey Ice Bean since 1976, and is Gives data on the chemical composition and nutritive
the longest running producer of soy-based frozen desserts in value of soy beverages, soymilks, and tofu. Discusses
the country.” the products recently introduced in Europe. Consumption
The company now has 40 health food and frozen food of soy products in the E.E.C., principally as soy protein
distributors nationwide, and it plans to introduce “14 new concentrates or isolates, has never exceeded 40,000 tonnes/
tofu products” by June 1, 1985.” year. Consumption of traditional East Asian soyfoods such as
For more information contact Robert Tepper at Farm tempeh, miso, sufu, and soy sauce, is still low in Europe, but
Foods’ new southern California office.” His address and consumption of tofu and soymilk is growing significantly.
phone number are given. Address: Summertown, Tennessee. Nutritional composition of cow’s milk and soymilk are
Phone: (615) 964-3584. compared, and various commercial soy products are
discussed.
690. Honer, Clem. 1985. Keeping up with soy technology: Soy ice creams (including Ice Bean and Tofutti) are
Why soy protein isolates offer unique opportunities for discussed in detail on page 19, col. 1. The pioneer of these
dairies in fluid products and frozen desserts. Dairy Record. soy ice creams (ces ice cream au soja), named Ice Bean, was
Feb. p. 62, 64. developed by Farm Foods in Tennessee. Today there are a
• Summary: “recent research into the manufacture of all dozen other brands of tofu ice cream (glaces au tofu). One of
soy-based products using soy protein isolates has opened these ice creames (ces crèmes glacées), Tofutti, made by the
new opportunities for the small- to medium-volume dairy company Tofu Time and presented at SIAL in 1984, took the
processor...” “Soy-based frozen desserts can be manufactured first place last fall on the hit parade of dairy products from
easily in any ice cream plant.” The author explains how. the United States.”
Note: This is the earliest published French-language
691. Krier, Mary. 1985. ‘Ice cream’ for the calorie and document seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream
cholesterol counter: Experts say this frozen tofu-based which it calls ice cream au soja, or glaces au tofu, or crèmes
dessert will open new doors for the ice cream marketer. glacées.
Dairy Record. Feb. p. 60-61. Photos show the following products, each in a Tetra Brik
• Summary: Focuses on Tofutti. Two dairies are making the carton: Nestle Bonus Soya Bean Milk, Plamil Soya Milk
product for Tofu Time–Welsh Farms in Long Valley, New Concentrated, Morinaga Ever-Fresh Silken Tofu, Yeo’s Soya
Jersey, and Penn Dairies in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Haagen- Bean Drink, Alpro Soya Drink. Address: France.
Dazs, the pioneer of super-premium ice cream, is Tofutti’s
major distributor. “Another super-premium ice cream firm, 693. Learning Annex (The). 1985. Third Annual How to
Frusen Glädjé, has invested about $1 million in Glacé, a new Create an Empire, with David Mintz of Tofutti (Ad). 36 West
frozen tofu-dessert sporting Gloria Vanderbilt’s name and 62 St., New York, NY 10023. 1 p.
logo. Gold Star Ice Cream, Brooklyn, New York, has rolled • Summary: “So you think you have entrepreneurial talent?
out Gourmet Tofu by Riviera. And Dairy Record sources Try the following mind boggling task as a test of your skills.
say that at least three other dairies have similar frozen Start with a rubbery, milk-white Oriental health food that
desserts ready for the market... Tom Timmins, president tastes something like tenderized bicycle tire. Recognize the
of New England Soya Dairy, points out that many frozen enormous commercial potential of this substance if treated
tofu-desserts contain no more than five percent tofu. Even properly in the American marketplace. Do some research
so, marketers use tofu as a buzzword to connote a healthful, and development (by yourself, unaided) and discover a
cholesterol-free product.” way to turn your bicycle tire into a delicious, high protein,
cholesterol-free ice cream substitute. Manufacture it
692. Langley-Danysz, Pernette. 1985. L’entrée discrète du yourself, and market it so skillfully that the public is soon

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grabbing it as fast as can be, turning it into America’s fastest Buddha Soy Ice Cream) [Mocha Royalle, Berry Banana,
growing dessert, and overnight national phenomenon. Amaretto, Pineapple Coconut, Chocolate Mint, or Maple
“What’s more, do all of this with no research budget, Walnut].
market your product on a shoestring, and substitute clever Manufacturer’s Name: Metta Tofu Products Ltd.
ideas for a big marketing budget. Beat the food giants, Manufacturer’s Address: Wren Rd., Denman Island, BC,
like Kraft and Beatrice Foods, to one of the biggest food V0R 1T0, Canada.
marketing trends of the eighties, and manage to stay way out Date of Introduction: 1985. February.
in front of them. And do it with no personal background in Ingredients: Incl. soymilk, tofu, honey, fruits, nuts, natural
food product development, wholesaling, national marketing, flavorings.
brand name advertising, public relations or manufacturing, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Half liter and full liter cartons.
and with no experience at all in interstate commerce... How Stored: Frozen.
“Tofutti’s sudden success is directly attributable to New Product–Documentation: Label. 1985, undated. Red
Mintz, to his marketing style and entrepreneurial guts, his and blue with black letters on white. Shurtleff & Aoyagi.
first-rate ideas and his down-to-earth business savvy... 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 78. Product Alert.
“David Mintz had the mark of a natural entrepreneur 1986. March 3. Lists flavors. “Tofreezi is 75% soymilk and
from the very start. In college he started his own fur business tofu by volume.” Leviton. 1986. East West. June. p. 37.
and played the stock market, accumulating a net worth of Rated the highest of all soy ice creams in America.
over $100,000 by the time he was 21 years old–in 1952.”
“He’ll describe what may be his crowning achievement: 697. Mintz, David. 1985. History of the development of
putting together a top management team from scratch... Tofutti (Three interviews). Conducted by William Shurtleff
‘There are four keys to successful business: management, of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 13, 15, and 22. 8 p. transcript.
management, management and a great product.’” Address: • Summary: Extensive, frank discussions on his pioneering
New York, NY. Phone: 212-956-8800. work, from its earliest days. Address: New Jersey.

694. Mature Outlook. 1985. To do or not tofu. Jan/Feb. p. 46. 698. Quick Frozen Foods. 1985. Tofu-based dessert called
• Summary: “It wasn’t what he set out to do, but a former Tofulite is being introduced by Barricini Foods Inc. 47(7):56.
New York restaurateur has found an answer for everyone Feb.
who finds ice cream irresistible but indigestible. • Summary: The company claims the product tastes better
“By doctoring up tofu, the notoriously unappealing than the richest ice cream while having a fraction of the
soybean curd associated more with chopsticks than with calories (less than 33 per ounce). This non-dairy product is
sugar cones, David Mintz, 53, of Brooklyn has created a free of cholesterol and lactose. It is now sold in four flavors:
nationwide demand for a frozen dessert called Tofutti.” A Vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and banana pecan. Wildberry
small photo shows Mintz eating ice cream on a cone. and rum raisin flavors are due next month. Tofulite is sold in
cartons of 8 half-gallon containers for soft serve machines,
695. Medoff, Marc. 1985. Soy ‘ice cream’ takes some heat. or hard-packed in 3 gallon tubs, pints, 3-ounce cups, or
Whole Life Times. Jan/Feb. p. 12. sandwiches.
• Summary: The author calls it a “non-dairy junk food.” Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2013)
When soyfoods industry leaders found out in late 1983 that concerning Barricini Foods and soyfoods.
Tofutti contained no tofu, “they threatened to charge Tofu
Time with securities fraud. Within a week, Mintz put the 699. Rich, Robert. 1985. History of Rich Products
tofu back into the product. Ironically, when the stock opened Corporation’s work with soy-based dairy analogs (Two
for trading in early January 1984, the product had tofu in it, interviews). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
but the prospectus still reflected what he had planned to do– Center, Feb. 8 and March 20. Followed by 6-8 letters
market a stock called Tofu Time, whose product did not. of questions and answers and Mr. Rich’s reading of this
“Changing his formula faster than his ingredients labels manuscript. 12 p. transcript.
has put Mintz in violation of the federal Food, Drug, and • Summary: Early Years to 1949. Bob Rich was born on 7
Cosmetic Act in the past, and calling a product Tofutti that July 1913 in Buffalo, New York. He was one of five children
contains so little tofu still raises a question of misbranding.” of a local ice cream manufacturer, formerly a dairyman, who
A Photo of the label shows the ingredients, the first of which had switched to the ice cream business because he didn’t like
is “Pasteurized tofu dessert mix (Water, high fructose corn selling milk. During the summers Bob acquired a working
sweetener, honey soy bean oil, isolated soy protein),...” knowledge of dairy plant operation at his father’s ice cream
Where is the tofu? plant. In 1935 he graduated from the University of Buffalo,
where he was two-time captain of the football and wrestling
696. Product Name: Tofreezi (New Name for Frozen teams. After graduation he used a $5,000 gift from his father

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to make a down payment on Wilber Farms Dairy, a small off on its original offer to license Bob the rights to their
milk plant in Buffalo. He eventually developed it into one patented method of continuous protein extraction. So Bob
of the city’s leading wholesale and retail operations. But he and his advisors developed a batch process that extracted a
grew to dislike the dairy business just as his father had. significantly higher percentage of isolated soy protein from
“In 1942 Bob Rich, having established a reputation soy flakes–which he obtained from the Glidden Co. The
as a milk plant operator, was called to Washington, DC, flakes were first mixed with water in 300-gallon stainless
as a consultant in the dairy section of the War Production steel tanks. The pH of the flakes was raised to 9.6 to extract
Board. A year later he was sent to Detroit by the War Food the protein, then lowered to near the isoelectric point (pH
Administration (WFA) as milk order administrator for the 4.6) to precipitate the protein. After the supernatant liquid
state of Michigan. (soy whey) was removed, the isolate curd was neutralized
“One day in 1943 the chief purchasing agent of Detroit’s to pH 6.9 then centrifuged with a dairy clarifier (with the
Ford Hospital came into Rich’s office in search of additional discs removed) to lower the moisture content. The wet
butter ration points. Rich explained that his job was isolate was then run through cooling tubes into stainless
concerned solely with the diversion of non-essential civilian steel settling tanks. The original “soy cream” formulation
milk supplies into the production of dry and condensed called for (in order of predominance): water, 27% soy oil
milk for the U.S. armed forces and for Lend Lease. The shortening, corn syrup, 1.5% isolated soy protein (slurried
purchasing agent replied that the Ford Hospital was not with water), flavoring, coloring, salt, and the stabilizer they
in need of milk. The entire supply of milk and cream was had developed (propylene glycol monostearate). In the
produced in Dearborn, Michigan, by Henry Ford’s Carver all stainless steel processing room, the “soy cream” was
Laboratory (named after Dr. George Washington Carver)– pasteurized at 185 ºF, homogenized at 3,500 pounds pressure,
from soybeans! then cooled to 35 ºF. When the product was satisfactory, Bob
“Those last words sparked what was to become a Rich decided to call it Whip Topping.
lifelong interest for Bob Rich. He had never heard of soymilk In November 1944, after he was satisfied he had a
before, but during the war he had seen the potential for good protein extraction system and a good “soy cream”
dairy-like foods. After Ford’s purchasing agent had told Rich formulation, Bob Rich founded and incorporated Rich
more about soymilk and soy cream, he invited Rich to visit Products Corporation in Buffalo, New York, to manufacture
the Carver Laboratories at Henry Ford’s Greenfield Village his non-dairy whipped cream. He converted his dairy’s 3-car
in Dearborn, Michigan. (Note: Dearborn and Detroit are garage into the production plant. Joe Robida was production
about 350 miles by road from Buffalo.) There Rich saw the manager. Whip topping hit the market in April 1945, shortly
continuous process, 3-vat system that Ford’s researchers had after Delsoy was introduced. It was sold as a thick liquid in
developed from as early as 1940 for extracting protein from a ½ pint container the shape of a truncated cone–the same
soybean flakes. The extraction equipment resembled a Rube shape as Delsoy’s container. Both companies chose the same
Goldberg contraption. The protein was used as the basis for unique container because the machine needed to fill it was
the soymilk they made for the Ford Hospital. During his less expensive and Pure Pak refused to give a license for use
visit, Bob Rich met Rex Diamond (chief chemist there), and of their carton to any competitor of dairy products.
Diamond told Rich that if Rich was interested in using soy Rich’s Whip Topping had a number of advantages over
protein to make a soy cream, he could license the rights to whipped cream ÿ- aside from the fact that whipping cream
Ford’s patented continuous protein extraction process for $1 was completely unavailable during the war: (1) It stood up
a year. longer after being whipped, retaining stiffness and overrun
“In a sense Henry Ford’s career can be seen as a plot to better without drooping or weeping; (2) it sold for about
eradicate large domestic animals. Having rendered the horse 25% less than heavy cream; (3) because it could be frozen
obsolete with his automobile, he now set out to eliminate (which heavy dairy cream could not, if it was to be later
the cow. Ford’s unspoken antagonism toward cows struck whipped), it stayed fresh longer; (4) it could be re-whipped
a responsive chord in Bob Rich. Though neither the protein even several days after it had been whipped initially; (5) one
extraction nor the soymilk formulation operations were in volume of the liquid whipped up to 3.0 volumes of topping
operation during his visit, Rich was impressed by what he in 45 seconds, versus only 1.86 volumes for regular dairy
saw that day. Sales of whipping cream were forbidden during whipping cream. Thus Whip Topping gave 61% more yield
the war, so he began to dream of developing a ‘soy cream’ by volume; (6) dairy cream could be easily over-whipped,
that would whip. For more than a year Rich kept thinking resulting in a kind of buttery substance. This was not a
about his new idea.” problem with Whip Topping; (7) it was a kosher and pareve
After resigning from the WFA in Oct. 1944, Bob product from 1946 on; (8) it was advertised as being almost
returned to Buffalo and engaged a leading chemists and twice as nourishing as heavy cream and (believe it or not)
dairy engineer to help him transform his “soy whipping non-fattening!
cream” idea into reality. The Ford Motor Co. had backed Whip topping was a war baby. Initially it was sold only

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as a retail product. Rich distributed it to the customers on his pieces with a cleaver (one was provided free of charge with
milk routes, billing it variously as “the Miracle Cream from each case!), then whip it. Later, Rich Products added sugar to
the Soybean” and “Gold from the Soil.” During the early the formulation, which made the product thaw and pour.
months it was not a fabulous success. Its developers were Over the years institutional and bulk sales of Rich’s
not chemists and the soy proteins were made by a relatively Whip Topping increased. From 1945 on Rich had taken his
primitive process, so the product’s quality left much to be whip topping to food trade shows and dietitian’s shows,
desired. Sales during the first year (9 months) were $28,000. attending up to 30 a year. The pioneering product was well
In the summer of 1945 an unexpected breakthrough received. A good part of Rich’s success from 1946 on was
occurred. Rich had been invited to make a sales presentation in the South; there the problem of dairy whipped cream’s
to the Henry Pape Co., a refrigerated foods distributor on turning sour or rancid in the warmer climate restricted its
Long Island, New York. He packed some samples in dry usage, the people were more accustomed to the use and
ice and newspaper and set out on the overnight train from flavor of soy since soy margarine was widely used in frying,
Buffalo. The next morning, while facing the sales manager and southern frozen food distributors were very aggressive.
and 18 salesmen, Rich took out his samples then discovered Then on 20 November 1946 disaster struck. With
to his horror that they had frozen solid. He had inadvertently no advance notification, the U.S. government lifted all
packed them in too much dry ice. He began to perspire, restrictions on the sale of cream and other dairy products,
for he knew well that cow’s cream would not whip after months before the earliest predicted date for such a move.
freezing. He cracked a few jokes to stall as long as he could, With regular whipping cream now available, retailers and
then borrowed a knife and hacked nervously at his frozen distributors canceled all orders for Whip Topping. For Rich
“soy cream” until he could fit the pieces into a mixing bowl. Products, it was a nightmare, and for a while it looked like
Then he held his breath. It whipped to perfection! the young company might perish. But Bob Rich, his sales
No one was more surprised than Bob Rich. But he staff, and his advertising agency worked for days around the
had the presence of mind to realize that he had done more clock on a new marketing strategy to overcome the product’s
than escape from a potentially embarrassing situation. He ersatz wartime image and to play up the its many unique
had invented the world’s first frozen non-dairy whipped attributes.
cream. This meant that his market was no longer confined to In December 1946 Soybean Digest ran a nice article on
Buffalo. Now he could sell Whip Topping nationwide. Quite Rich Products and Whip Topping–written before the surprise
by accident Rich Products Corp. had entered the frozen food notification. The firm had just spent $60,000 constructing
business. Three months later the company was freezing all a new, modern plant, which was working 24 hours a day, 7
its products. The modern frozen food industry, which often days a week producing 1 million half pint containers of Whip
dates its origins from 1929 when Clarence Birdseye froze Topping a month.
his epochal fish, was still quite young in 1945, and Rich A huge national campaign was launched but recovery
Products later came to be regarded as one of its pioneers came only slowly; not until late 1948 had sales reached their
(Frozen Food Age 1977; Owen 1983). (Continued). Address: first-year level. At that time Whip Topping was introduced
Chairman of the Board, Rich Products Corp., P.O. Box 245 in a pressurized all-metal container, which replaced its
(1150 Niagara St.), Buffalo, New York. Phone: 716-878- former heavy wax paper cartons–half pints for the retail
8000. trade and quarts for institutions and bakeries. Previously it
had been necessary to partially thaw the product, then whip
700. Rich, Robert. 1985. History of Rich Products the topping by hand or in an electric mixer. Now the topping
Corporation’s work with soy-based dairy analogs emerged from the container nicely whipped, under 90 pounds
(Continued–Document Part II). Conducted by William pressure from nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 8 and March 20. 12 p. As Whip Topping gained popularity, the dairy industry
transcript. began to take notice. The first lawsuit against the non-dairy
• Summary: Continued. In January 1946, to get national product was in 1949 in California. The charge was that Whip
distribution for his frozen whip topping, Rich Products ran Topping was an imitation dairy product, and hence illegal.
a quarter page ad in Quick Frozen Foods–the company’s Rich Products’ defense was that their product was not an
first ad for the product. From among the 134 frozen food imitation (which implies inferiority to the real product)
distributors who responded, Rich Products appointed its but a replacement. Likewise the Model T Ford was clearly
first 100 distributors. America’s housewives took to Whip a replacement for the horse and buggy, not an imitation.
Topping. Sales snowballed. The plant at 1149 Niagara St. As we have seen above, Whip Topping had many definite
began to operate 24 hours a day. Also in January 1946 Rich advantages over its dairy counterpart. Rich Products won
Products entered the foodservice business, when they sold the case. Then in 1951 the product was seized again. In the
their first case of Whip Topping to Ohio State University. To interim, the dairy industry had gotten the state food laws
use Whip Topping, a chef would chop the frozen product into changed and, as Bob Rich recalled, “done everything but

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mention Rich Products’ name.” Rich Products won the laboratory and development and research of Rich Products.
1952 trial, and judge Bernard Shawman notified the state’s From that time until at least 1959 he was the only chemist
attorney general that if he should attack Rich Products at any employed by the company. On 25 Nov. 1955, as part of a
time in the future, Mr. Rich would have an excellent chance business agreement, Diamond sold, assigned, and transferred
for indemnity against the state. That was the last lawsuit ever all rights, titles, and interests to all of his patents (3 issued
brought against Whip Topping. and 1 applied for) to Bob Rich in return for $5,000.
The 1950s. By the early 1950s, as Whip Topping began In May 1956 Rich Products added a completely new
to become popular, other companies began to use Rich’s formulation of Whip Topping to its line. Named “Rich’s
brand name. Although it was a registered trademark, listed Whip Topping–The Diamond Process,” it contained no
on the Supplemental Register, it sounded almost like a protein and was made by a process developed and patented
generic term. Rich’s attorney’s protected the term, suggesting by Diamond. Diamond eventually became vice president
that those with trademark infringements call their products of Rich Products. In the new formulation, soy oil was
something else, such as “whipped topping.” But eventually replaced by coconut oil, which had a better flavor. A key new
Rich formally renamed his product “Rich’s Whip Topping” ingredient in the non-protein whip topping was methyl ethyl
to give it better trademark protection. cellulose, developed by Dow Chemical.
By 1946, Rich Products had obtained kosher and pareve Rich’s new non-protein Whip Topping came in two
certification for Whip Topping from the prestigious Union forms: a base (containing 46% fat) and a regular strength.
of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America. By about It was initially sold only to foodservice institutions (which
1946-47 kosher Jewish catering services in New York City comprised about 20% of total sales); the original soy protein
(and soon thereafter housewives) had discovered that Rich’s formulation continued to be sold (largely in a pressurized
Whip Topping (which they purchased from Henry Pape Co.) container) to the retail trade, which accounted for 80% of
was remarkably similar to real whipped cream in texture and total sales. Rich Products continued to produce its own
flavor, and could be used to make a completely new type of soy isolates. Good quality powdered isolates would not
non-dairy frozen desserts. These were America’s first such be available commercially in America until about 1959
desserts based on isolated soy proteins. Soon an estimated (Continued). Address: Chairman of the Board, Rich Products
5-10% of Rich’s sales of whip topping to the foodservice Corp., P.O. Box 245 (1150 Niagara St.), Buffalo, New York.
market were being used by other companies to make non- Phone: 716-878-8000.
dairy kosher ice creams.
Rich’s followed this lead and in about 1951 unveiled 701. Rich, Robert. 1985. History of Rich Products
Chil-Zert, the world’s first isolate-based commercial non- Corporation’s work with soy-based dairy analogs: Rich wins
dairy frozen dessert having a registered trademark. Although legal battles for non-dairy products. (Continued–Document
Chil-Zert was well made (with 2-3% soy protein, soy oil, and Part III). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
corn syrup) and tasted good, like many pioneering products Center, Feb. 8 and March 20. 12 p. transcript.
it ran into problems. First, it was transported and stored by • Summary: Continued. The new formulation had numerous
frozen food distributors who couldn’t keep it cold enough. advantages over its predecessor. Its flavor was better and its
(Ice cream distributors, who operated at 20 degrees below shelf life at 40ºF was extended to 6 months, from 3-4 weeks.
zero, wouldn’t touch Chil-Zert.) No emulsifying system It could be whipped to a stiffness never before attained by
could be found to prevent it from softening then becoming any cream or filled cream (containing added vegetable fat). It
icy when refrozen. Second, the FDA impounded the product whipped up to 4 times its liquid volume, giving more than
from Arrow Frozen Foods in New Orleans, claiming that it double the yield of dairy whipping cream. It retained
was an imitation ice cream and thus misbranded. The case overrun, freshness, flavor, and a “decorator’s edge” for more
was to be tried in federal court in Syracuse, New York. But than 48 hours at temperatures as high as 80ºF. The base had a
Rich Products did not even go to the trial to contend the unique advantage over dairy whipping cream. It could be
charge, for distribution problems had already forced them reconstituted or extended with either the usual water or
in 1952 to discontinue Chil-Zert. David Rich, son of the nonfat milk, or with fruit juices to give special effects such
company’s founder, enjoyed Chil-Zert as a boy. He recalled as an orange icing or filling. Now Rich began to introduce
that when he first tasted vanilla Tofutti in the 1980s, it the new Whip Topping in various sizes. In 1952 came Sundi-
distinctly reminded him of Chil-Zert. whip in an 8-ounce pressurized can for soda fountains and
On 15 Nov. 1955 Rex Diamond (the Henry Ford over-the-counter trade. In about 1953 appeared Rich’s Green
researcher that Rich had met on his visit to the Carver Labs) Label Whip Topping, which was developed for bakery and
went to work for Bob Rich in Buffalo. Rich hired Diamond institutional use. Prior to mid-1955 Whip Topping had been
after the American Maize Products Co., where Diamond was Rich’s only product. At that time they launched Rich’s
formerly employed, dropped their plans to make a powdered Frozen Chocolate Eclairs, which had Whip Topping as the
non-dairy topping. Diamond was put in charge of the filling. The eclairs quickly became enormously successful,

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and were called “the hottest thing to hit the frozen food setting lawsuits. Ellis Arnall was the Association’s first
industry in the last five years.” In February 1955 Quick director; they charged annual dues plus assessments and took
Frozen Foods published an excellent 27-page, tenth in new members. The many trials continued to be fought in
anniversary story of Rich Products’ first decade, upon which the name of Rich Products Corp., since it had prestige. In the
we have drawn heavily. The 1960s. In 1963 Rich Products 1960s a small company selling Instant Blend, a non-dairy
introduced Coffee Rich, a frozen liquid coffee whitener. It creamer or topping, after deciding to defend itself, lost its
was test marketed in Baltimore. Rich deliberately used the lawsuit 7-0 in the Massachusetts supreme court. They were
generic disclaimer “coffee whitener” rather than “non-dairy kindly permitted to continuing selling the product as long as
creamer” to avoid as much as possible stepping on the toes it was distinctively colored–blue! The dairy industry gloated.
of dairy interests. Coffee Rich was the second such liquid A year later Rich Products deliberately sold Coffee Rich in
product to be sold in America; Presto Food Products in Massachusetts so that it would be seized. Their case also
Kansas City, Missouri, had introduced a non-dairy coffee went to the state supreme court, but this time Rich’s team of
creamer named Mocha Mix (containing soy protein) in 1950, seasoned attorneys won... 7-0! By 1966 some 15 consecutive
although Rich was not aware of it. But Rich’s product was court decisions had ruled in Rich’s favor, though five of these
the first frozen liquid non-dairy creamer. The original Coffee went as far as the state supreme court. By 1974 the number
Rich used coconut oil and contained no protein, being based of cases and victories for Coffee Rich had grown to 40. That
on the 1953 patent formulation. The lack of protein gave the year the Kansas Supreme Court declared Coffee Rich “a new
product a long shelf life when sold refrigerated in dairy and distinct food” and the milk lobby gave up. Rich
cases, as was planned. But the product started settling out, so Products’ success in these suits led to the creation of a new
the company switched to using sodium caseinate as a protein food product category: Coffee whitener. Coffee Rich was the
source, then in about 1963 began using soy protein (typically company’s third product to contain a significant amount of
about 0.75% by weight) as the main protein source. In the soy protein. But Rich did not especially promote the fact that
mid-1970s soy oil replaced half of the coconut oil, then later his products contained soy on the labels or in advertising,
in the 1970s all of it. The dairy industry spent a small fortune though he often discussed it with reporters. The company
trying to keep Coffee Rich off the market. Its fight against initially bought its isolated soy protein isolates for Coffee
Whip Topping had been short lived largely because heavy Rich from one or more of the big manufacturers (Central
whipping cream (of which little was sold and lots spoiled) Soya, ADM, or Glidden) In the mid-1960s a powdered
was not a big money maker for milk dealers and dairies. But Coffee Rich was developed. In about 1965 Rich Products
cream was the “bread and butter” of the dairy industry, and it stopped using soy protein in its retail Whip Topping and
girded to fight in state after state to the bitter end. In some switched over to the non-protein formulation adopted for
states dairy interests claimed Coffee Rich was an “imitation institutional use in 1953. At about that time, company
cream” and hence against the state law; in others they stopped making isolated soy proteins. By 1967 Bob Rich had
claimed it was mislabeled because the words “imitation built Wilber Farms Dairy into the largest solely owned,
cream” did not appear on the label. The first lawsuit was in independent milk company in America. That year he decide
Louisiana in 1961. Rich Products won in a one-day trial. The to sell it and get out of the dairy business. Rich Products
defense was exactly the same as it had been for Whip (whose plant was now 140,000 square feet) was doing well
Topping. Coffee Rich was a replacement, not an imitation. enough with non-dairy products to support him amply. In
Angered by this defeat and hoping to break Rich by 1969 Bob Rich’s oldest son, Robert Rich, Jr., started to work
exhausting his financial resources on court cases, dairy at the company’s Buffalo headquarters as sales manager.
interests had Coffee Rich seized in Virginia, Michigan, and After graduating from Williams College in 1963, he had run
Washington. But the former college wrestling and football the Rich Products plant in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. After
star wasn’t easily downed. He parried by persuading the setting up the company’s first marketing department in
Carnation Company (which sold Coffee Mate, a powdered Buffalo, he embarked on a bold program of acquisitions,
caseinate-based coffee whitener) to split all forthcoming based on the observation the Rich Products then had more
legal fees. Two or three years later General Foods joined the frozen food distributors than any other frozen food packer in
non-dairy defense fund. Their Birdseye Division sold Dream the USA. Company sales in 1969 were $33 million. The first
Whip, a powdered whip topping, and later the famous non- acquisition, that year, was the Elmtree Baking Co. in
dairy Cool Whip. Now all legal fees were split three ways. Appleton, Wisconsin. Sales began to rise by leaps and
Dick Borne of RGB Labs says they were sharing expenses bounds. The 1970s. In 1975 food sales from Rich Products
too before the association was formed, and the General Mills and affiliates had topped $100 million a year. That year the
came in after. At about this time (in 1968) the group finally company was awarded the National Frozen Foods
established the National Association for Advanced Foods, to Convention’s first Grand Award, for “achievement in
defend the rights of non-dairy products and to be sure that no developing the frozen food industry...” and for his
small companies went off half-cocked and lost precedent “pioneering work in researching and popularizing simulated

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frozen dairy products” (Quick Frozen Foods 1975). In the company’s 35th anniversary. But so many exciting
November 1978 Rich Products launched an exciting new things began happening with Freeze Flo that Rich postponed
product and a revolutionary new process. The product was publication and is now hoping that it will eventually be the
Bettercreme, a non-dairy icing that whips and is used first chapter in a longer work. The company also maintains a
primarily on cakes. It contained an enzyme-modified isolated large scrapbook that goes back to the founding in 1944.
soy protein (made perhaps by A.E. Staley’s Gunther In 1985 Rich Products, still privately owned, was the
Products) (Continued). Address: Chairman of the Board, world’s largest maker of non-dairy products, with sales
Rich Products Corp., P.O. Box 245 (1150 Niagara St.), of $545 million a year. Roughly 75% of Rich Products’
Buffalo, New York. Phone: 716-878-8000. sales were to foodservice organizations, and 25% to retail
consumers. Starting in 1972, I.D. magazine picked Rich
702. Rich, Robert. 1985. History of Rich Products Products for 12 out of 13 years as the outstanding frozen
Corporation’s work with soy-based dairy analogs: foodservice packer in America. The most popular retail
(Continued–Document Part IV). Conducted by William products (in descending order of sales) were Coffee Rich,
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 8 and March 20. 12 p. Rich’s Frozen Chocolate Eclairs, and Rich’s Donuts. A
transcript. little of Rich’s Whip Topping is sold retail in pressurized
• Summary: Continued. The process was Freeze Flo, a containers. Richwhip Topping, a beat-it-yourself liquid, sells
dramatic processing breakthrough that was “ first used to well only in Milwaukee and Minneapolis.
make Bettercreme. Freeze Flo makes it possible to use a From the 1970s on, the only two of Rich’s products
frozen food without thawing it. By eliminating the need to contained a significant amount of soy protein: Coffee Rich
thaw, Freeze Flo quickly began to change the very concept of and Bettercreme. Of the two, Coffee Rich used the larger
frozen foods. The process, invented by Marvin L. Kahn (who amount in total annual tonnage. The company bought its
worked with a company Rich acquired), replaces free water isolated soy proteins from Ralston Purina. But as of 1985
in a product with water bound to fructose or other natural Rich Products was seriously considering at least one product
sugars in the product. Binding water in a product (such as that would get the company much more actively involved
a fresh or dried fruit) it does two things: (1) It eliminates with soy protein. It is still on the drawing boards, so details
a medium for bacteria to grow, so that spoilage is greatly are not yet available.
retarded, and (2) it makes it impossible for ice crystals to There are two basic types of coffee whiteners or coffee
form. Rich Products soon had high hopes that Freeze Flo creamers: Powdered and non-powdered. Coffee Rich is
might become the most revolutionary development in this the only non-powdered coffee whitener that is distributed
field since Clarence Birdseye froze his first fish in 1929. nationally. It has an estimated 90% of the branded, non-
In 1978 Bob Rich Jr. became president of Rich Products. powdered market.
His father retired but remained chairman of the board and In 1985 Robert E. Rich Sr. recalled: “In the frozen food
chief executive officer, and his brother, David, was/ head of business, my heart has always been in the non-dairy segment
the public relations department. of it. I always figured that was my baby. That’s what put
The 1980s. By the early 1980s Freeze Flo had already our company on the map. . . Its always interesting to recall
become very popular in Europe, some exciting medical the early days of the soybean business. I foresee a steady
applications were being investigated. By 1983 Rich Products growth in that area” (personal communication) (Continued).
was using the Freeze Flo process to make many of its “Fresh Address: Chairman of the Board, Rich Products Corp., P.O.
‘n Ready No Thaw Desserts,” including Grand America (a Box 245 (1150 Niagara St.), Buffalo, New York. Phone: 716-
dairy ice cream), Fresh ‘n Frosty (a mellorine, resembling 878-8000.
ice cream but with the butterfat replaced by soy oil), the
fillings for chocolate eclairs, Bavarian cream puffs, creme 703. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Tofutti &
pies, cakes, and cheesecakes--as well as Bettercreme. It was other soy ice creams: Non-dairy frozen dessert industry and
billing this “gentle freezing process” as “the most significant market. 2 vols. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. Vol.
breakthrough in Frozen Foods in 50 years.” Because of 1, 144 p. Vol. 2, 214 p. Index. Feb. 28 cm. [129 ref]
Freeze Flo, the ice cream and mellorine, both introduced • Summary: See next 2 pages. The first study of the
in 1983, could rise in temperature to 5º above zero without rapidly emerging soy ice cream market, based on historical
defrosting; typical ice creams defrost at 20º below zero. principles. Contents: Volume I. 1. Introduction. 2. What
But Freeze Flo is not used to make some other of Rich’s are non-dairy frozen desserts? Standards, terminology, and
products, such as frozen fish and meat balls (Rich Products labeling laws. 3. History of non-dairy frozen desserts. United
1983; Owen 1983). States and Canada (1918–present), History of Tofu Time Inc.
In the late 1970s Rich hired Mike Billoni, a local sports and Tofutti, East Asia (1936-), Europe (1946-), Third World
reporter, to write a company history. It was to be titled 35 countries (1970-), Australasia and the Middle East.
Years Below Zero and published in 1980 to commemorate Pages 75-92, titled “The Tofutti Era and Tofutti Clones,

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contain histories and descriptions of four categories of creams and non-dairy frozen desserts.
non-dairy ice cream companies. Within each category, the Note: The story of “The man who introduced David
companies are listed in the sequence that their products Mintz to tofu and soy ice cream: Pesach Lazaroff,” does not
appeared: (1) Small soyfoods companies: Penguino’s appear in this book. The story was not uncovered until Oct.
Inc. (New York), Green World (Idaho), Garden of Eatin’ 1986. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
(California), Soy City Foods (Ontario, Canada), The Soy California 94549.
Shop (Georgia), Metta Tofu Co. (British Columbia, Canada),
Island Spring (Washington state), Evolutionary Foods 704. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Brief history
(Arizona), Midwest Tofu & Sprouts Co. (Nebraska), Cream of Presto Food Products and Mocha Mix (Document part).
of the Bean (Illinois). (2) Soyfoods companies that used a In: Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
mixture of tofu or soymilk and soy protein isolates to make Creams: The Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Industry and
Tofutti-type products: Brightsong Light Foods (California), Market. Vol. 1. 145 p. See p. 30, 49, 103, 108-09, 113, 117,
Farm Foods (Tennessee), White Wave (Colorado). (3) 131. [2 ref]
Dairy companies (or non-soyfoods companies) that • Summary: Presto Food Products was a pioneer in using
launched Tofutti-style products: Presto Food Products isolated soy proteins in non-dairy products. Founded in
(California), Colombo, Inc. (Massachusetts), Honey Hill June 1936 by Melvin S. Morse in Kansas City, Missouri,
Farms (California), Continental Yogurt (California), Gloria the company acquired a franchise from the Instant Whip
Vanderbilt / Frusen Gladje Ltd. (New York), Barricini Foods Company in Columbus, Ohio to make Instant Whip, an
Inc. (New York), Parvelle Corp. (New York), Carvel Corp. aerosol dairy whipped cream. Sold to the restaurant trade,
(New York), Tuscan Dairy Farm (New Jersey), Golden Seal this was Presto’s sole product until 1949. In 1937 Morse
Riviera Ice Cream Co. (New York). (4) Innovative makers of started a second plant in Los Angeles. The years of World
non-dairy frozen desserts that are not soy-based: Olympus War II were hard ones, with dairy products in short supply.
Industries (Washington, Yodolo), and Imagine Foods When the price of butterfat skyrocketed right after the war,
(Arkansas, Rice Dream). Morse asked Dick Borne, an employee in Los Angeles with
4. The soy ice cream industry and market in the U.S. a background in pharmacy, to develop a line of non-dairy
and worldwide. 5. Nutritional value of soy ice cream. products. Borne and Morse started RGB Laboratories in
6. Directory of people, organizations, and publications Kansas City, Missouri, and Borne set to work. A key early
connected with non-dairy frozen desserts. 7. Tofu standards innovation was a method (still secret) of reducing soy off-
and soy ice cream. 8. Technical information on soy ice cream flavors. In 1949-50 Presto in Kansas City introduced the
production. Ingredients and sample ingredient listings; company’s first non-dairy product, an aerosol whip topping
Formulas and processing techniques. 9. How to calculate the sold to the restaurant trade in a returnable pint can. In 1950
amount of tofu in a tofu ice cream. 10. Bibliography (129 they brought out Mocha Mix Coffee Creamer, America’s
entries). 11. Index. About The Soyfoods Center. first such commercial non-dairy cream replacer, and in 1951
Volume II. Documents and Graphics Related to Soy D-Zert Whip Topping. In 1951 Rich Products won a lawsuit
Ice Cream. This volume contains early historical and in California allowing them to sell Rich’s Whip Topping
current popular articles, product labels, posters, graphics, in that state; Morse was in the audience at the suit. Shortly
and corporate brochures. A rich source of information for thereafter Presto/California began to make the same products
marketing and product development, these also document the as its Kansas City Division was making. In 1957-58 Presto
rapid growth of soy ice creams worldwide. The publication is stopped producing dairy products, focusing only on non-
not paginated. Contents: 12. Early history (1918-1969). 13. dairy.
Farm Foods and Ice Bean (1974-). 14. Tofu Time and Tofutti In 1964, after 9 years of R&D by RGB Laboratories,
(1980-). 15. Other Soy Ice Creams and General (1976-). Presto Foods launched America’s second commercial soy
16. Technical information on soy ice cream production. ice cream. Called Affair, it was a delicious product made for
This last section lists ingredients and recipes, and discusses Presto by Swift & Co. at their kosher supervised ice cream
regulations, labeling, production processes, and quality plant, using soy protein from Central Soya and coconut fat.
of soy-based frozen desserts–largely ice cream, but also Targeted primarily to the kosher Jewish market in New York,
popsicles, sherbets, custards, etc. Fermented or cultured it was kosher pareve and came in chocolate, vanilla, and
soymilks are also discussed briefly. strawberry flavors. The demand for the product was there
As of Jan. 1998, both volumes are bound as one. but Presto had great difficulty getting it distributed. The ice
Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2001) cream distributors wouldn’t touch it and Presto did not have
that contains industry or market statistics for soy ice cream their own distribution. So it failed and was withdrawn after
by geographical region. about a year. In 1965 Presto licensed Nissei Co. in Osaka,
Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document Japan to make their soy ice cream, which Nissei was still
seen (Sept. 2013) that discusses the etymology of soy ice doing in 1985, although at some point they changed the

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protein source from isolated soy proteins to casein. It was important early work with non-dairy products in America,
not until 1981 that Presto Foods tried to introduce a frozen but there was no attempt to commercialize them. In the
dessert again, this time with Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Frozen 1930s [Robert] Boyer [plus Bob Smith] and co-workers
Dessert (Borne 1985, personal communication). made America’s first experimental whip toppings, coffee
In 1959 RGB Laboratories had licensed a small creamer, and most other dairy analogs from soymilk. The
company named Nutritional Food Industries in Wallington, pioneering work with whip toppings played a key role in the
New Jersey, to manufacture Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Creamer future development of soy ice creams. By Aug. 1935 Henry
and D-zert Whip Topping, using a concentrate produced Ford was serving soy ice cream for dessert at VIP and press
by RGB Labs. The company was owned by three men, one luncheons held at the Ford Engineering Laboratory. Until the
of whom was named Seymour Heller. The franchise with 1940s Ford’s tofu ice cream remained an experimental food,
Nutritional Foods did not work out, so RGB Labs bought meant to demonstrate the good taste and versatility of soy.
the company in the early 1960s, took it over, and lost a lot When Ford’s soybean researchers finally left the Ford Motor
of money on the deal. Heller signed a five-year non-compete Co. in the early 1940s, when World War II forced Ford to
agreement. Thereafter, in 1970, he formed a new company, abandon his soybean research, they took what they had
Heller Enterprises, and launched a line of similar, competing learned to a number of pioneering companies that launched
products. successful products. Thus Ford was the fountainhead
In October 1981 Presto Food Products of Los Angeles of commercial soy ice creams in America (R. Boyer
introduced Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert. Now 1981, 1985; Dick Borne 1985; Bob Rich 1985, personal
one of America’s leading makers of pre-whipped non-dairy communications; Dahlinger 1978).”
toppings, Presto also made the popular Mocha Mix Non- “For a while during World War II, the Ford Motor
Dairy Creamer, a cream substitute based on soy protein. Company, as a result of Henry Ford’s interest in soybean
Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert, which was free of products, sold soybean ‘ice cream’ in its cafeterias. All the
milk products and cholesterol, and low in saturated fats, usual milk ingredients of ice cream were replaced by soy
was not targeted to the natural food trade since it contained ingredients” (M.L. Anson 1958, p. 281).
a number of artificial ingredients. Now Presto had its own “Robert E. Rich had owned a milk retail and distribution
distribution system and the product’s cholesterol-free, company since 1935. During World War II he was a milk
polyunsaturated attributes were widely recognized as a order administrator for the War Food Administration in
nutritional plus. It sold well from the outset, primarily in Detroit, Michigan. One day in 1943 he heard that Henry
supermarkets in California and Arizona; it was the first Ford’s researchers had developed a soymilk plant and were
product of its type to become widely available in West producing all the milk they needed for Henry Ford’s hospital
Coast supers. While the company does not disclose sales or during this time of milk rationing. Rich visited the Carver
production figures, and distribution is confined to only two Laboratory (named after Dr. George Washington Carver) at
states, Mocha Mix may well be second only to Tofutti in Henry Ford’s Greenfield Village in Dearborn (Bob Smith and
total volume nationwide. Sales are thought to be 2-3 times Rex Diamond were top researchers on the project), studied
larger than Ice Bean, and are in the millions of dollars per the soymilk process, and was impressed. Sales of whipping
year. cream were forbidden during the war; Rich began to dream
The main soy ingredient in Mocha Mix is isolated soy of developing a whipped cream made out of “soy cream”
proteins. The price of a hard pack quart of Mocha Mix, or soy proteins. In 1944 he founded a company named Rich
made in Los Angeles and sold in California supermarkets in Products Corporation in Buffalo, New York, to make non-
1984 averaged $1.99, which was twice as expensive as the dairy foods. The company’s first product was Rich’s Whip
least expensive dairy ice cream, but only 40% as expensive Topping, a non-dairy whipped cream, made from isolated
as Tofutti. In terms of nutritional composition, Mocha Mix soy proteins that were produced from soybean flakes at
was very low in protein (less than 1 gm per 4 fluid ounce Rich’s plant. It was introduced on 30 March 1945, a little
serving), and fairly low in fat (7 gm per serving; 48% of more than one year after Delsoy [the first soy-based whipped
calories from fat). topping] had been introduced... It has grown in popularity
Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 1999) that over the decades and was still a best-seller in 1985.”
uses the term “cream replacer.” “In the early days, Rich’s got O-U kosher certification.
By about 1946-47 kosher Jewish catering services in New
705. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Henry Ford’s York City (and soon thereafter housewives) had discovered
work with soy ice cream and other non-dairy products that Rich’s Whip Topping, so similar to real whipped cream
(Document part). In: Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti in texture and flavor, could be used to make a completely
& Other Soy Ice Creams: The Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert new type of non-dairy frozen dessert. These were America’s
Industry and Market. Vol. 1. 145 p. See p. 17, 20, 23-24. first such desserts based on isolated soy proteins. Soon an
• Summary: Henry “Ford’s researchers did much of the estimated 5-10% of Rich’s sales of whip topping to the

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foodservice market were being used by other companies Ice Creams: The Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Industry and
to make non-dairy kosher ice creams. Rich’s followed this Market. Vol. 1. 145 p. See p. 33-35. [2 ref]
lead and in about 1951 unveiled Chil-Zert, the world’s first • Summary: The term “parevine,” and its first standards
isolate-based commercial non-dairy frozen dessert having a originated in New York in the late 1960s. Parevine is a
registered trademark.” generic term for a frozen dessert containing no milk or meat
In short, Chil-Zert was the world’s first commercial soy products, or their derivatives. Interest in developing such
ice cream. Unfortunately, however, due to various problems, standards arose from an incident in the early 1960s. At a
Chil-Zert was discontinued in 1952. But by the mid-1980s Jewish wedding in Connecticut, after consuming a non-
Rich Products was the world’s largest manufacturer of non- dairy frozen dessert, many of the guests became sick to their
dairy products, with sales of $500 million a year. (Quick stomach. An investigation showed that the product had been
Frozen Foods 1955, 1975; Rich Products Corp. 1983; Robert made by a catering service in New York and had not been
E. Rich and Robert Boyer 1985, personal communications). pasteurized before freezing, as the law required. It further
violated New York laws which stated that no frozen dessert
706. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Brief history could be produced in the state unless it had a legal standard,
of Imagine Foods (Arkansas) and Rice Dream non-dairy and no company could produce a frozen dessert without a
frozen dessert (Document part). In: Shurtleff and Aoyagi. license to do so. Makers of all such non-dairy frozen desserts
1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams: The Non-Dairy were ordered to stop production.
Frozen Dessert Industry and Market. Vol. 1. 145 p. See p. In early 1968 the New York state dairy laws were
88-89. amended to state that “The commissioner [of agriculture]
• Summary: “In June 1984 Robert Nissenbaum and David shall, after public hearing, promulgate definitions and
Carlson of Imagine Foods, a small rural Missouri company standards for frozen desserts,” including those made with
that also made tempeh and miso, introduced Rice Dream, or without dairy products. Thus the establishment of dairy
one of the most creative non-dairy frozen desserts to appear laws and standards was taken out of the hands of the state
in America in decades. It was based on amazake (literally legislature and given to the state department of agriculture.
“sweet sake”) a creamy-thick, subtly-sweet, low-alcohol Shortly thereafter the department of agriculture proposed
precursor of Japanese sake, made by fermentation of rice koji putting together a package of standards that would cover all
in water. Koji, used to make rice miso, is made by fermenting existing frozen desserts not then properly covered. One of
rice with the koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) (Shurtleff and these was the non-dairy product described above.
Aoyagi 1983). The company made its own koji and amazake. At this point the State of New York Department of
Unlike most other non-dairy ice creams, Rice Dream was Agriculture and Markets called in Robert Schaefer, who
extremely low in calories, since it originally contained no was then secretary of the New York Ice Cream Association,
added oil or fat. Most of the product’s sweetness came from and asked for his help in developing fair parevine standards.
the natural sweetness of amazake, but small amounts of Schaefer was interested in standards so that new products
Grade A maple syrup were also used. A nutritionist’s dream, could be made legally and regulated like their competitors.
containing only 132 calories and 18 mg of sodium per ½ cup He did extensive library research, consulted with various
serving, Rice Dream was advertised with a lovely full-page rabbinical groups, and worked with Prof. Wendell S.
color ad in various natural foods magazines. As demand Arbuckle, of the University of Maryland Department of
grew, production of the amazake was moved to California Dairy Science, one of America’s leading authorities on
and the hard-pack frozen dessert was made at Peninsula ice cream. Arbuckle and a Jewish graduate student of his
Creamery in Palo Alto, California. Thereafter a small amount developed an extremely tasty pareve frozen dessert that
of safflower oil had to be added for functional reasons, and used mainly eggs instead of milk and cream; no soy was
Chico-San’s rice syrup replaced the prohibitively expensive used. Based on all this work, Schaefer wrote the parevine
maple syrup. The only soy in the product was soy lecithin. standards, carefully making them as broad as possible to
By January 1985 there were 16 distributors for the product encompass future products, including those based on soy.
nationwide. Originally made in hard pack, it was also sold as Parevine had to contain at least 10% fat and 1.3 lb of food
a soft-serve mix starting in early 1985.” solids per gallon of finished product (which must weigh
Note: At the time of this writing, the author was not at least 4.5 lb. per gallon). Dwayne Lipinski, of the State
aware that Rice Dream was no longer being made from koji, of New York Department of Agriculture and Markets,
and that commercial enzymes were being used instead of the coined the term “parevine” from a combination of the
enzymes from koji. Address: Lafayette, California. terms “pareve” and “margarine.” When a public hearing on
the proposed standards was finally held on 19 December
707. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Origin of 1968, almost no one showed up to support or oppose them.
the term “parevine” and of parevine standards (Document Surprisingly, the two Jewish catering trade groups, the
part). In: Shurtleff and Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy New York Caterers’ Association and the Brooklyn-Long

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Island Caterers’ Association, played no role in initiating the to small portions–two small cookies, a quarter cup of ice
standards, were uncooperative in drafting them, and did not cream, frozen yogurt or frozen tofu dessert,...”
show up at the public hearings. So in February 1969 New
York’s parevine standard went into effect. At last the typical 710. Product Name: [Emile Soymilk Ice Cream (9
soy ice cream had a generic name: parevine (Wickham flavors)].
and Kling 1969; Schaefer 1985; Lipinski 1985, personal Foreign Name: Emiiru.
communications). Manufacturer’s Name: Biological Science Laboratory
In 1969 Arbuckle wrote “How to Make Parevine,” K.K.
the first article on the newly defined product (including Manufacturer’s Address: Sano-cho 14, Seigoin, Sakyo-ku,
two egg-based recipes and one soy-based). In 1972 this Kyoto, Japan. Phone: 075-751-1633.
article appeared, slightly modified, in the second edition of Date of Introduction: 1985. March.
his book Ice Cream. In 1969-70 the New York Ice Cream How Stored: Frozen.
Association petitioned the other northeastern states to adopt New Product–Documentation: Toyo Shinpo. 1985. April
parevine standards based on the New York standard. All 11. “New Soymilk Ice Cream in Japan.” Made from soymilk
did so except Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which and safflower oil, it has 12% overrun and costs 1,000 yen for
accepted the standard but have not yet made it official. 470 ml. The product name is like the French name Emile.
The Food and Drug Administration then proposed federal There are 150 calories per 100 gm. The soy ice cream is
parevine standards in the Federal Register. For political made and served in 9 flavors at the shop & restaurant named
reasons this proposal was withdrawn in the late 1970s. It is Veldian, starting March 1985. The capacity of the shop is
not known if any states other than those in the northeast have 2,000 liters/day. The president of the company is Mr. Kichizo
parevine standards. Although state departments of agriculture Kaneda, age 43.
collected some statistics on parevine production, in part for
use in setting licensing fees, as of 1985, no statistics were 711. Product Name: Ice Bean Tofu Flavors (Non-Dairy
published that could be used to calculate parevine production Frozen Dessert) [Hard-pack: Tofu Vanilla, Almond Fudge,
or consumption in a given state. Strawberry, Wildberry, Banana Pecan, Rum Raisin, Peanut
After the passage of the parevine laws in New York, Butter].
many soy ice creams appeared on them market, some of Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
them made by major dairy ice cream companies such as Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
Dairy Crest and Sugar-Lo. Because of the small demand, TN 38483.
they generally sold for more than dairy ice creams. It was Date of Introduction: 1985. March.
soon found that there was little market for such products Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints and 3 gallon tubs.
except among caterers, and most were short-lived. How Stored: Frozen.
In l968 the U.S. frozen dessert market was composed New Product–Documentation: Poster (8½ by 14 inches,
of 65.0% ice cream, 21.8% ice milk, 4.7% mellorine, 4.1% black and white). 1985, undated. “Sneak Preview. Opening
sherbet, and 3.8% water ices. Mellorine was banned in Soon. Ice Bean’s Tofu Flavors... with that sweet, creamy
24 states, but was very popular in Texas. The amount of taste you’ll love.” Starting Feb. 15th, soft serve in half
parevine (non-dairy) frozen desserts was considered too gallons, 3 flavors: Tofu vanilla, tofu strawberry, and tofu
small to record, and was certainly less that 0.65% (Arbuckle chocolate. Showtime March 1st, pints and 3 gallon tubs in 3
1977). flavors: Tofu vanilla, tofu almond fudge, and tofu strawberry.
Open April 1st, pints and 3 gallon tubs, in 4 more flavors:
708. Tofu Time Inc. 1985. Additional product information Tofu wildberry, tofu banana pecan, tofu rum raisin, and
for Tofutti brand parevine frozen dessert soft-serve and hard tofu peanut butter. “Ice Bean’s original 8 flavors, made with
pack (Leaflet). Rahway, New Jersey. 2 p. Feb. 28 cm. soymilk and honey, remain unchanged.” Address: Farm
• Summary: “Parevine is the name given to the category Foods, 632 Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, California
representing nondairy frozen desserts. Examples of other 90272. Phone: 213-459-9251.
frozen dessert categories would be ice cream or sherbet.”
Sent and signed by Patricia A. Sweeney B.S.N., Director of 712. Product Name: Frostline Tofu Dry Mix.
Nutrition, Tofu Time, Inc. Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Manufacturer’s Name: Grain Processing Corp.
Rahway, New Jersey 07065. Phone: (201) 499-8500. Manufacturer’s Address: 1600 Oregon St., Muscatine, IA
52761.
709. Brody, Jane E. 1985. Personal health: Common sense Date of Introduction: 1985. March.
and diligence–plus a dash of ingenuity–can help you reduce How Stored: Shelf stable.
sugar intake. New York Times. March 13. p. C6. New Product–Documentation: National Dairy News.
• Summary: “When you do eat sweets, try to limit yourself 1985. March. p. 7; Dairy Record. 1985. June. p. 95. “New

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tofu concept for frozen desserts.” Poster. 1985. “Frostline because the ice cream equipment did not arrive before she
Frozen Tofu Dessert Mix.” Note: Frostline is a division sold the company. Her daughter, Suzanna Price, named the
of Grain Processing Corp., but with an arms’ length product (short for scrumptious) and her daughter owns the
relationship. GPC sells isolates to Frostline and Frostline formula. Today she served us 5 flavors of her homemade
sells finished products (such as soy ice cream mixes) to tofu ice cream (pineapple, banana, raspberry, apricot, and
others. chocolate) which are basically variations on Scrummi.

713. Soyfoods Association of America, Standards 715. Grocer (The) (England). 1985. Soya milk spearheads
Committee. 1985. Tofu standards. 7th draft. Lafayette, move into yogurt, ice cream. April 6. p. 23.
California: Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods • Summary: Michael Cole, managing director of Soya
Center. 18 p. March. 28 cm. [11 ref] Health Foods of Trafford Park, Manchester, reports that he is
• Summary: “VII. Naming second generation commercial selling about £3 million worth of his new Sunrise soya milk
food products containing tofu. each year, and producing 46,000 gallons a week in half-liter
“Second generation commercial tofu products may be aseptic Tetra Pak cartons. Major grocery chains have shown
divided into three types: great interest in the product. Most competing soya milks
“A. Products in Which Tofu Is Used as an Ingredient. are imported to England. Cole imports only his soya beans–
For the term “Tofu” (or “Tof...”) to appear in the name of a from Canada. His company’s biggest competitor is Granose,
commercial food product, in a form such as “tofu chocolate which is selling through Safeway and other outlets.
parfait,” “tofu lasagna,” or “Tofreezy,” the product should Cole presently has to feed his okara, a by-product of
contain at least the following percentages of tofu by weight soymilk production, to pigs. “But in the next few weeks
(purchased or manufactured as tofu, as defined previously) we will be installing a vegetarian sausage and burger plant
for any given product category. The term “tofu” as used here which will take care of that.”
refers to a product containing the equivalent of 8% protein. Cole is a former health food shop owner who has all
Thus, for example, if tofu containing 7% tofu were used in a been involved in the marketing and manufacturing side of
tofu salad (see below), it would have to comprise 28.6% of the trade, not only in England but also in India and America.
the finished product by weight. A large photo shows Cole standing next to stacked
“25% Tofu salads, dips, or spreads; vegetarian meat or cartons of his Sunrise Soya Milk. The caption reads: “’Soya
cheese analogs (tofu burgers, franks, etc.). yogurt possible–Michael Cole.”
“20% Dressings, quiches, “cheesecakes,” blended Note: This was the article that led to the founding of
puddings or parfaits or mousses. Genice in Wales. Ray Pierce, who was with Classic Ices in
“15% Non-dairy frozen desserts, prepared entrees, Wales at the time read the article, learned that Michael Cole
sandwiches, baked goods, soups. of Soya Health Foods Ltd. was planning to make a soy ice
“Or, the tofu should be substituted for all of the cream, then contacted Cole and offered to work with him
product’s typical protein source (e.g., for all of the cheese in developing the product. It became Classic Ice’s first non-
and/or meat in a lasagna). If less tofu is used, the name dairy ice cream. Seeing its potential, Ray and Irene Barclay
should be of the form ‘chocolate parfait with tofu’ or left Classic Ices and started Genice. Address: Manchester,
‘meatless lasagna with tofu.’” Address: Lafayette, California England.
and Greenfield, Massachusetts.
716. Mansfield, Stephanie. 1985. Growing up Vanderbilt:
714. Product Name: Scrummi (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream) Rich, reflective & writing it down, Gloria looks back.
[Banana & Honey, or Apricot]. Washington Post. April 11. p. B1.
Manufacturer’s Name: Vegetarian Feasts. • Summary: It took Gloria Vanderbilt a long time to find out
Manufacturer’s Address: 21 Carnwath Rd., Fulham, who she was. It was only after four marriages and 20 years
London SW6, England. of psychotherapy that she discovered her true identity. This
Date of Introduction: 1985. March. book and the one before it in the series both focus on her
Ingredients: Incl. tofu, fruits. mother–who was almost never present.
How Stored: Frozen. Though gracious, soft-spoken and level headed, there is
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Sonia Newhouse. still something so fragile about her that it’s difficult to bring
1988. March 13. Sonia developed this product for her “up the subject of frozen tofu, her latest commercial venture.
daughter, who was allergic to dairy products. It debuted at “Her designer frozen tofu follows a long line of
the International Food Exhibition in London, this product Vanderbilt-inspired products, including sheets, place mats,
received positive reviews mention in the London Evening perfume, shoes, blue jeans and bath oil.”
Standard and at the show. She thinks it was one of the first A portrait photo shows Gloria Vanderbilt.
tofu ice creams in England. But it was never commercialized

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717. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1985. Tônyû o beesu water, for handling ease!
ni reika [New soymilk ice cream in Japan]. April 11. [Jap; “Brightsong’s ingredient Tofu is functional and has
eng+] marketing advantages in products like frozen desserts,
• Summary: Emile soymilk ice cream is made in Kyoto and baked goods, yogurt, beverages, dressings, dips and spreads!
served at a small restaurant adjoining the shop. Using Brightsong Tofu is the easiest, most reliable way
of getting in on the fastest growing segment of the food
718. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. New developments at The market: tofu products! Applications and technical assistance
Farm and with Plenty (Interview). Conducted by William available. Call us and put our 27,500 hours of tofu product
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, April 15. 3 p. transcript. development to work for you today!” Address: Richard Rose,
• Summary: Laurie has just returned from a Plenty Board P.O. Box 2536, Petaluma, California 94953. Phone: 707-778-
of Directors meeting at The Farm in Tennessee. Only 8638.
300 people are living there now–it has a deserted feeling.
But the Plenty meeting was good. Plenty is doing some 721. Product Name: Colombo Tofree (Non-Dairy Frozen
excellent work with soyfoods in the Caribbean (especially on Dessert Mix) [Honey-Vanilla, Chocolate, Maple Walnut,
Dominica), and in Lesotho. There were color slides shows of Honey Almond, Wildberry, or Peanut Butter].
each program. Their soy dairies there are selling soyfoods. Manufacturer’s Name: Colombo Inc.
The Farm Soy Dairy in Tennessee is now run by Ron Manufacturer’s Address: Danton Dr., Methuen, MA
Maxen and Michael Lee. They sell 100 lb/week of tofu, half 01844.
of it off The Farm in 1-gallon plastic bags that hold 5 cakes Date of Introduction: 1985. April.
each, or in tubs. On The Farm it sells for $0.90/lb. Off The Ingredients: Tofu (water, isolated soy protein, lemon
Farm it sells for $0.75/lb in bulk or $0.85 in tubs. Their yield juice), sugar, corn syrup solids, cottonseed oil, cocoa
averages 2 lb of firm tofu from 1 lb of soybeans. They do all powder, chocolate liqueur, cellulose gum, locust bean gum,
their own distributing. They also make 150 gallons/week of carrageenan, salt.
soymilk sold as such plus another 4,500 to 5,000 gallons/ Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2 gallon tub.
month for ice bean (2 runs a month). Twice a month they How Stored: Frozen.
load it into a milk truck and ship to an ice cream company
near Memphis. Also 15-20 gallons/week of soy yogurt and
80-90 lb/week of tempeh is sold on The Farm.
The soy dairy in Lesotho is beautiful, housed in a
traditional stone hut with a thatched roof. Inside are white
walls, a concrete floor, and drains. It is making a little
soymilk and soymilk ice cream. It has a nice little Okita
stainless steel mill that runs off a generator and also a
bicycle-powered mill. They are also growing some soybeans
now. Address: 17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030.

719. Lawson, Carol. 1985. Gloria Vanderbilt: Fortunes good

and bad. New York Times. April 20. p. 48.
• Summary: Gloria, age 61, has dedicated her latest book
to a mother she didn’t know. In addition to writing a book,
“Miss Vanderbilt is also busy with two new business New Product–Documentation: Interview with Bob Brooks
ventures–a frozen tofu dessert, using a recipe she concocted of Colombo. 1985. Jan. 2. This is the new name for Colombo
in a blender in her Gracie Square kitchen, and lithographs of Tofu, deceptively labeled, since the product contains no tofu.
her collages.” Dairy Record. 1985. April. p. 36. “Colombo Tofree Debuts...
A portrait photo shows Gloria Vanderbilt. launched a soft-serve tofu-based dessert to the foodservice
industry. Has one-third fewer calories than ice cream.” Daily
720. Brightsong Foods. 1985. Tofu! (Ad). Prepared Foods. Record (Morristown, NJ). 1985. Aug. 7. Colombo began
April. p. 135. test marketing its Tofree in July 1984, and introduced it
• Summary: A ¼-page black-and-white ad. “Brightsong nationwide in June 1985. Food Management. 1985. Oct.
now has ingredient Tofu for processors! Made to your “Softserve Tofu.” Label. 1985, undated. 4.75 by 3 inches.
specifications, this innovative product is available in many
forms, including paste, liquid, chunk, curd, etc. The product 722. Food Processing (Chicago). 1985. Tofu-based non-
is freeze-thaw stable, bland, sanitary, all-natural and Kosher dairy frozen desserts: Reduced calories, no cholesterol, no
Parve. It is packed in boxes, pails or drums, without packing lactose are health implications. 46(4):41-42. April.

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• Summary: Discusses the introduction and composition of

Barricini Tofulite. “The first introductions were made in New
York during the early part of February.” The company also
plans to introduce soy-based “cheesecake, frozen novelties,
lasagna, frozen tofu burgers, frozen tofu enchiladas, soy-
based yogurt, and soy milk.”

723. Product Name: Tofait (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream)

[Hard Pack: Wild Berry Delight, Strawberry Lisse, Almond
Bark Supreme, California Pecan Creme, Swiss Chocolate
Silk, Rum Raisin Rhapsody, or French Velvet Vanilla].
Manufacturer’s Name: Hawthorn Mellody.
Manufacturer’s Address: 1827 Walden Office Square,
Schaumburg, IL 60195. Phone: 312-392-3825.
Date of Introduction: 1985. April.
Ingredients: Water, corn oil, sucrose, corn syrup, high
fructose corn sweetener, tofu solids, microcrystalline
cellulose, mono and diglycerides, cellulose gum,
carrageenan, protein, and natural flavors.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint cartons.
How Stored: Frozen.
Nutrition: Per 4 oz.: Protein 2 gm., Calories (low of 160 inches square. Brown and white on pink, with faint sprig of
for French Velvet Vanilla, high of 220 for California Pecan plum blossoms, moon, mountains, and water in background.
Creme), carbohydrates 20-24, fat 10-14 gm, sodium 90-130 “All natural non-dairy. A Fitness Food from the Pacific
mg. Northwest, USA.” Interview with Luke Lukoskie. 1985.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Interview March 20; Beachcomber (Vashon, Washington). 1986. Nov.
with Charles Chase of Hawthorn Mellody. 1985. Nov. 11. 26. Sold in ½ gallon Pure-Pak cartons.
This company is a dairy processor. Leaflets. 1986, undated.
8½ by 11 inches. Full color, both sides. Label reads: “Light 725. Product Name: McQueen’s (Non-Dairy Frozen
& Creamy Tofait. 100% all natural. Made with real tofu. Dessert) [8 Flavors including Kona Coffee, Banana Almond,
Cholesterol and lactose free.” Dairy Record. 1985. May. p. Chocolate Macadamia Nut, or Strawberry].
29-30. Tofait is said to contain 15-20% real tofu. Available Manufacturer’s Name: Paradise Cuisine International Ltd.
in both soft serve and hard pack. Hawthorn Mellody is a Manufacturer’s Address: 5455 Wilshire Blvd., Los
subsidiary of Custom Creamery System; Prepared Foods. Angeles, CA 90036.
1985. July. p. 17, 109. “Tofait contains an unusually high Date of Introduction: 1985. April.
(15-20%) amount of real tofu.” Przybyla. 1985. Prepared How Stored: Frozen.
Foods. Sept. p. 146. Dairy Foods. 1987. March. “A terrific New Product–Documentation: Wall Street Journal. 1985.
time for tofu.” Kingma. 1987. Soya Newsletter. 1(3):11. Lindsley. 1985. Times Union (Rochester, New York). Aug.
“The company markets seven hard-pack and six soft-serve 27. Dairy Field. 1985. Sept. “McQueen’s Stirs Non-Dairy
flavors, distributed in the Mid-Atlantic states.” Market.” The product is made with isolated soy protein, not
tofu, plus added calcium. Carnation is manufacturing it and
724. Product Name: Island Spring Tofu Frozen Dessert Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream is handling distribution. Paradise
Mix (Soft Serve Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream) [Chocolate and is a year old food marketing company based in Los Angeles.
Vanilla]. The founder is Cliff McQueen.
Manufacturer’s Name: Island Spring, Inc. Dairy Record. 1985. Sept. p. 86-87. Suburban Trends
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 747, Vashon, WA (Butler, New Jersey). 1985. Oct. 13. Paradise raised
98070. $1 million in 60 days. Rose. 1987. The rise and fall of
Date of Introduction: 1985. April. McQueen’s.
Ingredients: Water, tofu (water, soybeans, calcium sulfate),
high fructose corn sweeteners, corn oil, all natural flavorings, 726. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Soyfoods
soy lecithin, vegetable gums (guar gum, carrageenan), salt. industry and market: Directory and databook 1985. 5th
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 gallon. ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 220 p. Index.
How Stored: Frozen. April. 28 cm. Updated every 1-3 years with a bibliographic
New Product–Documentation: Label. 1985, undated. 5 supplement. [360 ref]

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• Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Directory of

soyfoods manufacturers. 3. Directory of soyfoods support 728. Ayerst, Norman. 1985. Re: Work with Plenty in
industry: Goods & services. 4. The many types of soyfoods. Dominica and Central America. Letter to William Shurtleff at
5. Historical: Historically most important books and serials, Soyfoods Center, May 16. 3 p. Typed, with signature.
earliest references to individual soyfoods. 6. Year in review. • Summary: “I received your message from Maya Shearer
7. Soyfoods industry and market in the U.S. 8. Tofu industry and am glad to hear of your interest in our Caribbean
and market in the U.S. and Canada. 9. Soymilk industry and projects. Actually my wife [Sarah] and myself worked
market: Worldwide and in the U.S. 10. Tempeh industry and mostly on the island of Dominica. We spent 18 months there
market in the U.S. 11. Soy sauce industry and market in the and returned to Canada on the 18th of Feb. ‘85.
U.S. and Japan. 12. Miso industry and market in the U.S. and “We worked on an integrated soybean project similar
Japan. 13. Soynut industry and market in the U.S. 14. Natto to the program that Laurie Praskin was involved in in
industry and market in Japan. 15. Statistics on fermented Guatemala. My wife and I spent 6 months in Guatemala
soyfoods in East Asia. 16. Soyfoods in restaurants, delis & during 1980 with Laurie and all. At that time, I was
cafeterias. 17. Soybean crushing industry in the U.S. 18. Soy responsible for the administration of the Solola Soy Dairy
oil industry and market in the U.S. 19. Soy flour and cereal- from the Canadian end.
soy blends industry and market worldwide. 20. Modern “In Dominica we carried out the INTSOY variety trials
soy protein products industry and market in the U.S. 21. and then went on spacing trails, companion planting trials
Soyfoods terminology and standards. 22. Names of soyfoods and various other trials to test the long-range capacity of
in major foreign languages (incl. Chinese / pinyin; Hoisin soybean growth in Dominica. Some of these trials were
sauce = haixian jiang). 23. Soybean production worldwide undertaken with the Government, some with the cooperative
and country-by-country. 24. Key institutions working with farming groups and some with individual farmers. We were
soyfoods worldwide. 25. Measures, weights, and equivalents. somewhat overwhelmed with the response of farmers eager
26. About the Soyfoods Center & soyfoods consulting to try out soybeans–Dominica is a very agrarian society,
services. 27. Bibliography. by the way, and most people grow a portion of their own
In February 1977 a Gallup poll in America showed a food. They are especially eager to find any new crops that
remarkable shift in the public’s awareness of and attitudes can be sold on the local market–it is, overall, a very poor
toward soyfoods. The sampling of 1,543 adults across the society. We have identified a few varieties that seem to be
nation found that: 33% believe that soybeans will be the well suited for Dominica–one is R315. We obtained the
most important source of protein in the future–ahead of fish original seed through the Intsoy programme and their seed
at 24% and meat at 21%. 55% believe that “soy products originated in Cuba. It’s a very fast growing variety (90 days
have a nutritional value equal or superior to that of meat.” to harvest) and seems to dry out well in the field even under
54% reported that they “had eaten foods containing soy damp conditions. There is definitely more work to do to
protein as a prime ingredient within the past 12 months.” identify the exact varieties suited for Dominica but I think
Younger age groups living in large cities and those with we have made a good start and many Dominicans are now
college or university educations had the most favorable participating in the program.
attitudes toward soy protein, indicating that support for “We opened our initial Soya Shop in downtown Roseau
soyfoods is likely to grow in the future. Address: Soyfoods (the Capital pop. 12,000) in May of 1984. Originally, we
Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. produced soymilk and tofu which we incorporated into
popular local recipes. A fritter that was tofu / okara / bean
727. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1985. Tônyû o beesu ni– based became a very big hit in town and surpassed our
shin seihin [Tofu and soymilk dessert shop opens in Osaka]. expectations of immediate interest in soyfoods. A sandwich
May 1. p. 7. [Jap; eng+] spread based on tofu / okara and 50% local vegetables was
• Summary: A tofu and soymilk dessert specialty restaurant also very popular–and of course the soy based ice cream
will open in April in the Kintetsu department store in eastern (especially peanut flavour) is very popular.
Osaka at Fuse city. It will be named Tofeez. It is connected “From the original shop, we moved to the edge of
with Furuichian Enterprises which owns the Tofu Kan town–the most densely populated area of Dominica–to
restaurant. It will serve about 30 soyfoods including tofu ice larger premises on the main road south–down the coast.
cream, soymilk bread, tofu burgers, tofu pies, soy yogurt, etc. Here we were able to expand our production facility and go
On 1 April 1985 a popular Western-style tofu restaurant more into training programs and wholesaling products. (We
opened in Nagoya. Named Tcha-na-Time, it is located in the do continue with the retail outlet using soyfoods in local
NBN Izumi Building, 1-23-36 Izumi, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, recipes.)
Japan, Phone: 052-951-1877. The owner is Ms. Ishiki. In “A second soy shop has opened in Roseau called Soy
addition to various soyfoods, they also serve meat and fish. Kweyol. This was opened by a woman who had previously
Address: Kyoto. worked with our program. Her name is Natalie Andrews

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and she has had a history of experimentation with soybeans/ were working for Plenty Canada–and Plenty Canada was in
soyfoods in Dominica. We are currently working with pretty close partnership with Plenty International on planning
Natalie to produce flours from local produce (Natalie and executing the programs.” Address: 64 Oxford St.,
initiated this project 5 yrs. ago)–cassava, banana, pumpkin, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P1, Canada. Phone: 416-920-2668.
breadfruit etc. With these flours we are adding toasted
soyflour to bring up the protein content and experimenting 729. Burros, Marian. 1985. Getting warmed up for healthful
with tastes and recipes to see what the potential of soyflour is frozen desserts? Many are but others aren’t. New York Times.
in Dominica. May 22. p. C1, C8. Living section.
“Through the Ministry of Education we have been able • Summary: About five years ago, when the term “eating
to set up a series of soyfoods preparation courses–for the healthy” started to become popular, frozen yogurt entered
home and small business. These courses are part of their the market. Since then, the number of frozen desserts that
adult education program and summer school program. There claim to be healthful, “all natural,” or better for us that old
is some talk of the schools incorporating the preparation of fashioned ice or sherbet, have increased dramatically.
soyfoods into their home economics courses. “The newer frozen desserts are often what they seem
“The Soya Shop has been purchasing any soybeans that to be. But sometimes they are not. Products with the word
farmers are growing, with most being resold or given away ‘tofu’ in their names, for example, have little if any bean curd
as seed stock. This is the cycle that we are working towards in them.” She calls such products “frozen tofu” or “soybean-
being self perpetuating in the hands of Dominicans. We are based desserts.” There is a long section on this category of
working towards a number of small-scale farmers growing products, which has grown significantly over the last two
enough soybeans to supply the local market. years. “Though they are cholesterol-free, these nondairy
“I think that I have touched on the basic outline of frozen desserts are not necessarily healthier than ice cream,
the soy aspects of the Dominican project–we also have since they are often high in fat” and calories. According to
been working on community development projects such as Gary Barat, president of the Soyfoods Association, of 30
building an addition onto a small rural school, supplying frozen products that list tofu as an ingredient, “perhaps no
a school with lighting, building a breakwater with a more than three actually contain it, and then at levels of no
fishermen’s group etc. - more than 5 percent.” The Soyfoods Association is now
“Plenty Canada has also undertaken an integrated working to establish tofu standards.
soybean project in St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Antigua. An illustration shows a package of ice cream with the
“I have enclosed some articles and part of a report on word “Tofu” in large letters on the front panel.
the Dominican project and hope that this gives you an idea of
what we have been doing. I would appreciate receiving any 730. Wall Street Journal. 1985. Dividend news: Tofu Time
comments or further queries from you. I have a high regard Inc. [Stock split approved]. May 31. p. 28, Western ed.; p.
for your tofu books and we have used them often. 14, col. 1, Eastern ed.
“My wife, Sarah, has become somewhat of an expert • Summary: “Tofu Time Inc., maker of the frozen non-
on soy cookery and nutrition over the past 15 years. She is dairy dessert Tofutti, approved a 3-for-2 stock split, payable
very good at making soyfoods taste extremely delicious. July 9 to stock of record June 25. The Rahway, N.J.-based
The initial success of our Soya Shop in Dominica can be company, founded in 1982, also posted first-quarter profit
attributed, to a great degree, to Sarah’s soy experience and of $575,459, or 16 cents a share, compared with a year-
the participation of some very enthusiastic Dominican earlier loss of $79,704. Sales jumped to $4.2 million from
women. $393,067.”
“As far as the slides go, I am currently working on
duplicating my originals. I am also making prints from 731. Andres, Cal. 1985. Tofu: A nutritious, healthful food
negatives. When I have this completed I will let you know gaining wide acceptance. Food Processing (Chicago)
and then perhaps we could make an arrangement whereby 46(5):46. May.
you can see them. • Summary: Describes Instant Tofu Blend (one of four
“Thanks again for your interest, wishing you all the best, Specialty Blends from A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.) and TF-10
Norman Ayerst.” spray dried tofu (from Clofine Dairy Products Inc., Linwood,
The letter ends with two handwritten addresses on New Jersey). Address: Editorial director.
page 3: (1) Noble Bean, c/o Allan & Susan Brown, R.R. 4,
MacDonald’s Corners, Ontario, Canada. Sarah [Ayerst] has 732. Product Name: Concentrate Plus+ (LeTofu in Dry
been working with Allan & Susan since we returned from Powder Form. Powdered Blend of Spray-Dried Tofu, Solids,
Dominica. (2) Norman’s home address. and Stabilizer for Industrial Manufacture of Tofu Ice Cream).
Letter (e-mail) from Norman Ayerst. 2008. Aug. 3. “At Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Light Foods.
the times we were working in Guatemala and Dominica, we Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box

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2536), Petaluma, CA 94953. Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Div. of Barricini

Date of Introduction: 1985. May. Foods Inc.
Ingredients: Spray-dried tofu, corn syrup solids, vegetable Manufacturer’s Address: 123 South St., Oyster Bay, NY
gums. 11771.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Industrial packing. Date of Introduction: 1985. May.
How Stored: Shelf stable. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Brightsong Foods. 1985. New Product–Documentation: The product is made by
Industrial Tofu and Frozen Desserts Offered (News Release). Farm Foods in Tennessee. Frozen Food Age. 1985. Aug. p.
“Brightsong Foods, the oldest tofu development company 72. “Barricini merges with Farm Foods.” News Release.
in the U.S., announces the introduction of its new industrial 1986. March 5. “Farm Foods Moves Offices to New York.
products: Tofu Plus+, Concentrate Plus+, and Mix Plus+.” Manufacturers of Ice Bean, the original non-dairy, all-
Spot in Food Engineering. 1985. July. p. 32. “Introduces natural soymilk frozen dessert in America, has closed its
tofu frozen dessert concentrate.” The all-natural concentrate Summertown, Tennessee offices and moved to 123 South
contains real tofu, soy protein, etc. In Business. 1985. St., Oyster Bay, New York. Ice Bean will continue to be
Nov/Dec. p. 25. Letter from Richard Rose. 1987. Aug. 29. manufactured in Tennessee.” Natural Foods Merchandiser.
Customer added sweetener, fat, flavor, and water to make a 1986. June. p. 81. New flavors are Peanut Butter Carob Chip
tofu frozen dessert. The main ingredient was Oberg’s spray- and Wildberry pints.
dried tofu. News release. 1989. April 24. Beginning in mid-May,
Note: This is the earliest record seen (April 2001) honey vanilla and toasted almond fudge flavors will be
showing powdered tofu used as an ingredient in a available in quart sizes.
commercial soy product.
737. Product Name: Dreamy Tofu (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
733. Colorado Business. 1985. Soybean dessert (Tofutti) Cream) [Chocolate, Mint Chocolate Swirl, Peanut Butter
gains on yogurt, ice cream. May. p. 96. * Swirl, or Wildberry Swirl].
Manufacturer’s Name: Giant Food Inc.
734. Dairy Industries International. 1985. Soya Health Manufacturer’s Address: 6300 Sheriff Rd., Landover, MD
Foods opens in Manchester. 50(5):43. May. 20785.
• Summary: “A factory to produce soya milk has been Date of Introduction: 1985. May.
opened in Trafford Park, Manchester. UK supplies of this Ingredients: Chocolate: Water, sugar, corn syrup solids,
low fat, high protein drink have previously been imported cocoa and cocoa processed with alkali, soy oil, soy isolate,
from Belgium, France, and Germany. tofu, mono and diglycerides, guar and locust bean gums,
“Sales [of soya milk] in the UK have increased five-fold polysorbate 80, vanillin, cellulose gum, xanthan gum.
in the last year to total £3.5 million; the company behind the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: ½ gallon.
new venture, Soya Health Foods, estimates that the market How Stored: Frozen.
will reach £20 million within the next three years. They are Nutrition: Chocolate: Per ½ cup. Calories 130, protein 1
already producing 46,000 litres a week, packed in cartons gm, carbohydrate 22 gm, fat 4 gm, sodium 15 mg.
and sold under the brand name of Sunrise. Later in the year, New Product–Documentation: Interview with Giant
they are hoping to launch a soya yogurt and soya milk ice Food. 1985. Nov. 11. Product introduced about May 1985.
cream. There are also plans for a soya milk by-product, Leaflet. 1985, dated. “A Dairy-Free Dream Come True.”
presently sold as pig feed.” Note: Taking the retail price at Gives ingredients and nutritional analyses for 4 flavors of
UK£0.64 per liter, these values correspond to 5,600 tonnes Dreamy Tofu. It is made by Giant Food, sold only at the
of soya milk for 1984 and 32,000 tonnes projected for 1988. 134 Giant Food stores (in Virginia, Maryland, and DC),
Address: England. and is reasonably priced. Spot in Food Industry Skirmisher
(Baltimore, MD). 1985. July. Dreamy Tofu is manufactured
735. Dairy Record. 1985. New advances in tofu desserts. in Giant Food’s own processing plant and is available in all
May. p. 29-30. 134 area Giant stores in half gallon ($2.59 retail) and pint
• Summary: Phoenix Foods in Wayne, Pennsylvania ($0.99) containers.
launches Ta-Tou, and Hawthorn Mellody of Schaumburg, Ad (full page) in Washington Post 1985. June 21. p.
Illinois, debuts Tofait. Tofait contains 15-20% real tofu. A15. Andres. 1985. Food Processing. Nov. p. 40. “Tofu-
based frozen dessert is cholesterol and lactose free. Opens
736. Product Name: Ice Bean (Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert) new marketing potentials” This product, which uses Frostline
[Honey Vanilla, Carob, Wildberry, Peanut Butter Carob Chip, tofu mix from Grain Processing Corp. as its main soy
Toasted Almond Fudge, Chocolate, Mocha, Strawberry, or ingredient, has not detracted from sales of their dairy ice
Almond Espresso]. creams.

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Distributed to its 142 stores, the product is available in five

flavors.”

738. Product Name: Gourmet Tofu by Riviera (Non-Dairy

Soy Ice Cream) [Vanilla, Almond, Strawberry, Burnt Walnut,
or Raspberry].
Manufacturer’s Name: Gold Star Ice Cream Co.
(Ingredient Systems Division of ITC).
Manufacturer’s Address: 921 East New York Ave.,
Brooklyn, NY 11302.
Date of Introduction: 1985. May.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985.
Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 88. Originally the
company was planning to call this product “Tofu for You.”
Dairy Record. 1985. Sept. p. 86. Dairy Foods. 1985. Nov.
p. 63; Food Processing. 1986. March; Food Engineering.
1986. Aug. p. 91. Interview with the company. 1987. Sept.
Gold Seal is the selling arm of the company, Gold Star is the
manufacturing. New brand is Way of Life.

739. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1985. Finally! A great tasting ice

cream that makes no compromises with your health (Ad).
Vegetarian Times. May. p. 44.
• Summary: This full-page color ad, with a light blue
background, shows a pint carton of Rice Dream (dark blue
and white on light blue), one dessert dish filled with a swirl
of soft-serve strawberry Rice Dream, and another filled with
a scoop of carob Rice Dream–surrounded by brown rice,
strawberries, carob chips, almonds, lemons, and oranges.
Seven flavors are now available in hard pack pints (vanilla,
carob, strawberry, lemon, carob chips, orange, and carob
almond). Address: P.O. Box 1702, Fayetteville, Arkansas
72702. Phone: 501-443-7216.

740. Product Name: Ta-Tou and Ta-Tou Lite (Non-Dairy

Soy Ice Cream) [Six Flavors].
Manufacturer’s Name: Phoenix Foods International
(Parvelle Corporation).
Manufacturer’s Address: 985 Old Eagle School Rd.,
Wayne, PA 19087; 6508 6th Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11220.
Phone: 215-687-9371.
Meyers. 1986. Advertising Age. April 28. p. S-4. “Giant Date of Introduction: 1985. May.
Stocks up on Service, Vertical Integration... Last summer it How Stored: Frozen.
launched a weekly full-page color ad focusing on specific New Product–Documentation: Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985.
products, such as Dreamy Tofu.” Food Engineering. 1986. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams. p. 85-87. Designed by
Aug. p. 91. “Sea and soy proteins spark analogs, blends.” Lloyds in Pennsylvania and Dari-Tech in Atlanta, Georgia;
Dreamy Tofu from Giant Foods is the first hard-pack use of Dairy Record. 1985. May. p. 29-30. “A soft serve frozen
Frostline tofu mix. A photo shows two Dreamy Tofu cartons dessert with 100 calories per 3.5 oz serving.” Prepared
(mint chocolate swirl, and wildberry swirl). Foods. 1985. July. p. 109. The product comes in six flavors.
Kingma. 1987. Soya Newsletter. 1(3):11. This is “one of
the leading supermarket chains in the Mid-Atlantic region. 741. Gibbons, Barbara. 1985. For a cooler, slimmer summer,
Dreamy Tofu is the only soy-based nondairy frozen dessert give cold shoulder to sugar and fat: The slim gourmet. Los
presently marketed in half gallon cartons as well as in pints. Angeles Times. June 13. p. SD F61.

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• Summary: “Avoid commercial ice cream, frozen yogurt, soy isolate (a concentrated soy protein product), and tofu
even frozen tofu desserts. Most are high in calories as well (soy bean curd) mixed with water, corn sweeteners, gums
as fat, or sugar, or both. Make your own by freezing low-fat and emulsifiers to give it a texture similar to ice cream.”
milk or yogurt in ice cube trays.” Then use a blender or food Dreamy Tou is available in half gallon ($2.59) and pint (99¢)
processor to whip them into soft-serve frozen desserts; add containers in Chocolate, Mint Chocolate Swirl, Peanut Butter
flavorings to taste. Swirl, and Wildberry Swirl flavors.

742. Wood, Deborah Leigh. 1985. Nothing timid in frozen 746. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1985. Tofu Time Inc. to
tofu’s calorie count. Chicago Tribune. June 13. Food section. distribute Tofutti in Canada (News release). 136 East 57th
p. 2. St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. June 27.
• Summary: Note the use of the term “frozen tofu” in the • Summary: William Neilson Ltd./Ltee. of Toronto will
title to apply to soy ice creams. “If you don’t know much be the exclusive distributor and manufacturer of Tofutti
about tofu frozen desserts, you might assume they’re throughout Canada. Neilson Ltd., established in 1893, is one
nutrition packed. But if you give a lick about calories, you of Canada’s oldest ice cream manufacturers and is an affiliate
won’t eat too much... Tofu frozen desserts have increased of George Weston Ltd., a major retail food conglomerate.
fourfold in the last few years since David Mintz created Note: So Tofutti will start to be made outside the United
Tofutti...” States. Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777.
“Haagen-Dazs now sells Tofutti in its 28,000 shops
throughout the country.” 747. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1985. “Tofutti” (TV ad
Robert Tepper, vice president of the Soyfoods slicks). ADM, Decatur, Illinois. 1 p.
Association of America and national sales manager for Farm • Summary: See next page. Shows 12 color frames from the
Foods, says that no matter what you call them, they are still ADM TV commercial promoting Tofutti, shown on “Meet
just desserts. the Press” (NBC) and “This Week with David Brinkley”
(ABC). Address: Decatur, Illinois.
743. Wilson, Geoff. 1985. Drinks pinta soya day? Age (The)
(Melbourne, Australia). June 15. 748. Bray, Franco. 1985. Un gelato vegetale a base di soia
• Summary: “The Australian dairy industry may soon face [Vegetable ice cream based on soya]. Industrie Alimentari
the greatest challenge to its markets. Its rival will be a range 24(228):513-15. June. [12 ref. Ita]
of soy-bean products indistinguishable from dairy foods. • Summary: Discusses methods and procedures for making
“The soy-bean industry can produce milk, yoghurt, ice a bland tasting tofu for use in Tofutti, a non-dairy ice cream
cream and cheese that not only taste like dairy products, but made in the USA. Tables compare the chemical composition
are cheaper and are perceived in some quarters to have health of cow’s milk and soymilk, the dry okara (residuo secco)
advantages.” from Amsoy, Vinton, and Weber soybean varieties as a
function of the extraction method, and the amino acid
744. Chen, Steve. 1985. Re: Soy ice cream made of isolated composition of soy protein and milk proteins.
soy protein in 1967 at Ralston Purina Co. Letter to William Note 1. This is the earliest Italian-language document
Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, June 19. 1 p. Typed, with seen (Sept. 2013) that mentions soy ice cream, which it calls
signature on letterhead. Une gelato vegetale a base di soia.
• Summary: “I used isolated soy protein back in 1967 to Note 2. This is the earliest Italian-language document
make soymilk, soy ice cream and high protein snacks while seen (June 2013) that mentions okara, which it calls Il
I was with the Central Research at Ralston Purina Co. in residuo secco and materiale insolubile. Address: Via Crimea
St. Louis, Missouri. I named my soy ice cream as ‘Icetein’ 21, 20147 Milan, Italy.
(means Ice Protein), but Ralston never commercialized the
product. I guess “Icetein” can be considered as a very early 749. Dairy Record. 1985. High-fashion novelties: Frusen
version of Tofutti.” Address: PhD, Country Director/Taiwan, Gladje designs for the designer. June. p. 39.
American Soybean Association, P.O. Box 3512 Taipei, • Summary: Frusen Glädjé, which has just launched Gloria
Taiwan, R.O.C. Vanderbilt Glacé Tofu Frozen Dessert, is now preparing
to launch a line of frozen novelties. Sales and marketing
745. Giant Food. 1985. Dreamy Tofu: a nondairy frozen manager Randall Stuart says there will be 10 novelties on the
dessert that’s lactose free and cholesterol free (Ad). market by the end of the month. Five products will be sold in
Washington Post. June 21. p. A15. four different packs: Fruit ‘N Creme Bar, Cookie ‘N Creme
• Summary: “Giant developed Dreamy Tofu–as an Sandwich, Peanut Butter Caramel Nut Bar, Vanilla Fudge
alternative for those who cannot eat ice cream. Dreamy Nut Bar, and Cookies ‘N Creme Bar.
tofu is made from soy oil (high in polyunsaturated fat),

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750. Dairy Record. 1985. New tofu concept for frozen virtues of soyfoods. As Doug Fiske, a consultant to Soyfoods
desserts. June. p. 95. magazine succinctly put it, “Without them, there wouldn’t
• Summary: Frostline Tofu Dry Mix is made by the Frostline even be a soyfoods industry. The sidebar discusses the work
Food Service Dept. of Grain Processing Corp. of Shurtleff and Aoyagi (whose photos are shown), and
summarizes their new book on soy ice creams. Address: Oak
751. Dairy Record. 1985. Tuscan Farms: Moving beyond Park, Illinois.
dairy. Fired up by a new parent company, Tuscan Farms is
out to break tradition. June. p. 11-12, 42. 756. Product Name: Sojal Light Dairy Free Frozen Dessert
• Summary: A new TV spot shows family members enjoying [Strawberry, Carob, Hazelnut, or Vanilla].
Tuscan’s Tofu frozen novelties on a stick. Indeed Tuscan Manufacturer’s Name: Regular Tofu Company Ltd. Made
Dairy Farms of Union, New Jersey, has launched “Tofu in Leicester, England, by Rossa Ltd.
Bars,” a non-dairy, lactose- and cholesterol free frozen Manufacturer’s Address: 16 The Halcroft, Syston,
dessert on a stick. A photo (p. 42) shows “Tuscan’s tofu on a Leicester, England LE7 8LD. Phone: 0533 605665.
stick.” Date of Introduction: 1985. June.
Ingredients: Carob: Water, dehulled soya beans, honey,
752. Food Processing (Chicago). 1985. 101 new food plants: vegetable oil, carob, soya lecithin, guar gum.
Tofu-based frozen desserts–Welsh Farms. June. p. 52. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml.
• Summary: The company’s $1.8 million, 13,000 square foot How Stored: Frozen.
expansion at Long Valley, New Jersey, doubles its production New Product–Documentation: See next page. Ad in
capacity. Completed in May 1985. The Vegetarian. 1985. July/Aug. p. 23. “Sojal, So Good!
New dairy-free frozen desserts, by Hera.” These new soy
753. Harpers Bazaar. 1985. Cool tofutti diet makeover. ice creams, made from soya milk, come in light vanilla,
118:123, 180. June. [1 ref] strawberry, carob, and hazelnut flavors.
• Summary: This article for overweight ice-cream addicts Soya Bluebook. 1986. p. 104. Address: Hayhill
begins: “Tofutti fever has reached an all-time high. Enjoy Industrial Estate, Unit 25, Barrow Upon Soar, Leicester,
this healthful frozen favorite and lick away five pounds a Leicestershire, England. Letter from John Holt. 1987. Aug.
week.” Contains a 1-page menu plan for a 1,200-calories- 19. “The product was launched with these labels in June
per-day regimen, plus recipes, which are adapted from Does 1985. It was sold prior to that under the name of Soyboy
Your Lunch Pack Punch? by Robin Toth and Jacqueline Soy Ices.” Leaflet. 1987. “Sojal, So Good! New dairy-
Hostage. free frozen desserts by Hera.” Shows all 4 Labels in color.
“Only 100 calories per 100 ml. Cholesterol free. No animal
754. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1985. Refrigerated/frozen ingredients. No added sweeteners except honey. Contains
foods get a blast from the past. June. p. 1, 54-59. polyunsaturated vegetable oil.” On the rear is a handwritten
• Summary: Includes excellent discussions of tempeh, letter from John Holt, with signature.
soymilk, and non-dairy frozen desserts including Tofutti, Ice
Bean, and Rice Dream. One retailer says: “We’ve never had 757. Product Name: Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace Tofu-Based
a product line like Tofutti, where customers practically tell us Novelties.
they’ll bomb our store if we don’t carry it.” Tofutti continues Manufacturer’s Name: Seligco Food Co. Frusen Gladje
to show strong sales, but it is facing competition from other Ltd.
soy-based frozen desserts (such as Ice Bean), as well as ice Manufacturer’s Address: 424 E. John St., Lindenhurst, NY
cream facsimiles made from fruit (such as Yodolo) or rice 11757.
(such as Rice Dream). Date of Introduction: 1985. June.
On the same pages as the article are color ads for Rice How Stored: Frozen.
Dream and Legume “Enlightened Entrees with Tofu.” New Product–Documentation: Dairy Record. 1985. Sept.
p. 86. Przybyla. 1985. Sept. p. 146.
755. Obis, Paul. 1985. The scoop on the new soy “ice
creams.” Vegetarian Times. June. p. 44-48. [1 ref] 758. Product Name: Tofuette (Soy Ice Cream).
• Summary: Much of the information in the first part of Manufacturer’s Name: Soy City Foods.
this article was “scooped” from Shurtleff & Aoyagi’s new Manufacturer’s Address: 2849 Dundas St. W., Toronto,
book, Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams, which is mentioned ONT, M6P 1Y6, Canada.
in a sidebar titled “Soy-based ice creams: Tofu goes on a Date of Introduction: 1985. June.
roll.” It begins: “The contributions of William Shurtleff How Stored: Frozen.
and Akiko Aoyagi to the soyfoods industry are legion. The New Product–Documentation: Interview with Jon Cloud
duo have dedicated their lives to educating people on the of Soy City Foods. 1985. He first starting making this soft

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serve ice cream in the summer of 1985. Now called

Tofuette and sold coast to coast. There are 3 soy ice
cream companies in Canada now.

759. Product Name: Toffait (Non-Dairy Soy Ice

Cream) [Chocolate, Vanilla Almond, or Wildberry].
Manufacturer’s Name: Toffait Manufacturing Ltd.
Manufacturer’s Address: 1003B–55th Ave. N.E.,
Calgary, ALB, T2E 6W1, Canada. Phone: 403-295-
1008.
Date of Introduction: 1985. June.
Ingredients: Incl. isolated soy protein, white sugar,
glucose, fructose.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml hard frozen
packs.
How Stored: Frozen.
Nutrition: 150 calories per 100 gm.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. state.
Leaflet. 1985, undated. 18 by 24 inches, color. “Toffait. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Tofutti & Other Soy Ice
Thinfully delicious.” Leaflet. 1985. “How We Improved on Creams. p. 88; National Dairy News. 1985. June 7. p. 4.
the World’s Favorite Dessert.” Interview with Philip Choy. “Snack Sticks. Tuscan is said to be the first with a tofu frozen
1985. This product is very low calorie, with no added fat. dessert on a stick”; Frozen Food Age. 1985. 33(12):61. July.
It is made from soy protein isolates, with no tofu, since if Spot in Fancy Food & Candy (Des Plaines, Illinois). 1985.
it contained tofu, which has oil, dairy labeling restrictions Oct. “Frozen Snack on a Stick.” Spot in Dairy Record.
would apply. Sold $300,000 in first 2 months in Alberta only. 1985. June. p. 42. Martin. 1985. Quick Frozen Foods. July.
Press Release. 1985. With analyses. 9 p. Canadian Jewish p. 29. Spot in Food Processing. 1985. Aug. p. 88. “Frozen
News (Toronto, ONT). 1985. Marketing (Toronto, ONT). tofu bars–lactose and cholesterol free.” Color photo shows
1985. July 15. Toffait became available in grocery stores packages of Lemon Chiffon, Vanilla Almond, and Chocolate
throughout Alberta in late June, 1985. Choy is an ice cream Royale.
store proprietor. Black-and-white photo of Label in Shigeru Otsuka,
1987. “Journey into the world of soy sauce.” p. 184.
760. Product Name: Tuscan Tôfü Bar (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
Cream Novelty on a Stick) [Chocolate Coated Chocolate 761. Sheraton, Mimi. 1985. International pot luck: Variety
Royale, Chocolate Coated Vanilla Almond, or Uncoated spices the country’s rich culinary life. Time 126(1):98-99.
Lemon Chiffon]. July 8.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tuscan Foods Inc. (Tuscan Dairy • Summary: This article is part of a special issue of Time
Farms). magazine about immigrants. It notes that as Americans learn
Manufacturer’s Address: 750 Union Ave., Union, NJ about new ethnic cuisines, they are also “busy naturalizing
07083. foreign ingredients into native dishes: tofu, the cheeselike
Date of Introduction: 1985. June. soybean curd, as the base for burgers and ice cream...
Ingredients: Chocolate Coated Vanilla Almond: Water, Tempeh, the Oriental fermented soybean cake, is here
cane sugar, corn oil, corn syrup solids, tofu, salt, citric acid, formed and flavored to simulate bacon and pastrami.”
sorbitol, glycerine, cellulose gel, soy protein, carrageenan, “How long can it be before Benihana is joined by chains
guar gum, locust bean gum, pure vanilla, natural flavors, with names such as Tacorama, the Piteria, Dim-summery and
polysorbate 80. Coating: coconut oil, chocolate liquor, sugar, even Tofusion.”
soya lecithin, natural vanilla flavor. A photo captioned “A sundae kind of love,” notes that
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 fluid oz bar, 6 per box. “there is not one drop of dairy product in the tofu-based “Ice
Retails for $1.99. cream.” Developed for Jews who observe kosher laws and
How Stored: Frozen. cannot combine dairy and meat products in the same meal,
New Product–Documentation: Interview with Tuscan this creamy soybean-based frozen dessert also satisfies those
Tofu. 1985. Feb. 6. The company will introduce Tuscan Tofu, on low-calorie diets.”
a frozen stick novelty, in early March, 1985. For details, talk Note: This is the earliest known article in Time magazine
with Thomas Montagna. Tuscan is a 100-year-old fluid milk that mentions tempeh.
company, one of the biggest milk companies in New York

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762. Marketing (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). 1985. ‘We all this country at Trafford Park, Manchester. In that time sales
scream for–Toffait?’ July 15. of his Sunrise no-added-sugar UHT soya milk have risen
• Summary: Toffait, made by Toffait Manufacturing of from 46,000 litres a week to 250,000.
Calgary (Barry Sullivan is general manager), was recently “Recently he signed a two-year own-label contract for
launched in Alberta; it could be on supermarket shelves in sweetened soya milk with Lancashire Dairies, and is now
eastern Canada before this fall. A black and white photo supplying Co-operative Retail Services, and supermarket
shows a Toffait ad titled “How we improved on the world’s chains.
favorite dessert.” Cole has now launched three more soya products
under his brand: (1) Sunrise Soya yogurt in four flavors–
763. Tofu Time Inc. 1985. New trademarks: Tofutti Park, strawberry, peach melba, black cherry and raspberry. Cole
Tofutti Jogger (Milk shake-like beverage of Tofutti and says there have never previously been any soya milk yogurts
fruit juices, filed 28 March 1985), Tofutti Cuties (Ice cream available in the UK or Ireland; (2) Sunrise Ice Dream (soya
sandwich, filed 25 March 1985), Tofutti (Filed 11 Oct. 1984). milk ice cream) in two flavors–hazelnut and vanilla. “This
Official Gazette Trademarks (Washington, DC). July 21 and is a natural ice product, free from dairy produce, lactose and
30. cholesterol and containing only sugar made from fruit.”; and
• Summary: Owner of U.S. Reg. No. 1,258,745–the Sunrise Vegetarian Burgers, each weighing ¼ pound; they
trademark of the word “Tofutti.” Address: Rahway, New are high in proteins and fibres. A photo shows his company’s
Jersey. four products, including 2 flavors of soy yogurt. Cole says
there are three large markets for soya products in the UK:
764. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1985. Kyuto Bussan. (1) The slimmers, dietary and allergy foods market; (2) the
Tôfu “Aisukuriimu.” Seizô sôchi, “noohau” o kaihatsu. natural food market; and (3) the Kosher market. Address:
Shôwa Sangyo, Mitsubishi Jûkô ga kyôryoku [Kyuto Bussan Manchester, England.
Tofu Ice Cream. They have developed the equipment and
know-how. Showa Sangyo and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 768. Collins, Alf. 1985. Fresh Today: Busy days at Island
helped]. July 21. p. 9. [Jap; eng+] Spring. Seattle Times. July 31. p. C-7.
• Summary: This ice cream is made using soymilk. Kyuto • Summary: Island Spring’s tofu-based frozen dessert comes
Bussan is inviting large tofu manufacturers to start producing in vanilla-almond, black cherry-amaretto, chocolate, peanut
it in Kyushu. Raw materials are provided by Showa Sangyo, butter, and coffee. Tofu burgers, tofu-based sauces and
equipment by Mitsubishi Juko, marketing by Kyuto Bussan. spreads will soon be introduced. “Luke Lukoskie, Island
Spring president, figures the new products will boost the
765. Moody’s OTC Industrial News Reports (New York, NY). firm’s annual sales from $1 million to $30 million in 3 years.
1985. To-Fitness, Inc. July 26. Then he can concentrate on building a new plant somewhere
• Summary: This company, which has 5 employees, is the between here and Tacoma. He’s putting together about $4.4
exclusive distributor for the state of Florida of soft-serve million in financing for the project.” Address: Washington.
Tofutti. The company was incorporated in Florida on 7 Dec.
1983 as WRA Distributing. The present name was adopted 769. Long Island Business (Plainview, New York). 1985.
in Dec. 1984. For the year ended 31 Dec. 1984 net sales Tofutti sues Barricini over dessert name. July 31.
were $550,067 and net income was $12,227. The company • Summary: The Tofutti company is seeking to prevent
is located at 4770 Biscayne Blvd., Miami, Florida 33137. Barricini Foods from using the trade name, Tofu-lite.
Phone: (305) 326-6786. Tofutti claims that Barricini is misleading the public with
a similar product name. The Barricini name was licensed
766. National Dairy News. 1985. Ice cream flavors–It’s not from Southland Corp., owners of 7-11 stores and the nations
all peaches and cream. July 26. biggest dairy products group.
• Summary: About Harold Hawley, vice president of
research and development for Welsh Farms, Inc., of Long 770. Nyman, Judy. 1985. Frozen Tofu is the latest craze for
Valley, New Jersey. The company makes Tofutti non-dairy Canadian consumers. Toronto Star (Ontario, Canada). July
frozen dessert. Hawley is constantly in search of the perfect 31. p. D4.
ice cream flavors. A photo shows Hawley at work. • Summary: “Frozen tofu” refers to soy ice cream, called
the “ultimate Yippie-turned-Yuppie treat.” It has just become
767. Grocer (The) (England). 1985. Sunrise hopes soya widely available in Canada.
yogurt will follow milk success. July 27. p. 18.
• Summary: “Six months ago, Michael Cole, a strict 771. Farm Foods. 1985. Creamier than ice cream? Ice Bean
vegetarian for most of his life, formed the Soya Health Foods might just be the ultimate frozen dessert (Ad). Vegetarian
company and opened the first soya milk factory of its kind in Times. July. p. 45.

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• Summary: See next page. This full-page color ad contains New Product–Documentation: Yukan Yomiuri Shinbun.
a half page color photo shows a close-up of a woman with 1985. July 26. This all vegetable product has half the calories
her eyes closed smiling; she is holding a spoon filled with of regular ice cream and almost twice as much calcium.
Honey-Vanilla Ice Bean. In the lower right corner, a small In Japanese, “Daizu” means soybean. No address for the
photo shows the product’s new brown and white carton. The manufacturer is given. See also EMUL (1987).
text begins: “You won’t believe your taste buds. Ice Bean
is the original non-dairy frozen dessert that’s so creamy 775. Martin, Sam. 1985. Gourmet ice cream, soy-bean-
some say it’s actually creamier than ice cream. Yet Ice Bean based imitations create excitement. Quick Frozen Foods
has no milk or milk products in it at all. Not a drop.” It International. July. p. 29, 32, 36, 38.
ends: “Ice Bean. You have to taste it to believe it.” Address: • Summary: About Barricini’s Tofulite, Tofu Time’s Tofutti,
Summertown, Tennessee. Gloria Vanderbilt, and Tuscan Dairy Farms. Photos show
Tuscan tofu bars (3 flavors) and Barricini Tofulite. Also
772. Food Industry Skirmisher (Baltimore, Maryland). 1985. contains a brief history of ice cream. “The factors which
Giant new non-dairy dessert. July. fueled the growth of quality frozen desserts are the advent of
• Summary: “Giant Food Inc. has introduced Dreamy Tofu–a central heating, which made it practical to eat ice cream at
new nondairy soy-based frozen dessert.” It is made in Giant home on the coldest winter day; and the home freezer, which
Food’s own processing plant. permitted storage for unlimited periods of time.” Before
World War II, most ice cream was sold during the summer
773. Product Name: Island Spring Tofu Dessert (Ice and was eaten at an ice cream parlor or soda fountain–rather
Cream) [Vanilla Almond, Cherry Amaretto, Chocolate, than at home. Address: Associate publisher.
Peanut Butter, Coffee].
Manufacturer’s Name: Island Spring, Inc. 776. Oberg Foods Co. 1985. Isolated from the tofu market?
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 747, Vashon, WA Try a real solution. Soy Supreme (Ad). Dairy Record
98070. Phone: 206-622-6448. 86(7):29. July. Also in Dairy Field, July and Aug. 1985.
Date of Introduction: 1985. July. • Summary: A revolutionary new and potentially very
Ingredients: Water, tofu (water soybeans, calcium sulfate), important product. Address: General Sales Office, Oberg
high fructose corn sweeteners, corn oil, all natural flavorings, Foods Co., 1201 Broadway, Suite 203, Quincy, Illinois
soy lecithin, vegetable gums (guar gum, carrageenan). 62301. Phone: 217-224-8010.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints.
How Stored: Frozen. 777. Plenty Canada. 1985. Sri Lanka Soy Utilization
Nutrition: Base mix analysis, per 4 fl. oz.: Calories 152 Project. R.R. #3, Lanark, ONT, K0G 1K0, Canada. 10 p.
avg, protein 2 gm, carbohydrates 19 gm, vegetable fat 8 gm, Unpublished manuscript.
sodium 7 mg. No cholesterol or lactose. • Summary: The 5-year project, aimed at increasing
New Product–Documentation: See next 2 pages. Collins. consumption of soyfoods in Sri Lanka, proposes to establish
1985. Seattle Times. July 31. p. C-7. An all natural “Fitness four soya nutrition centers in Kandy, Colombo, Vavuniya,
Foods from the Pacific Northwest.” Contains no lactose, and Tanamalwila. Each center will have equipment to make
cholesterol, sugar, or saturated fats. Beachcomber (Vashon, soymilk, tofu, soy ice cream, tempeh, and soy flour (to use
Washington). Nov. 26. Leaflet (glossy color, front and back, to fortify wheat in rotti, pittu, etc.). Each center will conduct
8½ x 11 inches). 1985, Dec. “Island Spring: Tofu Frozen demonstrations and training classes to community groups.
Dessert. A fitness food from the Pacific Northwest, USA.” Address: Lanark, ONT, Canada. Phone: 613-278-2215.
Pink plum blossoms in front of a giant moon or sun.
“Food Report” (Lehmann). 1986. March. Labels (side 778. Product Name: Sunrise Ice Dream (Non-Dairy
and top). 1986. Black and blue on salmon pink. Tops are Soymilk Ice Cream) [Vanilla, Hazelnut, Wildberry,
3.25 inches in diameter. “A fitness food from the Pacific Strawberry, or Carob].
Northwest, USA. No lactose. No cholesterol. No sucrose.” Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Health Foods, Ltd.
Side says, “All natural, non-dairy.” (Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Classic Ices, then
from 1986 in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.
774. Product Name: [Soyette (Soy Ice Cream)]. Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 4, Guinness Rd., Trafford
Foreign Name: Daizuetto Aisukuriimu. Park, Manchester M17 1UA, England.
Manufacturer’s Name: KBL-sha. Date of Introduction: 1985. July.
Manufacturer’s Address: Main office: Tokyo, Japan. Ingredients: Vanilla (4/91): Soya milk, corn syrup,
Date of Introduction: 1985. July. vegetable oil, fructose, vanilla bean extract, emulsifier
Ingredients: Incl. Soy protein, safflower oil. (vegetable mono-diglyceride), stabilisers (guar gum, locust
How Stored: Frozen. bean gum, xanthan gum), natural colour: Annatto. Other

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flavors contain fresh fruits and nuts. Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1990. This product
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 liter plastic tub (1,000 gm) or has always been made with soy protein isolates.
125 gm cup. Label sent by Heather Paine of SoyaFoods in London.
How Stored: Frozen. 1991. April 23. Paperboard top of tub: 6.5 by 4.25 inches.
Nutrition: Vanilla (6/91): Per 100 ml: Energy 69 kcal 2.5 inches deep. Print is red, white, brown, black, yellow,
(calories), protein 1.0 gm, carbohydrate 10.0 gm, fat 3.0 gm. and green on a color photo against a tan background. Color
New Product–Documentation: The Grocer (England). photo of a dish filled with scoops of vanilla soy ice cream,
1985. July 27, p. 18. “Sunrise hopes soya yogurt will follow topped with two sweet wafers, surrounded by fruits and
milk success.” Sunrise Ice Dream (soya milk ice cream) nuts. On top: “Non-dairy frozen dessert. Made from natural
is available in two flavors–hazelnut and vanilla. “This is a ingredients. Lactose free. 1 litre pack.” On sides and bottom:
natural ice product, free from dairy produce, lactose and “Free from dairy and animal produce.” The strawberry
cholesterol and containing only sugar made from fruit.” flavour is no longer sold.
Natural Food Trader (UK). 1985. Sept. p. 25. Michael Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1991. Sept. 16. Most
Cole is director of this company; Food Trade Review. 1985. of the soy ice creams made by Genice (such as Sunrise Ice
Nov. p. 568. Byrne. 1986. Dream, the number one soy ice cream brand in the UK) are
Maureen Byrne. 1986. Food Manufacture (London). made with soy protein isolates.
May. p. 64, 67. “Cool and classic.” Sunrise Soya Ice Dream Health Food Business (London). 1992. May. p. 34.
is made for Soya Health Foods, Ltd. by Hillsdown Holdings “Frozen desserts. Soya Health Foods. Sunrise Ice Dream
Group’s Classic Ices.” Poster. 1985. “Sunrise–Be good to non-dairy frozen dessert available in 1 litre tubs in six
yourself!” A photo shows one tub of Ice Dream. flavours: Vanilla, Hazelnut, Carob, Wildberry, Cassata, and
Poster. 1985. “New from Soya Health Foods Ltd. Coconut, with an rrp [or RRP = recommended retail price] of
Sunrise Ice Dream. All Natural. Enjoy the creamy flavour £1.99, trade price £7.84 for 6 + VAT [Value Added Tax]; also
of the finest ice cream without excess calorie or fat. Now available in 125ml tubs (individual servings) in six flavours–
available in 4 flavours.” Vanilla, Raspberry, Pistachio and Almond, Mint Carob Chip,
Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1985. Soymilk Industry and Market, Mango and Apricot, and Fruit Cocktail, with an rrp of 45p
Update. This product soon became a great success. Letter and a Trade price of £3.83 + VAT for 12 tubs. Sunrise Carob-
from Simon Bailey. 1988. Sept. 29. The managing director of Ices–the world’s first non-dairy choc-ice are available in a
this company is still Michael Cole. take-home 6-pack or in individuals (for impulse buying).

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Sunrise Carob-Ices contain Sunrise Vanilla Ice Dream, unit. Patten Securities of Florham Park, New Jersey, is the
coated in carob, rrp per pack £1.79, trade price £11.83 + underwriter. The initial proceeds will be used to buy the plant
VAT for 10. Sunrise Iced Yogert, a non-dairy frozen yoghurt and equipment of the Mayflower Ice Cream Corp. (42-25
dessert, available in 500ml tubs in two flavours Strawberry Vernon Blvd., Long Island City, New York), which has been
and Black Cherry–rrp £1.66, trade price £6.38 + VAT.” in bankruptcy for 18 months. Carl Tropper, a pharmacist, will
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 4 be president. Bernard Deutsch is a founder. The company
and 8. Ray, a native of Wales, had started a company named will make a tofu frozen dessert and other non-dairy tofu-
Classic Ices, which was primarily a dairy ice cream company based products.
located in Rhydymwyn (pronounced REED-uh-MOO-un),
Clwyd (pronounced KLU-ud) County, Wales. In 1984 Ray 782. Josephs, Lawrence. 1985. The best and worst clients.
sold his shares in Classic Ices to the Hillsdown Holdings Tofutti ices two agencies: The inventor of cholesterol-free
Group but continued to work at the company. In 1984 Ray ice cream is a tough client. Adweek. Aug. 5. p. C.R.C. 6, 10.
saw an article in The Grocer stating that Michael Cole of • Summary: “Tofutti’s advertising void was finally filled on
Soya Health Foods Ltd. had started making soya milk and July 3 with Campbell-Ewald’s ‘rock and sell’ radio blitz,
he was planning to make related non-dairy products–such as featuring a parody of the 1950s Little Richard hit ‘Tutti
soya ice cream. Ray approached Michael Cole asked if they Frutti.’ Television spots were scheduled to begin August 1.
could develop and make a soy ice cream for him. Michael “Campbell is the third agency in a year to work with
was interested and that is how Ray’s interest in soya ice David Mintz and his cholesterol-free, lactose-free dessert.
creams began. Irene Barclay of Classic Ices worked closely ‘For all intents and purposes, they’ve never advertised
with Michael Cole to developed the product. In about July before,’ says Molly Hudson, a senior vice president of
1985 Classic Ices started making Sunrise Ice Dream and Campbell. She describes Tofu Time Inc. founder Mintz as
selling it to Cole, who marketed it very successfully. In a pleasure to work with, an ‘absolute gold mine of ideas.’
1985 Ray and Irene left Classic Ices and started their own But, she cautions, ‘Mintz is an entrepreneur, and agencies
company, Genice Foods Ltd., also located in Clwyd, to focus that lack experience with that kind of client might find him
on developing and manufacturing non-dairy desserts. In difficult.’
1986 production of Sunrise Ice Dream was transferred from “Indeed, both House & Co. and Levine, Huntley,
Classic Ices to Genice. Schmidt and Beaver found Mintz impossible. House &
Labels (Vanilla, Carob, Wildberry) sent by Genice Foods Co. agreed to resign the account in early June, having done
Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. scattered print ads for free Tofutti. They followed in the
footsteps of Levine, Huntley, which resigned the account last
779. Daily Graphs–Amex/OTC (Los Angeles). 1985. Tofu fall after doing no advertising... Harold Levine, chairman
Time Inc. Aug. 2. of Levine, Huntley, says he dropped the Tofutti account
• Summary: A graph shows the price of Tofu Time (Tofutti) because... ‘He had no marketing direction and no sales
stock from Jan. to August 1985. From Jan. to May it stayed direction’... Levine told the tofu baron to hire a marketing
at about $10/share, then in June it jumped to a peak of 17 man, and Mintz eventually hired Steven Weiss, a former
7/8. Over the next two months it was volatile, averaging McCann-Erickson vp, who conducted the search that
about $16/share. connected Tofutti with Campbell... Sales [of Tofutti] are
A separate bar chart at the bottom shows the daily expected to exceed $18 million this year. Campbell expects
volume. annual billing on the account to be $2 million to $3 million, a
figure Mintz agrees with.”
780. Adweek East (New York). 1985. Tofutti All Rootie. Aug.
5. 783. Altaner, David. 1985. His passion flavors the blandest of
• Summary: A new TV ad with this theme recently broke to foods. Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). Aug. 6. p.
the bopping 1950’s tune “Tutti Frutti.” The 30 second spot A8-A9.
involves 11 actors and was shot at the Convent of Sacred • Summary: The company receptionist answers the phone
Heart in Manhattan. Tofu Time’s ad agency is the New York “Tofutti-All-Rootie.” “Thank God, I’ve been blessed with
office of Campbell-Ewald. This is Tofu Time’s first TV ad. taste buds that like what the masses love.” New products?
“Next comes tofu jogger, an instant breakfast soy drink. In
781. Investment Dealers Digest (New York, NY). 1985. New the future, consumers can expect to see soy-based chocolate
sweet treats coming to market [Carl Tropper and La Delite and vanilla pudding, potato topping, onion dip, tofu cultured
Ltd.]. Aug. 5. See also Market Chronicle. Aug. 1. non-dairy yogurt, tofu whipped cream and pancakes...
• Summary: La Delite Ltd. (122 E. 42nd St., Suite 601, His personal Mount Everest is a tofu burger... To meet the
New York, NY) is scheduled to come to market this week competition Tofu Time is rolling out its first television
with an offering of 200,000 units of common stock a $15 a commercial, which was unveiled last week. In it, the

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question, ‘Has New York gone totally Tofutti?’ causes a staid Tofutti into Canada in both hard ‘ice-cream’ take-home tubs
board of directors meeting to erupt into frenzied dancing to and larger soft-serve containers for restaurants.” However
‘Tofutti-All-Rootie,’ which sounds a lot like Little Richard’s advertising claims about cholesterol content are not allowed
1955 hit ‘Tutti-Frutti.’” by Health and Welfare Canada, so Neilson is asking for an
A large photo shows David Mintz, behind many of his amendment to the rules.
products, holding a Tofutti bar on a stick.
787. Hamlin, Suzanne. 1985. Tofu dessert questioned as ice
784. Hamlin, Suzanne. 1985. Tofutti: Can its time be up? cream alternative. Toronto Star (Ontario, Canada). Aug. 14.
New York Daily News. Aug. 7. p. D16.
• Summary: “Tofutti makes no such claims, yet consumers • Summary: This is a summary of: Hamlin, Suzanne. 1985.
think it has more protein and fewer calories than ice cream.” “Tofutti: Can its time be up?” New York Daily News. Aug. 7.
The “Soyfoods Association says that most so-called tofu Address: New York Daily News.
desserts are not made from tofu but from isolated soy
protein... But startling to the alert consumer is the fact that 788. Cloud, Jon. 1985. Work with okara and other soyfoods
the primary ingredient is water, followed by high fructose (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
corn sweeteners, then corn oil–no cholesterol but plenty of Center, Aug. 15. 1 p. transcript.
fat and calories there.” A photo shows a pint of hard-pack • Summary: Jon Cloud has done a great deal of work to
Tofutti–Vanilla Almond Bark flavor. develop a high-quality okara tempeh; it is now the best
he has ever tasted–although Richard Jennings also makes
785. Long Island Business (Plainview, New York). 1985. excellent tempeh. He has added rice and other binders.
Barricini wins right to ‘Tofu Lite’ name. Aug. 7. SoyPro is the name of his soy sausage and Soyettes are
• Summary: Barricini had been denied the use of the ‘Tofu made from okara, using 50% okara. Soy City Foods also
Lite’ name by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which sells an okara granola, and falafels. He is required by the
thought it might cause confusion with Tofutti. Barricini Canadian government to call okara “soy mash.” They have
appealed and won. While awaiting the hearing, Tofutti filed prohibited use of the word “okara.” He has also developed 2
a suit against Barricini on 12 July 1985 in the U.S. District flavors of ice cream sandwiches.
Court, Uniondale, New York. After a 1-day hearing, both Soy City Foods–a corporation that is worker owned–
parties agreed to a settlement. See also: Food Distributors now makes 4,000 lb/week of tofu and 144 kg/week of
Magazine (Barrington, Rhode Island). 1985. Sept. tempeh. Address: Soy City Foods, Toronto, ONT, Canada.

786. Kidd, Kenneth. 1985. Tofutti causes Big Apple stir... 789. Jewish Journal (Brooklyn). 1985. Chicago seen Tofutti
Marketing. Toronto Star (Ontario, Canada). Aug. 11. p. F4. yea-sayers. Aug. 16.
• Summary: As company directors sit around a board room • Summary: In a direct mail survey of 15,000 Jews in the
table, eating Tofutti, the chairman suddenly exclaims: “Has Chicago area, 93% of those who responded said they felt
the world gone totally tofutti?” Tofutti was as good or better than ice cream; 7% said they
One director leaps onto the table and starts dancing, felt it was not as good. 65% said they plan to use Tofutti in
while the music of Little Richard’s 1955 hit song “Tutti place of ice cream; 34% will use it in addition to ice cream’
Frutti” (All Rooty) swelled in the background. Note: This 1% do not plan to use it at all.
was Tofutti’s first TV ad and Little Richard’s first hit record.
The ad, now airing in New York City, has been quite a 790. China Post (Taipei, Taiwan). 1985. “Tofu” ice cream to
hit. David Mintz, inventor of Tofutti, says its “infectious.” keep you slim. Aug. 19.
By making an ice cream out of tofu, Mintz has found an • Summary: “For taste of Tofu ice cream go to: Frusen
ingenious way of getting around kosher dietary laws and of Gladje Natural Ice Cream, 258 Nanking E. Road, Sec. 3”
parlaying this idea into a multi-million dollar business. in Taipei. A photo shows Dr. Frank C. Huang, President
There are now more than 50 flavors of Tofutti, a tofu of International Gourmet Food Inc. at a recent ceremony
hamburger (almost ready; tentative name Tofutti MacFuttie), introducing the product.
and even a chain of Tofutti Gourmet shops on the drawing
boards. It all started in 1972. Tells the story of how Mintz 791. Jenkins, Nancy. 1985. Food notes: Tofu wars [Tofulite
says he invented Tofutti. vs. Tofutti]. New York Times. Aug. 21. p. C7.
Tofutti is presently available at 36,000 outlets across the • Summary: “Both Tofulite and Tofutti [soy ice creams]
USA, and a worldwide launch is immanent. Mintz has just have claimed victory in a recent dispute over trademarks and
shipped his second order to Hong Kong. His next plans are packaging.” Tofulite is made by Barricini Foods of Oyster
for Singapore and Japan. Bay, Long Island, and Tofutti is made by Tofu Time of
“William Nielson Ltd. has now started importing Rahway, New Jersey.

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“Concerned about similarities in the two products’ a carton.

names and packages, Tofutti brought suit in federal court.
Under an out-of-court settlement this month [after a 1-day 796. Product Name: Tofu Glacé (Soy Ice Cream) [Classic
hearing in federal district court], Tofulite will continue using Vanilla, Southern Pecan, Chocolaty Chocolate, Fudgy
its brand name although the company has 120 days to change Mocha, Amaretto Chocolate Almond, Really Rocky Road,
the design and color of its packaging and promotional Strawberry Strawberry, or Minty Chocolate Chip].
material.” Manufacturer’s Name: Cuisine Nature. Made in
Pennsylvania, by Lehigh Valley Dairies.
792. Lindsley, Kathy. 1985. Frozen tofu is hot stuff Manufacturer’s Address: Montreal, QUE, Canada.
[Penguino’s]. Times Union (Rochester, New York). Aug. 27. Date of Introduction: 1985. August.
• Summary: A brief history of Penguino’s (Rochester, New Ingredients: Incl. Tofu, corn sweeteners, sugar, unsaturated
York) and description of the product. “According to a recent vegetable oil.
article in the Wall Street Journal, Carnation Co. entered the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint.
picture in April with a product called McQueen’s.” How Stored: Frozen.
Sales of Tofutti jumped from $30,000 in 1982 (the New Product–Documentation: Spot. 1986. “Tofu Glace,
year it was launched) to $9 million in 1984. Haagen-Dazs, a new frozen dessert product previously available only
a subsidiary of Pillsbury Co., has taken over distribution of in Canada. In northeastern Pennsylvania Tofu Glace is
Tofutti, “which shows just how big time tofu has become.” produced exclusively by Lehigh Valley Dairies.” (Note:
It gained further momentum this year when celebrity Directory assistance shows this company to be located in
Gloria Vanderbilt launched a “frozen tofu dessert” name Schuylkill (pronounced SKOO-kul) Haven, PA 17972.
Glace, which was developed with the assistance of another Phone: 717-385-1884). It is a non-dairy product. Talk with
up-scale ice cream maker, Frusen Gladje, which is part of the Yvon Tremblay and Richard Milon. 1987. Dec. 11. They
Kraft Foods empire. A photo shows Miriam Phalen, president have a label. “This product, made by Bernie Clark of Cuisine
of Penguino’s, serving up her tofu-based ice cream. Nature (he’s rich) contains no tofu. His phone is 514-636-
7916.”
793. Snedaker, Kit. 1985. Tofutti’s 10-year success story: Soya Newsletter. 1988. July/Aug. p. 8. Address now
Dessert’s maker even called on his maker for help. Los given as 575 Lepine, Dorval, Quebec, Canada H9P 2R2.
Angeles Herald-Examiner. Aug. 29. Contact Roland Cyr. Phone: 514-636-7916. Ingredients
• Summary: “Mintz finally started talking to himself and include tofu, soymilk, fresh fruits, nuts, and corn sweeteners.
to heaven. ‘If you want me to make it,’ he agonized, ‘give Flavors: Chocolate, Vanilla, Maple Walnut, Strawberry,
me a sign.’ And swears that the next batch, a little change in Orange Mango, and Southern Pecan.
formula, came out tasting exactly like strawberry ice cream.”
Address: Herald Food Editor. 797. Eckett, Alison. 1985. Beating the protein crunch: A
growing number of people are discovering the range of
794. Brin, Herb. 1985. Grandma power and Rebbe are his soyfoods, both traditional and modern, that can be made
recipe. Mintz’s Tofutti is newest taste sensation. Heritage from this bean. Food Processing (UK) 54(8):25-28. Aug.
(Los Angeles). Aug. 30. • Summary: “The term ‘soyfoods’ is a recent generic
• Summary: Mintz is a devoted follower of the Lubavitcher expression that has been used to describe the complete
Rebbe, who once advised him: “Drop the food business and range of soy products prepared for human consumption. It
concentrate on tofu desserts. You will be successful.” Tofutti covers both high technology, modern products such as soy
is now found in 36,000 supermarkets across America in 48 [protein] fibres, concentrates and isolates which are mainly
states. It is being sold in Hong Kong, Australia, and many used as ingredients by food manufacturers... and includes the
parts of Europe. traditional low technology products of soymilk, soy sauce,
Note 1. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady (1748-1812) was miso, natto, tofu, tempeh and soy sprouts that have formed
a mystic who founded the Lubavitch sect. part of the staple diet in East Asia for thousands of years.”
Note 2. This record shows that Tofutti is now being Soyfoods are divided into non-fermented and fermented.
exported to various overseas countries. Address: Los Photos show: (1) Miso Dip (front of two packages). (2)
Angeles, California. Cubes of tofu under water. (3) Nasoya Tofu Vegi-Dip.
(4) Sliced cakes of tempeh. (5) The front of four tempeh
795. Consumer Reports. 1985. Meet Tofutti, the latest packages, made by The Tempeh Works. (5) White Wave
competition for ice cream. 50(8):445. Aug. tempeh, a tempeh burger, and a promotional piece. (6) A box
• Summary: Tofutti is underendowed with protein (less than of Tofu Lasagna, made by Legume, Inc. (7) The front of a
half as much as ice cream) and overendowed with calories package of “6 All Natural Vanilla Ice Bean Sandwiches,”
(158 vs. 135). A photo shows a man spooning Tofutti out of made from Ice Bean by Farm Foods.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 326

Manufacturer’s Address: 2849 Dundas St. W., Toronto,

798. Frozen Food Age. 1985. Barricini merges with Farm ONT, M6P 1Y6, Canada.
Foods; McKernin serves as Chairman, CEO. 2 Tofulite Date of Introduction: 1985. August.
products are added; all flavors now calcium fortified. How Stored: Frozen.
34(1):72. Aug. Also in Whole Foods. 1985. Oct. p. 21. New Product–Documentation: Interview with Jon Cloud.
• Summary: The merger took place on 31 May 1985. Farm 1985. Aug. They make their own soy ice cream.
Foods then became the trade name of Barricini’s natural/
health foods line. The company has added Rum Raisin and 802. Sunset (Menlo Park, California). 1985. Call it Tofulato.
Wildberry flavors. What happens when you introduce Oriental tofu to Italian
gelato? A smooth, lean, delicious ice dessert. Aug. p. 64-65.
799. Modern Dairy (Toronto, ONT). 1985. Neilson launches • Summary: How to make tofu ice cream at home, using
‘Tofutti’ [in Canada], seeks labeling amendment. Aug. tofu, buttermilk, whipping cream, gelatin, sugar, etc.
• Summary: William Neilson Ltd./Ltée. is seeking a labeling
amendment from the Health Protection Branch of Health 803. Product Name: Tofu Nete (Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert)
and Welfare Canada to allow the label to read “Contains No [Vanilla, Chocolate, Wildberry, or Peanut Butter].
Cholesterol” or “Cholesterol Free.” Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Nete, Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address: 39 Bellis Circle, Cambridge, MA
800. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1985. New products, 02140. Phone: 617-864-2640.
changing diets propel soyfood sales. Aug. p. 1, 39-40, 42-44. Date of Introduction: 1985. August.
• Summary: “The soyfoods revolution is being fueled by How Stored: Frozen.
several powerful trends... Many consumers are attracted Nutrition: Per 4 oz.: Calories 100, protein 1 gm,
to soyfoods because they are an excellent no-cholesterol carbohydrates 17 gm, fat 5 gm.
‘replacement’ for meat and dairy products. Soyfoods are New Product–Documentation: Advertiser (Saugus,
also growing with the rising tide of macrobiotics, which Massachusetts). 1985. Aug. 29. “Tofu Nete is Newest Ice
promotes the use of various soy products. And there are now Cream Substitute.” Stanley Cohen is president of Tofu Nete
enough soyfoods on the market to create synergy within the Inc. Herald News (Fall River, MA). 1985. Sept. 4. “Enjoy
category: consumers buying soymilk try tofu, and go from This Perfect Ice Cream Substitute.” Recorder (Greenfield,
tofu to tempeh. Massachusetts). 1985. Sept. 25. “Tofu ‘ice cream’ on the
“Tofu is by far the best-selling product in the soyfoods rise.”
category, according to figures provided by the Soyfoods
Association [and Soyfoods Center]. An estimated $60 804. Product Name: Tofruzen (Non-Dairy Hard Pack Soy
million worth of tofu is produced and sold in the U.S. Ice Cream) [Chocolate, Strawberry, Vanilla-Almond].
annually, while frozen tofu desserts, entrees, and prepared Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Today (Marketer). Made in
products account for approximately $25 million. Soymilk Boulder, Colorado, by White Wave, Inc.
sales have jumped from near zero a few years ago to Manufacturer’s Address: 333 W. Hampden, Suite 1010,
$10 million today, while tempeh is an emerging growth Denver, CO 80110.
category at 5 million in yearly sales.” All of the retailers Date of Introduction: 1985. August.
interviewed by NFM indicated that the soymilk category is How Stored: Frozen.
experiencing major growth. Most of the growth has been New Product–Documentation: Spot in Natural Foods
in six-ounce aseptic individual serving packages supplied Merchandiser. 1985. Oct. Six flavors. Spot in Food &
by such companies as Westbrae, Ah Soy, Vitasoy and Eden. Beverage Marketing. 1985. Nov. “Tofu Heads for Rockies.
Health Valley’s Soy Moo has recently been repackaged in a The product is being introduced into the Denver area. Jason
8.45-ounce package. Bois is president of Boulder-based Tofu Today.” Sentinel
“Tempehworks produces approximately 7,000 pounds of (Lakewood, Colorado). 1986. Jan. 30. “Local Competition
tempeh a week during peak months, including that used in its for Tofutti.” It sells for a little over $2/pint at King Soopers.
processed tempeh products, such as Fakin’ Bacon, New York By Aug. 1986 Tofu Today Inc. was at 300 East Hampden,
Style Strami and Kansas City Barbecue.” Suite 403, Englewood, Colorado 80110. Leaflet. 1987.
Includes “A directory [sic, glossary] of soyfoods March. 8½ by 11 inches, color. “Introducing the hottest new
terminology” that defines tofu, tempeh, soybean, miso, seller in frozen desserts... Tofruzen, Instead of Ice Cream.
soymilk, shoyu/tamari, TVP or TSP, soy protein isolate, The frozen dessert with tofu that meets Soyfoods Association
defatted soy flour, and “secondary” soyfoods products. standards.”

801. Product Name: Ice Cream Sandwiches [2 Flavors]. 805. Whole Foods. 1985. Source book 1985-86. 8(8):1-136.
Manufacturer’s Name: Soy City Foods. Aug. Illust. Index. 28 cm.

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• Summary: This is the 5th edition of this directory. Midwest market for the skins,’ said Lee.
Contents: Publisher’s page. NewsLinks Wholesalers / “’In tofu, we are the leader in Minnesota, Wisconsin,
distributors: Alphabetical address directory. Wholesalers / Iowa, Michigan and Illinois. Our sales were growing 10 to
distributors: Geographical directory. Product directories: A 15 percent annually, but the base was so small to being with.
list of product manufacturers: Foods (p. 33-48–soy-related The Minnesota market uses 300 cases of tofu a week; that’s
categories include: Bean products, beans, coffee substitutes, under $10,000 a month.’ Total production weekly of tofu,
cultures, ice cream, macrobiotic, milk, miso, sauces, soy skins and related products is up to 36,000 pounds weekly...
products, soy sauce, tamari, tempeh, tofu), vitamins and “Steve Schellhaass, formerly with Safeway Stores,
supplements, cosmetics & personal care, herbs. Trade name was hired last year as vice president of manufacturing and
index: An alphabetical listing of products by their brand or product development, with a directive to find ‘value-added’
trade names. Brokers. Publishers. Associations. Alphabetical uses for tofu and the skins. Tofulicious is one result and
listing of manufacturers / importers. Advertisers’ index. Tofruit, resembling yogurt with fruit, is another. Available in
Note: The listings related to soy products are full of health food stores, it soon may be released to regular retail
errors. This Source Book contains many interesting ads. channels under a co-packing arrangement. The company also
Whole Foods claims prominently and repeatedly to have the has tofu salad dressing ready...
largest circulation in the natural foods industry. Address: “Lee plans to make Eastern Foods a national company
South Plainfield, New Jersey. in 1986 and perhaps to go public in 1987. To speed
national distribution, his company has contracted with JFC
806. Bernardino, Minnie. 1985. Defining ices: From gelato International, the distribution arm of Kikkoman soy sauce
to Semifreddi. You asked about... Los Angeles Times. Sept. and the largest Oriental specialty distributor in the country.”
12. p. J43. A photo shows Lee L. Lee, founder and president of
• Summary: Question and answer format: Q: “Can you Eastern Foods Corp., holding a pint of Tofulicious. Address:
please tell me if tofu ice cream is made with real tofu?” Minnesota.
A: Theoretically tofu ice cream contains tofu. However
some “of these frozen tofu desserts do not contain tofu,... but 808. Major, Brian. 1985. Tofu Time! Tofutti is ‘only the tip
are made with soy-milk or soy isolates,” which contain 90% of the ice cream,’ according to inventor. Bulletin (Brooklyn,
protein. For manufacturers, the main advantage of using soy New York). Sept. 20. p. 1, 4.
protein isolates is that they are a dry powder which can be • Summary: David Mintz says, “When I read about tofu
stored without refrigeration, whereas fresh tofu has a short 10 or 12 years ago, my antenna went up.” Mintz now has
shelf life, even when refrigerated. four plants making tofu products, three in New Jersey. He is
working on many second-generation tofu products.
807. Ostman, Eleanor. 1985. Public acquires a taste for tofu.
Soybeans give business more than just desserts [Lee L. Lee, 809. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1985. Annual report 1985:
Tofulicious, and Eastern Foods Corp.]. Morning Pioneer We bring home America’s harvest. P.O. Box 1470, Decatur,
News Dispatch (St. Paul, Minnesota). Sept. 15. p. 1G, 3G. IL 62525. 16 p.
• Summary: Korean-born Lee L. Lee graduated in physics • Summary: Part I describes ADM’s daily work. “ADM.
from Seoul National University and came to the Univ. of Where the people who feed the world buy their groceries.”
Minnesota to study accounting. He stayed to work for 11 Pages 8-9 note: “We unlock the protein inside the soybean.”
years at Control Data Corporation’s international accounting Contains color photos of many soy products including
division, the last 5 as its manager. “He was clearly ahead Protoveg Vegetable Goulash, and Betty Crocker Hamburger
of demand in 1978 when he started producing tofu in a tiny Helper (p. 1), Similac (p. 7), ProSobee, Rich’s Coffee Rich,
rented warehouse in Roseville [Minnesota].” During his Betty Crocker Bac*O’s, and Protoveg Sizzles (p. 9), Tofutti
years at CDC “he was also making tofu for First Oriental (p. 15).
Foods in St. Paul, ultimately buying that company in 1982. Part II, an insert in the portfolio, is the annual
His Eastern Foods Corp. began producing tofu part time report financial data (34 pages). Net sales and operating
a year before he left Control Data, with the assistance of income: $4,738,767,000. Net earnings: 163,908,000. Total
venture capital investment from his former employer.” CDC current assets: $1,367,826,000. Total current liabilities:
owns 30% of Eastern Foods. In 1979 he built his current $328,822,000. Address: Decatur, Illinois.
quarters at 3235 E. Hennepin Ave.
“Though he kept producing tofu over the years while 810. Brightsong Foods. 1985. Corporate backgrounder and
two other local competitors started and folded, Lee says he fact sheet (News release). 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box 2536),
knew that ‘I couldn’t live and die with just one product.’ Petaluma, CA 94953. 2 p. Sept.
His company began manufacturing won ton skins and egg • Summary: In the late 1970s Richard Rose discovered that
roll wrappers. ‘Within 18 months, we dominated the entire his frequent respiratory illnesses were caused by a severe

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allergy to dairy products. He was a vegetarian and dairy • Summary: Paradise Cuisine International Ltd., a year-old
products were a major component in his diet. Substituting food marketing company based in Los Angeles, California,
tofu for dairy products eliminated all the illnesses he had has introduced McQueen’s, a non-dairy frozen dessert based
suffered from since childhood. In 1980 the Roses brought on soy protein, with added oyster shell calcium. McQueen’s
Brightsong Tofu, in 1982 they moved it to Petaluma, and founder is Cliff McQueen. Nurit Kotick, Paradise’s sales
in late 1984 they received the backing of a venture capital and marketing director, says that McQueen’s has better
firm. Since 1980 over 90 tofu products were developed and mass appeal than desserts made with tofu. Carnation is
marketed by the company. Address: Petaluma, California. manufacturing the product and Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream is
distributing it to supermarkets and foodservice outlets.
811. Product Name: Soy Scream Ice Cream, Tofu, Soy
Mayonnaise, Okara Burgers. 813. Dairy Record. 1985. Non-dairy products: Wooing new
Manufacturer’s Name: Country Farmhouse Project. markets. New-product roundup. Sept. p. 86-87.
Renamed Country Farmhouse Lifeline by Fall 1987. • Summary: “In the beginning there was Tofutti.” Now there
Renamed Country Farmhouse Soya Products by 1989. are many brands of tofu- and soy-based frozen desserts. Over
Renamed Country Farmhouse Soya Products Co. Ltd. by the past 18 months this segment of the healthful ice cream
Aug. 1997. market has blossomed, and since Jan. 1985 “new-product
Manufacturer’s Address: Affiliate of the Country activity has been furious; seven new products have made
Farmhouse Lifeline, 12 Faulkner Ave., Duhaney Park, their debut, backed by such companies as Tuscan Farms,
Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809-933-4617. Colombo, and Hawthorne Mellody. For consumers, the
Date of Introduction: 1985. September. concept of healthful desserts is an alluring idea. People can
New Product–Documentation: Plenty Bulletin indulge in an ice-cream-like dessert without worrying about
(Summertown, Tennessee). 1986. Fall. p. 1-3. Jamaica cholesterol and fat intake. People who normally would not
Soy. The Country Farmhouse Project in Kingston, Jamaica eat ice cream, especially the millions of lactose intolerant
is run with the help of two Jamaican young people, Americans, can now enjoy a cool treat. What dairies are
Rasino D’Aguilar and his wife, Mohi. This small-scale discovering is that this consumer base, made up of the
cottage industry, which has been in business for 1 year health-conscious and the lactose intolerant, is large enough to
on a shoestring budget, makes soy ice cream, tofu, soy support an ice-cream alternative without adversely affecting
mayonnaise, and a variety of okara burgers. Some of their ice cream sales.” Tofu-based desserts “account for the lion’s
products are sold at a weekly market sponsored by the share of new-product activity in the non-dairy category...”
Jamaica Vegetarian Society. A table of new non-dairy products includes the
Plenty Bulletin. 1987. Fall. p. 4. Two full time and two following frozen desserts that contain soy protein: Le Tofu
part time staff, working out of a tiny 5 x 30 foot shed on the (hard pack. Brightsong Foods, Petaluma, California; first
back of a house, produce 150 lb of tofu a week for sale to reported Sept. 1984). Tofree (soft serve. Colombo, Methuen,
restaurants and health food stores in Kingston. First listing Massachusetts; April 1985). Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glacé tofu-
in Soya Bluebook. 1989. Country Farmhouse Soya Products. based frozen desserts and novelties (Frusen Gladje franchise,
Affiliate of The Country Farmhouse Lifeline. Same address Lindenhurst, New York; Nov. 1984 and June 1985). Gourmet
shown above. Phone: 809-92-281 10-9. Products: Salads Tofu by Riviera (Gold Star Ice Cream, New York; Feb.
Delight salad dressing, soymilk, frozen desserts, tofu & tofu 1985). Tofait (Hawthorne Mellody, Schaumburg, Illinois;
products, soy burgers, high protein soy bread, tofu soysage. May 1985). McQueen’s (Paradise Cuisine, Los Angeles; June
Plenty International. 1994. Jan. A Guide to Growing 1985). Ta Tou (Phoenix Foods, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
and Using Soybeans for Food. p. 30. This company, which May 1985). Tuscan Tofu Bars (Tuscan Foods, Union, New
makes fresh soyfoods, is now named Country Farmhouse Jersey).
Soy Products, located at 12 Faulkner Ave., Duhaney Park,
Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809-933-4617. 814. Product Name: [Aminolat (Soymilk with Pre-Digested
Talk with Marlon D’Aguilar, owner. 1996. May 20 Soya Protein from Defatted Soya Flour for Humans, or
(which see). Animals)].
Talk with then letter from Marlon D’Aguilar. 1997. Manufacturer’s Name: Dott. Bonapace & C.
Aug. The letterhead states that the company is now named Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 1840, 20100 Milano,
“Country Farmhouse Soya Products Co. Ltd. Directors: Italy. Phone: 316251.
Marlon D’Aguilar, Elaine Lawson, Mrs. Winsome Date of Introduction: 1985. September.
D’Aguilar, Keith Brown.” New Product–Documentation: Milk replacers (Aminolat)
and high-quality proteins from vegetable raw materials.
812. Dairy Field. 1985. McQueen’s stirs non-dairy market. 1985. 2 p. brochure. Aminolat liquid concentrate. 7 p.
Sept. p. 20. brochure. Soya Protein Hydrolysate (Patent: Prof. Orban).

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 329

Animal food series and human food series. 4 p. brochure. How Stored: Frozen.
In the human food series, Aminolat could be used for: 1. Nutrition: Chocolate-Almond. Per 4 fl oz: Calories 160,
Vegetable milk powder with pre-digested soya protein. 2. carbohydrates 24 gm, protein 3 gm, fat 6 gm, sodium 50 mg.
Hyperproteic liquid vegetable milk in Tetra Brik 200-250 New Product–Documentation: Dairy Record. 1985. Nov.
ml. 3. Instant hyperproteic vitamin vegetable milk powder p. 43. “A Taste of the Orient.” Product development was
(E.D.T. coated). 4. Milk and chocolate. 5. Nut flavored partially supported by the Minnesota Soybean Growers
sweet cream spread (like Nutella). 6. Soya milk ice cream. Association. Soybean Digest. 1987. July. p. 4. Leaflet.
7. Soya protein yogurt. 8. High protein mozzarella cheese. 9. 1986, undated. Tofulicious. Good taste that’s good for you.
Hyperproteic smoked slices. Haumann. 1987. JAOCS. Oct. p. 1378. The product was
Note: The president of this company is Dr. A. Augusto developed by research coordinated by Univ. of Minnesota
Bonapace. food scientist William Breene and funded by the Minnesota
Soybean Research and Promotion Council; Calhoun Herald
815. Dott. Bonapace & C. 1985. Soya protein hydrolysate (Hardin, Illinois). 1988. Sept. 15. “Tofulicious available at
(Patent: Professor Orban): Products that are ready* or under Taviners.” Midwest Gourmet Ventures, a new distributorship
study in Italy and Brazil (Brochure). P.O. Box 1840, 20100 established by John and Caroll Bonn, is the exclusive
Milano, Italy. 4 p. [Eng] distributor for Tofulicious, which is a kosher product and has
• Summary: Animal food series: 1. Aminolat * Substitute an approved diabetic exchange of one and one half starches
milk for calves, lambs, piglets. In powder or 33% liquid and one fat per 4 oz. serving.
concentrate. 2. Protein base * to be mixed with milk serum
or milk powder for reconstitution, or with molasses, mineral 817. Food Distributors Magazine (FDM, Barrington, Rhode
salts, or mixed feeds. 3. Aminoplus (Protamina) * Protein Island). 1985. Tofutti versus Tofulite: The war rages onward.
derivatives mixture (soya and offal hydrolysates). 4. Race Legislation. Sept.
horses * Amino Complevit–Nutramix. 5. Dogs and fur • Summary: Tofu Time Inc. filed a suit on 12 July against
animals * Puppy mix. Barricini Inc. on 12 June 1985, in the U.S. District Court,
Human food series: 1. Aminolat–Vegetable milk powder Eastern District, Uniondale, New York. After a one-day
with pre-digested soya protein. Refers also to Vegelact hearing, both sides agreed to a settle. “Barricini Foods would
from Gallia; Nutrilact from Mellin, Milupa; Multilac keep the Tofulite name, but redesign its package and logo so
from Dieterba. Aminolat could be used in the following they ‘do not... create confusion in the marketplace.’” Both
applications: Hyperproteic liquid vegetable milk in Tetra sides claimed victory.
Brik 200-250 ml. Instant hyperproteic vitamin vegetable
milk powder (E.D.T. coated). Milk and chocolate, similar 818. Groom, Jon; Groom, Sarah. 1985. Bean Machine story.
to Ovomaltina (cf. Diabetic Breakfast Chocolate Stella Point Soja–Soyfoods. Autumn. p. 8. [Eng; Fre]
Lugano). Nut flavored sweet cream spread (like Nutella). • Summary: Jon and Zorah Groom started a business in 1982
Hyperproteic [high-protein] soya milk ice cream, soya making tofu, soysage, and Soyanaize (vegan mayonnaise)
protein yogurt, mozzarella cheese, and smoked slices. 2. from their kitchen. They learned how to make tofu and
Protein Base * Source of vegetable protein. 3. Hyperprotein soymilk while living in Eire [Ireland] with some people
emulsifier for sausages, meats, etc. (In Italy the law allows from Stephen Gaskin’s Farm in Tennessee. With a co-op of
30% soya protein, in Brazil, 50%). 4. Fabricated Foods 7 people (The Bean Machine Co-op Ltd.) they transformed
(Fudex Plant), as for snacks, crackers, etc. 5. Textured an old car spares shop at Crymych into Wales’ first soy dairy.
products (Fudex plant). 6. Vegetable Protein Meat It began operation in January 1984. A new product was Tofu
Substitutes. Incl. soy protein hydrolysate, soya protein plus Pasties. They are now building a new plant in Cardigan.
beef blood, etc. Also: Tomato powder dressing. Broth cubes Address: Crymych, Wales.
(like Soya Wurfel or Morga CH Soya Cubes). Instant broth
powder in packets. Soups in packets. Powder meals–high 819. Health Foods Retailing. 1985. Barricini, Farm Foods
protein diet. Individual meals in Tetrabrik (UHF). Address: link revolves around tofu line. Sept. p. 8.
Milan, Italy. • Summary: Barricini Foods, which has had great success in
producing a tofu-based frozen dessert, Tofulite, is seeking
816. Product Name: Tofulicious (Soy Ice Cream) [Dutch to expand in this growing field through a recent merger with
Chocolate Almond, Vanilla Almond Supreme, Piña Colada Farm Foods. The distinguishing factor between the two
Royale, Triple Berry Delight, or Creamy Peanut Butter]. product lines is in the sweetener used. Barricini’s Tofulite
Manufacturer’s Name: Eastern Foods Corp. is sweetened with sugar while Farm Foods’ Ice Bean is
Manufacturer’s Address: 3225 E. Hennepin Ave., sugar-free. Under the merger agreement Farm Foods will be
Minneapolis, MN 55413. able to market their product under the Barricini banner and
Date of Introduction: 1985. September. make use of the Barricini distribution system, which now

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covers supermarkets, restaurants, convenience stores, and

institutions. 825. Natural Food Trader (England). 1985. Soya yoghurt
launched [by Soya Health Foods of Manchester, England].
820. Hertz, Harvey. 1985. Keeping the faith with Tofutti. Sept. p. 25.
Penny Stock Journal (New York, NY). Sept. • Summary: “And now we have a dairy product-free
• Summary: Shows Tofutti’s operating revenues and earnings yoghurt! Sunrise soya yoghurt is the latest addition to the
per share from 1982-85. The company is party to exclusive range offered by the new Soya Health Foods company...
6-year distribution agreements in California and Florida. The yoghurt comes in four flavors–strawberry, peach melba,
One distributor, To-Fitness, Inc. started business on 7 Dec. black cherry, and raspberry. Says Michael Cole: ‘This
1983 as the exclusive distributor for the state of Florida for product is unique. There have never previously been any
soft-serve Tofutti. To-Fitness went public in May 1985 with a soya milk yoghurts available in the United Kingdom or
600,000 share offering. Ireland. Being lactose and cholesterol free, this product will
be very popular.”
821. Johnson, Kirk. 1985. Rating the natural sweets: Despite “These products are available from various distributors
their image of wholesomeness, not all natural desserts and throughout Britain. For details and prices contact Soya
snacks are healthful foods. East West Journal. Sept. p. 56-61. Health Foods, Unit 4 Guinness Road, Trafford Park,
[1 ref] Manchester M17 1AU. Phone: 061-872-0549.” A large photo
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. The best sweets money shows Sunrise Soya Milk (2 types), Sunrise Yogurt (2 types),
can buy. When is a natural sweet unnatural? Re-thinking Sunrise Ice Dream, and Sunrise Vegetarian Burgers.
sweets in a natural context. Natural sweets Hall of Fame. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2012)
Mix with care. Making sense of it all. that uses the term “soya yoghurt” to refer to soy yogurt.
According to Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams, by Address: Manchester, England.
William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, “yearly production of
soy ice creams now stands at around 2.3 million gallons– 826. Przybyla, Ann. 1985. Frozen tofu desserts fill a special
over $39 million worth–and has grown at over 600% a year marketing niche. Prepared Foods. Sept. p. 146-48, 153.
for the past two years. Shurtleff says such meteoric growth • Summary: About Tuscan’s Tofu Bar, Hawthorn Mellody’s
has attracted a fair share of forked-tongued entrepreneurs. Tofait, and Gloria Vanderbilt’s soy ice cream and many
‘The soy ice cream market is riddled with deception,’ claims planned novelties: Fruit’N Creme Bar, Cookies’N Cream
the soyfoods advocate.” Also discusses Ice Bean, Tofulite, Bar, Peanut Butter Caramel Nut Bar, Vanilla Fudge Nut
and Rice Dream. Bar, Cookies’N Creme Bar, Orange Creme Treat, Double
Chocolate Bar, Chocolate Coated Wildberry Supreme Bar.
822. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1985. Tofu Time Inc. enters into
agreement with largest Japanese retailer [Daiei, Inc.] (News 827. Product Name: Slimmery Thin Ice (Soy Ice Cream).
release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Sept. Manufacturer’s Name: Slimmery (Distributor).
• Summary: The initial order for export to Japan is for Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri.
$350,000. Daiei also plans to open three Tofutti Shops in Date of Introduction: 1985. September.
Tokyo within the next 6 months. Daiei owns over 300 ice Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fluid oz plastic container.
cream shops. Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Viets. 1985. Post-Dispatch
823. McSweeney, Daniel. 1985. Consumer survey 1985. (St. Louis, Missouri). Aug. 6. “There’s No Fu Like and
Whole Foods. Sept. p. 23-27. Old Fu.” Manfred Zettl, the chef who owns Slimmery, the
• Summary: The percentage of respondents who purchased a national chain of low-cal gourmet food stores, asks for
type of product at a natural foods during the past 12 months, readers help to name his new “tofu frozen dessert.” In 5 days
in descending order of popularity: Tofu 64.5%. Miso 50%. readers sent in 602 names. Product Alert notes: “This product
Sea vegetables 37.9%. Non-dairy ice cream 37.9%. Frozen appears to be sold only in Slimmery retail outlets in St.
tofu entrees 21.7%. Note: The sample size is not given. Louis. Available in six different flavors.”

824. Mitz, Bea. 1985. The joy of soy. Total Health 828. Product Name: Tofu Dream (Soy Ice Cream) [Vanilla,
(California). Sept. p. 55-56. Chocolate, Strawberry, Maple Walnut, or Coffee].
• Summary: An overview that contains photos of products Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Treats Ltd. (Marketer). Made
made by Legume (Tofu Stuffed Shells Provencale), Loma in Canada by St. Clair Ice Cream Co.
Linda (Ocean Fillets, Griddle Steaks), Worthington Foods Manufacturer’s Address: 36 Rosevear Ave., Toronto, ONT,
(Tofu Topper), Eden Foods (Edensoy), plus Tofutti and Canada. Phone: 416-699-1141.
Tofulite (made by Barricini). Date of Introduction: 1985. September.

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How Stored: Frozen. • Summary: According to statistics from the A.C. Nielsen
New Product–Documentation: AdNews (Toronto, ONT). Co., for 4 weeks ending August 31, 1985, in a survey of 10
1985. Aug. 6. “The Latest in Yuppie Food.” Canadian Jewish cities in stores with UPC scanners and with $80,000 or more
News (Toronto, Ontario). 1985. Sept. 12. The product was sales/week (i.e. all big stores), looking at all frozen desserts
developed by Arthur Herhold, former general manager of except novelties (popsicles, bars, etc.), 2.5% of the sales
Farm Foods. were non-dairy, and the non-dairy was mostly soy-based.
The figure was 3% is Los Angeles and 2.5% in New York.
829. Tofu Time, Inc. 1985. New trademarks: Peanut Robert is not sure whether or not this includes sorbet-type
Clusters, Blueberry Dream, Apple Orchard. Official Gazette frozen desserts. An alternate calculation gives similar figures:
Trademarks (Washington, DC). Oct. 1. Total U.S. production of dairy ice cream in 1985 was about
• Summary: Applications for these trademarks were filed 879 million gallons. Soy ice cream production was about
on 25 March 1985 and published on 23 July 1985. Address: 17.8 million gallons, or 2.0% of the dairy total. Address:
Rahway, New Jersey. Barricini Foods, Oyster Bay, New York.

830. Wall Street Journal. 1985. U.S. company to export tofu 834. Pathak, B.K. 1985. Glaxo’s interests in soybean
dessert to Japan. Oct. 3. p. 34. products (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of
• Summary: “Tofu Time Inc. of Rahway, New Jersey, has Soyfoods Center, Oct. 11. 2 p. transcript.
agreed to supply Japan’s largest retailer, Daiei Inc., with Address: India.
Tofutti, a non-dairy, ice cream-like dessert made from tofu,
or bean curd. 835. Suburban Trends (Butler, New Jersey). 1985. Sound off
“Daiei initially will distribute Tofutti through its existing [Paradise Cuisine International and McQueen’s non-dairy ice
food-service outlets, but has agreed to open three Tofutti cream]. Oct. 13.
Shops in Tokyo over the next six months. If it catches on, • Summary: McQueen’s was concocted on the island of
Daiei may begin producing Tofutti in Japan and expand the Maui by Clifford McQueen, a retired carpet salesman,
chain of shops.” turned health food enthusiast, in the back of his tennis shop.
This story also ran in Asian Wall Street Journal (Hong C.R. Hanson and financial advisor Bryron McCann formed
Kong). Oct. 4. Paradise Cuisine International, then raised $1 million in
60 days. The ad campaign’s main theme says, “It’s OK to
831. Foote, C.F., Jr. 1985. Tofu business sprang from this give in.” Subtext: “It’s OK to succumb to the pleasures of
hunch... [Willa Abramson and To-Fitness in Miami]. Miami McQueen’s. You’ll still respect yourself the next morning.”
Herald. Oct. 7. News section.
• Summary: In 1983 Willa Abramson discovered Tofutti on 836. Food Industry Newsletter. 1985. Food-field newcomer:
Third Avenue in New York. She persuaded David Mintz to 4-year-old Tofu Time proves there’s room for more; sales top
give her newly formed company WRA Distributing (Willa $17 million. Oct. 21.
Rose Abramson) an exclusive for soft serve Tofutti in • Summary: In Dec. 1983 a public stock offering enabled
Florida. In May 1984 the tiny distributor changed its name Tofu Time (Rahway, New Jersey) to raise $2.9 million–a
to To-Fitness and went public. Now it is a fast-growing major step in the company’s growth. They offer stock options
marketer and developer of its own tofu-based and nutritional to attract key personnel. In Sept. 1984 Tofu Time signed a
foods. In the first 6 months of 1985 To-Fitness had sales of key deal with Haagen-Dazs.
$644,290 ($28,500 profit), up from $92,000 for the same
period the year before. Address: Florida. 837. Gardiner, Doris Kloss. 1985. Jethro Kloss, his work
with soyfoods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 21.
832. Jenkins, Nancy Harmon. 1985. Food notes: A fashion Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
for Japan [Japanese order $350,000 of Tofutti]. New York Followed by letter of 17 Jan. 1986.
Times. Oct. 9. p. C9. • Summary: Jethro Kloss definitely made commercial
• Summary: Taking tofu to Japan is like carrying coals to soy ice cream in chocolate and vanilla flavors. He made it
Newcastle. “The first order is for $350,000 worth of such himself and sold it in Washington, DC. “My aunt, Promise
flavors as vanilla, chocolate, banana pecan, and vanilla Kloss Moffett, recalls how he would put it in the ice
almond bark, to be distributed through Daiei, a large chips and sawdust to keep it cold. They had a concession
retailer.” stand somewhere down on Pennsylvania Avenue near the
White House. My uncle Eden recalls selling lunches there
833. Tepper, Robert. 1985. Soy ice creams comprise only commercially to the public. They included soy ice cream, soy
2-3% of all frozen desserts (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. coffee, and sandwiches. He does not recall exactly when or
10. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. for how long they sold these food products.”

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Jethro had so many interests that he didn’t stick with Ingredients: Incl. rich chocolate fudge and soy protein.
one idea long enough to make it a real success. He was so Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 9.5 oz clear glass jar retails for
creative and had so many ideas, but he was rather like a $1.99.
Gypsy. How Stored: Shelf stable.
“When I was about 9-12 years old I recall vividly that New Product–Documentation: Spot in Gourmet Retailer
Jethro had a soybean bread baked commercially. It was his (Miami, FL). 1985. Oct. An ice cream topping.
recipe. He used to send me to the bakery in Takoma Park,
Maryland, to pick it up. The particular bread recipe is found 842. Eastern Foods Corp. 1985. Non-dairy frozen dessert
on page 645 of Back to Eden and was made using soy bean comparisons (Leaflet). Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1 p. Single
milk instead of water. It is delicious! sided. 28 cm.
“During the years 1939-1941, Jethro and his wife lived • Summary: Compares Tofulicious, Tofutti, Gloria Vanderbilt
in the Butternut Apartments near Walter Reid Hospital, on Glace, Tofait, Tofruzen, Tofulite, and Tofutti Hi-Lite (Vanilla
the border between Washington, DC, and Takoma Park, or vanilla with nuts) for calories, protein, carbohydrates,
Maryland. My grandmother (Jethro’s wife) would sometimes fat, and sodium. All have no cholesterol. Address: 3235 E.
go across the street to do ‘special duty’ nursing at Walter Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413.
Reed. She died in 1944.” Address: Back to Eden Books, P.O.
Box 1439, Loma Linda, California 92354. Phone: (714) 796- 843. Product Name: Base #1250 (Tofu Base and Stabilizer
9615. for Non-Dairy Soy Ice Creams).
Manufacturer’s Name: Germantown Manufacturing Co.
838. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1985. AMEX approves listing Manufacturer’s Address: Broomall, Pennsylvania.
of Tofu Time Inc (News release). 136 East 57th St., New Date of Introduction: 1985. October.
York, NY 10022. 1 p. Oct. 28. How Stored: Shelf stable.
• Summary: Tofu Time’s common shares were approved New Product–Documentation: Food Processing (Chicago).
today for original listing by the American Stock Exchange. 1985. Oct. p. 125. “Tofu Base. Base #1250 supplies both
Trading will start on October 29 under the Symbol: TOF. stabilization and tofu to finished non-dairy frozen desserts.
The stock was formerly traded Over-The-Counter under the The product contains a specially processed dry tofu... By
NASDAQ Symbol: TOFU. Address: New York. utilizing the base, frozen dessert processors can produce
a non-dairy frozen dessert with tofu as easily as they can
839. Home News (New Brunswick, New Jersey). 1985. Tofu produce ice cream.”
[Tofutti] trades on American Exchange. Oct. 29.
• Summary: “Tofu Time Inc. of Rahway [New Jersey], 844. Product Name: Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace with Tofu
manufacturers of the frozen non-dairy confections Tofutti Bars [Strawberry ‘n Cream, Peanut Butter, or Caramel Nut].
and Tofutti Hi-Lite, will be traded on the American Stock Manufacturer’s Name: Seligco Food Co. Frusen Gladje
Exchange under the symbol TOF starting today, the company Ltd.
announced.” Previously the stock has been sold over the Manufacturer’s Address: 424 E. John St., Lindenhurst, NY
counter. 11757.
Tofutti representatives said it planned to treat American Date of Introduction: 1985. October.
Stock Exchange workers to samples of the product, which Ingredients: Incl. tofu.
they were going to dispense from a vending machine on the Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 fluid oz bar, four per box.
trading floor. How Stored: Frozen.
Note: On December 30, 1985, in the Wall Street Journal,
under “American Stock Exchange Composite Transactions” 845. Soyfoods Association of America, Standards
for Friday, December 27, 1985, Tofu [Tofutti] has a 52-week Committee. 1985. Tofu standards. 8th draft. Lafayette,
high of 13 5/8 and a 52-week low of 6 3/4. On Friday it California: Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
closed at 8 7/8. Center. 18 p. Oct. Note: 7th draft, 20 March 1985, 18 p.,
was submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration for
840. Taylor, Iris. 1985. Tofu Time joins AMEX. Star-Ledger comments. [11 ref]
(Newark, New Jersey). Oct. 30. Address: Lafayette, California and Greenfield,
Massachusetts.
841. Product Name: Charlotte Charles Tofudge Topping
(Chocolate Fudge Topping Enriched with Soy Protein). 846. Product Name: Tofutti Hi-Lite (Low-Calorie Non-
Manufacturer’s Name: Charlotte Charles, Inc. Dairy Soy Ice Cream).
Manufacturer’s Address: Chicago, Illinois. Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Time, Inc.
Date of Introduction: 1985. October. Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,

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NJ 07065. Pennsylvania Avenue, near the White House. We had a space

Date of Introduction: 1985. October. allotted to us where we parked our small trailer equipped to
How Stored: Frozen. serve the people, and when the workers poured out of the
Nutrition: Per 4 oz.: Fat 1 gm, protein 2 gm, carbohydrates government buildings at noon, many would stop and buy our
18 gm. lunches.
New Product–Documentation: News Release. 1985 Oct. “Some things had to be prepared before, of course,
15. “Tofu Time Inc. announces all new low calorie Tofutti like the ice cream, which was quite a process, for we made
Hi-Lite.” Under 100 calories per 4 oz serving. Nationwide the soy cream directly from the raw soybeans. They were
distribution of both soft-serve and hard-pack will start in soaked (over night), then parboiled, cooked about two and
January 1986. Dow Jones News Service. 1985. Oct. 15. a half hours, ground in a mill, put into sugar bags, and the
Dairy Record. 1985. 86(12):43. Nov. The product is “now cream squeezed out with water. This rich soy milk was then
offered in soft-serve at the Tofutti Shop in New York.” A used to make the ice cream. I don’t recall the exact recipe
98% fat free, reduced calorie version of the original Tofutti (any more), but I remember he used egg whites in those
soft serve. 100 calories per 4 oz serving. days (later he used agar-agar) with honey for sweetening,
and made the ice cream in strawberry, chocolate and vanilla
847. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1985. Jûnigatsu kara tôfu flavors. We froze it with a hand-powered freezer and put the
aisu o yunyû. Daiei kei kigyô [Daiei Group’s Captain Cook ice cream in metal containers and packed them in ice with
to import tofu ice cream starting in December]. Nov. 1. p. 1. salt to take in the trailer.
[Jap; eng+] “We made sandwiches with various nut meats, lettuce
• Summary: Daiei in Japan has decided to sell Tofutti ice and sliced tomatoes. We also served soybean coffee kept hot
cream in their 14 ice cream stores before Christmas, and with a gas hot plate we had in the trailer. Our soy cream for
they plan to open three Tofutti specialty shops in early 1986. the coffee was kept sweet on ice.” Address: c/o Promise Joy
Sixteen flavors will be available, at about 180 to 200 yen per Kloss Moffett, Route 1–Box 194, Hagerstown, Maryland
serving. 21740. Phone: (301) 739-1546.

848. Sugarman, Carole. 1985. Selling what comes naturally: 852. Winerip, Michael. 1985. Our towns. Tofu wars: Battling
From whole grains to tofu mayonnaise, health foods have hit for the suburban palate. New York Times. Nov. 15. p. B3.
the mainstream. Washington Post. Nov. 3. p. K1-K2. New York City Metropolitan ed.
• Summary: Mentions: Westbrae, Fantastic Foods, Second • Summary: About the emerging fierce competition in the
Generation Tofu Products. Address: Washington, DC. soy ice cream field among Tofutti, Gloria Vanderbilt, Tuscan,
and Barricini. When Gary Barat, president of the Soyfoods
849. Bagby, Rachel. 1985. Frozen dessert wars heat up. How Association, talks about prime urban or suburban real estate,
frozen desserts rate in blind tasting. Mercury News (San he talking about the supermarket dairy case. “That’s our Fifth
Jose, California). Nov. 6. p. 1E, 5E. [1 ref] Avenue.” Tofutti, Inc., founded by David Mintz, is America’s
• Summary: Tofulite chocolate (made by Barricini Foods largest seller of “frozen tofu desserts.”
Inc.) was rated best overall (12.0), followed by Tofutti (7.2), A photo shows “boxes of frozen tofu on a stick at the
Brightsong’s LeTofu (7.1), Ice Bean Carob (6.8). Respective Tuscan Dairy in Union, New Jersey.”
prices per pint are $2.39, $2.35, $1.99, and $1.95. Address:
Staff writer. 853. Shukan Kenko Sangyo Shinbun (Weekly Health Industry
Newspaper). 1985. Kaigai joho: Amerika. Shinseihin aitsugu
850. Torii, Yasuko. 1985. Beikoku kenko sangyo saishin joho tôfu desaato [Overseas topics: America. Many new tofu
(5). Tofutti buumu. Ice tojo de tôfu buumu choten ni [Latest dessert products are being introduced]. Nov. 28. [Jap]
news of the U.S. health industry (5). Tofu boom reaches its • Summary: Discusses America’s soy ice cream boom and
peak with appearance of Tofutti and other tofu ice creams]. the Soyfoods Association’s new tofu standards.
Shukan Kenko Sangyo Shinbun (Weekly Health Industry
Newspaper). Nov. 14. p. 7. [Jap] 854. Andres, Cal. 1985. Tofu-based frozen dessert is
• Summary: A photo shows a pack of hard-pack Tofutti. cholesterol and lactose free: Opens new marketing potentials.
Food Processing (Chicago). Nov. p. 40.
851. Kloss, Eden P. 1985. Re: Jethro and Eden Kloss selling • Summary: Grain Processing Corp. has developed Frostline,
soy products in Washington, D.C., in about 1930. Letter to a dry mix used in making tofu desserts–which can be
William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Nov. 15. 1 p. Typed, consumed by the many Americans who suffer from lactose
without signature. intolerance. Frostline contains corn syrup solids, isolated soy
• Summary: “I remember helping my father, Jethro Kloss, protein, and spray-dried tofu. Giant Food Inc. spent about
prepare quick lunches which we sold to passersby on 9 months developing a tofu-based frozen dessert named

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Dreamy Tofu, which is sold in four flavors in pint and half- trends report: Consumers see the light... and the lean, with a
gallon containers. Address: Associate Editor. touch of pizzazz. Prepared Foods 154(12):46-49. Nov.
• Summary: One trend discussed is the growing interest
855. Dairy Foods. 1985. Tofu dessert market is expanding. in tofu-based foods. “The dairy case is taking on a foreign
Nov. p. 63. flavor these days with the arrival of tofu as a bonafide
• Summary: Frusen Gladje has invested about $1 million in consumer health food. Chinese people have always valued
Glace, a new frozen tofu dessert sporting Gloria Vanderbilt’s the health benefits of tofu, but it was, for the most part,
name and logo. Tofu time opted to tap into the retail market available only in Chinese-owned retail operations. That has
first but the time has come to also enter the foodservice and changed.
institutional markets. But first Tofutti has to lower its prices. “Barricini Foods has added two new flavors (wildberry
Gold Star Ice Cream in Brooklyn, New York, has and rum raisin) to its line of Tofulite tofu-based frozen
launched Gourmet Tofu, a non-dairy frozen dessert made by desserts, while Hawthorn Mellody, Schaumburg, Illinois, has
Riviera. The main attraction of “frozen tofu desserts” is that introduced Tofait, the first of a line of non-dairy products
they are high in protein, low in saturated fats and cholesterol, containing 15-20% real tofu. Available in 8 flavors, Tofait is
and lactose free. Photos show a pint of Tofutti Wildberry cholesterol- and lactose-free.”
Supreme, and 3 packs of Tuscan Tôfü bars. The main concerns among shoppers in 1985 regarding
the nutritional content of their foods is 20% want less sugar,
856. Dairy Record. 1985. A taste of the Orient. Nov. p. 43. * 19% want less salt, 18% are concerned with chemical
• Summary: About Tofulicious. Product development was additives (e.g., flavoring, MSG, steroids), 17% worry about
partially supported by the Minnesota Soybean Growers the vitamin/mineral content, 14% about the food/nutritional
Association. value, 13% want no preservatives, 13% want foods low in
fat, 11% want to make sure they get a balanced diet, and
857. Food Trade Review. 1985. Classic Ices new soya ‘ice 10% are concerned about cholesterol levels in food. Address:
cream.’ 55:568. Nov. Business editor.
• Summary: “Classic Ices Ltd. is based in Clwyd, Wales.
They have developed and are making a soymilk-based frozen 860. Przybyla, Ann E. 1985. Low calorie salad dressings
dessert, in hazelnut and vanilla flavors, under license for with... Tofucream bases: Tofucream bases are freeze-
Soya Health Foods, Ltd. The product is available in 1 litre thaw stable emulsions made from soy milk tofu and other
tubs. A photo shows the 1-litre package and label of Sunrise functional ingredients. Food Engineering 57(11):58. Nov.
Ice Dream. • Summary: Tofucream Base, for making “Tofu Salad
Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1991. Sept. 16. Dressings,” is made by blending tofu, isolated soy protein
Classic Ices, a big ice cream manufacturing company, (used for its functional properties), and hydrocolloids. Tofu
developed a range of products for Soya Health Foods dressings made from these non-dairy bases are available
[Michael Cole] under the Sunrise Ice Dream label. Classic in at least 8 flavors. The bases can also be used to create
Ices used this product to get considerable publicity for other cholesterol-free, lactose-free, reduced-calorie non-
themselves as an innovative company, even though they did dairy products including frozen desserts (hard pack, soft
not market the product and it was not under their brand. The serve, or novelties), dips, sauces, cookies, and other bakery
product was made from soy protein isolates, not soymilk. To items (replacing milk). from Yongkeun Joh, Advanced Food
his knowledge, Maranellis is the only soy ice cream in the Systems, Inc., 69 Veronica Ave., Somerset, New Jersey
UK made with fresh soyamilk. Most of the soy ice creams 08873. A photo shows two jars of generic tofu dressings in
made by Genice (such as Sunrise Ice Dream, the number Oriental and Ginger flavors. Address: Technical Editor.
one soy ice cream brand in the UK) are made with isolates.
Address: UK. 861. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. The Farm soy history:
An overview. Part I. Los Gatos, California. 10 p. Dec. 1.
858. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1985. Tofu Time Inc. announces Unpublished manuscript. [Eng]
record year end results (News release). 136 East 57th St., • Summary: “In 1971, a unique group of people settled in
New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Nov. the Tennessee backwoods to live an alternative lifestyle,
• Summary: Sales for the year ended 31 July 1985 increased committed to living collectively off the land. The community
more than sevenfold to $17,114,886 as compared with of 200 people came to be known as The Farm and over the
$2,361,391 for the previous year. Net income increased years grew to 1,500 residents, gaining international and
nearly 100 times to $2,006,451, or $0.37/share. Address: domestic fame for its community ideals, lifestyle, alternative
New York. technologies, [midwifery], and vegetarian diet based on
soybeans. Soy technologies practiced and developed on
859. Messenger, Bob. 1985. Prepared Foods 1986 annual The Farm became the seed for many tofu and tempeh shops

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that sprang up around the world in the years that followed. they were digestible.
Community members started the first [sic, sixth] commercial “By 1972 the Farm had its own flour mill that ground
soy ice cream company, and the first soy ‘deli.’ Some went soybeans into full-fat soy flour and soy grits. The community
on to start several of the major tempeh shops across the was then able to make fresher soymilk, and tofu, as well
United States and Canada and others helped start a network as add soy flour to baked goods for added protein. They
on international soy programs in underdeveloped countries. developed a curded soy flour base that was spiced and used
Innovative recipes developed by Farm members led to the as a sandwich spread, and they also baked soy flour ‘souffle.’
publication of three cookbooks which have made a large “During these early days while the diet was still being
contribution to the growing acceptance of soybeans and tofu worked out, the young children were given eggs for their
in the American diet. protein source. Margaret Nofziger, the Farm’s dietician,
“When The Farm was first settled in 1971, most of the wanted to provide the babies and young children with
people were already vegetarians. There were a variety of a soy formula as a weaning food. She asked Alexander
reasons for their personal choices: (1) an unwillingness to Lyon, a Farm member with a Ph.D. in microbiology, to
kill in order to live (feelings which stemmed from religious research how the community could make the formula. He
beliefs similar to the Buddhist religion, as well as pacifist began an extensive research both in libraries and through
attitudes deepened during the Vietnam War); (2) a growing correspondence. Fortunately, there were studies available
awareness that meat was too costly to produce and that about the uses of soy for human food consumption.
if more people at lower on the food chain there would Alexander, (Dr. Lyon) contacted Dr. Hesseltine and Dr. Wang
ultimately be more food to go around in the world; (3) of the Northern Regional Research Center in Peoria, Illinois,
evidence of the healthful benefits of a vegetarian diet; (4) a and Dr. Steinkraus of Cornell University in New York. These
belief that the dairy industry practiced cruel and exploitive researchers provided a treasure of information to Dr. Lyon
methods on animals and a reluctance to support that system. and to the soy technicians that followed. Other scientists who
After the community was established, the entire should be credited for their early and helpful research are Dr.
membership decided to adhere to a complete vegetarian Harry Miller with Loma Linda Foods and Malcolm Bourne
[vegan] diet devoid of all animal products, including eggs with Cornell University.
and dairy. They wanted to create a self-sufficient community, “All of the information gathered by Dr. Lyon led to
eating primarily what they grew on the land. They also the start of the Farm Soy Dairy in 1972. After learning the
wanted to be an example of how people could eat foods basic processes involved in soy milk preparation, Alexander
lower on the food chain to help create a larger supply of began collecting used equipment that could be adapted for
food in the world. During the search for a nutritionally sound the use of making soymilk. The original soy dairy was very
vegetarian diet, they settled on soybeans as the main form small, with a production capacity of 20 gallons of soymilk
of vegetable protein, as soybeans have one of the highest a day, and expanded over the years as the soy technicians
and most complete protein contents and are more versatile were able to find and add new equipment to their dairy. This
than any other vegetable protein. Many of the members dairy became a cross between a Japanese tofu shop and
had already been eating tofu and other soy products before American ingenuity. The Farm Soy Dairy had no capital to
The Farm, but acquiring these foods in the middle of the start operations and no investors beside the Farm itself. Cash
Tennessee woods was not an easy job. Soybeans were readily was hard to come by and as with all other commodities on
available, as they were used as local cattle food, but the the Farm, the products were distributed freely to community
challenge was how to create healthy and appetizing foods members. For these reasons, the soy technicians had to be
from them. Besides the Asian population and some Seventh- creative and imaginative in how they obtained equipment
day Adventists, there weren’t many people in the U.S. at the and how they adapted such equipment to their needs. Over
time actually eating soybeans, let alone trying to use them as the years, they went to auctions, scrap metal yards and used
the main source of protein. restaurant equipment houses. They bought, bartered and
“There were not many physical resources available as traded for their equipment. They designed their own systems
the people arrived with few possessions, lived in buses and in their welding shop and then re-designed them to make
tents, and had little capital to work with (a typical Third improvements and to increase production. They became a
World situation). Some people owned Corona hand mills and school, learning as they went along. In 1975, Laurie Sythe
occasionally ground soybeans to make fresh milk or tofu, Praskin, one of the early workers in soy dairy, succeeded Dr.
using the recipe in the Seventh Day Adventist’s Ten Talents Lyon in managing the operation. Over the next 4 years, with
cookbook. Fearn Instant Soya Powder was purchased and David Handel and Michael Halpin as equipment developers,
used for making soymilk, tofu, yogurt, and ‘soy butter.’ Just weekly production increased to 800 gallons of soymilk, 600
a few families owned pressure cookers so people cooked lbs. of tofu, 80 gallons of soy yogurt, and a varied amount
large communal pots of soybeans, taking turns ‘watching the of soy ice cream.” Continued. Address: 17969 Oak Dr., Los
pot,’ since they boiled them for 16 to 20 hours, to be sure Gatos, California 95030.

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new location gave the company easier access to East Coast

862. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. The Farm soy history: An distributors, and they soon established additional warehouses
overview. Document part II. Los Gatos, California. 10 p. in Connecticut and California.
Dec. 1. Unpublished manuscript. [Eng] By 1984, under the management of Ron Maxin and
• Summary: Continued: In 1975, Farm members started Michael Lee, the weekly production of The Farm Soy Dairy
a company to promote the use of soybean products in the [in Summertown, Tennessee] was 1,000 lb of tofu, 150
America diet. The company, named simply Farm Foods gallons of soymilk, 20 gallons of soy yogurt, 20 gallons
[Farm Food Company], began sales on the East Coast of soy ice cream, 400 ice cream sandwiches, and 90 lb of
with full-fat soy flour (ground fresh on The Farm), TVP tempeh. Today, the Soy Dairy produces an average of 5,000
(texturized vegetable protein), Good Tasting Nutritional gallons of soymilk a month for Farm Foods to use in Ice
Yeast, split soybeans, and Tempeh Starter Kits (developed Bean production. The soymilk is shipped by tanker truck
by Cynthia Bates and Dr. Lyon). In 1976, under the to the Ice Bean production plant [in Memphis], and the
management of Leticia Coate and Robert Tepper, Farm Farm Soy Dairy also markets its products in Nashville and
Foods began participating in national health food trade Columbia, Tennessee.
shows. At the time, they were one of the only companies “The Farm’s uniquely controlled vegetarian diet led
representing soyfoods. Along with their packaged products, to two official studies of its effect on the children. In 1979,
they sold cookbooks and served free samples of tempeh, Dr. Jeffrey Hergenrather, et al., conducted a study on the
TVP chili, and nutritional yeast crackers. pesticide levels in the breast milk of vegetarian nursing
“The products and recipes developed over the years led mothers on the Farm. He submitted a letter of his findings to
to the publication of three cookbooks: The Farm Vegetarian the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, March
Cookbook (1975) and Tofu Cookery (Oct. 1982), edited by 26, 1981. His letter challenged a previous article written by
Louise Hagler, and Tempeh Cookery (March 1984), edited Rogan, et al, (New England Journal of Med. 1980) which
by Colleen Pride. These books made a major contribution in stated that ‘there are no obvious dietary predictors’ of
westernizing recipes previously Oriental in origin. They were chemical pollutant in human milk. Rogan went on to say ‘For
available in all natural food stores throughout the country. certain fat-soluble chemicals, nursing infants can be regarded
“The work with soy products on The Farm also inspired as living at the top of the food chain and are exposed to
members to start two vegetarian restaurants; the Farm much more than background levels.’ Dr. Hergenrather’s
Foods Cafe [opened Aug. 1976], in San Rafael, California, study included 12 women whose breast milk was analyzed
managed by Robert Dolgin, was the first “soy deli” in the for 17 chemical substances. When compared to the seven
United States. Everybody’s, located in Nashville, Tennessee contaminants studied by Rogan, in all but one of the
[opened July 1980], was managed by Judd and Diane contaminants, which showed no difference in contaminant
Hoffman. levels, the milk of the vegetarian women had lower levels of
“The acceptance by the public of Farm Foods Cafe was contamination.
overwhelming, and although it only operated from 1976 to “The second study was conducted by Jean Roberts
1977, it pioneered the path for many tofu delis that have Fulton in 1980 and was published in the Journal of the
followed since. The unique characteristic of this deli was the American Dietetic Association. She studied a group of the
tofu and tempeh shop producing fresh products located in Farm nursery school children and found their amino acid and
the rear of the store. The Farm Foods Cafe also became the iron intake to be adequate. (The diet was low on calories,
first [sic] company to market a non-dairy ice cream made however.)
from soybeans. This frozen dessert, marketed under the name “The innovative methods used by the Farm soy
of ‘Farm Foods Ice Bean,’ is still being sold in health food technologists inspired many groups and individuals to
stores nationwide. start all over the world to train in the Farm Soy Dairy, and
“In 1977-78, The Farm Foods Cafe closed, and the soy many who couldn’t come personally were encouraged
processing equipment was moved to San Francisco. Farm through correspondence. In 1977, Plenty, the non profit
Food Company began wholesaling soy products throughout relief organization founded by the Farm, established an
California under the management of Robert Tepper. They international training program whereby people from other
continued marketing Farm Foods Ice Bean, and added tofu countries could come and train in soybean processes and
salad [like eggless egg salad], ‘tofu cheesecake,’ a frozen other technologies that The Farm had to offer. The Farm
soy yogurt dessert, and the first firm-pressed tofu to hit Soy Dairy received its first trainees from Guatemala and
the California market. In 1980 it was decided to drop the Mozambique.
perishable tofu business and concentrate on the nationwide “From the beginning days of the Farm Soy Dairy, the
distribution of Farm Foods Ice Bean. The plant in San technicians realized the value that soybeans could have in
Francisco was closed, and large scale production began in Third World countries. Eventually they were able to share
a Memphis, Tennessee, dairy and ice cream factory. This their knowledge and training in the field of soybeans by

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starting a dairy in an impoverished country. In 1979, Plenty cooker. The filtered milk flowed into buckets, which were
Canada and Plenty USA sent Farm Soy Dairy technicians then carried and poured into the small holding tank of the
Laurie Sythe Praskin, Suzy Viavant and Richard Decker to plate cooler. The slightly cooled milk was then carried by
Guatemala to help establish Plenty’s first international soy bucket to the refrigerated milk tank, where it was cooled to
dairy/tofu shop. Other technicians who trained on the Farm 30 degrees Fahrenheit and stored until delivery to the store.
have gone on to help start soy programs with Plenty Canada The milk was transported in 10 gal stainless steel milk cans
in Lesotho (in Southern Africa, 1979-present), Jamaica to the store where it was distributed. The okara in the bags
(1983-present), St. Lucia (1983-present), and Dominica was pressed to extract all of the milk using a lever system
(1984-present). come-along. At this time, the beans were being ground into
“Many of the people who lived on The Farm and trained dry grits at the Farm Flour mill. The capacity of the soy
in the Soy Dairy or with Farm Foods have started their own dairy was now 90 gallons of soymeal [not defatted] a day.
soy companies or are working in underdeveloped countries. Occasionally, large blocks of sour milk cheese were made,
The common goal felt by all has been to provide healthful, and 12 to 16 gallons of acidophilus yogurt were made daily.
delicious foods for all people, rich and poor alike. Because The yogurt was made in one gallon glass jars, incubated in
soybean products can be presented as gourmet dishes, an old refrigerator, and stored in a conventional refrigerator.
yet can also be prepared very simply, they continue to be Tempeh was also being experimented with, using the okara
accepted by all classes of people.” Continued. Address: left over from soymilk production. Soy ice cream was being
17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. made on a very small scale, using two table top ice cream
machines with one quart capacity. Alexander Lyon was
863. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. The Farm soy history: An still managing the soy dairy. By this time, the Farm was no
overview. Document part III. Los Gatos, California. 10 p. longer producing sorghum, and the soy dairy had taken over
Dec. 1. Unpublished manuscript. [Eng] two levels of the three level building. Only cold water was
• Summary: “The Farm soy dairy was started in 1972. The available, so pots of water were carried to the second floor,
original equipment consisted of a 15 gallon electric coffee where they were heated on a stove to be used for cleanup.
pot to cook the [soy] milk, a washing machine [whose spin During the cold winters, a pot belly stove was added to the
cycle was used] to extract the milk from the okara, and a array of equipment and centered right in the middle of the
peanut grinder to grind the dry soybeans into fine grits. production room.
The dry soy grits were added to the boiling water, cooked, “Early in 1975, Alexander left the soy dairy and Laurie
and then poured into a bag that was placed in the washing Sythe Praskin took over managing production. David Handel
machine. As the washing machine spun, the milk was and Warren Jefferson stepped in as full-time equipment
extracted by the bag by centrifugal force. The soymilk was men to help improve the operation and increase production.
distributed immediately in glass gallon jars, as there was no Laurie began doing research on how to improve the flavor of
refrigeration system available. The capacity of this operation the milk, which was very cereal-tasting because of the dry
was around 20 gallons a day at this time, the soy dairy was grits. She and David added an industrial Hobart meat grinder
located in the sorghum mill, a split-level, cement block to the system and began soaking their beans and grinding
building with concrete floors. them fresh each day. The beans were initially soaked in
“In 1973, a Farm member’s parents donated some used a bath tub and later in one of the copper lined sorghum
dairy equipment that they had used on their goat farm. The tubs. The tub was placed on the second level, so the beans
soy dairy made its first technological leap. Included in the could gravity feed into the grinder. The flavor was greatly
equipment was a 45 gal. electric pasteurizer/cooker, a drip improved, but the grinding was very slow and the grind was
system plate cooler, and a 90 gal. refrigerated milk tank. The not very fine.
washing machine was too inefficient and unsanitary, and “They began working on new ideas for a press that could
a simple hand-lever press was constructed, modeled after omit the bag and muscle needed to press with the come-
a Japanese-style press observed by Lesli Jordan in 1973. along. David devised a system using an upside-down bumper
Lesli apprenticed for one week in a small Stockton Tofu jack mounted over a stainless tank. Inside the tank was a
company where she compiled information on procedures stainless cylinder with holes drilled in the bottom and sides.
for making tofu and age pouches and also took photographs. The milk was pumped or bucketed into the inner cylinder
When she returned to the Farm, her husband Darryl built the and flowed out the holes when vibrated. The cylinder was
soy dairy’s first tofu box. The new presses were made from vibrated with a rubber mallet. A stainless press plate was
two galvanized wash tubs with holes on the bottom. These placed on top and jacked down to press out all the milk. This
were placed on a strong wooden stand and lined with a light system was slow and the okara had to be shoveled out after
cotton cloth bag. Wooden racks were placed on the bottom each batch.
to keep the bag of the hole, allowing the milk to flow from “In late 1975, it was decided to move the soy dairy to
the tubs freely. The milk was pumped into the bags from the The Farm’s cannery building so that it would be in a more

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central location to the Farm’s growing population and to press, the bag twisted shut, and a heavy wooden press plate
make use of the steam boiler that was located there. Even placed on top. The original wooden tofu box was finally in
though it had a wooden floor, it was a great improvement use as well as two additional round stainless boxes made by
for the dairies production. They immediately added some Michael Lovett. The tofu was pressed with cement blocks
steam jacketed cooking kettles acquired from a scrap yard or buckets of water. Tofu was made in the whiskey barrel
and production capacity doubled to 150 gallons of soymilk and a 20 gal [gallon] aluminum Hobart bread bowl. The tofu
a day. The slow points of operation were now the grinding, shop’s capacity was 200 lb of tofu on a production day. In
separation of milk and okara and cooling of the milk. They total, about 600 lb/wk in addition to 800 to 1000 gal/wk of
began hot blanching the soy beans before grinding for soymilk. Most of the tofu went to people with special dietary
improved flavor. A 150 gallon refrigerated milk tank was needs.
added to handle the increase in milk production. While “It seemed very energy inefficient to run a separate
looking for an improved separating system, one that could be tofu and soymilk operation, so technicians started designing
continuous, David and Laurie started eyeing some equipment a separator that could service both operations. Michael
that had been scrapped by one of the Farm’s crews. The Halpin, one of the Farm’s equipment technicians, designed
equipment came from an old evaporated milk plant and a hydraulic press which cost less than $1500 to build. This
included a vibrating separator and a tubular heat exchanger. was the first large amount of money spent by the dairy for
The separator was converted for the use of the wet soymilk equipment. The inspiration for the money came from the
separation. A stainless frame was built to fit in the vibrator delicious tofu produced in the small shop. Once everyone
with a cloth secured around it. The milk was bucketed and realized how good it was, the decision to invest community
later pumped over the screen while the vibrator was on. The money for improved nutrition followed. The idea of the
milk flowed through the screen and out the end into a holding press was good, but all of the bugs were never worked out.
tank. The pulp was sprayed with a little water to wash out the It was supposed to require no bag. The milk was pumped
milk and the pulp was deposited into buckets. The tubular into a stainless cylinder that was drilled with holes and
heat exchanger was converted to be used as a pre-cooler. set inside another stainless holding tank. Then with press
Cold tap water was run through jacket that surrounded inner plate and gasket, the hydraulic ram came down from above,
stainless tubing that the milk was pumped through. A wet squeezing out the milk. When pressed, there was a trap door
corn masa mill was made by Michael Halpin to be used to at the bottom that was opened, and the pulp pressed right
grind corn for tortillas and to grind the soybeans for the out into a container. The trap door shut, and the press was
dairy. Now the grinding time was no problem and production ready for another batch. The system was supposed to work
increased to 200 gallons of milk a day. Tofu was still not easily and efficiently. It never did. Gasket failures were a
being made on a community scale as the milk came out problem, spewing hot soymilk and pulp all over the dairy. In
of the separator too cold to curd properly. Laurie was also addition, the trap door never worked easily. In an expedient
making thirty to forty gallons of yogurt a week.” Address: measure to get the dairy back in operation, Laurie removed
17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. the cylinder and replaced it with a Japanese pressing sack.
The hot soymilk and pulp pumped into the bag which was
864. Praskin, Laurie Sythe. 1985. The Farm soy history: An set down in the stainless holding tank. There was a stainless
overview. Document part IV. Los Gatos, California. 10 p. rack on the bottom to keep the bag off the hole and a
Dec. 1. Unpublished manuscript. [Eng] stainless plate was set on top of the bag after it was filled.
• Summary: Continued: “In 1977, Laurie visited her home The hydraulic ram came down and pressed the bag. This
town in California. She went to visit her favorite Japanese worked all right, but the bag had to be lifted out by hand, and
tofu shop and ran into Bill Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi the position was very awkward and left many sore backs.
outside the closed shop. They were delivering a copy of their The milk went directly into a curding barrel or was pumped
Book of Tofu to the owner and tofu maker of the shop. Bill through the tubular heat exchanger. The capacity jumped to
took Laurie to the tofu makers’ home and helped arrange for 300 gal of milk and 250 lb of tofu approximately 4 days/wk.
Laurie to observe in his shop for one day. Upon returning At this time, the dairy had concrete floors and was starting to
to the Farm, Laurie immediately set up the Farm’s first get sheetrocked. Soy yogurt production became unsuccessful
tofu shop in a small corner of the soy dairy. She set up a because of the close proximity of the cannery, and vegetable
very simple shop using one of their cooking kettles and contamination was airborne. Tempeh was also in the cannery
designating it for cooking milk only for tofu. A wash tub was and experiencing the same difficulties. Ice cream was very
mounted on a stand with a simple lever for pressing out the popular and being produced in large commercial soft-serve
milk. The tub was lined with a coarsely-woven bag, and a machines. Production of ice cream was varied, but its
sawed-off whiskey barrel was placed underneath to catch the popularity was unquestionable.
milk. A finer nylon cloth was stretched over the top to strain “While the Farm was piecing together its operation,
out the finer pulp [okara]. Hot milk was bucketed into the a small settlement of Farm members began in Northern

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California. In 1976, they opened a small commercial soy deli as it is today, contact Ron Maxin or Michael Lee.)” Address:
in California under the management of Robert Dolgin. To 17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030.
supply the deli, a small soy dairy and tempeh shop was set
up in the back room. This consisted of Japanese equipment 865. Gibbons, Barbara. 1985. Broccoli’s a versatile vegetable
specifically designed for the purpose of making soymilk and that’s equally good cooked or raw. Los Angeles Times. Dec.
tofu. They had a Japanese grinder, 45-gallon pressure cooker, 5. p. N47.
and a small, efficient hydraulic press. It was a nice small • Summary: The next recipe was adapted from a recipe
kit which they took out a loan to buy. The deli’s business suggested by David Mintz of New Jersey; he makes and
was excellent and lasted over one year before it closed markets Tofutti, a “frozen tofu dessert.” The recipe is similar
and relocated to San Francisco (SF) in order to expand to potato pancakes (latkes), but uses protein-rich tofu instead
production and market products throughout the health food of potatoes. The recipe, titled Hanukkah broccoli-tofu
store industry in California. So with more investment and pancakes, calls for “1 pound fresh tofu, drained.”
loans and a warehouse in SF, Farm Foods re-opened. The
building was fixed up to meet all the strict California codes, 866. Asahi Shinbun (Asahi Daily News, Tokyo). 1985. New
and the equipment was improved for increased output. York saisentan. Tôfu no aisukuriimu [Tofu-based ice creams
They continued cooking with the 45-gallon pressure cooker popular in New York]. Dec. 8. [Jap]
but went for a continuous separator. This was a Brown, an • Summary: Tofutti is the leader of this popular new rage.
orange juice extractor, and a vibrating screen to remove Address: Tokyo, Japan.
the finer pulp. They got a plate heat exchanger to cool the
milk and a state-of-the-art Mark 25 continuous ice cream 867. Alson, Amy. 1985. Fiery earnings crash melts Tofu
maker. They were running an extremely sophisticated Time stock. Crain’s New York Business. Dec. 9. p. 2, 27.
operation complete with walk-in coolers and freezers. The • Summary: The stock price dropped to 8 (down 3.37 points
Farm management council sent many of the Farm’s trained or 30%) on poor first quarter earnings. The stock has been
technicians, business managers, and distributors out to SF declining slowly since October. “Next month, new products
to operate the business. In total, 60 Farm residents moved to including a frozen-tofu dessert sandwich called Tofutti Cutie,
support the growing business, which was under the direction and Tofutti-on-a-stick called Mom and Pops, will arrive in
of Robert Tepper and Daniel Lloyd. They started the first supermarket freezers.”
commercial soy ice cream company that marketed Soy Ice
Bean. Laurie Praskin and her husband were sent to help run 868. Friedman, Martin. 1985. New entries crowd health food
the shop and perfect the ice cream recipe. In April 1979, market: Even more tofu desserts and frozen entrees. Adweek
they left to work on the Guatemala soy program and were East (New York). Dec. 9.
replaced by Michael and Deborah Lovett and Bobby and • Summary: Discusses various new products. As “reports of
Michael Bonnickson. Because of the high cost of operating weakening sales of frozen tofu desserts are filtering in, there
a business in downtown SF and the increased interest of Ice were a half-dozen new tofu dessert items that were being
Bean nationwide, Farm Foods decided to move the Ice Bean confidently introduced to the health food market.”
production to Tennessee. The Farm Soy Dairy purchased “Tofu items are becoming so popular that they have a
the continuous extractor from the SF Soy Dairy and once section of their own at health food shows. Legume’s success
installed, it immediately increased the production to 1500 lb/ with frozen entrees is spawning such imitators as Walker &
day of tofu and 300 gal/day of soymilk–enough for everyone. Wilks Tofoods (sweet and sour, Bar-B-Q and teriyaki) and
“The soy dairy is now under the management of Michael Lamp Lite Natural Foods’ six Italian tofu entrees... Harvest
Lee and Ron Maxin and consists of a 400 gallon bean soak Earth Foods offers Tempeh Delites, fully cooked cutlets
tank and a one-and-a-half horse-powered Japanese grinder. and sticks that are made from cultured organic soybeans;
Beans are ground with hot water, and the resulting slurry is and Light Foods sampled Light Links (tofu hot dogs) and
pumped into one of three 60 gallon stainless kettles. Direct Tofu Bagel Links. In the frozen dessert arena, Tofu Today
steam injection cooks this milk. When done, it is pumped presented Tofruzen, while Tofreezi was sampled by Melta
into the brown extractor. It flows over a second vibrating- [sic, Metta] Tofu Products. Other new low-calorie and low-
screen filter and is gravity-fed to a 45 gal stainless holding cholesterol desserts promoted were Imagine Foods’ Rice
tank where it is tapped off into curding barrels or pumped Dream and Nouvelle Sorbet.”
through the same heat exchanger which now has chilled
water running through it for more efficient cooling. A chilled 869. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1985. Tofu Time Inc. announces
water system also provides cold water to cool and store our Tofutti Shops at Wanamakers and a ShopRite Supermarket
tofu. When cooled, the tofu is transferred to 40 gal plastic (News release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 1 p.
tubs and wheeled into a walk-in cooler where it awaits Dec. 10.
distribution. (For more information on the Farm Soy Dairy • Summary: Today announced the opening of a Tofutti Shop

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in John Wanamaker in Philadelphia. Also announced that it

is building its first supermarket Tofutti Shop at the ShopRite
in Carteret, New Jersey, which it plans to open in January.
Address: New York.

870. Los Angeles Times. 1985. Listen: Paul Newman, take

your salad dressing and move over... Dec. 13. p. H19.
• Summary: “Fashion designers are invading supermarket
shelves. Spotted in the Gelson’s, and available in other
Southland markets, are frozen tofu desserts by Gloria
Vanderbilt...”
introducing 200 ml Organic Soya Milk drinks with straw, in
871. Simpson, Robin Revis. 1985. Fast, frozen sweet treats. 3 flavours: i.e. Malted Barley, Malted Carob, and Coconut.
Capital (The) (Annapolis, Maryland). Dec. 13. p. 49. “Our Ice Dream is now the top selling Soya ice-cream in
• Summary: Giant Food Inc. has an ice cream plant in England and we hope to launch Ice Dream into the European
Jessup, where it makes 5-6 millions of gallons per year Market in 1986, by selling licences [licenses] to ice cream
of ice cream for Giant supermarkets. “This summer Giant manufacturers, who we will supply with our Ice Dream mix
introduced frozen tofu, a new line of desserts for people who in powder form.
cannot eat dairy products.” According to Bill Henderson, “There are a lot of ideas and possible questions that I am
production manager of the ice cream plant, the product has sure we both have and I would welcome the chance to meet
been very successful. “We never realized how many people and discuss them. In the meantime have a Great Xmas and a
couldn’t have dairy products until we introduced our new Meaningful New Year.”
line and saw the great success it had... We’ve discovered a Note: Michael, age 39, comes from London and has
whole new market of people who can’t have dairy products.” been a strict vegetarian for most of his life. He launched
Giant Foods currently owns 134 stores in the Maryland, Soya Foods Ltd. in about Aug. 1984. During the past year
Virginia, and Washington, DC, area. sales of his soymilk have risen from 46,000 liters/week to
250,000 liters/week by Aug. 1985. Address: Director, Soya
872. Sokolov, Raymond. 1985. Soy, most useful bean: In Health Foods, Ltd., Unit 4, Guinness Rd., Trafford Park,
disguised forms, its use grows in U.S. Detroit News. Dec. 13. Manchester M17 1UA, England.
p. A-1, A-20.
• Summary: First came soy-based margarine, then 874. Yomiuri Shinbun (Yomiuri Daily News, Tokyo, Evening
soybean oil–which now surpasses corn oil and peanut oil ed.). 1985. Kôkyû = Rich de honmono nanda [High class
in sales. Then tofu, a soybean curd, began to show up in ice cream is rich and the real thing (Tofutti shop in Tokyo)].
supermarkets. The latest soy-based product is Tofutti, a Dec. 25. [Jap]
trendy alternative to ice cream. • Summary: See next page. Contains a large cartoon showing
Business Trends Analysts reports that retail sales of soy Japanese and Santa Claus enjoying Tofutti. Address: Tokyo,
foods (including the familiar soy sauce) have jumped nearly Japan.
fivefold since 1979. They exceeded $200 million last year.
A body of “evangelical literature has sprung up to educate 875. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. Chronology of soybeans,
a carnivorous populace in the mysteries of tofu.” The Book soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1985
of Tofu, by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, had sold (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
340,000 copies when Ten Speed Press in Berkeley published Soyfoods Center.
a 2nd edition in 1983. • Summary: Jan. 2. The soybean crushing industry begins
Photos show two workers at The Soy Plant in Ann a year of major restructuring as the big get bigger and two
Arbor: (1) Mark Ducharme cutting tofu. (2) Geoffrey Beck pioneers drop out. Ralston Purina announces that it has sold
stirring soy milk. Address: Michigan. six of its soybean crushing plants to Cargill, Inc. A seventh
at Memphis was closed. This removed the company from the
873. Cole, Michael. 1985. Re: Introducing Soya Health soybean commodity business. With this transaction Cargill
Foods, Ltd. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, passes ADM to become America’s largest soybean crusher.
Dec. 16. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. Jan. 3. “Myth or Miracle: Debunking the Tofutti Fad,”
• Summary: “Dear Bill, This is just a short line to introduce by Mark Medoff published in Whole Life Times. The first
you to our Company, Soya Health Foods, Ltd. In one year exposé of Tofutti, which contains very little tofu. Jan. 13
we have become the largest U.K. supplier of Soya Milk in Medoff appears on the Gary Null Show, Natural Living, to
500 ml Tetra Bricks, and to increase our sales further we are discuss his findings for 1 hour on prime time radio.

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Jan. 12. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. announces that SAA Standards Committee), Gary Barat (President of SAA),
it is basically getting out of the soybean crushing business. Steve McNamara and Tom Donegan (SAA Food & Drug
It has sold five of its six soybean plants (having a combined attorneys). The FDA group hears an hour long presentation
crushing capacity of some 275,000 bushels daily) to on tofu, the standards, and the Soyfoods Association of
Independent Soy Processors Co., which is closely affiliated America.
with Archer Daniels Midland. Staley was unable to sell its March. Soyarella (later renamed Soy Mozzarella),
Decatur facility, which ceased operations indefinitely in Jan. a tofu-based cheese, is introduced. It becomes an instant
1984. With this transaction ADM has probably regained a hit. Distributed by Neshaminy Valley Natural Foods of
slight lead as America’s largest soybean crusher. Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, it is labeled as “non-
Jan. 14-26. Soybean Utilization Workshop held at dairy,” yet it melts, and it tastes like cheese. Shrouded in
Soyafoods Research Center in Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri secrecy, its manufacturer is unknown and the ingredients
Lanka, sponsored by the Sri Lanka Soybean Project and are questionable. It is sold in large blocks and labeled at
INTSOY. 24 representatives from 12 developing countries individual stores.
participate. The world’s first event of its kind (Soyanews, March. American Soybean Assoc. launches a campaign
Dec. 1985). among its members to write USAID and encourage them to
Jan. 25-27. Natural Foods Expo at Anaheim. Soy ice cancel support for U.S. programs (such as INTSOY) aiding
creams steal the show. Tofu standards are debated heatedly at soybean production in Third World nations. The campaign is
Soyfoods Association board of directors meeting on Jan. 28, successful.
especially by Ralston Purina attorney. Board decides funds April 1. INTSOY signs a new cooperative agreement
are too limited to try to hire an executive director for SAA. with USAID. Their work will henceforth focus on soybean
Jan. 31. Paul Obis, founder and editor of Vegetarian Times, is utilization. The shift toward utilization began in 1983 and
seriously considering buying Soyfoods magazine from Doug all work on soybean production and varietal development
Fiske. He makes a firm offer in late March. stopped in Aug. 1986.
Feb. “Designer Beans,” an excellent overview of the April. Tempe: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by
U.S. soyfoods movement and its gourmet connections by Siagian and Sofia in Indonesia. Containing 273 references,
Sandy MacDonald, published in New Age magazine. it is the first bibliography to introduce the extensive
Jan. American Soybean Association introduces SIS Indonesian-language research on tempeh, the majority of
(Soybean Information Service), a computerized database which has been published since 1980.
focusing on soybean production and marketing, and oil and April 15-16. International Symposium on Tempeh held
meal. The earliest record is 1958. in Jakarta, sponsored by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.
Feb. 21. Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams: Non-Dairy 113 people attend.
Frozen Dessert Industry and Market, by Shurtleff and April. Central Soya buys Griffith Laboratories’ line of
Aoyagi published by The Soyfoods Center. Two volumes, protein products.
352 pages. This is the first study of the rapidly emerging soy May 31. Barricini Foods acquires Farm Foods, which
ice cream market, and of Tofutti. then becomes a trade name for Barricini’s natural / health
Feb. 27. “Tofu Products May Be In, but Its Fans Wonder foods line of non-dairy frozen desserts, including the
if There’s Tofu in the Products” by Trish Hall published in pioneering product, Ice Bean, and Barricini Tofulite.
The Wall Street Journal. Second major exposé on so-called May. Morinaga, one of Japan’s largest dairy companies,
“tofu ice creams” (such as Tofutti and Gloria Vanderbilt establishes Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., a subsidiary
Glace), which contain only a token amount of tofu, as a with offices in Los Angeles, to focus on promoting their
marketing gimmick. long-life silken tofu in America.
March 13-14. The theme of the Feb. 27 Wall Street May. At the 6th Annual Natural Foods Merchandiser
Journal article picked up by the NBC evening news and the Merchandising Awards, soyfoods do well. Miso Mustard by
Today Show. Very positive coverage for tofu. Gary Barat of American Natural Foods and Malteds by Westbrae win gold
Legume, David Mintz of Tofu Time, and Gloria Vanderbilt medals. Ah Soy by Great Eastern Sun wins a silver.
each speak about tofu. May. Soft Tofu Cheese, a non-dairy cream cheese
March 22. The Book of Tempeh, extensively revised cultured in miso, launched by Simply Natural, Inc.
second edition by Shurtleff and Aoyagi, published by Harper June. Tofu Topper launched by Worthington Foods.
& Row. New bibliography (374 entries), history chapter, and June. Ralston Purina publishes its 1985 Consumer
list of tempeh producers. Attitudes Monitor. Soy Protein in Foods, based on a
March 26. Soyfoods Association’s Tofu Standards (7th nationwide survey of 628 adults. Indicates positive attitudes
draft) presented to eight senior officials at the U.S. Food and toward soy protein and soyfoods.
Drug Administration’s Center for Food Safety and Applied July 19. Shamrock Capital, a private company headed
Nutrition, in Washington, DC, by Tom Timmins (Head of by Roy Disney, buys Central Soya, a publicly owned

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corporation. Agreement to buy was announced April 2. Dec. Tofu Time starts exporting Tofutti to Japan. The
July. Soy Supreme, spray-dried tofu powder, launched first order by Daiei (a large retailer) of tubs for their parlors,
by Oberg Foods Div. of St. Peter Creamery. is $350,000. This may be the first major export of a soyfood
July. Asian Symposium on Non-Salted Soybean product (not including ingredients such as soy protein
Fermentation held at Tsukuba, Japan. isolates) to Japan.
July 31. Tofu Time’s sales of Tofutti increased more * The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
than sevenfold last year to $17,114,886 as compared with (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria, starts a program to promote
$2,361,391 for the previous year. Net income increased processing and utilization of soybeans in Nigeria and
nearly 100-fold to $2,006,451. throughout Africa. Continued.
July. New Gallup survey on vegetarianism of 1,033
Americans shows that millions are eating less meat and 876. Product Name: Tofulite Sandwich (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
tens of millions agree with the move away from meat. 72% Cream Novelty).
disagree with what used to be the standard notion: “The Manufacturer’s Name: Barricini Foods Inc.
vegetarian diet is just a fad that will pass.” A majority (52%) Manufacturer’s Address: Oyster Bay, NY 11771.
believe that “no one really needs to eat meat more than once Date of Introduction: 1985. December.
or twice a week.” How Stored: Frozen.
Aug. The DE-VAU-GE soymilk plant in West Germany New Product–Documentation: Spot and photo in Gourmet
starts production. Built by STS, with 4,000 liters/hour of Today. 1985. Nov/Dec. p. 18.
soymilk capacity, they make Granose and GranoVita brands
of soymilk. 877. Brightsong Foods. 1985. Le Tofu: Non-dairy frozen
Aug. Lightlife Meatless Tofu Pups (hot dogs) dessert (Leaflet). Petaluma, California. 1 p. Single sided. 28
introduced by Tempehworks / Lightlife Foods of Greenfield, cm.
Massachusetts. The product sold nearly $250,000 in the next • Summary: See next page. This glossy color leaflet shows
10 months. Le Tofu in three flavors (California Strawberry, French
Sept. Soyfoods Center introduces SOYA, a Vanilla, and Dutch Chocolate). in pints and larger containers
computerized bibliographic database on soybean utilization, for liquid mix. The triangular Brightsong logo is orange and
history, nutrition, processing, marketing, and production. dark blue. Address: Petaluma, California. Phone: 707-778-
Contains 18,500 references from 1100 B.C. to the present. TOFU.
Sept. 30. Fearn Natural Foods in Illinois sold by Louis
Richard to Modern Products, Inc. in Milwaukee. 878. Geslewitz, Gina; Wittenberg, Margaret. 1985. Soyfoods:
Sept. 30 to Oct. 4. Tropical Soybean Workshop held at The age of soy literacy. Health Foods Business 31(12):33-34,
the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 36, 38-44, 46-47. Dec. [15 ref]
Ibadan, Nigeria. Proceedings are published in 1987 as • Summary: Contains a market study largely pirated from
Soybeans for the Tropics. Also this year IITA established a Shurtleff & Aoyagi’s Soyfoods Industry and Market.
soybean utilization unit. Address: New York.
Sept. Tofulicious, a tofu-based non-dairy ice cream
launched by Eastern Food products of Minneapolis. It was 879. In Business. 1985. The $40 million tofu dessert market:
developed in conjunction with the University of Minnesota Thanks to Tofutti, sales of frozen tofu desserts are growing
and funded by the Minnesota Soybean Research and by leaps and bounds. Nov/Dec. p. 35.
Promotion Council. By 1986 it has become the first soyfood • Summary: About Richard and Sharon Rose (whose photo
product in recent times to be actively promoted by state is shown) of Brightsong Foods in Petaluma. Tofutti is been
soybean associations, who sell it at many state and county largely responsible for starting a new industry of tofu frozen
fairs... where it is a big hit. Through Tofulicious many desserts in America. This industry has grown from about half
soybean growers begin to warm up to soyfoods. a million dollars to $40 million now. “Tofutti’s sales alone
Oct. 8th Draft of the Tofu Standards finished, are about $18 million, says Rose. And it was that exponential
incorporating extensive suggestions from FDA. Compiled by growth which convinced him to introduce Brightsong’s own
William Shurtleff. tofu frozen dessert line.”
Oct. Mori-Nu brand aseptically packaged tofu After 18 months of test marketing, Brightsong
introduced by Morinaga Nutritional Foods. introduced Le Tofu, which is different from all other soy-
Oct. Cream of the Bean Soygurt, a cultured soymilk based frozen desserts because it contains 15% real, organic
yogurt, launched by Cream of the Bean, Inc. tofu instead of the more commonly used, processed soy
Nov. Kikkoman introduces a long-life tofu in a foil retort powder. The suggested retail price of Le Tofu is $1.99 per
pouch, imported from Japan. Poor quality causes the product pint.
to be withdrawn. It was re-introduced later. “In addition to producing pints for the retail market,

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Brightsong sells dipping tubs for ice cream shops and of Autumn Press refused to let us use material from our tofu
restaurants; a soft-serve version is also available as well and miso books in our next book, titled Soyfoods, and its
as a powder mix that can be made on premise. Rose hard to write the history portions of soyfoods. Inspired by Dr.
predicts sales for Le Tofu will reach $10 million in about 2 Harry W. Miller Miller and Henry Ford.
years...” Brightsong is marketing Le Tofu overseas in a dry Dec. 9. Start to put bibliographic records on 3 x 5 inch
powder form named Concentrate Plus+. Address: Emmaus, file cards.
Pennsylvania. 1981 March 13. Add chapters on Nutrition, National
Soybean Processors Assoc., T.A. Van Gundy.
880. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1985. Frozen assets: April 26. Add Society for Acclimatization, Li Yu-ying,
What’s hot in the frozen foods case. Dec. p. 1, 25. Horvath, Lager.
• Summary: “The big thing nowadays is in the line of non- May 15. Make Overview into four chapters. Add
dairy and low-calorie frozen desserts... People are looking Soybean Chronology, Sri Lanka, History of Soybean
for a good dairy substitute... Rice Dream has sold better than Production, Asian History, Berczeller, USDA.
the other soy-based desserts recently.” Note: Rice Dream, May 30. Change book title to History of Soyfoods and
made by Imagine Foods from enzyme-digested rice, contains Soybeans from Soyfoods History.
no soy. June 6. Make Chronology Chapter 1. Make History
of Soybean Production a separate chapter. Add McCay,
881. Product Name: [Tofu Gelato (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Soyfoods Producers in the West (Listing of companies),
Cream)]. changed title from Soyfoods History to History of Soyfoods.
Foreign Name: Tôfu Geraato. August 21. Four Soybean Processors (Staley, ADM,
Manufacturer’s Name: Pappy Monro. Ralston Purina, Central Soya), Hymowitz, Bureau of Plant
Manufacturer’s Address: Jiyugaoka, Tokyo, Japan. Introduction.
Date of Introduction: 1985. December. Oct. 8. Cargill, Co-op Processors, drop Hymowitz,
How Stored: Frozen. Soybean Production Pioneers, put Soy oil ahead of flour,
New Product–Documentation: Asahi Shinbun. 1985. Dec. change the order of many chapters.
5. Tofu gelato, Italian style ice cream, is sold at a specialty Nov. 3. Change title to History of Soybeans and
store or restaurant named “Pappy Monro” in Jiyugaoka, Soyfoods. Put soy nuggets [fermented black soybeans] before
Tokyo. Flavors are plain, mocha, matcha (green tea), maron miso.
(chestnut), and okura. Prices: single scoop of 100 gm is 180 Nov. 7. Set up first 3+2 character cataloging codes for
yen, double scoop of 200 gm is 300 yen, and pint takeout is Soyfoods Center library and documents, e.g. Hym-81.
800 yen. There is a choice of 6 toppings, including almond 1982 Jan. 2. Brief History of Fermentation East and
and chocolate. Color brochure. 1986, undated. “Everyday West.
Gelato. Pappy Monro.” The product was developed by an Feb. 2. Macrobiotics and Soyfoods, Kikkoman.
Italian named Maurizio Curati (born 7 Dec. 1953), a color March 21. K.S. Lo and Vitasoy. Relocate East Asian
photo of whom is shown. He has restaurants at Jiyugaoka pioneers at end of Pioneers section.
and Shibuya. June 18. Separate Fermented Tofu and Fermented
Soymilk.
882. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. New Trend: U.S. dairy July 22. Separate Soy Oil and Meal from Hydrogenated
magazines publishing many positive articles about soy-based Soy Oil Products.
dairylike products (Overview). Dec. Compiled by William Aug. 21. Put all country histories together.
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Oct. 25. Start using % instead of percent in Margarine
• Summary: Traditionally the U.S. dairy industry has seen chapter.
dairy analogs as a threat and fought to oppose them. The Nov. 13. D.W. Harrison.
decades-long struggle against margarine is a good example Nov. 19. Decide to do separate chapter on Lecithin.
of this. But now many small dairies, struggling to survive, Retitle each country from “History of Soyfoods in X” to
are looking for new products. A number have thrived by “History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in X.”
starting production of soyfoods. E.g. St. Peter Creamery, 1983 Jan. 1. Switch from 3-letter codes to 4-letter.
Clofine, etc. Hymo-73.
April 17. Changed “at” to KW = (keyword) on cards.
883. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. Development of the book May 5. Dr. Fearn.
History of Soybeans and Soyfoods (Overview). Compiled by Nov. Added Cereal-Soy Blends at Flour chapter, Iowa
William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. State University, History of Soyfoods and Health Foods in
• Summary: 1980 Oct. 22. First Table of Contents for Los Angeles.
Soyfoods History. I started this book because Nahum Stiskin 1984 March. Meals for Millions, SFM-Rodale.

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Sept. 22. Added 12 chapters on individual countries. • Summary: “World Premiere! Israel introduces Eternity.
Divided hydrogenation into 3 chapters: Oil, margarine and The world’s first all-vegetable ice cream parlors. A futuristic
shortening. Change book’s subtitle to “Past, Present, and concept in healthful eating. What is all-vegetable ice
Future.” Structure it into four volumes. cream? Eternity is a rich, creamy, delicious ice cream made
Oct. 31. Completely restructure Soybean Production fresh daily from calcium-rich soybean milk that has: No
chapter into 16 parts. Discuss each by decade. cholesterol. No salt. No dairy products. No preservatives.
Dec. 26. Ice Cream. It’s Pareve!! We use only the sweetest seasonal fruits, richest
1985 Jan. 19. Change ModProt to ProtMod, ProtIsol, tehina [sesame tahini], quality brown sugar, and all natural
etc. flavorings. We even have our own Eternity whole wheat
March 8. Add PPC = Pioneering Protein Companies: ice cream cones! In addition to our calcium-rich soybean
Glidden, Rich Products, Gunther, Griffith Labs, I.F. Laucks. ice cream, we also serve tantalizing soybean tofu cuisine–
9th. Add the Chemurgic Movement and US Regional created from soybean milk and prepared in a variety of ways.
Soybean Industrial Products Lab: Industrial Uses of We offer flavorful rich tofu cream pies; pungent tofu cheeses;
Soybeans. United Nations, History of World Food and smooth, sweet tofu puddings; tasty tofu yogurt; and mellow
Protein, Hunger and Malnutrition. tofu cottage cheese. Enjoy Eternity all-vegetable ice cream
April 17th. Redo outline, giving each company its and tofu entrees. We know once you have tried them you will
own line and bibliography, like Adventists. Print outline be a friend for Eternity!”
vertically. Address: Director, Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2012)
California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991. that uses the term “tofu yogurt” to refer to soy yogurt.
Address: Tel Aviv, Israel. Phone: 03-363674.
884. Tofu Time, Inc. 1985. Tofutti. Annual report. Rahway,
New Jersey. 20 p. Dec. 887. Product Name: Lite DeLite (Non-Dairy Tofu Frozen
• Summary: See next 3 pages. In fiscal 1985 sales Dessert).
skyrocketed to $17,114,886, up sevenfold over 1984. Net Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods.
earnings after taxes were $2,006,451. The company moved Manufacturer’s Address: 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown,
into a new 30,000 square foot corporate headquarters in TN 38483.
Rahway, New Jersey, with state of the art R&D facilities. Date of Introduction: 1985.
Tofu is now sold in Japan, Australia, Canada, and Hong Ingredients: Soymilk, high fructose corn sweetener, honey,
Kong. soy oil, flavorings.
This artfully designed glossy report includes color Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 oz cup and soft serve 1 gallon
photos of Tofutti All Rootie TV ads. Address: 1098 Randolph container.
Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065. How Stored: Frozen.
Nutrition: Per 3 oz.: Calories 90, protein 4 gm,
885. Product Name: Thinny Thin Tofu (Soy Ice Cream). carbohydrates 7 gm, fat 6 gm.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tom Carvel/Carvel Corporation. New Product–Documentation: Leaflet. 1985, undated.
Manufacturer’s Address: Yonkers, New York. “Perfect for Your Patients / Perfect for You. Nutritious, Tasty,
Date of Introduction: 1985. December. Satisfying.”
Ingredients: Water, corn oil, corn syrup, sucrose, soy
protein isolate, mono & diglycerides, cellulose gum, 888. Farm Foods. 1985. Ice Bean. New tofu flavors. Low
tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, guar gum, polysorbate 80, calorie. No cholesterol. Non dairy. Made with over 15% real
polysorbate 65, carrageenan, salt, and flavorings. tofu (Leaflet). 156 Drakes Lane, Summertown, TN 39483. 1
How Stored: Frozen. p. Single sided. 21.6 x 14 inches.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Mr. Molinari of • Summary: See next page. This glossy color leaflet, printed
Carvel Corp. 1985. Jan. 30. Kashrus Newsletter. 1985. Dec. on cardstock, shows an ice cream cone topped with 3 flavors
This pareve product is “Chof-K” supervised. Sold at Carvel of Ice Bean surrounded by confetti. OU Parve. Address:
stores. Whole Life. 1987. Sept/Oct. p. 81. Tofu Fraud of the Summertown, Tennessee.
Month Department. “Thinny-Thin Tofu is manufactured and
sold by the Carvel Corporation of Yonkers, New York. It uses 889. North Dakota Soybean Council–New state soybean
the word ‘tofu’ in the name but doesn’t contain any tofu in association. 1985.
the actual product.” • Summary: Damien, John. 1988. “Soybean dessert product
cuts out middleman” [cow]. Sun (Jamestown, North Dakota).
886. Betwo Ltd. 1985. Eternity Soy Ice Cream (Poster). May 16. At the North Dakota Newspaper Convention,
60 Rehov Kikar Malkey, Tel Aviv, Israel. 1 p. Reprinted in samples of Tofulicious, a soybean-based, non-dairy frozen
Soyfoods Marketing. Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods Center. dessert were passed around for taste testing. The North

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Dakota Soybean Council likes that label and is trying to open Junket (with “½ pint {285 ml} concentrated soya milk,”
a market for Tofulicious in the state. p. 96). Banana ice-cream (with “¼ pint soya milk,” p. 97).
Soya & Oilseed Bluebook. 2004, p. 24. “North Dakota Plamil ice-cream (with “7 fl oz {200 ml} concentrated soya
Soybean Council, 1411 32nd St. SW, Fargo, ND 58103... milk,” p. 97). Fruit and nut loaf (with “7 fl oz {200 ml} soya
Founded: 1985. Membership: This is a non-member council. milk,” p. 101). Tiger’s bread (with 1 oz {30 gm} soya flour,”
All North Dakota farmers participate in this soybean check- p. 102). Small fruit cakes (with soya flour, p. 102). Soya
off program.” ‘cheese’ (cream style) (with “4 oz soya flour,” p. 122). Soya
‘cheese’ (cheddar style) (with “3½ oz Soyolk or other heat-
890. Product Name: [Tofu Ice Cream]. treated soya flour,” p. 122). Soya compote (with “2 oz. soya
Manufacturer’s Name: Solnuts B.V. flakes”). Soya milk and/or soya flour are used in many baked
Manufacturer’s Address: Swaardvenstraat 41, P.O. Box goods (breads, cakes, and buns, etc., see p. 99-137).
5066, 5048 AV Tilburg, Netherlands. Note: Eva has basically not yet realized how tofu,
Date of Introduction: 1985. tempeh, miso and good-tasting soymilk can transform a
New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1985. p. vegan diet.
100. Previous edition published as Eva Batt’s Vegan Cookery,
the first major vegan cookbook ever published, with over 300
891. Batt, Eva. 1985. Eva Batt’s vegan cooking. recipes, plus practical advice and nutritional information.
Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England: Thorsons The “corporate author” is given on OCLC as the Vegan
Publishers Ltd. 144 p. Illust. (55 line drawings) by Margaret Society.
Leaman. Index. 22 cm. Plamil Foods put this at the top of its list of
• Summary: Across the bottom of the front cover: “The recommended vegan cookbooks. “This cookery book is
classic vegan cookbook. Recommended by The Vegan most comprehensive and advises on preparing nutritious
Society.” appetising meals without meat, fish, eggs or dairy products.
Contents: Acknowledgements. Introduction. Mueslis. Essential nutrients from vegetable sources, planning meals
Soups and small savouries. Salads and Salad dressings. Ways for best food value, savoury dishes, snacks, desserts, cakes,
with vegetables. Main meals. Small savouries. Savoury bread, biscuits, sauces, garnishes, etc.” Address: Vegan
sauces, stuffings and spreads. Desserts and ice cream. Bread, Society, UK.
cakes and buns. Pastry, biscuits and cookies. Miscellaneous.
Useful information. 892. Kushi, Aveline; Kushi, Michio. 1985. Macrobiotic
Soy related: In the Introduction are sections on “Soya” diet. Edited by Alex Jack. Tokyo and New York: Japan
(p. 13-14) and “Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP)” (p. 17; Publications. 288 p. Illust. Index. 26 cm. [74 ref]
several brands are available. “Most come in flavoured and • Summary: This is perhaps the best, most comprehensive
unflavoured varieties, in chunks and mince.” This nutritious book seen to date by Aveline and Michio Kushi about the
food is low in fat, “high in protein, economical, easily stored, macrobiotic diet. The rear cover states:
requires very little cooking, and no waste {bone, skin, gristle “Humanity has been continuously degenerating in
or fat} is involved”). spite of scientific and technological achievements. This
Recipes include: Beauty breakfast (with “3 tablespoons degeneration is reflected in physical disorders, psychological
vegetable milk” [Plantmilk concentrated soymilk], p. 28). disorders, and general distrust in human relations. Since
Fresh fruit muesli (with vegetable milk, p. 29). Cream of diet affects our physical and psychological functions,
onion soup (with “2 teaspoons soya flour” and “¼ pint {140 macrobiotics strives to change our health and behavior
ml} undiluted concentrated vegetable milk,” p. 34). Salad through a proper diet in harmony with the environment in
cream (with “1 tablespoon undiluted concentrated vegetable which we live.
milk,” p. 41). Tofu mayonnaise (with “4 oz {120 gm} silken “This book is a basic and readable presentation of
tofu,” p. 41). Basic nutmeat mixture (with “2 level teaspoons the principles behind the macrobiotic diet. It explains the
soya flour,” p. 54). Curried textured vegetable protein (with foodstuffs that comprise the diet, appropriate cooking
“1½ oz {45 gm} unflavoured textured vegetable protein, techniques, proper attitudes toward food and its preparation,
mince or chunks,” p. 55). Mushroom pie (with soya flour, and applications of the diet for weight loss, increased energy,
p. 62). Fricassee with mushrooms (with “2 oz {55 gm} tvp relief from and prevention of sickness, and encouragement
mince,” p. 63). Savoury steak (with “tvp slices” and “soy of psychological health, spiritual development and social
sauce,” p. 66). Bengal curry (with “1 teaspoon soya sauce,” stability. Dietary adjustments and modifications are given
p. 68). Pizza (with “10 oz {285 gm} cooked tvp or tin of for men, women, and children, as well as differing climates,
soya beans,” p. 75). Onion tart (with “Soya sauce,” p. 76). levels of activity, and ages.”
Soya fritters (with soya flour, p. 79). Soya burgers (with “2 Macrobiotics, which originated in Japan, has done
oz. tvp mince,” p. 81). Soya crispie (with soya flour, p. 92). much to introduce Westerners to soyfoods. This book is an

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excellent example: The chapter on “Soup” has a long section condiments” includes sections on “Dressings” (p. 215-16,
on miso soup (p. 99-101, 104-05) and the main varieties of with tamari soy sauce dressings, umeboshi dressings, miso
miso: Barley miso, soybean miso (Hatcho miso), brown rice dressings, tofu dressings, sesame dressings), “Condiments”
miso, light misos, and natto miso (a spicy condiment not (p. 216-17, with gomashio or sesame salt, sea vegetable
usually used in soups). powders, tekka, umeboshi plums, miso with scallions or
In the chapter on “Vegetables,” the section on “Pickling” onions, etc.).
has subsections (p. 118-19) on “Tamari soy sauce pickles” The chapter on “Beverages” has sections on amazake
and “Miso pickles.” and soy milk (if naturally processed, good for those in
In the chapter on “Beans and bean products” is a long transition from cow’s milk and other dairy foods).
section on “Soybeans” (p. 141-49) which includes an This book also contains a wealth of information (see
introduction (discusses the “vegetable soybean” vs. “field the index) on such varied foods as azuki beans, barley malt,
soybean”) and descriptions of miso, natto, okara, soy flour, brown rice, kuzu, sea vegetables (many species), sesame
soy grits, soy milk, soy oil, tamari soy sauce, tempeh, tofu seeds and sesame oil, umeboshi, etc.
(incl. nigari, oden, Yu-dofu, aburage, inari-zushi), viilia Note: The macrobiotic diet is not vegetarian; it allows
(somewhat like soy yogurt from Finland), and yuba. the inclusion of fish and seafood (see index). Address:
The subsection on “Soybeans” (for example, p. 147) Brookline and Becket, Massachusetts.
states: “Yellow soybeans are hard and require thorough
cooking. They should be soaked overnight with a strip of 893. Patel, John. 1985. Re: Unisoy Milk and By Products
kombu and then pressure-cooked for a short time prior to Ltd. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center. 1 p.
boiling. Properly cooked, yellow soybeans are very soft Typed, with signature on letterhead. Undated.
and delicious and give no problems with gas. A delicious • Summary: This company plans to make Gold Soy Ice
dish called Colorful Soybean Casserole is made from Cream and “Burgers.” Note: Mr. Patel died on 5 Nov.
yellow soybeans, kombu, shiitake mushroom, lotus root, 1985. He never became actively involved with the Unisoy
dried tofu, daikon, carrot, burdock, and celery. The yellow company.
variety also goes very well served with hijiki sea vegetables. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2013)
Black soybeans, also known as Japanese black beans, have concerning Unisoy in England. However the company’s
a strong, delicious taste. They may be prepared plain or first product was not launched until May 1986. Address: 24
cooked with rice. To sweeten black soybeans, a little barley Chorlton Dr., Cheadle, Cheshire SK8 2BG, England. Phone:
malt, rice syrup, or mirin is often added. Black soybeans are (061) 428-9433.
usually cleaned by rubbing with a damp towel to prevent
their skins from falling off under water. During cooking, 894. Scott, David; Golding, Claire. 1985. The vegan diet:
some of the skins from these beans may float to the surface True vegetarian cookery. London, Sydney, Auckland,
and should be skimmed off. Foam also arises and needs to be Johannesburg: Rider (Random Century). 141 p. Illust. by
discarded. Yellow soybeans are nice seasoned during cooking Steve Hardstaff. Index. 20 cm. [10 ref]
with a little tamari soy sauce or miso. Black soybeans are • Summary: This gourmet vegan cookbook, containing
usually seasoned with tamari soy sauce.” over 250 recipes, uses many soyfoods in its recipes: Tofu,
The chapter on “Snacks and desserts” has a good section soy sprouts, soymilk (Plamil), miso, soy flour (Soyolk),
on Amazaké (p. 190, 196) and also notes: “In the West, the vegan cheese (nonfermented, made with Soyolk soy flour,
introduction of tofu has resulted in the creation of many margarine, and yeast extract), tofu ice cream, and whole dry
tofu-based desserts such as tofu cheesecake, tofu ice cream, soybeans. Address: England.
and tofu whip topping. In the Far East, however, tofu is not
traditionally combined with barley malt, rice syrup, or other 895. Skinner, Sherlyn; Martens, Richard A. 1985. The milk
sweetener. It is recognized that tofu’s cooling qualities are sugar dilemma: Living with lactose intolerance. Medi-Ed
naturally balanced by a salty taste, not a sweet one. As a Press, P.O. Box 957, East Lansing, MI 48823. 193 p. [13 ref]
result, tofu is customarily cooked and served warm, rather • Summary: A continuation of high lactase activity to
than prepared raw and eaten cold, except in special cases adulthood is limited to persons of northern and western
for cooling and refreshment, usually in the hot summer. European ancestry and some nomadic tribes of Africa. The
The macrobiotic diet does not encourage the use of tofu in approximate incidence of lactose intolerance in various
sweetened desserts except for those in transition from dishes ethnic groups is as follows: African blacks 97-100%,
made with dairy food and sugar.” Dravidian Indians (India) 95-100%, Orientals 90-100%,
The chapter on “Salt, oil, and other seasonings” includes North American Indians 80-90%, Central/South American
sections on tamari soy sauce (p. 203-04, 209), miso (p. 204, Indians 70-90%, Mexican Americans 70-80%, North
210-11), and soybean oil (p. 207). American blacks 70-75%, Mediterraneans 60-90%, Jews 60-
The chapter on “Dressings, sauces, garnishes, and 80%, Central & Northern Indians (India), 25-65%, Middle

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Europeans 10-20%, North American Caucasians 7-15%, discovered a dessert that was good and good for you. A
Northwestern Indians (India/Pakistan) 3-15%, Northern magical blend of silky smooth tofu, flavors and fruits he
Europeans 1-5%. called Tofutti.
Contents: About the authors (autobiographical). “The Tofutti dessert David invented has only wholesome
Foreword. Preface. 1. Lactose intolerance: A case history, the ingredients. No cholesterol, no lactose and absolutely no
origin of lactose intolerance, congenital lactose intolerance, preservatives. Yet Tofutti tastes so rich, it’s hard to believe
primary acquired lactose intolerance, incidence of lactose it’s good for you. Has this taste of victory changed David
intolerance, secondary lactose intolerance, other case Mintz? Not one bit.” Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,
examples, why did lactose intolerance appear, symptoms New Jersey 07065. Phone: (201) 499-8500.
of lactose intolerance, diagnosis of lactose intolerance, the
trouble with tests, the do-it-yourself test (lactose challenge, 898. Young, L. Steven. 1985. Soy protein products in
lactose-free test), conclusion, counter-point, living with processed meat and dairy foods. In: R. Shibles, ed. 1985.
lactose intolerance. 2. Digestion. 3. Good nutrition without World Soybean Research Conference III: Proceedings.
lactose. 4. The lactose-restricted diet. 5. Setting your lactose Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. xxiii + 1262 p. See p.
level. 6. Shopping for foods. 7. Dining away from home. 8. 182-90.
Lactose-free food products. 9. Recipes. 10. Appendices. • Summary: Contents: Soy protein products: Textured
Soyfoods that are mentioned include Isomil, Nursoy, vegetable proteins, soy protein concentrate, soy protein
Prosobee, Soyagen and Soyamel (made by Worthington isolates, processed meat applications, vegetable protein
Foods), Tofutti, Tofree. Pages 90-91 discuss soymilk. entrees–low fat, no cholesterol, reduced calorie. Processed
Address: 1. Nutritional consultant, Gastroenterology dairy foods: Beverages, all vegetable/high protein frozen
Associates, East Lansing, Michigan; 2. Clinical desserts, imitation cheese and cheese-like products. Address:
gastroenterologist (M.D.), East Lansing, Michigan. ADM, Food Research Div., Chicago, Illinois, 60639.

896. Product Name: Tofutti (Soft Serve Mix) [Vanilla, 899. Product Name: Tofucream Base (For Soy Ice Cream).
Chocolate, Strawberry, Banana Pecan]. Manufacturer’s Name: Advanced Food Systems.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Time, Inc. Manufacturer’s Address: 69 Veronica Ave., Somerset, NJ
Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway, 08873. Phone: 201-828-7878.
NJ 07065. Date of Introduction: 1985?
Date of Introduction: 1985. January. How Stored: Shelf stable.
Ingredients: Strawberry: Water, high fructose corn New Product–Documentation: Letter and product
sweeteners, corn oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, strawberry description sheet sent by AFS. 1985. Jan. and Feb. 12.
juice, all natural flavorings, soy lecithin, vegetable gums
(guar seed, carob bean, carrageenan), strawberry color made 900. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1986. Tofu Time Inc. The 1985
from the juice of beets, salt. year in review (News release). 136 East 57th St., New York,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 gallon Pure-Pak carton. NY 10022. 5 p. Jan. 10.
How Stored: - • Summary: A summary of sales, earnings, and activities for
New Product–Documentation: Labels sent by Tofu Time, 1985. Address: New York.
Inc. 1985.
901. Asahi Shinbun (Asahi Daily News, Tokyo). 1986. Tônyû
897. Tofu Time Inc. 1985. The man who licked ice cream to daizu tanpaku aisukuriimu [Soymilk and soy protein ice
(Leaflet). Rahway, New Jersey. 1 p. 28 cm. cream. Tofutti now sold in Dipper Dan Shop in Tokyo]. Jan.
• Summary: The top half of this leaflet is a black-and-white 23. [Jap]
photo of handsome David Mintz, hands folded across his • Summary: Daie (Captain Cook) and Tofu Time have joined
chest, holding an ice cream cone. The text, below, begins: forces to sell Tofutti in Japan. 1 pint costs 800 yen. Soft
“David Mintz must have a sweet disposition. serve is 180 yen. There are three flavors including vanilla,
“How else could you possibly explain a man who spent chocolate. Address: Tokyo, Japan.
9 years of his life, night after night, trying to invent the
perfect dessert. And failed every single time. 902. New York Times. 1986. Tofu Time Inc. [Executive
“Except one. changes]. Jan. 28. p. 30 (Natl); p. D2 (Late). Col. 4.
“An August occasion that may be declared a national • Summary: Stanley Kronstadt is executive vice president
holiday by everyone who loves dessert. and chief financial officer of Tofu Time Inc. (Rahway,
“On that summer night, in the back of his tiny 3rd New Jersey), which makes a nondairy frozen dessert. The
Avenue deli, his enthusiasm for topping America’s favorite company has just named Mr. Kronstadt to the additional
dessert having dipped to an all time low, David Mintz posts of secretary and treasurer.

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to dieters in New York [Sweet Victory, Tofu Glace, and Tofu

903. New York Times. 1986. Executives: Tofu Time Inc. Jan. Lite]. Food Distributors Magazine. Jan. p. 59.
28. p. D2. • Summary: Tim Metzger, vice president of Sweet Victory,
• Summary: The company named Stanley Kronstadt, its sells Glace Lite and Tofu Glace at two shops in Manhattan.
executive vice president and chief financial officer, to the Glace Lite is 98% fat free and 99% cholesterol free with
additional posts of secretary and treasurer. 80 calories per 4 oz. Tofu Glace, cholesterol free, 80-100
calories per 4 oz. Sweet Victory started June 1984.
904. Bhatnagar, P.S. 1986. Soybean–its food uses and
modern food industry. Paper presented at International 908. Plenty Canada. 1986. The Soya Centre (Calendar).
Seminar on “Modernization of Food Industry.” 20 p. Jan. Castries, St. Lucia.
31. Held Jan. 31 to Feb. 3 at New Delhi. Organized by Trade • Summary: This is the head of a calendar, 8½ by 11 inches.
Fare Authority of India. [15 ref] On the top three-fourths of the page is a large black-and-
• Summary: Contents: Non-food uses of soya oil. Food white photo of the Soya Centre, looking from the outside in
uses of soybean. Tofu. Soya-beverage. High protein frozen through two open doors–on each of which is written “Soya
desserts. Defatted soya flour. Food uses of soya oil. Includes Beans” in large diagonal letters, above an illustration of a
12 tables. Address: Coordinator, All-India Coordinated soya bean plant. Inside are about 10 local black people. On
Research Project on Soyabean (ICAR), G.B. Pant Univ. of the back right is a food retail counter and snack bar, staffed
Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, UP, 263145, India. by several women. On the back wall is a blackboard with a
price list and menu written on it in chalk.
905. Esposito, Richard; Norman, James. 1986. Going public On the bottom quarter, in large black letters is written
[Tofu Time, Starr Securities, and Lippert/Whitehead]. Avenue “The Soya Centre” in an arch. A laughing Santa Claus on
(New York). Dec. 1985/Jan. 1986. p. 146-48, 150, 152. the left is holding the word “The.” Below the arch is written
• Summary: An in-depth description of the process by which the Center’s address: “19 Grass St., Castries, St. Lucia. Tel:
underwriters Marty Vegh and Robert Fagenson of Lippert 26421.” To the right of the arch is a line drawing of a dove,
/ Whitehead and Starr Securities took Tofu Time Inc. and and below it: “With the Compliments of Plenty Canada and
Tofutti public. the Staff of the Soya Centre.” The calendar itself is missing.
Lippert / Whitehead is a relative newcomer to the Talk with Maya Clarke of Ontario, Canada. 1998. June
business of taking small companies public. Tofu Time Inc. 25. Maya worked for 7 years as a nutritionist and soyfoods
was the firm’s second client. They basically act as a liaison instructor/technician for Plenty Canada at this Soya Centre
between the company and financial institutions–not the in St. Lucia. She remembers this calendar well but does
press. Things started rolling for Tofu Time when Lippert / not have a copy. “There could possibly be one in the Plenty
Whitehead took out an ad in Barron’s. They received over archives” at Lanark, but she is not too sure. Plenty made a
200 responses in one week. On December 8, 1983 the new calendar like this for two years, and this was the first of the
issues market was usually inactive. The timing was right for two. It was designed by Plenty and printed in Castries (the
Tofu Time. capital city, by the person who prints The Voice newspaper)
in December 1985 and presented on 1 Jan. 1986 as a New
906. Product Name: Nutriline (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream) Year’s gift to the Center’s popular customers and friends.
[Chocolate, Strawberry, Coconut]. The calendar had a photograph as the head, then one page
Manufacturer’s Name: Fraser & Neave (Singapore) Pte. for each month below. The soya bean plants on the two big
Ltd. doors were painted by a Rastafarian man named Papa. Many
Manufacturer’s Address: 475 River Valley Rd., Singapore of the people shown in the picture, the same as those who
1024. came to the Centre, were Rastafarians, who are vegetarians
Date of Introduction: 1986. January. (very important) and consider themselves members of the
How Stored: Frozen. lost tribe of Israel. They esteem Marcus Garvey, who they
New Product–Documentation: Journal of the American consider one of their forerunners. Note: Webster’s Dictionary
Oil Chemists’ Society. 1986. 63(1):60. Jan. “Soy Dessert.” (1985) defines Rastafarian (derived from Ras Tafari, the
Fraser & Neave plant to establish a plant to make a soy ice precoronation name of Haile Selassie), a word first used in
cream in Singapore. The firm estimates that about 45% of 1955, as “an adherent of Rastafarianism.” The latter word,
the Chinese residing in Singapore are lactose intolerant. first used in 1968, is defined as “a religious cult among black
The marketing will stress that the product does not contain Jamaicans that teaches the eventual redemption of blacks and
lactose, cholesterol, or preservatives. Soya Bluebook. 1987. their return to Africa, employs ritualistic use of marijuana,
p. 92. forbids the cutting of hair [it is worn in long braids called
dreadlocks (first used in 1960)], and venerates Haile Selassie
907. Moore, Waveney Ann. 1986. Selling flab-free goodies as a god.”

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The Soya Centre, which was constructed specifically mentions soy. Address: 19 Grass St., Castries, St. Lucia.
for this purpose by the team just before Maya (John Baranni Phone: 26421.
and Christine Kilgour from Plenty with local labor), was
located in the middle of a black ghetto in Castries, and there 909. Runner (The). 1986. New York Marathon, 27 Oct. 1985
were lots of social problems in the area. In the back of the [Geoff Smith leads, with Tofutti on his shirt]. Jan. p. 37.
Centre was a soyfoods factory. The factory was used to
train all the people who subsequently opened up soyfoods
businesses in St. Lucia. “What went on with soyfoods in
St. Lucia was very significant–much more so than what
happened in Jamaica, etc. At any given time, up to ten local
people worked (for pay) at the Centre. The Centre was self-
sufficient, so the money from the foods they sold went to pay
the workers. Two guys would start very early in the morning
(about 4:00 a.m.) to make soymilk and tofu. Then a crew of
ladies would come in about 7:00 a.m. and use the tofu and
soymilk to make second generation products from soymilk,
tofu, and okara–such as “bakes” (like a little doughnut) and
“accras” (like a fritter, in which the traditional salt cod was
replaced by okara). The use of okara made the products more
affordable. Tempeh was made at time, but it did not catch
on as well as tofu and soymilk, and it was somewhat hard
to get the spores. “Tofu caught on almost immediately “The
local people just took it up; they just seemed to know what to
do with it.” Soymilk ice cream was one of the most popular
products. Soymilk, imported soy flour, and okara were use • Summary: A color photo shows Geoff Smith, leading in the
to make little breads. Many people would bike or walk to the New York Marathon (and thus covered by all TV cameras)
Centre to buy tofu in bulk over the counter–which was also a with “Tofutti” written prominently on his shirt. He dropped
snack bar. The Centre was both a business and an education/ out later.
training center. Many local Seventh-day Adventists came to
cooking classes at the center, and Maya also taught classes 910. Product Name: Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace with Tofu
in their churches, schools, and homes. Maya remembers that (Bars on a Stick) [Chocolate Coated Wildberry Supreme,
one day a 13-year-old kid named Sooner knocked on the Double Chocolate, or Chocolate and Cream].
door of the Center at 7 o’clock in the morning and said to Manufacturer’s Name: Seligco Food Co. Frusen Gladje
her: “I want to know everything there is about soyfoods.” Ltd.
She happily invited him in, and began to teach him. For a Manufacturer’s Address: 424 E. John St., Lindenhurst, NY
while there was a “Comments Book” at the Centre; in it 11757.
people wrote soy poems and soy songs–some of which Maya Date of Introduction: 1986. January.
still has. How Stored: Frozen.
At one time some 10-12 soyfoods businesses were New Product–Documentation: Washington Post Magazine.
started in St. Lucia by local people who had first trained at 1986. Jan. 19. With photo of boxes. $1.89 for 6.
Plenty Canada’s Soya Centre. About 6 of those businesses
are still in operation. A good example is La Soyarie. The 911. Product Name: Chocolate Fudge Tofu Glace (Non-
reasons the others did not survive had nothing to do with Dairy Soy Ice Cream).
local acceptance of soyfoods; they failed largely for reasons Manufacturer’s Name: Sweet Victory.
related to money or business management skills. Manufacturer’s Address: New York.
St. Lucia is a very small (27 miles long) independent Date of Introduction: 1986. January.
country; It was granted self-government by the British Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: One pint cartons.
in 1967 and attained independence on 22 Feb. 1979. The How Stored: Frozen.
population is about 160,000 (1998). About 90% of the New Product–Documentation: W.A. Moore. 1986. Food
population is of African descent, with a small minority of Distributors Magazine. Jan. p. 59. “Selling Flab-Free
Europeans and a few Carib Indians. Bananas are the chief Goodies to the Dieters in New York.” Quick Frozen Foods
crop. The official language is English, but Creole is the International. 1986. Oct. p. 48.
language most widely spoken. It is largely an oral culture.
Note: This is the earliest calendar seen (Oct. 2001) that 912. SoyaScan Notes. 1986. Tally and analysis of clips from

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Soyfoods Clipping Service (Overview). Feb. 6. Compiled by • Summary: The shop was opened in Tokyo by Daiei
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Company, Inc., Japan’s largest retailer, to an overwhelming
• Summary: The Soyfoods Center received from Luce Press reception. Address: New York.
Clippings a total of 311 clips on the subject of soyfoods
during the ten weeks from 17 Oct. 1985 to 6 Feb. 1986. 918. Hoffman, Rhonda. 1986. Caterer David Mintz shows
These clips were on the following subjects: Tofu 130 clips Northeast residents why non-dairy dessert Tofutti became a
(41.8% of total), soy ice creams 83 (26.7%; including 49 gold mine. Jewish Times (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Feb.
clips on Tofutti), tofu second generation products 17 (5.5%), 27. p. 3, 21.
whole dry soybeans 17 (5.5%), modern soy protein products • Summary: The company is coming out with “Moms and
10 (3.2%, incl. isolates and concentrates), soy oil 10 (3.2%), Pops,” frozen Tofutti on a stick, and a non-dairy coffee
soymilk 9 (2.9%), miso 8 clips (2.8% of total). creamer with tofu and without all the chemicals. Mintz is
also busily working on a cookbook featuring tofu recipes.
913. Nation’s Restaurant News. 1986. ‘Best’ new products. Address: Staff writer.
Feb. 10.
• Summary: Tofutti, a nondairy frozen dessert made from 919. Australian Dairy Foods. 1986. “Tofutti” takes off in
bean curd [tofu], has been chosen “one of the 10 best Australia. Feb. p. 84.
consumer products of the year by The Sharper Image, a • Summary: Distributor with sole Australian franchise
national new products catalog.” Address: New York. for Tofutti is David Grossbaum of Shoyu Natural Foods
in Melbourne. Photos show: (1) Dale Code and David
914. Karlen, Michael. 1986. Re: New developments at Grossbaum making soft serve Tofutti. (2) “Some of the soy
Soyana. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Feb. foods now being marketed in capital city health food shops:”
16. 4 p. Handwritten. [Eng] Earth Angel Soyoghurt (tub), Pureharvest Soy Drink (two
• Summary: The company recently moved to this new sizes, Vanilla, Tetra Brik), Soypreme natural soymilk in a
address with a lot more space and modern equipment. They Pure-Pak carton made near Melbourne, and Bonsoy soymilk
have started to sell soymilk and soy yogurt, and also to (Barley Malt flavor in a Tetra Brik carton) imported from
make Tofu Ravioli and Spaetzli (pasta), in addition to their Japan.
organic nigari tofu. “The general situation looks promising Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2012)
with Migros, Co-op, and Galactina making their own new that uses the word “Soyoghurt” to refer to soy yogurt.
products, like tofu ice cream, tofu bread (still in test market), Address: Australia.
and soy dessert. I believe that 1986 could become a year
with another major step toward general acceptance of soy 920. Bhatnagar, P.S. 1986. Current aspects of soybean
products in Switzerland... More and more of the 13 big in India. Paper presented at International Convention of
milk processing cooperatives are getting involved in the soy “Prospects for Soybean Utilization.” 25 p. Feb. Organized by
business... The whole situation is really exciting.” Address: Soyabean Processors Assoc. of India on 15-16 Feb. 1986 at
Friedensgasse 3, Postfach 8039, Zurich, Switzerland. Phone: Indore, MP, India. [11 ref]
01-202-8997. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybean in India.
Production potential in India. Place in cropping system:
915. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1986. Tokyo Eki Will not affect groundnut production since optimum soil
chikagai ni Tôfutti kaiten. Tôfu aisu senmon [Tofutti and climatic requirements of the two crops are not the same.
shop opens in Tokyo Station basement shopping center. Progress of research. Utilization: Food uses of soybean, food
Specializing in tofu ice cream]. Feb. 21. p. 1. [Jap; eng+] uses of soya oil, potential food uses in India (defatted soya
• Summary: The first shop of its type in Japan, it is linked to flour, tofu, soy beverages, frozen desserts). Major constraints
the Daiei Group’s Captain Cook. (to development of soybean in India).
Oilseed production in India is about 12 million tonnes.
916. Biggs, Marcia. 1986. Who’s hot. Michigan: The In addition, India imports 1.5 million tons of edible oil at a
Magazine of the Detroit News. Feb. 23. p. 22. cost of about 10,000 million rupees a year to provide only 11
• Summary: A color photo shows cousins William Guest mg per person per day, which is less than the recommended
and Edward Patten of Gladys Knight and the Pipps. They are [by whom?] 18 gm per day. This the importance of the
founding American Tofu in Detroit to make NJOY, a frozen soybean in India become overwhelmingly apparent.
tofu dessert. It will be sold mainly in the Midwest. The soybean is also a good source of high-quality,
low-cost protein, yielding 2-3 times as much per acre as
917. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1986. First Tofutti shop opens in traditional Indian pulses and at a much lower price per unit
Japan on January 30 (News release). 136 East 57th St., New weight.
York, NY 10022. 1 p. Feb. 25. “Farmers have liked soybean because of its low input

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 357

requirements for labour and nitrogenous fertilizers and wider

adaptability. Due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen
in the soil, more than its own requirement, the fertility of
the soil is improved and the crop following soybean yields
better. About 30-40 kg of nitrogen per ha is saved for the
succeeding crop.”
“Although black soybean has been cultivated for ages
in the low hills of the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttar
Pradesh as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas and in
some scattered pockets of Central India, the crop, strangely
enough, had not become popular in the sub-continent.”
Tables show: (1) Average yield, oil and protein content
of soybean and other pulse crops in similar conditions in
India. The other crops are pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), black
gram (Phaseolus mungo), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), green
gram [mung bean] (Vigna radiata). Soybean has by far the
highest yield, oil, and protein content.
(2) Biological value of protein from selected
commodities: The commodities are egg, soybean, corn,
wheat flour, rice (milled [white]). The values are Biological
Value, Protein Score, and Net Protein Utilization.
(3) Targeted and actual cultivation (ha) as well as
production (tonnes) in India under the centrally sponsored
scheme for soybean development (1978-1984, in 7 states).
(4) Estimated area potentially available for soybean in
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. (5) Indigenously bread
released varieties of soybean (19 varieties). Five columns
show: (1) Name of variety. (2) Whether released by central or
state variety release committee. (3) Area of adaptability. (4)
Duration (days to maturity) (5) Yield potential (quintals per
ha; 1 quintal = 100 kg). (6) Recommendations on package
of practices for soybean cultivation in India. (6a) Important
food uses of soybean. (7) Composition of defatted soya flour.
(8) Protein and energy densities of some cooked foods and
commercially available soya flours. (9) Chemical properties
of wheat flour, animal protein (egg and milk) and soya flour.
(9a) Protein per cent (by weight) in different food products
(incl. may soy products). (10). Net protein utilization of
different food commodities. (11) Composition of nutrients in
100 gm of different types of tofu. (12) Composition of whole
cow milk and soya beverages. Address: Project Coordinator,
All-India Coordinated Research Project on Soyabean
(ICAR), G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar, UP, 263145, India.

921. Daiei Company, Inc. and Tofu Time Inc. 1986. Tofutei
[Tofutti Flavor List (Menu from Tofutti Shop in Tokyo)].
Shuwa Shiba Park Building, 10th Floor, Shiba Koen 2-4-1,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan. 1 p. Front and back. Each
panel: 21 x 9 cm. [Jap; Eng] cm) starts with the slogan, “Try New York taste, please.”
• Summary: Printed with black ink on brown paper, this Address: Tokyo, Japan.
leaflet lists 19 menu items in both Japanese and English.
Most are Tofutti flavors. 922. Product Name: Tofu Master Entice (Soymilk Ice
A separate table sign in Japanese (single sided, 11 x 8 Cream) [Chocolate, Strawberry, or Vanilla].

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 358

Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Master, Inc. Tennessee) was acquired by Barricini Food Co. (of Oyster
Manufacturer’s Address: 102 Hymus Rd., Scarborough, Bay, New York). Ice Bean thereby became a Barricini brand.
ONT, M1L 2C9, Canada. Phone: 416-752-0161. Address: Oyster Bay, New York. Phone: (516) 922-1569.
Date of Introduction: 1986. February
Ingredients: Soymilk sugar, corn syrup solids, partially 925. Farm Foods. 1986. Farm Foods introduces two new Ice
hydrogenated coconut oil, natural and artificial flavour, Bean flavors (News release). 123 South Street, Oyster Bay,
monoglycerides, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, New York 11771. 1 p. March 5.
food color. • Summary: Ice Bean’s new flavors, Peanut Butter Carob
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 100 ml cup. Chip and Wildberry pints will debut on the frozen food shelf
How Stored: Frozen. “during the month of May, announced Robert Tepper, Vice
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Kathleen President of Marketing at Farm Foods Inc., 123 South Street,
O’Bannon. 1990. March 7. Labels (mockups) for these 3 Oyster Bay, NY 11771.”
flavors. 2.75 inches diameter lids. “Frozen dessert–Desert au “For more information, contact Dan Pratt at (516)
glace.” 922-1569 or Robert Tepper at our California offices–632
Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, (213) 459-
923. Jones, Paul. 1986. On Michael Cole and his many 9251.” Address: Oyster Bay, New York. Phone: (516) 922-
soyfoods successes in England (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. 1569.
March 4. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Center. 926. Alson, Amy. 1986. Competition melts premium ice
• Summary: Cole started in late 1984. His partner, who cream makers. Crain’s New York Business. March 17. p. 1,
has all the risk and 51% equity, is Mr. Arora, a Sikh from 23.
India. Cole has 30% equity and the finance company has • Summary: In 1980 there were only 3 super-premium
19%. Cole spent years in Los Angeles, and is a bit of a hype brands: Haagen-Dazs, Schraffts and Howard Johnson. In
artist. He launched a soymilk ice cream for the Regular Tofu 1986 there were 21, including Tofutti, whose earnings have
Co. He now has an inexpensive Japanese tofu plant with a plummeted. This market (for products high in fat, low in
continuous roller extractor. He tanks the milk to a spray drier air and all natural in composition) is very near its saturation
or Tetra Pack machine. He has had big success with soymilk point. Last year the category totaled $1,860 million and this
in the supermarkets. Before him all soymilk came from year is expected to hit $2,210 million. The two top brands
Vandemoortele/Alpro in Belgium. He produces private label are Haagen-Dazs and Frusen Gladje, each owned by a giant
Tetra Pak soymilks for 3-5 national supermarket chains. He food conglomerate (Pillsbury Inc. and Dart & Kraft Inc.
is also doing an organic soymilk. His ice cream looks like respectively).
it will be very successful. It is made under license for him
by Bayvilles, a big company. He has made genuine inroads 927. Lippert/Whitehead Inc. 1986. Tofu Time Inc. changes
into the mainstream market. Last year his total sales were name to Tofutti Brands, Inc (News release). 136 East 57th
$525,000. He also has okara burgers. He tried a soy yogurt St., New York, NY 10022. 1 p. March 17.
made from thin soymilk but it fell flat on its face. Address: • Summary: The company markets Tofutti in soft serve
Owner, Paul’s Tofu, England. form, and in hard-pack pints, cups, and 2.5 gallon bulk cans.
Address: New York.
924. Farm Foods. 1986. Farm Foods moves offices to New
York (News release). 123 South Street, Oyster Bay, New 928. News Tribune (Woodbridge, New Jersey). 1986. Grand
York 11771. 1 p. March 5. opening. March 18.
• Summary: “Farm Foods, manufacturers of Ice Bean, the • Summary: Tofutti Brands (formerly Tofu Time Inc.) of
original non-dairy, all natural soymilk frozen dessert in Rahway, New Jersey, recently opened its 2nd shop–Tofutti
America, has closed its Summertown, Tennessee offices and Park–in the vestibule of Carteret Mall, 801 Roosevelt Ave.,
moved to 123 South Street, Oyster Bay, New York 11771, Carteret, New Jersey. The Ragtimers Dixieland band added
(516) 922-1569. music to the festivities.
“Ice Bean will continue to be manufactured in Two large photos show many people enjoying the food
Tennessee, with warehousing and shipping from LeHigh and music at the new shop. Address: New York. Phone: 212-
Valley in Allentown, Pennsylvania and U.S. Growers in Los 838-3777.
Angeles.
“Farm Foods also maintains its western sales office 929. Giant. 1986. Since 1936 (Ad). Washington Post. March
632 Radcliffe Ave., Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, (213) 459- 19. p. E10.
9251.” • Summary: The section titled “frozen food” includes:
Note: On 31 May 1985 Farm Foods (of Summertown, “Dreamy Tofu: Non-dairy frozen dessert. Enjoy our five

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 359

delicious flavors. Pint cont. [container]–99¢. ½-gallon cont.– sunglasses, holding up two pint cartons of Tofutti. Address:
$2.59.” Correspondent.
Illustrations show a large and a small carton of Dreamy
Tofu. 934. Tennison, Patricia. 1986. Tofutti delivers another
winner. Chicago Tribune. April 3. p. F8.
930. Gage, R. 1986. Ice cream taste-alike made from field • Summary: A photo shows several pint cartons of Tofutti
peas. Globe & Mail (Toronto, ONT, Canada). March 25. Love Drops. The Tribune’s taste test found cappuccino to be
• Summary: Tofu Treat, a non-dairy frozen dessert, is made the favorite flavor; vanilla was the least appealing. Tofutti
with tofu that is made from peas rather than soybeans, by “sells about 95 percent of the frozen tofu desserts” in the
Thai Foods Ltd. of Winnipeg. Address: Winnipeg, MAN. USA.

931. East West. 1986. The best & worst natural foods. East 935. Hansen, Judy. 1986. Soybeans go across the street,
West’s first annual awards. March. p. 83-86. across the country. Herald (Saint Peter, Minnesota). April 7.
• Summary: “Frozen non-dairy desserts. Best hard-serve p. 1B.
product: Rice Dream by Imagine Foods of Palo Alto, • Summary: St. Peter Creamery and Oberg Foods Co.
California. Leaves all the soy products with their squabbles make Soy Supreme in Minnesota. Dennis Anderson, plant
about tofu content and soy isolate use in the dust.” Address: manager, notes that the company succeeded by taking dairy
Massachusetts. technology and applying it to the soybean. They start with
whole soybeans (hulls on) and end with a dried powder. They
932. Product Name: Tofu for You (Non-Dairy Frozen also make a dried tofu. The company has been processing
Dessert Dry Blends). soybeans for 18 months [i.e. since Nov. 1984]. They
Manufacturer’s Name: Ingredient Technology Corp. apparently make Farm Foods Ice Bean, a photo of which is
(ITC), Ingredient Systems Div. shown.
Manufacturer’s Address: Chicago, Illinois.
Date of Introduction: 1986. March. 936. St. Anthony, Neal. 1986. Tofulicious helps dish up
Ingredients: Base containing all dry ingredients plus corn healthy portion of market. Star and Tribune (Minneapolis,
sweeteners, vegetable oil, spray dried tofu, soy protein Minnesota). April 28.
isolate, natural fruits and flavorings, lecithin, stabilizers, • Summary: Leonard Lee, head of Eastern Foods, was
emulsifiers. born on 4 Sept. 1938 in Inchon, Korea. In 1979, armed
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Sold in bulk. with nearly $1 million commitment of venture capital from
How Stored: Shelf stable. Control Data Corp., he resigned from his $36,000 a year job
New Product–Documentation: Food Processing. 1986. to devote full time to his tofu business. The company has
March. “Non-dairy Frozen Desserts from Tofu Blend Base.” high hopes for Tofulicious, a non-dairy ice cream, which
This is a non-dairy frozen dessert based on powdered tofu. sells for $1.79/pint, versus more than $2.00 for Tofutti and
other competing brands. Lee owns 53% of his Eastern Foods
933. Eftimiades, Maria. 1986. The riches of a tofu tycoon. Co., which employs about 40 people. Control Data owns
Record (Hackensack, New Jersey). April 2. 30%. Gives a history of his career: 1961 graduated from the
• Summary: About David Mintz and Tofutti. Mintz, who was national university in Seoul with a degree in physics; 1966
born in Brooklyn, comes from a long line of bakers. He got earned an accounting degree from Univ. of South Carolina;
his start in the food business at age 28 when he ran a small 1969 began to work for Control Data Corp.; 1971 opened an
take-out gourmet shop in Brighton Beach. imported food store in Minneapolis, Minnesota; 1978 started
Today, a age 54, Mintz lives in Alpine, Bergen County, making tofu; 1980 built a 16,000 square foot complex at
New Jersey. A suburb of New York City, it is located 15 3235 E. Hennepin Ave. Address: Minnesota.
miles northwest of Midtown Manhattan.
Note: In 2012, Forbes ranked Alpine as America’s most 937. Andres, C. 1986. High quality tofu made with dairy
expensive ZIP code with a median home price of $4.25 equipment: Base for frozen desserts, yogurt-type product,
million. imitation sour cream [from ADM]. Food Processing
Mintz is now at work on meatless meatballs, eggless (Chicago) 47(4):108-09. April.
quiche, nondairy creamers, and cookies without butter or • Summary: Coagulums made of isolated soy protein,
milk. All these products contain tofu, that “spongy white vegetable oil, lecithin, corn sweetener, buffering agent, and
substance made from soybeans,” that can be used as a high- glucono delta-lactone. From ADM Research Dept., 1825 N.
protein, cholesterol-free alternative to dairy products to make Laramie Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60639. Address: Editorial
all sorts of food. Director.
A huge photo shows David Mintz, wearing large

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938. Product Name: Dry Mix Plus (Powdered Instant Oberg, founder of Oberg Foods Co. “The sole manufacturer,
Version of Mix Plus+ for Frozen Tofu Desserts) [Chocolate, St. Peter Creamery Inc. of St. Peter, Minnesota, sold 500,000
Vanilla, Strawberry, Peanut Butter, Banana, or Coffee]. pounds of the product in 1985, a spokesman says. And plans
Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Foods. are to quadruple production this year.”
Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box
2536), Petaluma, CA 94953. 940. Frozen Food Age. 1986. Tofu Time opens first shop in
Date of Introduction: 1986. April. New Jersey ShopRite. April.
Ingredients: Incl. sugar, vegetable fat, spray-dried tofu, • Summary: Tofu Time, Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey) “has
stabilizers. opened its first Tofutti shop in a ShopRite super market in
How Stored: Shelf stable. Carteret, New Jersey. The shop is the first in a planned series
New Product–Documentation: Dairy Foods. 1986. April. of company-owned and franchised shops in super markets.”
p. 81. “A plus for tofu.” “Dry Mix Plus, a powdered, instant Address: New York.
mix for frozen tofu desserts, is being billed as the first
unflavored tofu frozen dessert mix designed specially for 941. Product Name: Genice Ice Delight [Vanilla,
small- and medium-volume ice cream manufacturers.” The Strawberry, Raspberry Ripple, Hazelnut, and Pistachio &
product, which can be made on either batch or continuous Almond].
freezers, contains real spray-dried tofu (instead of soy Manufacturer’s Name: Genice Foods Ltd.
protein isolates), plus sugar, vegetable fat, and stabilizers. Manufacturer’s Address: Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial
Only water and flavoring need to be added to the mix. It is Estate, Wrexham, Clwyd LL12 0PX, Wales, UK. Phone:
“said to sell for 30 to 50% less than the cost of various liquid 0978-853-787.
soft-serve tofu frozen dessert mixes.” Date of Introduction: 1986. April.
Ingredients: Vanilla: Soya milk [spray dried soymilk], raw
939. Dietrich, Barbara. 1986. The Supreme Bean cane sugar, corn syrup, vegetable oil, soya protein, vanilla
[Soy Supreme, St. Peter Creamery, and Oberg Foods]. bean extract, vegetable gums (guar, locust bean gum),
FarmFutures. April. p. G. lecithin, natural colour (annatto).
• Summary: The process for making Soy Supreme (soymilk Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 litre tub.
powder or spray-dried tofu powder) was developed by E.B. How Stored: Frozen.

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New Product–Documentation: Note: The Haldane Foods Leaflet from Living Lightly distributed at Natural
Group acquired Genice Foods Ltd. in March 1989. Talk with Products Expo West at Anaheim, California. 1992. April 10-
Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 4 and 8. This 13. Percent calories from fat for various non-dairy vanilla
non-dairy frozen dessert was Genice’s first product, launched ice creams are as follows: 8% Living Lightly, 53% Ice Bean,
in April 1986 in five flavors. Initially the main soy ingredient 50% Tofutti, 48% Mocha Mix, 35% Rice Dream.
was powdered soymilk obtained from Michael Cole of Soya
Health Foods Ltd., which probably imported it. But soon 943. Mittal, B.K. 1986. Food applications of defatted soy
Genice switched to using soy protein isolates because they flour in the Indian diet. In: P.S. Bhatnagar, comp. 1986.
were less expensive and seemed to give a better product. National Seminar & 17th Annual Workshop. Proceedings
At that time Genice bought the isolates from Macauley- & Technical Programme: G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture &
Edwards (in Peterborough, eastern England), which later Technology. iv + 247 p. See p. 97-119. [15 ref]
somehow became Purina Protein. Genice developed this • Summary: A besan-like product with the brand name BES-
product largely because they needed an actual product Soy has been developed by Ganesh Research Foundation.
to show potential customers, but they never put much Address: Dep. of Food Science & Technol., G.B. Pant Univ.
effort into marketing the product because they had already of Agriculture & Technology, Nainital, UP, India.
decided that Genice wanted to be a product development
and manufacturing company and leave sales and marketing 944. Shurtleff, William. 1986. Chronology and analysis of
to other companies. By Jan. 1993 the product was seen the U.S. tofu standards: One viewpoint. Soyfoods Center,
an extraneous and was even competing with other soy ice P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 15 p. April. Unpublished
creams made by Genice, so it was discontinued as part of the manuscript. [1 ref]
company’s “rationalization” program. • Summary: Chronology of key early dates: 1979 Feb. 9–
Labels sent by Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. The Judith Rubenstein, acting as Institutional Consultant for
labels (vanilla, or raspberry ripple) for 1 liter tubs are 6.75 by the New England Soy Dairy, initiates a correspondence
4.25 inches. A color photo shows a dish of this soy ice cream with Carol Tucker Foreman, Director of Child Nutrition
next to fruits or flowers with a brown background photo of Programs, USDA, on the subjects of tofu standards and
woven reeds. “Naturally delicious. Non-dairy frozen dessert. acceptance of tofu in USDA Child Nutrition Programs,
Contains no salt, lactose, artificial colourings, emulsifiers, or including the School Lunch Program. Four letters are
flavourings.” With UPC indicia. exchanged between February and August 1979.
1979 June 29–FDA headquarters personnel draft an
942. Product Name: Rice Dream (Rice-Based Non-Dairy internal memorandum in which the agency’s views on tofu
Frozen Dessert) [Soft Serve Mix: Vanilla, Carob Almond, and its attributes are set forth. Publication of a “pull date” on
Cocoa Supreme, Wildberry, or Cappuccino]. tofu packages is encouraged.
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. 1979 July 23–Judith Rubenstein (see above) writes the
Manufacturer’s Address: Amazake made by California Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Natural Products, Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream made by (FDA) requesting that the FDA establish a standard of
Peninsula Creamery, 900 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94302. identity for tofu. She notes that Audrey Maretzski, Director
Offices at 299 California Ave. #305, Palo Alto, CA 94306. of Nutrition and Technical Services for USDA, suggested
Date of Introduction: 1986. April. that FDA give top priority to this issue. Issues of imitation
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet. 1984. Oct. Full tofu products and bacterial contamination are raised.
color, 8½ by 11 inches. Also ad in New Age. 1985. May. 1979 July 25–In Tofu and Soymilk Production, Shurtleff
p. 5. “Finally! A Great Tasting Ice Cream That Makes No and Aoyagi, directors of The Soyfoods Center, attempt to
Compromises With Your Health.” States that Rice Dream define the basic types of tofu and their composition.
is now available in strawberry, lemon, carob, and orange 1981 Jan. 20–Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as president
flavors. (Actually, these soft serve mixes were not launched of the United States. The regulatory climate in Washington,
for several years due to packaging problems). Company DC, begins to shift toward less federal regulation, and more
address is Fayetteville, Arkansas. encouragement for industries to regulate themselves.
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1986. May. p. 53. 1981 April–The USDA decides to establish tofu
“Presenting Rice Dream Soft Serve.” “Not another soy standards and to publish them in Federal Register, but
product...” Available in five flavors: Cappuccino is made this plan is dropped in September, amid controversy over
with water-processed decaf coffee. changes in the school lunch program.
Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. Feb. 11. The soft 1982 July 19–In Soyfoods Industry and Market:
serve mix was finally introduced after the hard pack in the Directory and Databook, Shurtleff and Aoyagi include a
spring of 1986. The soft serve was dropped in 1987 due to 5-page section titled “Soyfoods Terminology and Standards,”
low demand. which contains detailed information on tofu.

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1983 March 14–The Connecticut Agricultural and FDA laws, and allows tofu to develop and modernize in
Experiment Station, in Bulletin No. 810, titled “Quality the way that it has been since the 1930s. One of the major
of Tofu and Other Soy Products,” reports high bacterial questions that arises at the outset is whether or not the use
and coliform counts. A virtual expose revealing the tofu of isolated soy proteins (isolates) should be allowed in tofu
industry’s poor quality control and concomitant vulnerability, and, if so, under what conditions and with what labeling
the report gets widespread media coverage and hurts sales of requirements. Readers of the first draft are polled on this
New England and New York tofu companies. question and the response is 17 to 4 in favor of allowing
1983 July 25–Tom Timmins, president of Tomsun Foods isolates, as long as each product is appropriately labeled.
Inc., having seen the need for tofu standards in the aftermath In this first draft, the term “second generation” is first
of the Connecticut report and as a prerequisite for acceptance applied to soyfoods in the section titled “Naming Second
of tofu in school lunch programs, speaks to the Soyfoods Generation Commercial Food Products Containing Tofu.”
Association of America’s board of directors at Denver, By this time, Stephen H. McNamara, a food and drug
Colorado, about problems with sour and often undated specialist with the Washington, DC, law firm of Hyman,
tofu in America. The board asks Timmins to be head of a Phelps & McNamara is actively serving as an advisor on the
Soyfoods Association Standards Committee, and to appoint standards, reviewing each draft, and making many helpful
people to work with him in the development of standards. suggestions. Tom Donegan, of the same law firm, is also
1983 October 12–Timmins sends a 4-page survey letter helping.
concerning soyfoods standards to the 18-person Soyfoods Subsequent drafts of the standards: 1984 June 16–
Association Standards Committee that he has appointed. Second draft. Nov. 1–Fourth draft. 1985 March 6–Sixth
1983 November–Various members of the Soyfoods draft. March 20–Seventh draft, which is submitted to the
Association discover that David Mintz, CEO of Tofu Time, FDA for comments. Then begins a serious inter-industry
Inc. and maker of Tofutti brand soy ice cream, is using no conflict over the standards which is documented throughout
tofu in his product, although he has repeatedly appeared on the rest of this document. Initiated by Ron Ishida, an attorney
national TV and radio programs displaying and talking at hired by Azumaya, this conflict ended up destroying the
length about tofu, thus implying that his product uses it as standards and preventing their adoption and implementation.
a major ingredient. On Nov. 11 Shurtleff writes Mintz and 1985 Oct. 3–Eighth draft, incorporating all FDA suggestions.
strongly-worded letter threatening to report the matter to the A 2-page appendix to this document, titled “The
FDA and the Securities and Exchange Commission (Mintz Modernization of Tofu in Japan,” gives a brief chronology of
is about to launch his first public stock offering) if Mintz the many changes in the way of manufacturing “traditional
fails to stop such deceptive practices. Mintz’s attorneys tofu” from the 1930s to the present. It challenges the idea
quickly notify Shurtleff that Mintz promises to put tofu back that “traditional tofu” is widely made today. Address:
into Tofutti. Shurtleff, seeing the need for tofu standards to Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California.
stop this sort of consumer deception, becomes active in the
standards development. 945. Product Name: Tofu Treat (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream)
1984 March 2–Based on responses to his October 1983 [Strawberry, Chocolate, or Vanilla].
survey, Timmins drafts preliminary 3-page tofu standards Manufacturer’s Name: Tai Foods Inc.
(2 pages of which are microbiological standards), that he Manufacturer’s Address: Muir St., Winnipeg, MAN,
circulates to the Soyfoods Standards Committee, inviting Canada. Phone: 204-694-0484.
comments. March 6, William Shurtleff expands these, keys Date of Introduction: 1986. April.
them into The Soyfoods Center word processor, and returns How Stored: Frozen.
them promptly to Timmins. New Product–Documentation: Boughton. 1987. Small
1984 Feb.–Timmins and Shurtleff draw up a ten-step Business (Canada). Dec. p. 12, 14. “Tai Foods Tries for Tofu
set of procedures and a time line for appointment of a Tofu Converts.”
Standards Committee, development of two drafts of tofu
standards, and final approval by the Soyfoods Association 946. Product Name: Tofutti Cuties (Snack Size Soy Ice
Board of Directors in July 1984. Cream Sandwiches) [Vanilla, or Chocolate].
1984 March 29–First Draft of Tofu Standards, 15 pages Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
and double spaced, is compiled by Shurtleff on his word Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,
processor. As is inevitable with a document of this type, NJ 07065.
a basic philosophy that shapes the standards has begun Date of Introduction: 1986. April.
to emerge. Essentially it attempts to balance the varied Ingredients: Water, high fructose corn sweeteners, corn
(and often conflicting) commercial interests of the various oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, vanilla with other natural
groups involved with the standards in a way that is as fair flavorings, soy lecithin, guar seed gum, cellulose gum,
as possible to all, considers existing historical precedents carrageenan, carob bean gum, salt. Wafer Ingreds: Enriched

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bleached flour, sugar, vegetable shortening, corn sugar, Inc., faces an even bigger challenge–keeping his position as
caramel color, corn syrup, cocoa, leavening (sodium leader of the nondairy frozen dessert market.
bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate), modified corn starch, The 4-year-old company that makes Tofutti, a “nondairy
salt, artificial flavor, lecithin. frozen tofu creation,” recently reported a $119,787 net loss
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3/93. 360 gm paperboard box for the first six months of its fiscal year, ending Feb. 1.
(45 gm per sandwich). During the same period one year earlier it had reported a
How Stored: Frozen. profit of $1 million.
Nutrition: Per Cutie (1.5 oz plus 2 wafers): Calories 130, Discusses the competition and the strengths of Tofutti
protein 2 gm, carbohydrate 21 gm, fat 5 gm, sodium 110 mg. Brands Inc.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Spot in
Dairy Foods. 1986. March. Snack-sized (1.5 oz) frozen 950. Soybean Update. 1986. Southeast Asia’s appetite for
sandwiches made with vanilla or chocolate Tofutti between soy foods is growing. May 19.
two non-dairy chocolate wafers. Two Labels. 1987. Sent by • Summary: Susani Karta, nutritionist with the American
Donna Haverstock, Director, Consumer Nutrition Center. Soybean Assoc. in Singapore, links interest in nutrition and
Color leaflet. 1988 Tofutti Cuties. “Parevine nondairy frozen traditional food. In 1984 Thailand consumed 65,000 tonnes
dessert snack size sandwiches.” Shows Labels. 8 sandwiches of beans; In 1986 this increased to 100,000. Indonesia uses
per pack. about 1 million tonnes for traditional soyfoods, such as tofu
Product with Label purchased at Trader Joe’s (Concord, and tempeh. A company there is developing a new soy ice
California). 1994. April 15. $1.79 for a pack of 8 Vanilla cream.
sandwiches. Package (copyright 1992) is 6 by 4 by 2.25
inches. Dark blue, light blue, red and brown on white. “No 951. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1986. Faasuto Fuudo wa
milk. No butterfat. Lactose free. Cholesterol free. 8 snack tôfu kara. Tomii Cheen. Gyôkai no sakigake mezasu [Fast
size. Vanilla sandwiches. Nondairy frozen dessert.” foods from tofu. The Tomi Chain aims to be a pioneer in the
industry]. May 21. p. 3. [Jap; eng+]
947. Dougherty, Philip H. 1986. Advertising: MCI gets • Summary: Yoshiaki Saruda, president of the Tomi chain
physical in TV ads. New York Times. May 8. p. D26. in Kyoto, is franchising the concept. He got the idea from
• Summary: The section titled “A romantic theme for Tofutti McDonald’s. His shop sells tofu ice cream, tofu yogurt,
product” begins: “’Are you in the mood for love?’ That’s tofu hamburgers, tofu pies, Tomi crepes, Tomi pies, etc.
the question Tofutti Brands asked in a local $80,000 ad These second generation products are all made by machines,
campaign that started yesterday.” Campbell-Ewald (New produced by Saruda Shoten, which is pioneering such food
York) is the agency introducing the new “frozen tofu dessert” equipment. Saruda Shoten is owned by Yoshiaki Saruda’s
product named Tofutti Love Drops. father.

948. Associated Press (AP). 1986. Competition up in frozen 952. Webster, Bob. 1986. Kosher caterer turns tofu into
dessert market. Journal Star (Peoria, Illinois). May 11. profits. Daily Commerce (Los Angeles). May 26. Widely
• Summary: Rahway, New Jersey–David Mintz has syndicated by United Press International.
accomplished what mystified many through the ages. He • Summary: “A devout Orthodox Jew, Mintz stumbled onto
has circumvented thorny dietary laws to create a new tofu in 1972 when he sought a milk free product to satisfy his
gastronomic experience–Tofutti–which comes in seven kosher customers... Mintz found the answer to his dilemma
flavors. Mintz began selling his non-dairy ice cream in 1981 in a magazine article on tofu.” Now he adds, “My weight has
“after nine years of testing and a few years of trying out the gone up as much as my stock.”
recipes on customers at his kosher restaurant in Manhattan”
[New York]. In those days, Tofutti was the only such product 953. Product Name: Fruit D’Lite (Fruit-Sweetened Sorbet/
around. But now there are many competitors, made by Mousse Liquid Soft Serve Mix) [Strawberry, Raspberry,
companies such as Colombo Inc., Tuscan Dairy Farms, etc. Banana, Peach, Lemon].
Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Foods.
949. Associated Press. 1986. Tofu dessert rivals squeeze the Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box
original. Chicago Tribune. May 11. p. F7B. 2536), Petaluma, CA 94953.
• Summary: Rahway, New Jersey–”Accomplishing Date of Introduction: 1986. May.
what mystified many through the centuries, David Mintz Ingredients: White grape juice, water, Gunther Whipping
circumvented the thorny restrictions of Jewish dietary laws Protein, stabilizer, flavor.
by creating a new gastronomic experience, and in seven Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: ½ gallon tubs.
flavors, too.” How Stored: Frozen.
But now Mintz, age 54 and the founder of Tofutti Brands New Product–Documentation: Letter from Richard Rose.

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1987. Sept. 17. Talk with Richard Rose 1988 May 25. This is 957. Tharp, B. 1986. Frozen desserts containing tofu. The
a dairy-based liquid soft-serve mix containing small amounts high level of interest in non-dairy frozen desserts is due to
of Gunther Whipping Protein as the soy ingredient. the use of tofu as an ingredient. Dairy Field. May. p. 28-30,
48, 50, 66. Reprinted by popular demand in the Sept. issue of
954. Byrne, Maureen. 1986. Cool and classic. Food Dairy Field, p. 38-42, 60.
Manufacture (London) 61(5):64, 67. May. • Summary: An excellent review of the subject, including
• Summary: Sunrise Soya Ice Dream, is a soymilk ice cream principles of selecting the tofu ingredient, vegetable fat,
from Soya Health Foods Ltd. and Hillsdown Holdings sweetener, and stabilizer for a soy ice cream, developing the
Group’s Classic Ices. Classic Ices, based in Clwyd, Wales, formula, and processing the mix. Discusses Soy Supreme
was founded in 1983 and privately owned until February, spray dried tofu. “This type of product is less forgiving of
1985, when the giant Hillsdown Holdings Group (£1,135 processing shortcomings than conventional frozen desserts.”
million) took over. Classic Ices now makes a soy-based Address: Vice President R&D, Germantown Manufacturing
frozen dessert called Ice Dream under license for Soya Co., Broomall, Pennsylvania.
Health Foods, Ltd. The product is based on soya milk
powder rather than isolates. This non-dairy product is 958. Product Name: Tofutti Love Drops (Soy Ice Cream
targeted at the health food market and those allergic or Full of Crunchy Chocolate-Covered Graham Cookies)
intolerant to dairy products. The same equipment is used [Vanilla, Chocolate, or Cappuccino].
as for regular dairy ice cream but the product requires a Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
longer aging period of greater than or equal to 12 hours. The Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,
product is available in 4 flavors: vanilla, hazelnut, carob, and NJ 07065.
wildberry. A photo shows four liter packs of the product. Date of Introduction: 1986. May.
The dairy ice cream market in the UK is currently worth Ingredients: Chocolate Tofutti: Water, high-fructose
over £430 million. and is dominated by Lyons Maid and corn sweeteners, corn oil, tofu, isolated soy protein, cocoa
Wall’s. Address: UK. processed with alkali, soy lecithin, guar seed gum, cellulose
gum, carrageenan, carob bean gum, salt. Cookies: Cocoa,
955. Product Name: Tofu Flavors (Eight Flavor Bases for enriched flour, high-fructose corn syrup, graham flour,
Use in Tofu Frozen Desserts) [Apple, Berry, Lemon, Butter vegetable shortening, baking soda, salt, honey.
Pecan, Pineapple-Grapefruit, Strawberry, Chocolate, or Rum Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints.
Raisin]. How Stored: Frozen.
Manufacturer’s Name: Eskimo Flavors. Div. of Eskimo Nutrition: Per 4 oz.: Calories 230.
Pie Corp. New Product–Documentation: Spot in Dairy Foods. 1986.
Manufacturer’s Address: 530 E. Main St., Richmond, VA June. p. 38. “Introduced: Spring 1986.” “Hard pack Tofutti
23219. Phone: 804-782-1885. mixed with chocolate-covered graham-cookie drops. Free of
Date of Introduction: 1986. May. lactose, cholesterol, and butterfat.” Associated Press NYC
New Product–Documentation: Food World (Columbia, Metro Wire. 1986. Aug. 5. “Tofutti Brands Inc. promotes its
Maryland). 1986. May. The company has introduced 8 new products ‘Love Drops’ with a horse-drawn carriage trip
new flavor bases for use in tofu frozen desserts. The bases with Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson look-a-likes; Fifth
themselves contain no soy. The company also makes Eskimo Avenue starting at 59th Street. 12:45 P.M. Coronation takes
Chocolate Drink, a premium non-dairy chocolate drink; place at the steps of The New York Public Library.”
Shaw Barton Digest. 1986. 14(26):16. June 27. “Eskimo
Flavors Has Eight New Flavor Bases for Tofu Frozen 959. Modern Grocer (Hackensack, New Jersey). 1986.
Desserts.” Modern Dairy (Toronto, ONT). 1986. June. Tofutti Love Drops ad campaign starts. June 6.
• Summary: Also in the New York Times. May. This $80,000
956. Medoff, Marc. 1986. Tofutti’s little secret: This non- local ad campaign features the romance theme: “Are You in
dairy dessert contains little or no tofu. Nutrition Action the Mood for Love?” Address: Hackensack, New Jersey.
Healthletter 13(5):10-11. May. Originally appeared in Whole
Life Times, Jan/Feb. 1985, p. 12. [1 ref] 960. Toth, Susan Allen. 1986. Coming home to a rosebush
• Summary: Promoted as a low-calorie, healthy ice cream and the bills: A walk among familiar landmarks. New York
substitute made from tofu, Tofutti is enjoying huge success. Times. June 8. p. XX43.
It contain no cholesterol, butterfat, lactose, or preservatives. • Summary: Returning home from a good vacation with her
Actually, the product contains very little tofu. Discusses how husband, the writer faces a pile of bills, unanswered letters,
the product evolved and what it contains. Also, a comparison etc. She loads up on all her favorite treats–especially the
of fat and sugars in popular frozen desserts is given. ones she couldn’t get on vacation. “Cheerios, Maple walnut
yogurt,... frozen tofu dessert, watercress.” She cheers up a

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little with each new product she buys. be distributed by the ice cream division of Stroh Brewery.
Address: Detroit, Michigan.
961. Tepper, Robert. 1986. Tofutti and Tofulite are the
only two national brands of soy ice cream left (Interview). 966. Product Name: Njoy (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream)
SoyaScan Notes. June 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of [Hard-pack: Vanilla Velvet, Banana Strawberry, Peanut
Soyfoods Center. Butter Chocolate Fudge, Chocolate Fudge, or Very Berry].
• Summary: Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace is off the market. Manufacturer’s Name: American Tofu Inc. (Marketer).
McQueen’s is gone. Tofait is regional, in the midwest Made by Stroh’s Ice Cream Div.
centered in Illinois, and is probably the third largest brand. Manufacturer’s Address: 2180 Penobscot Building,
Tofulicious is sold only around Minneapolis, Minnesota. Detroit, MI 48226.
Tofruzen is also local to regional. Date of Introduction: 1986. June.
How Stored: Frozen.
962. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1986. Tôfu aisu ni New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet
sannyû Doonaa Cheen [Donner Chain entering the tofu ice (color, front and back, 28 cm). 1985, Dec., undated. “A
cream market in Tokyo]. June 16. p. 1. [Jap; eng+] Delightful Match. Great Taste & Non-Dairy Nutrition.
• Summary: This Tokyo-based fast food chain has entered Njoy Frozen Tofu Desserts. American Tofu Inc., 1 Kennedy
the new tofu ice cream market which is getting more popular Square, Suite 1800, Detroit, Michigan 48226.” Strickland.
in Japan. They are going to start marketing their ice cream 1986. Detroit Free Press. July 26. William Guest and William
in mid-June through restaurants, Denki-ya meat shops, auto Patten, of Gladys Knight and the Pips, own two-thirds of the
dealer stores, hospitals, etc. company. Interview with Eric Liddell, the manager. 1987.
Sept. 3. The company is doing very well. Up until this month
963. Lynam, Frances. 1986. Happy birthday tofu, happy 100% has been sold to ice cream parlors in 3-gallon dipping
birthday tofu [David Mintz about to celebrate Tofutti’s fifth tubs. Now start consumer retail in pint cartons and 4-oz
birthday]. Register (Shrewsbury, New Jersey). June 25. p. Dixie cups. They also have a vanilla soft serve that the parlor
6B, 7B. can flavor itself. New flavors will be Peaches Supreme and
• Summary: “In 1971 Mintz read about tofu in a health Dutch Apple Pie. Talk with JRI. 1988. March 2. The product
magazine... For the next 10 years he spent all his free time is distributed only in the Detroit area and is not making
creating Tofutti. ‘It was a whole new world. It became an money. They hope to export it. Marin Independent Journal
obsession.’ Today more than 38,000 outlets in all 50 states (San Rafael, California). 1988. March 13. American Tofu
carry the product. It is also sold in Canada, Australia, Inc. is testing its product in Marin County. It introduced Njoy
Korea, Hong Kong, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Recently he to students at 3 Novato Schools last week and will hold a
developed an ‘egg’ without cholesterol called ‘Eggwatchers’ taste test in San Rafael on Monday. Previously the product
and a coffee whitener without milk.” was available only in Detroit.
Jasmine Griffin. 1989. Times (Orlando, Florida). April
964. Hanes, Phyllis. 1986. Try designer ice cream for hot 12. “Grammy Award winners launch new business venture in
treat: Frozen, upscale novelties can be an expensive splurge. Orlando.”
Christian Science Monitor. June 26. p. R41.
• Summary: The word “novelties” refers to “ice pops, fudge 967. Arbuckle, Wendell S. 1986. Ice cream. 4th ed. Westport,
sticks, covered ice cream balls or squares, frozen fruit juices, Connecticut: AVI Publishing Co. xiii + 483 p. Illust. Index.
frozen tofu or yogurt on a stick, and fancy ice cream cones, 28 cm. [300* ref]
cups, or bars with or without sticks.” • Summary: Soy-related sections: Mellorine-type products
The United States leads the world in annual per capita (p. 21-22). Soft-serve mellorine (p. 281. “These products
production of ice cream and related products with 44.13 are identified in the regulations of 14 states.” Vegetable fat
pints per person. Australia is 2nd with 37.21 pints (down by is used in place of milk fat). Formulas and standards for
15.7%), followed by New Zealand (35.87), Canada (31.88), mellorine-type products (p. 393-94). All-vegetable frozen
and Sweden (28.57). desserts (p. 395, made with vegetable fat, soy protein and
corn sweetener).
965. Strickland, Daryl. 1986. Stroh’s new frozen tofu dessert Appendix A is “Historical chronology of ice cream
is guaranteed to be a Pip [NJOY launched by American industry” (p. 417-19). Arbuckle uses the term “imitation ice
Tofu Inc. and two members of Gladys Knight and the Pips]. cream” for “such products as those made with vegetable fat
Detroit Free Press. June 26. For a photo of Guest and Patten and containing milk constituents but not meeting standards”
enjoying NJOY, see Detroit News of June 26. (p. 26). Address: Emeritus Prof. of Dairy Science, Univ. of
• Summary: The two Pips are William Guest and Edward Maryland, College Park, MD.
Patten, who have teamed with Aubrey Bell. NJOY will

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968. Product Name: Tofu, Soymilk, and Tofu Ice Cream. bean gum), emulsifier (vegetable mono diglycerides), natural
Manufacturer’s Name: Basics (The). Renamed Kootenay raspberry flavour, natural colours (annatto, beetroot red).
Soyfoods in May 1989. Renamed Kaslo Soyfoods in Feb. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 100 ml cone.
1990. Renamed Silverking Soyafoods in Oct. 1990. How Stored: Frozen.
Manufacturer’s Address: Box 933, Kaslo, BC, V0G 1M0, New Product–Documentation: See next page. Label and
Canada. Phone: 604-353-7726. leaflet sent by Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. The small
Date of Introduction: 1986. June. round label reads “Genice Ice Delight Cone–Raspberry
How Stored: Frozen. Ripple flavour. All natural non dairy vanilla with raspberry
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Greg Lundh, and carob.” 2½ inch diameter. Black on pink. The 8½ by
owner. 1988. Aug. 9. He started making tofu and soymilk 11 inch color leaflet reads: “New from Genice. Ice Delight
in Sept. 1986, and introduced a tofu ice cream shortly Cones: The non-dairy alternative to ice cream. Lactose free.
thereafter. The latter was an instant hit. All of his tofu is All natural ingredients. Available in three delicious flavors.”
made with nigari and delivered fresh to the homes of his Three colorful cones, with gold foil as part of each design,
125 customers in his Volkswagen van. Most customers have are shown against a blue background.
standing orders. He features service and freshness. The Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
business is very small but growing. Talk with Greg Lundh, 23.
owner. 1988. Aug. 24. The company started making tofu and
soymilk in June 1986. They started making the ice cream in 971. Leviton, Richard. 1986. At the market: Rating the
about August 1986. Greg delivers his own products door to frozen dairy-free desserts. East West. June. p. 36-37. [1 ref]
door. • Summary: The Pretenders are Tofutti, Tofulite, and
Talk with Greg Lundh, owner. 1989. April 28. He now Tofruzen. The Contenders are Ice Bean, LeTofu, Acorn
makes 300 lb of tofu a week, one day a week, using a boiling Natural Foods Italian Ice (no soy, from Chicago), and
water grind. Still delivers door to door. His company is still Penguino’s. The Champs are Tofreezi, Rice Dream (from
unregistered. His only competitor in the interior of British Imagine Foods of Palo Alto), Yodolo, and Nouvelle Sorbet
Columbia, Okanagon Soyfoods, went out of business 10 (from San Rafael). The last three contain no soy.
days ago. Now he wants expand from a large blender up to a
grinder. 972. Rosoff, Michael; Rosoff, Peggy. 1986. Michio Kushi:
Talk with Greg Lundh. 1990. Oct. 20. His company has The man, the mentor, and his vision. Michio Kushi at 60
been renamed 3 times, as shown above. years young. Macromuse. Summer. No. 25. p. 8-15. June.
• Summary: An in-depth interview. “The natural foods
969. Farm Foods. 1986. Scoop of the year. Ice Bean movement is being degraded with things like tofu ice cream.
(Leaflet). 123 South Street, Oyster Bay, NY 11771. 1 p. Why did this happen? We did not guard quality enough.”
Single sided. 28 x 22 cm. Color. Address: 4905 Del Ray Ave. #400, Bethesda, Maryland
• Summary: See next page. “Farm Foods celebrates eleven 20814. Phone: 301-656-4313.
years as leader in the natural and health foods industry
with a whole new look in color packaging. Since 1975, 973. Stein, Margery. 1986. The winning formula: Ten years
Ice Bean has been made with the finest natural wholesome of testing and tasting made David Mintz a millionaire.
ingredients... Buy all nine honey-sweetened flavors.” Success! June. p. 28-32. Cover story.
Note: This is not correct. Ice Bean was first sold • Summary: In 1969 he opened Mintz’s Buffet on
commercially in August 1976, not 1975. Farm Foods is now Manhattan’s trendy Upper East Side... “One day I read about
owned by Barricini. Address: Oyster Bay, New York. tofu in a health food magazine. When I saw the words ‘looks
like cheese but its not,’ I said, ‘That’s what I’ve been looking
970. Product Name: Genice Ice Delight Cones [Vanilla and for.’ My antenna went up.” Mintz made a trip to Chinatown,
Hazelnut with Carob Coating, Strawberry and Hazelnut with bought several buckets of bean curd, and went into his
Carob Coating, Vanilla with Raspberry Ripple and Carob kitchen to experiment. “Plans for franchises are proceeding–
Coating]. more than 800 would-be owners are already in Tofu Time’s
Manufacturer’s Name: Genice Foods Ltd. files... A tofu TV dinner is in the works, along with cookies,
Manufacturer’s Address: Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial biscuits, pastas, breads, sauces, dips, drinks, yogurts, low-
Estate, Wrexham, Clwyd LL12 0PX, Wales, UK. Phone: fat and sugarless Tofutti, and a tofu patty that tastes like a a
0978-853-787. hamburger.”
Date of Introduction: 1986. June.
Ingredients: Raspberry Ripple: Soya milk [spray dried 974. Commercial-News (Danville, Illinois). 1986. Value-
soymilk], raw cane sugar, corn syrup, vegetable oil, vanilla added goods key to marketplace. July 17.
bean extract, carob, raspberries, stabilisers (guar gum, locust • Summary: “Illinois, which has a sizeable proportion of

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the world’s richest agricultural land, enjoys a tremendous myself and got a parking ticket,’ he recalls. ‘When I got back
natural advantage in the production of agricultural products. to my one-room office in Brooklyn, there was this message
This, however, has not prevented severe economic problems on my machine: ‘It’s selling well. Bring more!’ That was
resulting from over-production and shrinking world market my most exciting moment.’ Tofu Time went public in Dec.
shares. 1983. Since then, the stock has tripled in value and split three
“But, according to John Campbell, dean of the College times, making the Tofutti tycoon, with his controlling interest
of Agriculture at the University of Illinois, an important key of 51%, worth more than $20 million on paper. The firm has
to returning the state to its natural position as leader in the relocated to the larger facility in Rahway...” A photo shows a
world marketplace is to produce new value-added products youthful looking Mintz with loosened tie holding a cone of
that have a price and quality edge over competitors. Tofutti. Note: This story contains several errors, starting with
“’While the benefits from agricultural exports have been the title; in the summary, each is marked with an asterisk.
important,’ Campbell said, ‘a much greater potential exists
for exporting value-added products, rather than raw, bulk 976. Gay, Julie. 1986. Farmfest visitors to get opportunity
materials. for a taste of Tofulicious [at Minnesota Soybean Growers
“’In a highly competitive world, a nation cannot afford Association]. Agri News (Rochester, Minnesota). July 31.
to fall behind on research into value-added technology. Our • Summary: The Minnesota Soybean Growers Assoc. will
competitors understand this. The U.S.–and especially the be offering a taste of Tofulicious frozen dessert. As many as
state of Illinois–must be determined to meet this challenge.’ 16 county soybean organizations are expected to participate
“Campbell said even a 1 percent increase in the use and feature the Tofulicious at local events such as county
of cooking oil, shortening or an equivalent soybean-based fairs. The frozen dessert first appeared in the Twin Cities last
product would mean an increase of more than $21 million in summer. Address: Minnesota.
gross sales for Illinois.
“That translates into approximately $4 million in wages 977. Product Name: Vive (Frozen Tofu Dessert).
from new jobs and $500,000 in added state tax revenues.” Manufacturer’s Name: Allied Foods Ice Cream Co.
Campbell also mentions soy milk, soy yogurt, and soy ice Manufacturer’s Address: England.
cream developed at the University of Illinois. Date of Introduction: 1986. July.
“’Less developed countries, especially those suffering How Stored: Frozen.
from deficiencies of edible oil and protein, are potentially a New Product–Documentation: Food Trade Review. 1986.
huge market for many low-cost soyfoods and soy-fortified 56(7):343. July. “Vive, frozen tofu dessert, launched by
cereals,’ Campbell said.” No industrial uses of farm crops are Allied Foods Ice Cream Co. in UK.”
mentioned. A photo shows John Campbell. Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
8. Genice had nothing to do with making this product. Ray
975. Stein, Margery. 1986. Versatile tofu is main ingredient was a director of Allied long before they ever made any
in Mintz’ millions. Journal (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). July 29. soya products. The product was very “down market” [low
• Summary: “Part relentless entrepreneur, part eccentric quality], using inexpensive ingredients and lots of artificial
chef, part mad scientist, Mintz worked alone night after night ingredients.
in his laboratory* for 10* years, measuring, mixing, testing,
tasting... “I’d been thinking about the problem when one day, 978. American Soybean Association. 1986. Soya Bluebook
I read about tofu in a health-food magazine*. When I saw the ‘86. St. Louis, Missouri: American Soybean Assoc. 278 p.
words “looks like cheese but it is not” I said, “That’s what July. Index (bold face type indicates advertiser). 22 cm.
I’ve been looking for.” My antenna went up.’ Mintz made • Summary: Contents: Index of advertisers (p. 4). Soybeans:
a trip to Chinatown*, bought several buckets of bean curd, Your profit opportunity, by Dr. Kenneth L. Bader, CEO,
and went into his kitchen to experiment. Out came such tofu- ASA (p. 5). Organizations (by country, within each country
filled goodies as croissants, cheesecake, even imitation sour alphabetically): For each gives the name, address, contact
cream. Mintz was definitely onto something and the store’s person, year founded, number of members, objectives and
sales shot up to $1 million... activities, publications. Countries are: USA, Australia,
“This emphasis on excellence pervades Mintz’s life. Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, England,
Behind his desk at the firm’s Rahway, New Jersey, New Germany (Federal Republic of), Finland, France, Hungary,
Jersey headquarters stands a case of 100 tiny leather-bound India, Indonesia, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Malaysia,
books on ethics printed in Hebrew... One spring day in 1980, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Portugal,
Mintz finally put together his winning formula. He spent Senegal, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Zaire,
a couple more years preparing the product for market, and Zimbabwe. U.S. agricultural education, research & extension
then, in May 1982, he delivered 5 gallons of Tofutti to a (by state; mainly state agricultural / land-grant colleges),
Manhattan [New York] health-food store. ‘I dropped it off by ASA international offices and world regions (colored world

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map and photo of each country director), government trading meal): Supply and disposition (1975/76–1986/87). Brazilian
agencies. soybeans and products (oil and meal): Supply and disposition
Soy directory: Oil extraction plants / refineries (1975/76–1986/87). Prices of U.S. soybeans, No. 1 yellow:
(alphabetically by state in USA, then by country), soyfoods Average price per bushel, Illinois country shipping points
/ edible soy products manufacturers (lecithin, soy flour, (by year and month, 1950–1984, dollars). Prices of U.S.
soy grits, soy protein concentrates & isolates, textured soy soybeans received by farmers: Average price per bushel
protein, binders, extenders, simulated meat products, soy oil (by year and month, 1950–1984, dollars). U.S. soybean
products {margarine, shortening, cooking / salad oil, salad price support operations (1945-1985, incl. CCC). U.S.
dressings}, soyfoods–beverages [soymilk], frozen desserts, soybean crop value: U.S. and major producing states (1925-
soy sauce, tempeh, tofu, whole soybean snacks {soynuts}, 1985): Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Minnesota,
other soy-based foods), within each product by country, Arkansas. Fold-out color map of U.S. soybean acreage by
producers of soy products for industrial manufacturers (by county. U.S. farm marketings of soybeans: Percent of open
products, etc.): Industrial lecithin, industrial soy flour / market farm sales by month (1975/76–1984/85). Map of
soy protein, industrial soy oil, soy sterols and tocopherols, U.S. soybean processing plants. Value of U.S. soybean
soybean fatty acids. products per bushel and crush margin (1950-1984): Soy
Soybean manufacturing support industries: oil, soybean meal, soybean price (received by farmers,
Manufacturing equipment & supplies, soybean processing No. 1 yellow Illinois), margin (ditto). U.S. soybean meal:
equipment & supplies, manufacturing services. Marketing Prices paid by farmers–44% protein, dollars per 100 lbs,
and auxiliary services: Brokers, financial services, by year and month (1950-1984). U.S. soybean meal:
forwarding agents, marketing consultants, trading Average wholesale price–44% protein, dollars per ton,
companies, transportation, warehousing–export / import. bulk Decatur, Illinois, by year and month (1950–1984).
Soy statistics (tables & graphs): Soya conversions U.S. soybean meal: Beginning stocks, production, exports
[weights & measures], metric conversions, temperature and domestic disappearance, by year and month, thousand
conversions. U.S. soybean planting and harvesting dates short tons (1978/79–1984/85). U.S. soybean cake and
(by state). U.S. soybean acreage, yield and production, meals: Supply, disposition and price (1977-1985): Soybean,
1925–1985 (by year). U.S. soybean planted acreage by cottonseed, linseed, peanut. Major world protein meals:
state (1970–1985). U.S. soybean harvested acreage by state Supply and utilization (1981/82–1985/86; Production,
(1970–1985). U.S. soybean yield by state (1970–1985). U.S. exports, imports, consumption, ending stocks): Soybean,
soybean production by state (1970–1985). U.S. soybean cottonseed, rapeseed, sunflowerseed, fish, peanut, copra,
production major crops (1920–1985): One graph each for linseed, palm kernel. World major oilseeds: Supply and
soybeans, corn, wheat, and cotton. U.S. harvested acreage of utilization (1981/82–1985/86). World major vegetable and
major crops (1920–1985): One graph each for the big 4. U.S. marine oils: Supply and utilization (1981/82–1985/86).
yield per acre of major crops (1920–1985): One graph each Prices of U.S. soybean oil: Soy oil, domestic crude, average
for the big 4. Argentine soybean area, yield and production cents per pound in tank cars at Midwestern mills, by year
by province (1975-1986). Brazilian soybean area, yield and and month (1950/51–1984/85). U.S. soybean utilization, by
production by province (1975-1986). Canadian soybean year (1960-1984): Food–Shortening, margarine, cooking and
production: Acreage, yield, production, farm price and value salad oils, other edible, total. Nonfood–Paint and varnish,
(1950-51–1984-85). Canadian soybean production and resins and plastics, fatty acids, other inedible (incl. soap),
utilization (1950-1984, year beginning Aug. 1): Production, total. Total domestic utilization. U.S. soybean oil value as
imports, supplies, exports of beans, processed for oil and percent of total soybean value (1930–1985). Note: Peaked
meal, soy oil produced, soybean oilcake produced. World at about 55% in 1930, fell to about 32% in 1980-81. U.S.
soybean production: Area and production in specified soybean oil: Supply, disposition and price (1960-1985). U.S.
countries and the world total (1980/81–1985/86). Soybean edible fats and oils: Supply and disappearance (1978-1985):
production by major countries (one graph, 1925-1985): U.S., Coconut, corn, cottonseed, lard, palm, peanut, soybean,
Brazil, PRC [China], Argentina. Share of world soybean sunflower, tallow (edible). U.S. exports of soybeans, by
production [percentage] by major countries (one graph, year and month (1953–1984). U.S. soybean exports by port
1925-1985): Big 4. Soybean acreage by major countries and country of destination (Sept. 1984–Aug. 1985): Ports
(one graph, 1925-1985): Big 4. Share of world soybean are–St. Lawrence Seaway, Lakes, Atlantic, Gulf (by far the
acreage [percentage] by major countries (one graph, 1925- largest), Pacific, Interior. U.S. exports: Soybeans–Volume of
1985): Big 4. U.S. soybeans: Supply, disposition, acreage, exports by country of destination (in metric tons) and total
yield and price (1970–1986). Soybean usage in the U.S. for value (1981–1985). U.S. exports: Soybean oil–Volume of
crush and exports (one graph, 1925-1985, million bushels). exports by country of destination (in metric tons) and total
U.S. soybean exports: Percent of total usage (one graph, value (1981–1985). U.S. exports: Soybean oilseed cake and
1925-1985). Argentine soybeans and products (oil and meal–Volume of exports by country of destination (in metric

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 373

tons) and total value (1981–1985). Map of U.S. soybean

exports by port areas: Sept. 1984–Aug. 1985 (1,000 bushels). 980. Product Name: Bean Supreme Non-Dairy Frozen
U.S. exports of soybean, cottonseed and sunflowerseed Dessert [Vanilla, Carob, Orange/Mango, or Strawberry].
oils: U.S. commercial and P.L. 480 exports–Volume of Renamed Lite Licks in Oct. 1986.
exports by region and country of destination (in metric Manufacturer’s Name: Bean Supreme Soyfoods.
tons) and total value (1979/80–1984/85; year beginning in Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 78 084, 1 Wallingford
October). U.S. exports: Soybean oil–P.L. 480, Title I and III, St., Grey Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand.
volume (in metric tons) and value (in $1,000) by country Date of Introduction: 1986. July.
of destination (FY 1981–1985). U.S. exports of soybean How Stored: Frozen.
and cottonseed oils: U.S. commercial and P.L. 480 exports New Product–Documentation: Manufacturer’s price list.
(1950–1984, million lbs; incl. P.L. 480 as a percentage of 1986. July. Sold in 1.5 and 9 liter sizes.
the whole). Brazilian exports of soybeans and products to
major countries (1,000 metric tons; 1976-1984). Graph of 981. Becker, Kenneth. 1986. Letters: Rice Dream. East West.
soybean & product exports by major countries (U.S., Brazil, July. p. 6.
Argentina) (soybean equivalent; 1970-1985). Graph of world • Summary: “Although Rice Dream once did contain maple
share of soybean & product exports by major countries (U.S., syrup as a sweetener, it no longer does so. We have improved
Brazil, Argentina) (1970-1985). Note: U.S. share has fallen the culturing of the rice to the extent that additionally
from 95% in 1970 to about 50% in 1984. sweeteners for our current flavors generally are no longer
Glossary: General terms, soy protein terms. Standards & necessary. The only sweeteners added at the present time
specifications: NSPA, Association of American Feed Control are a touch of pear concentrate to our strawberry flavor, and
Officials (AAFCO), USDA (definitions and grades). Index. barley malt to the carob chips in our carob chip flavor. Two
Address: P.O. Box 27300, St. Louis, Missouri 63141. new flavors planned for the near future, Cocoa Marble Fudge
and Cappuccino, will contain maple syrup.” Address: Vice
979. Bean Supreme Soyfoods. 1986. Price list. P.O. Box 78 President, Imagine Foods, Inc., Palo Alto, California.
084, 1 Wallingford St., Grey Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand.
• Summary: The company makes Tofu, Tempeh, Cottage 982. Product Name: Dayvilles N’ice Day (Soya Ice Cream)
Spread, Soymilk, Soysage, and Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert. [Hazelnut, Pistachio & Almond, Strawberry, or Vanilla].
Address: Grey Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. Manufacturer’s Name: Dayville Ltd. (Marketer). Made in

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Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.

Manufacturer’s Address: 78 Stamford Rd., London N15 983. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1986. Our competition is full of
4PQ, England. Phone: 01-801 7331. beans. Rice Dream non-dairy dessert (Ad). Vegetarian Times.
Date of Introduction: 1986. July. July. p. 71.
Ingredients: 1994: Soya milk, raw can sugar, raw cane • Summary: See next page. This full-page ad shows a sky
syrup, vegetable oil, soya protein [isolates], flaked almonds, full of rice dream cones, and one pint of Rice Dream, all
natural stabilisers (guar gum, carob gum), natural emulsifier pointing upward to the left.
(lecithin), pistachio extract. Letter (fax) from Robert Nissenbaum. 1994 Dec. 9.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3/4 liter (750 ml) rectangular This ad was the first developed by Imagine Foods’ first and
plastic tub. present ad agency. Address: Imagine Foods, Inc., 750 Homer
How Stored: Frozen. Ave., Palo Alto, California 94301. Phone: (415) 327-1444.
Nutrition: Per 100 ml.: Energy 88 kcal (calories; 370
Kilojoules), protein 2.0 gm, fat 3.2 gm, carbohydrate 10 gm. 984. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1986. Tofutti Brands Inc.
New Product–Documentation: Grocer (London). 1986. appoints Francis I. Mullin, III, a senior soft drink executive,
July 19. p. 40. The product is based on soy protein and as its president and chief operating officer (News release).
comes in one of 5 flavors. European New Product Report/ 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 3 p. Aug. 5.
Food. 1986. Aug. 1. p. 21. International Product Alert. 1987. • Summary: Mr. Mullin will become president and chief
March 18. Letter from Simon Bailey. 1988. Oct. Gives full operating officer of Tofutti Brands Inc. on Aug. 18. He
details. Only four flavors. Dennis Wheatley is in sales. is leaving his position as President, Del Monte Franchise
Health Food Business (England). 1990. June. p. 22- Beverages, U.S.A. (principally Canada Dry and Sunkist soft
23. “Health Food Business retailer guide to ice creams.” drinks) the domestic division of RJR Nabisco, Inc. soft drink
“Dayvilles say have a n’ice day.” These are all natural soya unit until recently acquired by Cadbury-Schweppes, P.L.C.
based frozen desserts. David Mintz is still Chairman and CEO. This is largely a
Health Food Business (London). 1992. May. p. 34. personal history of Mr. Mullin, with some general comments
“Frozen desserts. Dayvilles Original American Ice Cream. on future plans. See also Wall Street Journal. Aug. 6.
Dayvilles Original American ‘N’ice Day’ is a non-dairy Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777.
alternative to ice cream, an all-natural soya-based frozen
dessert which looks and tastes like premium quality ice 985. Yoshihashi, Pauline; Wedemeyer, Dee. 1986. Head of
cream but which contains no milk or dairy products, no Del Monte unit moves to Tofutti Brands [Francis I. Mullin 3d
artificial colours, flavours or preservatives, and is cholesterol named president and CEO]. New York Times. Aug. 6. p. D2.
and gluten-free. Suitable for vegetarians and vegans, it is • Summary: Mullin, the president of Del Monte Franchise
also appealing to those on cholesterol-free diets or a diet free Beverages USA in Atlanta was named president and CEO of
from milk protein, and is available in Vanilla, Strawberry, Tofutti Brands Inc. yesterday, titles previously held by David
Hazelnut and Pistachio/Almond flavors in 750 ml packs. Mintz. Address: New York.
Foundation Foods are the distributors for the South East of
England.” 986. Legler, Gretchen. 1986. Its tofu-mania. Soybean
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. dessert treat is gaining popularity as ice cream alternative
4 and 8. In 1986 Dayville Ltd. asked Genice if they could [Tofulicious from Eastern Foods Corp. in Minneapolis].
make a non-dairy frozen dessert intended to appeal more AgWeek (Grand Forks, North Dakota). Aug. 18.
to the general grocery sector of the market than health food • Summary: Jim Palmer, executive director of the Minnesota
stores where Ice Delight and Ice Dream were sold. The Soybean Growers Assoc., said the group sold 2,200 four-
product N’ice Day, was launched for Dayville in July 1986, ounce cups of Tofulicious at the Farmfest. In the year that
sold in 3/4 litre packs in four flavors–vanilla, hazelnut, Eastern Foods has been making Tofulicious about 30,000 lb
strawberry, and pistachio & almond. The soy ingredient was of tofu, soy oil, and soy protein isolate has been turned into
soy protein isolates. 30,000 and 50,000 lb of the frozen treat.
Label (Pistachio & Almond) sent by Genice Foods
Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. 6 by 4.5 inches. Label fits into the top 987. Food Engineering. 1986. Many new sources shown for
of a 750 ml rectangular plastic tub. Light green on white. edible fats and oils. 58(8):101. Aug.
Overhead photo of 3 scoops of white ice cream in a light • Summary: Discusses Bunge Edible Oil Corp.’s Tahiti Tofu
green octagonal dish garnished by 3 cherries and 3 pineapple Bar, a frozen tofu dessert. This bar was developed by Sun
wedges. “All natural. Made only with natural ingredients. No Blends Co., Cleveland, Ohio, which is looking for processors
artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives.” A round red seal to make and sell its tofu products.
states: “Dayvilles seal of quality. Non dairy frozen dessert.
Low fat, gluten free.” UPC indicia. 988. Food Engineering. 1986. New facility offers fast

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supplies of customized ISP. 58(8):51. Aug. SASK, S4N 0N7, Canada.

• Summary: Customized isolated soy proteins, from Date of Introduction: 1986. August
Ralston Purina’s new market development unit in Memphis, Ingredients: Soymilk, sugar, corn syrup solids, partially
Tennessee, can now be supplied quickly for test marketing hydrogenated coconut oil, natural and artificial flavour,
and regional launches of new products. Examples of the new monoglycerides, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan,
custom ISPs are Purina Proteins 780, 690, and 660. food color.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 liter carton and 100 ml cup.
989. Food Engineering. 1986. Sea and soy proteins spark How Stored: Frozen.
analogs, blends. 58(8):91. Aug. New Product–Documentation: Talk with Kathleen
• Summary: “By acquiring the Griffith soy protein O’Bannon. 1990. March 7.
concentrate line (April 1985) and the Staley concentrate line Photocopy of Label. 1986? 13.5 by 5 inches. Written
(Feb. 1986), Central Soya is now the nation’s only supplier in both English and French. “Nutritious non-dairy dessert.
of soy protein concentrates.” Also discusses Ralston Purina An edible oil product. No preservatives added. No lactose.”
custom isolated soy proteins, Grain Processing Corp.’s Illustration of something vaguely resembling a soybean
Frostline tofu mix, Dreamy Tofu from Giant Foods, Tofu For sprouting out of something vaguely resembling a hinged
You (a non-dairy frozen dessert based on powdered tofu) Styrofoam box.
from the Ingredient Systems Div. of ITC, spray dried tofu Photocopy of label from Tofu Parlor Bar. The artwork
from St. Peter Creamery and Clofine Dairy Products, creamy was done in Vancouver in July 1986. 1 box contains 12
tofu dressings and Nasoyanaise from Nasoya Foods. bars, 75 ml each. The text is written in English and French.
“Tablettes Glacées au Tofu. A 3000 year old tradition.”
990. Iowa Soy News. 1986. Let’s hear it for soy product Leaflet. Undated. 4 by 8.5 inches. “Tofu Parlor. Nature’s
promotion. 5(9):3. Aug. dessert. Non dairy. No cholesterol. No lactose. No additives.”
• Summary: Discusses Iowa soyfoods companies: Alex 32 calories per fluid ounce serving (less than half the calories
Green of American Pride Tofu Co. (Fairfield), makes 15,000 of other frozen desserts). Yes, I want to know more about
to 20,000 lb of tofu a month. Don Alger of Iowa Nuts Inc. Tofu Parlor products and franchises, says a form at bottom.
(Spencer) says the company was founded in about June
1986. They grow the soybeans then buy them back in bulk as 993. Winds (Japan). 1986. New York: Tôfutti. Tôfu kara aisu
soynuts to package them in a 5 oz can and 1.5 oz foil packs, kriimu [New York: Tofutti. Ice cream made from tofu]. Aug.
and distribute them. Plans are to market 400,000 lb the first p. 53. [Jap]
year. The Iowa Chip is an extruded mixture of 90% corn and • Summary: Color photos show: (1) A hip person wearing
10% soybeans developed at Iowa State Univ. using an Insta- shades and eating Tofutti from a plastic dish. (2) A gallon
Pro extruder. Grain Processing Corp. of Muscatine makes carton of Tofutti parevine frozen dessert mix. (3) A swirl
a soy ice cream. Miller Farms Food Co. of Cedar Falls has of chocolate Tofutti surrounded by fruits, nuts, and grated
a portable soymilk plant built on two 45-foot trailers. It can coconut. (4) A stylish shop in New York with neon signs in
produce up to 2,000 gallons of soymilk a day. INARI Ltd. the window advertising frozen yogurt, ice cream, and Tofutti.
in Michigan has made Super Soynuts since 1976. A new
product is soynut butter with less calories per ounce (only 994. Marketing (Toronto, Ontario). 1986. And for dessert,
157) than peanut butter. Address: Iowa. there’s peas. Sept. 15.
• Summary: Tofu Treat, a non-dairy frozen dessert, is made
991. Medoff, Marc. 1986. Whole frauds in the news: Tofutti with tofu that is made from peas rather than soybeans, by
Brands Inc. Whole Life. Aug. p. 65. Thai Foods Ltd. of Winnipeg. Address: Canada.
• Summary: “Mintz, whose products are mostly sugar and
oil, with a little added tofu for publicity reasons, landed a 995. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1986. Tofutti Brands Inc.’s
spot on the CBS Morning News last July 9 appearing on their subsidiary Tofutti Franchising Inc. sells initial two franchises
“Making it in the USA” segment. Mintz used the opportunity and has approval to sell franchises in 37 states (News
to shamelessly promote a number of his deceptively labeled release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 1 p. Sept.
products and acknowledge he’s literally become obese taste- 17.
testing the junk he makes.” • Summary: The two franchise Tofutti Shops will be
northern New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the
992. Product Name: Tofu Parlor (Soymilk Ice Cream) last 2 years the company has received in excess of 1,800
[Hard Pack, and Bar; Strawberry, Chocolate, or Vanilla]. unsolicited requests for franchises. Address: New York.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Parlor Desserts / Tofu
Restaurant and Ice Cream Parlor Ltd. 996. Palley, Robin. 1986. Tofutti? All rutti: Dessert
Manufacturer’s Address: 304 Victoria Ave. East, Regina, chain plans 7 shops in Philadelphia. News (Philadelphia,

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Pennsylvania). Sept. 19. 2536), Petaluma, CA 94953.

• Summary: The franchises sold for $25,000 each. Today the Date of Introduction: 1986. September.
kosher market is the smallest part of Mintz’s business. Ingredients: Incl. Spray-dried tofu.
How Stored: Frozen.
997. Perone, J.R. 1986. (Iron) Curtain lifted on Tofutti New Product–Documentation: Letter from Richard Rose.
[trademark officially recognized in Soviet Union]. Star- 1987. Sept. 17. This later became Sharon’s Finest Tofu
Ledger (Newark, New Jersey). Sept. 25. See also Reuther Frozen Dessert Mix. Main ingredient was spray-dried tofu.
Financial Report. Sept. 24.
• Summary: Approval by the USSR State Committee for 1001. Bringold, Ulrich. 1986. Entwicklung des Tofu-
Inventions and Discoveries (similar to U.S. Patent Office and Marktes in der Schweiz [Development of the tofu market in
USDA) may have come about because radioactive fallout Switzerland]. In: Bernd Lehmann International Consultants,
from the Chernobyl nuclear accident (on 26 April 1986 in comp. 1986. Report of the First International Tofu Products
the Ukranian SSR) caused widespread contamination of Expo, Seminar, and Buffet: Tofu ‘86. 17 p. See p. 10-11.
dairy products. Reuther: “Tofutti said that pending current Held on 24 Sept. 1986 at the Sheraton Hotel, Arabellastr. 6,
negotiations with a major Finnish dairy processing concern, Munich, Germany. [Ger]
the frozen dessert product would be shipped to the USSR • Summary: Since 1983, Bringold has been product manager
from manufacturing facilities in Finland.” at Galactina. He is one of the pioneers of European tofu
marketing. The development of the Swiss tofu market can
998. Stein, Margery. 1986. Tofu tycoon never quits. Star be divided into 4 large stages. 1. Tofu in the Reform trade
(Wilmington, North Carolina). Sept. 27. (Reformhandel, Health food stores). In 1981 tofu began
• Summary: “Just about everybody eventually gave up to be made and sold without much media coverage in
on David Mintz. And for good reason. Part relentless alternative food stores and Reform Houses. The users were
entrepreneur, part eccentric chef, part mad scientist, Mintz predominantly vegetarians and alternative types. In 1983
worked alone night after night in his laboratory for 10 years– total Swiss production was about 120 tonnes.
measuring, mixing, testing, tasting. Mintz was after the 2. The start of the mainstream food trade
formula for a frozen, tofu-based dessert, Tofutti.” (Lebensmittelhandel). In 1983 the first mainstream
“Tofu might not seem to be the stuff of which fortunes food stores began to sell tofu. In 1984 Galactina AG
are made. It is a bland, spongy substance that comes from conducted a regional market test with such stores using a
cooking and then pureeing soybeans into curd... But Mintz, fresh pasteurized tofu. An attractive package, numerous
54, saw potential in tofu. Indeed he waxes rather eloquent recipes and suggestions for use, and extensive sampling
on the subject. ‘”Who is a wise man?” asks Solomon of prepared dishes in the stores were the principal items
rhetorically. “He who sees what’s going to be born.” That’s of the promotional campaign. This introduced tofu to
the way I was about Tofutti. I could imagine what it would environmentally- and health-conscious normal consumers.
be. And I knew it would be big.’ The success in sales surpassed all expectations of both the
“A Large, comfortable man with a quiet but driven manufacturers and the stores.
manner, Mintz was farsighted enough to realize that the 3. The conquest of the mainstream market. Then came
public was hungry for alternatives to heavy, rich foods. the real breakthrough. The two leading retail chains, Migros
He was also bold enough to make and market his curd and Co-op started to carry tofu. The rest of the trade followed
confection on a spectacularly large scale.” their example, so that by the end of 1985 all major food
“I never hesitated to spend the money” Mintz. Address: stores, as well as the Reform Houses and many drug stores
Success! Magazine. carried at least one brand of tofu. This was possible because
of (1) an intensive marketing campaign simultaneously by
999. Contra Costa Times. 1986. Tofu ice cream hits Japan. several manufacturers, (2) a fortunate acceptance and its
Sept. 29. own marketing activities by the food trade, (3) the media’s
• Summary: “Brightsong Light Foods of Petaluma sells a taking up the theme, and especially (4) the open attitude of a
brand of tofu ice cream called Le Tofu. The first order of sufficiently large target public.
Le Tofu was shipped to a Tokyo distributor in late July, and 4. Tofu gets flavor. Observers of tofu have remarked
is now appearing on the shelves of supermarkets in Tokyo that it is now where yogurt stood 20 years ago before it was
suburbs.” flavored. In 1986 flavored tofu products were introduced.
There are now more than 20 flavored products on the market,
1000. Product Name: Dry Le Tofu (Powdered Instant Non- from seasoned tofu to Tofu Raviolis, Tofu Sandwich Spreads,
Dairy Soft Serve Mix). Tofu Bolognaise, and Tofu Goulash. Even tofu ice cream and
Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Foods. desserts.
Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box Note: An English translation of this speech was

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published in the April 1987 issue of Soyfoods (ESFA). Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream made by Peninsula Creamery,
1(2):23-24. Address: Galactina AG, CH-3123 Belp, 900 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94302.
Switzerland. Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo
Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444.
1002. Business J. of New Jersey Magazine. 1986. The sweet Date of Introduction: 1986. September.
tooth of success [Haagen-Dazs, Welsh Farms, Tofutti Brands, Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, partially polished brown rice
Popsicle, Good Humor]. Sept. p. 85-89. (naturally cultured), expeller pressed safflower oil, vanilla,
• Summary: In 1985 Tofutti Brands had sales of $17 million, lecithin, carob bean and guar gum, carrageenan, sea salt.
produced 5 million gallons, and had 100 employees. Welsh Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4.5 fluid oz (125 ml).
Farms Inc. was founded as a local [New Jersey] dairy in How Stored: Frozen.
1891. The ice cream division was started in 1945. 1985 sales New Product–Documentation: Label. 1987. Maroon,
were $40 million, on 2 million gallons, with 400 employees. brown, and white on sky blue background. Paper cone.
Printed in both English and French. Illustration of cones
1003. Farm Foods. 1986. Farm Foods, Inc. (News release). floating in sky. Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1988.
123 South Street, Oyster Bay, New York 11771. 1 p. Sept. March 10. It sells best in the summer, and is presently the
• Summary: “Farm Foods Inc., makers of Ice Bean, the company’s only novelty product.
original non-dairy frozen dessert, with 11 years of exclusive
service to the health and natural foods industry, has recently 1006. Karta, Susani K. 1986. Product development for soy
consolidated its sales headquarters in Oyster Bay, Long frozen dessert. In: F.G. Winarno, ed. 1986. International
Island, New York. Soyfoods Symposium. xiv + 403 p. See p. 205-13. Held 16-
“Robert Tepper, Vice President of Sales and Marketing, 18 Sept. 1986 in Jogyakarta, Indonesia. [3 ref]
has closed the doors of the Farm Foods Los Angeles • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Systematic product
office and moved east to the home office. Tepper will be development process. Developing soy frozen dessert.
coordinating all Farm Foods sales efforts directly from Marketing soy frozen dessert in product development.
Oyster Bay, as well as making frequent trips to the West References. Address: American Soybean Assoc., 541
Coast. Orchard Rd. #11-03, Liat Towers, Singapore 0923.
“’After two years in Los Angeles, expanding and
developing our California market, it seems time to be back at 1007. Leufstedt, Goran. 1986. Continuous process for low
the hub of the business and closer to our other sales people, beany taste soybean products. In: F.G. Winarno, ed. 1986.
our production crew, and our research and development International Soyfoods Symposium. xiv + 403 p. See p. 79-
wing. With California being such a significant part of our 93. Held 16-18 Sept. 1986 in Jogyakarta, Indonesia. [2 ref]
sales, I plan to travel there often,’ states Robert Tepper. • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Continuous
“For further information, contact Robert Tepper or Dan process systems. Continuous soyfood processes. Soy
Pratt at our Oyster Bay offices at 516/922-6212 or 800/431- extraction line: Soybean grinding, deactivation of
5030.” Address: Oyster Bay, New York. Phone: (516) 922- lipoxygenase enzymes, fiber separation, trypsin inhibitor
1569. deactivation, deaeration/deodorization. Aseptic soy
beverages. Ultrafiltration of soy extract. Soy-yogurt. Frozen
1004. Food Merchants Advocate (Tarrytown, New York). desserts. Tofu. Prepared foods–forming, frying. Residue–
1986. [Prince Mintz of Tofu in carriage promoting Tofutti okara. Conclusion.
Love Drops]. Sept. In the dairy industry ultrafiltration (UF) of cow’s milk
• Summary: A photo shows Mintz riding in a horse-drawn has long been used for continuous concentration of protein.
carriage with the Duke and Duchess of York look-alikes on UF is also common in the cheese industry for continuous
Fifth Avenue. They were heralded by a choir of trumpeters. production of soft cheese. “As far as I know, no UF plant
After reaching the steps of the New York Public Library, the in commercial operation has been reported on soy, but two
“Royal Couple” crowned David “Prince Mintz of Tofu” for applications are described in the literature: Concentration of
“his unending effort to reduce cholesterol in the Empire.” the protein and diafiltration, i.e. washing out anti-nutritional
Mintz provided 10,000 cups of Tofutti Love Drops to the compounds.” Address: Alfa-Laval South East Asia Pte. Ltd.,
noontime throng. 11-Joo Koon Circle, Singapore 2262.

1005. Product Name: Rice Dream Non-Dairy Dessert 1008. McSweeney, Daniel. 1986. Consumer survey 1986.
Squeeze Up (Rice-Based, Frozen) [Vanilla, Strawberry, Whole Foods. Sept. p. 39-40, 43.
Peanut Butter Fudge, Wildberry, Cocoa Marble Fudge]. • Summary: This survey appeared as a readership survey in
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer/ the July 1986 consumer-directed EastWest magazine. The
Distributor). Amazake made by California Natural Products, sample size is not given. The percentage of respondents

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who purchased a type of product at a natural foods during

the past 12 months, in descending order of popularity and 1010. Product Name: The Ultimate Tofu (Non-Dairy
by sex: Grains: women 91.1%, men 84.4%. Tofu: women Frozen Dessert).
85.8%, men 82.2%. Miso: women 72.3%, men 66.6%. Sea Manufacturer’s Name: Ultimate Tofu, Inc., of Mississauga
vegetables: women 68.2%, men 60.0%. Yogurt (dairy): and Eplett Dairies Co. Ltd. (The).
women 48.8%, men 44.4%. Nondairy frozen desserts: Manufacturer’s Address: Brampton, Ontario, Canada.
women 45.8%, men 40.0%. Soy milk: women 41.1%, men Date of Introduction: 1986. September.
37.7%. Natural meat: women 10.0%, men 11.1%. How Stored: Frozen.
The top 5 reasons for shopping at natural foods stores New Product–Documentation: Foodservice & Hospitality
are: Food quality (32.6%), better selection (21.8%), brands (Toronto). 1986. Sept. This company is the fourth largest
preferred (15.5%), helpful clerks (9.1%), individual food dairy in the province.
dept. (6.9%).
1011. Fabricant, Florence. 1986. Food Notes: Tofutti in
1009. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1986. Soviet Union. New York Times. Oct. 8. p. C7.
Jamaica soy. 2(3):1-3. Fall. [5 ref] • Summary: Arrangements are now being made to have
• Summary: “Recently, the Jamaican Government has Tofutti produced in Europe and shipped to the Soviet Union.
launched an aggressive agricultural program (titled ‘AGRO The Kremlin has officially recognized the Tofutti trademark.
21’) which is designed to boost production of foods that can
be grown locally, in order to decrease the need for precious 1012. Modern Grocer (Hackensack, New Jersey). 1986.
foreign exchange... Consequently, soybean production has Tofutti names distributor for New York area. Oct. 10.
been conceived as one of the top priorities by the Ministry • Summary: Calip Dairies and T & W Suffolk, Inc. will be
of Agriculture. Ironically the plan focuses on the use of the master distributor for Tofutti Brands’ nondairy frozen
soybeans to provide cooking oil and animal feed... With dessert line in the New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut
the participation of the Israelis and other foreign investors, area.
soybeans are fast becoming one of the major field crops on
the island... 1013. News (Paterson, New Jersey). 1986. New Jersey firm
“In 1983, Plenty USA’s sister organization, Plenty [Tofutti Brands] makes first sales of franchise shops. Oct. 21.
Canada, established an agricultural project on the north- • Summary: Tofutti Brands has been developing the
central coast of Jamaica. Craig Bialick, an agronomist and franchises legally for the past 8 months. It cost them several
soy foods technician who had worked 3 years with Plenty’s hundred thousand dollars to simply develop the franchising
soy projects in Guatemala in the late 1970’s, was hired by plans and push them through government circles. They hope
Plenty Canada for the Jamaica project. to soon have 300-500 franchises.
“Craig spent 15 months in Jamaica, June
1984-September 1985... He organized a school lunch 1014. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1986. Tofutti Brands Inc.
program and set up a soy foods processing training center forecasts turnaround in 1987. Company anticipates small
in Claremont, St. Ann. He also carried out numerous ‘soy operating loss. Hopes to breakeven (News release). 136 East
demonstrations’ wherein local participants were taught how 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Oct. 31.
to prepare soy foods using only the facilities available in • Summary: Plans to introduce Lite Lite Tofutti, open a least
their home kitchens. 107 of these public demonstrations 15 franchise shops in fiscal 1987, and step up international
reached over 6,000 people from 4 different parishes on the operations. Address: New York.
island. Typical locations were schools, churches, clinics,
youth clubs and weekly markets.” 1015. Barrett, Mariclare; Hayhow, Sally. 1986. The new rice
The Country Farmhouse Project in Kingston, Jamaica foods. Vegetarian Times. Oct. p. 18-20, 22, 24-25.
is run with the help of two Jamaican young people, • Summary: Contains a general description of the following:
Rasino D’Aguilar and his wife, Mohi. This small-scale rice cream cereal, brown rice crackers, flour, miso, and
cottage industry, which has been in business for 1 year ramen, mochi, rice vinegar, rice syrup, amazake, ‘ice cream’
on a shoestring budget, makes soy ice cream, tofu, soy (Rice Dream non-dairy frozen dessert), rice cakes, rice bran,
mayonnaise, and a variety of okara burgers. Some of their miniature rice cakes, rice crisps, and quick cooking brown
products are sold at a weekly market sponsored by the rice.
Jamaica Vegetarian Society. Concerning non-dairy ice creams: “One of the most
Photos show: (1) Jamaican kids making soy ice cream unusual foods to emerge from the rice grain is rice ‘ice
in Kingston. (2) Rasimo D’Aguilar preparing soymilk for cream.’ Only one company is producing it now, but this
making tofu at the Country Farmhouse kitchen in Kingston, low-fat, no-cholesterol ice cream look-alike may start a
Jamaica. revolution similar to the one launched by Tofutti for tofu-

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 380

added frozen desserts.

“Rice Dream, as the product is
called, is made from rice, water, rice
culture, unrefined safflower oil, and
vegetable-based stabilizers–plus various
flavors. Notice that the list does not
include sweeteners. The culturing of the
rice releases so much natural sugar from
the rice itself that no additional refined
sweetener is needed.
“’It took us a while to get
the process down,’ admits Robert
Nissenbaum, president of Imagine
Foods, the company producing Rice
Dream. ‘At first we used maple syrup to
make the product sweet enough. In fact,
some of our cartons still list maple syrup
as an ingredient, but none of the flavors
contain it any more. We finally perfected
the process so the culturing broke down
more of the complex rice carbohydrates
to sugar.’
“The process used to make the
base for Rice Dream is similar to the
traditional Japanese amazake-making
technique. The addition of modern
technology has resulted in a sweet
enough taste for the American palate and
a more stable end product. New Product–Documentation: Manufacturer’s price
“The texture of Rice Dream is remarkably creamy–very list. Sold in 1.5 and 9 liter sizes. Form filled out by Trevor
similar to a high-quality ice milk. It holds up comparably in Johnston, Marketing Director. 1989. April. Lite Licks non-
the freezer also. Not surprisingly, Rice Dream has a good dairy dessert was introduced in Oct. 1986. They are now
nutritional profile for a snack food. A four-ounce serving producing 15,000 liters/month. “Lite Licks has been an
has [130+ calories], 21 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of outstanding success with lots of growth ahead of it still.”
fat, 1 gram of protein, and no cholesterol. Haagen-Dazs, Bean Supreme Price List. 1989. March. The first 5 flavors
in comparison, has 268 calories, 17.2 grams of fat, and 24 are sold in 2 liter packs. Honey Vanilla, Wildberry, Almond
grams of carbohydrate.” Fudge, Piña Colada, Lemon Spearmint, Orange, and Mango
are sold in 475 ml packs. Labels. 1989. 6 inches square with
1016. Product Name: Lite Licks (Premium Frozen Dessert; rounded corners. Self adhesive. Each has a striking full-
Non-Dairy) [Honey Vanilla, Wildberry, Almond Fudge, Fruit color drawing. Honey Vanilla shows a cowboy standing by
Fiesta, Chocolate, Piña Colada, Lemon Spearmint, Orange, a cactus in the desert holding an ice cream cone. Fruit Fiesta
and Mango]. shows a Latin lady dancing by a seaside palm with a basket
Manufacturer’s Name: Bean Supreme Ltd. of fruit on her head. Almond Fudge shows a Brit in a pith
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 78 084, 1 Wallingford helmet seated in the desert with a butterfly net and ice cream
St., Grey Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. Phone: 09-764- cone, and Africans silhouetted behind him. Chocolate shows
988. an Indian chief in headdress holding an ice cream cone and
Date of Introduction: 1986. October. bow & arrow. Wildberry shows a woman standing by the
Ingredients: Honey Vanilla: Corn syrup, vegetable oil, beach holding an ice cream cone and beach ball. Each bears
honey, fructose, soy protein, vegetable emulsifier (471), the same slogan in the lower right corner: “No cholesterol.
stabiliser (410, 412), sea salt, vanilla extracts, carotene Natural ingredients. Honey sweetened. Non-Dairy. 75
colour (160A). Water added. calories per 100 ml.”
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2 liter or 475 ml cartons. Talk with (call to) Bean Supreme Ltd. in New Zealand.
How Stored: Frozen. 1994. June 26. The company’s new address is: 14 Hugo
Nutrition: 75 calories per 100 ml. Johnston Dr., P.O. Box 12082, Penrose, Auckland, New

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 381

Zealand. Phone: 09-579-0592. milk, condensed milk, ice cream, etc. The French Ministry
of Agriculture still supports this law and demands strict
1017. Frozen Food Age. 1986. Premium brands ring up 15% regulation of imitation dairy products. The European
of ice cream tonnage, 23% of dollars. Oct. p. 91, 93. Commission’s position advocating free trade and freedom
• Summary: According to Robert E. Baker, marketing of choice for consumers was first set forth in the spring of
director of frozen dessert products for Kraft Dairy Group, 1984 and upheld in April 1986. The regulation of imitation
Tofu-based frozen desserts are “bland tasting... Although products within the EEC varies widely. Belgium is the most
these products generated lots of publicity and initial sales liberal. The UK and Ireland allow these products but place
were higher than expected, volume appears to have peaked. emphasis on labeling. Denmark, Germany (RFA) and the
Tofu products sold fewer than 3.0 million liters in 1985 and Netherlands are opposed to imitation products but make
dollar sales were approximately $13.0 million. The products allowances for things like coffee whiteners. Italy and France
were available in only 40-45% of stores, while super are not much concerned. France and Luxembourg prohibit
premium ice cream was in 70-80%. Moreover tofu products them firmly.
are unknown to most consumers, even the health-conscious But it is difficult to define exactly what products
ones.” Address: New York. are imitations. The problems started in 1869 when the
Frenchman Hyppolitte Mauries [sic, Hippolyte Mège] was
1018. Glovin, Bill. 1986. Mintz makes Tofutti a household issued a patent for margarine. Soymilk (“lait de soja,” a term
dessert. New Jersey Business. Oct. p. 70, 90. which is clearly a misnomer) is one of the clearest imitation
• Summary: The son of a baker, Mintz grew up in the products; 9-10 million liters were consumed in the EEC in
Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. He still owns 51% of 1983. This is not much compared with 30,000 million liters
Tofutti Brands, worth $20 million on paper. Three plants that of cow’s milk. Tofu can be used as a substitute for meat and
make his products are in Long Valley and Bordentown, New fish. An estimated 5,000 tonnes are consumed yearly in the
Jersey, and in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He is now developing EEC, not much, but the market seems to have a promising
meatless meat balls in tomato sauce, eggless spinach future in part due to tofu’s excellent nutritional properties.
omelettes, soy beef lo mein, brownies, carrot cake, cream Yet it can also be used in place of milk and cheese. The
cheese, and eggless eggs. main tofu makers in France are Sojadoc and Soy (in Cerny).
Soy uses soybeans grown organically in southwest France.
1019. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1986. Tofutti Brands Inc. Labels of 3 of Soy’s products (Croque Tofou in Leek/Ginger,
announces year end results (News release). 136 East 57th St., Mushroom, and Emmenthal flavors) are shown. In the USA
New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Oct. the tofu market is making rapid progress, growing at 15-20%
• Summary: Net sales for the year ended August 2, 1986 a year and having 181 producers.
decreased $5.5 million to $11,602,910 from $17,114,886 Coffee whiteners are also a problem. In the USA
for the same period the previous year [a drop of 32%]. The 100,000 tonnes are made. In the UK, Carnation has 80% of
company reported a net loss of $658,029 for the fiscal year the market and is the sole producer in Belgium. In the UK
compared with net income of $2,006,451 for the previous production has grown 20% a year, from 2,850 tonnes in 1978
year. Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777. to 6,700 tonnes in 1984. Still another problem is imitation
cheeses. In the USA in 1984 they represented more than 5%
1020. S.D. 1986. Duel lait/soja, où en est-on? [The duel of the total cheese market, estimated to grow to 12.5% by
between milk and soya: Where are we?]. RIA–Technicien de 1990.
Lait. Sept/Oct. p. 12-15. [3 ref. Fre] Little by little soy-based imitation products are gaining
• Summary: On page 1 is a large cartoon showing a startled ground. Recently soyfoods producers have organized the
dairy cow, standing beside a pail of milk, watching the European Soyfoods Association to defend their interests
invasion of an army of upright snake-like or sprout-like against unfriendly regulators. They held a conference
creatures, each with slanted eyes and wearing a conical at Dravail on 13-14 March 1986. The association is
Chinese-type hat, and bearing a banner “Yellow Peril.” The headquartered in Paris and Philippe Vandemoortele of Alpro
large text reads: At this time of milk quotas, imitation milk is its head. Its secretary general is Guy Coudert, director
products and their derivatives make French dairy producers of communication and marketing at ONIDOL, the French
afraid. France has adopted a very restrictive policy toward national interprofessional oilseeds organization (Organisation
them, while the European Commission insists that they be Nationale Interprofessionelle Oléagineux). Address: France.
allowed to be sold freely.”
An estimated 60,000 tonnes of imitation products 1021. Shurtleff, William. 1986. The man who introduced
are consumed today in the EEC. A French law of 24 June David Mintz to tofu and soy ice cream: Pesach Lazaroff.
1934 prohibits in France the production, sale, import, or Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 4 p.
export of all products that imitate cream, cheese, powdered Oct. Unpublished manuscript.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 382

• Summary: This fascinating account, based on a written 1022. Product Name: Les-Cal Tofait Lite (Low-Calorie
chronology of events that Lazaroff began to keep in the Non-Dairy Soy Ice Cream) [Chocolate Mocha, Apples ‘n
summer of 1979, sets the record straight on when and how Spice, Mountain Berry, Lemon Chiffon, or Cookies and
Tofutti came into being. Pesach Lazaroff introduced Mintz Cream].
to tofu in the summer of 1979. In 1985, during three in-depth Manufacturer’s Name: Tofoods, Inc.
interviews with William Shurtleff, Mintz said that he had Manufacturer’s Address: 1827 Walden Office Square,
first learned about tofu in 1976-78 from a “Jewish Hippie” Schaumburg, IL 60195.
(i.e. Lazaroff). Yet in 1984 Mintz was announcing he had Date of Introduction: 1986. October.
first heard of tofu from a magazine article in 1972, then two How Stored: Frozen.
years later he pushed this date back to 1971–some 8 years New Product–Documentation: Leaflet. 1987, undated.
before the fact. 8½ by 11 inches. Color. “Introducing Delicious, Non-dairy
In the summer of 1979 Lazaroff spent over 100 hours Tofait. Made with Real Tofu. The Tofait Family Originals.
working with Mintz as a consultant. That August he left The entire family collection of delicious new “good for you”
New York and went to work for Al Jacobson, owner of the non-dairy originals are here!” Lieb. 1987. Dairy Foods.
Garden of Eatin’ in Los Angeles. There he observed how March. p. 32. “A Terrific Time for Tofu.” Several months ago
Jacobson would run a soy ice cream mix (made for him the company introduced Les-Cal Lite Tofait. Lists flavors;
elsewhere) through a soft serve machine. In California, Kingma. 1987. Soya Newsletter. 1(3):11.
Lazaroff’s eyes were opened to the numerous successful soy
ice creams. Above all, he first realized that soy ice cream had 1023. Alson, Amy. 1986. This slick executive says he’ll save
tremendous potential if it was marketed properly. Tofutti [Francis I. Mullin, 3d]. Crain’s New York Business.
At the end of November 1980, Lazaroff returned to Nov. 10. p. 1, 27.
New York and first told Mintz about soy ice cream. Mintz • Summary: Mullin came to Tofutti in July after 15 years
had seen various pareve soy ice creams before this but had at Canada Dry USA. He has organized the business into
not liked their flavor. Lazaroff offered to show Mintz how to four segments: domestic sales, foreign sales, licensing, and
make a soy ice cream only if Mintz agreed to a partnership. franchise stores. In 1986 95% of the company’s revenue
Finally, in February 1981, according to Lazaroff, the two came from domestic sales. So far, Tofutti has sold franchises
reached a firm verbal partnership agreement, though nothing in Teaneck, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The
was written down and no percentage figures were discussed. company-owned shop in Manhattan grossed about $500,000
Then Lazaroff first showed Mintz how to make soy ice in 1985. Tofutti has contracted a new distributor, Steve’s
cream. The one and only batch was made with soymilk. Ice Cream Co. The ad budget is being expanded by 25%.
It did not turn out well. This was the first and last time A photo shows Mullin standing with a cone of soft serve
Mintz ever watched Lazaroff make a soy ice cream. Mintz Tofutti in an ice cream shop.
had never made a soy ice cream before that. It is not clear
whether or not Lazaroff ever mentioned using tofu in an ice 1024. Record (Baltimore, Maryland). 1986. Smith, Burke
cream. Lazaroff had never previously used tofu in making & Azzam [named national advertising agency for Tofutti
a soy ice cream. According to Lazaroff, three months after Franchising Inc.]. Nov. 12.
Mintz had first seen soy ice cream made, he changed his • Summary: Tofutti Franchising Inc. is a wholly-owned
mind about the partnership. In early 1987 Lazaroff sued subsidiary of Tofutti Brands Inc., Rahway, New Jersey.
Mintz. In mid-May of 1987 they settled out of court. Part of Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove’s New York office is Tofutti’s
the settlement was that its contents could not be revealed by corporate advertising agency for the firm’s grocery line of
either party. non-dairy products. “The franchise assignment is estimated
It is clear from numerous other publications that David above the million dollar advertising level over the next 12
Mintz first began to make soy ice cream in early 1981. For months.”
example, the three earliest publications seen about Mintz
(Sylvia Porter, Aug. 1980; Richard Leviton, Oct. 1980; 1025. Donahue, Christine. 1986. Tofutti’s Mintz is trying
Jewish Times, Feb. 1981) each give detailed listings of to keep sales from melting: Futuristic new Ketchum
deli products Mintz said he was making from tofu, but commercials as viewers “What was ice cream?” Adweek.
none of them mention tofu. The earliest publication seen Nov. 17. p. 68. Also run in Adweek’s Marketing Week, Nov.
that mentions Mintz making a soy ice cream was written 10, p. 1, 24.
by Megan B. Murray in June 1981. She notes that he was • Summary: A young boy asks, “Mom, what’s ice cream?”
making 275 gallons of tofu ice cream a week. These dates as the visual shows a futuristic freezer. “It’s what we had
fit perfectly with Lazaroff’s story. Address: Lafayette, before Tofutti,” answers the mother. The 30-second spot
California. (commercial) was produced by Ketchum Advertising, New
York, the ad agency for Tofutti Brands.

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Mintz is trying to rebuild his distribution system. In He formed Soypro International in 1963. Before that he was
August 1986 Pillsbury’s Haagen-Dazs stopped distributing with the Soybean Council of America. Address: Iowa.
Tofutti. Since 1984 two-thirds of Tofutti has been distributed
by Haagen-Dazs, with 99% going to grocery stores. Tofutti 1031. SoyaScan Notes. 1986. Chronology of soybeans,
claims to have 95% of the “frozen tofu” market. soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1986
(Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
1026. Beachcomber (Vashon, Washington). 1986. Versatility Soyfoods Center.
is what sells tofu. Nov. 26. • Summary: Jan. Ron Ishida, an attorney with no previous
• Summary: A large photo shows all Island Spring products, knowledge of tofu, working for Azumaya Inc. (South San
including soymilk, firm and extra firm tofu, Tofu Ranch Francisco, California), rewrites the Tofu Standards without
House Dressing, Tofu Dessert (ice cream), Tofu Burgers, and authorization. They have already gone through 8 drafts. This
Tofu Frozen Dessert Mix. Address: Vashon, Washington. creates a crisis.
Jan. Soymage, the first casein-free soy cheese, is
1027. Barrett, Mariclare. 1986. The cook’s glossary of introduced by Soyco Foods.
soyfoods. Vegetarian Times. Nov. p. 28-35. [10 ref] Jan. Soyfoods: The Journal of the European Soyfoods
• Summary: Gives good definitions, with a full-page color Association (ESFA) begins publication from Paris. Philippe
illustration by Emily Soltanoff, of: Soybeans, soynuts, soy Vandemoortele of Alpro is president of the association and
flour and grits, soy oil, textured vegetable protein, soymilk, Guy Coudert is editor of the periodical. The association plans
okara (“the pulp that remains after the soymilk has been to organize a soyfoods conference every 2 years. But the
strained”), soy yogurt and soy cheese, tofu, fermented journal is discontinued after 3 issues.
soyfoods, tempeh, miso, natto, soy sauce. Jan. Tomsun Foods is reorganized, changing its name
The article begins: “For 60 seconds on a national (for the fourth time) to Tomsun Foods International. The
television commercial, a small, round soybean rolls past a firm’s new chairman is Juan Metzger, founder of Dannon
lineup of infant formula, bread, pizza, chili, salad dressing, Yogurt. The company produces nearly 3 million lb. of tofu a
ice cream [Tofutti], soymilk and cubes of tofu; meanwhile year.
the narrator intones, ‘The newest development in nutrition Jan. First Tofutti Shop opened in Japan by Daiei Co. Inc,
is actually one of the oldest foods known to man.’ Through Japan’s largest retailer. Shop sells non-dairy soy-based ice
advertising, the concept of soyfoods is brought home to cream and related snacks.
millions of Americans by the soy giant, Archer-Daniels- Feb. 7. Fire destroys Island Spring tofu plant in Vashon,
Midland Company.” Address: Staff. Washington, with an estimated $1 million loss.
Feb. Soya Kaas, an imitation cheese containing soymilk
1028. Barricini Foods Inc. 1986. Haagen-Dazs to distribute and casein, launched by American Natural Snacks, a
Barricini Tofulite non-dairy frozen dessert (News release). marketer. The manufacturer is Swan Gardens of Georgia.
123 South St., Oyster Bay, New York 11771. 1 p. Dec. 17. Feb. Jofu, a tofu-based, non-dairy, nonfermented,
Also in Frozen Food Age. 1987. Feb. And in Florida Grocer. yogurt-like product, sweetened with fruits, launched by
1987. Jan. Tomsun Foods International of Greenfield, Massachusetts.
• Summary: Haagen-Dazs will be the exclusive distributor The product is a hit, grossing nearly $400,000 in its first 32
in five major market areas. Haagen-Dazs was established in weeks on the market.
1960, and acquired by Pillsbury in 1983. Address: Oyster Feb. Barricini Foods has its first public stock offering.
Bay, New York. Raises $1.5 million, gross to use in marketing Tofulite and
Ice Bean soy ice creams.
1029. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1986. Tofutti Brands Inc. Feb. Central Soya purchases Staley’s protein line,
appoints Steve’s Homemade Ice Cream as master distributor including Mira-Tex, Procon [soy protein concentrate], and
for its Tofutti Brands product line in its western and Textured Procon brands.
southeastern territories (News release). 136 East 57th St., Feb. ASA hires Jim Guinn as technical director of
New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Dec. 19. soybean quality programs. Soybean quality is an area of
• Summary: Tofutti is now rebuilding its distribution growing interest, with two parts: 1. The traditional area of
network after cutting relations with Haagen-Dazs. Address: soybean condition, concerning grades, damage, foreign
New York. material, etc. 2. The newly emerging area of soybean
composition and its relation to grades. New measurement
1030. Fischer, R.W. 1986. Miller Farms, Dr. Harry Miller, technologies make it likely that soybeans may soon be sold
and work with soymilk (Interview). Conducted by William based on their composition of oil and protein. Both effect
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. 22. 2 p. transcript. exports and price.
• Summary: Fischer has been involved with soy since 1960. March 5. Pesticide control now tops the Environmental

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Protection Agency’s list of most pressing problems, Clinton, Michigan. A $10 million joint venture between Eden
announces The New York Times (and Soybean Digest, June/ Foods and four Japanese companies (Kawasho, Marusan,
July). Stricter pesticide laws are enacted. Muso, Seikensha), construction on the plant began in Oct.
March 7. Richard E. Lyng of California becomes U.S. 1985. It will make Edensoy soymilk in Tetra Brik cartons.
Secretary of Agriculture, replacing John R. Block. Policies The first products are shipped in November.
remain unchanged. Sept. 19. Tofu standards passed by Tofu Standards
April 18. Wm. Shurtleff, in charge of compiling the Committee in San Francisco, after all committee members
original tofu standards, submits a strong criticism of the except Shurtleff agree to start with a blank slate in drafting
illegitimate Ishida draft in the form of a detailed chronology new standards–thus erasing years of work by hundreds
of the development of the tofu standards. of people. Shurtleff resigns in protest, arguing that this is
April. Tofu cheesecake revolution in New York City a violation due process. Shortly thereafter Barricini and
profiled by Whole Life. Thirteen restaurants now offer them. Ralston Purina also refuse to give final approval. Tofu
May. Tofutti Love Drops (chocolate covered graham standards are stalled indefinitely after many years of hard
cookie drops) launched by Tofutti Brands with much fanfare. work.
May. Nasoya’s new million-dollar automatic tofu- Sept. 24. First International Tofu Products Expo,
making system, imported from Sato Shoji in Japan, begins Seminar, and Soyfoods Buffet, held in Munich, West
operation. Germany. Sponsored by Bernd Lehmann International
June. Increasing consumer deception by “soy cheese” Consultants. 100 people attend.
manufacturers. Whole Life publishes “Whole Frauds in the Oct. Supersoy brand soymilk introduced to America
News: Will the Real Soy Mozzarella Please Stand Up (That by Mitoku USA. It is made by Kibun Health Foods Co. in
is, If There is One),” an exposé of mislabeling involving Japan.
Soyarella, Tofu Mozzarella, and Soya Kaas (though the Oct. Ralston Purina sells its domestic agricultural
latter brand is not at fault). Argues that it is deceptive for products business, Purina Mills. Total sales for 1986 were
health food stores to call a product “non-dairy” if it contains $5.5 billion.
casein (milk protein), even though FDA rules allows such Nov. Island Spring announces $6.5 million investment
a designation. In Oct. Whole Life shows that “Independent from Edward Lynch Co. to finance an expansion plan.
lab tests prove Soyarella hoax; Large quantities of casein Construction of a new 30,000 square foot factory is now
[19.6%] found in so-called soy cheese.” Soyarella had underway on Vashon Island.
previously been marketed as casein free. Dec. 1. White Wave of Boulder, Colorado, acquires
July. Ralston Purina Co. starts publication of Nutrition Soyfoods Unlimited, a tempeh manufacturer of San Leandro,
Overview, a newsletter focusing on soy protein and fiber. California. This makes White Wave America’s largest
July. Soyfoods win big in 7th Annual Natural Foods tempeh manufacturer.
Merchandiser merchandising awards: Gold: San-J tamari Dec. 8. Central Soya purchases 7 of 9 Bunge processing
and shoyu. Silver: Fantastic Foods’ Tofu Scrambler and Tofu plants. ADM is now estimated to control 30% of U.S.
Burger, Westbrae Natural miso soups. Honorable mention: crushing capacity followed by Cargill (25%), Central Soya
Walker & Wilks frozen entrees, White Wave boxed tofu. (20%), and other (25%).
July. Vitasoy reintroduces its line of reformulated and Dec. Tomsun Foods International nets about $3.45
repackaged soymilk products, originally launched in 1984. million in its first public stock offering. Most of the funds
They contain more solids and nutrients, and are sweetened will be used for sales and marketing of Jofu, and to repay
with barley malt instead of maple syrup. $800,000 in debts. Total Tomsun sales in 1986 were about
July. A Roper poll in the U.S. finds that tofu is the “most $3.1 million.
hated” food. 35% of a sample of 2,000 adults checked it on a Dec. Haagen-Dazs will drop Tofutti and start
list of foods said to be disliked, ahead of liver (34%), yogurt distributing Barricini Tofulite, a non-dairy frozen dessert.
(29%), Brussels sprouts (28%), and prunes (24%). Results Dec. Brightsong Foods is named as one of the top ten
do not vary significantly by age, but tofu dislike is somewhat food innovators for 1986 by Food & Beverage Marketing
less among those with higher incomes. The poll results magazine. In fact, Brightsong is listed first!
are very widely publicized, and are even the subject of a Dec. Tofruzen Inc., a soy ice cream marketer from
question on the TV program Jeopardy (in early 1988)–and its Englewood, Colorado, raises $1.6 million in a public stock
rerun! These findings suggest both a widespread awareness offering. Sales of Tofruzen in fiscal 1986 were $91,000,
of tofu and a split image: Some like it and others don’t. rising to $158,000 in 1987, and $213,000 in the first quarter
Aug. Kikkoman’s new shoyu plant starts operation in of 1988.
Chitose, Hokkaido, in northern Japan. The first product was Dec. Edible Soy Products in Hudson Iowa is sold to
shipped on 30 Jan. 1987. Solnuts of Tilburg, The Netherlands, and renamed Solnuts,
Sept. 9. American Soy Products Inc. plant dedicated in Inc. The Hudson and Tilburg plants are the only ones in the

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 385

world that dry roast soybeans to make soynuts. the product a major threat to their markets. Azumaya has
Dec. More than 60,000 Italian farmers harvested hired an attorney who spends considerable time causing
nearly 25,000 hectares (61,700 acres) of soybeans this year. troubles for Morinaga.
Italy is now Europe’s largest soybean producing country,
followed by France. Five years ago, Italy produced virtually 1032. Food & Beverage Marketing. 1986. Will tofu market
no soybeans. The Ferruzzi Group is the leading promoter, reach $500 million by 1990? Dec. p. 15. [1 ref]
helped by hefty subsidies from the EEC. • Summary: A search of Marketing Intelligence Service’s
1986 New Trends: ProductScan database shows that in 1984 only 18 tofu-based
So Called Tofu Cheeses. Eight new soy cheeses were products were introduced. In 1985 this jumped to 31 and
launched during 1986, many with the term “Tofu” in the through the end of August 1986, to 35. This number could
product name. Many have been shrouded in mystery, reach 55 to 60 in the current year, according to tofu-product
with the names of the manufacturer and ingredients often companies. If so, this would amount to approximately 2.4%
not disclosed. There has been much consumer deception, of all new food products monitored by MIS in 1986. By far
mislabeling, and several attempts to conceal the fact that they the greatest number of tofu based products are found in the
usually contain casein, the protein in cow’s milk. dessert category, with 13 new products through the end of
Soy Yogurts and Yogurt-Style Products. The leader in August.
this exciting new category is Jofu from Tomsun Foods. The
two basic types are fermented soymilk products (e.g. Cream 1033. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1986. Tofutti. Annual report.
of the Bean, Soy-O), and non-fermented tofu-fruit blends Rahway, New Jersey. 20 p. Dec.
(e.g. Jofu). • Summary: Sales in 1986 (year ended August 2) were
Move to Manufacturing Soymilk in America. The $11.6 million, down from $17.1 million the year before. Net
rising cost of soymilk imports is making them unprofitable. income was -$658,029 in 1986 vs. +$2,006,451 in 1985.
Domestic production, which obviates shipping U.S. soybeans Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065.
to Japan, then shipping the beans and water back, will have
major, beneficial long-term Edensoy, Ah Soy, and Westbrae 1034. Product Name: Tripple Delight (Soy Protein Based
Malteds. Still imported are Vitasoy (from Hong Kong, Ice Cream).
whose exchange rate is tied to the dollar) and Sunsoy (from Manufacturer’s Name: Tripple Products Inc.
Belgium). Manufacturer’s Address: Victoria, BC, Canada.
The declining value of the dollar against the yen starting Date of Introduction: 1986. December.
in late 1985 led to a steady rise in soymilk prices. But the How Stored: Frozen.
combination of domestic production and larger size packages New Product–Documentation: Food in Canada (Toronto).
(see below) has led to a drop in soymilk prices during 1986. 1986. Dec. Tripple Delight, incorporated in February 1985
For example, Edensoy, selling for 6 times the price of dairy and headed by Don and Deedrie Ballard, has launched a soy
milk per unit volume in early 1984, was selling for only 3.5 protein-based ice cream and a soy protein-based chocolate
to 4.1 times as much in late 1986, a drop of about 37%. drink. These have been developed in concert with Dr.
Soymilk Switches to Tetra Brik Cartons and Liters or William Powrie of the University of British Columbia Food
Quarts. Edensoy, Westsoy, and Ah Soy have all switched Sciences Department.
to Tetra Brik cartons this year. Lower total manufacturing
and shipping cost is the main reason. The liter/quart size 1035. Product Name: Tofu Cream, and Tofu Glaze (Dry
was pioneered in the U.S. by Alpro/Vamo Foods/Sunsoy, Mixes for Low-Calorie Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts).
and followed by Edensoy, Ah Soy, and Vitasoy. These Manufacturer’s Name: CFFF Inc. (Calo Foods, Flavors &
counterparts of dairy milk in quarts suit the needs of regular Fats). Subsidiary of Reach Associates.
soymilk users by offering a more economical price per unit Manufacturer’s Address: 75 South Orange Ave., South
volume plus greater convenience. Soymilk may be the first Orange, NJ 07079. Phone: 201-763-3644.
liter-size Tetra Brik product to succeed in America. Date of Introduction: 1986.
INTSOY is doing outstanding, pioneering work with New Product–Documentation: Talk with Mel Wolkstein.
soyfoods and soybean utilization in the Third World and 1988. Sept. 27. The products were introduced in 1986. Both
America. Research is focusing on extrusion cooking, contain tofu.
extruder-expeller processing for small-scale oil expression,
and fresh green soybeans. Since April 1987 the INTSOY 1036. Cole, Michael. 1986. Soya Health Foods Ltd.
Newsletter has become one of the best soy-related Company profile. Unit 4, Guinness Road, Trafford Park,
publications available. Manchester M17 1AU, England. 4 p.
Morinaga Long-life Silken Tofu becomes a major force • Summary: Michael Cole is an entrepreneur, born in
in the U.S. tofu market. Traditional manufacturers consider Manchester, England. The company was formed in 1984 in

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 386

Manchester. The factory is sited in Trafford Park Industrial Manufacturer’s Address: Amazake made by California
Estate and was the first to be built for the sole purpose of Natural Products, Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream made by
Soya Milk manufacture. The company is headed by Mr. M.S. Peninsula Creamery, Palo Alto, CA 94301.
Arora (Chairman), Mr. M.P. Cole (Managing Director), and Date of Introduction: 1986.
Burns Anderson p.l.c. (Financial Controllers). Production Ingredients: Cappuccino: Water, partially polished brown
of Soya Milk began in January 1985. The Sunrise brand rice (naturally cultured), expeller pressed safflower oil, Swiss
is currently being sold throughout the 2,500 independent water-processed decaffeinated coffee, cocoa, maple syrup,
health food shops and in many supermarkets. The company lecithin, carob bean and guar gum, carrageenan, sea salt.
has 5 products. Their soymilk is private labeled for 5 other Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint carton.
companies. Soya Health Foods Ltd. has also been established How Stored: Frozen.
in Australia and New Zealand, with its own private labels New Product–Documentation: Label. Same as 1985 labels
(milk in New Zealand and Burgers, Ice Cream, and Dessert except that ingredients now also listed in French. Talk with
in Australia). Address: Manchester, England. Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. Feb. 11. These flavors were
introduced during 1986. No new flavors were introduced in
1037. Eastern Foods Corp. (Distributor). 1986. What is 1987.
Tofulicious? Better taste than Tofutti and better for you
(Leaflet). Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1 p. Single sided. 28 cm. 1041. Product Name: Soy Ice Cream?
• Summary: Compared with Tofutti vanilla with walnuts, the Manufacturer’s Name: Midwest Oriental Foods.
same Tofulicious product has 35% less calories, 60% less fat, Manufacturer’s Address: 8243 Hascall St., Omaha, NE
80% less sodium, and 750% more calcium. Plus it costs less. 68124.
Address: 3235 E. Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minnesota Date of Introduction: 1986.
55413. How Stored: Frozen.

1038. Product Name: Dairy Farm (Soy Ice Creams). 1042. Product Name: Soy Ice Cream.
Manufacturer’s Name: Foodpak Ltd. Affiliate of The Manufacturer’s Name: Victor Food Products, Ltd.
Dairy Farm Co., Ltd. Manufacturer’s Address: 102 Hymus Rd., Scarborough,
Manufacturer’s Address: Watson Centre, 16th Floor, Kung ONT, M1L 2C9, Canada. Phone: 416-752-0161.
Yip St., Kwai Chung, Hong Kong. Date of Introduction: 1986.
Date of Introduction: 1986. How Stored: Frozen.
How Stored: Frozen. New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1986. p.
New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1986. 104.
p. 105. Soya Bluebook. 1987. p. 92. Name and address:
“Associated Dairies International Ltd., Affiliate of The Dairy 1043. Cross, Doris. 1986. Diet recipes from Doris’ kitchen.
Farm Co., Ltd., Hong Kong. 223 Wai Yip St., Kwun Tong, Published by the author, 1111 West Eskridge, Stillwater, OK
Kowloon.” 74075. 139 p. Recipe index. 22 cm.
• Summary: Two years ago the author lost 100 pounds
1039. Product Name: Sojal Light Dairy Free Frozen on Diet Center’s Reducing Diet. Since then she has been
Dessert [Strawberry, Carob, Hazelnut, or Vanilla]. working as a Diet Center Counselor in Stillwater. This
Manufacturer’s Name: Haldane Foods Ltd. cookbook (which is not vegetarian) contains Mori-Nu Tofu
Manufacturer’s Address: Hayhill Industries Estate, Unit in more than half its recipes. Page 6 contains an endorsement
25, Sileby Rd., Barrow Upon Soar, Leicestershire LE12 for Mori-Nu Tofu. “All of the recipes in this cookbook
8LD, England. were created and tested with Mori-Nu Tofu. I found it to be
Date of Introduction: 1986. fresher and lighter in taste and texture than any other tofu I
How Stored: Frozen. have used.” Tofu is a major ingredient in Non flour zucchini
New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1986. p. caraway bread, Banana bread, Strawberry cheesecake,
104. Product originally launched by The Regular Tofu Co. Sour cream cake, Strawberry cake, Banana-Almond cake,
Letter from Peter Fitch. 1990. March 26. The Regular Hawaiian delight, Lemon chiffon dessert, Sloppy Joe dip,
Tofu Co. was acquired by Haldane Foods in Aug. 1987. Cinnamon apple dip, Taco chicken dip, Yasmine’s Malaysian
dip, Bacon and horseradish dip, Pineapple and curry dip,
1040. Product Name: Rice Dream (Rice-Based Non-Dairy Chopped spinach dip, Tofu spread or dip, Tofu potato
Frozen Dessert) [Hard Pack, Pints: Wildberry, Cocoa Marble salad, Quiche, Tofu burgers, Chicken fruit salad, Chicken
Fudge, Cappuccino (Coffee-Cinnamon), Peanut Butter dumplings, Lemon pie, Strawberry pie, Polynesian pie,
Fudge]. Blueberry pie, Raspberry pie, Mocha pie, Berry pie, Summer
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. lemon chicken salad, Tofu pancakes, Tofu ice cream,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 387

Pimento spread, Cream of chicken soup, Trout chowder, “Our company’s product development experience
Eggnog. The eighth printing of this book was April 1988. includes soymilks, spray-dried soymilk powders, tofu or soy-
Art Mio notes that Sibyl Fergusan, the founder of Diet based desserts, yogurts, ice creams, meat and cheese analogs,
Center, had a cookbook that contained some tofu recipes. flavored tofu products, tofu dips and dressings.” Address:
Doris tried some of these and told Art (in her Oklahoman 318 Main St., Bar Harbor, Maine 04609. Phone: (207) 288-
southern accent) that she “had to run to the sink and spit it 4969.
out.” Address: Stillwater, Oklahoma.
1046. Satchidananda, Sri Swami. 1986. The healthy
1044. Elliot, Rose. 1986. The vegetarian mother and baby vegetarian. Yogaville, Virginia: Integral Yoga Publications.
book. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. vii + 261 p. Index. viii + 115 p. Foreword by Dean Ornish, M.D. 22 cm. *
24 cm. • Summary: With a special section on getting started by
• Summary: A complete guide to nutrition, health, and diet Sandra McLanahan and Swami Premananda Ma. Tofu
during pregnancy and after–with easy recipes for mother and appears in this book on 14 pages (p. 67, 68, 71, 75, 77, 83,
baby to enjoy together. The author “is one of England’s most 86, 87, 89, 91, 96, 100, 108-09), tamari on 7 pages (p. 83,
popular cookbook writers, a radio and TV commentator, and 87, 90-92, 93, 100), tempeh on 4 pages (p. 67, 68, 71, 109),
a columnist. A vegetarian since the age of three, she is also Soyarella on 3 pages (p. 68, 90, 101), soybeans on 2 pages
the author of Vegetarian Dishes from Around the World and (p. 70, 71), soy sauce on 1 page (p. 71), “soy ice cream” on 1
The Festive Vegetarian.” She has also raised three children page (p. 82), “soy cheese” on 1 page (p. 71).
according to the principles described in this book. Contents:
Part I: A vegetarian diet for healthy mothers and babies. Part 1047. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1986. An inside look at Tofutti.
II: Recipes. Appendix. A. Summary of Nutrients: Where Rahway, New Jersey. 16 p. 22 x 10 cm.
they are and what they do. B. How it all adds up: Analysis of • Summary: Contains complete nutritional analyses for the
one day’s vegetarian menus. C. Recommended daily dietary following products: Hard pack pints (Vanilla, Chocolate
allowances for women. Supreme, Wildberry, Vanilla Almond Bark, Vanilla Love
In Part I, the author recommends that if soy milk is Drops, Chocolate Love Drops, Cappuccino Love Drops;
used, it should be fortified with riboflavin (vitamin B-2), and calories range from 200 to 230 per 4 oz), Soft Serve
calcium. Regular soymilk provides a little (0.5 mg/cup) of (Regular, Hi-Lite Vanilla, Hi-Lite Chocolate; calories 90
zinc. In Part II, soy-related recipes include: Miso pick-me- to 158), and Single Serving Novelties (Vanilla Cuties, and
up (p. 99; with watercress). Tofu dressing (p. 110). Soybean Chocolate Cuties). Shows illustrations of cartons for Tofutti
salad (p. 127). Curried soybean and apple spread (p. 137). Pops and Tofutti Moms (“Smooth Tofutti bars on a stick
Soy sausages (p. 159; made with cooked whole soybeans). dipped in delicious chocolate”) scheduled for introduction in
Soy and walnut loaf (p. 160; made with cooked whole 1987. Address: Rahway, New Jersey.
soybeans). Mushroom and tofu quiche (p. 175). Tofu fritters
with lemon (p. 186). Creamy tofu and almond topping (p. 1048. Wakeman, Alan; Baskerville, Gordon. 1986. The
203; for use like heavy cream with desserts). Whipped tofu vegan cookbook: Over 200 recipes all completely free from
topping (p. 204). Tofu ice cream (p. 218). Vegan yogurt (p. animal produce. London and Boston: Faber & Faber. 298 p.
219; made with soy milk; fermented). Index. 22 cm. [28 ref]
In the Sept/Oct. 1994 issue of Vegetarian Journal, Reed • Summary: The 200 recipes in this cookbook demonstrate
Mangels, PhD, RD, an expert on vegetarian nutrition, says that a vegan diet can be rich and varied and reach the highest
that this is her favorite book on pregnancy for vegetarian culinary standards. Within each chapter (e.g. main dishes,
women. Address: England. or soups) the recipe are listed with the quicker, cheaper, or
simpler ones first and the slower, more expensive, or more
1045. Island Tofu Works. 1986. Market Research & Product elaborate ones last. A nutritional analysis per serving is given
Development Specialists for the Soyfoods and Health Foods with each recipe.
Industry (Leaflet). Bar Harbor, Maine. 1 p. Front and back. Soy-related recipes include: Tofu stir-fry (p. 63). Tofu
28 cm. chips with walnuts and olives (p. 105). Vanilla dessert (with
• Summary: “Island Tofu Works was originally founded in soya milk, p. 147). Caramel Cream Pudding (with tofu, p.
1980 as a manufacturer of tofu and other related soyfoods 153). Orange and Chocolate Mousse (with soya milk, p.
products. Its success in product development and production, 154). Banana tart (with soya milk, p. 157). Chocolate tart
and the rapidly growing and changing soyfoods market, led (with soya milk, p. 158). Banana curd cake (with tofu and
to the company’s decision to take its hands-on experience, soya milk, p. 160). Lemon cheesecake (with tofu and soya
and combine it with in-depth and ongoing market and milk). Rum and chocolate cheesecake (with tofu and soya
product research to become a market research and food milk, p. 162). Basic plain sauce (with soya milk, p. 166).
product development company that specializes in soyfoods. Lemon curry sauce (with soya milk). Custard (with soya

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 388

milk, p. 175). Hot chocolate sauce (with soya milk, p. 176).

Tofu dressing (p. 181). Yoghurt salad dressing (with cultured 1051. Hahn, Barbara. 1987. A soybean success story. Tofu
soymilk yogurt, p. 182). Mayonnaise with soya milk (p. factory finds market right at home [Ashland Soy Works].
185). Tahini spread with miso (p. 192). Scrambled tofu and Courier (Grants Pass, Oregon). Jan. 12.
herbs on toast (p. 254). Lassi (Traditional Indian sweet or • Summary: Ashland Soy Works, owned by Diana Muhs,
salty yoghurt drink, p. 256). Soy sprouts (p. 262). was started 5 years ago. They make about 1,800 lb of tofu a
Many recipes call for the use of soy sauce or soya milk week, plus soy milk, Tophoria (tofu ice cream), baked tofu,
(especially desserts, dairylike products, or cream sauces), and tofu loaf.
and tofu is used as an ingredient in many recipes in which it
does not appear in the recipe name (e.g. Bulgur bake, p. 59; 1052. Frick, Elaine E. 1987. Soybeans: South Carolina’s ugly
Mushroom pie, p. 88). In all recipes, each ingredient is listed duckling gets exciting when it changes. Record (Columbia,
twice in side-by-side columns: once in its Imperial (Metric) South Carolina). Jan. 14. p. 1B, 2B.
form and once in its American form, e.g. 385 ml Vegan • Summary: In 1969 the South Carolina Soybean Board
Yoghurt, ½ cup. was created. In 1984 soybeans were the state’s top income-
One excellent chapter titled “The Alternative Dairy” producing crop.
(p. 231-50) is designed to tempt even the most determined
cream addict. It contains descriptive sections on soya milk, 1053. Muldoon, Scott. 1987. Market turbulence could not
margarine, tofu, vegan yoghurt, and vegan ice-cream, keep stocks down. Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey). Jan.
followed by recipes for: Vegan single cream. Vegan double 18.
cream. Vegan sour cream. Vegan piping cream. Cashew • Summary: During 1986, the value of Tofutti stock dropped
cream. Coconut cream. Vegan yoghurt (2 methods). Plain ice 55.9% on the American Stock Exchange. It started the year at
cream. Banana ice-cream. Pineapple ice-cream. Chocolate 8½ and closed the year at 3 3/4.
ice-cream. and Peach sorbet.
Appendixes include: 1. Notes on vegan nutrition. 2. 1054. Nation’s Restaurant News. 1987. Tofutti works with
Seven reasons to be a vegan (health, economic, ecological, Steve’s. Jan. 19.
altruistic {world hunger}, compassionate (to animals), • Summary: Steve’s will distribute Tofutti in 12 states in the
ethical {what right do we have to kill animals?}, spiritual). 3. Southeastern and Western USA. Tofutti decided not to renew
Useful addresses. 4. Selected bibliography. 5. Abbreviations its contract with master distributor Haagen-Dazs because of
and measures. 6. Glossary of unusual ingredients: Incl. what Tofutti president Francis Mullin called Haagen-Dazs’
demerara sugar (dark brown, often used raw), miso, soya “lack of commitment.” Steve’s has good market penetration
flour, soya milk, soya sauce, tofu. Address: England. through its Dolly Madison and T&W lines. Address: New
York.
1049. Product Name: [Soymilk Ice Cream].
Manufacturer’s Name: Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd. 1055. Burros, Marion. 1987. Not-so-natural foods: The tofu
Manufacturer’s Address: 1 Arashita, Niki-cho (P.O. Box alternative. New York Times. Jan. 24. p. 10.
444-21), Okazaki city, Aichi prefecture 444-21, Japan. • Summary: “Natural foods have gone big time.”
Date of Introduction: 1986? “Tofu was supposed to be a nutritious alternative to
How Stored: Frozen. ice cream, but some tofu-based desserts, like yogurt before
New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1987. p. them, have more calories than ice cream. What is more,
94. despite tofu in the name, there are frozen tofu desserts with
very little tofu.”
1050. Pratt, Dan. 1987. Ice Bean, Tofulite, and Tofutti
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 1. Conducted by William 1056. Williams, Elisa. 1987. Campaigners launch Tofutti
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. offensive in West Palm Beach [Florida. Ketchum Advertising
• Summary: “Tofulite is preferred to Tofutti in every taste TV spots]. Times (West Palm Beach, Florida). Jan. 26.
test that I have ever seen results on.” Tofutti is too sticky and • Summary: This is the second ad test market after Seattle,
for some people too sweet. The name Ice Bean, coined in a Washington. Tofutti is depicted in the futuristic TV spot as
moment of jest, is now a liability, but it’s hard to switch. The having replaced ice cream. Tofutti is distributed exclusively
main ingredient differences between Ice Bean and Tofulite in Florida by To-Fitness Inc. of Miami.
are: Ice Bean is sweetened with honey and made with fresh
soymilk. The “Tofu Flavors” of Ice Bean contain tofu and 1057. Product Name: Tophoria (Tofu-Based Non-Dairy Ice
are sweetened with fructose. Tofulite is made with 15% real Cream).
tofu plus some isolates, and sweetened with sugar. Address: Manufacturer’s Name: Ashland Soy Works.
Barricini, Oyster Bay, New York. Manufacturer’s Address: 280 Helman St., Ashland, OR

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97520. is the brand.

Date of Introduction: 1987. January. Form filled out by Dan Diehl, president. 1988. Gives
How Stored: Frozen. address (26 N. State St.) and phone number. The company
New Product–Documentation: Hahn. 1987. Courier began producing soyfoods in Jan. 1987. A-Maize-ing Delite
(Grants Pass, Oregon). Jan. 12. (lowfat, parevine) was introduced in Jan. 1988.
Portfolio (glossy color, 30.5 x 20 cm, with 6 inserts) sent
1058. Product Name: [Tofu Kiss (Low-Calorie Non-dairy by Dan Diehl of Desco Foods Inc. 1988. The first 4 inserts
Frozen Dessert)]. are news releases, printed in brown, black and yellow ink
Foreign Name: Tofu Kiss. on beige paper. Each is dated: Spring 1988. (1) Corporate
Manufacturer’s Name: Cygne d’Or. Distributed by Maho profile: Desco foods. “Headquartered in York, PA, Desco
Distribution. Foods, Inc. is the first and only non-dairy dairy licensed by
Manufacturer’s Address: Cerny, France. the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. It is a privately
Date of Introduction: 1987. January. held company established in May 1987 for the purpose of
Ingredients: Tofu from soja, maize sugars, mashed fruits. manufacturing A-Maize-ing Delite, a non-dairy ice cream
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 85 ml, 1 liter or 2 liters. alternative, and related products...” (2) “Gastronomic
How Stored: Frozen. breakthrough could revolutionize the American diet.” The
New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods (ESFA). 1987. new product “contains no lactose, cholesterol, saturated
Jan. “Creamy and delicious as an ice cream, Tofu Kiss is not fat, or added sodium.” (3) Biographical profile: Daniel J.
an ice cream. It’s a frozen dessert, 100% made with natural Diehl, president of Desco Foods, Inc. His interest in this new
products chosen for their low calorie content. Little fat and product “began in 1983 when he developed a severe lactose
sugar. Advantages: dietetic but greedy product.” intolerance which would not allow him to consume ice
Soya Bluebook. 1987. p. 92. This product is made for cream or dairy products. This turn of events altered no only
Maho by Cygne d’Or in Cerny. The general manager of his diet but his entire life. Not one to give up his favorite
Maho is Pierre Maitre. The address of the distributor, Maho food–ice cream–easily, Mr. Diehl began experimenting in
(an affiliate of Aixagri) is now given as 4 Place Jeanne his kitchen in the hope of finding a lactose free ice cream
d’Arc, 13100 Aix en Provence, France. Phone: 33/42/264444 substitute...” (4) Biographical profile: Ian L. Mackenzie,
Letter from Bernard Storup of Société Soy. 1990. M.D. (a gastro-enterologist) and vice-president of Desco
March. This company worked with Sojadoc in 1986-87 Foods. “Dr. Mackenzie has been instrumental in getting
to make a “light” soy ice cream using soymilk made by A-Maize-Ing Delite placed on the menu at York Hospital,
Sojadoc. The product was rather poorly distributed and was getting it tested and proved effective at Johns Hopkins
discontinued at least 2 years ago. Hospital, and getting the product recommended by the
American Heart Association and the National Foundation
1059. Product Name: A-Maize-ing Delight (Non-Dairy for Ileitis and Colitis. A native of Sheffield, York County,
Frozen Dessert Based on Isolated Soy Protein) [Regular: England, Dr. Mackenzie holds B.A., M.A., and M.D. degrees
Vanilla, Dutch Chocolate, Orange Pineapple, Black from Cambridge University. He holds memberships in the
Raspberry, Rum Raisin, Peach, Heavenly Hash, Peanut American Gastro-Enterological Association, Royal College
Sundae, Gourmet Swirl, Very Raspberry, Very-Very of Physicians of London, American College of Physicians,
Raspberry, or Banana Peanut Butter Swirl]. and the American Society of Gastro-Intestinal Endoscopy...”
Manufacturer’s Name: Desco Foods. (5) Photo (black-and-white, 8 x 10 inch) containing two
Manufacturer’s Address: 26 North State St., York, PA separate photos. Top: Daniel Diehl seated at a table in front
17403. Or 513 Highland Ave., Hanover, PA 17331. Phone: of his products, their packages and ingredients. Bottom: A
717-846-3384. larger photo of the products, their packages and ingredients.
Date of Introduction: 1987. January. (6) Photocopy of a newspaper article: Schmidt, Peggy.
Ingredients: Incl. isolated soy protein. 1988. “For those with lactose, cholesterol problems, this
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint carton. Retails for $1.99 to engineered product may be a delight.” Sunday News (The)
$2.09. (York, PA). April 10. p. E15.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Linda Roeder. 1987. 1060. Food Processing (Chicago). 1987. Tofu development
Dispatch (York, PA). Jan. “Businessman Turns to Sweet services for test markets. 48(1):60. Jan.
Dessert.” Daniel J. Diehl, owner of Desco, started marketing • Summary: Brightsong Foods of Petaluma, California,
A-Maize-ing a few weeks ago in the area. has developed over 90 tofu-based products since
Frozen Foods Age. 1988. Feb. Desco Foods Inc. of York, 1980. Brightsong offers product development services
Pennsylvania, is test marketing a 10-item line of imitation specializing in a wide variety of tofu products to food
dairy frozen desserts in Eastern markets. A-Maize-Ing Delite processors. “Services offered include process and/or

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product development, licensing, incorporation of tofu Soy of France launched Soyeux (a new dessert in vanilla
into current products, current product improvement, and and chocolate flavors), and Tof’in (tofu cakes precooked
R&D consulting. Products which can offer quick market without oil in 3 flavors: Garlic & Herbs, Provençale, and
introduction and benefits include frozen desserts, yogurt, with Mushrooms). Cygne d’Or confectionery launched Tofu
puddings, salad dressings, dips, beverages, and dry products– Kiss (a tofu based non-dairy frozen dessert, distributed by
all based on tofu.” Maho Distribution). Galactina introduced four ready-to-eat
tofu salads (Tofu Nature, Tofu Gourmet, Tofu Jardinière, and
1061. J. of the American Dietetic Association. 1987. New Tofu Provençale). Address: Paris, France.
products and services: Tofulicious. 87(1):102. Jan.
• Summary: Gives the nutritional composition of this soy ice 1065. Product Name: Lite Lite Tofutti (Low-Calorie
cream. Each 4-ounce serving contains only 150 calories and Non-Dairy Ice Cream) [Hard Pack: Chocolate Vanilla
2 gm of protein. Tofu is the main ingredient. Twirl, Applejack Vanilla Twirl, Cappuccino Vanilla Twirl,
Strawberry Vanilla Twirl, Chocolate Strawberry Twirl,
1062. Product Name: [Glace D’or]. Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry, Orange Sorbet & Vanilla, Tutti
Foreign Name: Guraasu dôoru. Frutti Sorbet & Vanilla, Keylime Sorbet & Vanilla].
Manufacturer’s Name: Kinki Reinetsu K.K. Subsidiary of Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
Osaka Gas Co. Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,
Manufacturer’s Address: Osaka, Japan. NJ 07065.
Date of Introduction: 1987. January. Date of Introduction: 1987. January.
Ingredients: Incl. soy protein isolate. Ingredients: Applejack: Water, corn sweeteners, sucrose,
How Stored: Frozen. tofu, isolated soy protein, concentrated apple juice, vanilla,
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Talk applejack liquor, cellulose gum, natural flavors, guar seed
with Laszlo Somogyi, food technologist at SRI (Stanford gum, carob bean gum, salt.
Research Inst., California). SRI developed this soy isolate- Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Hard pack pints.
based non-dairy ice cream for Osaka Gas. It was introduced How Stored: Frozen.
in early 1987 or late 1986. Osaka Gas has a food division, Nutrition: Per 4 oz. serving: Calories 90, protein 2 gm, fat
based on their cryogenics with liquid nitrogen. The product less than 1 gm, carbohydrate 20 gm, sodium 80 mg.
was marketed as low cholesterol, low calorie, and natural. New Product–Documentation: See next 2 pages. News
One problem with creating a vanilla flavor is that soy protein release. 1987. Jan. 28. 2 p. “Tofutti Brands Inc. Announces
absorbs and cancels vanilla flavor. Osaka Gas is now looking a Revolutionary Breakthrough, Lite Lite Tofutti, a New
to do a joint venture with the product in the USA. 90 Calorie Dessert [per 4-oz serving]. A typical 4-ounce
Leaflet sent by Dr. Somogyi. 1989. 7.25 by 10 inches. serving of ice cream contains approximately 250 calories
Color photo shows a scoop of the frozen dessert (chocolate, and 14 grams of fat. The first 90-calorie, 98% fat-free
strawberry & vanilla) with a golden spoon against a blue frozen dessert with no cholesterol and no lactose.” Also
background. Note the spelling of the product name, not low in sodium. Beck. 1987. Boston Globe. Sept. 2. It is
Glace d’Or as it would be in French. “Vegetable ice cream even lower in calories than ice milk or frozen yogurt, which
(shokubutsu-sei aisu). Refreshing feeling. New feeling. average 200-250 calories/cup. Six Labels. 1987. Sent by
Glace D’or. It’s refreshing (sawayaka) and therefore it’s Donna Haverstock. Color leaflet. 1987. “Tastes like you’re
delicious. The original frozen dessert from Kinrei (Kinki cheating.” Shows read and white carton/Label against a
Reinetsu K.K.; a food company that was 100% funded by background of fruit. Lists 8 flavors. Article in The Record
Osaka Gas). Very little cholesterol. All natural ingredients. (Hackensack, New Jersey). 1988. March 7. Lite Lite Tofutti
Good for health and beauty. A new type of feeling.” and Ice Bean both sell for $2.49 a pint. Steve’s Ice Cream, a
premium dairy ice cream, is $2.09 a pint.
1063. Lempert, Phil. 1987. Annual hits and misses revue. Tofutti Brands 1991 Annual Report. 1992. April. Lite
Supermarket Business. Jan. p. 46-47. Lite Tofutti has only 90 calories per serving. It is distributed
• Summary: Misses: “Tofutti Love Drops... A terrible nationally in pints, cans, and soft-serve mix. Flavors include
misleading name for a product that is nothing more than Neapolitan, Deep Chocolate Fudge, Swiss Mocha Coffee,
cookies-n-ice cream, tofu style.” A photo shows the package and Special Strawberry.
and label.
1066. Product Name: Lite Lite Tofutti (Low-Calorie Non-
1064. Soyfoods (ESFA). 1987. Seen at the SIAL food show. Dairy Ice Cream) [Soft Serve: Cool Vanilla, Chocolate, Wild
1(1):30. Jan. Strawberries, Cappuccino, or Applejack].
• Summary: This show was held in Oct. 1986 at Paris. Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
Sojadoc presents Tofu and Tonyu (soymilk). At SIAL Société Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,

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NJ 07065. Contents: New markets beckon soybeans (especially soymilk

Date of Introduction: 1987. January. in Australia and Southeast Asia). Expatriate Australians
Ingredients: Water, corn sweeteners, sucrose, tofu, isolated boosting soy (John Wilson of Alfa-Laval in Sweden, and
soy protein, cellulose gum, all natural flavorings, guar seed Owen Price, managing Director of the Dairy Farm group
gum, carob bean gum, salt. of companies in Hong Kong). Soybeans poised for big
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Soft serve. growth (in Australia, especially as soymilk). Tofutti takes
How Stored: Frozen. off in Australia (David Grossbaum of Shoyu Natural
Nutrition: Per 4 fl. oz.: Calories 90, protein 2 gm, Products in Melbourne has the sole Australian franchise
carbohydrates 20 gm, fat < 1 gm, sodium 80 mg, potassium for this popular soy-based product). Tofutti is tantalising
20 mg, phosphorus 30 mg, no cholesterol or lactose. U.S. tastebuds. Sustagen Gold uses dairy and soy foods
(The increasingly popular Combibloc carton is now being
used by Bristol Meters to package this product). Soy-dairy
blends to overcome disadvantages. Six new soy drinks
expected (following Golden Life, the first Australian soy
drink launch late last year by Martin Pharmaceuticals). Soy
products will enter the market (in Australia, believes Anders
Lindner of STS–Soya Technology Systems). Flavored Soy
Drinks selling well (according to Don Lazzaro of Ceres
Natural Foods Pty Ltd. in East Bentleigh, Victoria). Address:
Freelance journalist, Australia.

1068. Fischer, R.W. 1987. Re: Slenda-soy: New soy ice

cream. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Feb.
6. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead.
• Summary: Miller Farms has developed this new soy ice
cream with no added fat and only 90 calories per 4 oz. They
have a foreign contract signed, and it’s almost in the bag.
Address: Miller Farms, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

1069. Sewell, Susan; Scott, Jeffry. 1987. Campaigns

Southeast. Was there ever life before Tofutti. Adweek. Feb. 9.
p. 57.
New Product–Documentation: News release. 1987. Jan. • Summary: A new TV campaign spot uses a futuristic
28. 2 p. “Tofutti Brands Inc. Announces a Revolutionary theme: “Mom, what’s ice cream?” asks a young boy as the
Breakthrough, Lite Lite Tofutti, a New 90 Calorie Dessert visual shows a futuristic freezer. “It’s what we used before
[per 4 oz serving]. A typical 4-ounce serving of ice cream Tofutti,” answers the mother. The :30 [30 second] spot was
contains approximately 250 calories and 14 grams of fat. produced by Ketchum Advertising, New York.
The first 90-calorie, 98% fat-free frozen dessert with no
cholesterol and no lactose.” Also low in sodium. Beck. 1987. 1070. Fischer, R.W. 1987. Re: New products getting rave
Boston Globe. Sept. 2. It is even lower in calories than ice reviews. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Feb.
milk or frozen yogurt, which average 200-250 calories/cup. 16. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead.
Tofutti Brands Annual Report. 1992. April. Lite Lite • Summary: “As I mentioned on the phone. we are getting
Tofutti has only 90 calories per serving. It is distributed rave reviews from people who try our products and who are
nationally in pints, cans, and soft-serve mix. Flavors include familiar with soy-based foods.” Address: Miller Farms Food
Neapolitan, Deep Chocolate Fudge, Swiss Mocha Coffee, Company, Inc. Executive Office: 314 Main St., Cedar Falls,
and Special Strawberry. Iowa 50613/ Plant Office: 623 East 19th St., Cedar Falls.
Phone: 319-277-4700.
1067. Wilson, Geoff. 1987. Special report from Australia [on
soyfoods]. Soyfoods (ESFA) 1(1):25-29. Jan. 1071. Lieb, Mary Ellen. 1987. A bright new “Lite” for
• Summary: Much of this material appeared in the National Tofutti: After a tough 1986, tofu-dessert maker hopes for a
Farmer (1984), Australia. John Wilson, in charge of soymilk turnaround in 1987. Dairy Foods. Feb. p. 31-32.
for Alfa-Laval and Owen Price, managing director of the • Summary: The new product is Lite Lite Tofutti, with only
Dairy Farm group of companies in Hong Kong (he has 90 calories per 4-ounce serving. “Last year, Mintz decided
made a soy ice cream) are both expatriate Australians. not to renew Tofutti Brands’ master distributor agreement

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with Haagen-Dazs Co., which had handled the lion’s share a public stock offering later this year. Address: Camera
of Tofutti distribution for the past 2 years. While Mintz Business Writer, Boulder.
has no regrets about the decision, its short term impact
on the company was less than ideal. Because Tofutti was 1077. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc.
required to notify Haagen-Dazs in March of its intention announces opening of its first Tofutti franchise (News
to let the agreement lapse in September, “we spent the 6 release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. March
biggest months of the year in a non-renewal situation,” 23.
Mullin explains.” In 1986 the company failed to make an • Summary: The franchise is located in Teaneck, Bergen
adequate investment in trade and consumer promotions and County, New Jersey–a suburb of the New York metropolitan
advertising. An estimated 70% of the 1987 ad budget will go area. Address: New York.
toward promoting Lite Lite Tofutti.
1078. Storper, Barbara. 1987. Think frozen tofu is healthy?
1072. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1987. Tofu Think again. Boston Herald. March 25. [1 ref]
standards accepted by Association board. New standards • Summary: “Tofutti may contain nearly twice as much fat
could have wide-spread impact on tofu products market. Jan/ per serving as regular vanilla ice cream, with 50-70% of
Feb. p. 1, 3. Tofutti’s calories coming from fat. With 170-210 calories
• Summary: Standards were accepted 19 Sept. 1986 by Tofu per half cup, Tofutti’s calorie counts come close to those of
Standards Committee. Soy ice creams must contain 15% tofu the richest ice creams.” Per half cup: Tofutti Wildberry (205
to use the term “tofu” in the product name. calories/12 gm fat); Tofulite Vanilla (160/8); Ice Bean Vanilla
(110/6); Regular Vanilla ice cream 10% fat (135/7); Rich
1073. United (New York). 1987. Then came Tofutti: Japan vanilla ice cream 16% fat (175/12); Haagen-Dazs Vanilla
trade balance. Feb. p. 10. (270/17). Address: Massachusetts Nutrition Research Center.
• Summary: “The Japanese are absolutely crazy over Phone: 800-322-7203.
Tofutti,” reports David Mintz. “Every month we ship a
boatload of one hundred thousand gallons (or 3.2 million 4 1079. Brown, Judy. 1987. Suiting America’s tastebuds: The
oz servings) of it to Japan.” new American soyfoods. Whole Foods. March. p. 37-40, 42-
43. [1 ref]
1074. Berglund, Nina. 1987. Entrepreneurial fever sweeping • Summary: An overview, drawing heavily (with
through Isles [Soyworld’s SoYummy ice cream in Hawaii]. acknowledgment) on Shurtleff & Aoyagi’s Soyfoods Industry
Star-Bulletin (Honolulu, Hawaii). March 1. and Market for statistics. Address: Alban & Associates, San
• Summary: Wayne Iwaoka and Thomas Y. Sakai founded Francisco, California.
Soyworld, and are currently making 3,500 pints of
SoYummy soy ice cream a month. Retail distribution began 1080. Dairy Foods. 1987. A terrific time for tofu: The once-
on Maui and the Big Island last fall. lowly bean curd is featured in a variety of new products.
88(3):32-33. March.
1075. Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). 1987. Red • Summary: Tofoods has been marketing Tofait since late
trade: Firms learn protocol, earn profits behind iron curtain. 1985, 120 cal/6 oz. Several months ago they introduced Les-
March 17. Cal Lite Tofait, (100 cal/4 oz.) and calcium-fortified Tofait
• Summary: Problems with dairy milk after the Chernobyl Creme Drink $1.49/quart 140 cal/8 oz. “Thicker than milk,
nuclear disaster (on 26 April 1986 in the Ukranian SSR) although not as thick as a milk shake.” Tofait is cheaper than
made the Soviets receptive to soy ice cream. Tofutti Brands, Tofutti $2.19-2.49/pint, and Barricini’s Tofulite $1.99-2.39/
which sold 16 million cups in Tokyo 1986, has registered its pint.
trademark in Soviet Union. It took 2 years and “an army of
attorneys.” Daiei Inc. in Japan has opened Tofutti Corners in 1081. Florida Grocer (Miami, Florida). 1987. Tofulite adds
40 of its stores. three new flavors to non-dairy frozen dessert line. March.
• Summary: The new flavors are Cappuccino Almond,
1076. Smith, Susan. 1987. From tofu to Tofruzen. . . White Heavenly Hash (chocolate Tofulite with raisins, almonds,
Wave of Boulder finds uses for soybeans. Daily Camera pecans, marshmallows, and chocolate chunks), and Peanut
(Boulder, Colorado). March 17. Butter Crunch. So Tofulite now comes in 9 flavors.
• Summary: Founded in 1977, White Wave now has 25
employees and expects revenues of $1.6 million in 1987, 1082. Prepared Foods (Chicago). 1987. Non-dairy tofu
growing to $5 million by 1990. It is America’s largest products [from Rose International]. March.
producer of tempeh. Tofruzen Inc. of Denver recently raised • Summary: Rose International’s tofu ingredients used in
$1.6 million in a public stock offering. White Wave plans a range of “dairy” applications: dry tofu soft-serve mix

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powders (just add water), frozen tofu dessert concentrate, soy New Product–Documentation: Berglund. 1987.
yogurt, tofu imitation cheeses and soymilk. “Soy-O” yogurts Star-Bulletin (Honolulu, HI). March 1. “Hawaii’s first
have been marketed under license from Rose. homegrown, non-dairy, premium frozen dessert.” They use
distinctly Hawaiian flavors.
1083. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1987.
Bibliographic update: Articles about Tofutti and other soy ice 1085. STS–Soya Technology Systems Ltd. 1987. Membrane
creams published since January 1985. Lafayette, California: filtration for soymilk products. 11 Dhoby Ghaut #11-06,
Soyfoods Center. 19 p. March. Unpublished. 28 cm. [153 ref] Cathay Building, Singapore 0922. 8 p. March.
• Summary: Consists of bibliographic records, numbered, • Summary: Contents: Membrane filtration. Ultrafiltration.
sorted chronologically, printed on a dot-matrix printer. Many Reverse osmosis. Membrane structure/membrane material.
of the records have a summary or abstract. There is also an Membrane filtration in the food industry. Application of
index. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, ultrafiltration to soymilk base. Why use ultrafiltration?
California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991. Products. Concentration of soymilk. Concentration of
acidified and coagulated soymilk. Yields. Spreads. Processed
1084. Product Name: SoYummy of Hawaii (Soy Ice tofu/soy paneer. Soy cheese. Production processes for soy
Cream) [Pineapple, Lychee, Passion Orange, Hauupia spreads, processed tofu, and soy cheese. Processing plant
(Coconut), Chocolate Macadamia Nut, or Guava]. for UF processed tofu. Example of material balance for
Manufacturer’s Name: Soyworld, Inc. processed tofu. Address: Singapore.
Manufacturer’s Address: 819 Cedar St., Honolulu, Oahu,
HI 96814. Phone: 808-537-9988. 1086. Saperstein, Hilary. 1987. Kosher “ice cream” fine with
Date of Introduction: 1987. March. or without meat. Jewish Journal (Fort Lauderdale, Florida).
How Stored: Frozen. April 23.
• Summary: “David Mintz grew up in an Orthodox Jewish
family in New York. He attended Brooklyn College, where
he majored in business. He initially joined his family’s
fur business. Then he founded a small grocery store in
Mountaindale, New York. The population was 18 in the
winter, thousands in the summer. One day he was reading
a nutrition magazine and he read about tofu. Tofutti is now
available in the Soviet Union, Japan, Australia, Canada,
Hong Kong, and Singapore.”

1087. Delaney, Tom. 1987. Tofutti Brands: New is the word.

Adweek East (New York). April 27.
• Summary: A big new ad campaign for Lite Lite Tofutti,
using radio, magazines, and newspapers, will feature
the theme “It Tastes Like You’re Cheating.” Ketchum
Communications in New York is the agency for Tofutti
Brands’ $2 million account. The company is hoping
the introduction of Lite Lite Tofutti will accelerate the
turnaround of its flagship product, regular frozen Tofutti,
the sales of which have been declining. New products
planned are Tofutti Frutti (a 90-calorie Tofutti/fruit sorbet
frozen novelty), Tofutti Egg Watchers (egg substitutes),
Tofutti cheesecake, and perhaps Tofutti baked goods, such as
muffins, cookies, and a carrot cake. Address: Rahway, New
Jersey.

1088. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc.

and Coca Cola Bottling Company of New York, Inc. jointly
announces sweepstakes promotion (News release). 136 East
57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. April 27.
• Summary: The 6-week summer sweepstakes promotion
called “Cheater’s Delite” will start May 26, will feature

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a 90-calorie scoop of Lite Lite Tofutti and a 1-calorie 1092. Business Communications Co., Inc. 1987. Mass
glass of Diet Coke, special labeling and couponing on merchandised “healthy” foods. 25 Van Zant St., Norwalk, CT
3 million 2-liter bottles of Diet Coke, 5 weeks of heavy 06855-1781. 162 p. April. Price: $1,500.
radio advertising, newspaper ads, a major sampling of the • Summary: In this expensive ($1,500) market study,
Cheater’s Delite float in the tri-state area (Metro New York, there is a chapter titled “The Soyfoods Market,” which
northern New Jersey, southern Connecticut), and a Caribbean has the following segments: Summary of market segment.
Cruise Sweepstakes. Address: New York. The tofu market. Soy-based frozen desserts. Soy-based
beverages. Soy-based yogurt-like products. Other soy-
1089. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1987. New trademarks: Tofutti based prepared foods. Fermented soy products. “A move
Park. Official Gazette Trademarks (Washington, DC). April toward the consumption of convenient, good-tasting foods
28. with a healthful image is the food trend of the eighties.
• Summary: For restaurant and carry-out restaurant services. There is a strong relationship between healthful foods and
First use: 4 March 1986. Filed 31 March 1986. Address: the consumer’s need for convenience. In the future, food
Rahway, New Jersey. manufacturers can expect the growth of ‘healthy’ foods to
outpace that of the total food market, as more consumers
1090. Barricini Foods Inc. 1987. Baseball and Barricini, Part pursue a healthful lifestyle...
II: Tofulite served to N.Y. Yankees’ fans (News release). 123 “BCC defines the ‘healthy’ food market as those
South St., Oyster Bay, New York 11771. 1 p. April 30. segments of food categories that are generally accepted
• Summary: “Milton Namiot, Chairman of the Board by the consumer as having a healthful image. Total retail
of Barricini Foods, Inc., announced that Canteen Corp., sales of all product segments included in this analysis were
concessionaires of Yankee Stadium, had authorized the estimated to have reached $88 billion in 1986.” Address:
product’s introduction as of opening day... This is the second Norwalk, Connecticut. Phone: 203-853-4266.
step in a national sports stadium marketing plan, the first
being the extremely successful introduction of Tofulite to 1093. McSweeney, Daniel. 1987. Market overview: Natural
New York Mets’ fans at Shea [pronounced SHAY] Stadium frozen desserts stay hot sellers. Whole Foods. April. p. 33-36.
last year [spring 1986]. The Mets have doubled their • Summary: Farm Foods’ Ice Bean grew very rapidly from
commitment to Tofulite in 1987.” 1980 to 1984, then growth slowed to 10-12% a year. Many
Talk with Robert Tepper of Barricini. 2001. Oct. 3. more natural food stores are carrying ice cream containing
Tofulite was a soy-based, non-dairy ice cream closely related sugar. The 1986 Whole Foods Consumer Survey (Sept.
to Ice Bean, developed by the Farm Food Company in issue) reported that 44.6% of natural foods store consumers
California and launched in August 1976. Robert had a free had purchased non-dairy frozen desserts during the past year,
pass to Yankees’ and Mets’ baseball games to monitor their up from 37.6% the year before. This is an increase of 19%.
ice cream, which was always sold from soft serve machines
(like frozen yogurt) at two locations in each ballpark. ARA 1094. Przybyla, Ann. 1987. Driving forces behind 1986
was probably the foodservice distributor. He took his son, new food introductions. Food Engineering 59(4):61, 71, 74.
who was just 6 years old, to watch many games. Tofulite April.
lasted for about two seasons at the Mets’ stadium (1986- • Summary: New food products containing tofu increased
1987) and one year at Yankee Stadium (1987). This was 2-3 from 28 in 1985 to 49 in 1986, according to Marketing
years before any veggie hot dogs were sold at major league Intelligence Service. Mentions Le Tofu, Jofu, and Tofoods
ballparks. In 1988 Robert left Barricini and went to Natural Tofu Entrees.
Nectar. Address: Oyster Bay, New York.
1095. Rees, Carolyn. 1987. The Bean Machine story.
1091. Bringold, Ulrich. 1987. Tofu Swiss success story. Soyfoods (ESFA) 1(2):8-10. April.
Soyfoods (ESFA) 1(2):23-24. April. [Eng] • Summary: “In the bad winter of 1981, the founders of Bean
• Summary: This paper was presented in Munich in Machine were cut off by snow with only a jar of soybean
Sept. 1986. Details are given in that document. Contents: and little else. They had a soybean recipe book written by
Introduction. Tofu in health food shops. Tofu in food retail a community farm [The Farm] in Tennessee and decided to
outlets. Tofu test market in Bern–August–December 1984 have a go at making Tofu.
(The Co-op of Bern placed the 16 largest supermarkets at “They found others who believed in the same ideas and
Galactina’s disposal; pasteurized fresh tofu was tested). started the Bean Machine in their kitchen, at home. From
Publicity. Results. The conquest of food distribution (Migros there the business expanded in a little Welsh village. As
and Co-op). Tofu becomes tasty. The future. Address: demand grew more people came to work, and it became a
Galactina AG, 3123 Belp, Switzerland. full fledged cooperative.
“In 1984, our founders had to leave us, sadly, because

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of illness, but their example and courage was and is now an was recognized as one of the ten leading innovators of
inspiration to us all... 1986 by Food and Beverage Marketing magazine). Product
We are now 9 full time members. The first two years of and services available. Contact. Services: Research and
existence were very difficult; breaking down resistance to the development, marketing, manufacturing, management.
product, finding a market, and solving distribution problems Products: Frozen desserts, cultured products, dry instant
used up most of the Bean Machine scanty resources.” tofu, soymilk or yogurt mixes, spreads, dips, salad dressings
The company decided to focus on second generation tofu / mayonnaise, soups, desserts, beverages, entrees, burgers,
products. They obtained a Regional Aid grant to help fund tofu, other concepts.
an expansion program. Tofu is sold vacuum packed in 227 Attached to the main document is Richard Rose’s
and 454 gm sizes. They produce 60 lb/tofu every 2 hours. business card. Both are printed with blue ink on white paper.
The company’s product range includes Soysage, Soyanaise, Address: President, Rose International, P.O. Box 2687,
Burgers (with okara and rice), Pasties (with tofu filling), Petaluma, California 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721.
Somozas (pouches filled with tofu), Tofu Bites (deep-fried
marinated tofu cubes), and Soysage Burgers. “We hope 1100. Gluck, Peggy Isaak. 1987. Ex-kosher caterer creating
to do an iced bean [soy ice cream] when the grant comes an empire based on tofu. Northern California Jewish Bulletin
through. Then we will get the facilities and soon we shall be (San Francisco, California). May 15.
expanding to a bigger premises, in Grymych, where the Bean • Summary: What’s next from the Tofutti king? Research at
Machine is now, which is ideal for us. headquarters is moving away from desserts, though Lite Lite
“A third of the Bean Machine profit will go towards a Tofutti on a stick is already on the drawing board, and into
third world organization.” Address: A principal of The Bean other areas–a cheeseless cheesecake and meatless meatballs,
Machine, Crymych, Wales. which will be cholesterol free and low in fat.

1096. Product Name: Tofu Supreme. 1101. Product Name: Tofulicious Chocolate Covered
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofu Ice Bean. Dessert Bars (Soy Ice Cream Novelties) [Dutch Chocolate,
Manufacturer’s Address: Australia. or Vanilla Almond].
Date of Introduction: 1987. April. Manufacturer’s Name: Eastern Foods, Inc.
New Product–Documentation: Soyfoods (ESFA). 1987. Manufacturer’s Address: 3235 E. Hennepin Ave.,
April. p. 28. “Tofu Supreme is a non-dairy dessert made by Minneapolis, MN 55413.
Tofu Ice Bean of Australia. It contains no butterfat or lactose. Date of Introduction: 1987. May.
This product is representative of several frozen desserts Ingredients: Vanilla Almond: Water, corn sweeteners,
made from Tofu that are entering the marketplace.” partially hydrogenated soybean oil, tofu (soybeans, water,
calcium sulfate), isolated soybean protein, tapioca dextrin,
1097. Jewish Press (Brooklyn, New York). 1987. Juan natural flavors, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose
Metzger to speak at [Jewish] Vegetarian Conference. May 1. (cellulose gel), cellulose gum, mono and diglycerides,
• Summary: The conference will feature samples of kosher carrageenan. Coating: Coconut oil, sugar, cocoa, cocoa
vegetarian food products. Robert Tepper of Farm Foods & (alkali treated), lecithin, vanillin.
Barricini will also speak. Metzger was head of the Dannon Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 fluid oz bar, 10 fluid oz per
Company from 1959 to 1981. package, in paperboard carton.
How Stored: Frozen.
1098. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1987. New trademarks: Reuben Nutrition: Per 2.5 oz. bar: Calories 180, protein 2 gm,
Reuben, Tru-Grits, Love Drops, Tofutti Farms, Lite Lite carbohydrate 16 gm, fat 12 gm, sodium 28 mg. 11% of RDA
Tofutti. Official Gazette Trademarks. May 5, May 19, May for calcium.
26, June 9. New Product–Documentation: Labels. 1987. Paper box.
• Summary: Tofutti Brands Inc. is busy filing to register 2 by 4 by 7 inches. Full color. Four bars per box. “Non-
trademarks: Reuben Reuben (filed 25 March 1985), Tru- Dairy Frozen Dessert. No Cholesterol & Lactose Free.
Grits (filed 18 Sept. 1986), Love Drops (filed 19 May 1986), Great Taste... That’s Good for You.” Kingma. 1987. Soya
Tofutti Farms (filed 16 June 1986), Lite Lite Tofutti (filed 12 Newsletter. 1(3):10. Talk with Mr. Lee. The product was
May 1986). introduced in May 1987.

1099. Rose, Richard. 1987. Rose International: Special 1102. Florida Restauranteur (Hollywood, Florida). 1987.
services bulletin. Santa Rosa, California. 4 p. 28 cm. David Mintz. The Prince of Tofu. May.
• Summary: The earliest description seen of the services and • Summary: “In 1972, while searching for a milk substitute
activities of Rose International. for kosher desserts, pastries, pies, and sauces, David Mintz
Contents: Summary. Background (Brightsong Foods discovered this soy bean product... For nine years, Mintz

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worked in the back kitchen of his store creating tofu recipes. advantage of these products is low cost due to the use of
After developing a cookbook full of dishes using tofu... inexpensive ingredients, such as vegetable proteins and oils,
Mintz invented Tofutti, which he introduced to the public in emulsifiers and stabilizers. Dried milk and caseinates are also
1981.” commonly used in these products.
Concerning weaning foods: “Recently, two low-cost
1103. Frozen Food Age. 1987. First Tofutti franchise opens nutritious weaning food formulations were developed
in Teaneck, New Jersey. May. at NDRI [National Dairy Research Inst.] Karnal, using
• Summary: “The Tofutti shop features non-dairy, soybean, dairy byproducts and cereal combinations. A spray
cholesterol-free foods including hot entrees, salads, spreads, dried soy-whey weaning food (SWWF) has been made (Fig.
soups and a baked goods line in addition to Tofutti items.” 6) from cheddar cheese whey (65 parts, on solid basis) and
Tofutti is sold in soft serve form and hard pack pints, blanched soybean cotyledons (35 parts). A jowar-soybean-
cups and 2½-gallon bulk cans. skim milk (JSM) weaning food includes 60 parts jowar
David Mintz views this is a major breakthrough for his (sorghum) flour, 30 parts soybean solids and 10 parts skim
company. “Franchising provides us with an opportunity to milk solids (Fig. 7). This has been specifically formulated to
showcase and merchandise our food products directly to the meet the need of jowar-growing areas where, incidentally,
public.” the problem of malnourishment is more prevalent than in the
other areas of the country. The SWWF and JSM conform
1104. Gupta, S.K.; Patil, G.R.; Patel, A.A. 1987. Fabricated to the guidelines laid down by the Protein Advisory Group
dairy products. Indian Dairyman 39(5):199-208. May. Paper of the United Nations. Their respective protein efficiency
presented at the IDA (North Zone) Seminar, Varanasi, Aug. ratios (PER) are 3.2 and 2.6 as compared to 2.5 for casein.
23-24, 1986. [23 ref] Both these formulations are commendably low-cost ones
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Ingredients. Margarine. (approximately Rs. 8.00 per kg, exclusive of packaging).
Spreads (a flowchart for a spread using a soy protein- Thus these products show great promise of becoming
lipid concentrate is given). Imitation cheese. Coffee/tea instrumental in combating malnutrition among children...
whiteners. Coffee complete and tea complete. Milk-like “An acceptable soft serve ice cream based on soybean
products: Filled milk, imitation or artificial milks, protein and buttermilk (6.8 parts soy SNF [solids nonfat]–5.2 parts
concentrate beverages (Miltone, developed by CFTRI and buttermilk SNF) has been developed at National Dairy
made at Bangalore based on whole buffalo milk extended or Research Institute, Karnal. This product contains 9% fat,
“toned” with groundnut (peanut) protein isolate, and Sipso, 12% SNF and 15% sugar. Its manufacture does not require
marketed in northern India, are both sold commercially. A the use of a stabilizer, thus saving on the cost of stabilizer.”
soy-whey beverage with 4% protein has been developed by Address: National Dairy Research Inst., Karnal 132001,
the National Dairy Research Inst. at Karnal). Soya yoghurt India.
and lassi. Baby foods. Weaning foods. Ice cream analogues.
Miscellaneous: Mango milk powder, banana milk powder, 1105. Product Name: [Liza Amazake Ice Cream
simulated sour cream and whipped toppings. The main (Strawberry, Carob, Vanilla)].

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Foreign Name: Natuurlijk Liza Rijste... Ijs 1108. Product Name: Tofruzen Bar (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
(Aardbeien,Carob, Vanille). Cream Novelties) [Chocolate Covered Chocolate, Vanilla, or
Manufacturer’s Name: Liza. Praline].
Manufacturer’s Address: Marconistraat 13A, 1704 Manufacturer’s Name: Tofruzen Inc. (Marketer). Made in
RG Heerhugowaard (or P.O. Box 1026, 1700 BA Boulder, Colorado, by White Wave, Inc.
Heerhugowaard), Netherlands. Phone: 0-2207-43969. Manufacturer’s Address: 384 Inverness Drive South #159,
Date of Introduction: 1987. May. Englewood, C0 80012. Phone: 303-792-0079.
Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, rice koji (rijst van biologische Date of Introduction: 1987. May.
teelt), sunflowerseed oil, fragrances and flavors (natural How Stored: Frozen.
vanilla), emulsifier (soy lecithin), thickeners (locust bean New Product–Documentation: Kingma. 1987. Soya
gum, guar gum, carrageenan), sea salt. Newsletter. 1(3):11. Truck. 1987. Advertising Age. July 27.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml or 130 ml. “New Tofu Bar Hits Freezer.” Soya Newsletter. 1987. Sept/
How Stored: Frozen. Oct. p. 7.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Sjon Welters.
1988. Feb. 24. They introduced the product in 1980-81. 1109. Product Name: [Soymilk Popsicles on a Stick
Contact Hans den Hoed. Its in Heiloo, not Alkmaar. He (Fruits, or Chocolate)].
knows Oryzae; they are 30 miles apart. Letter from Jan Foreign Name: Helados de Paleta de Soya.
Bijpost, owner. 1988. May 30. Liza also makes amasake Manufacturer’s Name: Centro de Soya, Soy Dairy.
ice cream. Labels. 1987. May. 3.75 inches diameter or 2.25 Manufacturer’s Address: Barrio San Bartolo, Molino
inches diameter. Plastic or self adhesive. Two colors on Belen, Solola, Guatemala; Apartado Postal 118, 07091
white. The Dutch name means “Rice Ice.” The launched this Solola.
product commercially in May 1985. Date of Introduction: 1987. June.
Ingredients: Soymilk, natural fruits (papaya, blackberry,
1106. Rahman, Majeedah. 1987. Belize nutrition education orange, canteloupe melon, banana), chocolate, sugar.
project. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee) 3(1):3. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 oz rectangular block with a
May. small wooden stick sticking out of one end, packed in a small
• Summary: Named British Honduras until about 1975, plastic bag. Retails for Q. 0.10.
Belize was granted full independence in 1981 but is still How Stored: Frozen.
a member of the British Commonwealth. To combat New Product–Documentation: Jenkins, Praskin, and
malnutrition among children, soyfoods preparation and Praskin. 1982. Plenty Integrated Soy Program, Guatemala.
nutrition will be taught in workshops. Soymilk and soy ice p. 21, 33. Letter from Amado del Valle. 1987. July 22.
cream will be provided to primary school students in selected From January-July 1987 the soy dairy sold 5,600 paletas.
areas. The project, with a budget of $14,700, will run from Interview with Laurie Praskin. 1987. Nov. 30. This new
June 1987 to June 1988. The Univ. of California has agreed product, paletas de soya, is made with the Center’s own
to provide educational and training materials. Address: popsicle machine. Letter from Amado del Valle. 1988.
Project Director (nutritionist), 526 44th St., Oakland, March 16. Contains a leaflet, 8.5 x 6.5 inches, red on white.
California 94609. “Centro de Soya, Guatemala, Barrio San Bartolo, Molino
Belén, Solola, Guatemala. Now available, Helados de Paleta
1107. Technocrat (India). 1987. Great Shake: Soya milk with natural flavors. Blackberry (mora), papaya, banana,
success. May. pineapple, strawberry, chocolate, cocoa, orange, melon,
• Summary: “On the 27th of April, Noble Soya, a company Nance. Nutritional. Delicious. Economical. For children and
promoted by Godrej, launched its premium Milk Shake– adults. Wholesale or retail. Try them and you’ll like them.
Great Shake, in Bombay. After promising feedback from 10 centavos.” Receipts from “Centro Tecnologico de Soya,
both Delhi and Pune markets, Dr. A.S. Alyar, the brain 1987.”
behind the concept, is very hopeful that it will be a hit in this
market, too.” Great Shake is soya milk that is flavoured. The 1110. Product Name: Cream of the Bean Soy Ice Cream
soyamilk is processed using Kibun’s special deodorizing [Chocolate, Carob, Strawberry].
process. Soymilk can be used whenever dairy milk is used Manufacturer’s Name: Cream of the Bean, Inc.
and has a wide range of applications. It can also be processed Manufacturer’s Address: 3973 Grove Ave., Gurnee, IL
into products such as tofu, a soft cheese. Tofu provides a 60031.
base for a variety of snack foods such as tofu burger, tofu Date of Introduction: 1987. June.
scramble, tofu ice-cream and others. Soyamilk can be used to Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 8 oz plastic cup.
make desserts and puddings. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Stuart Doblin.

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1989. Aug. 14. The company made a soy ice cream only • Summary: The market (wholesale value) grew from $2.6
during the summer of 1988 and sold it through local health million in 1983, to $21 million in 1985, with $22 million
food stores. It was hard pack pints. They dropped it to focus projected for 1987, or approximately $44 million at the retail
on Soygurt and because more sophisticated equipment was level. This is less than 1% of the $5,000 million retail market
needed for soy ice cream. for ice cream products. Companies profiled are Tofutti
Brands, Barricini Foods, Eastern Foods, Brightsong, Tofu
1111. Product Name: Farm Foods Ice Bean (Non-Dairy Today, Tofoods, Giant Foods, Soyworld (Hawaii). In 1986
Frozen Dessert) [Nutty Honey Vanilla, Cherry Vanilla, Carob Barricini sold about $2 million of Tofulite and $1 million of
Super Crunch]. Ice Bean. Sales in 1987 are expected to be 3-5 times those in
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Div. of Barricini 1986. Address: Bar Harbor, Maine.
Foods Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address: 123 South St., Oyster Bay, NY 1114. Product Name: Solait Riché (Powdered Soy-Based
11771. Phone: 516-933-1569. Frozen Dessert Mix).
Date of Introduction: 1987. June. Manufacturer’s Name: Miller Farms Food Co., Inc.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints. Manufacturer’s Address: 314 Main St., Cedar Falls, IA
How Stored: Frozen. 50613. Phone: 319-277-8600.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. News Date of Introduction: 1987. June.
Release. 1987. June. “Three new Ice Bean pint flavors Ingredients: Premium soybeans, sugar, corn oil, coconut
and new pint packaging.” The new designer pint container oil, corn syrup, sea salt, microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose
features a full color wraparound photo depicting scoops of gel), cellulose gum, mono- and diglycerides, carrageenan,
all Ice Bean Flavors against a black background. There are standardized with dextrose and salt.
now 12 honey-sweetened flavors and 3 Ice Bean Sandwiches. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 28 oz (794 gm).
Ad in Vegetarian Times. 1988. May. p. 56. “Scoopendous! How Stored: Shelf stable.
Tremendous!” Full page, color. Nutrition: Per 0.75 oz. powder or 3 oz. frozen dessert:
Calories 120, protein 3 gm, carbohydrates 9 gm, fat 8 gm,
1112. Johnson, Kirk. 1987. Hidden fats in whole foods diets. sodium 65 mg.
East West. June. p. 62-68. New Product–Documentation: See next 2 pages. Talk with
• Summary: A full-page table (p. 65) titled “How the Harry W. Miller, Jr. 1987. Oct. 21. Leaflet. 1987. “Solait.
substitutes stack up” shows total fat and serving size for Powdered Soy Beverage.” Product is not yet available.
the following categories: Dairy products. Substitute dairy Label. 1987. Oct. 14.5 by 6.5 inches. Purple, green, red,
products. Meat. Substitute meat products. Frozen dinners. yellow, and blue on white. Illustration of sun and rainbow
Miscellaneous. The substitute dairy products include: Tofu above clouds. “No cholesterol. No lactose. No animal
Cream Chie (21st Century). Soya Kaas (soy cheese from fat.” Talk with Bob Fischer. 1987. Nov. Says product was
American Natural Snacks). Tofutti (Tofu Time). Le Tofu introduced in June.
(Brightsong Foods). Ice Bean (Farm Foods). Tofu, silken
(Nasoya). Tofu, soft (Nasoya). Tofu, firm (Nasoya). Soybean 1115. Bodovitz, Kathy. 1987. Hospital still hoping tofu [ice
margarine (Willow Run). Soymilk (Edensoy). Soymilk cream] will make dough. San Francisco Chronicle. July 3.
(Health Valley). Soymilk (Vitasoy). Also released as a UPI National Wire.
Substitute meat products include: Fakin’ Bacon • Summary: Investment directors at Los Medanos hospital
(Tempehworks). Tofu Wieners (Yves). Tofu Pups in Pittsburg, California, put $150,000 of their $5 million
(Tempehworks). Vegie Burger (Bud, Inc.). Tofu Burger (Bud, investment fund in Paradise Cuisine International of Seattle,
Inc.). Gardenburger (Wholesome & Hearty). Tofu Sausage Washington, in late 1985. Paradise claimed to have a secret
(Vegetable Protein Co.). Tempeh, 3-grain (Tempehworks). formula for a “frozen tofu dessert,” and the hospital planned
Seitan (“wheat meat”). to serve it to patients. Paradise has been unable to find a
Meatless frozen dinners include: Tofu Lasagna distributor for its product. Address: California.
(Legume). Meatless Pepper Steak with Kofu & Noodles
(Legume). Sweet and Sour Tofu (Legume). 1116. Tribune (Lea, Minnesota). 1987. U of M studies
Miscellaneous products include: Nasoyannaise (Nasoya soybean uses [Dr. William Breene, University of Minnesota,
Foods). Salad dressing, Creamy Tofu (Nasoya). Miso. St. Peter Creamery, and Soy Supreme]. July 6.
• Summary: Breene has been testing a soybean powder
1113. Kingma, Sharyn. 1987. Soy-based nondairy frozen called Soy Supreme. It can be reconstituted into many
desserts face hot competition: Marketers meet challenge with potential products, such as yogurt-type and frozen dessert
new products. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). May/ products. To make the powder, soybeans are heated as they
June. p. 1, 10-11. are ground. The hulls are also ground and added back. Then

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 402

they add water to it to get 19% solids, spray dry it, and grind $167,000, more than its entire sales last year.
it back into a powder. The result is a full-fat soybean product
with all the fiber in it. They make another version, which is 1119. Product Name: Farm Foods Ice Bean Sandwich (Ice
dehulled. A Chinese food scientist, Shan Wen Lin, who just Bean Between Carob Coated Honey Wafers) [Carob, or
received his PhD from Reading Univ. in England, will do Peanut Butter].
soybean utilization research with Breene for a year. “There is Manufacturer’s Name: Barricini Foods Inc.
more and more talk of tagging the price of soybeans to their Manufacturer’s Address: 123 South Street, Oyster Bay,
protein content.” Address: Minnesota. NY 11771. Phone: 516-922-1569.
Date of Introduction: 1987. July.
1117. Beck, Alexis. 1987. Rating the ice cream substitutes: Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 x 3 oz sandwiches per box.
Nutrition now. Boston Globe. July 22. p. 33, 36-37. How Stored: Frozen.
• Summary: Tofutti hard pack supplies 49.5% of the calories New Product–Documentation: See next page. News
from fat, more than any other of the 28 products listed. He Release. 1987. June. Two new Ice Bean Sandwiches added
groups soy ice creams into a category called “Frozen Tofu.” to Farm Foods Line. The original honey-vanilla Ice Bean
He notes their high fat and calorie content: 16% fat vs. 10- sandwich is still Farm Foods’ best selling product. The
12% for regular dairy ice creams, 350-450 calories per cup sandwiches are packed in a new designer black patent box
vs. 250-300. “Most experts would point to total fat as the with gold trim and a picture of the sandwich in full color.
most important variable to watch when it comes to heart Spot in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1987. July. p. 84.
health.” Two new flavors: Peanut Butter Ice Bean with Carob Wafer
and Carob Ice Bean with Vanilla Wafer. Label reads: “No
1118. Truck, Julie. 1987. New tofu bar hits freezer (From cholesterol. Lactose free. Low sodium. Honey sweetened. 6
Tofruzen Inc.). Advertising Age. July 27. sandwiches.”
• Summary: The three year old company [formerly named
Tofu Today] is reluctant to tout its product’s tofu base or 1120. Product Name: Le Yogurt (Dairy-Based Soft-Serve
health benefits. Tofruzen reports 1987 first quarter sales of Frozen Yogurt Dry Mix).

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Tofutti. July.
• Summary: A color photo shows a carton
of the product surrounded by sliced fruits. A
serving contains 90 calories and is “98% fat
free.” This “creamy” frozen dessert has no
cholesterol and no lactose. Gives the flavors
of hard pack pints.

1123. Del Valle, Amado. 1987. Update on

the Plenty Soy Project in Guatemala. San
Bartolo, Solola, Guatemala. 2 p. Unpublished
manuscript. [Eng]
• Summary: Thanks to the interest of
the executive director of Plenty, Canada,
the project reinitiated its activities in the
middle of 1985. The three objectives
are: 1. Agricultural, to develop and teach
Guatemalan farmers to grow suitable soybean
varieties. 2. Educational, to teach families
and organizations soyfoods nutrition and
recipe preparation. 3. Industrial, running the
soy dairy in the community of San Bartolo,
Manufacturer’s Name: Brightsong Foods. and making soymilk, tofu, soy ice cream, soy flour and
Manufacturer’s Address: 100-A Poultry St. (P.O. Box soy coffee. From Jan. 1 to July 22, 1987 the soy dairy has
2536), Petaluma, CA 94953. produced 3,777 gallons of soymilk, 3,308 pounds of tofu,
Date of Introduction: 1987. July. 865 gallons of soy ice cream, and 5,600 paletas (ice cream
Ingredients: Dairy products. sticks), that have been sold in 4 areas of Guatemala. Address:
How Stored: Frozen. Solola, San Bartolo, Guatemala.
New Product–Documentation: LaBell. 1987. Food
Processing. May. “Tofu & Tofu Products.” Talk with Richard 1124. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois). 1987. INTSOY
Rose. 1988. Feb. 15. This is a dairy product, containing no develops new techniques for commercial soymilk processing.
soy. No. 36. July. p. 1-2.
• Summary: Program leader is Alvin I. Nelson. Research
1121. Clwyd Connection (Clwyd, Wales). 1987. Newtech associate is Sing-Wood Yeh. The technique is basically the
helps ice cream company [Genice]. July. p. 4. Illinois Process with the okara filtered out using a continuous
• Summary: A large color photo shows Managing Director roller extractor, and no homogenization step. Whole dry
Ray Pierce and Technical Director Irene Barclay with many soybeans are cleaned, sized, dried in a forced air oven and
1-liter tubs of Genice Ice Delight, a non-dairy soy ice cream. split while still hot in a dehuller roller. The hulls are removed
Genice started developing their product range in April 1986 using an air blower. The cotyledons are then blanched in
and began production in March 1987. “Turnover is expected boiling water containing a little sodium bicarbonate, drained,
to total £250,000 this year and will treble fairly quickly. ground in a mill with boiling water. The slurry is filtered in
Smaller health food shops buy Genice products under the the roller extractor and cooked. Problems with the original
Ice Delight name but the company has also made a major Illinois Process were “chalky mouth feel,” “throat drying
breakthrough in securing own-label business with suppliers effect” (from the okara), and expensive homogenizers. The
to supermarket chains [Soya Health Foods Ltd., marketers of resulting soymilk can be used to make a cultured soy yogurt,
Sunrise Ice Dream]. Up to 7 million people in the UK alone soy ice cream, and other dairy analogs. Address: Illinois.
cannot eat dairy related products.
A company named Newtech, located nearby in the 1125. Mann, Ernest J. 1987. Ice cream: Part 2. Dairy
Deeside Industrial Park, helped Genice to get started. In May Industries International 52(7):19-20. July. [38 ref]
1987 Newtech was designated as an official Business and • Summary: This continuation of the review of the literature
Innovation Centre of the European Community. Address: on ice cream includes a summary of 3 reports from India on
UK. ice creams made from soymilk. Address: Lane End House,
Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9BB, Berkshire, UK.
1122. Dairy Field. 1987. Low calorie dessert: Lite Lite

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1126. Medoff, Marc. 1987. Whole frauds in the news. Have sweetener. East West Journal. June. p. 14, 16-19.
they no shame department: Tofutti and Coca-Cola promotion. • Summary: Japan’s traditional sweetener is rice malt
Whole Life. June/July. p. 49-50. syrup; it is made by adding malt (dried sprouted barley)
• Summary: “Talk about unholy alliances; the new team of to cooked rice. The malt’s enzymes covert the starches in
Diet Coke and Tofutti has got to be one of the most sickening rice into maltose and easily digestible (soluble) complex
combinations of junk food we’ve seen in years. Insulin carbohydrates. This mash is then strained and cooked to the
shock anyone?... the gruesome twosome. Talk about a one desired consistency.
way ticket to Sugar Shock City.” It is also alleged that Mintz Robert Kennedy, former president of Chico-San, is
learned how to make soy ice cream from Country Life, a responsible for introducing rice syrup to the USA. In the
Seventh-day Adventist restaurant in New York. early 1970s, Chico-San began making a traditional rice syrup
using malt (dried sprouted barley) and sweet rice. But the
1127. Moore, Waveney Ann. 1987. Tofu, the food people company experienced many production problems. In 1984
love to hate. Plain tofu is now being dressed for success, Kennedy sought help from California Natural Products
making appearances in hot dogs, sausages, lasagne and (CNP), a research and development company in Manteca,
frozen desserts. Food Distributors Magazine. July. p. 52, 54, California, headed by Pat and Cheryl Mitchell–a husband
56, 58. [1 ref] and wife team. The Mitchells realized that the product
• Summary: Largely an interview with Peter Golbitz, based had great potential; they took it over, turned it around, and
on information published in Soya Newsletter. Sales of tofu developed it into a viable product–in fact a big success.
prepared foods totalled about $4-5 million retail. Soymilk That same year, Robert Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods
retail sales grew from $3 million in 1983 to $12 million in began marketing Rice Dream, his frozen amasake dessert.
1985. “From 1983 to 1986 about 80% of the soymilk was Like Kennedy, he experienced problems and ended up taking
imported from Japan. The other 20% came from Belgium the product to CNP, which designed a new product to his
and Hong Kong.” The price was about $18 a gallon, specifications. Today more than 30 companies are either
expected to fall to $3 a gallon. marketing or using in their products a rice sweetener that has
been specifically formulated for their needs by CNP. Note:
1128. Soybean Digest. 1987. Tofulicious–Checkoff research The new product in each case was made from commercial
has its just desserts. A good taste that’s good for you–and enzymes rather than from koji.
low in calories and fat–comes to you courtesy of soybean Contains recipes.
checkoff research. June/July. Supplement. p. 4.
• Summary: Tofulicious began as a research project at the 1131. Tofu Time Inc. 1987. New trademarks: Tastes Like
University of Minnesota, funded by state soybean farmers. You’re Cheating, Rudi Tofutti Cutie, Judi Tofutti Cutie, Cool
Minnesota Soybean Growers Assoc. executive Jim Palmer Vanilla. Official Gazette Trademarks (Washington, DC). Aug.
helped coordinate the research with U of M food scientist Dr. 4 and 11.
William Breene. One of Breene’s students, upon graduation, • Summary: Nos. 1-2 filed 18 Sept. 1986. No. 3 filed 26
went to work for Eastern Foods Co. in Minneapolis, the March 1987. Gives dates of “First Use” and “In Commerce.”
manufacturer. Thom Menie, Vice President for Sales and Address: Rahway, New Jersey.
Marketing, says the company is expanding distribution of
the five flavors of Tofulicious. The company also makes Dim 1132. Haren, Chuck. 1987. Small, village-scale equipment
Sum, a microwavable Oriental snack containing tofu, soy for making soyfoods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 13.
protein, and soybean oil, will soon be available nationwide. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
A large black-and-white photo shows the front of a carton of • Summary: A company originally named Laredo sells a
Tofulicious brand Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert. very nice, compact, table-sized unit. He thinks they have sold
some of their machines in Costa Rica and in perhaps Cuba.
1129. Soybean Digest. 1987. Tofu: Ancient protein for He has no idea how many machines they have sold in total;
modern times. June/July. Supplement. p. 4. he hasn’t been in touch with them for about 18 months.
• Summary: New tofu makers are popping up from coast Note: Roberto H. Moretti, the man who invented the first
to coast in the USA. More than 150 companies are making Mechanical Cow, is a rather famous food science professor
$100 million worth of tofu a year. In supermarkets, tofu in Brazil.
can be found in everything from burgers to hot dogs, from Shurtleff: What have been some of your and Plenty’s
entrees to desserts. A “designer line” of tofu-based frozen most successful soyfoods projects in the Caribbean?
desserts sports the name “Gloria Vanderbilt” on the label. Haren: Plenty’s emphasis is on small, village-type
systems. Transferring technology that will work for
1130. Wood, Rebecca Theurer. 1987. Rice syrup’s sweet taste individuals or small groups in a kitchen or slightly larger
of success: This versatile product may be the best natural scale. They have projects on St. Lucia, Dominica, and

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Jamaica. Dominica, which has the 2nd to lowest per capita Plenty has an “education center” (called Plenty Soya
income in the region after Haiti, has an excellent project. Center) with a tofu and soymilk plant on Dominica. They
Chuck has been able to stay there for 3 years, which provides have a small stone grinder obtained from Okita. Stainless-
continuity, and many other expatriates have also worked steel pots and tile bathrooms. Its in a bigger building, 40 x
there. The program is an education program, a “soyfoods 60 feet. They teach home processing (for classes), village-
training center.” The local people develop products and level processing (the most popular), and small industrial
some of these products are sold to support the program processing. Programs can range from a few days to 3 months
and also to test the marketability of each product. They in length. About 150 people have participated in programs at
are working in the public education system, teaching in the Plenty Soya Center on Dominica over the past 3 years.
an adult education program, and some in the primary In the government adult education program, 200-300 people
schools. They do field demonstrations for groups of farmers have taken an 8 week course (1 day a week for 2 hours).
who are starting to grow soybeans. Four years ago they People learn how to make soymilk, tofu, and tempeh at
started an agriculture program by doing the INTSOY home. They Plenty develops recipes with them, and finally
variety tests. The chose several varieties that worked well they develop recipes on their own. All the classes have 15-20
and are working to maintain seed strains of those. They people in them, and a lot of them have to pay. Finances is the
started in Roseau, the capital city in Dominica, then after major problem that prevents people from going on to start
several years farmers took over the program and formed a a business. They are dealing with a lot of very low income
cooperative as a business. It is a marginal business but it is people. But interest in small commercial companies owned
providing all of them with income. They work with people by Caribbean people is growing. The programs are still in
who have relatively little education and come from a low the infant stage, but Chuck can see the day that soyfoods
socioeconomic class. Most of the foods are sold directly will become important in the Caribbean. Plenty’s work in
from a kitchen rather than being distributed. One good Dominica began in the spring of 1983–say April or May. On
product is called an Akra, which simulates a product made each island, it started with the INTSOY’s soybean variety
with imported, dried codfish. It is a mixture of flour and tests. In the fall of 1983, about October, Plenty did INTSOY
“tokara”–which is tofu and okara curded together. It uses soybean trials on Jamaica, St. Lucia, and Dominica. At the
all the pulp when making tofu; no okara is separated out or same time they were planting their soybean trials, they began
unused. It is whole bean tofu without the okara removed. The to do village soymilk classes in making foods. They would
finished product is somewhat like a fried croquette but it is in hand out ½-lb or 1-lb packets of soybeans and instructions
the form of balls. They have also developed smoked tempeh, to people who showed interest and came forward to talk
which simulates smoked fish. They do a fish spread with about it–which was considerable. A lot of people have tried
tokara. Its amazing to see the different products these people growing soybeans on a small scale. The challenge is to
come up with and like. make soybean cultivation more commercially viable for the
In Guyana, when people were experimenting with farmers. Making the soybeans into soyfoods for sale helps to
soyfoods in the 1960s and 1970s, they developed tokara. make the soybean cultivation more viable. In the Caribbean,
Many talented people left during the rough political period agricultural laborers are paid $1.00 to $1.25 an hour. Plenty
and became part of CARDI, Caribbean Agriculture Research usually pays a little bit above the going rate.
& Development, which is on each of the islands. Plenty is Chuck was in Lesotho at the end of 1984. He received
presently working with 5 groups in Dominica. Plenty calls a letter from a person at Ibadan inviting him to come to
them “food processing kitchens” and they operate on a small Nigeria to teach soyfoods. In Zambia, the government is
commercial basis with about 2-5 people each; they provide publishing a soy agriculture newsletter is being published
paying jobs and good food for people. monthly. One of Plenty’s best agriculturists, Darryl Jordan, is
The biggest commercial success has been on St. Lucia, now in Ethiopia, where he has been for 3 years; he formerly
where they are selling 800 EC a day in Castries. worked in Guatemala with Alan Praskin. Darryl got a job
Plenty started out in 1983/04 and was receiving only with the Catholic Relief Services–the official international
a year of funding at a time–mainly from CIDA (Canadian humanitarian agency of the Catholic community in the
International Development Agency). Plenty has to find 1 United States–coordinating their big agricultural program in
dollar of matching funding for every 3 dollars they get from Ethiopia.
CIDA. It has been geared toward education, agriculture, and The marriage of Farm Foods with Barricini seems to
food processing on Dominica, Jamaica, and St. Lucia. Its have worked out very well. It was a great idea to put those
about helping people to become more independent in many two companies together. Farm Foods knows how to make
ways. Plenty’s programs are, of course, all vegetarian. We the foods and Barricini’s got the money and knows how
need to develop more small-scale technology that is geared to market them. They haven’t compromised their quality.
to the needs of developing countries. Big projects often Robert Tepper is doing an excellent job–taking soy ice
knock hundreds of people out of work. cream mainstream in America. Like Tofutti. Chuck is going

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to Canada after he stops at several other places in the USA. total health food market is in California. The partners have
Norman Ayerst and the group in Toronto is developing a tofu adamantly avoided outside investment.
wiener and they have go the price down almost to the price A photo shows Nissenbaum and Becker both smiling
of meat wieners. and bearded, with a pint of Rice Dream non-dairy ice cream.
INTSOY will be holding a conference next summer on Address: Natural foods cooking teacher.
soybean processing for developing countries. INTSOY has
been forced to discontinue their program of teaching farmers 1135. Del Valle M., Amado. 1987. Re: More on Centro de
overseas how to grow soybeans–which end up competing Soya–the Plenty Soy Project in Guatemala. San Bartolo,
with American soybeans. Solola, Guatemala. 2 p. Typed, with signature. [Eng]
There is a lot of politics in the Caribbean too. Jamaica • Summary: Dear Mr. Shurtleff: Thank you very much for
had this whole program set up to grow their own soybeans your letter dated August 4, 1987. Your viewpoints have been
because they had a soybean crushing plant which used carefully thought over We appreciate them very much and
soybeans imported from Mexico and the United States. The are going to take them into consideration. We don’t want
new prime Minister of Jamaica, Edward Seaga (in office to make the same errors that other projects have made...
from Nov. 1970 to Feb. 1989) has basically shut down the Our project is not a company but rather a fully integrated
agricultural part of the program. “Once you can show people development project. At the moment, we receive financial
a way to support themselves and their families making support (subsidies) from Plenty Canada and will continue
soyfoods or growing soybeans, the idea will spread like to receive them for several more years... Furthermore, the
wildfire.” That is the crying need in developing countries. ice cream that we choose to donate, the project buys from
itself at a small profit margin so as not to lose money... We
1133. Wall Street Journal. 1987. Look out, Paul Newman, feel that’s necessary to promote and educate the public about
Gloria’s back. Aug. 13. p. 23. soyfoods during this stage of our development. We’re doing
• Summary: “Give Gloria Vanderbilt credit for persistence. this promotion from a nutritional point of view and we’re
Burned twice before with fancy chocolates and a frozen tofu not just simply giving away products for the sake of it... We
dessert, the heiress is back in the food business, this time have donated these paletas (ice cream) to children (mainly
with her name and swan logo stamped on bottles of salad orphans) and widows in isolated villages or small isolated
dressing.” communities where we are also teaching the cultivation of
soybeans.
1134. Clark, Kathleen. 1987. And visions of Rice Dreams The booklet was published in October 1988.
dance in their heads. Palo Alto Weekly (California). Aug. 19. “One final note: We successfully cultivated our first
p. 29. batches of tempeh recently. We’re pleased to inform you
• Summary: The origins of Rice Dream, a non-dairy ice that our tempeh turned out wonderful. We’re in the process
cream, date back to 1971 when Robert Nissenbaum, now of contacting various restaurants in order to promote this
president of Imagine Foods, opened a natural foods store in amazing food. We’re also considering creating another
his hometown of St. Louis, Missouri. Even then he could booklet with tempeh recipes adapted to Guatemalan tastes.”
see a growing interest in–and market for–alternatives to Address: Centro de Soya, Apartado Postal 118, Solola, San
dairy products. “Several years later, he joined a small food Bartolo, Guatemala.
manufacturing company named Imagine Foods where he
took charge of amasake (pronounced ah-mah-ZAH-kay) 1136. Holt, John. 1987. Character sketch of Michael Cole
production... Nissenbaum’s amasake beverage sold steadily (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 22. Conducted by William
throughout the Midwest.” Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
“By 1983 Nissenbaum was ready to take amasake one • Summary: John Holt was the first to sell soy ice cream in
step further. ‘I started to work with recipes to make a product England, starting in 1984. Michael Cole was his salesman,
that would have the same creamy texture of ice cream, a then he left and started his own ice cream company. Cole is
product that would be analogous to dairy,’ he says... When a very nice guy, charismatic but he sometimes uses people
the first samples of Rice Dream drew encouraging responses badly and is not too honest. He was a miniguru on the
from distributors and retailers, Nissenbaum recruited his West Coast of the USA, into self help. Dynamic, pushy,
neighbor, Ken Becker, an attorney, and decided to expand accomplishes a lot. Famous and good with money. Wrote a
production in Fayetteville, Arkansas. But after attending book. Address: England.
a 1984 trade show, it became clear that the proposed
Fayetteville plant would not be able to handle the quantities 1137. Holt, John. 1987. Soy ice cream in England and
needed.” In 1985 Imagine Foods found the Peninsula Michael Cole (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 22.
Creamery in Palo Alto, California. Why there? Because Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
rice is grown in Northern California and one-third of the • Summary: John Holt was the first to sell soy ice cream

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in England, starting in 1984. The product was probably “Farm Foods Introduces Ice Bean Bars.” Slated for Oct. 1
named Sojal? Frozen Non-Dairy Dessert. Michael Cole rollout in 3 flavors.
was his salesman, then he left and started his own ice cream
company. 1141. Farm Foods. 1987. Farm Foods moves to Mountain
Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1991. Sept. 16. The Lakes, New Jersey (News release). 409 Old Bloomfield Ave.,
last he heard of John Holt, John was a consultant for some Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. 1 p. Aug.
firm in Coventry, but Neil thinks he is no longer there. • Summary: The new area, not far from Oyster Bay, is much
Neil is absolutely certain that Michael Cole has never been more pleasant and the rents are lower. Address: Mountain
involved with John Holt. Neil thinks that Michael Cole’s Lakes, New Jersey.
first involvement with soyfoods in the UK was with Soya
Health Foods (Sunrise). Sojal was the first ice cream to 1142. Food Herald (Dallas, Texas). 1987. Cheater’s Delite
be sweetened with honey; it is now Haldane Foods brand comes afloat. Aug.
because John’s tofu company was purchased by Brian • Summary: On May 26 three million Diet Coke bottles hit
Welsby of Haldane Foods, before it was purchased by British store shelves with details of the Cheater’s Delite Caribbean
Arkady. Address: England. Cruise sweepstakes and a recipe for the 91-calorie Cheater’s
Delite float, a glass of diet Coke and a scoop of Tofutti.
1138. Belsky, Gary. 1987. Tofutti trims to fatten up lean There followed 5 weeks of heavy radio advertising in the
earnings. Crain’s New York Business. Aug. 31. p. 7. tri-state area (Metro New York, Northern New Jersey, and
• Summary: Tofutti brands is hoping that low-calorie Lite Connecticut).
Lite Tofutti will put an end to an 18-month sales slide and
help “rebuild what was once one of the hottest companies in 1143. Product Name: Aurora Delight (Tofu Ice Cream)
the capricious fad-food market... After a period of dynamic [Vanilla Almond, Cherry Amaretto, Chocolate Truffle,
growth fueled by consumer perceptions–false ones–that Peanut Butter, Caffe Jamaica]. Formerly named Island
non-dairy Tofutti was in some way healthier than ice cream, Spring Frozen Tofu Dessert.
the company began a slide that resulted in losses for 1986.” Manufacturer’s Name: Island Spring, Inc.
Recently the company began to distribute a non-dairy Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 747, Vashon, WA
cheesecake in New York. Response is said to be “excellent.” 98070. Phone: 206-622-6448.
Date of Introduction: 1987. August.
1139. Product Name: Tofulite Bars (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Ingredients: Vanilla almond: Water, organic tofu (water,
Cream Novelty) [Chocolate-Covered Vanilla, Chocolate, or soybeans, organically grown and processed in accordance
Strawberry]. with section 26569.11 of the Calif. health and safety code,
Manufacturer’s Name: Barricini Foods Inc. calcium sulfate); high fructose corn sweeteners, lightly salted
Manufacturer’s Address: 68 West Main St., Oyster Bay, roasted almonds, corn oil, natural unsalted almond butter,
NY 11771. pure vanilla, vegetable gums (guar gum, carrageenan).
Date of Introduction: 1987. August. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 8 pints per case.
How Stored: Frozen. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: News release. 1987. April Nutrition: Vanilla almond: Per 4 fl. oz.: Calories 260,
30. The company plans to release this new line of novelties protein 4 gm, carbohydrates 27 gm, vegetable fat 15 gm,
in the summer of 1987. 3.25 oz each, 4 bars per box. This is sodium 70 mg, calcium 47 mg. No cholesterol or lactose.
the first product diversification for Tofulite other than flavors. New Product–Documentation: Island Spring Inc. Fact
News release. 1987. Aug. “Tofulite adds premium dark Sheet and Price List. 1988. Brochure. 1988. Frozen Assets!
chocolate dipped bars to non-dairy frozen dessert line.” Spot “There’s no product like it–The premium dessert that stands
in Food Engineering. Oct. alone–cholesterol free, low sodium & all natural. Aurora
Delight.” Gives photo of package plus ingredients and
1140. Product Name: Ice Bean Bar (Non-Dairy Frozen nutritional information for each flavor. “Here’s to healthy
Dessert on a Stick) [Carob Coated Honey Vanilla, Carob self-indulgence.” Note: The name was changed to this name
Coated Peanut Butter, or Chocolate Coated Chocolate]. from Island Spring Tofu Frozen Dessert in Aug. 1987.
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Div. of Barricini
Foods Inc. 1144. McSweeney, Daniel. 1987. Consumer survey 1987.
Manufacturer’s Address: 49 Old Bloomfield Ave., Whole Foods. Aug. p. 25-29.
Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. • Summary: Percentage of 600 natural foods consumers
Date of Introduction: 1987. August. surveyed who purchased a certain type of soyfood product
How Stored: Frozen. during the years 1985, 1986, 1987. NA = Not Available.
New Product–Documentation: News release. 1987. Aug. Tofu: NA, 85.1%, 83.4%. Miso: 50.0%, 71.1%, 69.7%.

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Soymilk: NA, 40.4%, 54.4%. Nondairy Frozen Desserts: He says to himself: “Kicking and screaming will the foolish
37.6%, 44.6%, 46.0%. be dragged into the 21st century.”
Note: Tofutti was becoming popular nationwide at about
1145. Product Name: Ice Cream [Chocolate, Banana, this time.
Pineapple].
Manufacturer’s Name: Plenty Canada Soya Utilization 1149. Tofu Time Inc. 1987. New trademarks: Tease Cake.
Project. Official Gazette Trademarks (Washington, DC). Sept. 15.
Manufacturer’s Address: 88A Kotugodella Vidiya (Postal • Summary: Filed 6 Feb. 1987. The class is Staple Foods.
Box 95), Kandy, Sri Lanka. Address: Rahway, New Jersey.
Date of Introduction: 1987. August.
Ingredients: Soya milk, corn oil, sugar, vanilla, salt. Plus 1150. Purdy, Penelope. 1987. Tofu treat a marketing
chocolate powder, or fresh pineapple and pineapple essence, challenge: Tofruzen cuts calories, cholesterol. Denver Post
or fresh bananas. (Colorado). Sept. 16.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Sold in plastic tubs to eat in or • Summary: A. Jay Boisdrenghien (pronounced like “boys
take out. Rs. 4/- each. drinkin”) is the founder of Tofruzen, Inc. an Englewood,
New Product–Documentation: Form filled out by Jane Colorado, firm that developed and markets Tofruzen, a non-
Gleason. On 23 March 1988 she visited the Plenty Canada dairy frozen dessert made from tofu. The company went
Soya Food Centre. For details see Chocolate Milk (Aug. public in December 1986. Tofruzen, which comes in 8 pint
1987). flavors and 3 types of chocolate covered bars, is sold by
about 1,200 supermarkets. 90% of the company’s products
1146. Vegetarian Times. 1987. They call it “Cheater’s Delite” are made by White Wave in Boulder and 10% by Robinson
but natural food advocates could probably come up with a Dairy and Jackson Ice Cream in Denver. Boisdrenghien
few names of their own. Aug. p. 64. has owned Scientfoods, a specialty grocery in Englewood,
• Summary: “Cheater’s Delite” is a joint promotion featuring since 1971. Sales of Tofruzen were $91,000 in fiscal 1986
the unique 91-calorie combination of a 90-calorie scoop of and $158,000 in 1987 (ending March 31). The first quarter
Lite Lite Tofutti and a 1-calorie glass of Diet Coke. A photo of fiscal 1988 showed sales of $213,000. In mid-August
shows a bottle of Diet Coke, a carton of Lite Lite Tofutti, the Tofruzen settled a lawsuit with Frusen Gladje Ltd., which
combination in a tall glass, and the program logo. sued Tofruzen Inc. for infringing on its trademark. A photo
shows Jay Boisdrenghien and Steve Levy with their tofu
1147. Daily News (New York, NY). 1987. What’s new: Tofutti treats. Address: Colorado.
Consumer Nutrition Center Nutrition Hotline. Sept. 2. Based
on a widely published news release. 1151. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc. and
• Summary: The company has established a nutrition hotline. Aur-Mark Holdings Co. Ltd. announce a “master developer”
A qualified nutritionist will answer consumer questions agreement for Canada (News release). 136 East 57th St.,
about such issues as cholesterol, lactose-free, and low-calorie New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Sept. 21.
foods. Dial 1-800-225-0332. Tofutti Brands Inc. is “maker of • Summary: Aur-Mark, a newly formed food and beverage
the first non-dairy frozen confection made with tofu.” distributor in Toronto, Canada, will become the exclusive
manufacturer, distributor, and Master Franchisee for
1148. Washington Post Co.–Syndicated. 1987. Bloom Tofutti Brands products in Canada. This agreement, which
County (Cartoon). Sept. 7. commenced on 30 June 1987, is expected to generate
• Summary: This 4-part cartoon begins with Steve Dallas $300,000 to $500,000 in additional revenues in fiscal 1988.
(punk lawyer) sitting on a low stone wall, wearing a necktie, Address: New York.
with a cigarette hanging out of one side of his mouth. Oliver
(the little black computer nerd with big glasses) walks up 1152. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc.
atop the wall (so their heads are at the same height), holding and Coca Cola bottling companies expand Cheater’s Delite
two ice cream cones. Steve: “Did ya get me ‘Pistachio Nut’ program (News release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY
like I told ya?” Oliver: Steve... I have an improvement over 10022. 2 p. Sept. 21.
ice cream.” • Summary: Tofutti Brands Inc. (AMEX Symbol: TOF)
Facing Steve, Oliver continues: “On the right, fresh announced today “the expansion of its ‘Cheater’s Delite’
frozen yogurt. On the left, cold creamy tofu.” program into six more markets this fall following its success
Oliver: “I have seen the future of frozen dessert... and it of the summer program in the New York Metropolitan area.
is yeast culture and bean curd. ‘Cheater’s Delite,’ a joint promotion between Tofutti Brands
In the last frame Oliver has one ice cream cone smashed Inc. and regional Coca-Cola bottling companies, features a
into his face and the other squashed down on top of his head. unique 91-calorie combination of a 90-calorie scoop of Lite

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Lite Tofutti and a 1-calorie glass of Diet Coke. from the Wharton School of Business [at the Univ. of
“Included in the ‘Cheater’s Delite’ program are a Pennsylvania in Philadelphia]. Carib farmers are now selling
Caribbean Cruise sweepstakes, Lite Lite Tofutti coupons, soybeans to the Plenty Soy Center in Roseau, Dominica’s
and the Cheater’s Delite float recipe featured on the labels of capital. Each week the Center produces 100 lb of tofu, 25 lb
millions of Diet Coke two-liter plastic bottles. The promotion of soysage, 20 lb of tempeh, 30-50 gallons of soy ice cream,
will be supported by newspaper and radio advertisements. and 30-40 gallons of soymilk. Most of these soyfoods are
“The “Cheater’s Delite” program is running in Detroit, sold through two co-ops that are managed by Plenty-trained
Philadelphia and Hawaii during August and September, with Dominican staffs: the Ebeneezer Women’s Co-op in Marigot
Seattle, Cleveland, and Akron (Ohio) scheduled to begin in and the Kairi Soy Co-op on the outskirts of Roseau.
October.” Address: New York. At the Soy Development Center in Roseau, Plenty
Canada offers 2 six-week classes each year in home, village,
1153. Herner, Elise. 1987. Consumers’ love affair with ice or small industrial scale soyfoods processing. The staff also
cream continues. Dairy Field. Sept. p. 24, 87. conducts two 16-hour training courses on other parts of the
• Summary: According to The Frozen Novelties Market, a island mainly for home preparation of soyfoods. Fifteen
study released in March 1987 by Find/SVP, retail sales for farmers are growing ¼ acre each of soybeans. In Jamaica,
ice cream and related products for 1986 was estimated to Country Farmhouse Lifeline, a soyfoods production center in
be as high as $8,500 million, largely due to the growth of Kingston, makes 150 lb/week of tofu.
superpremium ice cream and frozen novelties. David Mintz,
CEO of Tofutti Brands, points out that 80% of men in the 1156. Saegusa, Kyoko. 1987. Tônyû to amazake de tsukuru
U.S. have a cholesterol problem. Lite Lite Tofutti has only 90 hyôka roisu kuriimu [Royce Cream frozen dessert made with
calories per 4 oz serving. soymilk and amazake]. Gendai Nogyo (Modern Agriculture).
Sept. p. 106-10. [Jap]
1154. Jain, Laxmi; Jain, Manoj. 1987. Indian soy cuisine: • Summary: Kyoko and her American husband, who live in
A delicious and nutritious innovation. American Soybean Tempe, Arizona, use soymilk, amazake (which they make
Assoc., 541, Orchard Road #11-03 Liat Towers, Singapore from Cold Mountain koji), tofu, and various flavorings to
0923. 48 p. 21 cm. make what they call Royce (Rice + Soy + Ice) Cream frozen
• Summary: Contents: Introduction. Basic soy preparations dessert for use at home. She also makes yuba. One of the
(soy flour, milk, soy paste, soy yogurt, tofu). Soy appetizers. longest articles seen up to this time on amazake. Contains
Soy vegetables and pulses (many tofu recipes). Soy breads three pages with 11 color photos showing how to make
and rice. Soy raitas, chutneys and salads. Soy desserts. Soy amazake and soymilk. Letter from Kyoko Saegusa. 1988.
drinks and ice cream. March 21. Her current address: 2040 S. Forest Ave., Tempe,
Biography–”Mrs. Laxmi Jain, a native of India, has AZ 85282. Phone shown above. Address: 2025 S. Forest
lived in the Boston area for the past 18 years. She has been Ave. #3, Tempe, Arizona 85282. Phone: 602-966-8397.
actively promoting the use of soybean in the diet in India
and America. She has developed original recipes, and 1157. Product Name: Sharon’s Finest Dry Tofu Frozen
has lectured and given demonstrations with the Oil Seed Dessert Mix (Formerly Concentrate Plus+).
Federation in India. Her recipes have been published in local Manufacturer’s Name: Sharon’s Finest. Div. of Rose
newspapers in both the U.S. and India. Note that this book International (Product Developer-Marketer).
was published by the American Soybean Association. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma, CA
“Mr. Manoj Jain is a medical student at Boston 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721.
University, and is also working on his Masters in Public Date of Introduction: 1987. September.
Health. He has a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering. Mr. Jain Ingredients: Spray-dried tofu, corn syrup solids, vegetable
also received a Smithkline Beckman Fellowship to research gums.
the possible uses of soy foods in the Indian diet. With his Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Industrial packing.
mother, Mrs. Laxmi Jain, Mr. Jain has developed numerous How Stored: Shelf stable.
recipes and analyzed them for their nutritional content and New Product–Documentation: Talk with Richard Rose.
delicious taste.” Address: Boston, Massachusetts. 1988. Feb. 15.

1155. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1987. 1158. Product Name: Sharon’s Finest Heart’s Delight (Dry
Business school grads help build soy dairy in the Caribbean. Dairy-Based Frozen Yogurt Mix).
3(3):1-4. Sept. Manufacturer’s Name: Sharon’s Finest. Div. of Rose
• Summary: A food processing kitchen and soy cafe was International (Product Developer-Marketer).
constructed on the northeast coast of Dominica on the Carib Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma, CA
Indian Reserve by locals with help from 8 MBA volunteers 94953-2687.

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Date of Introduction: 1987. September. business was frozen egg whites and dried eggs. Now they are
Ingredients: Dairy products. affiliated with a Chinese company in Shanghai.
How Stored: Shelf stable. “At first we made some meat analogs for our
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Richard Rose. missionaries all over China. We went down to the Buddhist
1987. Nov. 13. This product is sold direct to the user. It is restaurant (I spent an awful lot of time down there) and we
a dairy product containing no soy. The main ingredient is made gluten steaks that also contained tofu. Product name
sugar. was ‘Min-Jing.’ My mother came back to the US for a
vacation. While she was at the Washington Sanitarium and
1159. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc. Hospital, the business manager asked her if she could help
enters Australia via licensing agreement with Zabbar Pty. Ltd them make a new meat analog. They served it at the hospital.
(News release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 1 p. They had a little food processing plant there, and they started
Oct. 2. to make them there and can them. She showed them how
• Summary: Zabbar signed a licensing agreement to become to make the tofu. This happened in 1934-35. Ed Meisler or
the exclusive manufacturer and distributor of Tofutti Misler (pron. MAI-zler) came out and specialized in making
nondairy frozen desserts in Australia. This is part of Tofutti meat analogs. We also had a pure gluten analog with no tofu.
Brands’ expansion into overseas markets. Address: New By adding tofu we got a better grain and elasticity and it was
York. a better vehicle for certain flavors.
“Also we took yuba, rolled it, added flavoring (duck,
1160. Restaurants and Institutions. 1987. 1987 growth chicken, 2 or 3 flavors), cooked it in HVP. We were not
chains: The Tofutti Shop. Oct. 14. p. 52. selling these as products. They were mostly for Sanitarium
• Summary: The Tofutti Shop franchise projects sales of $2.5 use. Diet is the biggest problem that any hospital had in
million in 1987 with 4 units in operation by year end. The East Asia. My father brought out two top chefs to develop
company-owned unit is located in New York City. The single a dietary for our hospitals. We finally had 16 hospitals in
existing franchise unit is in Teaneck, New Jersey. Annual China.
sales per unit are $500,000 to $750,000. Checks average “We also made Nut-Mete (Dark or Light) from peanuts
$2.75. The fee is $25,000 with 5% royalties. The company and starch, adopted from Battle Creek. That’s about it for
spends 5% of sales on advertising. Franchise deals for Shanghai meat analogs.
Germany, Canada, and several Scandinavian countries are “I used to know Jethro Kloss. I used to play with
pending. The Soviet Union is showing interest in a Tofutti his boys. I am not sure whether or not he ever had a
Shop. Address: Des Plaines, Illinois. company making commercial soy products. But I think
in Pennsylvania some place he did have. Not on a big
1161. Miller, Harry, Jr. 1987. Early work with soyfoods in scale. Maybe kitchen type. I think his products were not
China. Current work with Miller Farms Food Co. and Solait commercial. I know he did not have a food processing
(Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods plant in Takoma. He had a couple of kids in Washington
Center, Oct. 15. 2 p. transcript. [1 ref] Missionary College.
• Summary: He is now writing a book on his lifelong work “I don’t like the name Willis. The kids at school used to
with soyfoods around the world. Note: Unfortunately (as of pronounce it like ‘Will Ass.’ Now everybody calls me ‘Harry
Aug. 2013), that book was never published and apparently Junior.’ My son is Harry III.” Willis always calls his father
even the location of the manuscript is unknown. Dr. Miller. I promise to do it this way.
“The Shanghai company was named Vetose Nutritional “I’m working with a woman writer. We’re going to
Laboratories. Its main products were soymilk, called ‘Vetose bring out a book like China Doctor. I’ve started to work on
Soya Milk.’ On the bottle the name was printed only on the it. Dad and the older folks would go to restaurants, but the
tops. Glass blowers blew the milk bottles in Shanghai. The chefs were guarded and would not reveal their recipes. The
tops were a wide mouth Crown closure that went on a milk next day I’d go down, a kid of just l2 years old. They called
bottle. The only flavor we had was the ‘Acidophilus Vetose.’ me Hsiao Mi Lai meaning ‘small rice.’ My father’s name in
“The soymilk ice cream was only made for the staff Chinese meant ‘Rice.’” Willis is dictating it. He has now got
and patients at our institutions, the Shanghai Sanitarium and stuff down on paper. Ivan is doing the work. “It will probably
Hospital, and the Shanghai Sanitarium Clinic down town. It be out early summer next year. Its mainly about my work
wasn’t for sale, and wasn’t advertised; we just called it ‘Soy with soy.”
Ice Cream.’ We just had it for parties etc. at the hospital. “You see what happened, Bill. Most of Dad’s time
The Henningsen Produce Co. in Shanghai had a big ice was spent with his medical work. But he was so interested
cream plant; they used to make it for us at that time. Now in this that when I finished my pre-medical work he said,
they are in White Plains, New York (Phone 914-694-1000). `Son, I think you better stay on foods.’ That’s what I
They have an R&D plant in Omaha, Nebraska. Their biggest followed. I was at SDA colleges: EMC = Andrews Univ.

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for l year then Washington Missionary College for 1 year have traveled the world, visiting every potential customer,
then La Sierra College. I finished at Atlantic Union College. and sold four soymilk plants. What major changes or trends
All undergraduate. Did some mechanical drawing and have you seen in the world soymilk market during that time?
engineering too. Dad would tell me what he wanted. I “STS: You must look at one region at a time. In the
worked out the formulas, made the machinery to do it, and United States there is definitely an increased interest in and
his work was primarily gathering information in the field. I awareness of soymilk. Soyfoods are relatively well known.
followed up and did the detailed work. In Europe there has been a big increase in the number of
“I have a 4-foot long box of papers of our enquiries about soymilk from all countries. The number of
correspondence, on all these little plants he put in. He would larger companies that have contacted us has also increased.
ask me to design it. I would, and send him the designs. “Africa is still a dark continent as far as soymilk goes,
“I’m now living in Cedar Falls.” Note: In an apartment? with the possible exception of Nigeria, where we have a
Where is the 4-foot file? number of quotations pending, awaiting approval for foreign
“We’ve had a marvelous reception for Solait. It is currency. This could take time.
powdered only. Just the natural flavor. We demoed it to “Looking at Asia, in India there was almost a frenzy of
Worthington and Loma Linda. Sold lots at Adventist Camp interest several years ago and we still get enquiries every
Meetings. We’re working on an ice cream dry mix, but it’s week. The government gave permission to build many
not perfect yet. We make Solait from soybean, corn oil, rice new soybean crushing plants. Soybean production is now
syrup, and a touch of sea salt. No stabilizers or artificial over a million tons, and it is still not enough. So the price
flavors. of soybeans is rising, which raises soymilk prices. But I’m
Willis will send Soyfoods Center Solait and a label. “Its not as optimistic about the future of soymilk in India today
been on the market now for about 4 months. It’s a Miller as I was 6 months ago. India’s first major soymilk plant,
Farm Foods product.” established by the Noble Soya House group in Bhopal, has
Follow-up: Call Bob Fisher. Encourage the book. Please not been as successful as everyone had hoped it would be.
send a label. What was the introduction date of Solait. Ask Two of India’s best known companies, the Great Eastern
him: Where is the 4 foot file of papers? Address: c/o Miller Shipping Company (also called the Bhiwandiwalla Group)
Farms Food Co., Cedar Falls, Iowa. and Godrej, backed the new company, which greatly
bolstered public confidence in the project. Each owned
1162. Dagnoli, Judann. 1987. Tofutti spreads reach into 24% of the private limited company and the rest was
Canada, Australia. Finland is next target. Advertising Age. publicly owned. Great Eastern provided financing and put
Oct. 19. a number of their very best people in the top management
• Summary: According to Steven Kass, chief financial positions. Godrej, which is the marketing company in
officer, Zabbar Pty Ltd. is the Tofutti distributor in India par excellence, provided distribution and marketing.
Australia, and Aur-Mark Holdings is the master developer They specialize in soaps. Alfa-Laval supplied the plant and
and distributor in Canada. Canada has high per capita Kibun sold their technology know how. Production began
consumption of ice cream. New products include Tofutti in January 1987 and it had all the signs of being a very, very
Frutti (frozen dessert on a stick), Better than Cheesecake good project. Their soymilk, named Noble House Great
(cheeseless cheesecake), and Egg Watchers. They are Shake, comes in four flavors (chocolate, strawberry, mango,
trying to expand into areas besides dessert. The northeast is and American ice cream flavor, basically a vanilla) in 200 ml
Tofutti’s strongest market both because of its high per capita Tetra Brik cartons. I have heard it said that the products were
consumption of ice cream and its high percentage of Jewish not well formulated, the timing was poor, the prices were too
population who keep kosher. In the U.S. Ketchum/Hicks high, and the products were marketed as a clearly Western-
& Greist, New York, handles Tofutti Brands’ estimated $3 style of foreign product. The project got lots of big media
million ad budget. Kass said that the drop in 1986 sales was publicity, but much of it was not favorable, we are sorry to
due mainly to increasing competition in the crowded frozen say. Today the plant runs only about 2 hours a day.
novelty category. Address: Chicago, Illinois. “We have sold a plant to Amrit Soya and Protein Foods
Ltd., owned by the Amrit Company, an old company. They
1163. Lindner, Anders. 1987. The world soymilk market and are in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, on the outskirts of New
Soya Technology Systems (STS) (Interview). Conducted Delhi and are expected to start production in mid-l988. This
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Oct. 21. 7 p. will be India’s largest soymilk plant with a capacity of 6,000
transcript. liters/hour.
• Summary: “On 21 Oct. l987 Anders Lindner, on a trip of “Back to Asia, when we established STS we located
the USA, visited the Soyfoods Center (SC). The following ourselves in Southeast Asia, thinking that with the large
interview was conducted by William Shurtleff. consumption of soybean drinks there it would be quite
“SC: STS started five years ago, and in that time you simple to sell plants to make soybean milk as well. But that

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has not been the case. I find the food processing companies Tominaga. Mitsubishi competed with us selling systems in
there extremely conservative. Our strategy now is to show India and Nepal. Takai never seems to be in competition with
the companies in East Asia that our concept works in the us. Vandemoortele is no longer supplying systems, though
USA and Europe. the huge plant they built in Ambatolampy, Madagascar
“China has been a disappointment. They seemed to be (35 million liters/year capacity) is still in operation. The
more interested in soymilk plants a few years ago. company, Lalasoa SA (Societe Anonym) is run by a woman
“So generally speaking, the climate has gotten better, named Regina.
especially in Europe and the United States. “SC: Could you tell us a little about the four plants that
“SC: Has your strategy or basic approach for selling you have sold?
STS soymilk plants changed during this period? “STS: Our biggest and most successful plant was sold
“STS: Yes, it is changing now. We are expanding our to De-Vau-Ge, a Seventh-day Adventist food company
product range by offering processes for other soymilk-based in Lueneburg (near Hamburg), Germany. They started
foods. Formerly we thought of ourselves as selling primarily production in August 1985 and make Granose and Granovita
liquid soymilk. Now we are offering process lines for tofu, brands soymilk, sold mainly in the UK and West Germany,
ice cream, dressings, dips, spreads and other dairy analogs, but also in Scandinavia and France. The plant is running
plus what we call ‘semi-products.’ These are non-consumer, at full capacity, which is 3,000 liters per hour of soymilk
industrial food type products such as concentrated soymilk base (4.7% protein). This is 4,000 liters per hour of finished
or curds for use as ingredients by food processors. We are soymilk (3.5% protein), or 50,000 liters a day. They currently
investing in R&D on these. I think we will find new uses for only make two products. Labels for the UK market read
our soymilk base, including new ways of making traditional Granose Soya Milk (4 flavors) and Granose Soya Dessert (3
products, dairy analogs, powdered products, and truly new flavors of custard puddings gelled with natural carrageenan,
products. a seaweed extract). Both products are packed in half liter
“SC: Have you made any major technological or liter aseptic Tetra Brik cartons. The plant is doing very
developments? well, selling all it can make. This is the only one of the
“STS: Yes. we are now offering an ultrafiltration four that has started operation. we have also sold a plant
system as part of our soymilk system. This is an to Island Spring (Vashon, WA), which may be the next to
important technological innovation. It allows you to start production. The capacity is also 3,000 liters/hour of
concentrate soymilk by removing water without adding soymilk base. Amrit in India should be in production by mid-
heat (thus preserving the good flavor of the product) or 1988. Their plant has the same basic capacity as the plant in
to remove certain components from the soymilk, such Germany, but since their soymilk will contain only 2.25%
as oligosaccharides or perhaps trypsin inhibitors or protein, the actual output will be 6,000 liters per hour which
lipoxygenase enzymes, using membranes. More important, is larger than Germany. They will make both beverages
it can help in automating tofu production. The soymilk base and foods, mainly a panir type cheese. The beverages will
goes into the ultrafiltration plant, where it is concentrated. contain Indian flavorings.” (Continued). Address: STS,
Coagulant is injected into the line and mixed. Rectangular Singapore.
cakes of tofu are chopped off as they come out the exit
end. Luke Lukoskie at Island Spring has been a pioneer 1164. Rose, Richard. 1987. Re: Personal observations on
in developing these processes using a pilot plant, with an soyfoods at Natural Foods Expo in Philadelphia. Letter to
ultrafiltration unit, that we loaned him. This technology William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Oct. 28. 1 p. Typed,
seems to have a very promising future for processing with signature on letterhead.
soymilk in the West, and for making soya panir (fresh curds) • Summary: Show trends: Many new companies introducing
in India. There is not enough cow’s milk in India to go many new soyfoods, some very high quality in concept and
around, and most of it is sold in the cities. I think soya panir execution. Established soy companies now entering such
will undersell dairy panir in India. as Miller Farms and Witte / White Wonder. The Soyfoods
“SC: Which company do you feel is your strongest Pavilion seemed to have less both space and be more spread
competitor? out. The only Legume product at the show was the tofu
“STS: Our main competitor everywhere is Alfa-Laval. chocolate bar (will the Barat Bar save Legume?). Tomsun
After that, but much less, some of the Japanese companies Foods did not have a booth. Ice Bean was the only soy
such as Marusan-Seikensha and Mitsubishi. Given that we frozen dessert there. A proliferation of soy cheeses, aseptic
had just installed the largest soymilk plant in the Western soymilks, glass-packed spreads, meat analogs. Nasoya will
world for De-Vau-Ge in Germany, I was surprised to note be making Simply Natural’s tofu/miso spread for them;
that Eden Foods in America chose Marusan-Seikensha it has just been patented. Simply Natural’s tofu cheese is
without ever contacting us at all. Marusan seems to have now called Soyalite, and their pasta is Pasta Lite. Little-
only one English speaking person in the entire company, Mr. seen regional companies were there, including Michele’s

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and Northern Soy. Paul Obis adds: Many at the show were uses. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 64(10):1369,
lamenting the apparent failure of Jofu. They have spent all 1372-79. Oct.
their money. • Summary: Value-added products and soybean varieties
The Rose International letterhead states: EasyLink tailored to produce specific end products are among the
Mailbox 62978515. Telex 990027 (Rose Intl UQ). Address: promising developments envisioned to expand markets
President, Rose International, P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma, for U.S. soybeans. Keith Smith, staff vice president of
California 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721. research for the American Soybean Association (ASA) said,
“Aquaculture–raising fish such as shrimp, catfish and trout–is
1165. Tepper, Robert. 1987. Re: Move to New Jersey, a growing industry in the U.S. and abroad.” Smith went on to
Tofulite yogurt and sandwiches, when was Ice Bean first say that the switch from mainly production research to more
produced? Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, utilization research occurred eight to nine years ago, and that
Oct. 31. 1 p. 60% of ASA’s total research money in the past 6 years has
• Summary: Both Barricini and Farm Foods (6 families) gone for utilization research.
moved out of New York, where taxes and cost of living were Genetic research is working to improve the fatty acid
too high. They are now 45 miles away in a pretty setting. Ice content of soybean oil. Work is also under way to develop
Bean is sold to the health food trade and Tofulite (containing a quick, low-cost method to determine oil and protein
sugar) to the grocery trade. The yogurt, Tofulite with Active content. Other work includes trying to lower levels of
Cultures, is a fermented product, but is not yet on the linolenic acid in the oil. At Purdue Univ. in Indiana, research
market. It has sugar added for best taste and will be sold to geneticist Niels Nielsen of the USDA’s Agricultural Research
the grocery trade. Ice Bean may later do a honey sweetened Service (ARS) is trying to develop soybean lines free of
variety for the health foods trade. Tofulite is now available lipoxygenase enzymes. Soymilk and flours produced from
in bars, the first product expansion other than flavors. Ice the new seeds are rated significantly better in flavor and
Bean’s Honey Vanilla Sandwich now outsells any pint flavor. aroma. Professor Nielsen and his research group are trying
Tepper is not certain that Ice Bean was first produced in to “improve the nutritional quality of the major soy storage
1975. [Shurtleff is quite sure it was 1976]. The first invoice proteins by increasing sulfur amino acid content.” He noted
was from Rock Island, the distributor. Address: 49 Old that the methodology has resulted in doubling and tripling
Bloomfield Ave., Mountain Lakes, New Jersey 07046. the methionine content. At the University of Kentucky,
David Hildebrand is also working on genetic engineering of
1166. East West Journal. comp. 1987. Shopper’s guide soybeans.
to natural foods. Garden City Park, New York: Avery Brazil, the second largest producer of soybeans, has
Publishing Group. x + 204 p. Illust. Index. 28 cm. [66* ref] evolved as the largest exporter of soybean meal and oil. The
• Summary: The book from the editors of the East West other top producers are China, in third place; Argentina,
Journal is mainly a series of articles published in East West in fourth; and India, which recently made the top five.
Journal or special articles by individual authors. Contents: Indonesia is in 6th. Italy’s production has grown substantially
1. Introduction to natural foods. 2. Grains. 3. Breads, pastas in recent years to make it the most important soybean-
& seitan. 4. Vegetables. 5. Sea vegetables. 6. Labeling producing area in Europe. Other European producers include
and standards. 7. Fruits. 8. Seeds & nuts. 9. Beans (incl. France and Spain. According to Oil World Annual published
tofu, tempeh, miso, azuki). 10. Beverages. 11. Condiments by ISTA Mielke, West Germany, the top 10 soybean oil
(incl. tamari, shoyu, vinegar, salt, umeboshi). 12. Cooking producers for 1986/87 (in tonnes) were the following: U.S.
ingredients. 13. Pressure cookers. Address: New York; 5,430,000; Brazil 2,538,000; Argentina 780,000; Japan
Massachusetts. 715,000; China 679,000; West Germany 521,000; The
Netherlands 488,000; Spain 421,000; Italy 350,000; and
1167. Food Industry Advisor (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania). Mexico 336,000.
1987. Successful Tofutti Cheater’s Delite promo rolls out to ANPA (American Newspaper Publisher’s Association)
6 new markets. Oct. began seeking alternative sources to petroleum for ink seven
• Summary: Due to its New York success, “Cheater’s years ago due to problems with petroleum supplies. Four
Delite,” a joint promotion featuring the unique 91-calorie years ago, with fluctuations in supplies and price, ANPA
combination of a 90-calorie scoop of Lite Lite Tofutti and began considering the use of soybean oil ink. ANPA has filed
a 1-calorie glass of Diet Coke is being rolled out to Detroit, a soy ink patent application and has begun licensing major
Michigan; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Hawaii; Seattle, ink manufacturers to make it. The first ink manufacturer
Washington; Cleveland, and Akron (Ohio). The program to produce the ink, colored and black, is General Printing
includes a Caribbean cruise sweepstakes. Ink, a division of Sun Chemical Corp., located in Carlstadt,
New Jersey. One advantage of soy oil ink is that it is
1168. Haumann, Barbara. 1987. Expanding soybean markets, environmentally nonhazardous, which could reduce waste

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disposal problems. It also eliminates dependence on over the top of buckets of tofu, presses, and boxes used to
petroleum. There is less “ruboff” and the same amount of ink deliver our little Chinese fish cartons of tofu, stacked up so
will print more pages. One drawback is that black ink made high we couldn’t see out the window. It was chaotic. We
from soybean oil costs more than traditional black ink. Oil were making money and business was booming, but we were
content in newspaper ink averages about 70%. only paying ourselves $1.42 and hour.”
In the March 4, 1987 Federal Register, the U.S. Federal On 28-30 July 1978 a meeting of tofu manufacturers
Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) ruled that soybean and other from across the USA was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The
edible oils may be used to control grain dust in elevators. meeting was organized by Steve Fiering, Jerry MacKinnon
A U.S. Patent, licensed to Industrial Fumigant Co., is held (plus coworkers at The Soy Plant) and Bill Shurtleff,
jointly by Harold N. Barham and Harold N. Barham Jr. of and hosted by The Soy Plant. Steve attended this historic
Seed Technology of Texas. The patent was filed in 1978. meeting, and ended up rooming with Tom Timmins, head of
Kinsella, director of the Institute of Food Science at Cornell the New England Soy Dairy. “I thought I was rooming with
Univ. said that another research interest was in the area of one of the idols of the industry. Just by virtue of association,
omega-3 fatty acids. It may desirable to develop soybean I was going to do well.” At this meeting the Soycrafters
cultivars with high omega-3 fatty acid levels. John W. Association of North America (SANA) was established,
Erdman Jr. of the Univ. of Illinois’ Dep. of Food Science and with Larry Needleman as executive director of the new trade
co-worker Angela Poneros want to nail down the factors that association. Steve was elected to be one of six members of
lower zinc bioavailability. He said, “We want to find out why SANA’s steering committee. Various photos of the meeting
this happens and if we can increase it.” show Steve, with long hair and mustache, leading and
Meanwhile, at INTSOY, team member Sing-Wood Yeh participating in the discussions. A yellow lined sheet titled
and others are working in the field of soybean dairy analogs. “Tofu Sales” was circulated to all attendees; Steve wrote that
Tofulicious, a non-dairy frozen dessert, was developed White Wave was making medium-firm bulk and packaged
through research coordinated by University of Minnesota tofu, which wholesaled for $0.65 and $0.74 per pound, f.o.b.
food scientist William Breene and funded by the Minnesota plant. Several days after the Ann Arbor meeting, William
Soybean Research and Promotion Council. Abroad, ASA Shurtleff and Wataru Takai visited Demos, and saw how
has been promoting soy-fortified foods. For instance, in he made tofu at his tiny shop on Pearl St. in Boulder. They
Venezuela three years ago, ASA launched an education sampled and enjoyed the various creative offerings in the
program for consumer groups and government agencies on deli, and Shurtleff took home a label from each product.
the benefits of soy protein. As a result, soy-fortified foods are At Walnut Street: In September 1978, after just a year at
available in Venezuela’s major supermarkets, and demand Pearl Street, the tofu company had long since outgrown its
for soy protein has increased to more than 48,000 pounds per minuscule ‘back room’ space. So manufacturing operations
month. were moved to a 3,000 square feet converted warehouse at
Soybean researchers are also working on standardization 3869 Walnut Street. It felt like they had moved into a castle,
of NIR (near-infrared spectroscopy) as a measure of protein with ten times as much space. Now there was great pressure
and oil content in soybeans. NIR already is successfully to expand the business to use up the extra space. The
used to measure grain and forage composition. If NIR were company began to make new products (such as tempeh, ice
adopted as a standard by the industry, soybeans eventually cream, and new deli foods) and look for new markets.
could be purchased based on protein and oil content. The deli remained at Pearl Street, and was given a
new name, The Cow of China (a term from The Book of
1169. Shurtleff, William. 1987. History of White Wave, Tofu). The name “White Wave” was reserved for the tofu
Inc. (Continued–Document part II). Lafayette, California: manufacturing company. But there was only one set of
Soyfoods Center. 11 p. Oct. Unpublished manuscript, based books, under White Wave. The company now changed to a
on interviews with Steve Demos from June 3 to Oct. partnership, with seven equal partners, all active. Demos was
• Summary: Continued: At the same time White Wave president and Pat Calhoun did the bookkeeping, and only
started making nut and seed products in the same little these two were interested in meditation.
shop, starting with gomashio (sesame salt), tamari-coated Right after the move, to announce The Cow of China
sunflower seeds and almonds, and nut butters. as a retail outlet and its vegetarian deli products, Demos
Just a year after opening, White Wave was forced to did his first real advertising, using three charming posters.
expand out of the tiny Pearl Street shop by the demand for its The first read: “White Wave Through the Cow of China
deli products from outside retailers, such as Arati and other Offers Food from The Kingdom of Plants. We make it all
natural food stores in Boulder. Demos recalls: here in Boulder. 100% Dairyless.” It then listed 14 soyfoods
“We acted with very little foresight. It was more like plus some non-soy desserts, almond-, cashew-, and peanut
‘What do you want to do today? Let’s make something new.’ butters, and tahini. A second poster showed a soybean, with
Finally we couldn’t get out the front door. We had to step head, tail, and legs like a cow and dotted lines to delineate

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the choice butcher cuts. But instead of rump roasts and flank 1170. Shurtleff, William. 1987. History of White Wave,
steaks were Soysage, Miso Dressings and the like. A third Inc. (Continued–Document part III). Lafayette, California:
showed Jack, standing under a giant beanstalk, about to trade Soyfoods Center. 11 p. Oct. Unpublished manuscript, based
in his cow for the magical beans at which he is gazing in on interviews with Steve Demos from June 3 to Oct.
wonder. The caption: “We’ve got an alternative. White Wave • Summary: Continued: White Wave’s tofu production was
Soy Dairy.” The latter two posters were used as catalog growing nicely. It rose from 120,000 lb. in 1978 (2,308 lb/
advertisements with a growing number of natural food week), to 179,000 lb. in 1979 (3,442 lb/week, up 49%), to
distributors. 279,000 lb. in 1980 (5,365 lb/week, up 56% over 1979).
The tofu plant now consisted of an open kettle, VCM In February 1979 a major new product line was started:
grinder, and hand press for the curds on the end of a tempeh. Chip McIntosh was the first tempeh maker, followed
swinging levered bar. White Wave started to deliver product by Chris O’Riley. An old kitchen refrigerator, warmed by
to some Denver health food stores and in late 1978, not light bulbs, was used as the incubator. The first two products
long after the move to Walnut Street, they landed their first were Soy Tempeh and Soya Rice Tempeh, the latter being
supermarket chain, King Soopers supermarket chains, which America’s first multi-ingredient, soy-and-grain tempeh.
began to order 100 cases. As business expanded, so did the At about the same time, a third new product was
need to improve packaging and marketing, and to control launched: Polar Bean. It was a soymilk based non-dairy
costs. frozen dessert, made in a soft serve machine but sold in
New packaging: White Wave couldn’t get its tofu into hard-pack pints. The first flavor was Banana-carob. Later
supermarkets unless it was sold in water-packed film-sealed strawberry, chocolate, carob mint, and orange flavors were
plastic tubs (trays); the Chinese carry-out food/fish cartons added. In about 1984 a soft serve version called Polar Softie
were not acceptable. So Demos bought a little hand-packing was introduced but did not prove successful.
machine that allowed one person to pack one block of tofu at Also in 1979 Richard Leviton visited White wave
a time in water in a plastic tray, then seal the tray with a film and the Cow of China, and did an in-depth study of their
lid. Steve remembers first using this machine at the Walnut operations and products, published in the 1979 issue of
St. plant. Initially, he would seal the tofu tray with clear, Soycraft magazine. Soyfoods sold both at “The Cow” and
unprinted film, then run one of their oval labels (the one with for wholesale distribution to other retailers included: Organic
a hint of green color in it, used previously on the Chinese Nigari Tofu, Soymilk (Honey-Vanilla or Carob-Maple),
cartons) through a gluing machine (which was less expensive Soysage, Tempeh, Missing Egg Salad, Tofu Mayo, Baked
than buying pre-glued labels), and slap the label on the clear Savory Tofu Cutlets, Sweet Bean Tofu Pie, Miso Salad
plastic film. This was White Wave’s “first true commercial Dressings (Mellow or Hearty), and Tofu Treats or Creamies
mass market package.” The new marketable package led (Banana-Coconut, Peanut Carob, or Carob-Mint; squares of
to many new accounts. After King Soopers the company creamy baked tofu blend on a healthful oats-coconut-flour
got into the City Markets chain, then about a year later into crust).
Safeway, followed by a host of other chains in outlying Other ready-to-eat items sold only at “The Cow”
areas. As business expanded, White Wave could afford included Soysage Pate, “Macro” Pizza (with tofu), Tofu
pre-printed film labels for its tofu in plastic trays. The label Spinach Dill Turnovers, Tofu Cinnamon Rolls, Hot Tofu
design, though rectangular, was basically the same as the old Meatballs and Meatball Sandwiches, Sloppy Joe Sandwich
oval. The ingredients new read: “High protein soybean cake (made with TVP), Tofu Cream Cheese & Black Olive
contains: Soybeans grown without the use of herbicides or Sandwich, Tofuna Sandwich (like tunafish), Strawberry Tofu
pesticides, filtered water, and nigari (salt bitterns). No more Pie, Soy Sesame Bars, and Tofu Butternut Squash Pie. In
no less!” Soon a variety of textures were available: Extra mid-1979 bulk recipes for about ten of these products were
firm press, firm organic, extra firm, and sift. published, with permission, in Tofu & Soymilk Production by
New sources of soybeans: White Wave had made its tofu Shurtleff and Aoyagi.
from organic soybeans from day one. When the company Leviton noted: “The Cow of China is surely one of the
first moved into Walnut Street, they were still buying these nation’s most ambitious and energetic soyfoods companies.”
soybeans from Green Mountain Grainery in Boulder. But It was just about breaking even with weekly gross retail
in the fall of 1978 Steve drove to a meeting of the Organic sales of $1,000, three-fourths of which came from soyfoods.
Growers Association in Iowa. He spoke about the demand Concerning the growth of the still totally unmechanized little
for organic soybeans and met Marvin Kurpkeweight, company Demos, now the self-styled “beneficent dictator,”
who was already growing soybeans organically in eastern always frank and candid, added:
Nebraska. Steve visited Marvin’s farm and contracted with “It was a hell of a struggle, especially for an
him to buy organic soybeans direct from the farmer. Address: undercapitalized small business. But I certainly wouldn’t
Lafayette, California. discourage anybody because we started with nothing, and
we’ve been going since then, and we’ve been able to make it

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all meet. We’ve just rigged, we’ve improvised, we’ve done Inc. (Continued–Document part V). Lafayette, California:
everything imaginable, as I’m sure many other people in this Soyfoods Center. 11 p. Oct. Unpublished manuscript, based
industry have. We cut our salaries back, we did without a on interviews with Steve Demos from June 3 to Oct.
lot, but its own momentum kicked in. I suppose we consider • Summary: Continued: First, he laid off all managers (who
ourselves alchemists in turning sweat into money. So, let me were not producing day-to-day results). Future plans were
express my gratitude to everybody and everything, seen and put on hold.
unseen, who have helped us pull this together.” In October 1984 Jason Bois, who had been around the
In August 1979 Gary and Chandri Barat arrived in health food business for many years, approached White
Boulder and spent several days studying the Cow of China. Wave to discuss having White Wave make him a soft serve
They had met Demos at the Second Annual Soyfoods soy ice cream. Demos advised against soft serve, but when
Conference in Amherst, Massachusetts (July 26-29, 1979). Bois persisted, Demos developed a new soft serve formula
They were driving around the country, studying tofu and for him, containing tofu and spray dried soymilk. Launched
developing a business plan in preparation for starting a in January 1985 and marketed under the name Tofruzen, they
soyfoods company, which later became Nature’s Inn, then failed within four months, for lack of a market. Bois quickly
Legume. As they studied The Cow of China and Demos returned to Demos and beseeched him to develop Tofruzen
invited them for dinner several times. He and his wife, in hard pack pints so that Bois could use these products to
Ginny, served a tofu spinach feta pie and mushroom caps raise equity capital in a public stock offering. Demos had
stuffed with tofu. Later Barat told Demos more than once all the hard-pack formulas for Tofruzen developed in 30
how much this visit has influenced him in starting a company days, using an improved version of his Polar Bean as the
based on tofu entrees. The lineage of Legume’s early base mix but with totally new flavors (chocolate, strawberry,
products (Tofu Cream Pies, Tofu Spinach Pies) can be traced vanilla-almond). After Tofruzen launched the new products
back to The Cow of China. mid-1985, they realized that they didn’t really own anything.
Barat encouraged White Wave to do a feasibility study So Demos, with some unexpected luck and seeing a way to
on converting The Cow of China into a fast food restaurant bring in new cash quickly, proposed Tofruzen buy the title
named The Family Diner and moving into a vacated A & to the formulas for $25,000 cash, plus $25,000 in 6 months,
W root beer stand three blocks from The Cow in a very plus interest. And White Wave would have an extensive
attractive location. The study was done, a potential menu was supply contract. Tofruzen agreed.
developed, bu financial backing did not come through. In December 1985 Tofruzen, Inc. raised $1.6 million
A White Wave catalog published in December 1979 net in a public stock offering, and at that time paid White
included several new products: Doufu (extra firm Chinese Wave its first cash. Tofruzen Bars followed in May 1987
style tofu), Savory Baked Tofu, and Tamaried Nuts and and low-calorie Tofruzen Light in August. Once Demos saw
Seeds (Almonds, Cashews, Spanish Peanuts, Sunflower that Tofruzen would be a successful product, he downplayed
Seeds, Nut Mix). marketing of his Polar Bean. Tofruzen sales rose from
The Cow of China deli was doing well. By February $91,000 in fiscal 1986 to $158,000 in 1987.
1980 sales were $1,700 to $2,000 a week and there were Shortly after Karplus left, White Wave started selling
often lines out the door. By the summer of 1980, according its tofu in a colorful box. Karplus served as an agent to
to Soyfoods magazine, the Cow of China had been renamed negotiate with advertisers and designers. The new package
the Good Belly Deli, with the slogan “Real Food, Real helped sales.
Fast” and White Wave was producing 7,500 pounds of tofu In mid-1985, to consolidate its business focus and bring
and tofu products a week. The new deli, an expanded and in more cash, Demos sold White Wave’s nut butter business
Americanized version of “The Cow,” continued to serve to an employee for $35,000. White Wave retained 5%
as an excellent showcase for the White Wave’s innovative interest in the company, which is now called Naturally Nuts.
ready-to-eat soyfood products. Working with a friend who To turn the tide of losing money and get some badly
was an advertising agent, Demos had dropped the line of needed breathing space, Pat Calhoun came up with a plan
assorted health foods (miso, sea vegetables, etc.), expanded where she and Demos would call all the creditors and say,
the deli items, and installed a stand-up counter bar to eat at “Either we file bankruptcy or you allow us to pay off our
and a few tables and chairs. Formerly it had been all takeout. debts to you over a one year period.” All creditors agreed to
Hot and cold fast food was served. The deli attracted lots this plan.
of business (there was still usually a line out the door), the In July 1985, the moment of truth, the turning point,
products were very innovative and they were praised by the arrived. The company was $100,000 overextended (60 days
natural foods community in Boulder. Address: Lafayette, behind in payments) and could not borrow money. Everyone
California. was disheartened. Demos and Calhoun started regular sitting
meditation again, recommitting himself to spiritual practice
1171. Shurtleff, William. 1987. History of White Wave, as central and profitability as essential. He recalls, “Once I

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got my priorities straight, things started to go well.” Within Since May 1987 White Wave had money in the bank and a
90 days White Wave had started to generate a positive cash growth rate above 30%. The 1987 sales projection was $2
flow. By mid-1986 the $100,000 debt had been paid off, and million, of which 8-14% was expected to be profit.
White Wave was once again accumulating cash and savings. In December, projected revenues for 1988 were
Demos decided to try his approach on another company, $3 million. The company was in the midst of a private
Soyfoods Unlimited Inc., a major tempeh manufacturer, placement offering for $500,000 and the banks had approved
which he had been offered an opportunity to buy. Having equipment loans for $600,000. They have put in a bid to
started tempeh production in February 1981 in San Leandro, purchase an old (built in 1978) meat processing house on 2.4
California, Soyfoods Unlimited had grown to be America’s acres in Boulder.
third largest tempeh manufacturer by 1984, Soyfoods The Future: New products to be launched in 1989
Unlimited was now heavily in debt. White Wave didn’t have include several meat analogs (tofu hot dogs/franks, due in
any extra money, but the offer made sense as a way to get March, aimed at the mainstream market concerned with
distribution for White Wave products in California and the cholesterol) and a soy yogurt.
West Coast, and to increase production volume. So on 1 Demos has set a number of goals for White Wave.
December 1986 White Wave made its first acquisition. The First, to become the major primary soyfoods ingredient
buyout took place over a period of time, with some cash manufacturer in the region, and to maintain a profit margin
down. By mid-1987 Soyfoods Unlimited had been turned of at least 10%.
around and was a profitable, wholly owned subsidiary. White Second, to make the concept of a clearly delineated and
Wave owned all the stock and had signed a supply agreement identified “Soyfoods Section” in the dairy case, succeed
with Soyfoods Unlimited to supply them with everything. at King Soopers and Safeway. Set off with plastic dividers
This acquisition, with all tempeh production for both brands between yogurt and milk products, the section would be
done at White Wave in Boulder, helped boost weekly output filled out with second generation soy products. This new
to 17,000 lbs. a week by the fall of 1987, making White concept would allow him to compete with larger tofu
Wave the biggest tempeh manufacturer in the USA. Growth manufacturers (such as Azumaya and Hinode) who are lower
of tempeh was strong and its future looked very promising. priced but sold in the produce section. Address: Lafayette,
White Wave has long been one of America’s most California.
innovative tempeh companies, in part because of its faith in
the potential and future of tempeh. Tempeh continued to be 1172. Product Name: Sunrise Carob Ice (Frozen Non-Dairy
the company’s most profitable product. During 1985-88 the Vanilla Flavored Bar).
tempeh line was expanded with a number of original and Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Health Foods, Ltd.
delicious varieties: Quinoa (6/85), Lemon Broil (10/86), (Marketer). By 1989 made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice
Amaranth and Sea Veggie (both 3/87), Peanut Sesame (3/88), Foods Ltd.
and Teriyaki Burger (8/88). These also gave his product line Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 4, Guinness Rd., Trafford
more shelf space, a key consideration. Park, Manchester M17 1UA, England.
At King Soopers and Safeway, White Wave now had Date of Introduction: 1987. October.
three shelves with tofu and tempeh right in the middle of the Ingredients: Soya milk, corn syrup solids, palm oil, fruit
dairy section. sugar (fructose), natural vanilla bean extract, carob, natural
Tofu production was also strong, averaging 15,000 lbs. vegetable gums (guar, carob), natural colors (curcumin,
a week in mid-1987. A future high priority was the plan to annatto), lecithin.
pasteurize their tofu to give longer shelf life. After several Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 390 ml. Six bars packed in a
years of selling tofu vacuum packed in a box, White Wave paperboard box.
introduced a water pack without the box for the Asian- How Stored: Frozen.
American market and some Caucasians since they are not New Product–Documentation: The Grocer (London).
used to the vacuum pack, and they prefer softer tofu, which 1987. Oct. 3. p. 41. Non-dairy ‘choc ice.’ Soya Health
cannot be vacuum packed. Foods has launched Sunrise Carob Ice, a non-dairy ‘choc-
By mid-1987 White Wave was back into high gear and ice’ [vanilla soy ice cream bar coated with carob]. “The
growing nicely. Their space grew from 6,000 to 20,000 Carob-Ice is a natural extension of the company’s range of
square feet. White Wave was one of the few Caucasian-run frozen foods which included its non-dairy Ice-Dream (four
soyfoods companies that has been able to grow without flavours), vegetarian burgers, and Vegetable/Tofu Pies...
selling most of the company. Demos’ family has supported A take-home pack of the Carob-Ice will also be available
him to a large degree. He had borrowed roughly $25,000 shortly. A black-and-white photo shows 2 Carob-Ice bars, on
from friends and family. The company still owed one-third partly unwrapped.
on its SBA and Mountain High loans, and some to family. The Vegan. 1987. Winter [December]. p. 14.
Assets were now about $300,000 and liabilities are $200,000. “Shoparound: Lis Howlett surveys the latest vegan

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products.” “If I had to give a prize for the product of the Dairy ‘Choc Ice.’”
year, I think I would award it to Soya Health Foods–the
makers of the Ice Dream range–for their new Carob Ices, 1173. SoyaScan Notes. 1987. New Trend: Many of the new
discovered recently in the frozen food compartment of soyfoods are being developed and marketed as all-American
a local health-food shop.” They were very popular with and fun: Tofu and tempeh burgers, tofu hot dogs, soymilk
everyone in her family–including her young children. shakes, soy ice creams, tofu chocolate bars (Overview). Oct.
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
4 and 8. Sunrise Carob Ice, launched in 1987, was a frozen • Summary: This is part of the larger trend of the
soya vanilla-flavored bar covered with a carob coating, made Americanization of soyfoods.
for Soya Health Foods Ltd., Michael Cole’s former company.
Genice was the first company to make this product, which 1174. Tri State Food News (Monroeville, Pennsylvania).
sold extremely well. 1987. Lite Lite Tofutti licks the competition in fat and
Label sent by Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. calories according to “Frozen Dessert Market Report.” Oct.
The front of the box reads: “Sunrise 6 Carob Ices.” The • Summary: This “Market Report,” prepared by registered
paperboard box is 5½ by 4¼ by 2 inches. Brown, orange, dietitian Donna Haverstock (employed by Tofutti Brands),
red, tan, green, and yellow on white. On the front panel: compiled calorie counts and nutritional breakdowns for 21
Illustration of a large bar of Carob Ice in the foreground; competing “ice cream-alikes. Lite Lite Tofutti is the clear
behind it is a palm tree and a 3-masted wooden ship sailing leader nutritionally said Ms. Haverstock.”
in front of a large orange setting sun. “100% dairy free.
Totally natural. Free from artificial additives. Suitable for 1175. Lee, Patrick. 1987. Rice try [Imagine Foods’ Rice
milk allergy sufferers.” On a side panel: “’Sunrise Carob Dream]. Daily News (Los Angeles, California). Nov. 9. p. 6.
Ice’ is made from totally natural non animal ingredients, • Summary: Imagine Foods Inc., a two-man company based
the centre is made from ‘Sunrise Vanilla Ice Dream’ (also in Palo Alto, California, with about $1.5 million in annual
available in 1 litre tubs and three other flavours, Wildberry, sales, has developed a curious amazake based frozen dessert
Hazelnut and Carob) which is coated in a delicious new in a process it is trying to patent. It costs $2.19 a pint in Los
carob coating. The result is a healthy delicious tasting Non- Angeles and comes in 10 flavors. “How does the stuff taste?

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An informal taste test in the Daily News office drew no raves [in California] in finance. The first launch of McQueen’s was
and some decidedly uncomplimentary reviews. ‘Funky’ in Los Angeles; it flopped. They did not attempt to revive it
seemed to be the favorite description.” as a consumer product, but they did try it in bulk 3-gallon
dipping tubs. That apparently did not go so well either, so
1176. Lee, Leonard L. 1987. Eastern Foods Corporation they merged the company with a dairy company. Why did
and Tofulicious (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 11. it flop? Above all, poor timing. The market had passed the
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. product by. The product was competing against Tofutti in
• Summary: His Eastern Foods Corp. presently makes about the soy category and most stores would only carry one soy
10,000 lb/week of tofu; the capacity is 5,000 to 7,000 lb/day. ice cream. Moreover, both Tofutti and McQueen’s were
They also make egg roll and wonton skins. An expensive competing against all other frozen desserts, novelties, etc. for
Pillsbury executive was hired to make a big splash with very limited freezer space. Stores made more money on the
Tofulicious. It flopped and almost killed the company. He non-soy items.
now wants to start importing a line of traditional natural Follow-up talk with Rose. 28 Dec. 1987. He got
foods from Korea with a classmate (incl. ramen, noodles, Roland’s address via Japan and talked with him. His
crackers, rice vinegar) and to enter the health food, gourmet, phone number: 206-646-4979. They sold McQueen’s
and military markets. He is now importing dim sum and has to a “northeastern dairy.” They sold the package, name,
set up a branch in Korea. Line name: Naturally Koryo. He trademark, formula, process, some goodwill, and inventory
tried to export Tofulicious to Japan, developing a cheerleader of packages. They may have some sales of bulk, as to the
point of purchase ad; it flopped. Address: Minneapolis, Denny’s chain. The product didn’t die. He may be working
Minnesota. on some new soy products. He is working with a company
that has an interesting meat analog made from wheat and
1177. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1987. Tônyû aisu o FC rice, a competitor for soy. The product is patented and the
tenkai. Nihon Shokuhin Seisan Giken ga chakushu [Nihon company has about $1 million of venture capital. Address:
Shokuhin Seisan Giken is franchising soymilk ice cream]. Petaluma, California.
Nov. 11. p. 2. [Jap; eng+]
• Summary: Nihon Shokuhin Seisan Gijutsu Kenkyusho, 1180. Farm Foods. 1987. Dear natural foods friend (News
which researches and develops various soyfoods, has decided release). 49 Old Bloomfield Ave., Mountain Lakes, NJ
to franchise soymilk ice cream. This company is run by 07046. 1 p. Nov. 16.
Kiyomatsu Nagasawa of Nagasawa Kikai Seisakujo Kaicho • Summary: “Happy Holidays! As the seasons change again,
(main office in Kawaguchi-shi). They are going to open one so do things for Farm Foods and for me. As you know,
shop in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, and are later planning to franchise Dan Pratt has been promoted to Brand Manager / National
10 a year. They use the Nagasawa system of production so Sales Manager for the Ice Bean line. By now, most all
that only 3.3 square meters of space are needed to open a responsibilities and interactions between our companies are
shop. handled by Dan.
“On November 30th, I will be leaving Farm Foods.
1178. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc. I will be assuming the responsibilities of Vice President /
announces third quarter and forty week results (News Sales, Eastern Division for the Natural Nectar Corporation,
release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 3 p. Nov. Culver City, California, a company I know you are familiar
13. with.
• Summary: Sales for the 13 week period ending 3 Oct. 1987 “I would like to personally thank you for the help
were $1,807,411, or 16.4% below sales for the same period and co-operation you have given me through the years of
the previous year. Sales for the previous 40 weeks were 17% building the Ice Bean line. I know you will find Dan most
below the same period the previous year, and the company capable of continuing the success of this line and the sales
had operating losses of $1.1 million, but only $507,000 net growth we all anticipate between our companies.
losses. Thus the anticipated turn-around has not yet taken “If you have any questions or unresolved activities, or
place. Address: New York. if there is anything you feel we need to discuss before the
change, please call me at 1/800/431-5030 before November
1179. Rose, Richard. 1987. The rise and fall of McQueen’s 30.
soy ice cream (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 15. “Thank you again. Respectfully, Robert Tepper.”
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Address: Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. Phone: (800) 431-
• Summary: C. Rowland Hansen and Byron McCann were 5030.
the entrepreneurs behind McQueen’s. Hansen was from the
Wharton School of Business [at the Univ. of Pennsylvania in 1181. Farm Foods. 1987. Pratt appointed Farm Foods
Philadelphia] in marketing and McCann from Stanford Univ. national sales director (News release). 49 Old Bloomfield

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Ave., Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. 1 p. Nov. 21. Phone: 408-353-2649.

• Summary: Contact Beth Lloyd 1/800/431-5030. Pratt
has been employed with Farm Foods since 1982. “Pratt 1183. Goldbeck, Nikki; Goldbeck, David. 1987. The
will be responsible for spearheading more aggressive Goldbeck’s guide to good food. New York, NY: New
sales and promotional activities, as well as directing the American Library. xi + 563 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm.
efforts of Farm Foods’ national network of brokers. He will • Summary: The all-new version of their Supermarket
also continue to maintain open and effective channels of Handbook, which originally sold 850,000 copies. Chapter
communication with Farm Foods’ distributors coast to coast. 12 (p. 143-51), titled “Soyfoods: World Class Protein,”
“’With Ice Bean’s new packaging, new sandwiches, new bars discusses tofu, frozen tofu, tempeh, soy flour and grits, high-
and new broker network, it’s a whole new ballgame,’ said tech soy (soy concentrates and isolates), textured soy protein
Pratt. ‘I’m looking forward to a successful sales period with products. There is also considerable information on soyfoods
our old and new friends in the industry.’ in other chapters throughout the book: Soy flour (p. 79). Soy
“Ice Bean honey sweetened non-dairy frozen desserts nuts (p. 159, 163). Soy milk (p. 184-85). Soy yogurt (p. 190-
are available in 10 pint flavors, three Sandwich novelties and 91, 195). Soy cheese (212, 217-18). Soy protein concentrates
three carob or chocolate dipped bars. All Ice Bean products or isolates (p. 233, 451, 483, 527). Soy oil (p. 144, 264, 288,
are lactose free, cholesterol free, low calorie, low sodium, 292-93). Meatless burgers and soy sausages (p. 394). Soy ice
kosher and parve.” Address: Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. cream (p. 452-53, 455). Soy sauce (510-11, 515). Miso (p.
Phone: (800) 431-5030. 511-12, 515). Worcestershire sauce (p. 512).
The section titled “Soy Yogurt” gives a nutritional
1182. Praskin, Laurie. 1987. Recent developments with analysis of cultured Soygurt, made by Cream of the Bean;
soyfoods in Guatemala (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. per 8 oz. it contains 255 calories, 6.7 gm protein, 45.2 gm
30. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. carbohydrates, 5.3 gm fat, no cholesterol, 20 mg sodium, and
• Summary: El Centro de Soya, the soy dairy at Solola, 7% of the US RDA for calcium. The text reads: “Those who
is up and running as a commercial enterprise. They are must avoid milk will be interested in nondairy soy yogurt. A
making tofu, most of which is sold to Seventh-day Adventist new arrival in natural food stores, this yogurt is made from
vegetarian restaurants that cater to tourists in Panajachel, soymilk and bacterial cultures. Gelatin is added to some
Guatemala City and Antigua (a big tourist center and the brands to maintain the typical yogurt consistency. There is
former capital of Guatemala). In the community of Solola, no need, however, for the quality to be compromised by the
they spend a lot of time teaching people how to cook with addition of high fructose corn syrup, isolated soy protein,
the products, which they offer at a discount to community salt, and several thickening agents, as has been done in at
members. This has spurred a big increase in sales of tofu least one brand we have encountered.”
and soymilk to the community. A new product in 1987 is The section titled “Soy Cheese” states: “Cheese based
Paletas de Soya (Soy Sticks or soymilk popsicles) made with on soy milk has recently added a new category of cheese
their own popsicle machine. The only flavor is chocolate. products to the market. In terms of calories, protein, and
Two employees and one independent broker with carts sell overall fat content soy cheese competes quite favorably
them. Agostine Xoquic is manager of the dairy. Amado Del with animal cheeses... It is both lactose- and cholesterol-free
Valle is project coordinator of the whole program, including and the sodium content is about average for cheese. Note,
the agricultural parts, the demos, and the dairy. They make however, that soy cheese is held together with vegetable
soymilk but only for those who bring a container to the dairy. gums and will contain either the milk derivative calcium
Amado and his partner Felipe are making tempeh, which caseinate (in which case it is not dairy free) or isolated soy
is sold to restaurants. The business is still subsidized; Plenty protein.” Page 218 gives a nutritional analysis of Soya Kaas
pays the salaries of Amado and Augustine, and also buys (soy cheese). Per 1 oz. it contains 78 calories, 6.7 gm protein,
new equipment. But profit from the sale of soy products 5.6 gm fat, no cholesterol, and 168 mg sodium. Address:
pays dairy employees’ salaries and operating expenses. And R.D. 1, Box 495, Woodstock, New York 12498 914-679-
they do make a little “profit.” They are also now running a 8561.
soyfoods training center/demo program. In Quiche they have
a home demo program, and women grow soybeans and make 1184. LaBell, Fran. 1987. Enzyme hydrolyzes soy isolate
soymilk and tofu at home. The main thing is adding ground to produce whippable protein. Food Processing (Chicago)
soybeans to corn to make tortillas. 48(12):56-57. Nov.
After Plenty had to leave Guatemala in 1980, the Soy • Summary: The enzyme, Novozyme 89, is made by Novo
Dairy continued making tofu and soy ice cream, without Laboratories Inc., 33 Turner Rd., Danbury, Connecticut
outside funding, until 1983. Larry McDermott visited in 06810. It is a fungal protease derived from the fermentation
April 1985 and production started again in mid-1985. of Mucor miehei. It hydrolyzes the ISP only slightly (up to
Address: 17969 Oak Dr., Los Gatos, California 95030. 2%) so that large molecular weight polypeptides are broken

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off. The resulting whipped isolate has a volume that is 3.2 Seattle, Dallas, and Detroit. Four Labels. 1987. Poster. 1987.
times larger and much more stable than egg whites. It can “A Cool 55 Calories.” Shows four boxes/Labels of these
be used to replace egg whites in a mousse, a sherbet, and a soy & fruit popsicles. Newsday (New York). 1988. Jan. 6.
chocolate chiffon cake. Six 2-oz bars per box for $2.19. Spot in Frozen Food Age.
Feb. Essence magazine (NY). June 1988. “Tofutti Fruitti
1185. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1987. [sic, Frutti] All Rutti... The creamy frozen dessert bar has
Belize nutrition education. 3(4):3. Nov. only 55 calories.” Jewish Press. 1988. Aug. 25. “Tofutti hits
• Summary: Over the summer Majeedah Rahman, project the frozen fruit bar.” Tofutti Frutti. Leaflet (front and back,
director, trained representatives from every district of the color) sent by David Mintz. 1993. Dated. “One taste is worth
country in basic nutrition and techniques for preparing tasty, a thousand words.” “Fat free. Fruit sweetened. No sugar
high-protein soyfoods, including tofu and soymilk. added. 100% dairy free. Cholesterol free.”

1186. Product Name: Tofreezi (New Name for Frozen 1188. Whole Foods. 1987. Sensational soyfoods. Nov. p. 62.
Buddha Soy Ice Cream) [Mocha Royalle, Berry Banana, [5 ref]
Amaretto, Pineapple Coconut, Chocolate Mint, or Maple • Summary: This basic introduction is designed to be
Walnut]. photocopied by natural food retailers for distribution to their
Manufacturer’s Name: Sunrise Market Ltd. customers.
Manufacturer’s Address: 729 Powell St., Vancouver, BC,
V6A 1H5, Canada. 1189. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1987. Ooshû demo
Date of Introduction: 1987. November. tôfu buumu. Pari no kenkô shokuhin ten o mite [After a
How Stored: Frozen. health foods exposition in Paris, will there be a tofu boom in
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Michael Weiner. Europe?]. Dec. 1. p. 5. [Jap; eng+]
1987. Dec. 16. Sunrise bought this line of soy ice creams in • Summary: The expo was held in Paris from Nov. 7-9. Tofu
November 1987 from Ray Lipovsky of Metta Tofu Products and second generation tofu products were creating a lot of
Ltd. on Denman Island. Ray is now consulting for Sunrise. interest among people who came to the expo. Two French
companies producing soymilk are Cacoja and Lima Foods.
1187. Product Name: Tofutti Frutti (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Their products are labelled Soja and Soya, respectively.
Cream and Fruit Sorbet Combination Bars on a Stick) [Key Both companies plan to start marketing soymilk ice creams
Lime, Raspberry, Strawberry, Tutti-Frutti]. before summer, 1988. Lima Foods is making an effort to
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer). produce other soyfoods besides their soymilk such as soy
Manufacturer’s Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., (P.O. Box hamburgers, desserts, salads, paté, and terine.
1699), Rahway, NJ 07065.
Date of Introduction: 1987. November. 1190. UNI. 1987. Cheap soya is protein-rich. Times of India
Ingredients: Key Lime: Water, corn sweeteners, sucrose, (The) (Bombay). Dec. 2. p. 19.
tofu, isolated soy protein, vanilla, cellulose gum, guar seed • Summary: For centuries soyabean has been used as an
gum, carob bean gum, citric acid, natural flavors. Fruit important source of protein in China and Japan. Many noted
ingredients: Water, corn sweeteners, sucrose, lime and lemon agronomists now agree that India, and other third world
puree, orange and pineapple juice from concentrate, fruit countries, can help to solve their food problems by taking up
pectin, locust bean gum, guar seed gum. production of soyabeans in a big way.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2 fluid oz bar, six per box. Mr. Singhal, technical director of the American Soybean
How Stored: Frozen. Association in New Delhi says that because of heavy
Nutrition: Per bar: Calories 55, protein less than 1 gm, population pressure, India cannot expect to get more than a
carbohydrate 13 gm, fat less than 1 gm, sodium 20 mg. small fraction of its total requirements from animal sources,
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Official such as fish, meat, eggs, or milk. He believes that the only
Gazette Trademarks. 1987. April 14. Tofutti Fruti [sic]; answer is the soyabean, which is the best, least expensive
Delaney. 1987. Adweek East. April. 27. The company plans source of proteins and fats, with a huge array of uses.
to release this 90-calorie Tofutti/fruit sorbet frozen novelty at The soyabean, first domesticated in China about 3,000
the end of May 1987. Winzeworth. 1987. Canarsie Courier years ago, “can be indigenously transformed into many
(Brooklyn, NY). Nov. 19. “Quest for the perfect dessert.” protein-rich foods such as soya milk, soya paneer or ‘tofu,’
Mintz treated members of the B’nai B’rith lodge to “samples soya flour, soya snacks, soya dal analogues, soya meat
of Tofutti Frutti, a new kind of low-fat ice cream on a analogues and soya sauce.” Not to mention soy “ice cream.”
stick... The dessert has not yet been released for sale in this
country.” It is derived from soybeans. Soya Newsletter. 1987. 1191. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1987. Tofutti Brands Inc.
Nov/Dec. Currently being test marketed in Metro New York, to open second New York City shop and acquire Teaneck

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franchise (News release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY soymilk, miso, soy sauce, soynuts, plus modern dairylike
10022. 1 p. Dec. 9. products such as soy ice creams, yogurts, and cheeses, all
• Summary: The company announced today that it is developed by the soyfoods movement. A growing percentage
planning to open its second company-owned store to be of these products are second generation products, which
located on the Upper East Side of New York City, and that it could also be called convenience prepared or value added
has bought back its only franchise shop, located in Teaneck, products.
New Jersey. No reason for this buy-back is given. Growth of Consumer Awareness of Soyfoods in
Tofutti products, including those non-frozen dessert America. Ten years ago, perhaps 1% of Americans had heard
related (i.e. cheeseless cheese cake, eggless eggs, of tofu, soymilk, tempeh, or miso. Today, probably 50% of
creamless cream cheese, etc.) are sold in grocery stores and Americans are aware of these foods. In 1987, for example,
supermarkets, retail shops, restaurants, and in Tofutti shops. the Soyfoods Assoc. clipping service received a total of
Address: New York. 1,587 clips on soyfoods. That is 132 articles a month, way up
from 5 years ago.
1192. Corkery, Sean. 1987. SoYummy in Hawaii (Interview). Increasingly Positive Image of Soyfoods in the Western
SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 11. Conducted by William Shurtleff of World. Generally speaking, from about 1945 through the
Soyfoods Center. 1960s, soy had a negative image in foods. The became
• Summary: Sean is thinking of manufacturing SoYummy neutral during the early 1970s. During the late 1970s and
on the mainland to save 50% in production costs. When early 1980s, with the rise of the soyfoods movement and
SoYummy was introduced in Hawaii, soy ice creams the growing sophistication of modern soy protein products
accounted for only 2% of all ice creams in Hawaii. Now (isolates, concentrates) soyfoods gradually developed
they account for 5.75%. Address: Plant at 819 Cedar St., a positive image. The Gallup Poll of 1977 was an early
Honolulu, HI 96814. indicator of this. By the mid-1980s tofu had become a “hot
ingredient.” Companies deliberately added it to a product (or
1193. Rose, Richard. 1987. The U.S. soyfoods industry and at least to the label) to help sell the product. Yet the Roper
market: Where we are and where we’re going (Interview). poll of late 1986, which found tofu to be America’s most
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. hated food, may indicate a tarnishing of this image.
29. 4 p. transcript. Growing Interest of Larger Food Companies in
• Summary: Major developments: The growth and marketing Soyfoods. One indication of this trend is that Soya
of Jofu, inability of soy yogurts to take hold, continued Newsletter, targeted at these companies and selling for $96/
domestic growth in production of soymilk, decline of year, has over 900 paid subscribers.
Tofutti, increase and proliferation of soy cheeses, increased Continued Decline of Red Meat. This year consumption
legitimization of soyfoods in the mass market. The future: of poultry in America passed that of beef for the first time
Growth in use of aseptic tofu like Morinaga’s, increased use in history. Beef had been king for 3 decades. Before that,
and recommendation of soyfoods in special diets, use of tofu pork was king. A pound of chicken has one-fourth as much
in new products such as baked goods, Big Foods getting into saturated fat as beef and takes much less grain, water, and
soyfoods, more use of tofu in foodservice. Then discussion energy to produce.
of what he would do if he was hired by a major American INTSOY Becomes a Major Force Worldwide
food company and given a $50 million budget and a research Developing and Promoting Soyfoods. Working with
staff. Address: President, Rose International, P.O. Box 2687, other international (IITA, AVRDC) and national soybean
Petaluma, California 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721. programs, and doing pioneering research on fresh green
soybeans, extrusion cooking, and use of expellers for small-
1194. SoyaScan Notes. 1987. Chronology of soybeans, scale oil expression etc., INTSOY has become as effective in
soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1987 its new role (since 1985) of focusing on soybean utilization
(Continued) (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William as it was before that when its major emphasis was on variety
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. development and production.
• Summary: Continued. 1987 New Trends: The Competitive Position of the U.S. Soybean Industry
Rapid Rise in the Number of New Products in America. is Slipping. Farmers in Brazil and Argentina can now
During 1987 more than 735 new soyfood products were produce soybeans at much lower cost than their American
launched worldwide, including at least 380 in the USA. counterparts. This plus extensive subsidies have led to a
Many of the most successful products are all-American and dramatic drop in U.S. exports of soybeans and products since
fun to eat: Ice creams, burgers, hot dogs, salad dressings, their peak in 1981. A major part of the problem is linked to
chocolate bars. This is part of the larger trend of the the Latin American debt crisis, which surfaced in the early
Americanization of soyfoods. Most of the growth has been 1980s and forced debtor nations to export at all costs. This
in the traditional low-tech sector, including tofu, tempeh, debt crisis (especially by Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and

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Venezuela) is now being called the most serious problem may suppress breast cancer. This indicates that we may need
facing U.S. agriculture. a new term to categorize these substances that offer both
Soybean Research Increasingly Shifts from Production benefits and disadvantages.
to Utilization. Traditionally research focused on increasing The Link Between Diet and Health Continues to Grow
production and yields. New efforts are designed to develop Stronger, among both scientists and the general public.
new markets instead of larger surpluses. Interest in Exercise and Health Still Strong. Several
Big Increase in Breeding Soybeans for Food Uses. This years ago some experts saw this trend waning, but it now
is part of a larger trend toward value added products and seems to be rebounding. For example, there were 21,244
toward finding new market niches for American soybeans, finishers in the New York Marathon (including 3,689
especially for foods in Japan. women). Compare this with 12,512 finishers (1,621 women)
Revival of Interest in Industrial Uses of Soybeans. in 1980 and 55 finishers (no women) in 1970.
The main interest is in new ways to use soy oil, of which Books on Tofu. Since 1974, at least 60 books on tofu
there is a large surplus that depresses soybean prices. (having the term “tofu” in the title) have been published in
Promising applications include soy oil for printing inks, North America and Europe. Peak publication years were
dust suppressants, and diesel fuels. The largest interest 1981 and 1982. By language, 46 of the books were in
in industrial uses occurred during 1932-42, when the English, 7 in French, 4 in German, and 1 each in Italian,
Chemurgic movement and Henry Ford sought to find Portuguese, and Swedish.
industrial uses for all farm crops. Hence, there is a rebirth of Inactivity of the Soyfoods Association of America
interest in Henry Ford’s work with soy. now becoming a major constraint on growth of soyfoods
Major Growth of Interest in Soybeans and Soyfoods in the USA, at a time when interest is at an all-time high.
in Africa. Excellent work by IITA in Nigeria and various Leadership is needed.
national soybean programs (as in Egypt, Zimbabwe, and Rise of Canola (Rapeseed) Oil. It looks as if soy oil may
Zambia) have allowed this relatively new crop to reach have another serious competitor (in addition to palm oil) in
the takeoff stage. Decreasing per capita food supplies and future years. Canola contains less saturated fat than any other
growing understanding of the nutritional benefits of soyfoods popular vegetable oil. Only 6%, versus 9% for safflower
are sparking new interest. oil and 15% for soy oil. Lard has 41%, palm oil 51%, and
Continued Rise of Soybean Production in Europe. The butterfat 66%.
largest producer, Italy, which produced almost no soybeans
as recently as 1983, harvested a record 1.3 million tons in 1195. Boughton, Noelle. 1987. Tai Foods tries for tofu
1987. France is second largest. All production is heavily converts. Small Business (Canada). Dec. p. 12, 14.
subsidized. • Summary: Nancy Tai, Taiwanese by birth, started making
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Hit the Headlines. Soy oil is a rich tofu in her own kitchen in 1982 for her husband who
vegetable source of these fatty acids which are thought to was allergic to dairy products. In 1985 the Tais moved to
have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Winnipeg and in June 1985 incorporated Tai Foods Inc.
Nutritional Spotlight Increasingly Shifted onto Fats, Her startup costs were $200,000. In April 1986 she began
Away from Proteins. During the past few years fats (and production of tofu and Tofu Treat (a non-dairy frozen
especially cholesterol and saturated fats) have come to dessert) in 3 flavors. She uses 1,250 kg of soybeans a
be seen as the leading problem nutrient, the bad guy, in month. In 1986 Tai Foods had gross sales of $100,000 with
the American diet. There is a new respect for complex 4 employees. This is expected to rise to $150,000 in 1987.
carbohydrates (especially whole grains), which used to be Address: Winnipeg, MAN.
called “starches” and were considered fattening.
New, More Complex View of Oils and Fats Becomes 1196. Golbitz, Peter. 1987. 1987 new product count: At least
Popular. High cholesterol levels are considered more 217 new soyfood products for retail sale. Soya Newsletter
dangerous than ever, but equally important are the various (Bar Harbor, Maine). Nov/Dec. p. 3.
cholesterol-carrying proteins in the blood. Two kinds (low • Summary: Of the 217 new products, the leaders in the 8
and very low density lipoproteins) promote cholesterol product categories were Nondairy Frozen Desserts (50),
deposits in the blood, while high density lipoproteins (HDLs) Entrees (44), Beverages (35), Snacks/Desserts (35), Cheese
cleanse the blood vessels of fatty deposits. Moreover, Alternatives (19), Frozen Entrees (17), and Condiments (16).
saturated fats are considered at least as much of a problem as The leaders among the 8 primary soy ingredients were tofu
cholesterol. (133), soymilk (32), textured soy protein (19), isolated soy
So-Called Antinutritional Factors in Soybeans are protein (12), soynuts (10), tempeh (6) and miso (1). Tofu was
Increasingly Seen as Having Benefits as Well. Trypsin has the only primary soy ingredient used to make at least one
been shown to help prevent cancer. Saponins help reduce product in all categories. A complete listing of these products
serum cholesterol. Isoflavones have antioxidant activity that broken down by primary soy ingredient and by category, and

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which also lists flavors, company name, city, and state, is Co. Ltd. of Toronto, Canada, for the manufacture and sale
available from Soya Newsletter for $25 (or $35 in Canada). of Tofutti Brand nondairy frozen desserts in Canada. The
Address: Soyatech, Bar Harbor, Maine. Company also signed an agreement in September 1987 with
Zabbar Pty. Ltd., an Australian company, for the manufacture
1197. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1987. Tofulite and sale of Tofutti Brand nondairy frozen desserts in
now available to health and natural foods stores. Nov/Dec. Australia. The Company’s first franchise shop in Teaneck,
p. 11. New Jersey was opened for business on March 3, 1987. The
• Summary: Tofulite non-dairy frozen desserts, made with Company acquired the Tofutti Franchise Shop in Teaneck
tofu by Barricini Foods Inc., have been marketed to the during October 1987. The Company-owned shop in Carteret,
grocery industry exclusively for three years. They are now New Jersey was closed in January 1987.
available to the natural and health foods industry. Tofulite David Mintz owns 50.8% of the Common Stock
pints and bars are distributed by The Haagen-Dazs Ice Cream while Francis I. Mullin, III (President and Chief Operating
Company in Southern California, Florida, Georgia, New Officer since August 1986) owns 2.2%. They are the biggest
York, New Jersey, and throughout New England. stockholders in the company. Mullin received $221,173 in
cash compensation, while Mintz received $102,923. The
1198. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1987. Plenty Soya centre opens Company entered into a 3-year employment agreement with
in Kandy. 9(2):1-2. Dec. Mr. Mullin commencing on August 18, 1986, in which he
• Summary: “One of the main objectives of the project is to will receive an annual base salary of not less than $217,000.
have the Soya Centre act as a central point from which all Mullin will also receive an annual bonus equal to a
of the soya products available in Sri Lanka can be obtained percentage of the increase, if any, in net sales and net income
at a reasonable cost and in consistent supply. Another of the Company. Address: 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway,
major objective is to assist community groups and small New Jersey 07065.
businessmen to set up their own small scale soya processing
operations.” The opening took place on 28 September 1987. 1200. Vegetarian Times. 1987. A look back at 1987. Dec. p.
Mr. Ian Taylor of Plenty Canada is the director. 7-8.
“This is the first stage of a five year soya promotion • Summary: This was the year of the calcium pill and the
project funded by the Canadian International Development fish oil supplement. In March, nutritionists from all over
Agency (CIDA) and implemented by Plenty Canada in the world met in Washington, DC, at the first international
collaboration with the Soybean Food Research Centre vegetarian congress sponsored by Loma Linda University.
(SFRC) at Gannoruwa and various local non-governmental Junk foods continued to proliferate as Coca-Cola bottlers
agencies.” The Soya Food Centre is equipped to manufacture teamed up with Tofutti to create “Cheater’s Delite,” a
a wide range of soya based products including ice cream, 91-calorie dessert combining Lite Lite Tofutti and Diet
stuffed rotis, soya watalappam, fresh as well as dried tempeh Coke (Ugh!). The beef industry sponsored a $30 million
and cutlets. One of the main objectives of the project is to ad campaign “Beef. Real food for real people.” Cybill
have the Soya Centre act as a central point from which all of Shepherd, one of the stars, was quoted by Family Circle as
the soya products available in Sri Lanka can be obtained at a saying, “I’ve cut down on my fatty foods and I’m trying to
reasonable cost and consistent supply. stay away from red meat.” Rock star Chrissie Hynde of the
The Plenty Soya Food Centre is open from Monday to Pretenders formed the vegetarian/animal-rights organization
Saturday and is located on the main floor of the Y.M.C.A. Reprieve! with British author Peter Cox. Obis adds in
at No. 88A, Kotagodella Vidiya, Kandy. The project is a interview on Oct. 28: Cox, as head of Reprieve!, is very
result of a collaboration with Plenty’s Field Director, Mr. Ian flashy and excellent at promoting a cause. His goal is to
Taylor in November, 1986. eliminate meat from the British diet by the year 2,000. In the
U.K. the vegans and the vegetarians fight one another and
1199. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1987. Tofutti. Annual report. have lots of hostility toward each other.
Rahway, New Jersey. 14 p. Dec.
• Summary: The fiscal year ended January 2, 1988. Net 1201. Product Name: [Soy Ice Cream].
sales for the 53 week period were $7,705518 versus Manufacturer’s Name: Biotrophes Ltd.
$11,602,910 for the 52 week period ending August 2, 1986. Manufacturer’s Address: 45 Alopekis St., Athens 10676,
The Company’s operating loss was $2,560,645 as compared Greece.
to an operating loss of $1,384,156 for the fiscal year ended Date of Introduction: 1987.
August 2, 1986. The most important problem faced by How Stored: Frozen.
Tofutti Brands last year was the rebuilding of its national New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1987. p.
distribution. The Company’s first international license 92.
agreement was signed in June 1987 with Aur-Mark Holdings

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1202. Product Name: Delite (Soy Ice Cream) [Wildberry, Manufacturer’s Name: Magic Mill. A Div. of CI. Made in
Rocky Road, Mocha Chip]. the USA by Great American Foods.
Manufacturer’s Name: Dairy Lane. Manufacturer’s Address: 1911 South 3850 East, Salt Lake
Manufacturer’s Address: Hong Kong. City, Utah. Phone: 801-972-0707.
Date of Introduction: 1987. Date of Introduction: 1987.
How Stored: Frozen. Ingredients: Crystalline fructose, cereal solids (from corn),
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Hilton Tsui of soy oil, dehydrated tofu, dutch cocoa, natural flavor, sea salt,
Vitasoy. 1988. March 14. Dairy Lane is Hong Kong’s biggest soy lecithin, guar gum, gelatin.
producer of cow’s milk. The packaging and flavor of Delite Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 470.4 gm (16.6 oz) can. Retails
are almost identical to Tofutti; it could be licensed. They for $4.95 (7/90, California).
could be making soymilk. How Stored: Shelf stable.
Nutrition: Per 4 oz (39.2 gm): Calories 200, protein 1 gm,
1203. Product Name: Ultra-Freeze (Protein Blends). carbohydrate 31 gm, fat 8 gm, cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 50
Manufacturer’s Name: Gunther Products Div., A.E. Staley mg.
Manufacturing Co. New Product–Documentation: Product with Label
Manufacturer’s Address: 2200 E. Eldorado St., Decatur, purchased at Adventist Book Center, Pleasant Hill,
IL 62525. California. 1990. July 8.
Date of Introduction: 1987. Talk with Magic Mill. 1990. July 11. Magic Mill was
New Product–Documentation: Gunther Products Catalog. founded in about 1986. The company’s best-selling products
1988. “High performance blends used with standard are the Magic Mill Grain Grinders/Mills. Steve Storey was
stabilizers improve texture, mouthfeel and heat shock with the company but he no longer is. Jim Harrison was
stability in frozen desserts. They permit possible reductions the founder and present president. Great American Foods
in fat.” Talk with Janice West. Lab. manager at Gunther. makes the product, and Magic Mill markets it. The parent
1988. Oct. 25. This product was first made in 1987. company is named Constellation Incorporated. It was started
before 1986 by Jim Harrison. Its divisions are Magic Mill
1204. Product Name: [Emul {Soymilk Ice Cream} International and Great American Foods. All three companies
(Vanilla, Black currant [Cassis], Pineapple, Orange, Coffee, are located in the same building.
Chocolate, Kiwi Fruit, Green Tea {Matcha}, Apple, Rum Talk with Craig Klatt, Manager of Adventist Book
Raisin, Passion Fruit, Coconut)]. Center. 1990. July 18. The ice cream mix is made by
Foreign Name: Emuuru. Mormons and is part of a multi-level marketing program.
Manufacturer’s Name: K. Biological Science Laboratory
Co., Ltd. (KBL). 1206. Burum, Linda. 1987. Frozen delights. New York, NY:
Manufacturer’s Address: 14 Sanno-cho, Shogo-in, Sakyo- Charles Scribner’s Sons. xii + 225 p. Index. 23 cm.
ku, Kyoto, Japan. Phone: 075-751-0138. • Summary: “Including more than 300 inspired recipes for
Date of Introduction: 1987. ice cream, sorbets, cakes, pies, and other frozen creations.”
Ingredients: Incl. soymilk, safflower oil. The chapter titled “Lighter, Healthier Delights” (p. 176)
How Stored: Frozen. contains a slew of tofu-based frozen desserts called Tofulato,
Nutrition: Moisture 66.7%, non-fibrous carbohydrate all made with fruits: Fruit and berry tofulato. Lemonade
23.0%, fat 7.0%, protein 3.0%, Ash 0.3%. 160 calories per tofulato. Orange juice tofulato. Concord grape tofulato.
100 gm. Boysenberry tofulato. Honey-banana tofulato (Variations:
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Brochure. Honey-banana-nut tofulato, and Honey-banana-chocolate
1987. “EMUL rises from the Land of the Rising Sun.” chip tofulato). Fresh pineapple tofulato. Mocha-almond
4 p. Full color. “Not an Ice cream, Not a Sherbet. From tofulato. Maple-walnut tofulato.
Kyoto, the Ancient Capital of Japan, The Land of the Rising Each recipes calls for the use of 10 ounces soft tofu or
Sun, EMUL, A healthy dessert made from soya, attracts silken tofu, drained, plus 2-2½ teaspoons unflavored gelatin.
worldwide attention.” The product is made using Takai In the introduction to the chapter, the author writes: “The
soymilk equipment. This company also made Daizuetto soy tofulatos, great for people with cholesterol or dairy problems,
ice cream announced in July 1985. offered a challenge. I wanted something with a delectable
Soyfoods (ESFA). 1987. April. p. 28. The company was taste and texture, but I didn’t want to add butterfat. However,
founded by Kyoto restaurateur, Kichizo Kaneda, who has frozen tofu does need something to smooth it out, and a
applied for patents in Japan, the USA, and 5 other countries. little safflower oil and unflavored gelatin lends a creamy
smoothness. The high-protein mixture is enhanced by
1205. Product Name: Tofu Ice Kream Mix (Dry Mix for the addition of concentrated fruit juices.” Address: Santa
Frozen Dessert). Monica, California.

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Manufacturer’s Address: Saint Quentin sur Isère, 38210

1207. Editors of Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine. 1987. Tullins, France. Phone: 76.93.60.21.
Light desserts: 175 fresh ways to end a meal. Menlo Park, Date of Introduction: 1987?
California: Lane Publishing Co. 96 p. Illust. Index. 28 cm. Ingredients: 55% fruit pulp in a “soy base.”
• Summary: See recipes for Tofu Banana-Pineapple Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 65 ml, or 500 ml, or 1 liter.
Cheesecake (p. 15), and Vanilla Tofulato (ice cream made How Stored: Frozen.
with 1 lb soft tofu, 1½ cups buttermilk, and 1/3 cup whipping New Product–Documentation: Manufacturer’s brochure.
cream, p. 71; includes 10 additional flavorings: Nondairy 1987? In German. “Die Sorbets: Die Gourmandise... ohne
vanilla, banana, ginger or ginger-banana, malt or malt- Suende. Soya Sorbets. Indulgence without sin. The joy of
banana, chocolate malt, carob, chilly chile, hazelnut praline, eating... without putting on weight.”
fresh berry). Subtitle on cover: 175 fresh ways to end a meal. Note that this brochure is very vague. It is not clear what
Address: Menlo Park, California. flavors are available, or what the soy ingredient is (soymilk
or tofu?). It is not clear whether one is supposed to add ones
1208. Fucini, Joseph J.; Fucini, Suzy. 1987. Experience, choice of fruits or whether the following flavors are sold:
Inc.: men and women who founded famous companies after Peach, strawberry, black red-currant, raspberry, red red-
the age of 40. New York, NY: The Free Press. A Division of currant, or morello cherry (Sauerkirsch).
Macmillan, Inc. xi + 244 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [4 ref] The company logo is a steepled building with 5 soy-
• Summary: The story of how David Mintz (born in 1931) shaped leaves growing out of the steeple, set in front of
founded Tofutti Brands, Inc.” is told on pages 66-71. It is in towering mountains. A photo on the front shows many
the “Upping the Stakes” section, which “contains accounts elegant dishes piled with scoops of this sorbet. At the top is
of entrepreneurs who already owned moderately successful an illustration (line drawing) of a laughing male chef in a
businesses, but whose growing ambition led them to risk white top hat.
their security for a new, and potentially more lucrative,
venture” (p. viii-ix). 1212. Farm Foods. 1988. Farm Foods announces nationwide
For a bibliography, see p. 232. “The authors’ primary broker network now in effect (News release). 409 Old
source of material used in the preparation of this biography Bloomfield Ave., Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. 1 p. Jan. 1.
was a telephone interview with Mr. Mintz conducted on 30 • Summary: “Over the past few months, Farm Foods,
October 1986.” manufacturers and marketers of Ice Bean non-dairy frozen
desserts and novelties, has assembled a nationwide network
1209. Geist. William E. 1987. City slickers. New York, NY: of health food brokers to represent its lines in retail health
Times Books. xix + 363 p. Illust. No index. 22 cm. and natural foods outlets.” Names of the brokerage firms are
• Summary: “The essays in this book originally appeared in given. For further information contact Dan Pratt. Address:
the column ‘About New York’ in the New York Times.” Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. Phone: 1-800-431-5030.
“Tofutti and Other Sidewalk Fare” appears on pages
205-07. It first appeared in the New York Times on 20 June 1213. Rose, Richard. 1988. The U.S. soyfoods industry
1984. and market today and tomorrow (Interview). Conducted by
Tofutti is also mentioned in passing on p. 264. Address: William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 6. 4 p.
Writer, New York Times. • Summary: “President of Rose International in Petaluma,
California (and formerly of Brightsong Light Foods),
1210. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1987. Soymilk Richard Rose began making tofu and soymilk products in
industry and market: Updates from 1984 to 1987. Lafayette, 1978. His forte is product development and marketing, which
California: Soyfoods Center. 17 + 59 p. Index. 28 cm. [165 is the focus of his present company. He has been responsible
ref] for the development of over 75 commercial soyfood
• Summary: This 1987 update to the Soyfood Center’s two- products.
volume 1984 Soymilk Industry and Market has two parts: (1) “Shurtleff: What do you see a the most important events
Year in Reviewing, describing key events and trends each and trends in the soyfoods market during 1987?
year from 1984 to 1986. (2) A bibliography of soymilk from “Rose: First, the growth and marketing of Jofu, then
January 1987 to late 1987, based on records in the SoyaScan the subsequent apparent leveling off or decline of sales
database; at the end is a 10-page index. Address: Soyfoods or profits, although I am not sure of that. One source says
Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. that they have more demand for the product than they can
handle. My understanding is that they were going to do a
1211. Product Name: [Soya Sorbet]. natural food Jofu and introduce it at the Natural Foods Expo
Foreign Name: Les Sorbets. at Philadelphia in October. Apparently it never happened;
Manufacturer’s Name: Sojalpe. Tomsun didn’t even have a booth at the Expo.

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“That ties into the inability that I see of soy yogurts “Rose: The Barat Bar is very good. In fact, I buy those,
to take hold in both the mass market and the natural even though they are so darned expensive. You don’t get a
foods market. I think there are good reasons for that. The sugar rush, there is no dairy, and they taste good.
difference between ice creams and non-dairy frozen desserts “The ToChip, those corn chips, were good but I don’t
is substantial. There’s a large benefit for the consumer of think much has happened with it.
non-dairy products. But that same range of difference does “There are more salad dressings out and they are getting
not exist between dairy and non-dairy yogurts. In fact, dairy better, and have better shelf life and packaging. Golden Soy
yogurt is seen as a healthful food, low in cholesterol, fat, and and Nasoya come to mind first.
often calories. So there is not as much benefit from eating the “Of the soy cheeses, I think they are all about the same
non-dairy product. in quality. I frankly consider them all a wash. I think the
“Second, the continued domestication of production Soyco and the Cemac product are slightly better than the
of aseptic soymilks by Westbrae, Great Eastern Sun, and Soya Kaas. They all have casein. Our product FREE has no
Vitasoy. casein.
“Third, the decline of sales and fortunes of Tofutti, “Shurtleff: What major changes have taken place in our
linked to the decline in sales of non-dairy soy frozen desserts industry and market during the past ten years?
in general. I think Bob Tepper leaving Farm Foods was “Rose: I think we have begun to develop our own
important. He’d been with them for a long time and has had individual identity, separate from the earlier Asian influence.
a lot to do with the great progress they have made over the That includes American equipment, American products,
past eight years. That is quite a story. Farm Foods did things supplies, and suppliers. Instead of silken tofu, doufu-gan, and
right and they had good luck as well. I’m really happy for age, we have developed non-dairy frozen desserts, puddings,
them. and salads. There is a great breadth of uniquely American
“Fourth, the increase and proliferation of soy cheeses. products. In fact, an Americanization of all aspects of the
Last year Cemac and Galaxy got into the market in a big industry.
way. Soymage was the first truly non-dairy soy-based cheese “Development of domestic processing equipment, such
containing no casein. I think what is more significant is as Bean Machines has done, is an important trend.
large companies that have no other interest in soyfoods or “Shurtleff: What predictions would you make for the
natural foods are entering the industry. Galaxy went public future.
in about August of 1987. I think their stock started at 5 and “Rose: Growth in the use of aseptic tofu by consumers.
last I saw it was 1O.25. They are very good at hype. They Morinaga has a U.S. patent on the process of making tofu
are to cheeses what Tofutti is to ice cream. I was watching aseptically.
some late night show on TV and their spokesperson Don “More and better U.S. equipment, and the development
King came out and began hyping Galaxy products (he had of better processing methods.
samples with him) against the insistence of the host! These “The use and recommendation of soyfoods in special
larger companies see a new market and they go after it. But diets by traditional groups like the AMA, dietitians, and
they really have no interest in or history with natural food perhaps even the government. I think eventually soyfoods
or soyfoods. Its a problem for the industry and a potentially (other than TVP) will be able to be used in government
dangerous trend. If people are going to make money in this programs, such as school lunch programs. But that may take
industry we need to make sure they do it fairly, without a while.
consumer deception, etc. “I still see a breadth and depth of new products. In
“Fifth, the increased legitimization of soyfoods in the breadth, I think we’ll see it in baked goods (brownies,
mass market and in general. There is definitely growing cookies, muffins, breads) and confections (candies). Also
interest. A few years tofu was snickered upon whereas refinement of current products. Many of the products that
now it’s more likely to stimulate enquiry and interest. have been out for a while aren’t that great; they still need
That probably has a lot to do with Tofutti and tofu being more improvement. But because they have been around for
recognized for special diets. Likewise, a similar growth of a while, people are less likely to improve them. But I think
interest in soyfoods internationally, especially in Europe and we will see, because of competition, improvement in current
Australia. products. New products will tend to be more fully developed.
“Shurtleff: What do you think when you read that in a “Big Food will be getting into soyfoods more, probably
poll of the most hated foods in the USA, tofu was at the top to use tofu’s functionality. For example, replacing ricotta
of the list. with tofu for nutrition and cost reasons. But up until now, I
“Rose: I suspect they are right. I think that 95% of the think its been too weird for them, and they are not sure how
Caucasian population does not buy tofu even occasionally. it relates to them and their mission. They are conservative
“Shurtleff: Which products launched during 1987 did and slow by nature. The market for tofu (not including
you feel were the best quality? second generation products) in 1987 is probably only $70-

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90 million, which is still pretty small. They would probably “During the 1950s, an average of 11 new soyfood
want to see it 4-6 times that size before they make a big products were launched each year in the U.S. This number
move. They are reluctant to do ‘missionary marketing.’ increased to 16 during the 1960s, and 26 during the period
Then there is the perishability aspect of the product. I think 1970-75. Most of these new introductions were based on
Big Food will enter the industry with a product where modern, high-tech soy protein products, such as soy protein
perishability is less of a problem. isolates and concentrates, or textured soy flour.
“At some point I think it will make a lot of sense “Then in the late 1970s the number of new products
to give tofu a national marketing identity, with regional began to rise rapidly with the advent of the soyfoods
manufacturers getting together and marketing the same brand movement. It reached 78 in 1976, 162 in 1979, 224 in 1982,
and jointly funding national marketing efforts. The dairy 296 in 1985, and an all-time high of 330 in 1987.” A graph
companies do that with co-ops and with regional licensing, shows “Number of New Soyfood Products Introduced, 1950-
such as for making Popsicles or bottling soft drinks. 1987.”
“I also think we’ll see an influx of new types of people This release was carried by the Associated Press
into the industry, bringing with them sharp new ideas. Financial Wire (Jan. 12 as “Soy-Based Foods Gain from
Technical people and marketing people. Perhaps some great Lighter Eating” and widely syndicated*), World Food &
new processes or patents. Marketing ideas and product Drink Report (Jan. 21), Investor’s Daily (Los Angeles, Jan.
development. 12), San Francisco Examiner (Jan. 12), Oakland Tribune
“I think we’ll see a lot more use of soyfoods, such (Feb. 1), Natural Foods Merchandiser (Feb.). Food & Drink,
as tofu, in foodservice applications. That is really a great, Oil Mill Gazetteer (Feb.), Journal of the American Oil
untapped, fertile ground for soyfoods. The problem is, most Chemists’ Society (JAOCS, March, p. 319), Vegetarian Times
of the people just don’t know what to do with it. (April, p. 9), Food Distributors Magazine (April), Dairy and
“Shurtleff: Imagine that you have just been hired by Food Sanitation (April, p. 204), Whole Foods (April, p. 9),
a major American food company and given a $50 million Health Foods Business (April), Adweek’s Marketing Week
budget and a research staff. They ask you to develop and (April. p. 6, 49), Restaurants & Institutions (April 29), East
market a line of at least three products. What would you do? West (May, p. 10), Food Merchants Advocate (May with
“Rose; I would probably do a line of salad dressings, a graph), Soyanews (Sri Lanka, July-Sept. p. 5). Address:
line of creamy soups, and a line of frozen entrees (such as Lafayette, California.
lasagna), each using tofu and having no cholesterol. The tofu
curds would replace ricotta or cheese. I might also do a line 1215. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1988. Tofutti Brands Inc.
of baked goods (such as brownies and muffins), using tofu announces “The Lite Show” consumer promotion with Coca-
to replace eggs and milk. I’d also look seriously at a line of Cola USA and Stouffer Foods (News release). 136 East 57th
cholesterol-free foodservice items, something they could St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Jan. 19.
pop into a steam table or microwave and serve without any • Summary: “Tofutti Brands Inc. today announced a national
other preparations. Perhaps some nouvelle cuisine, or an consumer promotion called ‘The Lite Show,’ featuring a
Italian or Mexican dish, or a tofu-based imitation cheese or great tasting combination of only 391 calories including
tofu sour cream or cream cheese. Anything that could replace one calorie Diet Coke, a Lean Cuisine entree (under 300
a product that is currently high in fats and cholesterol so calories), and 90 calorie Lite Lite Tofutti as the dessert.”
that the tofu product provided a clear alternative.” Address: This promotion, conceived by Tofutti Brands and slated to
President, Rose International, P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma, start this week, offers a 55 cent combined savings through
California 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721. coupons. There will be a consumer sweepstakes and joint
radio and newspaper advertising. Address: New York.
1214. Shurtleff, William. 1988. New soyfood product
introductions skyrocket during 1980s. Tofu, tempeh, 1216. Henry Ford Estate: Fair Lane. 1988. Invitation to
soymilk, soy ice creams are most popular (News release). Henry Ford Soy Buffet (News release). 4901 Evergreen
Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234. Lafayette, CA 94549. 4 p. Rod., Dearborn, MI 48128. 2 p. Jan.
Jan. 11. • Summary: “In celebration of the 125th anniversary of
• Summary: “The ‘lighter eating’ revolution has catapulted Henry Ford’s birth, you are invited to a very special soybean
soyfoods into one of America’s fastest growing food buffet. Soybean research captured Mr. Ford’s imagination.
categories. A record number 330 new soyfood products were He felt that development of the soybean would help the
introduced in the United States during 1987, an increase farmer to become more independent. In fact, Mr. Ford
of over 635% since 1977... These latest figures, part of a considered his activities in soybean development to be one of
30-year-long food industry trend, are tracked by SoyaScan, his most significant contributions to the world.
the Center’s computerized database. It lists more than 4,630 “The buffet will recreate the meal that was served to the
soyfood products from 1546 A.D. to the present. press at the Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago in

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1934. Mr. Jan Willemse, creator of the original menu, will process of developing their own products, designing their
cater this event and be available for press interviews. Also own graphic materials, and conceiving their own marketing
present will be Mr. Clem Glotzhober, Mr. Bob Smith, and strategies. (2) To document the tremendous diversity of
Mr. Austin Curtis, soybean scientists and researchers for Mr. soyfoods products and the way that each is presented and
Ford at the Nutritional Laboratory in Dearborn, and Mrs. marketed. (3) By arranging the materials in chronological
Peggy Campbell, grandniece of the Fords and chairman of sequence, to help document the development and history of
the Henry Ford Estate Development Committee. new product categories and soyfood types, and with them
The buffet will be served at the Henry Ford Estate the rise of the soyfoods industry and market in the Western
in Dearborn on February 29, 1988 at 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. World. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
Shuttle busses will be on hand to take you to the Waterworks California 94549.
Restaurant–formerly Ford’s Nutritional Laboratory dedicated
to Ford’s friend George Washington Carver. This event will 1218. Demos, Steve. 1988. New developments at White
kick off the many activities planned for the anniversary year. Wave (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4. Conducted by
Note: From Eden Foods, Tim Redmond will go and help William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
with the food and questions; Ron Roller may go. • Summary: “We are in the process of doubling the capacity
Talk with Alice Cerniglia (Research and Publicity) of of our tempeh operation on a single shift. We are rebuilding
Ford Fair Lane Estate (313-593-5590). Dr. Ruddiman was the entire plant: tempeh, tofu, ice cream. We plan to stay in
Ford’s friend from school days. Jan Willemse was brought this plant and are shooting for a building of our own by the
from Massachusetts, where he was a chef, to be a baker at mid-1990s. We gave up on acquiring the dairy and a meat
the Ford Motor Co. cafeterias. Mr. Ford was very impressed company nearby. We’re growing so fast, I can’t tell you how
by him. When they closed down the cafeterias, in the 1920s big we’re going to be. Right now we have 20,000 square
or 1930s, Jan became Mr. Ford’s personal baker. He didn’t feet; by the end of this year it will not be enough.
know anything about soybeans before he met Mr. Ford, but “We will soon have a semi-automatic tempeh process.
he experimented, developed a lot of recipes, then gave them We have effectively automated the filling of the containers
to Robert Boyer to test in the lab and analyze their nutritional and made the rest of the process much easier. We took the
composition. Jan is still very interested in soybeans and their grunt out of it. But we still use rolling racks in an incubation
food uses. The purpose of this event is to introduce the estate room. A conveyorized incubation system is still a ways off.
and Henry Ford to the public. He was very pivotal in many Recently Peter Golbitz asked me how much tempeh we were
of his enterprises. They are located in Dearborn; the Henry making. I told him I did not want to say any more than that it
Ford museum and Greenfield Village are located right across was in the tens of thousands of pounds per week. He told me
the street. There will be an exhibit on Ford’s work with soy. he wanted to say “15-20,000 lb/week” and I said that he had
Talk with Alice Cerniglia. 1988. April 11. “About 50 no basis for those figures.” Address: Boulder, Colorado.
media people attended the event. The food was wonderful.
It was received very well and a number of articles resulted. 1219. Mitchell, Cheryl; Mitchell, Pat. 1988. California
It was a delight for Jan. He was just thrilled. He’s such a Natural Products and the outlook for amazake and amazake
delightful man. Bob Smith talked to some reporters about his products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 22. Conducted
non-dairy whipped cream [Delsoy] and dispenser, and his by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
work on America’s first soy ice cream.” • Summary: CNP manufactures the rice base for Robert
Talk with Robert Boyer. 1988. April 11. He does not Nissenbaum’s Rice Dream, non-dairy frozen dessert. Dr.
know Jan Willemse and did know about the event. He has Cheryl Mitchell is a food chemist, head of the company’s
written 40-50 pages on his autobiography but has not yet R&D, and an expert in the use of enzymes on whole grains.
gotten to the part about his work with soy. He recently fell Pat is head of marketing. Both have a strong personal and
and broke his hip. Address: Dearborn, Michigan. business interest in and commitment to natural foods.
Pat: “This fall two major natural foods companies are
1217. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1988. coming out with amazake that will be made by CNP. One
Marketing soyfoods–Labels, ads, posters, and other graphics: of these will be packaged in Tetra Brik cartons and one will
Soy ice cream. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 175 be fresh. Neither of these companies is presently involved
leaves. Illust. No index. 28 cm. Series: Marketing soyfoods. with amazake. The whole challenge is to make a product
• Summary: This book is a collection of black-and-white that is superior in taste to analogous soy products. If you
photocopies of materials ranging in date from 1918 to 1985. accomplish that, you have a good market potential.”
The books in this series, each a unique collection of graphic It is very difficult to get a good amazake flavor in Tetra
materials, are designed for a number of purposes: (1) To Pak; it’s got a lot to do with technique. It is presently difficult
serve as a source of ideas, ingredients, inspiration, legal and expensive to develop low-acid Tetra Brik products. The
specifications, and basic guidelines for companies in the tests cost about $8,000 for 2 hours. Another problem is the

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loss of the fresh taste that many prefer for a cooked taste. syrup is that it imparts a distinct rice flavor. They are seeing
Many people don’t like the beany taste in soymilk and some to what extent it can be reduced naturally. They now have 22
have soy allergies. These are good amazake customers. different rice syrups, each custom tailored to an application.
Rice syrup is used as a sweetener in 2-3 U.S. soymilks. He Address: California Natural Products, P.O. Box 139,
thinks the market potential depends on how good a job each Manteca, CA 95336 (Near Stockton). Plant: 1250 E. Lathrop,
companies does in developing quality products. “We did not Lathrop, CA 95330. Phone: 209-239-3966.
want to come out with another Grainaissance type product.
We wanted a really fine tasting product. Grainaissance has 1220. Milbury, Peter. 1988. Chico-San, amazake, and rice
what we consider a lot of negative characteristics, such syrup (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 23. Conducted by
as a glucose bight. Apparently he [Tony Plotkin] is using William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
some type of glucose enzyme. Some people like things very • Summary: Peter believes that the earliest recipe for
sweet.” amazake in a U.S. cookbook was in Cornellia Aihara’s
Cheryl: “Amazake has a tremendous potential in the The Chico-San Cookbook. This was later reprinted as The
United States. Dairy products are not the only way to get Macrobiotic Kitchen by Japan Publications. The original
protein. The nutritional composition of rice is very good book was a labor of love by Cornellia for Chico-San, edited
and the hypoallergenic nature offers a lot of new potential by Peter Milbury and Dave Schleiger. Cornellia has always
products and alternatives to dairy products. Adding enzymes taught using amazake as a sweetener, and she prefers it
to milk does solve the problem for the many people who are to rice syrup. She has a wonderful cake, sweetened with
allergic to milk.” Many of America’s biggest food companies amazake and with an amazake frosting. She was a pioneer in
are now quietly focusing their research efforts on rice. They introducing amazake to America.
feel that rice is where the future is. Everyone is keeping this Junsei Yamazaki is now selling his own miso. He is at
under their hats. Route 1, Box 1333, Orland, CA 95963. Phone: 916-865-
CNP definitely does not add hydrochloric acid to lower 5979. The product name is Junsei Amazake Miso.
the pH. It wouldn’t work. The natural buffers in the whole Concerning the future of amazake: “I think it’s hot. It’s
grain would neutralize the hydrochloric acid. Use of acid just got nowhere to go but explode. It’s such a wonderful
would also cause off flavors and souring from random product, with so many variations. All the beverages are
hydrolysis. Miles knows refined corn starch hydrolysis but now dessert drinks. Someone should make an amazake
doesn’t know anything about using commercial enzymes counterpart to soymilk, sold in larger quantities, with a
with whole grains, which is where CNP has its patents: smoother consistency, less solids, and less sweetness. Chico-
enzymatic hydrolysis of whole grains. The pH of CNP’s San is now working on an amazake powder with California
amazake stays right around 6.7 throughout the process. They Natural Products (CNP); mix with warm water and serve as
do not adjust the natural pH at all. Calcium ions from any a drink. Rice syrup also has great potential as a sweetener.
source are needed as a co-factor for the alpha amylase. They Chico San’s Yinnies, a malted sweetener, were the first
inactivate the enzymes with heat, not with pH adjustment. product of their type in America. Sjon Welters of Nasoya
Robert Nissenbaum knew what he wanted and he trained us is at least thinking about using amazake as a sweetener for
as to how to get it. It was a whole new area for us. They now soymilk. Sjon spent a week in the Chico-San rice syrup
have a spray dried rice sweetener. The koji mold is a good operation before it was shut down and moved to CNP. The
producer of alpha amylase but it is heat sensitive. Enzymes amazake used for Rice Dream is much sweeter than a typical
will not work on raw starch; moist heat has to be applied amazake. “I think Rice Dream is one of the most fantastic
to gelatinize the starch. Malted barley (commonly called products I’ve ever tasted. Originally Chico-San was going
“malt”) is still the best known producer of beta amylase. to make the product for him. Then we shifted down to CNP.
Each source produces enzymes that give subtly different end One company that might have interest in amazake is JGR
flavors. Aspergillus niger is a widely used source of alpha Resources, Inc. Dr. Adam Lambert is Technical Director.
amylase. P.O. Box 97, Haskell, New Jersey 07420. Phone: 201-835-
Concerning sweeteners, she was shocked to find that 7644. Their product is Koji-Converted Rice-O-Sweet Brown
very few feeding studies have been run on fructose, since it Rice Syrup. They are a wholly owned minority corporation,
is a natural product found it fruits, but in small quantities, that took over a brewery.
balanced with glucose. There are now toxicity studies on The first attempt Peter ever heard of to package amazake
fructose. The sweeteners in rice syrups are glucose and in Tetra Pak was in Jan. 1985, just after Heinz took over
maltose balanced and buffered by complex carbohydrates. Chico-San. Bob Kennedy and he set up a run with Real Fresh
She thinks NutraSweet [made by Monsanto] should never in Visalia. Real Fresh botched the homogenization. By this
have been allowed on the market. Many food chemists are time Chico-San had a lock-tight exclusive contract with CNP
appalled at it. The worst thing is that it is educating our to make rice syrup and amazake just for them, using their
children’s tastes to a very sweet taste. One problem with rice rice. Chico-San set up CNP in the rice syrup and amazake

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business and spent enormous amounts of time showing them In February 1986 she sold the company to British
how to do it. Before that, starting in 1972, Chico-San made Arkady (owned by ADM), which wanted to get into
its own rice syrup in Chico using not koji but a combination the frozen foods business; about a year before they had
of malted brewer’s barley and commercial enzymes from purchased Direct Foods (in Petersfield, Hampshire), which
Miles Laboratories. At that time CNP would make the made all dry foods, including some soy products. Direct
amazake for Robert Nissenbaum, but Chico-San would do Foods was started by a husband and wife who were farmers
the billing. This changed after Heinz took over and couldn’t and who didn’t like selling their animals to slaughter. They
meet their commitment to the contract with CNP. So CNP bought TVP from a manufacturer and sold it direct to health
got out of the contract and dealt directly with Nissenbaum. food shops. One of their products was Sosmix; you add
Milbury and Belleme say Macromuse (Peggy Rosoff; water and make a sort of spaghetti sauce.
301-656-4313, Bethesda, Maryland Circ. 12,000) is much About 20 years ago Sonia developed a tofu ice cream
better for long in-depth articles than East West. Address: (no isolates) for her daughter who was allergic to cow’s milk
Lundberg Farm, Box 369, Richvale, California 95974. protein. She still feels this product has commercial potential.
Phone: 916-882-4551. She thinks the four largest tofu manufacturers in
England, in descending order of size, are Paul’s Tofu, Dragon
1221. Newhouse, Sonia. 1988. Vegetarian Feasts, Direct & Phoenix, Regular Tofu Co., and Cauldron Foods. Cauldron
Foods, soy ice cream, and the tofu industry in England might be biggest; they put out the most finished products.
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 25 and March 13. Dragon and Phoenix, serves mostly the Chinese quarter of
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. London. Sonia has been in their plant. They breed fish in
• Summary: In 1974 she was crippled with osteo-arthritis tanks in their tofu plant, which is walled with red tile.
and was told by her doctor she would be in a wheel chair in Update: Letter from Sonia Newhouse. 1989. April 3. She
a few years and spend the rest of her life there. She was a is now at the Ultimate Life Center, Inc., 3760 Sports Arena
hearty meat eater. She visited Dr. Gordon Latto, a specialist Boulevard, Suite 10, San Diego, California 92110. Phone
in nutrition and president of the Vegetarian Society (now in (619) 224-0608. She and her friend, Rosemary Feldd, are in
his 70s and living at 4 Darby Rd., Caversham, Berkshire). the process of opening “a metaphysical / new age bookstore
He put her on a vegetarian diet, with no refined foods, here.” “Long term we both have the same plans to open a
stimulants, or additives, plus cold showers each morning. residential holistic center where alternative therapies will
“After about 3 days I began to feel better. And amazingly be available.” Address: 27 Carlton Rd., East Sheen, London
after about 10 days I was able to stand up straight without SW14 7RJ. Phone: 01-392-1852.
pain or stiffness in my joints.” She sold her guesthouse
and started a firm in London named Vegetarian Feasts Ltd. 1222. Elliott, James G. 1988. Consumer attitudes regarding
specializing in vegetarian frozen meals without additives. soy products. In: L. McCann, ed. 1988. Soybean Utilization
The first products went on the market in March 1984. The Alternatives. St. Paul, MN: Univ. of Minnesota Center for
media took up her story in a big way. In September 1984 she Alternative Crops and Products. vi + 429 p. See p. 381-91.
introduced two entrees with TVP as the major ingredient: [3 ref]
Chile Sin Carne and Stroganoff. “We stole so much • Summary: Discusses: Consumer awareness of soy foods.
freezer space that all the big boys decided to jump into the Consumers’ awareness of manufacturers’ use of soy protein.
vegetarian field, but they didn’t do it with whole foods.” Her Consumer willingness to purchase meat products containing
pioneering products did so well in supermarkets that many soy protein. People were asked, when you think of foods
health food shops in their “frozen food cabinets” first began which are made from soybeans, what products come to
to carry them. By June 1986 (see Financial Guardian, June mind? Unaided awareness of soyfoods among consumers
20; Family Circle, UK ed., Jan. 1986) she had an annual was low, only 4 in 10 were able to name a specific soyfood
turnover in excess of £500,000 and a staff of 25, producing on a top-of-the-mind basis. However, aided awareness was
6,000 microwaveable units a day and selling in major food significantly higher. Soy sauce and soybean oil had the
chains (Safeways, Co-op supermarkets, Holland & Barrett highest levels of aided awareness among consumers at 94%
health food stores, Europe, etc.). and 77% respectively. Tofu, soymilk, margarine, and soy
It is well known that 30% of British university students nuts registered moderate levels of aided awareness at 45%,
are vegetarian, so the catering side of the vegetarian industry 38%, 38%, and 31% respectively. Tofutti came in next at
in enormous. But in 1986 about 75% of her products were 21% and miso came in last at 10%.
sold through retail outlets. The majority were sold in When asked if they had “ever tried” these products, of
supermarkets rather than health food shops. Realeat came the eight soyfoods mentioned, soy sauce demonstrated the
out with a set of meals after hers, but they were discontinued highest trial level at 75%. All other products “ever tried”
in the supermarkets. It is not clear whether or not they were 20% or less. Respondents who had not tried a particular
contained soy protein. food product made from soybeans were asked if they would

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be willing to do so. Expressed willingness to try was in the £15,000 [Irish pounds] wholesale value), LifeForce (import
60% to 70% range. It was the highest for soybean oil, soy £30,000 to £40,000 of soya milk), Paragon Distributors
nuts, margarine, tofu and Tofutti. (imports 3-4 tons of soya foods worth £10,000), Perrans
65% of those surveyed responded positively when (sells £12,000 worth of soya milk per year), and Kelkin
asked, “have you heard of soy protein being included Naturproducts (sells £150,000/year of soya milk and £50,000
in certain food products?” 35% were unaware. Among desserts/year). Address: Dublin, Ireland.
consumers who were aware that manufacturers use soy
protein, 60% said that they were definitely using foods 1224. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1988. Amazake
that contain soy protein, or believed that they were; 29% and amazake frozen desserts: Industry and market in North
said they were not using them; and 11% didn’t know. America. 1st ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 10
When asked, “Does the fact that a food manufacturer uses + 28 + 17 + 17 p. Feb. 21. 28 cm. [82 ref]
soy protein in its products change your feeling about the • Summary: Contents: 1. Amazake industry and market
company?,” 80% stated no difference; 8% stated that they analysis: Introduction and overview. History. Market size and
felt better; and 12% said that they felt worse. Address: growth rate. Comparison with the soymilk market. Largest
Manager of scientific communications, Protein Technologies manufacturers of amazake and amazake products in North
International, St. Louis, Missouri. America. Market segments (who buys, outlets where sold,
geographical). Product types. Prices. Packaging. Imports.
1223. McGowan, Christina. 1988. An analysis of the Market outlook and forecast. 2. Forty-three commercial
market for soya-based products. Dublin, Ireland: Centre for amazake products and product/company histories, with
Marketing Studies, University College Dublin. 37 p. Feb. 28. index. 3. Bibliography on amazake and amazake frozen
Unpublished typescript. 30 cm. desserts (17 references with index). 4. Early documents and
• Summary: This is the earliest survey seen of the soyfoods labels. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette,
market in Ireland. It is full of interesting statistics. The California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991.
summary states that the market for soya-based products in
the Dublin area is miniscule [minuscule]. These products 1225. Chollet, Laurence. 1988. Magic beans: Soy foods
account for only 1-5% of total health food sales. Annual sales multiplying. Record (Hackensack, New Jersey). March 7. p.
of such products are roughly £200,000–£240,000 according B-3, B-4.
to Kelkin, Ireland’s leading wholesaler. However if general • Summary: This story is based on a news release from
trends in the health food industry can be relied on, there will Soyfoods Center showing the number of new soyfoods
be a steady increase in demand for soya products. The two products introduced each year. According to Bill Shurtleff,
main types of consumers are those suffering from lactose who compiled the report: “In 1976, 78 new products were
intolerance, and vegetarians. The most popular product is introduced; last year, 330 products were introduced, making
soya milk due to increased publicity and frequent references it by far the biggest year for soy food products,...”
by doctors. Possible new products would be soy cheese, ice Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition for the Center for
cream, or yogurt. A total of 23 retailers were interviewed and Science in the Public Interest, says that “all fats have been
only 23 stock soya products. implicated in breast and colon cancer.” Soy foods are free of
A survey was conducted on 103 respondents outside cholesterol and generally low in saturated fats, but they are
health food stores. Of those who had tasted soya-based often high in unsaturated fats.
products (only 15% of the total): 71% buy for health reasons. “Soy foods tend to be a little more expensive than their
81% buy in health stores. 94% buy for themselves. meat and dairy counterparts”–whether hot dogs, entrees, ice
51% of the respondents became aware of soya products cream, or cheesecake. Mentions: Tofu Entrees from Legume,
through word of mouth, 23% through in-store displays, and Inc, Lite Lite Tofutti, Tofutti’s Better than Cheesecake. A
23% through magazines/print. The most popular product large photo shows packages of Tomsun Tofu, Jofu, Ice Bean,
quoted by respondents was soya milk (62.5% indicated Legume Classic Lasagne, and five Worthington meatless
they purchased it). Approximately 50% said they bought products: Luncheon Slices, Prosage Links, Vegetarian Pie,
soy-based desserts, 20.2% bought tofu, 11.5% purchased Wham (meatless ham), and Meatless Chicken.
soy cheese, 5.4% purchased tempeh, and 2.7% bought soy
yogurts. 1226. Tsui, Hilton. 1988. Soymilk in Hong Kong. New
Companies involved with soya are Sunrise (under developments with Vitasoy (Interview). SoyaScan Notes.
license here), Spiral Foods of Cork (Tempeh), and Irish March 14. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Sea Greens (Tempeh). Some people are making tofu Center.
in the Swords area and an Asian man was making tofu • Summary: Soymilk manufacturers in Hong Kong include:
locally. Wholesalers that handle soya foods are Wholefood 1. Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd., makers of
Wholesale (import 20 tonnes a year of soya milk worth Vitasoy; they had 92% of the soymilk market in 1987,

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down from 94% in 1986. 2. Coca Cola Co., makers of Hi- guidelines. A sister product line of cheese analogs, called
C; 8% of the market, up from 5.5% in 1986. When Hi-C Soymage, is manufactured without casein. Galaxy Cheese
was first launched in 1981 it was a total flop. But the new posted over $14 million in sales in 1987.
Hi-C is much improved, with very good taste. The five It is important to distinguish between dairy ingredients
flavors include Honey-Dew Melon and Peanut. This is now and products such as caseinates and whey protein
Vitasoy’s biggest competitor. 3. President Enterprises Corp. concentrates. Also discusses tofu-based salad dressings and
of Taiwan has a branch in Hong Kong. 4. Winner, which was ice cream substitutes.
purchased by Beatrice in about 1985. They used to make Simplesse, a fat substitute recently released by the
Doll brand soymilk, which was also sold in 1987 New York NutraSweet Co. [owned by Monsanto], uses finely ground
and San Francisco Chinatowns. But Doll is no longer found protein micro-particles from milk or egg whites to simulate
in the U.S. or Hong Kong. 5. Dairy Lane, Hong Kong’s fatty mouthfeels. It will be a competitor to soy oil.
biggest producer of cow’s milk, launched Delite soy ice
cream in 1987, in 3 flavors (wildberry, rocky road, mocha 1229. Boulton, Brenda. 1988. Razzle-dazzle shake-up.
chip). The packaging and flavor are almost identical to Popular Foodservice (UK). March. p. 63, 65, 67.
Tofutti; it could be licensed. They could be making soymilk. • Summary: The latest dessert trend to reach the UK from
Hilton has never heard of Eastern Gates Native Soy Products the USA involves the creation of exotic concoctions from
in Hong Kong. soft-serve ice cream using new machinery like the Waring
Vitasoy USA did NOT (as a competitor alleged) loose Super Mixer from Robot Coupe or the Flavor Creator from
$700,000 on soymilk in 1987. They do cooperate with Dun Pure & Perfect Foods of London, which mix and blend
& Bradstreet but do not break out financial information by ingredients without breaking them. The Flavor Creator is an
product line. Last year Vitasoy USA was profitable as a ice cream/yogurt blender which blends fruits, nuts, biscuits,
company. chocolate bars, etc. with tofu, yogurt, or hard-packed ices to
The company’s goal for 1987 is to pass Westbrae to create a wide range of desserts.
become number 2 in the U.S. soymilk market, by penetrating
the areas where distribution is now nonexistent or weak: 1230. Demi-Tasse. 1988. March. New soyfoods restaurant or
Texas, the Pacific Northwest, the Sun Belt, and the Midwest. deli. Mishiki-cho 6-7, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan.
But they may be number 1 in northern California, and • Summary: Toyo Shinpo. 1988. March 11. p. 9. “Restaurant
number 2 in California as a whole, the northeast and perhaps serves tofu dishes with a homestyle feel.” The restaurant,
the southeast. Nationwide he thinks they are now number Demitasse serves original Japanese and Western tofu dishes–
three. Address: Vitasoy USA, Brisbane, California. even tofu steak and ice cream!! They are closed on Tuesdays,
and open every other day of the week from 11:00 a.m. to
1227. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1988. Tofutti Brands Inc. 8:00 p.m.
announces year-end results (News release). 136 East 57th St.,
New York, NY 10022. 3 p. March 31. 1231. Scott, Jack Denton. 1988. The bean of a thousand
• Summary: Net sales for the fifty-three week period guises. As pervasive as sunshine and almost as beneficial, the
ended January 2, 1988 were $7,705,518 versus net sales of amazing soybean is the best-kept secret in the supermarket.
$11,602,910 for the fiscal year ended August 2, 1986. The Reader’s Digest. March. p. 93-96.
Company’s operating loss was $2,560,645 as compared to • Summary: “Today some 5.5 million gallons of tofu and
an operating loss of $1,384,156 for the previous fiscal year. soy-milk-based, nondairy frozen desserts are sold annually
Address: New York. under 30 brand names... As our No. 2 cash crop and leading
farm-commodity export, soybeans contributed over $6,500
1228. Best, Daniel. 1988. Low-cholesterol foods present million to our balance of payments in 1986-87... Indeed,
healthy opportunities [Galaxy Cheese Co.]. Prepared Foods when one considers the versatility of the bean of a thousand
157(3):124-26. March. guises, it is not hard to imagine that it was the soybean that
• Summary: Founded in 1974, Galaxy Cheese Company Jack planted to produce his magic beanstalk.”
(New Castle, Pennsylvania) really began developing its
cheese substitute technology in 1968 when Angelo Morini 1232. Taste (Kikkoman, Japan). 1988. New frontiers in
[Galaxy Cheese Co. President], then a marketing executive at Hokkaido [Kikkoman’s new shoyu plant in Chitose]. 2(1):8.
Pillsbury, began devoting his spare time toward developing March.
the Formagg technology. Formagg products contain no • Summary: The Kikkoman’s third, and newest, domestic
cholesterol or lactose, are lower in sodium and calories soy sauce factory is in Hokkaido. The new plant was finished
than conventional cheeses, derive less than 30% of their in early 1987, over half a century after the construction of
calories from fat, and have a saturated/unsaturated fat the second Takasago plant near Osaka. Just as Kikkoman’s
profile designed for conformance to American Heart Assoc. first plant near Noda City was located amid wheat and

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soybean fields, the choice of this plant near Chitose was on the phone.
partly influenced by the ready supplies of wheat nearby. “(12) Mori-Nu had a disorganized booth that was
(The soybeans are imported from the U.S.) The factory is obviously conceived by someone who thought this would
27,300-square meters with four stories. Only fifty employees be what natural fooders would want to see. It was dumb... a
are on hand to man two large control rooms. They have walking Mori-Nu Tofu box?
also applied high technology to microorganisms used in “Depending on who you talk to, the S.A. [Soyfoods
the fermentation. The Chitose plant was singled out for a Association] meetings were either incredibly wonderful or
national award by the Nihon Keizai Shinbun last October. absolutely disgusting. I was not present at them.
Kikkoman, one of Japan’s leaders in biotechnology, “Notable events: Gary Barat is only a board member,
demonstrated the results of its latest research on bioreactors, Gordon Bennett is Pres., Yvonne is Treasurer, and Peter
designed to reduce the time needed to produce soy sauce. Golbitz is VP. Danielle [of Morinaga] and Jack Mizono [of
Other companies promoted the versatility of their soybean- Azumaya] were elected to the board. The single big program
related food products, such as cheese-flavored tofu and tofu for the S.A. is Soyfoods Month in April 1989. Budget is
ice cream. $200/month to keep the lights on. Gary was talking about
stiffing Smith Bucklin and Steve McNamara. There was no
1233. Schmidt, Peggy. 1988. For those with lactose, discussion with me or at the meetings about my proposal.
cholesterol problems, this engineered product may be a Danielle threw a snit to get on the board, as did Yvonne.–
delight. Sunday News (The) (York, Pennsylvania). April 10. Richard.”
p. E15. The Rose International letterhead states: EasyLink
• Summary: About Daniel Diehl, developer of A-Maize-ing Mailbox 62978515. Telex 990027 (Rose Intl UQ). Address:
Delite, a non-dairy frozen dessert that contains no lactose, President, Rose International, P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma,
cholesterol, saturated fat, or artificial flavorings. Photos California 94953-2687. Phone: 707-778-7721.
show: (1) The product and its ingredients. (2) Daniel Diehl,
smiling, and holding a dish of his non-dairy ice cream and 1235. DiStasio, Daniel. 1988. Spotlight on David Mintz.
about a eat a spoonful. Spotlight on Rockland/Bergen (Mamaroneck, New York).
Note: The Sunday News is the Sunday morning edition April. p. 72-73.
of the York Daily Record. • Summary: The quest for the perfect dessert began in 1972.
Mintz’s career in the food industry had begun in the Catskills
1234. Rose, Richard. 1988. Re: Personal observations on with a small business called Mintz’s Knishes. He attracted
soyfoods at Natural Foods Expo West in Anaheim. Letter to help with a sign which read, “Grandmothers Wanted.”
William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, April 12. 1 p. Typed, Thus began the catering business that finally brought him
with signature on letterhead. to Manhattan. “I was reading a health food magazine,” Mr.
• Summary: “Enclosed is all the information on soyfoods Mintz recalls, “when I read that tofu looks like cheese but
and amazake I could find at the 1988 Expo West natural is not.” From 1972 until 1981, Mr. Mintz was like a man
foods show. possessed. In May 1982, he hand-delivered five gallons of
“Notable trends: Tofutti ice cream to a Manhattan health-food store.
“(1) Only 1 soy frozen dessert present, Ice Bean. Even the strict USSR State Committee for Inventions
“(2) Rice Dream has expanded into frozen, coated and Discoveries allowed Tofutti to be registered, a coup
bananas. of sorts in that the Russians usually eschew any “frilly
“(3) The Soyfoods Pavilion was not delineated in products.” The Japanese went crazy: Every month, 100,000
any way. The banner was not present, nor were signs. No gallons are delivered there, that’s 3.2 million four-ounce
sufficient answer as to why this was so was available. servings. “Some people call me a kosher ham,” quips Mintz.
“(4) Only 2 tempehs present, Tempehworks and White Though his enthusiasm for the spotlight takes up much of
Wave. his time, workaholic Mintz enjoys his home in Alpine, New
“(5) Only 1 tofu present, White Wave. Jersey. He is also a talented painter. What’s next on the list?
“(6) Kawanishi and Airtight had a double-wide booth to Burgers, sausages, hot dogs, more main course foods.
show tofu making equipment and supplies.
“(7) Only 2 soymilks present, Vitasoy and Westbrae. 1236. Fancy Food (Des Plaines, Illinois). 1988. Tofutti
“(8) Soya Kaas was not displayed in the Tree of Life Brands inc. will open its second company-owned store in
booth. New York City. April.
“(9) As many soyfoods companies were out of the • Summary: ... on the Upper West Side. The other company-
Pavilion as in it. It looks like they did not sell out all the owned Tofutti store is on Second Ave. in New York; Tofutti
space in the Pavilion. also operates a franchise shop in Teaneck, New Jersey.
“(11) Gary Barat has gone off the deep end. Ask me how

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1237. Pecjak, Marinka. 1988. Soja v kulinariki [Soybeans for desserts, pastries, pies, and sauces, Mintz discovered the
in the kitchen]. Ljubljana, Yugoslavia: Feniks. 138 p. Illust. soy bean product tofu.
Plus 16 pages of color plates showing recipes. 21 x 30 cm.
[Slv] 1240. Rose, Richard. 1988. History of the last years of
• Summary: Features 300 recipes that use soybeans and Brightsong Light Foods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May
soyfoods. Contents: Introduction: In the beginning there 13. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
was the soybean, almost anything can be made from soya (a • Summary: In June 1980, Richard and Sharon Rose bought
diagram shows many food and non-food products), soya is Brightsong Tofu from David Patton. A few months later they
concentrated, soybeans in cuisine, how to use these recipes. changed the changed name to Redwood Valley Soyfoods
Whole soybeans (p. 17): Recipes for coffee, different kinds Unlimited
of spreads, salads, soups, green soybeans with rice, dips with In June 1982 they changed it back to Brightsong Light
whole soybeans, soybeans with mushrooms, patties, soybean Foods, when they left Redwood Valley. The tofu was always
roast, sausages made of whole soybeans, stuffed duck, called Brightsong Tofu.
stuffed trout. In 1984 a wealthy Hong Kong industrialist (bottling
Soybean flakes and textured proteins (p. 40): Spread, industry) in his ‘70s named John Tung, after seeing an article
party balls, filled bread, soups, pancakes, Australian pie, praising Brightsong in Venture magazine, decided to buy
Buckwheat with flakes, flakes in mushroomy sauce, baked into the company. He invested first $333,000, then finally
potatoes, stuffed cabbage leaves, chilled stuffed tomatoes, $500,000, buying 80% of the company. The first funds
stuffed roasted peppers, stuffed eggplant. arrived on 31 Dec. 1984. Richard Rose decided to develop a
Soymilk and dairylike products (p. 74): Various spreads, number of new products but to focus his efforts on Le Tofu,
soups and salads with herbs, pancakes, baked potatoes, a tofu-based non-dairy frozen dessert. Brightsong would
baked noodles, soy pudding, soymilk ice cream, avocado manufacture the tofu.
milk. Soy flour and semolina (p. 111): Soy noodles, pasta, In the fall of 1985 the company dropped its flying
pancakes, fish balls, soy bread. bird logo in favor of a bolder blue and orange triangle
Soy sprouts (p. 122): Soups, salads, sprouts with and shortened its name from Brightsong Light Foods to
potatoes, chicken with sprouts and wine, pork with sprouts. Brightsong Foods. At the same time it launched its tofu
Soy sauce and other forms of fermented soybeans (p. 128): vacuum packed in a red and orange box. During the next
Chart showing fermented soy products (incl. miso, tempeh, year Brightsong received unprecedented media coverage
sufu, natto), salads, soups, chicken with sprouts and soy from a barrage of news releases that Richard Rose developed
sauce, meat with fermented black soybeans, roast cutlets, and sent out, some over PR Newswire. This and the many
Hoisin dip. new and innovate products being developed led Food
& Beverage Marketing magazine (Dec. 1986) to place
1238. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1988. Brightsong at the top of its list of the ten leading food
Bibliography of soy ice creams, yogurts, and cheeses, from innovators of 1986. But as time went on, money flowed out
1911 to 1988: With 845+ references. Lafayette, California: fast. The company got behind on its product development
Soyfoods Center. 110 p. Subject and country index. Partially schedule and the non-dairy frozen dessert market changed
annotated. Printed April. 28 cm. [851 ref] and soon essentially disappeared. Some of the money went
• Summary: Contains three separate bibliographies, each into equipment (assets), but most went into advertising/
indexed: Soy ice creams has 640 references from 1918 to marketing and product development, especially for Le Tofu.
1988. Soy yogurts has 128 references from 1911 to 1988. A major problem was that in the original agreement a U.S.
Western-style soy cheeses has 83 references from 1911 to partner of Tung’s, who was a Bay Area CPA, was supposed
1988. This is the most comprehensive bibliography on each to help Brightsong with finance and accounting expertise;
of these subjects. Also contains a detailed description of all he never did. Midway thru the process, Rose realized and
known commercial products. Most of the current references proposed to Tung that he should stop being a manufacturer
contain a summary. Details of how to make best use of and focus all of his efforts on product development and
these bibliographies is presented. A subject index by record marketing. Tung, an industrialist, disagreed. In late 1986 Mr.
numbers also follows each section of these bibliographies. Tung died. After discussing the matter with the heirs, it was
Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, decided in early 1987 that Rose should liquidate everything
California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991. and send them the cash. By this time he was pretty tired and
frustrated anyway.
1239. Knoll, Adrienne. 1988. Brooklyn caterer who invented On 1 June 1987 Brightsong Foods ceased to exist. The
Tofutti to lecture May 1. Canarsie Digest (Brooklyn, New Roses resigned, turned the company over to a liquidator
York). May 2. to sell off the rest of the equipment, and started a new
• Summary: In 1972, while searching for a milk substitute company named Rose International. They got nothing

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from the liquidation, and also lost wages and their initial grind the soybeans. So Bob decided that instead of using
capital investment. Left with virtually nothing, they got a mill, he would extract the protein from defatted soybean
unemployment benefits for a while and started brokering meal that had been produced using a low-temperature
NuTofu (a non-dairy soy cheese made by Cemac Foods extraction unit at Ford’s Chemical Plant in Greenfield
Corp. of New York, for which they earned $6,200 in Village. He immersed the meal in a weak solution of sodium
commissions–that have never been paid). Rose sued Nu- hydroxide to extract the protein, then precipitated the protein
Tofu. Times were hard. Rose International was to be a with a mixture of hydrochloric and citric acids to make a soy
product development and marketing company. Their main protein isolate. Finally he let the solution settle and decanted
brand was Sharon’s Finest. In 1987 Richard applied to be off the liquid leaving the isolate solution containing about
director of the Soyfoods Association of America, but was not 4% protein. [Note: The soy fiber must have been removed,
accepted. The future looks good. Address: President, Rose probably by filtration.] He neutralized the protein solution
International, P.O. Box 2687, Petaluma, California 94953- with sodium potassium phosphate (which also added key
2687. Phone: 707-778-7721. minerals found in milk), bringing the pH up to about 6.7.
Then he homogenized in lightly hydrogenated soybean oil
1241. Smith, Robert Archer. 1988. Work with Henry Ford, (purchased from A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. and others), plus some
soymilk, and soy ice cream (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. cane and corn sugars, and vitamins. Within several months in
May 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods 1938 or 1939, using this new technique based on soy protein
Center. isolate, Smith had a soymilk that Henry Ford thought was
• Summary: In 1931 Bob Smith began his work with Henry pretty good. One day after tasting a satisfactory batch, Ford
Ford when he was placed in charge of the Greenfield Village got out the little notebook he carried with him and wrote:
Experimental Greenhouse, trying to find out how waste “First good milk. No cow.” He showed the note to Smith.
materials from farms could be used as plant fertilizers. He The Ford Hospital ran nutrition tests on this soymilk using
grew soybeans at that time. Smith’s boss was Robert Boyer, white rats.
who was in charge of the Chemical Plant, later better known For the next 4 years, Bob Smith made soymilk at Moir
as the Soybean Lab. One night in about late 1931 or 1932, House using a small-scale batch process that produced only
Henry Ford went into the library at the Chemical plant all about 1-3 quarts (in 1-quart batches) at a time. He made a
by himself and read a book titled The Soybean, by Piper and small scale soybean dryer (the size of an oil drum) at Moir
Morse. The next day he met Bob Smith at the greenhouse, House. It took a half a day to make several ounces. It was
“Clean out everything, get rid of all the tests. I’ll be back this never done on a large scale.
afternoon. I want everything out of here. Serious research on Bob worked in the Moir House until 1942 when Henry
the soybean started at this time. Ford asked him to move into the new Carver Laboratory,
Later William Morse of the USDA, one of the authors which was formerly the Dearborn Waterworks, and to set up
of the above-mentioned book, sent Bob Smith about 500 a continuous-process soymilk plant. It could produce about
varieties of soybeans, which Smith grew out and tested on a 150 gallons a day. This soymilk was served mostly at the
25 acre experimental farm. Ford Motor Co. cafeterias and at the Henry Ford Hospital
In early 1937 Henry Ford drove Smith over to Moir in Detroit. Most of it was served in the form of ice cream,
House (pronounced like “More House”) and on the way which was called something like “Frozen Soy Custard” since
told Smith about how he would like to get rid of cows. Ford they were not allowed to call it ice cream.
asked Smith to work at Moir House to develop a milk that This ice cream was first produced after the Carver
made no use of cows. In July 1937 Bob Smith and his wife Lab was in operation. They used a typical ice cream
had moved into the Square House at Henry Ford’s invitation. formula except that soy cream, made at the Carver Lab by
In 1938 Bob began his work on soymilk at Moir House in homogenizing about 15% soy oil into the soymilk, replaced
Dearborn. Henry Ford had lived in Moir House when he the typical dairy cream. So it was a completely non-dairy
built his honeymoon house named the Square House in 1888. product. This chilled soy cream was shipped in 10 gallon
Ford’s father had given him 40 acres of land that had timber cans to an outside facility, not a commercial ice cream plant,
on it. He set up a sawmill near where Moir House and lived that made the soy ice cream in batches of about 10 gallons
there while he was building the Square House. Ford had the at a time. They made various flavors of soy ice cream,
Moir House made into a laboratory in 1937. including strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla. It was very
Bob knew Dr. Edsel Ruddiman and was aware of his popular at the Ford cafeterias and the Henry Ford Hospital.
work with soyfoods and soymilk; several other people were Smith remembers: “I thought the ice cream was very
working on soymilk too. Dr. Ruddiman had a modern lab good. One night in about 1944 or 1945 Henry Ford II had a
with fancy equipment and electricity. But the problem at dinner at the old rotunda and had the press over. Everything
Moir House was that there was no electricity (except for a was made from soybeans. It was sort of a recreation of the
little generated by a windmill), and therefore no grinder to original 1934 World’s Fair meal. We had soybean ice cream,

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soybean coffee, soybean croquettes. Mr. Ford’s chef, Paul

Foster, used to prepare all these dishes. He worked at our 1243. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1988. Tofutti Brands Inc.
Laboratory when he wasn’t traveling with Mr. Ford. Henry announces a return to profitability in the first quarter (News
Ford II was interested in the soybean. He surprised me by the release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. May
depth of his knowledge on the subject.” 16.
Some soymilk was also used in cooking, as to make • Summary: “Tofutti Brands Inc. today announced a return to
soy bread. Virtually none was served as a beverage. Smith profitability for the first quarter of fiscal 1988. Net sales for
recalls, “As far as I know, the only ones who drank it were the thirteen week period ended April 2, 1988 increased 11%
Henry Ford and his friends. Ford drank it almost every day. to $2,414,000 versus net sales of $2,170,000 for the fourteen
We either delivered it to his house, or he stopped by Moir weeks ended April 4, 1987. The Company’s operating
House of the Carver Lab and picked it up. Every day we also income was $25,000 for the first quarter as compared to an
baked him two loaves of soybean bread, which contained operating loss of $61,000 for the first quarter of the previous
about 75% wheat flour and 25% soybean flour, plus some year. The improved sales for the first quarter of the new fiscal
soymilk.” year reflected Tofutti Brands’ focus on strengthening its
Ford also liked soybean sandwiches, which were made national distribution network.” Address: New York.
using soybean bread and locally picked weeds, such as curly
dock. Clem Glotzhober, a botanist who graduated from 1244. Graphic (Brooklyn, New York). 1988. The “scoop” on
Michigan State College, collected the weeds for Mr. Ford. David Mintz, the father of Tofutti. May 25.
He is still in Dearborn and would remember the details of • Summary: David Mintz, a successful kosher caterer from
soybean sandwiches. Brooklyn, never believed tofu could change his life, but it
The production of soymilk and soy ice cream stopped has. In 1972, while searching for a milk substitute for kosher
after Mr. Ford had a stroke. Bob Smith left the company desserts, pastries, pies and sauces, he discovered tofu. In
in August 1945. Clem Glotzhober took over the soymilk 1981, he introduced Tofutti ice cream to the world. More
production from Bob Smith and may have continued it for than 38,000 outlets in all 50 states–including supermarkets,
6-12 months until the Carver Lab closed at the end of 1945. health food stores, groceries, gourmet shops and department
Address: 26351 Hollywood Ave., Roseville, Michigan stores–carry the product. Tofutti is also available in Canada,
48066. Phone: 313-777-5394. Japan, Australia, Korea, Hong Kong, and the U.S. Virgin
Islands.
1242. Damien, John. 1988. Soybean dessert product cuts out
middleman [cow]. Sun (Jamestown, North Dakota). May 16. 1245. Food Industry Newsletter (Fairfax, Virginia). 1988.
• Summary: At the North Dakota Newspaper Convention, Tofutti reports quarterly gain after 7 losses; expands into
samples of Tofulicious, a soybean-based, non-dairy frozen non-dessert products. May 30.
dessert were passed around for taste testing. The North • Summary: After 7 straight quarterly losses, the company
Dakota Soybean Council likes that label and is trying to is reporting a modest net profit of $32,000 on sales of $2.41
open a market for Tofulicious in the state. It went over million in 1st quarter of 1988 fiscal year. Troubles began
extremely well. The North Dakota Dep. of Agriculture will in September 1986 when Haagen-Dazs scrapped its master
be helping the soybean council to assess the marketability distribution contract with high-flying Tofutti which had gone
of Tofulicious, according to Kaye Quanbeck, NDDA public in 1983 and hit peak earnings and sales in 1985. It
marketing specialist. Quanbeck plans to visit the Eastern didn’t help that by 1986 competition had come into the tofu
Foods Corp. manufacturing plant in Minneapolis, Minn., frozen dessert market (mainly from Tofulite, distributed
where the dessert is made. If manufacturing officials indicate by Haagen Dazs!). It has taken since then to rebuild a
an interest in developing sales in North Dakota, Quanbeck distribution network that now includes most major metro
said she could tap the agriculture department’s list of grocery markets. Cost-cutting was also part of earnings turnaround;
store owners and managers to spread the word. The soybean staff at Rahway, New Jersey headquarters reduced from 45
council would also work with the agriculture department in to 21. Meanwhile its once-ambitious nationwide franchising
setting up sample booths at grocery stores in major cities. program of Tofutti shops has been scrapped, along with
In North Dakota, soybean is steadily gaining popularity. dreams of overseas expansion.
Last year, North Dakota farmers grew 490,000 acres of Despite its distribution and financial woes last year,
soybeans. Ten years ago there were only 173,000 acres of Tofutti kept coming out with new frozen products, including
soybeans. Soybeans are less popular than such major crops low-calorie Lite Lite Tofutti which gave the company an
as sunflower and wheat. entree in supermarkets when they badly needed it. They also
Note: Talk with Jim Skiff of Minneapolis. 1992. July. introduced Tofutti Frutti, its first frozen product on a stick,
Prof. William Breene at the University of Minnesota in St. with less enthusiastic results. To avoid competing solely in
Paul told him that Eastern Foods no longer makes tofu. crowded and expensive frozen dessert cases, Tofutti has now

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developed other non-dairy, non-dessert, soya-based products, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America
introducing them first into institutional and foodservice (Phone: 212-563-4000). It is definitely the most widely
markets because it’s cheaper to get in and it is a good testing accepted, especially on the East Coast. The company pays
ground. about $3,000/year for this certification. Ad in Natural Foods
Leading the way is Egg Watchers. Better Than Merchandiser. 1988. May. p. 60. “Now in quarts and bars.”
Cheesecake and Better Than Cream Cheese are both lactose- Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1988. June. “Last month
free and cholesterol free. All 3 products should be in retail Imagine Foods introduced Rice Dream quarts in vanilla
by summer. Tofutti is betting that the current spotlight and Neapolitan (vanilla, carob, and strawberry). At $3.60 to
on cholesterol will help sell these products. A revitalized $3.80 (retail) per quart, the new sizes represent considerable
frozen yogurt segment may turn out to be Tofutti’s main savings over the pints, which go for $2.25.” The company
competition this summer. is hesitant to introduce gallons since no other natural frozen
dessert product has gone larger than a pint. The two new
1246. Product Name: Ice Bean (Soy Ice Cream) [Carob pints will bring the line of flavors to 12. Note: Imagine Foods
Chip, and Mint Chocolate Chip]. is now at 1330 N. Broadway, Suite 210, Palo Alto, California
Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Div. of Barricini 94596. Phone: 934-5858.
Foods Inc. Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1990. March 14. Sales of
Manufacturer’s Address: 49 Old Bloomfield Ave., rice dream are growing slowly. Most of the growth has been
Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. Phone: 800-431-5030 or 201- in the expansion of the line. The bars and quarts are doing
334-0101. very, very well. Many people want more flavors in the quart.
Date of Introduction: 1988. May. The company that made Gone Bananas, located in the
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint carton. San Francisco Bay Area went bankrupt, so Imagine Foods
How Stored: Frozen. sold rights to the line to a company in southern California
New Product–Documentation: News release from Farm that was very familiar with frozen banana products, but kept
Foods. 1988. These two new flavors have been added to a small ownership plus some marketing assistance. The
the company’s line of honey-sweetened, non-dairy frozen product has been off the market for some months but the
desserts. L.A. company did new packaging and relaunched it at the
Anaheim show as the Imagine Foods booth. They are also
1247. Product Name: Rice Dream (Non-Dairy Frozen selling it to the regular grocery market in a joint venture with
Dessert Based on Rice Beverage) [Hard Pack, Pints: Mint Chiquita. It has gotten a very good response. It did well for
Carob Chip, and Vanilla Swiss Almond. Quarts: Vanilla, and Imagine Foods while it was on the market.
Neapolitan].
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. 1248. Keville, Kathi. 1988. Back to Eden’s Jethro Kloss.
Manufacturer’s Address: Amazake made by California Vegetarian Times. May. p. 67-69.
Natural Products, Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream made by • Summary: Soyfoods are an integral part of Kloss’ dietary
Peninsula Creamery, 900 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94302. philosophy. He was born in 1863 on a farm (called the
Offices at 299 California Ave. #305, Palo Alto, CA 94306. Garden of Eden, by the way) near Manitowac, Wisconsin,
Phone: 415-327-1444. one of 11 children. A typhoid epidemic spawned Kloss’
Date of Introduction: 1988. May. career as a natural healer. He was firm in his belief that
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint carton. Retails for $2.22 substituting soy products for dairy products is essential to
to $2.25 (2/88). good health.
How Stored: Frozen. Back to Eden was published when Kloss was 76 years
New Product–Documentation: Ad in Vegetarian Times. old.
1988. April. p. 7. “Not a Lick of Guilt.” Full page, color, Move Over, Tofutti–Kloss “began what might
showing 6 ice cream cones in front of a pint of Vanilla Rice have been the first natural foods fast-food stand, based
Dream. “Its a natural, non-dairy delight. Rice Dream’s sweet largely on soyfoods. That was in the 1930s when the
creaminess is cholesterol free and low if fat. Luscious. With Kloss family was living in Washington, D.C. To reach
fewer calories than ice cream and many other non-dairy influential Washingtonians, Kloss parked a small trailer
desserts, but no refined sweeteners. And its made from on Pennsylvania Avenue, by the White House and Capitol
wholesome brown rice! Try our carob dipped Rice Dream buildings. There he sold vegetarian quick lunches to
bars plus new quart sizes of Vanilla and Neapolitan. You can government employees. Soy bread sandwiches were filled
Dream in 13 richly delicious flavors. And never regret that with nutmeats, lettuce and sliced tomatoes. Favorite snacks
you did.” Note that these are the first Rice Dream quarts. were strawberry, chocolate and vanilla ice creams made
Talk with Robert Nissenbaum. 1988. March 24. Rice Dream directly from raw soybeans. (The beans were soaked and
uses the OU (a U in a circle) kosher certification from ground, then milk was pressed out of them.) Hot soybean

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coffee, with soybean cream, was served... through subsidiaries and agents. The group comprises 160
“Jim Taft, vice president of research for Farm Foods, an companies worldwide with 45 manufacturing plants.”
offshoot of The Farm community in Tennessee and producers Processing: Traditionally soybeans were soaked in
of soy-based ‘Ice Bean,’ said he made his first batch of soy- cold water then ground in cold water, filtered, and cooked
milk 20 years ago, using the Back to Eden recipe. Taft said to make soymilk with a beany flavor. “Hot grinding: The
he was extremely influenced by Jethro Kloss. ‘He was very undesirable taste and smell stem from ketones and aldehydes
popular among my friends. I read his book from cover to produced by the enzyme lipoxygenase which is activated by
cover. I can’t remember where I got my first soy ice cream the traditional process and acts as a catalyst to oxidize fatty
recipe, but I think it was a combination of Back to Eden and acids. Modern research showed that grinding in hot water
Ten Talents (by Frank J. and Rosalie Hurd, whose recipes instead of cold water eliminates the enzyme activation and
are also based on Seventh-day Adventist principles).’” The improves the taste considerably.
recipe for Soy Ice Cream that Taft remembers using is given. “Blanching: It was subsequently found that blanching
It calls for 1 tablespoon agar-agar, cold water for soaking, instead of pre-soaking improves the taste even further. The
2 quarts soymilk, 2 lbs. barley malt sweetener (powdered beans, often dehulled, are blanched and ground together with
form), ½ pint soy margarine, and crushed fruit, fruit juice, or an alkali solution.
vanilla (optional). “Unfortunately, this process can affect the protein yield.
Due to the harsh treatment, the protein tends to agglomerate
1249. Plenty Canada News (Lanark, Ontario, Canada). instead of remaining in solution. In the separation stage
1988. Guatemala Project. Spring. p. 1. these protein bodies will disappear with the fibrous residue
• Summary: In the Quiche area of Guatemala, the Soy Dairy [okara], reducing the protein content of the extract.
is a multifaceted facility, one of the prime aims of which is “The SOYAL process: All of these findings are
to provide training. Instruction is provided to villages and advantageously combined in Alfa-Laval’s processing line
technicians from other development organizations. One of SOYAL. The process has been optimized to produce a
the most successful marketing schemes is the ice cream soybase with a high protein content and a high nutritional
carts; one-person operations which sell a variety of local value. The soybase produced has a widely acceptable flavour
fruit flavored soy ice cream popsicles. Each one of these and mouthfeel with no trace whatsoever of the original
merchants is able to generate enough income to support his/ unpleasant taste and smell.” Address: Lund, Sweden.
her family. Address: R.R. 3, Lanark, ONT, Canada KOG
1KO. 1251. Golbitz, Peter. 1988. “Prince Mintz of Tofu”: Interview
with David Mintz. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine).
1250. Alfa-Laval Food Engineering AB. Soy Application May/June. p. 4-6.
Group. 1988. Soyfoods: Old traditions with new potentials. • Summary: On December 8, 1983, Tofu Time, Inc. became
P.O. Box 64, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. 12 p. [Eng] a publicly held company and raised $2.875 million by
• Summary: Contents: Soy–The miracle plant. Soy–The successfully selling 500,000 shares of its stock. During the
nutritious plant. Soy products yesterday and today. Soy next year, Tofutti’s sales increased over seven-fold to $2.4
processing yesterday and today: Traditional, hot grinding, million. During 1985, the company’s sales increased seven-
blanching, the Soyal process. Soy processing with Soyal: fold one more time to an astounding $17.1 million with a
Gives a diagram of the equipment and describes the 7 profit of $2 million, making it the fastest growing soyfoods
main steps in the process, starting with bean cleaning company in the history of America. For the next two years
and ending with soybase, from which can be made the the company saw a slowdown in total sales as revenues
products described in the next section. Soy products today dropped to $11.8 million in 1986, and then to $7.7 million in
and tomorrow: Soy beverage, tofu, soy yoghurt, frozen 1987. To bolster sales and return the company to profitability,
desserts (ice cream)–Imagination sets the limit. On the Tofutti Brands has continued to expand its line of nondairy
facing right-hand page is a superb color photo showing 32 frozen desserts with new flavors and novelty items and a new
modern commercial soyfood products in colorful packages, lower calorie version of Tofutti, Lite Lite Tofutti.
most based on soymilk and tofu. Alfa-Laval R&D Centres The company has also recently launched four new lines
at your service. Alfa-Laval in soy processing: Discusses of tofu-based and cholesterol-free products: Better Than
the Guangdong Cannery in Guangzhou (Canton), China, Cheesecake, Tofu Tortellini, Egg Watchers, and, Better
the first company to install a complete soy beverage plant Than Cream Cheese. During the first quarter of fiscal 1988,
based on Soyal technology (it now runs 2 shifts to produce Tofutti Brands reported that sales for the period were $2.414
20,000 liters/day of plain and flavored soy beverage), and the million, up 11% from the comparable quarter last year, and
CAC Soyal plant in France which makes the Bioforme line. that its net income was $32,000 compared to a net loss of
“Founded more than a century ago, Alfa-Laval has a current $19,000 for the same period last year. Mintz comments on
workforce of 16,000 and is represented in 130 countries his products, “We don’t call them substitutes, we call them

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replacements. What I think is even bigger than ‘low calorie’ Letter from Robert Nissenbaum. 1993. Dec. 8. Crispy
now is the concern about cholesterol.” rice was not actually used as a coating for this product.
It has been said by many that Tofutti has probably
contributed more to tofu’s awareness by the masses than any 1254. Kemp, Mark. 1988. Invasion of the bean curd: While
other single food product in the modern history of soyfoods. chickens continue to lay eggs chock-full of cholesterol, one
Mintz says, “We’re not just a one line company. Today we man roosts at his New Jersey tofu plant, brooding over ways
have at least 2 dozen projects on the fire. There has been a to outsmart nature. Discover (New York, NY) 9:42-43. June.
lot of talk about companies growing too rapidly and how • Summary: David Mintz sits in his office at Tofutti Brands’
that can hurt a company. If there is excessively rapid growth, headquarters in Rahway, New Jersey, 100 volumes on ethics
it isn’t healthy for anything. You can’t deal with it. This is written in Hebrew on a nearby bookshelf. He speaks with a
where we had gotten a little bit shook up initially. We are native Brooklyn accent, and atop his head, slightly askew, is
growing, but we’re growing at a rate that we can handle.” a small yarmulke. He is thinking of ways to get cholesterol
Address: Soyatech, Bar Harbor, Maine. out of American diets once and for all with a tofu based egg.
Al Kniper, head of the company’s 3000-square-foot research
1252. Product Name: [Soymilk Ice Cream]. and development laboratory talks about what goes into this
Foreign Name: Tônyû Sofuto Kuriimu. soybean-based egg.
Manufacturer’s Name: Iimura Shoji. Tofutti Brands’ Egg Watchers, he says, is much like
Manufacturer’s Address: Ebisu Nishi 2-12-13, Shibuya- other simulated-egg products such as Egg Beaters, Egg
ku, Tokyo, Japan. Phone: 03-463-1896. Scramblers, and the various powdered substitutes. All
Date of Introduction: 1988. June. blend together egg whites, certain gums, vegetable oils,
How Stored: Frozen. emulsifiers, stabilizers, and coloring to try to reproduce the
New Product–Documentation: Toyo Shinpo. 1988. June 1. perfect egg consistency. But Egg Watchers is the first–and
p. 6. “Hit product of the summer is the soft-serve soymilk ice so far the only–substitute in the protein food tofu has been
cream machine from Iimura Shoji.” Iimura Shoji, a company incorporated.
which sells materials for the tofu industry, is trying hard But researchers still differ over whether dietary
to make this product popular. Ten companies have already cholesterol significantly affects blood levels of cholesterol.
bought the soft-serve ice cream machine, and Iimura Shoji In 1945 Americans ate an average of 402 eggs per capita
anticipates that it will have sold 100 machines by the end of annually. Today that number has dropped to only 262. Mintz
the year. The company has been promoting the product on said, “You know, my dream is to make a hot dog out of tofu.”
T.V. just in time for the summer heat. The ice cream comes
in two flavors–vanilla and custard. The company is also 1255. Rooks, Alan. 1988. The chill is on with frozen
trying to sell the ice cream machines to local tofu shops. desserts: A dynamic category heats up with sweet
alternatives for shoppers. Natural Foods Merchandiser. June.
1253. Product Name: Rice Dream Bars (Non-Dairy Frozen p. 10-12, 14.
Dessert Based on Rice Beverage) [Vanilla Dipped in Carob, • Summary: Upright freezers are now more popular than
or Chocolate Dipped in Chocolate]. coffin freezers.
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer/ “While sales of frozen desserts as a category have
Distributor). Rice Beverage made by California Natural shown strong growth, perhaps the strongest growth has been
Products, Manteca, Calif. Rice Dream bars made by among non-dairy products, or ‘ice cream substitutes.’”
Peninsula Creamery, 900 High St., Palo Alto, CA 94302. “We’ve seen extremely strong growth on the non-dairy
Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo alternatives–Rice Dream, Ice Bean and Nouvelle Sorbet,”
Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. says Cornucopia’s Dan Atwood. “Despite the priciness of the
Date of Introduction: 1988. June. basic pint products (which are equivalent in price to gourmet
How Stored: Frozen. ice creams), consumers are going for them... Anything that’s
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Robert rice-based or soy-based has far outpaced industry growth in
Nissenbaum. 1988. March 10. The company’s second general.”
novelty product, these will be out by April 1988. Note: This is the earliest English-language document
Spot in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1988. June. p. 75. seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “non-dairy alternatives”
In June, Imagine Foods will launch Rice Dream Bars in two (or “non-dairy alternative”) to refer to soy ice cream.
flavors: 1. Vanilla Rice Dream dipped in carob and crispy Tonya Johnson, sales representative for Nouvelle Ice
rice. 2. Chocolate Rice Dream dipped in chocolate and crispy Cream Corp. in San Rafael, California, says “Low calorie
rice. The company has also introduced a product named products are the fastest growing segment of the $9,000
Gone Bananas, frozen confection coated bananas. They million per year frozen dessert market. Current sales of
contain no amazake or soy. $2,500 million are projected to continue growing at an

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annual rate of 20%.” as a regular loaf of bread. The okara paste has the following
Cafe Glacé, is the first and to date the only fruit-juice characteristics: It has no taste or smell, it is low in calories
sweetened ice cream on the market. and has some protein, it has an improved texture over plain
okara because of the action of the enzyme, it has vegetable
1256. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1988. Das Tofu- fiber, and it is a health food.
Buch: Herstellung, Verwendung, Ernaehrungswert, Rezepte
[The book of tofu: Preparation, uses, nutritional value, 1259. Tri-State Livestock News (Sturgis, South Dakota).
recipes]. Munich, West Germany: Goldmann Verlag. 384 p. 1988. Ag news in brief. July 30.
Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. 18 cm. [Ger] • Summary: The North Dakota Soybean Growers
• Summary: A pocket book edition of the original 1980 Association has been named July’s “Agri-Marketer of the
German edition of The Book of Tofu. Contains 300 recipes. Month” by the state agriculture department. The Soybean
Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, Growers Association was selected because of its efforts to
California 94549. market a soybean-based ice cream called “Tofulicious” in the
state.
1257. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1988. Josei wa 4
nenrenzoku “sekaiichi.” Nihonjin no heikin jumyo onna 1260. Gupta, S.K.; Patel, A.A. 1988. New dairy-based
81.39 sai, otoko 75.61 sai [Japanese women live the longest formulated foods to combat malnutrition in developing
in the world–for the 4th consecutive year. The average countries. In: Nawab Ali, A.P. Gandhi, and T.P. Ojha, eds.
Japanese life span for women is 81.39 years, and for men is 1988. Soybean Processing & Utilization in India. Bhopal,
75.61 years]. July 21. p. 13. [Jap; eng+] India: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE).
• Summary: This is the first time that women’s average life v + 431 p. See p. 355-63. Held 22-23 Nov. 1986 at CIAE,
span for any country has passed 81 years. The top average Bhopal, India.
age for women is in Japan, while for men it is in Iceland. The • Summary: This paper presents the results of research
countries with the top ages for both men and women together conducted to develop low-cost, highly nutritive soy products
are: Japan, Iceland, Sweden, Holland, Switzerland. It is said in combination with the byproducts of the dairy industry–
that if we can eliminate the 3 most common causes of death– such as butter milk and whey. The food products developed
cancer, heart disease, and stroke/apoplexy–men could extend include three weaning food formulations, a high-protein
their lives by about 10 years and women by about 9 years. beverage, soft serve ice cream and a table spread. The
Twice as many babies of the current generation are expected nutritive value of the products, their cost and shelf life is
to live beyond the age of 80 as before. discussed.
Note: According to the World Almanac (1989, p. 823), Tables show: (1) Composition of the new food
the average “years of life expected at birth” in the USA in formulations.
1986 was 74.9 years total, 71.3 years for males, and 78.3 Flow sheets are given for manufacture of: (1) Soy-whey
years for females. For all whites, it was 75.4 years, for white weaning food (starting with whole soybeans). (2) Sorghum-
males 72.0 years, and for white females 78.9 years. Thus soy milk weaning food (starting with whole soybeans). (3)
white American women live 2.5 years less than Japanese Soy-whey beverage (starting with whole soybeans). (4)
women, on average. Soy-butter milk soft-serve ice cream (starting with whole
soybeans). (5) Table spread (starting with whole soybeans).
1258. Toyo Shinpo (Soyfoods News). 1988. Okara peesuto “While formulating all these products, cost has been
de shokupan. Kôso shori de seihin o kaihatsu [The National the prime concern.” All “have been observed to have good
Vegetable Protein Association is making bread with an okara storage stability.” Address: 1. PhD. All: National Dairy
paste, developed from a specially-treated enzyme]. July 21. Research Institute, Karnal, India.
p. 3. [Jap; eng+]
• Summary: Mr. Ryoji Sekiguchi is president of 1261. Health Foods Business. 1988. Tofu: The proteus of
Zenkoku Shokubutsu Tanpaku Kyodo Kumiai located at soyfoods. 34(7):78, 108-09. July.
Sendagi-2-48-8, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. For the past • Summary: Tofu is like a real-life shmoo, one of the
ten years, the National Vegetable Protein Association has characters in the comic strip Li’l Abner. Shmoos were
been conducting research with okara and has developed an lovable, obliging little creatures that turned themselves into
okara paste made by treating regular okara with a special whatever kind of meal anyone desired. Tofu can be served up
enzyme. This paste can be used in noodles, mayonnaise, as almost anything–burgers, ice cream, pasta, you name it.
miso, ketchup, croquettes, hamburgers, confectionery, tofu, Tofu was the only soyfood to be included as a primary
ice cream, etc. One of the products that can be made from ingredient in every category of soy-based products
this paste is bread. It has 2% less water than a regular loaf introduced in 1987, according to the Bar Harbor, Maine
and contains 20% okara paste. It stays fresh for twice as long based research company Soyatech, and it is tofu that may

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be readily found in many mainstream supermarkets. A key p. See p. 310-21. Held 22-23 Nov. 1986 at CIAE, Bhopal,
reason for tofu’s popularity is its versatility. But it was not India. [15 ref]
until the introduction of “second-generation” tofu products in • Summary: Abstract: “This paper briefly describes
the 1980s that the American public began to catch on. the manufacture of soyprotein products and their food
Note: Proteus was an ancient sea god of Greek applications. The major products are defatted grits / flours,
mythology, capable of assuming different forms. He herded protein concentrates and protein isolates. The soybean
flocks of sea creatures for Poseidon (the Greek god of the protein products are used in food formulations as a dietary
sea, and counterpart of Neptune, the Roman god of the sea). protein and also for their functional properties.” Soy protein
Possessed of the gift of prophecy, Proteus was constantly has “wide application in cereal foods such as chapati
hounded by those seeking his knowledge; he eluded them by fortification, baked food, idli, dosa, and dhokla. Fermented
assuming a variety of shapes. Whether used by scientists or and coagulated products such as soymilk, soyyogurt [soy
nonspecialist writers, protean typically suggests adaptability yogurt], soy paneer [tofu] and ice-creams are very popular.
or mutability. Texturised products could also be made from soybean.”
Since the potential of soybean meal for feed or food has
1262. Lieb, Mary Ellen. 1988. Is Tofutti back on track? not been fully exploited in India, a major portion of the meal
Company hopes to pick up more steam with new product is exported. Soybean meal contains about 50-52% protein
rollouts. Dairy Foods 89(7):28. July. whose quality is close to that of milk protein. It is ironic that
• Summary: David Mintz of Tofutti Brands, Inc. predicts, this protein-rich material which could be used effectively
“Better Than Cheesecake will revolutionize the dessert to combat malnutrition in India “is exported to affluent
industry. It is an answer for those who must avoid countries, where it is used as cattle feed.”
cholesterol, but who still desire the great taste and premium 4.1.3 “Idli, dosa, and dhokla” (p. 316): “Blackgram
quality.” Tofutti Brands’ cholesterol-free cheesecake can be partly (50-75%) substituted with soybeans in the
alternative does taste very much like the real thing. Better preparation of Indian products such as dosa. Idli and dosa
Than Cheesecake comes in a 20-ounce size for supermarket mixes can be developed incorporating defatted soy flour.
retailers and in a 3.5-pound size for foodservice operators. It will substantially enhance the nutritive value of such
Tofutti Brands’ short history has been marked by dramatic products.” Address: PhD, Prof. & Head, Dep. of Food
ups and downs. Mintz established the company in 1981 Science & Technology, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture &
under the name Tofu Time and took it public in 1983. Tofutti Technology, Pantnagar, India.
frozen dessert was a quick hit, and the company’s sales shot
up from $2 million in 1984 to $17 million in 1985. 1264. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1988. 9th Annual
By the next year, however, sales had plummeted to Natural Foods Merchandiser new products awards [Silver:
$12 million, and they continued downward to $7.7 million Farm Foods’ Ice Bean pints, sandwiches, and bars]. July. p.
in 1987. Several factors contributed to Tofutti’s nosedive. 26-27.
Increasing competition in the frozen dessert category was • Summary: “The introduction of Ice Bean’s designer look
one. Mintz’s decision to terminate a master distributor signaled the beginning of a new and aggressive marketing
agreement with the Haagen-Dazs Co. was another. This campaign for Farm Foods,” says national sales manager Dan
spring, however, Tofutti Brands completed its first profitable Pratt. “A black background with gold trim creates a gourmet
quarter in the past seven. Perhaps much of the company’s appeal for the package.”
resurgence can be attributed to its new distribution network.
Thirty-five distributors have been added in the past year, and 1265. Houston, Maureen. 1988. Soy products trim grease
Tofutti has made a comeback in supermarket freezer cases. from your diet. News-Democrat (Belleville, Illinois). Aug. 3.
The company also has reduced Tofutti’s suggested retail p. 1C, 8C.
price by about 20% to an average of $2.09, which makes it • Summary: Eileen Greco, who lives in New Athens,
more competitive with superpremium ice cream. Illinois, is a soybean booster, representing the Illinois
Tofutti Brands can’t yet afford the expense of consumer Soybean Program Operating Board. To show the versatility
advertising. For now, the company is concentrating its of the soybean, she prepared a number of dishes, from hors
marketing efforts on the grocery trade, offering retailers d’oeuvres to desserts. There was a dip with tofu, a dressing
quarterly promotions. Tofutti also relies heavily upon in-store with tofu and an Hawaiian stir fry that she makes with tofu.
sampling to introduce consumers to its tofu-based treats. Greco even tried to talk a New Athens grocer into carrying
tofu ice cream. A couple weeks ago, she took 170 soybean
1263. Mital, B.K. 1988. Utilization of defatted soy flour for paper place mats to a New Athens restaurant to hand out. The
food. In: Nawab Ali, A.P. Gandhi, and T.P. Ojha, eds. 1988. place mat lists the many uses of the soybean, under the title
Soybean Processing & Utilization in India. Bhopal, India: “Miracle Crop of Many Uses.” Greco likes soy flour the best.
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE). v + 431

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1266. Fargo, Charlyn. 1988. Drought may affect Farm Credit very much in business. The headquarters are now at the
Services’ finances. Journal-Register (Springfield, Illinois). factory. The eternity phenomenon began in 1984 with the
Aug. 4. opening of an Eternity ice cream parlor in Tel Aviv by John
• Summary: The Land of Lincoln Soybean Association plans Irving. Because of popular demand, the menu increased
to offer fairgoers low fat, no cholesterol foods at the Illinois from Soya Ice Cream and all natural desserts to an extended
State Fair, Aug. 11-21, said Ralph Raber, the Association’s all-vegetarian lunch and dinner menu. In 1985 the food
President. The beef barbecue, hot dogs, corn dogs, Polish operation moved out of the restaurant kitchen to an ice
sausage, chicken sandwiches and tacos all have soy protein cream and food factory to supply health food stores and
replacing most of the fat. And French fries will be cooked in supermarkets and was incorporated in the company Betwo,
no cholesterol soybean oil. A frozen dessert like ice cream, Ltd (from BETter WOrld–because we make products for a
but made of tofu, will be sold. better world).” Address: Eternity, 15 Hamlakah St., Industrial
Area, Yehud 56208, Israel. Phone: 03-363674.
1267. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1988. Tofutti Brands Inc.
announces continued profitability in the second quarter and 1270. Foster, Catharine. 1988. About the miraculous
first six months of fiscal 1988 (News release). 136 East 57th soybean. Banner (Bennington, Vermont). Sept. 29.
St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Aug. 9. • Summary: A recipe for soy yogurt calls for mixing ½ cup
• Summary: Net sales for the thirteen weeks ended July commercial or homemade yogurt with 3 cups soymilk at
2, 1988 increased 17% to $2,847,000. The company had room temperature, then incubating for about 8 hours. To
an operating profit of $2,000 for the second quarter. Net make frozen soy yogurt, freeze 2 cups soy yogurt in an ice
sales for the twenty-six weeks ended July 2, 1988 increased tray until mushy, then blend with 2 cups fresh or frozen
14% to $5,261,000. The company’s net operating income berries or fruit and freeze again until mushy. Beat again,
was $27,000 for the twenty-six weeks as compared to an freeze once more, and enjoy. Also contains recipes for soy
operating loss of $348,000 for the twenty-seven weeks of the ice cream, soy nuts, and soy nut butter.
previous year. Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777. The author is a retired teacher of writing and literature at
Bennington College and author of “The Organic Gardener,”
1268. Leonard, Sue. 1988. Researchers finding new uses for and other books on food and gardening.
soybeans. Newspaper ink is one of the newest ideas. Times-
Press (Streator, Illinois). Sept. 9. 1271. Elliot, Rose. 1988. The complete vegetarian cuisine.
• Summary: Soybean oil goes in a lot of foods like New York, NY: Pantheon Books. 352 p. First American
Tofulicious ice cream, a non-dairy product desert. Soybean edition. With many lovely full-page color photos. Index. 28
oil is being used “as dust control in hog houses,” according cm.
to Larry Tombaugh, a soybean farmer who works with the • Summary: Visually, this is a beautiful book. The author
statewide soybean boosters organization, under the Soybean makes minimal use of soybeans or soyfoods in her vegetarian
Operating Board. It is also one of the big products used cookbooks. She has apparently not learned that very few
for dust control in large grain elevators. A good source cultures that use soya as a traditional part of their diet use
for soybean information is the Illinois Soybean Program either soybeans as such or soy flour. In “Learning to love the
Operating Board, located in Bloomington. Amy Little, public soybean” (p. 16) she notes: “Soybeans and soy flour are rich
relations/program assistance, said that the Champaign News- sources of nutrients, but, in my opinion, so difficult to make
Gazette has converted to 100% to soy oil ink. She said, palatable! However sprouted soybeans are delicious and
“One thing we’ve been working on at Central Soya in Fort make an excellent crunchy addition to salads, stir-fries, and
Wayne, Indiana, is development of new products. We’ve sandwiches... Creamy soy milk (p. 106) and tofu (p. 108),
taken the majority of fat out of polish sausages and sausage which can both be made at home, are other palatable ways to
links; replacing fat with isolated soy protein, which acts as a eat soy.”
binding agent.” Pages 38-39 contain a marvelous 2-page spread color
photo of 30 different leguminous seeds (including soybean
1269. Yisrael, Yeskah. 1988. Re: Eternity soy ice cream in and soy flour), each with a brief description, followed by
Israel. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Sept. a longer description on pages 40-41. The section titled
15. 3 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. “Soybean Glycine max” states: “Soybeans have a strong
• Summary: John Irving, the former president, wrote in Aug. flavor and need powerful condiments, such as curry, tomato
1985 that Betwo Ltd. Inc. is the manufacturer of Eternity and garlic, to make them taste good. I think they’re nicest
soy ice cream. They have 3 outlets in Tel Aviv, and one in when sprouted (p. 207) and added to salads and stir-fries.
Ra’anana. They make the products at their own ultra-modern “Many products, such as miso, soy sauce, tempeh, soy
factory in Yehud, Israel. milk and tofu, are made from soybeans and are described in
“John is no longer with the company but we are still other sections of this book.

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“Soy flour is high in protein and low in starch, so it 1274. Robinson, Ruth. 1988. Battle of the bulge heats up on
cannot be used to make a normal white sauce, although it Broadway [Tofutti stock prices]. Westsider (New York). Oct.
can be stirred into savory sauces and gravies to add bulk 27.
and nutrients and is sometimes added to flour as a dough • Summary: Tofutti stock (AMEX) closed on Friday, Oct.
improver, in the proportion 8 parts flour to 1 part soy flour.” 21, at a new low of $1.38 after going public in December,
Pages 104-05 contain another 2-page spread color photo 1983 at $1.92 per share and reaching a high of $12 per share
of dairy and nondairy ingredients, with a brief description in July, 1985, according to O’Neill Data Reports.
of each, including tempeh, seitan, dried deep-fried tofu,
aromatic dried tofu [probably five-spice pressed tofu = wu- 1275. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1988. Tofutti Brands Inc.
hsiang toufukan], smoked tofu, firm tofu, soft tofu, textured announces third quarter and nine month results (News
vegetable protein (chunks or chopped), soy milk, and soy release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 2 p. Nov.
cream. A longer explanation is given on pages 106-06. The 15.
author does not like the strong soybean flavor or stodgy • Summary: Net sales for the quarter (13 weeks) ended
texture of tempeh. Page 108 gives a brief description of how 1 Oct. 1988 increased 39% to $2,520,000 over the same
to make tofu, and has a sidebar titled “Ideas for using tofu quarter last year, but there was a net loss on these sales
and vegetarian protein foods.” A good but brief description of $171,000 compared with $336,000 the same quarter
of soy sauce is given on p. 184, and a poor description of last year. The company attributed the increased sales to
“How to make soy milk” (with added vanilla, honey, and oil) improved distribution of hard pack Tofutti and the expanded
is given on page 280. introduction of Better Than Cheesecake and Egg Watchers.
Soy-related recipes include: Miso soup with bean curd Address: New York. Phone: 212-838-3777.
(p. 133; a variation includes wakame). Vegan ice cream (uses
soy milk instead of dairy milk, p. 280). Thus, only 1 recipe in 1276. Eaton, Eleanor. 1988. He cooked for Henry Ford.
the 352-page book uses tofu and none use tempeh. Dearborn Times–Herald (Michigan). Nov. 23.
Originally published in Great Britain as Rose Elliot’s • Summary: A large photo shows Jan Willemse, who knew
Vegetarian Cookery by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., Henry and Clara Ford well when he was head chef at
London and Glasgow. “Rose Elliot, a vegetarian since the Dearborn Inn, then from 1937, at Ford’s private dining room
age of three, is one of England’s most popular cookbook at Lovett Hall in Greenfield Village. “Ford had an obsession
authors. Her many best-selling books include Vegetarian with soybeans said Willemse. He wanted them in everything
Cooking from Around the World, The Festive Vegetarian, and he ate whether it be cookies, cakes, or pies. He drank
The Vegetarian Mother and Baby. An active food consultant, soybean milk and ate soybean ice cream. And yes, he insisted
she has appeared often on television and radio in Britain. She soybean bread was the main ingredient for the Thanksgiving
lives in Hampshire, England.” She was born and educated in turkey stuffing. ‘Mr. Ford was ahead of his time in learning
England. Address: Hampshire, England. the value of the soybean,’ said Willemse.”
Willemse arrived in the USA 69 years ago from his
1272. Buckstein, Caryl. 1988. America’s sweet tooth: Frozen native Holland. In 1931 in Florida he met Edsel Ford, while
dessert alternatives abound. National OTC Stock Journal taking food to sailors on Edsel’s yacht. Edsel told his father,
(Denver, Colorado). Oct. 3. Henry, about the excellent chef in Florida, and Henry wrote
• Summary: One company that deals in non-dairy frozen Willemse asking him to come to Dearborn to be head chef
products is Tofruzen Inc. (NASDAQ:YUMY). Its sales at the Inn. But he didn’t go, because his friend told him that
more than doubled to $460,466 for the quarter ended June Dearborn was a small town away from the rest of the world.
30. Its loss slightly increased over the comparable period of However in 1934 Willemse received a letter from Henry
the year before to $249,357. Tofruzen has 50 million shares Ford that made him an offer he couldn’t refuse. Willemse
outstanding, and was quoted 22 cents bid on Oct. 4. liked the Fords very much. They were both strict but nice.
Tofruzen Inc., 384 Inverness Dr. South, Englewood, “Mr. Ford was a wonderful man who didn’t mince words.
Colorado 80112. Phone: (303) 792-0079. He’d come right out and say what he thought. He was good
to me.” Willemse liked to smoke now and then but Ford was
1273. Tofu Time Inc. 1988. New trademarks: Cheater’s dead set against cigarettes.
Delite. Official Gazette Trademarks (Washington, DC). Oct. After retiring from his work with the Fords in 1964,
4. Willemse became bored and accepted a job with Miesel
• Summary: Filed 4-13-1987. For Class 29–Meats and Sysco, the largest grocery company in the nation which sells
Processed Foods (For salad dressings, soya-based food more than 30,000 items to restaurants and hotels. Willemse,
beverages), and Class 30–Staple Foods (for frozen who lost his wife in 1987 after 54 years of marriage, is a
confections). Address: Rahway, New Jersey. young 88 and lives with his cat Muffy in the comfortable
home in Dearborn. He still works 5 days a week at Miesel

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Sysco and he likes his job. and amazake frozen desserts: Industry and market in North
America. 2nd ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 79
1277. Barrier, Michael. 1988. Making it: “I love to feed + [52] p. 28 cm. 1st ed. Feb. 21, 1988. [82 ref]
people.” Nation’s Business 76:76, 78. Nov. • Summary: Contents: 1. Amazake industry and market
• Summary: David Mintz, 56, developed Tofutti when he analysis: What is amazake? The amazake production
was a kosher caterer in Manhattan. Under Jewish dietary process, microbiology, and biochemistry. History of amazake
laws, dairy products and meat cannot be served at the same in Japan. History of amazake in North America and Europe.
meal. Mintz is an Orthodox Jew. In 1981, after nine years Market size and growth rate. Comparison with the soymilk
of experimenting, Tofutti was the result. Mintz’s company market. Largest manufacturers in North America. Ranking by
spread itself thin. Tofutti was sold in soft-serve form through size and annual production. Market segments (buyers, retail
thousands of convenience stores and other retail outlets, but outlets, geographical). Product types. Prices. Packaging.
it was also sold to grocery stores in hard-frozen form, so Imports. Market outlook and forecast. Several related
that Tofutti competed with itself. Mintz also began to push forecasts. 2. Commercial amazake products and product/
franchising of “Tofutti Shops.” Sales in fiscal 1986 dropped company histories: Subject and country index. Company
to $11.6 million. An agreement with the Haagen-Dazs unit index. 3. Annotated bibliography (1597-1988): Subject and
of Pillsbury Company for national distribution to grocery country index. Author index. 4. Directory. 5. Documents,
stores turned sour that year, and Tofutti has had to build its labels & graphics. About the Soyfoods Center. Address:
own distribution network. Soft-serve sales have been going Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.
down because stores would rather sell packaged products, Phone: 415-283-2991.
says Mintz. Only one franchised Tofutti shop ever opened in
New Jersey, and Tofutti Brands bought it from the franchisee 1281. Ciabattari, Jane. 1988. How to turn your company into
a few months later. Tofutti sales was soon drowning in red a business school. Working Woman. Dec. p. 84, 87, 118.
ink. Sales fell to $7.7 million last year and the company • Summary: Subtitle: “You don’t have to go to business
lost more than $2 million. This year, however, a turnaround school to gain the broad-based knowledge it takes to succeed
is on the way. Tofutti has picked up new distributors, and at a top job. Teachers and projects that can build your
more importantly, Mintz is now giving the company the expertise are all around you–at work. Here are 8 ways to
sharp focus it lacked before. He is concentrating on sales to make your job your MBA.”
supermarkets. “That’s where the profits are, that’s where the Contains a long section about how Tom Fazio, a former
volume is.” science teacher and now project manager for Tofutti Brands,
The new products first went into stores in Atlanta, New has learned all he can from consultants and vendors.
York, Seattle and Dallas. The company plans to spread them
across half of the country by early 1989. Sales have risen 1282. Product Name: Frozya Frozen Dessert Product (With
11% in the first quarter, compared with the same quarter in Sodium Caseinate) [French Vanilla, Chocolate, or Mocha
1987. Tofutti Brands actually shows a small profit. In the Fudge Almond].
second quarter, profit was again thin–but sales were up 17% Manufacturer’s Name: Frozya Industries, Inc.
over the previous year, to more than $2.8 million. Manufacturer’s Address: 1803 Douglas St. #301, Victoria,
BC, V8T 5C3, Canada. Phone: 604-386-7743.
1278. Davet, Philippe. 1988. Classicisme s’abstenir Date of Introduction: 1988. December.
[Classicism abstains]. Agriculture (France) No. 534. p. 15- Ingredients: Basic ingredients in all 3 are: Water, sugar,
17. Nov. [Fre] corn syrup solids, malto-dextrin, canola oil, isolated soy
• Summary: At the SIAL 88 food show (Salon des Industries protein, sodium caseinate, liquid egg yolk, mono- and
Alimentaires for 1988) the author discovers Emul, a soy ice diglycerides, guar gum, locust bean gum, polysorbate
cream from Japan, for dessert. Rich in protein and free of 80, carrageenan, salt, malt extract, citric acid, natural and
cholesterol, it contains only 160 calories per 100 gm. artificial flavors.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Gallon and 4 liter tubs.
1279. Hagler, Louise; Bates, Dorothy R. eds. 1988. The new How Stored: Frozen.
Farm vegetarian cookbook. Summertown, Tennessee: The Nutrition: 99.9% lactose free.
Book Publishing Co. 223 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. New Product–Documentation: Soya Newsletter. 1988.
• Summary: A slightly revised edition of the 1978 Farm Sept/Dec. p. 11. Contact Herm Hamhuis or Deedrie Ballard.
Vegetarian Cookbook, this vegan cookbook contains a Note: Ballard (with her husband Don) were owners of
wealth of soyfoods recipes, and no recipes calling for eggs or Tripple Products Inc. (in Victoria, BC), which launched
dairy products. Address: Summertown, Tennessee. Tripple Delight, a soy ice cream, in about Dec. 1986.

1280. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1988. Amazake 1283. Kloss, Jethro. 1988. Back to Eden: A human interest

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 448

story of health and restoration to be found in herb, root, and Eden, his daughter and son. It was first published in 1939,
bark. Revised and expanded second edition. Back to Eden when the author was 76 years old. It has since sold more
Publishing Co., P.O. Box 1439, Loma Linda, CA 92354. than 3 million copies. Kloss died in 1946 after retiring
xxviii + 1007 + 20 p. Illust. Index. 21 cm. Kloss Family to Tennessee. Message Press, a small business in a rural
Heirloom Edition. Index. community not far from Chattanooga, continued to publish
• Summary: One of the most creative and original sources Back to Eden for more than 25 years after his death, under
of early soyfoods recipes, which include “Soybean Cream” the direction of Promise, his daughter. Unfortunately in 1967
and “Soybean Ice Cream.” This revised edition contains all the copyright expired during the confusion attendant to the
essential material from the original text of this classic work illness and death of the book’s country publisher. Promise’s
on healing herbs, home remedies, diet, and health, but it attempt to renew the copyright in Jan. 1968 was too late. In
has been reorganized, re-typeset and re-indexed to make it 1971 other publishers pirated Back to Eden. Address: Loma
easier to use and more contemporary. Three hundred pages Linda, California.
of natural health information have been added. Old terms
have been explained and updated. There are also 16 pages 1284. Kaysing, Bill. 1988. Bill Kaysing’s freedom
of photographs and 16 pages of new of family recollections encyclopedia. Instant Improvement Inc., 1160 Park Ave.,
by Jethro Kloss’ daughter, son, and granddaughter. One New York, NY 10128. 295 p. See p. 87-94. [1 soy ref]
interesting illustration in the photo section that has not • Summary: The dust jacket of this book states, under the
appeared in earlier editions of this work shows an aerial view title: “Freedom from junk food. Freedom from supermarket
of the Nashville Sanitarium-Food Factory with a train and rip-offs. Freedom from slavery to doctors and landlords.
3 sets of train tracks in front. The book has been published Freedom from food-induced sickness and premature aging.”
continuously by the Kloss family since 1946. The book has sold very well. In the chapter titled “Eating
Contents: Section I: Natural health. 1. Personal better for less,” there is a section on soybeans (p. 87-94).
experiences. 2. Soil preparation and farming. Section II: It discusses cooked soybeans, soy grits, soy flour, soy
Herbs for healthful living. 1. History of herbal medicine. 2. protein (isolate), soy sprouts, soy coffee, miso, Tofutti, soy
Herbs. 3. General directions for preparation and use of herbs. milk, and tofu, with the greatest praise reserved for tofu.
4. Tonic herbs. 5. Herbs used to treat disease. 6. Medicinal A number of recipes are included. On page 94, two panels
trees. 7. Specific herbs for various medical problems. Section from the Soyfoods Center (Lafayette, California) catalog of
III: Treating diseases with herbs. Treating diseases with publications are reproduced. They describe the center and
herbs. Special notice. Section IV: Your body and its needs. the many virtues of soyfoods. Below is a caption: “This
The digestive section. 1. The importance of good nutrition. 2. organization is bringing a new era in good food to the United
Carbohydrates. 3. Fats. 4. Protein. 5. Mineral elements in the States. Write for their handsome brochure, listing books and
body. 6. Vitamins. 7. Water. 8. Fresh air, exercise, and sleep. other data.”
Section V: Your foods. 1. Fruits. 2. Vegetables. 3. Fiber (to
“help keep you regular”). 4. Oatmeal. 5. Nuts. 6. Breads and 1285. Leneman, Leah. 1988. Soya foods cookery. London
refined flour. 7. Meat and vegetarianism. 8. Milk. 9. Salt. and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ix + 145 p. Illust.
10. Garlic. 11. Healthful diets. 12. Obesity. 13. Fasting and Index. 20 cm.
healthful eating. Section VI: Food preparation. 1. Useful • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Recipes–1. Soya
hints to preserve vitamins. 2. Kloss’s favorite health recipes. milk: Soya milk, soya yogurt, soft cheese [made from soya
3. Cooking under steam pressure. 4. Aluminum cooking yogurt], and mayonnaise, soya milk skin (yuba). 2. Tofu:
utensils. 5. Baking and breads. 6. Preparing wholesome Tofu, frozen and dried-frozen tofu, smoked tofu. 3. Tempeh.
desserts and beverages. Section VII: Effects of polluted and 4. Miso. 5. Combi-dishes: Tofu and miso, tempeh and tofu.
adulterated foods on the body. 1. Adulteration of food. 2. An introduction to the subject, with more than 100
Health-destroying foods. 3. Dangers from disease in animals. recipes. Almost half the book is devoted to tofu and tofu
Section VIII: Water and good health. 1. History of water recipes. The author, born in the USA, has lived in Britain
cure. 2. Using water to preserve health. 3. Water’s effects and for more than 20 years. She was once assistant editor of
use in treatment. 4. Water’s effects on sickness. 5. Baths and The Vegetarian, and also worked at Cranks Restaurant
water treatments. 6. Compresses and fomentations. Section (on Marshall St. in London W1). Address: 19 Leamington
IX: Skills in caring for the sick. 1. Nursing. 2. Massage. 3. Terrace, Edinburgh EH10 4JP, Scotland.
High enemas. 4. The value of charcoal. Appendix: Glossary
of old-fashioned medical terms. Glossary of medical 1286. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and
properties of herbs. General tables. Natural Resources Research and Development. 1988. Mga
A press release accompanying the new revised, 2nd Gamit ng UTAW Bilang Pagkain [The uses of soybeans as
edition notes: Back to Eden was written by Jethro Kloss food]. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. 46 p. Illust. DA/
during the 1920s and 1930s, with help from Promise and ATI-PCARRD Farm Primer No. 3. Series of 1988. AC-R4-P-

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 449

S-V-2-88. [3 ref. Tag] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 113 Mumford

• Summary: Part 1 (p. 1-20) of this Tagalog-language Hall, 1301 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801. 20 p.
booklet, which contains many illustrations (line drawings), • Summary: Contents: Fulfilling the soybean’s promise.
is titled “Soybean Products.” It describes how to make basic The unique versatility of soybeans. Spreading the benefits.
soyfoods, such as soybean ketchup (Ketsup na utaw), soy Meeting the challenge. Dry extrusion cooking. Catalyst for
coffee (Kapeng utaw), pastillas, soymilk curds (taho), tokwa developing countries. Combination extrusion cooking and
(tofu), polboron (a confection usually made with powdered oil expelling. Soymilk and dairy analogs. Immature green
milk, but in this case using soybean powder), soymilk, soy soybeans. Home soyfood preparation. Address: Urbana-
flour (harinang utaw; note that utaw is word for soybean Champaign, Illinois. Phone: 217-333-6422.
in Tagalog), tao-si (fermented black soybeans), soy sauce
(toyo), and miso. 1289. Business Communications Co., Inc. 1989. Engineered
Part 2 (p. 25-45) titled “Soybean Recipes,” includes foods: New directions, trends. 25 Van Zant St., Norwalk, CT
chicken with miso, tofu with miso, tofu with mushroom 06855-1781. Jan. 2 figures. 66 tables. $2,250.00.
soup, soymilk custard, fried meat (pork; Baboy), fried meat • Summary: Currently sales of engineered foods covered
with miso, bamboo shoots with miso, baguio beans with in this market analysis are expected to total almost $6.5
miso, fried tofu with sweet & sour soy sauce, miso with billion in 1988. This market is expected to grow at 9.6% a
noodle soup, chicken soup with tofu, and fried tofu with year. Product segments include surimi (capacity in the U.S.
vegetable sauce. Address: Philippines. reached an estimated 77 million lb in 1988) and surimi-based
seafoods, soy protein products, engineered dairy products
1287. Wood, Rebecca T. 1988. The whole foods and substitutes, infant formulas and nutritional beverages,
encyclopedia: A shopper’s guide. New York, NY: Prentice engineered fats, high-intensity sweeteners, and fabricated/
Hall Press (Simon & Schuster). xv + 218 p. Foreword by restructured meat and poultry products.
Michio Kushi. Illust. 28 cm. [200* ref] The chapter titled Soy Protein Products includes:
• Summary: This book is mistitled. It should be titled Summary and market outlook for engineered soy protein
“Rebecca Wood’s Macrobiotic Views on Natural Foods.” ingredients. The soy protein market: Market outlook for soy
The parts on quinoa, teff, amaranth, and many “macrobiotic protein ingredients. Suppliers of soy protein ingredients.
foods” provide good information. There is extensive Consumer attitudes toward foods containing soy protein.
information on soyfoods, all from a macrobiotic viewpoint, The retail market for meat analogs, meat extenders, nondairy
but with many errors or undocumented controversial frozen desserts, and other foods containing soy ingredients.
assertions never seen before in the literature, such as the Patent review. Address: Norwalk, Connecticut. Phone: 203-
following: “Cold Tofu. Foods that are cooling, like tofu, 853-4266.
tend to reduce the fire in the lower organs. This explains
why tofu was eaten by Buddhist monks to abate their sexual 1290. Dairy Foods. 1989. Savory flavor enhancer saves
desires. This is not a prescription against tofu. Well-cooked on sodium: Soy-based tamari builds body into dairy foods
tofu is less cooling. For optimum health, we need a balance naturally. Jan. p. 82.
of warming as well as cooling foods. However, if you are • Summary: Tamari can be used to reduce the sodium
feeling cold, or if it is a cold day, or if you have strenuous content of products as much as 30%. Applications include
activities planned, then you may opt for salmon over tofu.” frozen cream beverages (Tamari Coconut Freeze), custards,
Foods discussed are: Cheese (imitation soy), ice and ice creams. “Regular tamari has a sodium level of 5,500
cream and frozen desserts (soy or tofu ice cream), miso, mg/100 gm. Tamari Lite has a sodium level of only 4,000
natto, nigari, soybeans (black, yellow, and “just harvested mg/100 gm, reduced by vacuum evaporation at 175ºC. Salt
green soy”), soy flour, soy protein isolate, soy milk, soy precipitates out under those conditions. Ultrafiltration is also
nut (“Those oversalted, beggarly little crunches found in used to filter out insoluble proteins (and microorganisms)
everything from trail mix to salads are soynuts,...”), soy while preserving essential flavor elements.” Ultrafiltration is
oil, soy sauce (“Also known as Shoyu and Tamari), and soy used after pasteurization.
yogurt, tempeh, tofu, and TVP (texturized vegetable protein
{textured soy flour}). 1291. Goldstein, Eddie. 1989. Dairene, Pureblend, and
Note: This is the earliest English-language document non-dairy products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 27.
seen (Feb. 2005) that contains the term “cooling food.” Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Address: P.O. Box 30, Crestone, Colorado 81131. Phone: • Summary: Eddie, now age 63, comes from California. In
303 (or 719) -256-4939. the late 1940s he was making a product in Chicago and St.
Louis called Sta-Wip. It was sold to bakeries for blending
1288. Wynstra, Robert J. 1988. INTSOY agenda: Expanding with whipped cream in cake and pie toppings. He knew Bob
the use of soybeans. International Soybean Program, Rich and Mel Morris in California when they entered the

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field. hardest product to develop was the milk; it can compete head
His company Dairene started making soymilk in 1966 to head with dairy milk. “Our milk is a delicious product.”
in Miami, Florida. Called Dairene: Imitation Vitamin D He uses no dairy flavoring and unlike Bob Rich, no coconut
Milk, it sold for about 60-70% the price of cow’s milk. fats. Yet Rich Products’ products are used in hospital diets.
Pureblend was the stabilizer in Dairene. Pureblend was Dairene went public in March 1988 but has not yet sold
shipped to plants, which used it to make Dairene. His stock or otherwise raised funds. The parent company is
soymilk has no soy or beany flavor or aroma. It tastes the Dairene International. He is CEO. Dairene Inc. is its fully
same as cow’s milk. He believed that in the future there owned subsidiary. Farm Maid Inc. (formerly at 1624 N.W.
would be a tremendous shortage of milk. The U.S. has been 82nd Ave., Miami, FL 33126) licenses rights to produce
importing milk since 1972. At the same time he launched the products under the Dairene name overseas. They are
the products Dairene TAC (Top-a-Cake), Dairene Sour active in Spain, Ecuador, Mexico, Argentina and products
Cream (widely used for years by Howard Johnson in their are made in some of these places. They don’t have a lot of
cheesecakes), and Dairene Coffee Cream (sold for $0.32/ money, so things are moving slowly. Their main work in
qt vs. $0.80 for the dairy-based product). In 1968 he added the USA is senior citizen feeding programs and America
Dairene Cream Cheese, and in 1972 Dairene Ice Cream. aseptic packaging in 8 oz. containers shipped UPS as
They used to “smear” the labels to pass labeling laws. The Dairene: Vegetable Vitamin D Milk (soy is not mentioned).
products were initially sold only to the institutional market, The packaging is made by International Paper, the makers
to approximately 8,000 hotels, bakeries, restaurants, coffee of Pure-Pak cartons; he thinks the cartons and machine are
shops, cruise ships, etc. They were promoted primarily on much better that Tetra Pak. The price is about the same. He
the basis of their low price. He was not after the kosher has shut down his plant 2 years ago in Florida, so all Dairene
market, and in fact some of his products were not kosher is now made only in Indiana. His Miami market is basically
because of the high fees required by rabbis for certification. a half gallon market. His pull date is 30 days from the date
Dairene was never bothered as long as its products were of manufacture in a half-gallon Pure-Pak. The product goes
only sold to institutions. But when they decided to go after rancid before it goes sour. Address: 801 41st St. #210, Miami
the retail market in the early 1970s? they ran into a host of Beach, Florida 33140. Phone: 305-534-5630.
problems from the dairy industry.
The subtitle “Imitation” was removed from the label in 1292. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1989. Soy inspirations:
the early 1970s after Dec. 1972 when a Circuit Court judge With plenty of new products on the horizon, retailers should
ruled that Dairene was a food producer, not subject to the begin to plan now for a sizzling Soyfoods Month in April.
state of Florida’s dairy regulations. He could also sell his Feb. p. 12-13.
products to retail outlets. This victory came only after 7½ • Summary: Sales of soyfoods (tofu, soymilk, soy sauce,
years of legal battles in Florida against the dairy lobby and miso, other such as entrees, cheese, ice creams, meat
the dairy division of the state department of agriculture. In analogs, etc.) are estimated to be $638 million for 1987
1983, after another favorable court ruling, the non-daily and $682 million for 1988, and projected at $754 million
milk name was changed to Dairene Vegetable Vitamin D for 1990. Discusses Corporate Culinary Carnival soyfoods
Milk. Likewise with Dairene Vegetable Ice Cream, Dairene promotions by Judy Brown, and a soyfoods cooking contest
Vegetable Muzarel (or Cheddar) Cheese, sour cream, by Mike Shields of Food For Thought in Long Island, New
yogurt, or soft-serve frozen yogurt (95% overrun). As of York. Winners received their weight in tofu. The unique idea
1989 the company made 27 non-dairy soy-based products, made it into the pages of USA Today. Among the 30 entrants,
and was involved with aseptic packaging. A half gallon of winners were selected in 3 categories: entree, dessert, and
his soymilk now retails for $1.39 in Florida, and he gives beverage.
both the wholesaler and the storekeeper a 20% margin (The
“five necessities” in grocery stores, milk, bread, butter/ 1293. Packaged Facts. Subsidiary of FIND/SVP. 1989. The
margarine, coffee, sugar are sold for a 12% markup, in part Oriental foods market. 625 Avenue of the Americas, New
because the high volume.) Ingredients included isolated York, NY 10011. 225 p. Feb. [1 ref]
soy protein, defatted soybean meal, vegetable oil; he blends • Summary: Contents (main divisions): I. Introduction. II.
and compounds to make both dry and liquid products. All The overall market, including a brief history in America. The
of his products are non-dairy. He has spent a small fortune market leaders, in descending order, are La Choy, Stouffer,
on lawyer’s fees over the years. Now his products are the Chun King, Nissin, Kikkoman, Budget Gourmet, JFC. III.
only non-dairy ones, including filled milk, that can be sold The frozen segment. IV. The canned/packaged segment:
in the dairy case in Florida. He can manufacture in any state Sauce sales now over $100 million and soy sauce nearly
and ship across state lines. He does not have a company 3/4 of all sauce sales. V. The tofu segment (detailed below).
history other than a collection of past articles and other VI. The dry soup segment: Nissin number one. Appendix:
documents. He wanted to feed the masses nationwide. The Company profiles: BCI Holdings Corp., Nestlé S.A., Nissin

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 451

Foods Co., Kikkoman International (in American since 3145.

1956). ConAgra, Sanwa Foods, Others (Kraft, Benihana, JFC Date of Introduction: 1989. February.
International). Ingredients: Vanilla: Crystalline fructose, soy oil,
Section V is “The Tofu Segment” (p. 153-178). maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, tofu, sodium caseinate,
Contents: I. The products: Brief history. A protein staple in natural vanilla and vanilla bean, sea salt, soy lecithin,
the Orient. The Miracle food. Tofu high in protein. Calcium cellulose, guar, xanthan and carrageenan gums.
content can be high. How it is made. Raw tofu the most Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16.7 oz can. Retails for $4.99
common form. Other forms found in specialty stores. How (4/89).
tofu is used. How Stored: Shelf stable.
II. The market: Tofu sales reach $71 million in 1988 New Product–Documentation: See next page. Talk
(Gives dollar volume in millions from 1984 [$57] to 1988 with Sovex. 1989. Feb. 28. The product was first sold
[$71]. Source: Packaged Facts). III. Factors in future growth: commercially in mid-Feb. 1989. The name is Naturally Tofu
Popularity of Oriental cuisine. Tofu adopted by dieters Ice Cream. There are 2 flavors. Leaflet. 1989. April. “Sovex–
and health conscious. Consumers attracted by low price. The granola people. New items introduction: Naturally Tofu
Dinners and entrees being introduced. Tofu helpers (Betty Ice Cream.” Lists the ingredients for both flavors.
Crocker’s Oriental Classics Dinners [General Mills] call for Products with Labels (Vanilla, and Carob) and leaflet
the addition of tofu, chicken, or meat). Tofu substitutes are sent by Sovex. 1993. Oct. 12.
proliferating (value-added tofu based ice creams, puddings,
burgers, cheese, hot dogs, salad dressings, etc.). Interest 1295. Turatti, J.M.; Canto, W.L. 1989. Uses for soy protein
by corporate giants (Pillsbury and Carnation). Tofu used in products in Brazil. In: A.J. Pascale, ed. 1989. World
U.S. National School Lunch Program (it is estimated that Soybean Research Conference IV. Buenos Aires: Continuing
50 million lb of soy proteins are used each year in school Committee. xxviii + 2152 p. See p. 1774-78. [3 ref. Eng]
lunches). IV. Projected sales: $119 million market by 1995 • Summary: “Products such as defatted and full fat flour,
(7-8% dollar increase annually). V. Market composition: textured protein, concentrate, isolate, soy milk powder
Raw tofu over half of sales. Supermarkets account for 60% and hydrolyzed proteins are being produced by four main
of sales. V. The Marketers: Field narrowed to 150 or fewer industries [companies], and its use has been generalized in
marketers. Four major marketers (Hinoichi, Azumaya, the infant feeding industry and in meat products. On a similar
Morinaga, Nasoya; produce 100,000+ weekly). The scale it has also been used in the pharmaceutical and bakery
second echelon (Northern Soy, Quong Hop, White Wave, industries, as well as in chocolates, ice cream and candies.
Island Spring; produce 15,000–30,000 lb/week). VI. The The total annual production is around 80,000 tons, and 75%
competitive situation: Precise market shares unavailable. of this amount is textured soy protein. The main reasons for
Hinoichi, Azumaya, Nasoya, and Morinaga lead. Tomsun, their use are low price, functional and nutritional properties
failing with Jofu [tofu yogurt], files for Chapter 11. Watch and also difficulties with the supply of meat. Although small
out for Kikkoman. VII. Advertising and promotion: amounts of soy milk powder have been exported, most of the
No measurable expenditures (except by Tofutti). VIII. production is consumed on the internal market.”
Packaging: Plastic and foil. IX. Distribution and retail: Producers of soybean intermediate products are: Sanbra
Distribution. 60% of raw tofu sold in supermarkets. Pricing S.A.–Sociedade Algodoeira do Nordeste Brasileiro S.A. (Sao
includes higher margins. Assortment. Most tofu shelved Paulo–S.P.); Noval–Produtos Alimenticios Ltda. (Guaiba–
with produce. Pricing data at the retail level: In its Key Price RS); Olvebra S.A.–Ind. e Com. de Oleos Vegetais (Porto
Book, Marketing Services Corporation publishes detailed Alegre–R.S.); Nutrimental S.A.–Ind. e Com. [Industria e
information on tofu products sold in California supermarkets. Comercio] de Alimentos (Sao Jose dos Pinhais–PR); Pink
This includes data on package sizes, case sizes, competitive (Belo Horizonte–MG); Fiss (Nestlé, Sao Paulo–SP) and
pricing, margins, and promotional discounts. Figures for Laboratorios Griffith do Brasil.
Kikkoman Kinugoshi, and two textures of Morinaga were Utilizers of soybean intermediate products in infant
compiled on 1 Feb. 1989. X. The consumer: Size of user feeding products: Bhering–Prod. Alimenticios S.A. (Rio de
base unknown. Roper poll reveals a dislike of tofu. Those Janeiro–RJ); Nutricia S.A. Industria e Comercio de Produtos
most likely to use. Address: New York. Phone: 212-645- Dieteticos e Nutricionais (Rio de Janeiro–RJ); Nutrimental
4500. S.A. Industria e Comercio de Alimentos (Sao Jose dos
Pinhais–PR.) e Pratica Industrial (Taquara–RS.).
1294. Product Name: Naturally Tofu Ice Cream (Frozen Meat processors: Swift–Armour S.A. Ind. e Com. (Santo
Dessert Mix) [Vanilla, or Carob]. Andre–SP.); Frigorifico Herme (Sao Paulo–SP); Frigobras
Manufacturer’s Name: Sovex Natural Foods, Inc. (Sadia–Sao Paulo–SP); Comabra (Wilson–Sao Paulo–SP).
Manufacturer’s Address: 9104 Apison Pike, Box 310, Producers of bakery products: Pao Americano–Industria
Collegedale, TN 37315. Phone: 800-227-2320 or 615-396- e Comercio S.A. an Lua Nova–Industria e Comercio de Prod.

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Alimenticios Ltda. Gupta and his ProSoya process, which seems to give better
Pharmaceutical industry: Laboraterapica Bristol– flavor and functionality than their current process. Address:
Quimica e Farmaceutica Ltda. (Sao Paulo–SP). Clofine Dairy & Food Products, Technical Director, P.O. Box
“It has been estimated that, in 1985, the total soybean 335, Linwood, New Jersey 08221. Phone: 800-441-1001.
proteic products production was around 80,000 ton, produced
in decreasing order, by: Olvebra, Nutrimental–(Filial Energe) 1297. Hughes, Beth. 1989. Tofu gets a toehold in U.S. diet:
and Noval. The most important products, in quantitative Its in hot dogs, ice cream, chocolate–but disguised. San
terms, were: texturized protein, accounting for 75% of the Francisco Examiner. March 15. p. D1, D9. Business section.
total production, followed by the powdered soymilk flours, [1 ref]
concentrates, isolates, etc. • Summary: A discussion of the work of the Soyfoods Center
“The major buyers of soybean proteic products are those and of William and Akiko Shurtleff, with a photo of them
industries producing to infant feeding programs coordinated holding books they have written. Contains industry statistics,
by FAE (Fudacao de Assistencia ao Estudante) and other first published in the last issue of Soya Newsletter, provided
institutional organizations such as PCA (Programa de by Soyatech.
Complementacao Alimentar) and LBA (Legiao Brasileira de This article was published in the Press Democrat (Marin
Assistencia) and the meat processors and on a smaller scale County, California) on 1 April 1989, as “Mainstream U.S.
the pharmaceutical, chocolate and baking industries... takes to tofu: Wiggly white stuff becoming big business.”
“Soybean protein products have been used in vegetarian Address: Staff writer.
and macrobiotic products, due to their vegetable origin,
high protein content and low price.” Address: Instituto de 1298. Danish Turnkey Dairies, Soya Technology Div. 1989.
Technologia de Alimentos, Avenida Brasil, 2880–C.P. 139, Brief description of some of the projects established or being
13.073–Campinas–SP, Brazil. establish. 2 Europaplads (P.O. Box 146), DK-8100 Aarhus C,
Denmark. 2 p. Unpublished manuscript. [Eng]
1296. Pedrick, Ed. 1989. Clofine spray dried tofu • Summary: 1985. DE-VAU-GE, Lueneburg, West Germany.
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 2. Conducted by 4,000 liters/hour soymilk plant. Products: Long life
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. beverages and desserts.
• Summary: Ed has been with Clofine since 1982. He is age 1988. Pacific Foods, Tualatin, Oregon, USA. 3,000
36, a vegetarian, and has The Book of Tofu. In 1983 he heard liters/hour soymilk base plant with ultrafiltration unit.
that Tofutti was having trouble making their soy ice cream. Products: Concentrated soymilk for the processed food
He began to work with them to develop a spray dried tofu. industry.
Clofine’s specialty is drying dairy milk and whey powder; 1989. Amrit Protein Foods Ltd., Ghaziabad, India.
they move 50-60 million pounds of these a year. By late 6,000 liters/hour soymilk plant. Products: Fresh and long life
1983 Clofine was having made and selling a spray dried tofu beverages, soy ice cream mix, soy-lassi.
to Tofu Time, Inc. Tofutti wanted to keep the arrangement 1989. Gitic, Guangzhou, China. 3,000 liters/hour
secret, but this is no longer a problem for them. Growth of soymilk base plant. Products: Vacuum dried soymilk/cane
sales was very rapid at the beginning, then it slowed and now sugar crystals. Address: Aarhus, Denmark. Phone: (06) 12
it is again rapid, more than doubling each year. In the past 5 4155.
months Clofine has sold more product than they sold in the
previous year. 1299. Product Name: Ice Bean Bar (Non-Dairy Frozen
Clofine has soybeans dehulled and ground to a fine flour, Dessert on a Stick) [Chocolate Dipped Cherry Vanilla,
which is taken to the Armour Foods plant in Springfield, Chocolate Dipped Honey Vanilla with Almonds, or Carob
Kentucky. Under license from Clofine, they use the flour Dipped Honey Vanilla with Almonds].
to make soymilk, coagulate the milk with calcium sulfate, Manufacturer’s Name: Farm Foods. Div. of Barricini
then slurry the curds and spray dry the slurry for as little Foods Inc.
as $0.18 to $0.20/lb. The maximum solids content in the Manufacturer’s Address: 49 Old Bloomfield Ave.,
slurry is 26%. They could (but do not) add a small amount Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. Phone: 800-431-5050.
of polysorbates to lower the viscosity. They keep costs down Date of Introduction: 1989. March.
by running large batches. Pareve (pronounced par-VAY) How Stored: Frozen.
products require the plant to be shut down for 24 hours New Product–Documentation: News release. 1989. March
before a run, then a rabbi must come, inspect, and stay 27. Farm Foods announces the introduction of 3 new Ice
during the run. Cleanup afterward takes 4 hours. Clofine’s Bean Bars, scheduled for spring and summer roll-out. The 3
spray dried tofu sells for about $1.50/lb. and their spray dried original ice bean bars have been very successful.
soymilk for $0.70 to $0.85.
Clofine has been working for the past 2 years with Raj 1300. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1989. Tofutti Brands Inc.

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announces fourth quarter and fiscal year end results (News How Stored: Frozen.
release). 136 East 57th St., New York, NY 10022. 3 p. April New Product–Documentation: Press release. 1989. April.
3. 3. “Loft’s Tofulite announces the addition of a Vanilla
• Summary: Net sales for the fifty-two week period ended Tofulite Bar.” Barricini now has 4 bar flavors. “Tofulite
December 31, 1988 were $9,493,000, an increase of 23% is distributed through the Haagen-Dazs Co., Inc. and a
as compared to $7,706,000 for the fifty-three weeks ended nationwide network of distributors and sub-distributors.”
January 2, 1988. The Company reported a net loss of
$652,000, or ($0.12) per share, compared to a net loss of 1303. Product Name: Granose Sweet Sensation (Soy Ice
$2,560,000, or ($0.38) per share, in the previous fiscal year, Cream) [Vanilla, Raspberry Ripple, Tutti Fruitti, Black
and an operating loss of $1,384,156 for the fiscal year before Cherry].
that. The increase in sales during fiscal 1988 was attributed Manufacturer’s Name: Granose Foods Ltd. (Marketer).
to the introduction of new products, the expansion of the Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.
company’s national distribution network, and the reduction Manufacturer’s Address: Howard Way, Newport Pagnell,
of operating costs by 27%. The company markets Tofutti Buckinghamshire, MK16 9PY, England. Phone: (0908)
is hard pack pints, Tofutti Cuties, Tofutti Frutti, Better than 211311.
Cheesecake, and Egg Watchers. Address: New York. Phone: Date of Introduction: 1989. April.
212-838-3777. Ingredients: Organic soya milk (water, dehulled organic
soya beans); raw can sugar; corn syrup; vegetable oil; vanilla
1301. Griffin, Jasmine. 1989. Grammy Award winners bean extract; emulsifier; vegetable mono-diglycerides;
launch new business venture in Orlando. Times (Orlando, Stabilisers: locust bean gum, guar gum, xanthan gum;
Florida). April 12. Natural colour: Annatto.
• Summary: “Grammy Award winners William Guest and Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 750 gm paperboard box.
Edward Patten unveiled a new frozen dessert. NJOY, a How Stored: Frozen.
non-dairy alternative to ice cream, is the premiere product New Product–Documentation: See next page. Form filled
of American Tofu, a Michigan-based company. Guest and out and 4 Labels sent by Granose Foods Ltd. 1990. June
Patten of Gladys Knight and the Pips, along with Aubrey 13. In Jan. 1989 Granose’s entire factory and offices were
Bell of Minneapolis, Minnesota, are principal owners. moved from Stanborough Park in Watford, to Howard Way
“The surprisingly good-tasting treat will be available in in Newport Pagnell. The frozen product, made by Genice
five flavors; vanilla, chocolate, berry, banana/strawberry, and Ltd., was introduced in 1989. Label. 7.5 by 5 by 2.5 inches.
peanut butter/chocolate fudge... Borden’s Dairy Division will Paperboard box. Photo of product in a wavy-edged glass
be handling the production and distribution of NJOY locally. next to fruit or flowers on front panel. The box background
“The average ice cream lover will be hard-pressed to is white printed with diagonal colored lines. “A delicious
distinguish NJOY from quality ice cream. The tofu-based non dairy frozen dessert, made with organic soya milk and
dessert is lactose-free, cholesterol-free, low in sodium, and other natural ingredients.” Side panel: “Contains no artificial
vitamin enriched. colours or preservatives.” Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy.
“NJOY was created out of a personal need, said Aubrey 1990. July 2. Much of Genice’s success comes from products
Bell, product developer and one of the founders of American sold under brands other than its own.
Tofu. ‘I can’t tolerate milk or milk products.’... Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
“With the help of the Stroh’s Brewery, American Tofu 4 and 8. In April 1989 Sweet Sensation, another non-dairy
test-marketed NJOY in the Detroit area... frozen dessert, was launched for Granose Foods in a 3/4 liter
“After gauging the success of the ice cream, American pack composed of a rectangular plastic tub in a cardboard
Tofu will introduce other non-dairy desserts including cheese sleeve, in 4 flavors–tutti fruitti, black cherry, raspberry
cake, yogurt and pies. A soft-serve version of NJOY is ripple, and vanilla. Genice made this product for Granose
already available at the Orlando International Airport... before and after Granose was acquired by the Haldane
“American Tofu is preparing to establish offices in the Group.
Orlando area within a matter of weeks.”
1304. Demos, Steve. 1989. New developments at White
1302. Product Name: Tofulite Bars (Non-Dairy Soy Ice Wave, Inc. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 13. Conducted
Cream Novelty) [Vanilla Dipped in Dark Chocolate with by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Almonds]. • Summary: White Wave has just purchased a meat packing
Manufacturer’s Name: Barricini Foods Inc. house with 23,000 square feet of processing space, fully
Manufacturer’s Address: 48 Old Bloomfield Ave., refrigerated and built for food production, on 2.2 acres on the
Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046. Phone: 800-431-5030. eastern outskirts of Boulder, on 61st Street, 7 blocks from
Date of Introduction: 1989. April. their present plant. They are paying only $600,000 for the

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plant plus land; the land alone is valued at $500,000. They need to find non-conventional sources. Since in our country
will take possession on May 15 and the deal is expected to a large number of population is accustomed to a vegetarian
close in June. They will retain their current 10,000 square diet, one of the means to solve malnutrition problem is in
foot plant for making ice cream and some new products. So a simple little protein packed wonder i.e. soyabean... The
they will be manufacturing in 2 places. Most offices will be daily requirement of the essential amino acids (the tissue
at the new facility. In July, they will install an automated building materials) of a 5 year old child can be covered by
tofu system. During Steve’s last 2 trips to Japan he has put it consumption of ½ liter of soyamilk alone.”
together, mainly from Kawanishi Shoko, which is acting as “With so much goodness of soyamilk I am tempted to
the broker but with a Masuko cooker and processing system say (and this I do with due apologies to our friends in the
(which do not have a heavy dependence on electronics) medical profession who are present here)–’Drink a pint of
and Takai roller extractors. The high cost of Japanese yen soyamilk a day & keep your doctor friend away.’”
prevents importation of a turnkey Japanese plant. Within “There are some areas–Sir–where the Government
the last 3 months White Wave built its own conveyorized policy needs to be liberalized so as to promote nutritional
pasteurizer and is now pasteurizing tofu sent long distance. benefits of soyamilk. A few to mention are: (a) Extension of
White Wave’s sales for 1988 were up close to 30% over dairy milk by addition of 25% of soya milk. (b) All weaning
1987. After-tax profits were down a little due to extensive foods for babies to be based, as far as possible, on soya milk,
product development and expansion. On May 15 White because of its obvious advantages. (c) Encourage & promote
Wave will close on a 504 limited placement equity stock the use of soya milk in products like ice cream, kulfi, paneer,
offering for $500,000, which will be used solely for new khoya, etc., which are basically non-essential and where
product introduction and development. The banks loaned an the usage of milk is rather high–up to 50%. Such a step will
additional $500,000 for equipment and also financed the land certainly help to improve the availability of dairy milk to
and building ($600,000). children for drinking. In short, wherever possible, normal
The company’s new soy cheeses (private labeled milk should be extended by soya milk.”
TofuRella) are well accepted but have had quality control “The main soya milk plant has been supplied to us
problems; the shelf life is not good. They are made by by Danish Turnkey Dairies of Denmark. The packaging
another company. White Wave’s many new products and the machinery have been supplied by Prepac of France.”
upcoming Meatless Healthy Franks and Links are deluging Address: G.T. Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
buyers. White Wave products are also being distributed by
Wildwood in California. Steve believes Wildwood will come 1306. Library of Congress, Subject Cataloging Div.,
to a point fairly soon where they will have to choose between Processing Services. 1989. Library of Congress subject
being a distributor and a multi-product manufacturer. Its too headings. 12th edition. Washington, DC: Cataloging
complex and expensive to try to do both. Distribution Service, Library of Congress. 3 volumes.
White Wave is doing well but the stress is enormous • Summary: This 12th edition (LCSH 12) contains
on everyone. Their business strategy is to focus on the mass approximately 173,000 headings established by the Library
market in their area, with saturation of in-store demos. through Sept. 1988. The book was available on 3 May 1989.
They will go through the King Soopers warehouse, with no Approximately 10,000 headings were added since the 11th
slotting allowance. He will not pay those. “Its cheaper to get edition in 1988. Among these headings are 139,000 topical
your product pulled onto the market by consumer demand subject headings, 22,000 geographic subject headings,
from a big PR campaign, than to pay slotting allowances. 10,000 personal names (incl. 9,000 family names), 2,600
I have an ethical problem paying $10,000 per facing of corporate headings. This book should be used with the
slotting allowances. If the product doesn’t move within 60 Subject Cataloging Manual (1989. 3rd ed.).
days you’ve lost all that money.” Address: White Wave, These subject headings have been accumulated by
Boulder, Colorado. LC since 1898 and the first edition of LCSH was printed
between 1909 and 1914. Subject headings are listed in
1305. Bajaj, Naresh Kumar. 1989. Welcome address. Paper boldface type. Approximately 40% of headings are followed
presented at opening of Amrit Protein Foods soymilk plant in by LC class numbers, which are added only when there is a
Ghaziabad, 18 May 1989. 8 p. 21 x 14 cm. [Eng] close correspondence between the subject heading and the
• Summary: Shri Jagdish Tytler, the Honorable Minister provisions of the LC classification schedules.
of Food Processing Industries, was present at the opening, References show the relationship between terms: (1) The
along with many invited guests. “Protein energy malnutrition equivalence relationship: Use of UF (Use for) references.
is wide-spread amongst almost all segments of the (2) The hierarchical relationship: Broader terms (BT) and
population in India... The abnormal infant mortality rate in narrower terms (NT). BT and NT function as reciprocals.
our country is 100 per 1,000 births... This problem cannot A term appearing as a BT must be matched by the reversed
be tackled by conventional means and therefore there is a relationship as an NT (e.g., Motor Vehicles. BT Vehicles.

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NT Trucks). (3) The associative relationship: Related terms retrieval systems–Soyfoods.

(RT. Ornithology. RT Birds). May Subd Geog (MSG) = May Soybean (MSG) [QK495.L52 (Botany)]. [SB205.S7
subdivide geographically. Soy related subject headings, listed (Culture)]. UF Glycine max. Soja bean. Soja max. Soy-bean.
alphabetically, are: Soya. Soya bean. BT Beans. Forage plants. Oilseed plants.
Fermented soyfoods (MSG). BT Food, Fermented. Soybean–Diseases and pests (MSG). NT Diaporthe
Soyfoods. NT Fermented soymilk. Miso. Natto. Soy sauce. phaseolorum. Heterodera glycines [Nematodes]. Soybean
Tempeh. mosaic disease. Soybean rust disease.
Fermented soyfoods industry (MSG). BT Soyfoods Soybean as feed [SF99.S]. NT Soybean meal as feed.
industry. NT Miso industry. Nattô industry. Soy sauce Soybean flour. UF soya flour. BT Flour. Soybean
industry. Fermented soymilk (MSG). BT Fermented products.
soyfoods. Soymilk. Soybean glue. BT Glue. Soybean products.
Hydrogenation [QD281.H8] Soybean industry (MSG) [HD9235.S6-HD9235.S62].
Information storage and retrieval systems–Soyfoods. BT Vegetable trade. NT Soybean oil industry.
Lecithin [QP752.L4 (Physiology), or RM666.L4 Soybean meal (MSG). UF Soybean oil meal. Soybean
(Therapeutics)]. UF Phosphatidylcholine. BT Phospholipids. oilmeal. BT Meal. Soybean products
NT Lysolecithin. Also: Lecithinase. Soybean meal as feed [SF99.S]. BT Soybean as feed.
Margarine (MSG) [TP684.M3 (Manufacture)]. UF Soybean mosaic disease (MSG) [SB608.S7]. UF
Butter, artificial, Margarin, Oleomargarine. BT Oils and fats, Soybean chlorosis. Soybean leaf curl. BT Soybean–Diseases
edible. NT Vanaspati. Margarine industry (MSG) [HD9330. and pests. RT Soybean mosaic virus.
M37-374] BT Oil industries. NT Vanaspati industry. Soybean mosaic virus. BT Plant viruses. RT Soybean
Meat substitutes [TX838]. BT Food substitutes. mosaic disease.
Vegetarianism. Soybean oil (MSG) [TP684.S]. UF Bean oil. Chinese
Miso (MSG) [TP438.S6 (Manufacture)]. UF Paste, bean oil. Soy oil. BT Drying oils. Soybean products.
Soybean. Soybean paste. BT Fermented soyfoods. NT Soybean oil industry (MSG) [HD9490]. BT Soybean
Cookery (Miso). industry.
Miso industry (MSG). BT Fermented soyfoods industry. Soybean oil mills (MSG). BT Oil mills. Soybean
Nattô (MSG) [TP438.S36 (Manufacture)] [TX558.S6 processing plants.
(Nutrition)]. BT Fermented soyfoods. Soybean processing plants (MSG). BT Factories. Food
Nattô industry (MSG). BT Fermented soyfoods industry. processing plants. NT Soybean oil mills.
Natural food restaurants (MSG). UF Restaurants, Soybean products (MSG). NT Soybean flour. Soybean
Natural food. BT Restaurants, lunch rooms, etc. RT Food, glue. Soybean meal. Soybean oil. Soyfoods.
Natural. Soybean rust disease (MSG) [SB608.S7]. UF Rust
Natural foods industry (MSG) [HD9000-HD9019]. UF disease of soybean. BT Fungal diseases of plants. Soybean–
Health foods industry. BT Food, Natural. Note: Natural food Diseases and pests. RT Phakopsora pachyrhizi.
(Use Food, Natural). Natural food cookery (Use Cookery Soyfoods (MSG). [TX401.2.S69 (Nutrition)]. [TX558.
(Natural foods)). S7 (Composition)]. UF Soybean as food. BT Food. Soybean
Nonfermented soyfoods. products. RT Cookery (Soybeans). NT Fermented soyfoods.
Nonfermented soyfoods industry. Nonfermented soyfoods.
Shortenings–Use Oils and fats, edible. Soyfoods industry (MSG) [HD9235.S6-HD9235.
Soy ice cream (MSG). Here are entered works on S62]. BT Food industry and trade. NT Fermented soyfoods
no-dairy frozen desserts in which soy protein largely or industry. Nonfermented soyfoods industry. Soymilk industry.
completely replaces the dairy proteins. UF Ice cream, Soy. Soymilk. UF Beverages, Soy. Milk, Soy. Milk, Soybean.
Soymilk ice cream. Tofu ice cream. BT Non-dairy frozen Soy beverages. Soy milk. Soybean milk. BT Nonfermented
desserts. Nonfermented soyfoods. soyfoods. NT Fermented soymilk.
Soy ice cream industry (MSG) [HD9330.S63-HD9330. Soymilk industry (MSG) [HD9235.S6-HD9235.S62].
S633]. BT Nonfermented soyfoods industry. UF Soy milk industry. Soybean milk industry. BT Soyfoods
Soy sauce (MSG) [TP438.S6 (Manufacture)]. [TX407. industry.
S69 (Nutrition)]. UF Sauce, Soy. Soy. Soya Sauce. BT Tempeh (MSG) [TX558.T39]. UF Bongkrek. Tempe.
Fermented soyfoods. NT Cookery (Soy sauce). BT Fermented Soyfoods. RT Cookery (Tempeh).
Soy sauce industry (MSG) [HD9330.S65-HD9330. Tofu (MSG).
S653]. BT Fermented soyfoods industry. NT Strikes and Note: Changes in this edition from the 11th edition.
lockouts–Soy sauce industry. Changed: Soybean as food to Soyfoods. Changed: Soybean
SOYA (Information retrieval system [SoyaScan from milk to Soymilk. Changed: Soybean milk industry to
Soyfoods Center]) [Z695.1.S68]. BT Information storage and Soymilk industry. Added: Soyfoods industry. Added:

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Fermented soyfoods. Added: Fermented soyfoods industry. minutes while driving. Very good quality! I could only find
Added: Nonfermented soyfoods. Added: Nonfermented one of the two flavors, sanddorn/sour-cherry, the other being
soyfoods industry. Added: Fermented soymilk. Address: coconut.” He did an interview with Mrs. Manuela Pilz, head
Washington, DC. of marketing and distribution at Schoeller. Schoeller has been
experimenting with soymilk as an ingredient for 4 years,
1307. Product Name: [Soy Ice Cream Bars {Made with conducting ongoing product research. They bought and
Soymilk} (Sour-Cherry, or Coconut)]. installed an Alfa-Laval soymilk system in 1986. The product
Foreign Name: Soja Frucht-Riegel (Sanddorn, Kokonuss). development for the Soja Frucht-Riegel lasted 1 year. They
Manufacturer’s Name: Schoeller Lebensmittel GmbH & conducted a regional test market from May-Sept. 1989. Full
Co. KG. distribution and marketing began on 1 March 1990.
Manufacturer’s Address: Bucherstrasse 137, D-8500 Letter from Monica Kjellker Gimre of Alfa-Laval. 1990.
Nuremberg 90, West Germany. Phone: 911-34-000. May 30. Alfa-Laval sold a complete soybase plant to this ice
Date of Introduction: 1989. May. cream manufacturer in West Germany. It had a capacity of
Ingredients: Incl. soymilk, fruit juices, vitamins. 3,000 liters/hour and began operation in 1985.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Letters from Anders 1308. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1989.
Lindner. 1990. April 4 and 26. Schoeller, in West Germany Bibliography of soy ice cream, yogurt, and cheese: 1,071
makes soymilk that is used in ice cream production. Capacity references from 1910 to 1989. Lafayette, California:
is not known. Soyfoods Center. 209 p. Subject/geographical index. Author/
Talk with Thomas Karas of Soyastern in West Germany. company index. Extensively annotated. Printed May 11. 28
Schoeller, a very big manufacturer of ice cream and frozen cm. [1071 ref]
foods in Nuremberg, makes Soja Stangen, soy ice cream • Summary: This is the most comprehensive bibliography
bars. It is a very new product. Thomas has an article about ever published on each of these three soyfoods. It is also the
the product in a dairy journal. The product manager from single most current and useful source of information on these
Schoeller, who now works for Huegli, told Thomas that there subjects available today, since 81% of all references (and
is a very small amount of soy in this ice cream. Thomas most of the current ones) contain a summary/abstract.
also heard that Schoeller tried to sell the “Soy Bars” in the One of more than 40 bibliographies on soybeans and
company’s line of soy ice cream shops. soyfoods being published by the Soyfoods Center, it is based
Talk with Ted Nordquist of Aros Sojaprodukter in on historical principles, listing all known documents and
Sweden. 1990. May 18. One soymilk ice cream is made commercial products in chronological order. Containing 37
by Schoeller, which is one of Europe’s largest ice cream different document types (both published and unpublished,
producers. They bought an Alfa-Laval system that transforms including many original interviews and partial translations
whole soybeans (using the Illinois method, without of Japanese and European works), it is a powerful tool
separation of okara) into soymilk, which they then spray dry for understanding the development of these subjects and
and use to make a soy ice cream. “The samples of the ice related products from their earliest beginnings to the present,
cream and powder that they sent to Semper in Sweden were worldwide.
a total catastrophe.” The book contains three separate bibliographies: Soy ice
Talk with Harry Whitford of Germany. 1990. May 19. cream has 766 references from 1918 to 1989. Soy yogurt has
Schoeller, a big dairy ice cream manufacturer, makes a 190 references from 1910 to 1989. Western-style soy cheese
cholesterol-free frozen bar with soymilk, fruit juices, and a has 115 references from 1911 to 1989. Each bibliography has
mixture of vitamins. In Europe, especially Germany, there a complete subject/geographical index, an author/company
are a lot of popular non-soy fruit drinks containing 10-12 index, and a bibliometric analysis of its composition (by
different fruit juices plus many vitamins and minerals. language, document type, year, leading countries, states, and
Schoeller sells the product at the Moewin-Pick, a big chain related subjects). Suggestions on how to use the book and its
of restaurants & inns owned by some American hotel chain indexes are also included.
like Holiday Inn, which resemble Howard Johnson’s in In addition, the book gives details on 269 commercial
America. Moewin-Pick also makes their own brands of ice products (194 soy ice creams, 40 soy yogurts, and 35 soy
cream based on American classics. Schoeller makes these cheeses), including the product name, date of introduction,
and they market them together under the brand Schoeller- manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in
Moewin-Pick. He bought one of these bars at a little shop/ many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price,
stand at Starnbergersee south of Munich and thought it tasted storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a
very good. description of the label. Sources of additional information
Letter (fax) from Harry Whitford. 1990. May 30. “I on each product (such as references to and summaries
found the product yesterday and devoured two within 10 of advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 459

Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, New Product–Documentation: Label (paperboard sleeve
California 94549. Phone: 415-283-2991. that fits over package) sent by Leah Leneman of Edinburgh,
Scotland. 1993. Sept. 4. 6 by 12.5 inches. Cherry red, pink,
1309. Product Name: Sunrise Iced Yoghert (Non-Dairy green, bright red, and yellow on white. A photo shows a
Frozen Dessert) [Black Cherry, or Strawberry]. frosted dish filled with 4 scoops of this soy-based frozen
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Health Foods, Ltd. yogurt, topped with 2 cherries. Taste test by Leah Leneman.
(Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. “Dreadful.” Note: This may be the world’s first soy-based
Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 4, Guinness Road, Trafford frozen yogurt.
Park, Manchester M17 1AU, England. Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
Date of Introduction: 1989. May. 10. This is a non-dairy soy-based frozen yogurt–resembling
Ingredients: Unsweetened organic soya yoghert, raw ice cream. It was first launched in May 1989, made by
cane sugar, glucose syrup, vegetable oil, soya milk, black Genice, in black cherry and strawberry flavors.
cherries, emulsifier (vegetable mono-diglyceride), stabilisers
(guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum), natural colour 1310. Product Name: Maranellis Ice Supreme (Non-Dairy
(beetroot red), natural black cherry flavour. Soy Ice Cream Sweetened with Apple Juice) [Vanilla,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml. Chocolate, Raspberry Ripple].
How Stored: Frozen. Manufacturer’s Name: Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products Ltd.

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as opposed to soya isolates;

2. It was made with organic
soya milk; 3. It was sweetened
with pure fruit juice (apple).”
Previous manufacturers had
used isolates because they
did not know how to make
soymilk with a high protein
levels. Even today, all the
soy ice creams in the UK
are made from soya isolates.
Unisoy makes a special rich
soymilk used specially for
making their ice cream. He
developed the product as if it
were a protein-rich sorbet.
Talk with Neil Rabheru
of Unisoy. 1991. Sept. 16.
The manufacture of this
product has been transferred
from Unisoy to Genice. The
Haldane Foods Group has
(Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.
about 99% of the soy ice cream market in the UK.
Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 1, Cromwell Trading Estate,
Health Food Business (UK). 1992. May. p. 33. “Frozen
Cromwell Rd., Bredbury, Stockport, Cheshire SK6 2RF,
Desserts. Maranelli’s: Maranelli’s Soya Supreme (organic)
England. Phone: 061-430-6329.
Date of Introduction: 1989. May. available in Chocolate, Raspberry Ripple and Vanilla
Ingredients: Vanilla (1994): Organic soya milk, apple juice, Wobbler, all with a rrp [or RRP = recommended retail price]
vegetable oil, cocoa powder, guar gum, locust bean gum, of £1.25 for 500ml, trade price £4.80 for 6 x 500ml. Made
vegetable mono-diglyceride. with organic soya milk and sweetened with apple juice, non-
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml rectangular plastic tub. dairy and suitable for vegans.”
How Stored: Frozen. Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 4
and 8. In 1987 Genice began to work with Unisoy to develop
Nutrition: Per 100 ml.: Energy 86.0 calories, carbohydrate
10.8 gm, fat 4.6 gm, protein 1.6 gm. Maranellis Ice Supreme (before Unisoy was acquired by
New Product–Documentation: SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). Haldane). The product was launched in May 1989 in a
1990. 1(1):3. Made with fresh organic soya milk and ½-liter format, sweetened with fruit juice, in 3 flavors–
sweetened with pure apple juice. Manufacturer’s leaflet (8.5 raspberry ripple, vanilla, and chocolate. The product was
by 11 inches, full-color). 1990. “Maranellis Ice Supreme.” made from fresh soya milk, delivered to Genice by Unisoy.
Labels (Vanilla, Chocolate) sent by Genice Foods
A photo shows a long-stemmed glass chock full of soy ice
Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. 5.25 by 3.5 inches. Fits in the lid of a
cream topped with 2 red raspberries and a wedge of wafer.
rectangular plastic tub. Chocolate flavor: Orange, red, white,
Text lauds the product as innovative and delicious. “Made
and black on chocolate brown and yellow. Photo of a cone-
from the very best ingredients, Ice Supreme tastes every
shaped stemmed glass filled with ice cream, topped with
bit as good as top quality dairy ice cream. With the flavour,
nuts and a wafer wedge. “Alar free. Made with organic soya
taste and smooth texture of Ice Supreme, you will be amazed
milk.” UPC indicia.
to find that it is a Non-Dairy product... Supported by an
extensive consumer advertising campaign... You can’t stock
1311. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1989. Tofutti Brands Inc.
them all, but there’s got to be room for the best.” Color
announces management reorganization (News release). 1098
photos show the front panel of the label for each flavor. The
Randolph Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065. 2 p. June 27.
photo on the leaflet appears on the right side of each label.
• Summary: “Francis I. Mullin, III, President and Chief
Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1990. July 2.
Operating Officer, is leaving the Company effective August
Followed by letter (fax) of July 9. This product was launched
1, 1989 to pursue other business interests. Mr. Mullin will
in May 1989. The Raspberry Ripple is a vanilla base rippled
remain a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.
with raspberry puree. “This product broke ground on three
David Mintz, the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive
fronts compared to products available on the market at the
Officer, will assume the roles of President and Chief
time it was introduced: 1. It was made with fresh soya milk

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Operating Officer.” necessarily professional level). This course could be here in

“Tofutti products, including recently introduced ‘Better La Azulita which is a rural and beautiful place, epicenter of
than Cheesecake’ and ‘Egg Watchers,’ are sold in grocery the Venezuelan movement for alternative lifestyles.
stores, supermarkets and retail stores.” Address: Rahway, “I have thought of the following content for these
New Jersey. courses: (1) Soymilk. (2) Tofu. (3) Tofu and soy milk ice
cream. (4) Miso. (5) Tempeh. (6) Shoyu.
1312. Product Name: Sunrise Ice Dream (Non-Dairy “I am working on a book about soyfoods, and am
Frozen Dessert) [Mint Carob Chip Flavour, Fruit Cocktail enclosing an outline of the contents: I. Introduction. II.
Flavour, Mango & Apricot, Raspberry, Vanilla, or Pistachio Agronomic aspects. III. Soya and food security. IV. The most
Almond]. important soyfoods. V. Industrial potential of the soybean.
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Health Foods, Ltd. VI. Bibliography. VII. Index.” Address: Ing., Centro de
(Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. Alimentos de Soya de Venezuela, Granja Tierra Nueva,
Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 4, Guinness Road, Trafford Aldea San Luis, La Azulita, Estado Merida, C.P. 5102,
Park, Manchester M17 1AU, England. Venezuela.
Date of Introduction: 1989. June.
Ingredients: Mint Carob Chip: Soya milk, corn syrup, 1314. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1989. Tofutti Brands Inc.
vegetable oil, fructose, carob flour, emulsifier (vegetable announces relocation to Cranford, New Jersey (News
mono-diglyceride), stabilisers (guar gum, locust bean gum, release). 1098 Randolph Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065. 1 p. July
xanthan gum), natural mint flavour. 11.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 125 ml plastic cup. • Summary: Effective Aug. 1, 1989, the company’s new
How Stored: Frozen. corporate address will be 50 Jackson Drive, Cranford, New
New Product–Documentation: Letter and Labels sent by Jersey, 07016. David Mintz stated, “The relocation is part
Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 10. These 125 ml small pots of our corporate strategy to concentrate our efforts on new
of Ice Dream, made by Genice, were launched in mid-1989. product development and the marketing of our existing
In mid-1990 this product was launched with a Dutch label; products.” Address: Rahway, New Jersey.
named Soja Ijs, it was sold in at least one flavor–raspberry
(frambozen smaak). Label is 3 inches diameter. Paper, fits 1315. This Month in Brief (A.E. Staley Mfg. Co, Decatur,
down into plastic lid. Red, yellow, and green on grey. Color Illinois). 1989. Gunther Products celebrates 40 years in
photo shows vanilla colored scoops of ice cream next to business. July. p. 1.
fruits and green leaves. • Summary: In 1949 Ken Gunther (soon joined by his
brother Bob) founded a soy products manufacturing plant
1313. Perez Baez, Oswaldo. 1989. Re: New developments in Galesburg, Illinois. “Staley acquired Gunther Products in
with soyfoods in Venezuela. Letter to William Shurtleff at 1969; and Ken and Bob Gunther retired in 1973 and 1981,
Soyfoods Center, July 10. 3 p. Typed, with signature on respectively. But Gunther Products is still taking soybean
letterhead. [Eng] flakes and turning them into specialty food ingredients.
• Summary: “In my last visit to Caracas I contacted: Prof. “In 1949, the company’s protein-based whipping agents,
Makie Kodaira and Prof. Amaury Martinez of the ‘Instituto specialty blends, and hydrolyzed protein flavorings were
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, unique; today, they remain the only enzyme-modified soy
U.C.V.’ (Universidad Central de Venezuela) who are very protein products in the world.
interested in offering a theoretical and practical course about “The whipping agents and Ultra-Bake and Ultra-Freeze
soyfoods, using their pilot plant (the second of importance specialty blends are used in such foods as candy nougats,
in Venezuela). Prof. Kodaira studied in Hiroshima, Japan in icings, instant mousses, premium ice creams, sponge cakes,
1977 and she is a specialist on seafoods. They would like the and chewy granola bars. Producing the specialty products
‘Centro de Alimentos de soya de Venezuela’ to organize this requires more labor than some other Staley products, with
course. correspondingly higher profit margins.
“I think this is the time to offer in Venezuela a complete “Competing products include egg albumen, gelatin,
course about soyfoods and I have thought to invite you to and modified milk protein products, none of which have all
come to Venezuela. I am thinking about 2 courses: the same properties as the soy products. For example, egg
“(a) One oriented to Institutional level (Instituto albumen tends to vary dramatically in price and can harbor
Nacional de Nutrición, Fundación Polar, CIEPE, bacteria.
Universidades, Industry, etc.) for professional people. This “Joe Empen is general manager for Gunther Products.
course could be in Caracas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología He says the plant’s small size (29 people work there) gives
de Alimentos, U.C.V. it a special atmosphere. ‘We don’t have formal work rules...
“(b) Another one oriented to the general public (not we’re pretty flexible.’”

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“Unlike Staley’s larger plants, which rarely shut down, $4,251,000 compared to $5,261,000 for 26 weeks ended
‘Galesburg normally runs 5 days a week, 3 shifts a day,’ July 2, 1988. The Company reported a net loss of $145,000,
Empen says. ‘Business is good–we’re in the process of or $0.03 per share, compared to net income of $41,000, or
expanding to 7 days a week.’... Gunther’s largest domestic $0.01 per share, reported in the comparable period last year.”
customers currently include M&M Mars, Brach’s, Pearson’s Address: Cranford, New Jersey.
Mints, General Mills, Foodways National, and Coca-Cola.”
1318. Newman, Jacqueline M. 1989. Tofu comes of age.
1316. Nordquist, Ted. 1989. Recent developments with Foodtalk 12(2):7-8. [7 ref]
soyfoods in Sweden (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 13. • Summary: A brief history of tofu worldwide. Tofu is a
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. culinary chameleon. The early mentions of tofu by John Saris
• Summary: Ted’s basic work has been to determine the (1613), Friar Domingo [Fernández] Navarrete (1665), and
usefulness of and find applications for a soy base (condensed Benjamin Franklin (1779), each referred to Japanese (rather
or concentrated soymilk) as a substitute for dairy products. than Chinese) tofu. “In the United States, commercially tofu
Recently he has been working mostly on a vanilla soy ice was first manufactured by the Chinese in 1915 [sic, in 1878
cream with a man named Bo Funeteg, head of the ice cream or before]. It was made by the Quong Hop Company, located
and margarine division of Karlshamn, which makes ice in San Francisco. This company, founded in 1906, still exists
cream for Konsum. There are two major food outlets and today.”
distributors in Sweden: (1) Konsum is like Safeway, but “While bean curd may not be in the culinary
it is a co-op (owned partially by all its members) and the mainstream, there is an amazing increase in its use among
largest distributor in Sweden. (2) ICA is 99% owned by each non-Asians. Its popularity, which recognizes the nutritional
of its individual stores, and 1% is owned centrally. No soy qualities of tofu, may be credited in large part to William
products are yet on the market but the ice cream would be Shurtleff and his wife, Akiko Aoyagi. Together they helped
produced by Vinner (in the town of Karlshamn), a division of make the Western world appreciate tofu, thus increasing
Karlshamn Oliefabrik (a private company with yearly gross the use of this inexpensive and versatile protein food. They
sales of 3,000 to 4,000 million Swedish crowns), and private are the authors of The Book of Tofu detailing its history and
labeled for Konsum. The name of the ice cream has not yet background and giving several hundred recipes for its use.”
been decided, nor is the launch date. A 40-person taste panel After noting the growing popularity of Tofutti and other
test gave the vanilla soy ice cream a score of 7.5 on a scale soy ice creams, Newman reflects: “The idea of freezing bean
of 1-10. curd, however, is not new. Iced Bean Curd is one of Yuan
“We are basically involved in the question ‘Can soya Mei’s recipes from the Xi Yuan Cookery Book written near
be used as a substitute for milk products, and if so, in what the end of the 18th century. This book by a poet, government
way and what are the economics of it.’ No one is questioning official and author, is a very comprehensive volume of over
soya as a future product. Even if the soy ice cream got a 300 recipes; only some are about tofu. One difference is
grade of 10, Arla (Sweden’s largest milk company, owned by that the Iced Bean Curd recipe is meant to be served hot, the
Swedish farmers) would have to decide what to do with it. doufu in it is first frozen then prepared for use.” Address:
Karlshamn buys all of its dairy products from Arla and Arla Prof. at Queens College, New York.
buys all of its oils and fats from Karlshamn. Let’s say that
we could produce a substitute for dairy milk at one-third of 1319. Souter, Anne. 1989. Recent developments with
the cost. It could become a political question. Arla might ask soybeans and soyfoods in Nicaragua (Interview). SoyaScan
the Swedish government to put an extra tariff on the import Notes. Sept. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
of whole soybeans. It also relates to the larger question Center.
of Sweden joining the Common Market.” Address: Aros • Summary: Anne has been working closely with Manuel
Sojaprodukter, Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56. Tiqueras (who speaks good Spanish, can read some English,
and has been working with soy since 1984) to introduce
1317. Keith L. Lippert Assocs. 1989. Tofutti Brands Inc. soybeans and soyfoods to Nicaragua. They have distributed
announces second quarter and six month results (News 3,000 lb of soybeans to interested people, and conducted
release). 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 2 p. Aug. 15. 30-40 demonstrations which trained 500-600 people in how
• Summary: “Net sales for the 13 weeks ended July 1, 1989 to grow and cook with soybeans. The most popular recipes
were $2,099,000 compared to net sales of $2,847,000 for are: 1. Soymilk, with a little sugar and vanilla, which is very
the 13 weeks ended July 2, 1988. The Company reported a important for the children, who love it. The adults ferment
net loss of $153,000, or a loss of $0.03 per share, compared it to make a cider or hot toddy. 2. Choriso, made of mashed
to net income of $9,000, or $0.00 per share, reported in the cooked soybeans, onions, green peppers, and garlic, with
comparable 13 weeks last year.” shaped into little patties and fried. 3. Queso or Guajada de
“For the 26 weeks ended July 1, 1989, net sales were soya, which is like tofu but the soymilk is curded with the

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juice of a lemon-like citrus fruit (naranja arde), it is flavored production. They made an extra’s week’s inventory, moved
with garlic juice, and pressed in cheesecloth into oval loaves, the equipment to Goods, Inc.’s location at Spring Park, and
then sliced. It is much less expensive than typical guajada were back in operation within a week.
(made from dairy milk), which is a part of most Nicaraguan The company has 5 other food manufacturing businesses
meals. 4. Fried okara & mashed banana patties called guiso. in Spring Park. They grow and sell alfalfa sprouts, make
Anne helped to develop and have printed (in late 1988) pickled and flavored mushrooms, grow 5 million pounds/
a soybean recipe booklet titled Cuaderno de Nuestra Olla. year of fresh mushrooms, make Kennedy label salad
A Peruvian guy and his Swedish girlfriend also helped dressings, and pack portion-pack juices and novelty bottles
with the book. It was distributed by her and the Ministry for amusement parks. He bought Eastern Foods in part
of Agriculture. The book has made a big difference in because he was already selling products to most EF’s
introducing soy and has helped people to learn to read. They customers. So it was a good tie-in; now he is selling more
lost everything in the hurricane. Their biggest problems have to those same customers. And tofu can go national with
been getting soybean varieties suited to Nicaragua, getting the pickled and flavored mushrooms. Mainland Express
viable inoculum to Nicaragua, getting the soybeans to grow now makes 3 types of tofu (soft, firm, and extra firm), plus
well, and postharvest losses (to rats or loss of viability from Tofulicious. Even in Minnesota, a dairy state, there is a
the heat and humidity). They started with a variety called lot of interest in tofu. Bob has no idea where Mr. Lee is.
Richardson, which was probably brought to Nicaragua by A lot of investors are looking for him. Some people say he
a man named Richardson in his pocket. The Comité de took off with some of the money. Eastern Foods had a poor
Defense Salud on some barrios are interested in growing accounting system and poor cost control. Address: P.O. Box
soybeans. There is a mother’s organization that is setting up 405, Spring Park, Minnesota 55384. Phone: 612-471-8034.
a soyfoods restaurant in Matagalpa, with the help of some
Danish or Swedish women. She also uses mashed cooked 1321. Adventist Review (Hagerstown, Maryland). 1989.
soybeans to fortify corn tortillas (half and half) and has Granose Foods opens new factory: Growth from bakery to
color side shows showing Nicaraguans preparing soyfoods. Britain’s major health food manufacturer. Sept. 28. p. 20-21
She has been in touch by phone with many soybean experts (p. 1036-37).
in this country, including Dr. Hartwig in Mississippi and • Summary: The brand new factory is at Newport Pagnell,
someone at the Univ. of Illinois. A German guy at Ciudad Buckinghamshire, England–30 miles away from its former
Sandino is working with Nicaraguans selling soy ice cream. location at Stanborough Park, on the outskirts of London,
Soyfoods Center suggests she try to get soy volunteers from near Watford, Hertfordshire. The founder is said to be J.
Plenty Canada; perhaps they could come over from the Heide, who, a hundred years ago, came to London from
Caribbean. Anne works for UNAG, the private farmer’s and Germany to start a new life. With help from his uncle, he
cattlemen’s union. She has been there 3½ years and raises all became a master baker. He soon joined the small group of
her own funds. Marcos Castro was the UNAG organizer and members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. “In 1899
promoter for her area, Abisinia. Devoted to public service, John Hyde (as he soon became known) was living over his
he was a wonderful man, and a friend of hers. Last week bakery at 332 Portbellow Road in east London with his wife”
the Contras took him, unarmed, away from his wife off a and four children. He worked hard to make bread that tasted
truck, they broke his hands and feet, they cut out his eyes better and was fresher than anyone else. He and his brother
and tongue, then they castrated him. She was devastated. delivered their loaves late at night or early in the morning.
The Sacramento Bee wasn’t interested in covering the story. “John soon learned about health foods and the church’s
Address: Davis, California. teaching that God is honored in a healthy body as well as in a
healthy mind and spirit. Samples from the Sanitarium Health
1320. Housman, Bob. 1989. Eastern Foods Corp. becomes Food Company in Battle Creek, Michigan, found their way
Mainland Express (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 25. to Britain, and in 1899, with the blessing of the church,
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. John went to the United States to learn how to make the
• Summary: Eastern Foods Corp., founded by Mr. Lee R. foods. He spent six months with Dr. John Harvey Kellogg,
Lee, a Korean, was a leading U.S. manufacturer of tofu who was president of the medical college in Battle Creek,
and soy ice cream (Tofulicious). Lee’s company declared superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanitarium (with its health
bankruptcy, then it was foreclosed on by a venture capital food company) and member of more than a dozen medical
group. On March 3 Bob’s group, Goods, Inc., bought societies and associations,...”
the assets and inventory (but not the accounts payable or “Kellogg created the formula for a gluten biscuit.
accounts receivable) and created a new subsidiary named The Battle Creek Sanitarium Health Food Company also
Mainland Express. The new principals are Bob and Scott produced Granola, a cooked preparation of wheat and oats to
Housman. They moved the plant and started making tofu be used as a breakfast food. Granose flakes, Granose biscuits,
again in late April or early May of 1989. They never stopped Protose, and Bromose were among their strangely named

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products. Manufacturer’s Name: Mainland Express. Subsidiary of

“Imported know-how: John Hyde took the production Goods, Inc.
know-how back to Britain, where he put it into operation. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 405, Spring Park, MN
Adventists purchased a flour mill at Salford, near Redhill, 55384. Phone: 612-471-8034.
Surrey, and formed the International Health Association Ltd. Date of Introduction: 1989. September.
Hyde imported used plant equipment from Battle Creek and How Stored: Frozen.
purchased other items locally. New Product–Documentation: Talk with Bob Housman,
“But the road to success was not to be easy. Before the president. 1989. Sept. 25.
advent of electricity, candles were used for lighting. This
practice led to a fire that burned down the factory in 1900. 1323. Stromnes, Lonnie. 1989. New developments at White
“In 1907 the association moved to Stanborough Park, Wave (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 1. Conducted by
an idyllic 75-acre estate on the outskirts of London, near William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Watford, Hertfordshire. In 1926 it became Granose Foods • Summary: In early August 1989 White Wave moved into
Ltd.” their new plant in Boulder, Colorado, and started making
John Hyde, the baker, worked many years for Granose soyfoods. During the move, many items were out of stock,
Foods. He eventually had 13 children–a baker’s dozen. The and many still are. They kept the old plant for making ice
name of each is given. “Almost all his children became cream (which they had discontinued, except for Tofruzen)
employees of the Adventist Church.” and a soy yogurt. The Tofruzen company is having problems.
Why did the factory move? Over the years, the SDA Forthcoming new products will be their ice cream, Healthy
church leadership sold off portions of the valuable estate Links (a meatless breakfast sausage expected out in mid-
surrounding the Granose food factory; as new houses October 1988) and the yogurt (expected out in March
were built, the factory became a “noncoforming user” in a 1990). Address: White Wave, Inc., 14670 Doolittle Dr., San
residential zone. Income from a recent sale of 10 more acres Leandro, California 94577.
at Stanborough Park helped to pay for the new plant and the
3 acres of land on which it was built. 1324. Richman, Phyllis C. 1989. A high-gloss blend of east
A photo shows the ribbon-cutting ceremony on July and west: Dining. Washington Post. Oct. 29. p. M29.
9. Present were: (1) “Eric Fehlburg, who coordinates the • Summary: This is a review of the hybrid restaurant Mr.
activities of 52 Adventist health food companies worldwide, K’s Cafe in Rockville, Maryland. “Chinese cuisine has never
with $300 million in receipts, from church headquarters in been known for its desserts... The ice creams are oddly
Washington, D.C.” He believes that Granose has a bright chewy and gritty, more what you would expect of frozen tofu
future but believes that, since the 3 acres is already too small, than authentic ice cream.”
Granose should purchase 20 acres somewhere else. Note:
Why did they not buy more land on which to build the new 1325. O’Bannon, Kathleen. 1989. The last years of Victor
factory? Apparently for lack of money. (2) Peter J. Archer, Food Products in Canada (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec.
age 50, who left school at age 16 and got a job sweeping the 7, and 6 March 1990. Conducted by William Shurtleff of
yard for Granose. He has been the manager of Granose since Soyfoods Center.
1984, and he and his team have turned the company around • Summary: The problems started in three areas. First was
(after years of indifferent sales) and appear to be on a path the growing competition from small Chinese tofu companies.
of continuing growth. “Granose is my life,” says Archer. A There were 6-10 little Asian-Canadian tofu makers, some
small photo shows Archer and Fehlberg shaking hands. making tofu in a bathtub in their basements, and selling it
Granose products include “Ravioli, Nuttolene, Vegecuts, for cut-rate prices. One even attempted to get into Stephen’s
Mock Duck, Burger Mix, Sausfry, Soya Wieners, a variety plant, disguised as a food inspector, to spy on/study his
of soymilks, and more than 100 other products. The latest, equipment. Stephen wanted to get out of the “Chinese
Sweet Sensation, is a soy ice cream. With the assistance of tofu wars.” The second cause was the two gay followers
De-Vau-Ge in Germany, Granose supplies a tremendous of the Indian guru Rajneesh. One day they came seeking
demand for nondairy products. The company sells 656,000 employment, saying that they had made tofu in Poona for
gallons (2.5 million liters) of soymilk a year. From the years. George Harris (Bodhi-dharma) was the good guy;
Nutana factory in Denmark, Granose imports and distributes Kathleen hired him after a careful background check. But
five different packs of nondairy margarine containing oils, when he left to live on the Rajneesh commune in Oregon
but no whey. Tue Westing and marketing manager Inge (where he ended up staying for nearly a year), his partner,
Kjeldal of Nutana were present at the opening.” Kirti (Joe Lewis) took his place. Joe Lewis turned out to
be a malicious character–at times pure evil. The Rajneesh
1322. Product Name: Tofulicious (Tofu-Based Non-Dairy commune in Oregon would not let him live there, which
Ice Cream). angered him. He became the bookkeeper and office manager.

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He made life so difficult for Kathleen and ruined the good in chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla flavors. Stephen had
friendship that she had had with Stephen Yu (he deliberately the rights to sell to foodservice institutions and hospitals;
connived to turn each against the other), that she finally felt Tofu Parlor in Saskatchewan had rights to the retail market.
compelled to leave the company in 1984. Joe Lewis falsified Saskatchewan also made a Tofu Parlor Bar (ice cream on a
the company books, making it look like the company had stick). Stephen also developed a remarkable vacuum packed
more accounts receivable that was the case; this led local Tofu Master Gourmet Tofu (in Barbecue, Herb & Green
banks to refuse key loans to the company and to distrust Onion, Cheese, and Bacon flavors). When he vacuum packed
Stephen. Joe Lewis charged the company for more time than this tofu (either sliced or in whole cakes) in a remarkable
he was working, messed up the office, then finally got into machine he had, the process sucked the flavors into the tofu.
a big fight with Stephen. The Rajneesh guys were talking But the banks wouldn’t loan him the money to market the
about suing Stephen. Finally Stephen fired them both. products because of what Joe Lewis had done, so it never
The third cause was Bing, who was one of Stephen’s was launched. By this time Stephen had lost so much face
long-time key production employees. He was very chummy with the Chinese that they didn’t want him to do anything
with the Rajneesh guys. Bing left and told everything he that was not Chinese. He had to fight this attitude the whole
knew to somebody else down-town, found somebody with way. Tofu Master was apparently the cause of the company’s
money, set up a business in Chinatown and competed fiercely bankruptcy, for the project was never completed.
with Stephen. After Stephen fired Joe Lewis, Kathleen came in for
After Kathleen left the first time but before Joe Lewis 7 months. She ran the plant, did the recipes and promotion
was fired, someone approached Stephen Yu about a joint and marketing, and straightened up the office after Joe
venture making soymilk ice cream with a company named Lewis had messed things up. She helped promote the new
Tofu Parlor (formally Tofu Restaurant and Ice Cream ice cream. After that she got in an accident when she tripped
Parlors, 304 Victoria Ave. East, Regina, SASK, S4N 0N7, on something and fell. She injured her neck, her lungs
Canada [near Saskatoon]. Owner: Wayne Knipple), which collapsed, and her back and neck were out for a year. She
was already making soymilk ice cream. Stephen found was very ill and had to have surgery. She left in Sept. 1987
one or two investors. One was John van Kessel, a 55-year- and moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where she is now
old chain-smoking accountant and computer expert, who living. The company was still very much alive at that time.
was part of Tofu Parlor, invested money in Victor Food The company sold the equipment from the bankruptcy in
Products (VFP), liked to tell dirty jokes. The other was Larry April 1988. When she returned in November 1988 to do a
Ginsberg. Stephen did a great deal of original research, using health foods trade show in Toronto she was very surprised to
custom-designed equipment, to develop a new process for hear that Victor Food Products had gone under. She can only
making excellent quality soymilk and ice cream from that assume that the people who were calling the shots had made
soymilk. He worked with Guelph University researchers big mistakes. Kathleen was very close to Stephen and felt
(such as Dr. Leni DeMann, a woman) to eliminate the gas very badly about what happened to him. Apparently after the
and chalky flavor from soymilk. Kathleen and others thought bankruptcy he went to work with his brother-in-law who ran
this ice cream tasted better than Haagen-Dazs, and many a Gold Chin fast food Chinese restaurant franchise.
people felt that the soymilk and the ice cream had great Kathleen first made tofu in the early 1970s in her barn.
potential. But the Chinese on the Board of Directors VFP She has followed the Sikh philosophy, was a yoga teacher for
wanted Stephen to behave like a Chinese and just make tofu. 8 years. He company in Toronto was named Natural Light
They were opposed to the ice cream venture and they tied his Publications. She wrote a cookbook titled “Tofu: How to do
hands. it book,” which was scheduled to be published in the winter
In order to get around this limitation, in late 1985 or of 1983 and to be sold with a stainless steel tofu kit that
early 1986 Stephen decided to start a new corporation (at Stephen Yu was developing, to be produced in China. The
the same address as VFP–102 Hymus Road, Scarborough, kit turned out to be too expensive to make, so neither the kit
Ontario, Canada M1L 2C9) named Tofu Master Inc. Van nor the book was ever sold. Kathleen is now writing a book
Kessel and Ginsberg owned part of it. The Chinese on the on “Nutrition and the Bible” and doing 6 home videos on
board of VFP had nothing to do with the new company. VFP cooking with natural foods. She wants to lecture on health
would focus its marketing on the Asian-Canadian market and and nutrition. Udo Erasmus has written a good book titled
Tofu Master would aim for the Caucasian market. Stephen Fats and Oils published by Alive Press. It argues that butter
could now do more R&D. Stephen then brought in some new is a safer product than margarine. Heating oils causes the
people to do the soymilk production. Tofu Master launched free radicals to break off. They circulate in the body, causing
a firm and a soft tofu Tofu Master brand, and Entice (the many diseases and problems. Address: 227 Ojo de la Vaca,
soy ice cream) under the Tofu Parlor brand. The ice cream Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505. Phone: 505-983-5961.
was made in a small, independent dairy in Toronto, and
certified kosher. It came in individual small (100 ml) cups 1326. SoyaScan Notes. 1989. Major soy-related company

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 466

acquisitions and mergers worldwide 1970-1989 (Overview). Foods Ltd.

Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1989 Feb.–Haldane Foods Group acquires Saucemasters
• Summary: 1970 March–Miles Laboratories of Elkhart, Ltd. It also acquires Genice Foods Ltd. in March 1989.
Indiana (most famous as the maker of Alka-Seltzer) acquires 1989 Feb. 16–Edward Lowe of Michigan, the inventor
Worthington Foods of Worthington, Ohio (most famous for of Kitty Litter, purchases the majority of shares in INARI
its Morningstar Farms line of meat alternatives), making it a Ltd. from Len and Irene Stuttman; but they. kept a minority
wholly owned subsidiary. ownership in the company.
1973 Jan. 15–ADM acquires 50% of British Arkady 1989 April–Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. acquires Yamato
Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiary British Arkady Co. Ltd. of Tofuhaus Sojaprodukte of Tuebingen, Hirschau, West
Old Trafford, Manchester, England. Germany. Note: This is the earliest record seen (Feb. 2013)
1977 (late)–Bayer A.G. of Germany (makers of Aspirin) that mentions Huegli in connection with soy.
acquires Miles Laboratories of Elkhart, Indiana; as part of 1989 April 22–Lima Foods of Belgium acquires
the deal they Worthington Foods, a subsidiary of Miles. Jonathan P.V.B.A. of Belgium.
1979–Bunge Corp. acquires Lauhoff Grain Co. of 1989 Sept.–Lima Foods of Belgium is purchased from
Danville, Illinois. Vibec by Euronature (pronounced as in French, YU-ro na-
1982 Oct. 15–Worthington Foods is repurchased TYUR), a large international food company headquartered in
from Miles Laboratories by a group of three Seventh-day Paris, France.
Adventist investors in a leveraged buyout. During the 12
years under Miles, sales increased five-fold. Sales volume 1327. Product Name: Tofu, Soy Milk, Tempeh, Soy Ice
in 1983 was an all-time high. The company employed 250 Cream, Soy Punch.
people. Manufacturer’s Name: Natural Cafe. Expanded to include
1983 April 21–Hybritech Seed International, Inc., a La Soyarie by June 1994.
wholly-owned subsidiary of Monsanto Company, purchases Manufacturer’s Address: Mailing address: 73 Chaussee
the Jacob Hartz Seed Co. of Stuttgart, Arkansas. Rd., Castries, St. Lucia, West Indies. Plant: Union Hilltop
1983–House Food Industrial Co., Ltd. of Japan Choc, Castries. Phone: 809-452-6421.
purchases 50% ownership in Yamauchi Enterprises (formerly Date of Introduction: 1989.
Hinode Tofu Co., owned by Mr. Shoan Yamauchi) in New Product–Documentation: Plenty International. 1994.
Los Angeles. The company is renamed House Foods & Jan. A Guide to Growing and Using Soybeans for Food. p.
Yamauchi, Inc. 30. This company makes fresh soyfoods.
1985 May 31–Barricini Foods Inc. acquires Farm Form filled out by Johnson Clarke, Manager. 1994.
Foods (makers of Ice Bean soy ice cream) of Summertown, May 25. The plant is now located at Union Hilltop Choc,
Tennessee. Castries, and the phone number is 809-450-2570. The
1985 March–British Arkady acquires Direct Foods Ltd. company was founded in 1989. The founders were Johnson
1986 Feb.–British Arkady acquires Vegetarian Feasts Clarke, Maya Clarke, and Ignatius Longville. The original
Ltd. purpose was to work as a group to produce high-quality
1986 Dec. 1–White Wave acquires Soyfoods Unlimited, foods at an affordable price and to educate the populace
Inc. of San Leandro, California. It is White Wave’s first about soybeans. There have been no changes in the company
acquisition. address or ownership. Milestones: (1) When Johnson built
1987 Aug.–British Arkady acquires Haldane Foods a proper structure of concrete for processing; and (2) When
Ltd. and Regular Tofu Co. Ltd. It also acquires Vegetarian CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) gave
Cuisine Ltd. in 1987. the group a grant to purchase some equipment in 1991.
1987 Oct.–The Ferruzzi Group in Ravenna, Italy, Reasons for success: “I am the only person on the island
acquires Central Soya Co. in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. that is processing [soybeans] on a commercial scale, and
1987 Dec. 31–ADM acquires the rest of British Arkady I take pride and joy in what I’m doing.” The company
Holdings Ltd. so that it now owned 100%. makes tofu, soy milk, and tempeh, and it buys and markets
1988 Jan.–The British Arkady Group acquires Haldane Vitasoy soymilk, miso, soy oil, Mori-Nu tofu, and soy
Foods. powder. They make about 100 lb/week of tofu, and they
1988 Feb.–Westbrae Natural Foods (of Berkeley, use about 7 gallons of soy milk to make soy ice cream and
California, maker of soymilk) is merged with and becomes a soy punch. The company’s three best-selling products (in
wholly-owned subsidiary of Vestro Foods, a publicly traded descending order of dollar value) are tofu, soy punch, and
company in City of Commerce, Southern California. Most soy ice cream. The company now employs 6 people. Their
of Westbrae’s top management decides not to stay with the factory is 14 x 30 feet. Offices are in a separate building.
company. Net sales last year were “not much” and the net worth of the
1988 Sept.–Haldane Foods Group acquires Realeat business is “not much.” “We are a small group of six and

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just making ends meet. We still have a long way to go in soybeans were grown. In September, 1932, Dr. Ruddiman
making the population of St. Lucia realize the true potential and Mr. Boyer attended the American Soy Bean Association
of soybeans. I don’t know if we can continue since were are Convention in Washington, D.C. That year the Village
poorly equipped for processing the beans and packaging the Chemical Plant was extracting six tons per day of soybean
products to sell at supermarkets and shops. We are presently oil. The Rouge started with twenty-four tons a day, followed
selling only at one small outlet we own. We could sell at by Milan and Saline Plants. These industries utilized the oil
hotels, supermarkets, and shops if we had proper packaging in making paints and plastics. The small Village Plant led the
equipment such as a vacuum packer.” Note: This is the parade, however, with soybean milk, bread, ice cream and
earliest known commercial soy product made in St. Lucia. an experimental plastic car (chassis excluded). The soybean
foods became standard fare at the Ford plant cafeterias and at
1328. Product Name: Vegedine Mousse (Frozen Non-Dairy Ford Hospital. The ice cream–most delicious–was for years
Dessert) [Carob & Walnut, or Strawberry]. sold as Del(icious) Soy(bean) Topping.
Manufacturer’s Name: Vegedine (Marketer). Made in “In May, 1935, Mr. Ford hosted the First Dearborn
Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. Conference of the National Farm Chemurgic Council. This
Manufacturer’s Address: Bournemouth, England. was the charter meeting of some 300 agricultural chemists
Date of Introduction: 1989. who, in Mr. Ford’s replica of Independence Hall, signed a
How Stored: Frozen. ‘Declaration of Dependence Upon the Soil.’ Again, in 1936,
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Ray Pierce of the same group met in Dearborn and Dr. Carver, then the
Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 4 and 8. Another non-dairy Director of Research at Tuskegee Institute, was invited to
frozen dessert product launched in 1989 was Vegedine attend. Mr. Ford visited with him in his suite at the Dearborn
Mousse, a frozen mousse dessert in two flavors–carob & Inn. This is perhaps the first time the two had met in person.
walnut, and strawberry. Vegedine was a very small company Dr. Carver now had a very competent research assistant, Mr.
in Bournemouth. Sales to health food shops were small, and Austin W. Curtis, Jr...
the company soon went out of business. “Mr. Curtis spent a summer (ca. 1940) in Dearborn
working with Robert Boyer in The Soybean Laboratory.
1329. Bryan, Ford R. 1989. The Fords of Dearborn. Revised During these years, reports of research being conducted
ed. Detroit, Michigan: Harlo Press. 301 p. 1st ed. 1987. [23 in Dearborn by R.H. McCarroll, Robert Smith and Robert
ref] Boyer were being forwarded to Dr. Carver...
• Summary: Chapter 19, titled “Henry Ford’s friend–Dr. “The Fords traveled to Tuskegee in March, 1941, where
Carver,” discusses Ford’s work with farming and soybeans Henry and Clara dedicated the Carver Museum, inscribing
and the Carver Laboratory at Dearborn. their names in the cement and donating soybeans and a
“Henry Ford was intensely interested in agriculture, variety of soybean plastic car parts to be placed in the
although he seems to have been somewhat at odds with the cornerstone.”
horse and the cow. As soon as Mr. Ford began to realize In July 1941 Carver visited Ford in Dearborn. A log
a significant profit from the manufacture of automobiles cabin replica of Carver’s birthplace was dedicated. On 21
(1909), he began to buy land and operate farms in the July 1942 a laboratory building on 8.3 acres on Michigan
Dearborn area. With money to spend, he immediately Ave. was dedicated by Dr. Carver. Initially named the
accelerated his experiments with a farm tractor designed to “Nutritional Laboratory” of the Ford Motor Co., it later
replace the horse, and with a large ultra-modern dairy farm, became better known as the Carver Laboratory. Outside
started experiments with milk and milk products.” the building a greenhouse was added and the land beside
“When the Dearborn Water Works ceased pumping the building was planted to corn, soybeans and potatoes.
water in the early 1930s, Mr. Ford was concentrating on “Both Dr. Carver and Mr. Ford were firm believers in natural
Greenfield Village. Within the Village grounds a chemical foods.” The Laboratory, which eventually housed a staff of
laboratory and a greenhouse were built... Robert Boyer 25 under Mr. Robert A. Smith, went into volume production
was put in charge of the Chemical Plant. Mr. Ford’s stated of soybean milk and ice cream. On 5 Jan. 1943 Dr. Carver
objective was to ‘find industrial uses for farm products... died in Tuskegee.
In a separate building near the Engineering Laboratory The Carver Laboratory operated for at least a while after
in Dearborn, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, Henry’s boyhood 1945 when Robert Smith left to go into business for himself,
schoolmate, was working with wheat, soybeans, carrots and and Clem Glotzhober took charge. After Mr. Ford died in
tomatoes to ‘make milk without a cow.’ 1947 the building was essentially abandoned. Address:
“In 1932 [sic, Dec. 1931], Mr. Ford issued orders to Dearborn, Michigan.
concentrate on the soybean. His tractors began to plant and
harvest thousands of acres. In a 25-acre field on Greenfield 1330. Rakosky, Joseph, Jr. 1989. Protein additives in
Village property some 500 experimental varieties of foodservice preparations. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

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Reinhold. An AVI Book. xiv + 258 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. as an emulsifier of fat and as an emulsifier of air. As with
[187 ref] coffee whiteners, protein also contributes to body and taste.
• Summary: Contents: 1. Protein additives: Use and Any number of protein products can be used. In the early
regulations. 2. Proteins, amino acids, and derivatives. days of development, the two most used protein products
3. Nutritional considerations. 4. Functional properties were caseinates and nonfat dry milk (NFDM).” NFDM was
and economics. 5. Bakery products. 6. Pasta products. 7. generally found to give the best results. However since soy
Processed meats. 8. Dairy-type applications: Introduction, processors “learned how to obtain more desirable products
regulatory aspects (filled milk, casein and caseinates), dairy for this use, they are now more competitive with dairy-
products: modified and/or simulated, beverages (filled milk, derived additives. This is especially so as the price of dairy
soymilk, soymilk preparations), coffee whiteners, whipped products rises. or this reason, more functional nondairy
toppings, frozen desserts, cheese analogs, tofu. 9. Dietary protein products are being produced and utilized in dairy
and miscellaneous uses. This book discusses both animal and simulated products.” Address: Food Industry Consultant, J.
vegetable proteins. Among the vegetable proteins, it focuses Rakosky Services, Morton Grove, Illinois.
mostly on modern soy protein products–soy flour, soy
protein isolates, concentrates, textured soy protein products– 1331. SoyaScan Notes. 1989. Terms related to soyfoods,
and gluten, however information is also given on tofu (p. soybeans, and the soybean industry: Library of Congress
187, 211, 225-27) and soymilk (p. 187, 192-95), especially in subject headings and call numbers (Overview). Compiled by
chapter 8, “Dairy-type applications.” William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Concerning regulation of casein and caseinates, p. 190 • Summary: Two different types of call numbers are used by
notes: “Almost all casein produced until the later 1940s was American libraries for cataloging their books. Most larger
for industrial application, such as glue and paper coating libraries use the Library of Congress call numbers (LC
(Reed 1974). Most persons accepted casein as an industrial numbers, which start with two letters) and many smaller
product rather than an edible dairy product; it was generally libraries use the Dewey Decimal System (Dewey numbers,
considered a chemical derivative. Later, as Reed (1974) which contain only numbers).
pointed out, improved processing and developments changed The following are from the Library of Congress Subject
this. Today, an estimated 60 to 70 percent of the casein Headings (12th ed. 1989) and the Library of Congress
produced is for edible use in the form of casein or caseinates. Classification Schedules. The first edition of Class S
“Since caseinates were designated chemical products, (Agriculture), for example, was published in 1911, and the
formulations using caseinates were considered nondairy- 4th edition in 1982. BT = Broader terms. NT = Narrower
hence, the appearance of ‘non-dairy creamers’ and ‘non- terms. UF = Use for. May Subd Geog = May subdivide
dairy toppings.’ Many feel that this is misleading because geographically, e.g., Soy sauce industry-Japan.
many people want to know whether a milk protein is present Class H is Social sciences and economics. Class Q is
for religious and/or medical reasons. Present FDA policy science. Class S is agriculture (SB is plant culture. SB205
still allows the use of caseinate in nondairy creamers, but is field crops, legumes). Class T is technology (TX includes
they recommend that the ingredient statement show, in nutrition). Class Z is bibliography and library science.
parentheses, that the caseinate is derived from milk (Sheeler/ HD9000-HD9019 Natural foods industry
Sheeles 1985, personal communication).” Shortenings–Use oils and fats, edible.
Concerning whipped toppings (p. 200-203): “Whipped HD9235.S6-.S62 Soybean industry
toppings are formulated to simulate whipped dairy cream. HD9235.S6-.S62 Soyfoods industry
Their widespread use in foodservice began when certain HD9235.S6-.S62 Soymilk industry
benefits were realized: convenience, eye appeal, stable HD9330.S63-.S633 Soy ice cream industry
structure, good shelf life, wide acceptance, and low cost. HD9330.S65-.S653 Soy sauce industry
There is also an appeal for those people who prefer nondairy HD9330.T68-.T683 Tofu industry
products for one reason or another. HD9490 Soybean oil industry
“The typical topping formulation is composed of fat, QK495.L52 Soybean botany
protein, sugar, sweetener, stabilizer, emulsifier, buffering SB205.S7 Soybean culture (Incl. Soybean Digest and
salts, and, in some cases, artificial color and flavor. The Soya Bluebook)
formulation is very much like the formulation for a coffee SB608.S7 Soybean–Diseases and pests
whitener except that toppings have more fat. There are also SF99.S Soybean as feed
minor differences in proportions of the other ingredients. SF99.S Soybean meal as feed
As with coffee whiteners, each ingredient has a specific TP438.S36 Nattô manufacture
requirement placed on it.” The requirements for each TP438.S6 Soy sauce manufacture
ingredient are then discussed in detail. Concerning protein: TP438.S6 Miso manufacture. BT Soybean as food. NT
“Protein serves two emulsification functions in toppings: Cookery (Soy sauce or miso)

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TP684.S Soybean oil 96779.

TX401.2.S69 Soyfoods nutrition. • Summary: Talk with Michael Klaper. 1990. Feb. Gentle
TX558.S6 Nattô nutrition. BT Fermentation, Soybean as World has recently opened this vegan restaurant on Maui.
food, Soybean products. Menu sent by Jeanie Greenbaum of Gentle World in
TX558.S7 Soyfoods composition. UF Soybean as food. Alachua, Florida. 1991. March 13. The restaurant is now
NT Miso, Natto, Tempeh open for dinner only. Soyfoods on the menu include: Tofu
TX558.T39 Tempeh eggless salad. Tofu eggless salad sandwich. The vegan
TX558.T57 Tofu burger (with seitan and tempeh). Entrees ($5.95 to $6.95):
Z5074.S73S5 Bibliographies related to soybeans, or all Lasagna tofucci. Tofu loaf. Lemon broiled tempeh with
soya in various countries scalloped potatoes. Side orders: Tofu roll (with broccoli,
Z5776.S63S5 Bibliographies on soyfoods onions and seasonings, wrapped and baked). Crispy tofu
Z696.1.S68 SOYA (Information retrieval system) chunks. Desserts: Rice Dream Sundae. Assorted Barat Tofu
The following soy-related terms have a subject heading Chocolates. Smoothies: Float with a scoop of Rice Dream.
but no LC call number: Miso industry, Natto industry, Soy Address: Paia, Maui, Hawaii. Phone: 808-579-9144.
sauce, Soybean flour, Soybean glue, Soybean meal, Soybean
milk, Soybean products. 1334. Product Name: [Heirler Soya Frosty (Maracuja-
Orange Cream, or Black Currant Cream)].
1332. Thousand Stars, Inc. (Marketer-Distributor). 1989. Foreign Name: Heirler Soja Frosti (Maracuja-Orange
Stars Ice Cream [Chocolate, English Toffee, Chocolate Cream, or Cassis Cream).
Peanut Butter Cup, Espresso Fudge, Vanilla]. P.O. Box 70, Manufacturer’s Name: Horst Heirler (Marketer-
Junction City, OR 97448. Distributor).
• Summary: Talk with Doug Furlong of Turtle Mountain. Manufacturer’s Address: Grubmuehlerfeldstr. 52, D-8035
1992. April 30. About 4 years ago, Mark Brawerman started Gauting bei Munich, West Germany.
two separate companies, Turtle Mountain Inc. and Thousand Date of Introduction: 1989?
Stars, which are both in Oregon. Mark was a pioneer in Ingredients: Maracuja: Water, maracuja juice (23%), soya
the soyfoods industry in San Francisco, starting in early extract (water, soybeans), fructose, coconut oil, orange juice,
1981, with his Living Lightly branded line of soy products, natural aromas, thickeners (guar gum, carob bean meal).
distributed by his Pacific Trading Co. The Thousand Stars Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 150 gm. Retails for DM 3.30.
products are all based on cow’s milk. They include 2 lines of How Stored: Frozen.
non-fat frozen yogurts, a line of 8% fat frozen yogurts, and Nutrition: Per 100 gm.: Protein 1.1 gm, fat 9.6 gm,
premium ice creams. Mark spends much of his time on the carbohydrates 14.7 gm, calories 151.
road selling products. New Product–Documentation: Label sent by Anthony
Leaflet sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Marrese. 1989. Nov. 5 by 8 inches. Green, yellow, red, white,
Expo East. 1994. Oct. “Stars Ice Cream has a new look and orange, and black. In German, Dutch, and French. A color
new flavors.” “Fruit sweetened.” “Indulge yourself without photo and illustration on the front and back panels shows
refined sugars, preservatives, or artificial ingredients. We are scoops of the ice cream and the fruits from which each is
a small family run Oregon company and are proud to craft made, respectively. “Free of lactose, milk protein (casein),
this highest quality frozen dessert. Thank you for supporting gluten, and cholesterol. Made purely from plants (rein
America’s family dairies” pflanzlich). Sweetened with fruit sugar.” Exklusiv Neuform
“In keeping with our concern for a cleaner environment certification symbol.
and reducing landfill, our containers are 100% recyclable Note: Maracuja is name (in English, German, French,
and reusable. Most frozen dairy dessert ‘paper’ containers and Dutch) of a tropical fruit (Passiflora alata) that has a tart
are, in fact, plastic coated paper. They are not recyclable or flavor; it can be eaten raw or made into drinks or sherbets.
biodegradable.”
“No rBGH *The FDA has determined there is no 1335. Kharouf, James. 1990. Festival introduces new people,
significant difference between milk derived from BST treated new recipes. Daily Advance (The) (Elizabeth City, North
and non-BST treated cows. Due to our customers requests, Carolina). Jan. 23. p. 3.
Thousand Stars has decided not to use milk from BST treated • Summary: “Soybean cookies, cakes, and ice cream will
cows.” Copyright April 1994. On the rear are Nutrition Facts be a part of the innovative 1990 Soybean Festival Thursday
and ingredients. Address: Junction City, Oregon. Phone: at the K.E. White Graduate Center at Elizabeth City State
(503) 998-6778. University.” Michael Twiddy is chairman of this ninth annual
festival, first established by the Pasquotank Agribusiness
1333. Vegan Restaurant (The). 1989. January. New soyfoods Council in 1981. Attendees will receive a free soybean
restaurant or deli. 115 Baldwin Ave., Paia, Maui, Hawaii cookbook. Keynote speaker Tom Smith is president of Food

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Lion, Inc. diet worked miracles. Now they were putting “the right fuel
in the tank.” But he also noticed that in many arthritics, the
1336. Best, Daniel. 1990. Wherefore art thou tofu? Long inflammations in their joints got better, and that the asthma in
considered a fringe player in the food industry, tofu is many asthmatics decreased or disappeared. In the late 1980s
turning up in the most remarkable places. Prepared Foods he moved to Felton near Santa Cruz, California, and worked
159(1):81-82, 84. Jan. with Earthsave Foundation and John Robbins. In early 1990
• Summary: “The tofu industry is marching in lockstep with he moved to Los Angeles to continue this work. He also
changing consumer lifestyles and health mores.” wrote several books on vegan nutrition.
David Mintz, founder and chairman of the board of Today his main work is lecturing about diet and the
Tofutti Brands (Rahway, New Jersey) says his products environment, how America’s meat-centered diet is destroying
are being pulled by consumer concerns over fat, calories, both the earth’s ecosystems and our bodies. He advocates
cholesterol, and lactose. Tofutti is a tofu-based frozen changing to a vegan diet and wants people to understand “the
dessert. More than 30 million Americans are lactose true cost of a meat-centered diet.” Most of his income now
intolerant. A large photo (p. 81) shows many tofu products comes from speaking honoraria and sales of his book, none
made by Tofutti Brands and Legume Inc. (Montville, New from medicine. He is living with friends in Los Angeles.
Jersey). Address: Senior Editor/Technology Analyst. His favorite periodicals on diet are: McDougall Newsletter,
Vegetarian Times, Vegedine, and The Vegan. On ecology: E,
1337. Klaper, Michael. 1990. Personal history, present work, and Buzzworm.
and views (Interview). VegeScan Notes. Feb. 12. Conducted Concerning his personal diet: he gets about 600 mg/day
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. of calcium which he thinks is sufficient because his protein
• Summary: Born on 19 July 1947, Dr. Klaper grew up on a intake is also low. For breakfast he has sliced fruit and raisins
dairy farm in Wisconsin. He graduated from the University with apple or orange juice poured over the top. Whole wheat
of Illinois College of Medicine in 1972, was married, then bread with almond butter (and sometimes a fruit puree).
did a 1 year internship followed by 5 years of general Sometimes a scrambled tofu omelet. For lunch: Green salad
practice in British Columbia, Canada. After 3 years of with yellow or red veggies and tahini dressing (with water
residency retraining in Vancouver he worked for 3 years on and nutritional yeast), vegetable soup, and a sandwich with
an Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, California. Then nut butter or tofu spread (with tahini and shoyu) and/or
did 1 year of anaesthesia residency at the Univ. of British sprouts. For dinner: Potato or pasta or cooked whole grains
Columbia Cardiovascular Service. He worked with surgeons (like brown rice), yellow steamed veggies, miso broth often
who would ream cholesterol out of patients’ arteries. It was with diced tofu. For snacks he likes almonds and/or raisins.
basically plumbing problems. How long can you continue His favorite sweet is Rice Dream [frozen dessert] or fruit.
to pour bacon grease down the kitchen sink until it clogs He admires the work of Dr. John McDougall but strongly
the pipes? One day in 1981 an incident changed his life. A disagrees with the way he strictly applies the concept
Mr. Phillips came in for open heart surgery. The serum in a of “percentage of calories from fat” in foods, using it to
blood sample Dr. Klaper drew was cloudy like glue–the man criticize foods such as tofu which actually have very little fat
had just eaten a hamburger and a milk shake. During the per typical serving.
operation, the surgeon pulled long tubes of cholesterol out As of Feb. 1990 Gentle World, a community of 20
of the man’s arteries, then sewed him up. Michael realized people, is selling their land in Florida and moving to Maui.
that he was eating the same diet as Mr. Phillips. After the Contact them at Gentle World, P.O. Box U, Paia, Maui,
operation the overweight surgeon and staff went to the Hawaii 96779. Phone: 808-579-9144. Mr. Waldbaum (Light)
cafeteria and had that same diet. While Mr. Phillips was in is a distant cousin of the Waldbaum family of supermarket
the hospital, no one talked to him about changing his diet. fame. They have opened a restaurant named “The Vegan” on
They just asked him to come back for a checkup. Michael Maui and are using lots of soyfoods.
felt like he was in a Fellini movie. He decided that instead of Update: In April 1992 Dr. Klaper announced the
putting people to sleep, it was time for him to start waking foundation of a newly accredited program called the
them up. So in June 1981 he resigned his lucrative position Institute for the Advancement of Nutrition Education and
as an anesthesiologist, bought a vegan cookbook (from Research, which aims to further physicians’ knowledge about
Gentle World) and followed a vegan diet. His blood pressure nutrition and health. He made the announcement at Natural
fell and he lost a 15-pound inner tube of fat around his waist Products Expo West, during his seminar called Soyfoods and
that he had worn for years. He felt much better. In Oct. Vegetarianism. As of Jan. 1993 the Institute has conducted
1981, he moved to Gentle World in Florida, opened a clinic two 4-day seminars, mostly for physicians who received
in nearby Orlando, and practiced “nutritional medicine” for Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits. Address: 8843
the next 6 years. He was married a second time. At the clinic Pennfield Ave., Northridge, California 91324. Phone: 818-
he especially liked to see fat patients. A change to a vegan 341-0652.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 471

doing a form of component pricing, on the average rather

1338. Smith, Keith J. 1990. American Soybean Association: than by the individual load. They may not feel it is worth the
Recent developments (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 14. extra price of getting the data on each load.
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. There is a lot of interest in value-added products in
• Summary: Dr. Kenneth Bader became ASA’s chief Washington, DC, nowadays. But ASA’s main market is for
executive on 1 Oct. 1976. He worked in Hudson, Iowa, for soybean meal that becomes meat, milk, and eggs. Every state
about 2 years, then he supervised ASA’s move to St. Louis now has a program on breeding specialty soybeans (as for
from Hudson, Iowa, in Dec. 1978. natto or tofu), and most are very optimistic that the program
ASA now has a research references program. From a will benefit their state, but the market will soon get saturated.
database search via Washington University, they obtain and ASA promotes niche markets and encourages breeders
supply to certain researchers and coworkers about 200-250 to breed soybeans for those markets. The future of low-
research references every 3 months, mostly on soybean lipoxygenase soybeans looks good. The main reason ASA
production. has not done much with the soyfoods market is because it is
ASA presently uses these following four terms so small. ASA will support the use of soy proteins as meat
interchangeably: soybean oil, soy oil, soya oil, and soyoil. extenders (a niche market) as long as the red meat industry
Smith thinks that “soy oil” will eventually become the doesn’t complain too much. In the future, this market could
standard; the term “bean” is a negative when used with be much more important.
foods. However “soybean meal” will probably be used in A number of state soybean associations such as
preference to soymeal, primarily because there are soybean Minnesota, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Illinois are
meal standards used by the feed trade and NSPA. However, promoting soyfoods such as soy ice cream and soynuts
if they eventually propose soybean meal with higher within the state in order to get growers involved and
protein content they may call it “soymeal,” to distinguish increase membership. They have found that in order to sell
it from 44% meal, since protein is where they have the real memberships and develop leadership, farmers have to do
advantage. something. Farmers like to dip ice cream. ASA is supportive
Concerning component pricing, Smith has spent about a of anything that will increase membership and leadership in
third of his time on this subject during the past year. It is very the states.
frustrating. ASA encourages and funds soybean breeders to Concerning areas of potential cooperation between
increase protein and oil levels, and it is almost certain that ASA and the U.S. soyfoods industry / association, ASA
breeders will be paying increased attention to composition. is concerned about the perception of soyfoods and would
But whether farmers will ever be officially paid on the basis be interested in cooperating in any way possible to give
of protein and oil is highly questionable. Many farmers in soyfoods a more positive image, and to put them in the
the north and northwest will be discounted on the basis of mainstream of consumer attitudes and foods. Talk to Gunnar
composition today, so they are really being paid on the basis Lynum, who is in domestic promotion.
of average component pricing. Smith anticipates that nothing ASA probably could put together graphs of membership
will be done to change soybean trading and marketing and funding. He suggests that Soyfoods Center write a letter
rules, but there will be continued pressure on soybean to Ken Bader, Steve Drake, and Marlyn Jorgensen (ASA
breeders to at least consider composition as they release new President) offering to work with ASA in developing a history
varieties. Foreign matter is a major problem in the export of ASA. ASA has a history of ASA that was partially done
markets. USDA’s Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) (by Kent Pellett) while they were still in Hudson. It has been
has proposed changing foreign matter requirements over dormant for the past 10 years. It is a low priority and will
the last several years but U.S. exporters and crushers have probably never be published, unless I volunteer to write it.
effectively opposed this (as well as blending of soybeans), The next World Soybean Research Conference (WSRC)
and also oppose component pricing. The Japanese indicate will probably be held in China (PRC), or Brazil (less likely).
that they are going to start purchasing based on component In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of
pricing; this may be a force accelerating pricing. FGIS people working on soybean utilization. So there is not much
only has to give information on oil and protein levels if the new to report at the world conferences. The people on the
exporter requests it. In the original proposed ruling it was WSRC continuing committee are mostly soybean production
supposed to go from optional to mandatory in 1991, but the people and breeders. Maybe the soyfoods industry and ASA
latter provision was deleted. ASA has repeatedly supported (Gunnar Lynum, who is mainly into soy oil and industrial
component pricing, so that soybeans are traded on their uses) could cooperative to have the soyfoods industry better
inherent quality characteristics, which is their true value. represented in these conference speeches.
U.S. soybean crushers go out in early fall and analyze the ASA will put Soyfoods Center on its news release list.
composition of soybeans from counties in many geographical Address: Staff Vice President, Research and Utilization,
areas. They buy based on this data, and therefore are already American Soybean Assoc., P.O. Box 27300, St. Louis,

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Missouri 63141. Phone: 314-432-1600. 1341. DTD Soya Technology Div. 1990. APV soymilk
technology (Leaflet). Europaplads 2, P.O. Box 146, DK-8100
1339. Quigley, Brian. 1990. New developments with Bremer Aarhus C, Denmark. 3 panels each side. Each panel: 30 x 21
Foods Corp. and soy yogurt in Quebec (Interview). SoyaScan cm. March.
Notes. Feb. 22. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods • Summary: This glossy, full-color leaflet, Anders Lindner’s
Center. last project before leaving DTD/STS, describes: “Our
• Summary: His cultured soy yogurt, which he feels is of products and services: Hardware, software, turnkey plus,
higher quality than any American soy yogurt he has tasted, some products made from soymilk base (yogurts, ice creams,
will be called Yofrutti. It may also contain Bifido bacteria tofu products, etc.). Our business is soymilk plants: About
[Bifidus]. The company is also working on an ice cream ourselves (APV DTD belongs to the APV-Pasilac Group),
that will be called Bremer’s Natura. A unique dairy law in about soymilk.” A color photo shows 4 flavors of Big Sipp
Quebec prohibits the sale of any non-dairy yogurt in Quebec, soymilk. Soymilk processes and products. Progress of a
but does not prohibit manufacture for export. The basis of typical project (2 flowcharts). On the back panel, 9 small
all their products is their unique process for making a good- color photos show commercial products made from soymilk,
tasting, high-yielding soymilk. Address: Bremer Foods including Nasoya creamy tofu dressings, Nayonaise,
Corp., 3600 Casavant West, St. Hyacinthe, QUE, J2S 8E3, GranoVita Bio-Tofu-Pastete (spread), and Tofuletten (liked
Canada. Phone: 514-773-1105. sliced luncheon meats). Address: Aarhus, Denmark. Phone:
+45 86 12 41 55.
1340. Fitch, Peter. 1990. Re: The Haldane Foods Group.
Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, March 1342. Soyanews (Sri Lanka). 1990. Soya workshop. 12(1):1,
26. 3 p. 3. Jan/March.
• Summary: The Haldane Foods Group is composed of • Summary: “A workshop was held by ‘Plenty Canada’ at
Direct Foods Ltd. (founded 1980, acquired by the Group in Rochdale Hall, Multi-Purpose Cooperative Society Building
March 1985), Vegetarian Feasts Ltd. (founded 1984, acquired in Kandy on March 19th 1990 for Soya entrepreneurs in the
Feb. 1986), Haldane Foods Ltd. (founded 1983, acquired Soya field. 115 Soya processing entrepreneurs participated.
Aug. 1987), Regular Tofu Co. Ltd. (founded 1983, acquired “The opening ceremony was graced by the Field
Aug. 1987 since it was owned by Haldane), Vegetarian Director, Plenty Canada Mr. P. Dudding. The inaugural
Cuisine Ltd. (founded 1985, acquired 1987), Realeat Foods speech was made by Dr. M. Sikurajapathy, Co-ordinator
Ltd. (founded 1984, acquired Sept. 1988), Saucemasters Ltd. Soyabean Foods Research Centre, Gannoruwa... The
(founded 1988, acquired Feb. 1989), and Genice Foods Ltd. entrepreneurs displayed their varieties of soya food
(founded 1988, acquired March 1989). preparations and dishes... Participants were very happy to
Genice (pronounced gen-AIS) makes non-dairy frozen have gathered informations, that are useful in their small
desserts (ice creams). Saucemasters makes a vegetarian scale business and self employments.
mayonnaise, free of eggs and dairy products. “All participants were treated generously by Plenty
“Between them, the companies encompass a wide range Canada with varieties of Soya delicacies, Soya milk and a
of ‘Healthy Foods’ including chilled, frozen, dry, sauces, sumptuous lunch finished with delicious soy ice cream.”
desserts and non-dairy ices. A photo shows (p. 1): “A group of participants who
“Although the individual companies have separate attended the workshop on soya held by Plenty Canada on
identities and sites, they share a common sales and marketing 19th March in Kandy.”
team and enjoy business in all market sectors including
health food stores, supermarkets and catering. 1343. Lindner, Anders. 1990. Re: The soymilk market in
“The group is very active in new product development, Europe. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center,
believing that the life blood of the health food market lies in April 4 and April 26. 3 p. [Eng]
innovation. • Summary: The following figures contain many
“Customer and market requirements are constantly guesstimates. The only countries in western and eastern
changing and a great deal of effort is put into keeping pace Europe where significant amounts of soymilk are produced
with these changes in demand.” are Belgium, West Germany, France, England, and
Note: At Helfex 90 in April 1990 in England the Switzerland. The following are the seven largest soymilk
Haldane Foods Group launched of 21 new products. This manufacturers in Europe, ranked in descending order of size:
was NOT in celebration of its 21st birthday. Address: 1. Alpro/Vandemoortele, Belgium. Capacity: 35 million
Managing Director, Haldane Foods Group Ltd., 25 Hayhill, liters/year. Present output: 25 million liters/year. Growth:
Sileby Rd., Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire LE12 8LD, Believe so, but don’t know how much.
England. Phone: 050981 6611. 2. DE-VAU-GE (DVG), West Germany. Capacity:
20 million liters/year. They are running their plant at full

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capacity, but as Adventists I think they don’t work on Friday milk production in particular. The health aspect alone, i.e.
afternoon or Saturday, they close down during the summer, soymilk without improved palatability, will not significantly
and they send one road tanker of soymilk each week to increase soymilk sales in Western Europe. The removal of
Granose in England, where it is made into soy yogurt. So dairy production subsidies in the EEC in the years to come,
they probably end up making about 12 million liters a year especially after 1992, may give an incentive to the big names
of soymilk in long life packs. Soon some of their soymilk in the food industry to develop soymilk into mainstream
will be made into tofu. Growth: Would if they could, but they market products. There is EEC legislation on imitation
can’t with the line they have, which they bought from DTD/ dairy products and soymilk is mentioned as an example, but
STS for DM 4 million. DVG is making an excellent profit on currently different member countries use their own laws.
their soymilk products, that’s for sure. This is in part because “Many Eastern European countries have food shortages
they have the Neuform chain at their disposal. but lack money and entrepreneurship to venture into an
3. Cacoja, France. Capacity: 11 million liters/year. unknown product like soymilk on their own. Furthermore,
Believed to be running at full capacity. Growth: Planning in these difficult markets, western companies with soymilk
a new line but no decision yet as far as I know. I think that technology do not seem to find it worth the effort to first
Cacoja produces more than 1 million liters/year. They visited educate on the advantages and uses of soymilk and then to
DTD/STS a year ago to discuss a second line. The first promote and arrange financing before they can hope to sell
one had a capacity of 2,000 liters/hour or approximately 5 a soymilk processing plant. The new Eastern Europe with
million liters/year. market economies now evolving gives hope for the future in
4. Soya Health Foods Ltd., Manchester, England general, but I couldn’t make any guesses about soymilk.
(Sunrise Soya Milk). Capacity estimated at 8 million liters/ “It is the aim of EEC to dismantle the agricultural
year. Actual production not known. subsidies. This will effect dairy production and new cheaper
5. Soyana, Switzerland. Capacity and production not protein sources will be sought by the food industry. Soymilk
known. Soyana has consistently refused to allow us to visit definitely has a chance of ‘growing up’ when this happens.
them. Even our Indian client who wanted to discuss purchase “STS-Soya Technology Systems Limited no longer
of their Dahi dessert recipe was given the cold shoulder. I exists. It was the decision of APV’s CEO to close it down as
think that they have their own soymilk plant, but I’m not an independent company when the big APV reorganization
sure. Why shouldn’t they, when they have plenty of products took place. When we moved to Denmark we became DTD-
in Swiss shops. Soya Technology Division. Now Danish Turnkey Dairies
6. Galactina, Switzerland. Capacity estimated at 6 has itself become a division of the APV Pasilac Ltd and the
million liters/year. Most is used for products other than liquid official name is DTD-APV Pasilac Ltd (the result of mergers
soymilk. They sell limited amounts of soymilk, definitely and takeovers!). Asger Somer Hansen now handles soymilk
less than 1 million liters/year packed in Tetra Brik Aseptic at activities within the APV group and works in DTD-APV
the Thun Dairy in Switzerland. Pasilac Ltd.
7. Schoeller in Nuremberg, West Germany. Capacity not “John Wilson still works at Alfa-Laval in Lund as far
known. Soymilk used in ice cream production. There are also as I know–at least he did 2 years ago. Alfa-Laval also has
soymilk producers in Italy [Crivellaro], and Spain [Proti]. another soymilk person, a young woman.
“Total size of European soymilk market in 1989 Note: Lindner, the managing director of Soya
estimated at 50 million liters. Some is in the form of dairy Technology Systems from May 1982 until Nov. 1989, has a
analog products. Alpro and DE-VAU-GE have about 70% of good grasp of the world soymilk market. Address: P.O. Box
the market, including bulk distributed product. Growth rate 19002, S-250 09 Helsingborg, Sweden. Phone: 42-92776.
over the past few years 10–15%.
“General observations of the European soymilk industry 1344. Krohn, Joni. 1990. Standard Industrial Classification
and market: The dairy industry in France was the first to go (SIC) Codes: SIC classification ended in about 1984; SITC
into soymilk to offer alternatives to consumers who prefer (Standard International Trade Classification) is now in use
‘non-dairy dairy type products’. The soymilk-based ice (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 5. Conducted by William
cream of West Germany’s Schoeller may start a trend for the Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
rest of the European ice cream industry. There has been no • Summary: The Standard Industrial Classification Manual
equivalent to the U.S. Tofutti boom in Europe so far. Major is published by the Office of Management and Budget
liquid food companies do not at present see soymilk as a (OMB), which also publishes the SIC codes. Another
significant product for Europe but follow the trends and do related publication is The Numerical List of Manufactured
some development, just in case. and Mineral Products, and its Alphabetic Index, both
“The future? It is necessary to make a distinction published by the Census Bureau (within the Department of
between Eastern and Western Europe. Western Europe Commerce); these documents expand the basic 4-digit SIC
has a surplus food production in general and surplus dairy codes to 7-digits to give more detail: Our industry is most

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aptly characterized by 2075A = Soybean products. non-dairy frozen dessert products under the brand label ‘Ice
0116 = Soybean farms. Any industry that starts with zero Delight.’
is agricultural. “The two directors of Genice are highly experienced
2024-071 = Mellorine and similar frozen desserts, incl. in the frozen dessert industry at the top level. Ray Pierce,
those made with tofu. Managing Director, was a founder director of Classic Ices
2026-717 = Products which substitute for fluid milk and formerly [1979-1982] General Manager of Pendletons
products [probably includes soymilk]. Ice Cream, while Irene Barclay, the Technical Director, was
2026-718 = Other perishable dairy product substitutes previously Technical Manager for Classic Ices and prior
[probably includes soy yogurts & cheeses]. to that was product Development Manager at Dale Farm
2035 = Pickled fruits and vegetables. Dairies Ltd., Belfast [Ireland].” Address: Pinfold Lane, Llay
2035-234 = Other finished pickles and pickled products Industrial Estate, Llay near Wrexham, Clwyd, LL12 OPX,
[incl. mixes, relishes, peppers, onions, and mushrooms; Wales/Cymru, UK.
probably includes miso].
2035-351 = Other sauces, incl. Worcestershire, soy 1347. Product Name: So Good Strawberry Bombes (Non-
sauce, horseradish, meat, vegetable, etc. Dairy Frozen Dessert Confections).
2075 = Soybean flour, grits, meal, cake, and soy oil Manufacturer’s Name: Haldane Foods Ltd. (Marketer).
(unrefined). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.
2079 = Soybean cooking and salad oil. Manufacturer’s Address: 25 Hayhill, Sileby Road, Barrow
2084 = Soybean fibers. upon Soar, Leicestershire LE12 8LD, England. Phone:
2099-955 = Tofu (Bean curd). 050981-6611.
2099-998 = Other perishable prepared foods, sold in Date of Introduction: 1990. April.
bulk or packages, not frozen [probably includes tempeh]. Ingredients: Incl. tofu.
Note: in May 1984 the “Primary SIC” code assigned Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 110 ml each, 4 per pack. Retails
to tofu manufacturers by Dun & Bradstreet was either 2075 for £1.99.
(Soybean Oil Mills), or 2099 (Food Preparation Nec.). How Stored: Frozen.
Examples of SITC numbers: Soya bean flour and other New Product–Documentation: SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe).
protein substances, textured 098.09. Soya bean flour, defatted 1990. 1(1):3. “Helfex ‘90.” The Haldane Foods Group
(excl. protein concentrates) 081.31. Soya bean flour, non- celebrated its 21st birthday with the launch of 21 new
defatted 223.9. Bean curd 098.09... Soya sauce 098.04. products at the Helfex show in Birmingham. England.
Soybean–see soya bean 098.04. Address: Dep. of Commerce, Haldane Foods Group. 1990. “Twenty-one Today.
Bureau of the Census, Economic Surveys Div., Industry Twenty-new and exciting products launched at Helfex
& Commodity Classification Branch, FOB-3, Room 2744, alone.” At least 12 of these are soyfood products. “Iced soya
Washington, DC 20233;. Phone: 301-763-1935. dessert with a centre of strawberry sauce enrobed in carob
coating.”
1345. Gerston, Jill. 1990. Mr. Warhol, meet Mr. Barnum. Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
New York Times. April 29. p. BR35. 4 and 8. Following the acquisition of Genice by the Haldane
• Summary: This is a review of two books. One of these, Group, a small soya milk plant was installed at Genice with
titled Cult Heroes: How to Be Famous for More Than Fifteen the ability to produce limited quantities of tofu also. With the
Minutes, by Deyan Sudjic, “warns against the perils of new availability of tofu, two new non-dairy frozen products
overexposure. were launched, including So Good Strawberry Bombes for
“He presents Pierre Cardin (who has a staggering 800 the Haldane Group, a 100 ml vanilla flavored base with a
licensees) and Gloria Vanderbilt (who put her name on strawberry puree center, coated with carob couverture, and
frozen yogurt) as cautionary tales,...” sold in retail packs of four.

1346. Genice Foods Ltd. 1990. Genice (Leaflet). Llay near 1348. Product Name: So Good Tofu Dessert (Ice Cream
Wrexham, Clwyd, Wales, UK. 1 p. Single sided. 30 cm. Style) [Tofu and Wild Blackberry, or Tofu and Strawberry &
• Summary: “Today’s public, with their growing awareness Vanilla].
of the benefits of healthy eating, are increasingly shunning Manufacturer’s Name: Haldane Foods Ltd. (Marketer).
products high in saturated fats, artificial colourings, Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd.
emulsifiers and preservatives.” Genice Foods Ltd., a Manufacturer’s Address: 25 Hayhill, Sileby Road, Barrow
company based in north Wales, has demonstrated its concern upon Soar, Leicestershire LE12 8LD, England. Phone:
by removing such artificial ingredients from its products– 050981-6611.
with no loss of flavor or enjoyment of the products. Genice Date of Introduction: 1990. April.
has also introduced no less than five completely natural Ingredients: Incl. tofu.

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Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 750 ml (3/4 liter) round a whole. He, Klaus Gaiser of Yamato, and Jean Preneuf
paperboard tub. Retails for £1.59 incl. V.A.T. (Value added of Société Soy are all interested in this. He would like
tax). information about the Soyfoods Association of America,
How Stored: Frozen. its objectives, activities, accomplishments etc. He foresees
New Product–Documentation: SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). the national soyfoods associations being smaller and
1990. 1(1):3. “Helfex ‘90.” The Haldane Foods Group focusing more on quality issues, such as organic. As far as
celebrated its 21st birthday with the launch of 21 new standards go, the key concept is declaration of ingredients
products at the Helfex show in Birmingham. England. and attributes rather than regulation. In the post-1992
Haldane Foods Group. 1990. “Twenty-one Today. European Community (Gemeinschaft) this will be a big
Twenty-new and exciting products launched at Helfex problem, because the EC’s standards of declaration will be
alone.” At least 12 of these are soyfood products. Made from very low/minimal, whereas those in Germany are very high/
tofu. demanding. Now Cacoja in France is making a product
Talk with Philip Marshall of Cauldron Foods. 1990. July they call tofu that is made using ultrafiltration but is not
9. The Haldane Foods Group owns about 50% of Genice coagulated. Thomas tried the tofu and that allayed his fears–
[pronounced jen-AIS]. Up until now, Genice has been it was not very good, tasting like tofu made from isolates.
almost the sole manufacturer of non-dairy ice creams for On May 19 there will be another meeting of the German
companies in the UK (including Sunrise and Unisoy). They Tofu Assoc. near Frankfurt hosted by Tofuhaus Tiefenthal
were probably the first manufacturer of soymilk in the UK. (Albert Hess). Thomas asks Shurtleff to write a letter/
Cauldron Foods does not have his made by them because greeting (Gruesswort, Vorbild) to the attendees explaining
he thinks there are better sources and because they are a what has been learned by the Soyfoods Assoc. in America.
competitor. Explain to the small tofu makers (“the soy freaks”) how
Comment from a recent visitor to the UK on the flavor important it is to stick together. Klaus and Thomas want to
of So Good Ice Cream Style. 1990. July 16. “I find it to be a try again to make the German association work.
bit like eating beany tasting water.” Thomas has always understood that Linn (Linn Tahu, or
Talk with Neil Rabheru of Unisoy. 1991. Sept. 16. This Linn Oriental Products, or Soy Linn) and Vanka-Kawat were
product is made by Genice, which has a pilot plant to make the same.
soya milk and tofu (for Direct Foods). Now the soya milk Schoeller, a very big manufacturer of ice cream and
is made by Unisoy. The Haldane Foods Group has about frozen foods in Nuremberg, makes Soja Stangen, soy ice
99% of the soy ice cream market in the UK. The Sunrise cream bars. It is a very new product. Thomas has an article
Ice Dream is now actually made by Genice Foods, in the about the product in a dairy journal. The product manager
Haldane Foods Group. Sunrise has never made its own ice from Schoeller, who now works for Huegli, told Thomas that
cream. there is a very small amount of soy in this ice cream. Thomas
Health Food Business (UK). 1992. May. p. 33. “Frozen also heard that Schoeller tried to sell the “Soy Bars” in the
Desserts. Haldane Foods Group. So Good range of non dairy company’s line of soy ice cream shops.
soya ice products from Haldane, with no lactose or animal Dr. Upgar is one of the biggest food producers in
fats to worry about. Smartly packaged, the So Good range is Germany. They make almost every kind of food, including
available as Tofu Desserts in Vanilla & Strawberry and Wild frozen foods, baked goods, convenience foods, etc. The
Blackberry, Tofu Delight Bars (choc ice equivalents) and product manager from Dr. Upgar called Thomas, asked him
Strawberry Bombes Soya Carob Dessert.” some questions about tofu, and told him that they are now
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. experimenting with tofu in desserts. He was not sure how far
4 and 8. Following the acquisition of Genice by the Haldane they will go with this.
Group, a small soya milk plant was installed at Genice with Thomas has no idea how much tofu Heuschen-Schrouff
the ability to produce limited quantities of tofu also. With the is now making, but their tofu is losing its popularity. Many
new availability of tofu, two new non-dairy frozen products former customers are not satisfied, and are now coming
were launched, including So Good Tofu Dessert for the to Soyastern to buy their more expensive tofu. Heuschen-
Haldane Group, a 3/4 litre pack in a round cardboard tub Schrouff has too many other things to do. But Heuschen
flavored as a strawberry/vanilla split, or as wild blackberry. tofu is by far the cheapest in West Germany, costing only
DM 2.50/kg compared with Soyastern’s price of DM 4/kg
1349. Karas, Thomas. 1990. Current developments with or lower to wholesalers or food processors, and DM 6/kg
soyfoods in Europe (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 10. to retailers. “We wonder why Heuschen tofu is extremely
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. sour even when it is fresh. Several years Mr. Puik visited
• Summary: Thomas feels that the time has come to re- Soyastern and brought fresh tofu. The pH was 4.5. The shelf
activate the European Soyfoods Association, since most life is very long, 6-8 weeks. I heard from a guy who toured
of the major upcoming problems with relate to Europe as the plant that they put some acids in the cooling tank water.”

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 476

Thomas’ situation looks better; tofu production is now Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56.
up to 8,000 kg/week. Address: Bochumerstr. 92-104, D-4270
Dorsten, West Germany. Phone: 2362-26801. 1351. Nordquist, Ted. 1990. The soymilk market in
Scandinavia (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 18.
1350. Nordquist, Ted. 1990. Soy ice cream in Sweden and Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Europe (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 18. Conducted by • Summary: The most popular soymilk in Scandinavia is that
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. imported under the Nutana brand and made by DE-VAU-GE
• Summary: This week Ted introduced the “absolutely best- in West Germany. It is sold in an aseptic package. Nutana,
tasting soymilk-based ice cream in the world. Called Tofu located in Rimbo, Sweden, and owned by the Seventh-day
Line Glass in vanilla and chocolate flavors, it tastes like Adventists, is a wholesaler and distributor for vegetarian
old fashioned ice cream made from cream. The vanilla is products. Some Alpro soymilk is imported to Sweden
better than its dairy counterpart.” Four-color brochures and but there seems to be less and less of it because Nutana
labels have been printed. Ted makes the soymilk at the rate has a very active marketing organization in Scandinavia.
of 4,000 liters/hour at Trensums Musteri, a juice company Within Scandinavia, Sweden is by far the biggest market
located in Tingsryd, located 20 or 30 minutes miles to for soyfoods. The population sizes are Sweden 8.3 million,
the north of the southern seaside city of Karlshamn. Both Denmark 5.07 million, Finland 5.0 million, Norway 4.2
Tingsryd and Karlshamn are located in Blekinge County. Its million, and Iceland 251,000. Alpro’s soymilk dessert, in
a very high-tech soymilk. This is the first product to come vanilla and chocolate flavors, is selling well.
out of Ted’s years of collaboration with Trensums. Ted buys The soymilk market in Scandinavia is, at most, 150,000
the soy base from Trensums and ships it by tank truck to liters/year. It is growing slowly. This is still too small to
Winner (pronounced Vinner), one of Sweden’s largest ice be interesting or to pay for printing aseptic packages for a
cream producers; it is a division of Karlshamn in Karlshamn. soymilk product. The minimum order for a Tetra Brik carton
He sells the soy base to Winner. Winner makes the ice is 200,000 units, and the normal economical order for one
cream, and sells it back to Ted. It is hard-packed in 3/4 liter single package is about 350,000 to 400,000 units. The labels
octagonal cartons (each has 8 sides with the top and bottom are so expensive that he would not want to buy more than a
flat). Ted then sells the ice cream to AB Svenska Nutana, a 2-year supply. So he would not start until he can sell at least
Seventh-day Adventist distributor and marketer in Rimbo, 200,000 liters/year. The cost of aseptic cartons is a major
Sweden. Nutana has exclusive sales rights in Sweden. Ted is problem for soymilk makers in Europe. All are struggling.
now working on exports to Finland and Japan. Aros will be interested in the next 2-3 years. His first product
Ted and his coworkers are only interested in high- will probably be a “cooking milk” rather than a milk for
volume products. He hopes to sell in Sweden at least 400,000 drinking. He may work with the milk company Semper to
liters/year of the new ice cream, made from 200,000 liters produce a children’s “Välling” (pronounced VEL-ling). This
of the liquid mix. This is 9,000 liters/week, or 30 pallets/ is a very popular breakfast product for both children and
week. In addition, he hopes to export the product to other adults, usually made from powdered milk plus oats or wheat.
Scandinavian countries and to Japan and perhaps the It is sold as powder which is mixed with water and heated on
continent. the stove to make a sort of thick milk. They have developed
It is quite surprising that, whereas there are many soy a soy-based counterpart that tastes better than its dairy
ice creams in America, there are only 2 others in Europe. counterpart.
One is made by Schoeller, which is one of Europe’s largest Ted’s long term goal is to have his fresh soymilk
ice cream producers. They bought an Alfa-Laval system beat powdered cow’s milk on the market. His soy-base is
that transforms whole soybeans (using the Illinois method, so neutral or bland in taste that it can be used in place of
without separation of okara) into soymilk which they then powdered milk in ice creams, margarines, etc. That is his
spray dry and use to make a soy ice cream. “The samples basic marketing strategy. As 1992 approaches and subsidies
of the ice cream and powder that they sent to Semper in are eliminated over the next 2 years, 8,000 Swedish farmers
Sweden were a total catastrophe.” are projected to loose their jobs from competition from
Unisoy in England, run by Neil Rabheru, an Indian man, the Continent. In Sweden there is a tremendous surplus
also makes a soymilk named Unisoy Gold and a soymilk production of milk and dairy products, as well as meat,
ice cream named Maranellis Ice Supreme. They have been wheat, barley, and oats. In Sweden, the dairy farmer
out since about mid-1989. It is fortified with calcium and presently gets almost 2 crowns/liter for his milk. That milk
vitamins to be as close as possible to dairy milk. Ted thinks is retailed for 5.90 Swedish crowns/liter, but it would cost
it tastes fantastic, but the ice cream doesn’t come close to 6-8 crowns/per liter if it were not subsidized by the Swedish
Ted’s. The owner of the company came to Sweden and government. What is not sold as a liquid is spray dried, and
tried to sell Ted his ice cream and aseptically packed soy sold at a low price to companies like Karlshamn to make ice
base. Address: Aros Sojaprodukter, Bergsvagen 1, S-19063 cream and margarine. The price will go up as the subsidies

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 477

are eliminated–all over Europe. Ted can produce liquid Factory–soymilk–2,500, 2 dec.*
soymilk at 1.10 crowns/liter without subsidies. So Ted wants 1988–France–Innoval–soybase–1,500
the farmers which would otherwise go out of business to 1988–Nepal–Indreni–soymilk–2,500
start growing a new soybean that grows well in Sweden. 1988–Nigeria–Sona Dairies–soymilk–4,500
Ted would buy those soybeans, make soymilk, and use it 1989–Australia–Sanitarium Foods–soybase–500
in Sweden in place of powdered milk, and export it as a 1990–France–Dairy Co-op**–soybase–500
premium product at a higher price. * = 2 decanter centrifuges per system to boost the
Ted’s soymilk system started with some ideas that he protein yield. The systems made before 1984 were for
got from Alfa-Laval in Lund–the concept of starting with more traditional soymilk. Those made afterwards no longer
unsoaked, whole soybeans. They exchanged this for Ted’s require that the soybeans be soaked, and the “new” soyabase
information on tofu. They have never been successful in line in designed primarily for producing a non-beany
making a bland soymilk like the one Ted makes today. Ted soymilk, but it can be easily adjusted to give a traditional
left Alfa-Laval in 1983-84 and went to Trensums. He has soymilk. “Soybase” is the product that comes out of the
worked with Mark Ljungström (pronounced YUNG-strum) Soyal soyabase line after grinding, separation in one or
at Trensums for 6 years. Mark has built the machinery (using more decanters, and deactivation of enzymes like trypsin
mostly Alfa-Laval equipment but with pieces from other inhibitors. This base is more concentrated than soymilk
suppliers) and Ted has the processing concepts. This has (9-12% solids/dry matter) and is what is used as the raw
been repeatedly tested, changed, re-run, etc. until now it is material for any soy-based product. “Soymilk” is a blended
a unique, excellent system. During the past 2 years, Arla drink, often containing sugar, and standardized to a protein
(the Swedish milk company, and Semper, their development level required by the market. Soybase would only be run
subsidiary) and Karlshamn (the Swedish fat company, that through an ultrafiltration unit to (1) remove phytic acid and
uses 90% vegetable oils) have entered the project. In the oligosaccharides, or (2) to remove moisture and increase the
fall of 1989 Arla decided the leave the project because the percentage solids, as to make tofu. ** The plant owned by
new director of Semper new nothing about soya. So now the Dairy Co-op in France is secret, but the base it produces
Ted/Aros, Trensums, and Karlshamn are working together. will be used mostly for research on calf milk replacers and
Address: Aros Sojaprodukter, Bergsvagen 1, S-19063 on replacing cow’s milk in certain dairy products. This dairy
Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56. does not have any products on the market. Address: R&D
manager, Alfa-Laval East Asia Pte. Ltd., 11 Joo Koon Circle,
1352. Kjellker Gimre, Monica. 1990. Re: Complete soymilk Singapore 2262. Phone: 86 22 711.
or soybase plants installed by Alfa-Laval worldwide from
1979–1989. Letters to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, 1353. Product Name: [Tofu Line Soymilk Parfait/Ice
May 30 and Aug. 24–in reply to inquiry. 2 p. Typed, with Cream (Vanilla, or Chocolate)].
signature on letterhead. Foreign Name: Tofu Line Vaniljanmakuinen Jäädyke,
• Summary: The following plants are listed chronologically Suklaanmakuinen Jäädyke / Parfait (Med Vaniljsmak, Med
by year of start-up, and within each year, alphabetically by Chokladsmak).
country. Start-up–Country–Company–Product–Capacity Manufacturer’s Name: Aros Sojaprodukter KB
(liters/hour) (Marketer). Made in Sweden by AB Aroma (Winner AB).
1979–Malaysia–Lam Soon–soymilk–5,000 Imported to Finland exclusively by Kotisaari-Ingman OY/
1980–Thailand–Kickapoo–soymilk–4,000 Helmholmen-Ingman AB in Helsinki.
All plants made from 1984 on use Alfa-Laval’s new Manufacturer’s Address: Bergsvagen 1, S-190 63
Soyal design. Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56.
1985–West Germany–Ice cream maker [Schoeller]– Date of Introduction: 1990. May.
soybase–3,000 Ingredients: Completely vegetarian chocolate ice cream:
1985–Switzerland–Soyana–soybase–1,000 Water extract of whole ground organically grown soybeans,
1986–China–Guangzhou Cannery [Guangdong]– sugar, fruit sugar, palm oil, cocoa powder, emulsifier 471
soymilk–2,500, 2 dec.* (mono- and diglycerides from vegetable oil), salt, stabilizer
1986–France–Cacoja–soybase–1,500 E410 (fruit seed flour), E412 (guar gum powder), E407
1987–China–Jin Jiang Foodstuffs Factory– (carrageenan), vanilla.
soymilk–2,500 Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 0.75 liters = 400 gm.
1987–India- Noble Soya–soymilk–4,000, 2 dec.* How Stored: Frozen.
1988–Argentina–Alimentos de soja–soymilk–4,500 Nutrition: Vanilla: Per 100 gm.: Calories 190, protein 3 gm,
1988–China–Jiangmen Foodstuff Factory– fat 11 gm (of which 2 gm polyunsaturated), carbohydrates 23
soymilk–2,500, 2 dec.* gm (of which 22 gm sugar).
1988–China–Wuhan Guan Sheng Yuan Foodstuff New Product–Documentation: Letter (fax) from Ted

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 478

Nordquist. 1990. Oct. 2. Sales

of the new Tofu Line ice cream
are about 9,000 liters/week.
Hemholmen-Ingman OY in
Finland (the country’s second
largest dairy, which sells 2
million liters/year of dairy
ice cream) will begin selling
with an order of 35,000 liters/
week starting about Oct. 21.
About 17% of Finns are lactose
intolerant. In Sweden you can
call a non-dairy frozen dessert
“ice cream” but in Finland you
must call it a type of parfait. In
Sweden a parfait must contain
at least 30% fat.
Finnish Labels given by
Ted Nordquist. 1990. Nov. 23.
The label and plastic container
are octagonal, 5.25 inches
across. Each is brown, red,
green, black, and white with the
vanilla on parchment beige and
the chocolate on light chocolate
background. In the center is a
small illustration of one green
pod filled with yellow soybeans
surrounded by green leaves.
“The healthy vegetable ice
cream.” The words “Kotisaari
Ingman” appear in fairly sugar, fruit sugar, palm oil, cocoa powder, emulsifier 471
large black letters near the top of the label next to a yellow (mono- and diglycerides from vegetable oil), salt, stabilizer
circle embraced by two green leaves, all outlined in black. E410 (fruit seed flour), E412 (guar gum powder), E407
Ingredients and are listed on the front panel in both Finish (carrageenan), vanilla.
and Swedish. “Lactose-free. Cholesterol free.” Soymilk is Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 0.75 liters = 400 gm.
called “Sojaextrakt.” How Stored: Frozen.
Soyfoods Center product evaluation of vanilla and Nutrition: Vanilla: Per 100 gm.: Calories 190, protein 3 gm,
chocolate flavors. 1990. Nov. 23 in Alameda. This is the fat 11 gm (of which 2 gm polyunsaturated), carbohydrates 23
best vanilla soy ice cream that Akiko and Bill Shurtleff have gm (of which 22 gm sugar).
ever tasted. It represents a major breakthrough in producing New Product–Documentation: Interview with Ted
soymilk with no beany flavor, and has the potential to Nordquist. 1990. May 18. Contains details on the product,
revolutionize soymilk and dairylike products worldwide. which is made in conjunction with Trensums Musteri and
Winner (a division of Karlshamn, and the second largest ice
1354. Product Name: [Tofu Line Soymilk Ice Cream cream maker in Sweden).
(Vanilla, or Chocolate)]. Manufacturers brochure (Full color, 30 cm). 1990.
Foreign Name: Tofu Line Glass (Vanilj, Choklad). Sveriges första helt vegetabiliska glass (Sweden’s first
Manufacturer’s Name: Aros Sojaprodukter KB. completely vegetarian ice cream). 4 p. A photo (p. 1) shows
Distributed in Sweden exclusively by Nutana. the two products in their octagonal containers. Page 2 asks
Manufacturer’s Address: Bergsvagen 1, S-190 63 “Why vegetarian/non-dairy (vegetabilisk) ice cream?” Page
Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56. 3 asks “Why soya?” and gives 10 reasons. The rear cover
Date of Introduction: 1990. May. contains brief information about both Aros and AB Svenska
Ingredients: Completely vegetarian chocolate ice cream: Nutana.
Water extract of whole ground organically grown soybeans, Letter (fax) from Ted Nordquist. 1990. Oct. 2. Sales of

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 480

the new Tofu Line ice cream are about 9,000 liters/week. including tofu. Of the soymilk made into dairylike products,
Hemholmen-Ingman OY in Finland (the country’s second roughly 60% is made into ice creams, 20% into non-frozen
largest dairy, which sells 2 million liters/year of dairy ice desserts (incl. puddings, and custards), 15% into yogurts, and
cream) will begin selling with an order of 35,000 liters/week 5% into non-dairy cheeses.
in a semi-trailer starting about Oct. 16-21. About 17% of Of all the soymilk soy in Europe as a beverage, I would
Finns are lactose intolerant. It’s going well. estimate that 50% is sold at health food stores, 40% at
Talk with Ted. 1990. Nov. 23. In June 1990 this ice supermarket chains, multiples, and general food stores, and
cream was first produced for sale but it was not widely 10% at Asian retail stores.
distributed until the end of September. Dagab is the main A wild guess as to the percentage of soymilk sold at
distributor to hospitals. Ted’s ice cream sales are now almost Supermarkets–Health food stores–Asian stores in each
the equivalent of $1,000,000/year. The goal is to sell 22,000 country would look something like this: United Kingdom,
liters/week by Aug. 1991 in Sweden. Concerning prices, West Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and
inexpensive Swedish dairy ice cream retails for 9 marks/ Switzerland would all be 40%–50%–10%.
liter, Ted’s while soy-based Tofu Line is 17 marks/liter and Italy, Scandinavia, Spain, and Others would all be 10%–
superpremium dairy Mövenpick (made in Switzerland) 80%–10%.
retails for 24 marks/liter. To restaurants, low priced dairy ice Austria would be 30%–60%–10%. Address: P.O. Box
cream is 55 crows compared with Tofu Line at 60 crowns. 19002, S-250 09 Helsingborg, Sweden. Phone: 42-92776.
Labels given by Ted Nordquist. 1990. Nov. 23. The
label and plastic container are octagonal, 5.25 inches across. 1356. Lindner, Anders. 1990. Re: Consumption of soymilk
Each is brown, red, green, black, and white with the vanilla in Europe, by country and per capita. Letter (fax) to William
on parchment beige and the chocolate on light chocolate Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, June 19. 1 p.
background. In the center is a small illustration of one green • Summary: The following figures are my guesstimates
pod filled with yellow soybeans surrounded by green leaves. for the amount of soymilk consumed in major European
“The healthy vegetable ice cream.” Nutana’s name appears countries. Most of the soymilk produced in Belgium [by
prominently in green near the bottom. Ingredients and Alpro] and Germany [by DE-VAU-GE] is consumed in other
nutritional composition are listed in a self-adhesive label on countries. Note: The large consumption in the U.K. is due
the bottom of the container. to both its large total population and its large population of
Soyfoods Center product evaluation of vanilla and vegetarians and vegans. The latter do not consume milk or
chocolate flavors. 1990. Nov. 23 in Alameda. This is the other animal products.
best vanilla soy ice cream that Akiko and Bill Shurtleff have Country (Population)–Soymilk consumption in million
ever tasted. It represents a major breakthrough in producing liters–% of total–liters per capita per year
soymilk with no beany flavor, and has the potential to United Kingdom (56.7 million)–20 million liters*–40%
revolutionize soymilk and dairylike products worldwide. of total–0.35
Spot in SoyaFoods. 1991. Spring. p. 4. “Tofuline Ice West Germany (60.2 million)–10 million liters–20% of
Cream.” This completely vegetarian ice cream is made by total–0.17
Aros Sojaprodukter of Orsundsbro, Sweden. Free of milk France (55.8 million)–6 million liters**–12% of
products, cholesterol, and lactose, it was launched last year total–0.11
and is available in 0.75 liter hexagonal packs in two flavors, Belgium (9.9 million)–3 million liters–6% of total–0.30
vanilla and chocolate. “The product was developed using Netherlands (14.7 million)–2 million liters–4% of
new soya milk technology using a ‘dry bean method’ and is total–0.14
being sold in Sweden and Finland.” Switzerland (6.5 million)–2 million liters–4% of
Ad in Health Food Business (England). 1992. July. p. 7. total–0.31
The product is now named Swedish Glace (which see), and Scandinavia*** (22.8 million)–2 million liters–4% of
the label is in English. The manufacturer is Winner. Available total–0.088
from Foundation Foods, Chantry Place, Headstone Lane, Italy (57.4 million)–1 million liters–2% of total–0.017
Harrow, Middlesex, HA3 6NY, England. Austria (7.6 million)–1 million liters–2% of total–0.13
Spain (39.8 million)–1 million liters–2% of total–0.025
1355. Lindner, Anders. 1990. Re: Dairylike products made Others**** (24.3 million)–2 million liters–4% of
from soymilk in Europe. Retail outlets for soymilk in total–0.082
Europe, country by country. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff Total (355.7 million)–50 million liters–100%–0.14
at Soyfoods Center, June 19. 1 p. Handwritten. [Eng] * Neil Rabheru, founder and director of Unisoy, the
• Summary: The following figures are my guesstimates: largest soymilk manufacturer in the UK, estimates that 18-
I would estimate that no more than 15% of the soymilk 20 million liters/year of soymilk are consumed in the UK.
made in Europe is then made into dairylike products, not ** Bernard Storup of Société Soy, a large soymilk maker

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in France, estimates consumption of soymilk in France to competing with yours, thus lowering sales and profit margins
be much higher, about 11 million liters. Storup’s estimate of the in-house brand.
is probably more accurate. *** Scandinavia = Sweden (8.3
million), Denmark (5.0 million), Finland (5.0 million), 1359. Wollner, Joel. 1990. Re: History of early work with
Norway (4.2 million), Iceland (0.25 million). amazake, koji, and Rice Dream in America. Letter to Jan
**** Others = Portugal (10.2 million), Greece (10.0 Belleme, Saluda, North Carolina, June 23. 3 p. Typed, with
million), Ireland (3.7 million), Luxembourg (0.369 million), signature on letterhead (photocopy).
Malta (0.358 million). • Summary: “Starting in the early 1970s, Erewhon imported
Highest per capita consumption: United Kingdom scant supplies of a highly perishable, fresh rice koji along
0.35, Switzerland 0.31, Belgium 0.30, West Germany 0.17, with its regular line of Japanese products. Most often, this
Netherlands 0.14, Austria 0.13, France 0.11. Lowest per koji was spoiled or worm-infested by the time it arrived in
capita consumption: Italy 0.017, Spain 0.025. Address: P.O. Boston, Massachusetts. But on those few occasions when
Box 19002, S-250 09 Helsingborg, Sweden. Phone: 42- a usable amount arrived intact, we had the rare pleasure of
92776. attempting to make amazaké at home.” One attempt was
made on Thanksgiving of 1973. In spring 1977 the Erewhon
1357. Burros, Marian. 1990. When it comes to takeout, flagship store on Newbury Street in Boston began to sell
restaurateurs scorn their own: Even caviar can be a bore. De Cold Mountain Misos, then Cold Mountain Koji. The misos
Gustibus. New York Times. June 20. p. C1. sold well but not the koji, so Joel and his wife, Wendy,
• Summary: Dick Swanson and his wife, Germaine, own developed a simple method for making amazake at home.
Germaine’s, one of Washington’s [DC] most popular Mona Schwartz in Florida began to order koji from Joel
restaurants. Yet Burros was shocked to find him standing in a and developed a good recipe for making it into amazake. Joel
supermarket line “buying little plastic containers of prepared learned and perfected the process, then described it in detail
salads, sandwich bread, frozen tofu [soy ice cream] and a in the 10-16 April 1978 edition of his newsletter Erewhon
potato.” News (Newbury Street) under the title “Overnight Amazake.”
It turns out that many restaurateurs get tired of eating the “You can imagine my surprise–no, shock–when, later that
fine food served at their own restaurants–3 times a day, 5-6 spring Charles Kendall, macrobiotic aficionado, keeper of
days a week, year after year. So they take a break. the Erewhon Company store, and supplier to our store of
‘homemade’ organic sauerkraut (his own), approached me
1358. SoyaScan Notes. 1990. Co-packing and private one day in the store and asked if I would consider selling the
labeling (Overview). June 20. Compiled by William Shurtleff refrigerated amazaké drink he had developed.” The rest is
of Soyfoods Center. history.
• Summary: From the point of view of a company who In about the spring of 1985, Joel and Sjon Welters drove
wants another to co-pack/private label products for them. to Moniteau Farm where Robert Nissenbaum and Dave
Examples Tofutti Brands has a ice cream maker make its Carlson, calling themselves Imagine Foods, were making
soy ice cream. White Wave has a sausage company make its a frozen confection from amazaké. “This new incarnation
Healthy Links. Advantages: No need to buy new equipment, of an old Boston study-house favorite, was actually made
space, insurance, or hire new workers, which saves money from a mixture of amazaké, which they first made from
and time. The co-packer has the experience and equipment Cold Mountain koji and Chico-San brown rice, combined
needed to produce the products. Product development time with Chico-San rice syrup and various natural flavorings,
is usually reduced. Disadvantages: Logistics may be more and run through a soft-serve ice cream machine. (A frozen
complicated, especially if the company is not located nearby. dessert made in several flavors from rice kayu sweetened
A big company may not be very interested in giving you the with rice syrup and/or barley malt syrup was sold at Erewhon
specialized help and service you need at the beginning or in Newbury Street in 1977-78.)”
emergencies. Watch out: Be sure to get a non-compete clause But Imagine Foods was having technical and flavor
so that company can’t steal your product, drop you, and start problems with its product. In Fayetteville, Arkansas, Joel
to compete with you. Get a contract with a long duration, and and Sjon had developed a “series of amazaké-like beverages
lots of specifics. and desserts made by enzyme conversion from whole grains,
From the point of a company who has a product that including brown rice... Of course, our work was top secret,
other soyfoods companies want to have packed and sold since, at the time, enzyme processing was virtually unknown
under their label. Examples: Hinoichi Tofu, and Alpro in the natural food industry, and used for little more than
soymilk and soy desserts. Advantages: Co-packing greatly processing corn syrup in the conventional food industry.
expands your sales. It allows you to use your plant at Robert and Dave had no knowledge of it at all.
higher percentage capacity, which lowers per-unit costs. “Sjon and I confirmed (to ourselves) the rightness of
Disadvantages: The co-packed products usually end up our enzyme process for use in Rice Dream to make a single

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 482

brown rice base ingredient for the mix. This development very concerned over irregularities in Mr. Patel’s financial
alone would solve the technical and flavor problems to make activities, and decided to discontinue his involvement with
a commercially feasible product with a broadly appealing Mr. Patel. A few days later Mr. Patel died unexpectedly on
taste and texture. We decided to invite Robert and Dave to 5 Nov. 1985. On Nov. 10-12 Neil selected the location for
relocate to Fayetteville and purchase the base ingredient, his new plant, then he raised the necessary startup capital
which would be made in our plant, from us. Months of from five venture capitalists in high tax brackets, but he was
negotiations would pass before the enzyme process solution the company’s only executive. Neil was never in any way
was finally revealed to Imagine Foods [by whom?] at the involved with Michael Cole or with Soya Health Foods Ltd.
next NNFA show. But then, through a series of twists and (which is still owned by Mr. Arora, a Sikh) despite what
turns, Sjon and I lost control, and the enzyme process project others have said. Jan Freeman is presently involved with
was ‘diverted’ to California Natural Products. More than Unisoy.
this, I am not prepared to discuss at this time.” Address: 19 In May 1986 Unisoy began to make its first product,
Pepper Hollow Drive, Clifton Park, New York 12065. Phone: White Wave Soya Milk (plain/unsweetened, or sweetened
518-383-0299. with raw cane sugar) at their present address. Before this
time, the soymilk market in the UK was “very stagnant and
1360. SoyaScan Notes. 1990. Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products boring, with limited growth. There was a very high price
Ltd. (Interview). June 29. Conducted by William Shurtleff of differential between dairy milk and soya milk. Soymilk
Soyfoods Center. packaging was poor. The ratio of the volume of business
• Summary: The company, which is basically a soymilk to the number of brands on the market was too high. Too
company, now makes 6 products: White Wave Soya Milk many brands were fighting for too small a market. There
(in sugar free and sweetened varieties), Unisoy Gold (a was tremendous brand loyalty, promoted in part by the wide
soymilk reinforced with calcium and vitamins), Soya Yogart, range of product tastes. That was Unisoy’s biggest problem.
Maranellis (Organic soya ice cream, sweetened with fruit So Unisoy decided to crash the price barrier, and develop
juice; it is delicious), Carob and Banana Drink (organic). some nice packaging and a better tasting, much creamier
They plan to soon launch some organic pancakes called product.” To learn how to make soymilk, Rabheru did an
Crêpolettes. Neil Rabheru founded the company, but the extensive study of the literature. He found many conflicting
idea came from John Patel. Jan Freeman was also involved. opinions but agreement on some basic points. To help
Mr. Arora, who Neil knows, has never been involved in this resolve these, he consulted with Dr. H.L. Wang at the USDA
company. Address: Stockport, Cheshire SK6 2RF, England. Northern Regional Research Center in Peoria, Illinois. He
Phone: 061-430-6329. developed a unique process, purchased a soymilk plant from
Taiwan, modified it with steam injection and instrumentation
1361. Health Food Business (England). 1990. Health Food to suit his application (he has an engineering background),
Business retailer guide to Ice Creams. June. p. 21-23. developed soymilk products, ran taste tests, and continued
• Summary: Soy ice creams described, each with a color improving his process. Unisoy’s main competitors in the
photo, include Berrydales Special Ices, and Dayvilles N’Ice soymilk market at that time (and still today) were Alpro/
Day. Vandemoortele and Granose. Unisoy has taken over virtually
all of the market share of Soya Health Foods Ltd., mostly
1362. Rabheru, Neil. 1990. Brief history of Unisoy Milk because of better quality and lower price.
‘n’ By-Products Ltd. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 2. In May 1987 Unisoy introduced White Wave Soya
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Yogart, a line of products were yogurt-like desserts in
• Summary: Neil, who founded this company, was born fruit flavors with a shelf-life of 10-11 weeks with aseptic
in Tanzania. One of his parents was of Indian origin (born packaging. This was followed by Unisoy Carob & Banana
in India). He arrived in the UK in 1972 and went to work Organic Drink (Aug. 1988), Unisoy Gold soymilk (March
for a very large electronics company. By the mid-1980s 1989), Maranellis Ice Supreme (soy ice cream, May 1989),
he had cornered himself into a very specialized field and Unisoy Soy Yogart (Aug. 1989). All the previous soy
of environmental testing and performance of defence ice creams and yogurts in the UK had contained soy protein
equipment. The next step up in the organization was a isolates, since the manufacturers did not know how to make
long way away, so having run out of excitement in life, he soymilk with a high protein levels. Even today, all the soy
began to look for more rewarding work. While doing a little ice creams in the UK are made from soya isolates. Unisoy
import/export work he met an Indian named Mr. John Patel makes a special rich soymilk used specially for making their
[pronounced puh-TEL] who suggested to him that they start ice cream.
a company to make soymilk, soy ice cream, and burgers. Mr. Over the years Unisoy steadily improved its soymilk
Patel did not have any money. The company was founded process with numerous innovations. They now make
in June 1985. Before anything else happened, Neil became excellent quality soymilk without dehulling the soybeans,

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without adding any oil or lecithin, and using only 1-2 people market in the UK [after Sojal and SoyBoy Soymilk Ices from
to operate the largely automated plant. the Regular Tofu Co.] and the most widely available brand
In Dec. 1988 Neil sold the company to Daisy Dairies for a long time. Soyamilk is a very small product for Soya
Ltd. This cooperative group of companies has their head Health Foods Ltd. now.
office in Hyde, Cheshire, and they also have fresh milk, Alpro/Vandemoortele did the pioneering work in getting
UHT, catering, and ice cream manufacturing divisions, plus soymilk into British multiples (supermarkets). In about 1982
now Unisoy. He would prefer not to comment on the effects/ Safeway (which has its origins in America), became the
results of the sale. Address: Unit 1, Cromwell Trading Estate, first multiple (supermarket chain) to sell soymilk in the UK.
Cromwell Rd., Bredbury, Stockport, Cheshire SK6 2RF, They sold the Alpro/Vandemoortele line but they sold only a
England. Phone: 061-430 6329. small quantity. Safeway has always purchased its soyamilk
from Vandemoortele. Michael Cole of Soya Health Foods
1363. Rabheru, Neil. 1990. The soymilk industry and market Ltd. also deserves a good deal of credit for the growth of
in the United Kingdom (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 2. soymilk in the UK. He did the early work in getting British-
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. based supermarkets, large chain stores, and normal grocery
• Summary: There are only two significant manufacturers stores interested in carrying soyamilk. By late 1985 Cole
of soymilk from soyabeans in the U.K.; Unisoy and Soya was selling large amounts of his aseptically packed Sunrise
Health Foods Ltd. Plamil Foods Ltd. buys soy protein Soya Milk to multiples, including Tesco. “Cole did the solid
isolates from Protein Technologies International, then job of marketing and bringing soyamilk into the perspective
subcontracts with a dairy to have these mixed with water and it is in now. Then he left Soya Health Foods in mid- to late-
other ingredients, according to Plamil’s formula, to make 1987.” He started his own consulting company. Today every
a soymilk. As far as he knows, Plamil has never purchased multiple in the country, including the large chemist chains
soybeans to make soymilk and has never had their own (drug stores) are now offering soyamilk to the consumer.
plant. Haldane used to import its soymilk from France. This Unisoy exports their soymilk to the Netherlands, Italy
soymilk was made, not from soybeans but from some kind (to Parma Soia), and Ireland. It is also sold in Portugal.
of a spray-dried formulation. Then Unisoy started supplying It used to be sold in Belgium. Address: Unit 1, Cromwell
Haldane, but that contract came to an end when Haldane Trading Estate, Cromwell Rd., Bredbury, Stockport,
was acquired by another company. Neil thinks they are now Cheshire SK6 2RF, England. Phone: 061-430 6329.
importing again, probably from France, not from Australia.
Haldane’s imports are very small. Neil has never heard of 1364. Marshall, Philip. 1990. Brief history of the Regular
Itona Products Ltd. in Wigan, Lancashire [although they are Tofu Co. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 9. Conducted by
still in business in 1990]. William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Of the soymilk made in the Unisoy produces well over • Summary: This company was started by John Holt. [It
50%. Approximately 18-20 million liters of soymilk are sold began production in Dec. 1981.] Holt learned how to make
and consumed in the UK each year. It is the biggest soymilk tofu, in about 2 days, from Philip Marshall of Cauldron
market in Europe, and it is growing at the rate of roughly 15- Foods Ltd. [which started tofu production in Sept. 1981],
26% a year. “The growth has been phenomenal, and the bulk and Paul Jones of Paul’s Tofu & Tempeh [which started
of the growth in the European soymilk market seems to have tofu production Jan. 1981]. Before that he was involved in a
been in the UK.” But he doubts very much that it is growing spiritual practice, perhaps with Divine Light Mission. He and
faster than 26% a year. The estimated market shares by a girl, who was into the same spiritual tradition, got together
company are: Alpro/Vandemoortele 51%, Granose 15-17%, and started the company. It was a very small, kitchen-based
Unisoy 15-17%, and others (Plamil, Soya Health Foods, operation. It went through various growing pains, and
Haldane, etc.) 15-19%. eventually Holt ended up owning the company himself. He
In terms of outlets, Granose is sold only in health food got into some financial difficulty and in about 1983-84 he got
outlets. Unisoy’s best-selling and most profitable line is its refinancing when a fairly large percentage of his shares were
four soyamilk products. White Waves sugar free has long purchased by an entrepreneur, who formerly had owned a
been the best selling single product, but it is rapidly being medium-sized tailoring business. He then got involved with
overtaken by Unisoy Gold (fortified with vitamins and Haldane when they bought the company. They either asked
minerals), which has been a phenomenal success. The bulk him to leave or he left on his own. Philip has no idea where
of Unisoy’s soyamilk sales is in national multiples/grocery he is now.
chains. Of all Unisoy’s products, about 65% of sales is in Regular Tofu Co. now may be nothing but a name.
multiples and 35% in health food stores. Plamil has its own There is a plant, a very early/antique Takai plant, where
clientele; its products are very popular among vegans. Soya Haldane has their tofu made. They have a 50% holding in
Health Foods Ltd. has been able to survive largely because an ice cream company and the product is actually made at
of their soy ice cream, which was one of the first ones on the that factory. The address of Regular Tofu Co. is now the

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same as Haldane. Address: Owner, Cauldron Foods Ltd., 149 Wollner on 23 June 1990 to John and Jan Belleme. Robert
South Liberty Lane, Ashton Vale Trading Estate, Bedminster, thinks that Joel overstates his role at various points in
Bristol BS3 2TL, England. Phone: (0272) 632835. making things happen. Joel had worked with Chico-San
and he knew they were using enzymes to make rice syrup.
1365. Perry, Nora; Perry, Jack. 1990. Participation of The starch-to-sugar conversion happens more readily when
American and Israeli Jews in religious rituals and observance there is an acid pH. So the big companies making corn syrup
of Kosher dietary laws (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 12. add different kinds of acids to lower the pH–sometimes
Conducted by Ron Perry, employee of Soyfoods Center. called “acid hydrolysis.” After the reaction is finished, they
• Summary: Nora and Jack are Ron’s parents. When asked neutralize the acids with sodium compounds. The smaller
“What percentage of Jews do NOT generally take part in the amount of acid added, the slower the reaction–but in any
religious rituals?” Nora estimated 90% in Israel and 30% case it is far from “natural.” Bob Kennedy learned about
in the USA. Jack estimated 70% in Israel and 40% in the the use of enzymes from the big corn syrup companies,
USA. Roughly 90% of all Jews in both Israel and the USA whom he had approached to see if they were interested
attend synagogue at least twice a year, at Rosh Hashanah (the in making Yinnies for him. Kennedy had a small plant in
Jewish New Year in late September) and at Yom Kippur (the Chico for making Yinnies, it never worked very well, and
day of atonement, 10 days after Rosh Hashanah). Chico-San was losing money on it. So he was looking for
When asked “What percentage of Jews do NOT a larger plant with a better design. Joel Wollner was trying
observe kosher dietary laws?” (except for the law forbidding to talk Bob Kennedy into moving his plant to Fayetteville,
consumption of pig/pork), Nora estimated 90% in Israel and Arkansas–also with Robert Nissenbaum and Dave Carlson.
85% in the USA. Jack estimated 80% in Israel and 80% in Several months passed. Then Robert told Joel he (Robert)
the USA. had to make a move. Most of the work that Robert was doing
Ron adds that in Israel soy products are very popular with Chico-San was through Peter Milbury–from whom he
as meat substitutes but not so popular as dairy substitutes. bought rice. Robert first learned about enzymes when he
Since most Israeli Jews are not very religious, they are also started reading food processing magazines.
not very interested in a kosher diet. There are three levels of In the meantime, Bob Kennedy got an offer from
Judaism: Reform, conservative, and orthodox (the strictest in Heinz USA. Kennedy lost his interest in expanding his
observing the laws). Address: San Ramon, California. Yinnies plant. Robert told Peter Milbury that he was going
to go on his own; he couldn’t wait any longer. By this time
1366. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1990. The early work of Imagine Robert was looking at small dairy plants in Missouri and
Foods with Chico-San, California Natural Products, and Arkansas; he was either going to have a small dairy plant
enzymes in making Rice Dream (Interview). SoyaScan produce product for him or he was going to buy a small
Notes. July 18. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods dairy plant. This was after the trade show at which he had
Center. met California Naturals. About a week later, Peter Milbury
• Summary: The term “Rice Dream” was first used to refer called Robert and said he thought he had found a company
to a nondairy frozen dessert. Chico-San had been making named California Natural Products with whom they could
rice syrup in Chico, California, by an enzyme process work together to make both Yinnies and a rice beverage
since the early 1970s; they called it Yinnies syrup and (a resembling amazake. Robert said he would be happy to
thicker version) Yinnies candy. WestSoy Light, which was talk with CNP. Within a week, Robert flew to California
introduced at the Natural Products Expo West last spring, is and met with Pat and Cheryl of CNP; they hit it off from
a unique product. It comes in Plain, Vanilla, and Chocolate; the start. Robert realized that they had a lot of capability
Robert likes the plain best. Robert likes it precisely because and professional knowledge in the food business, but in the
it is lighter than regular soymilk. However Westbrae kind of service of natural foods. Cheryl had been a food technologist,
beat him to the punch, because that is the kind of product he and her father had been one of the real pioneers in the
was trying to develop. American food industry. He had worked for General Foods
Robert is now working with California Natural Products for 50 years. He was the partial holder, with General Foods,
(CNP) in Manteca, California. He had learned how to make about roughly 40 different food patents. As they talked,
koji in the traditional way, using Aspergillus oryzae mold, Robert explained to Cheryl & Pat all his ideas and what he
but he suspected there was a better and more modern way of wanted to do. Robert had made all his own koji; he never
doing this–to convert the starches in rice to sugars. He did bought it from anyone else. He was thinking of growing
not know the term “enzymes” at the time. California Naturals koji and selling it. But he realized that making koji in the
is hydrolyzing rice with enzymes and Robert has talked traditional way on a large scale was going to be difficult. The
with them and even done a few test runs, but they are still more they talked, the more they wanted to work together.
learning. So Robert started working with California Natural
Robert disagrees with parts of a letter written by Joel Products. The next year, Heinz bought Chico-San for their

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rice cakes. After a year, rights to the products that Heinz contradict the idea of a “sale.” Customers won’t buy soymilk
didn’t want reverted back to Bob Kennedy. CNP somehow any more at “regular” prices. Bob would rather buy what he
ended up making rice syrup (using a much more advanced needs from week to week, then sell all products at a regular
process, and as an ingredient for manufacturers, not a retail price most of the time, then have promotions once in a while.
product) and selling it independent of Heinz or Chico-San. Vitasoy has played a lot of games with distributors to try to
Robert is not sure what ever happened to Yinnies. Kennedy get them to buy more at one time, and Bob has heard that this
and Joel Wollner started Ohsawa America, with the belief is hurting the distributors and that they don’t like it. They
that their line was the only true line of macrobiotic products. can’t make money selling at an 8% margin, which they often
Ohsawa America didn’t last long. Joel left and went to work must do. Edensoy’s discount is constant whereas Vitasoy
for Mitoku. has on and off discounts–which makes buying harder for
CNP does not use acid hydrolysis or neutralization; they Bob. Westbrae/Vestro has a more typical discount policy and
use only enzymes and only natural ingredients. Address: Bob sells Westbrae products at a regular price most of the
President Imagine Foods, 299 California Ave., #305, Palo time. Address: Owner, Berkeley Natural Grocery Co., 1336
Alto, California 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. Gilman St., Berkeley, California 94706. Phone: 415-526-
2456.
1367. SoyaScan Notes. 1990. The meaning of the symbol
“e” appearing on European food labels (Overview). July 19. 1369. Product Name: Believe (Soy Ice Cream with Tofu;
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Hard-pack) [Vanilla, Chocolate, Strawberry].
• Summary: This is a European Economic Community Manufacturer’s Name: Believe Inc.
mark, usually written just to the right of a product’s weight Manufacturer’s Address: Marketing: 320 Walnut St.,
(e.g. 250 g e), signifying that the product has been packaged Highland, IL 62249; Corporate Hdqtrs.: 6173 Cultus Bay
under the average weight system as covered by the United Road, Clinton, WA 98236. Phone: 1-800-777-0424 or 206-
Kingdom’s weights and measures act of 1985. 221-8739.
Date of Introduction: 1990. July.
1368. Gerner, Bob. 1990. Best-selling soyfoods at Berkeley Ingredients: Organic rice syrup, acacia honey, organic rice,
Natural Grocery Co. in Berkeley, California (Interview). organic tofu powder.
SoyaScan Notes. July 28. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Hardpack pints, Retails for
Soyfoods Center. $2.89 to $2.99 (7/90).
• Summary: By far the best selling soyfood product type How Stored: Frozen.
at Bob’s store is soymilk, accounting for 50-65% of total New Product–Documentation: Ad (8.5 by 11 inches,
soyfoods sales. The best selling brands, in descending order color photo) in East West Journal. 1990. Aug. Inside rear
of sales volume, are Vitasoy (about 40% of soymilk sales, cover. “Something wonderful is going to happen. Believe.
and rising; his store promotes it more in part because he sees The gourmet non-dairy dessert. Free of cholesterol, refined
sales reps longer and in part because the Vanilla Vitasoy is sugars, dairy and lactose, artificial flavors, colors, and
his favorite soymilk product), Edensoy (30-35% and falling; preservatives. So rich and creamy you may never want ‘ice
it used to be the best seller), Westsoy and Westbrae Malteds
(20% and rising), Pacific Soy (from Tree of Life), and Other
(Wildwood Yosoy, Quong Hop, Soy Moo, AhSoy, 5%).
The next best selling soyfood type is tofu (accounting
for about 20% of total soyfoods sales, and rising), followed
by soy sauce & tamari (10%, stable), soy cheeses (4%,
rising), tempeh (2%, falling), soy ice cream (1%, stable or
falling), and miso (1%, falling).
Total per capita purchases of soyfoods have risen
steadily since the mid-1970s. There have been no plateaus or
declines.
Bob dislikes (but understands) the way soymilk
manufacturers discount their products, basically forcing him
to buy very large quantities–typically 60 cases at a time. This
policy favors large retailers, ties up a lot of his capital up-
front, and takes up a lot of space in his warehouse. So 95%
of the time he buys Vitasoy and Edensoy soymilk when they
are on sale at discount prices, then he sells these at discount/
sale prices–a practice that he does not like since it seems to

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cream’ again. For more information and the store nearest should hit the shelves in mid-August. The organic tofu in the
you call 1-800-777-0424. 10% of corporate profit goes to product is spray dried. Potential new flavors are Chocolate
the Global Goodwill Fund.” Photo shows a huge scoop of Toffee, Vanilla Fudge, and Blueberry; they might be out in 3
vanilla ice cream. An inset shows a view of outer space with months. Production is “up north” but they warehouse at U.S.
a spiral nebula, shooting star, and crescent moon above, and Growers in Los Angeles.
the curve of the earth below. Definitely bears the “sign of the Ad in Vegetarian Times. 1990. Dec. p. 81. Gives a nice
unicorn.” history of the company, and of Robert Davis’ work with
Talk with Richard Rose of Rose International. 1990. soyfoods.
July 30. “Believe, Bob Davis’ new soy-and-rice ice cream,
was the best product at the recent NNFA show on the East 1370. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1990. Soy
Coast. He has made a big, bold move and I think it is going ice cream, yogurt, and cheese in Europe: Publications,
to succeed. This unique product is a cross between Ice Bean commercial products, and history from 1910 to 1990.
and Rice Dream, the first product to provide complementary Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 137 p. Subject/
soy and grain. It is sweetened with organic rice syrup and geographical indexes. Author/company indexes. July 17. 28
it contains organic tofu. Realistically, Rice Dream is made cm. [236 ref]
from essentially rice syrup–a very highly refined amazake. • Summary: This is the most comprehensive source of
He has pulled together an organization of good people. The information ever published on each of these three soyfoods
product is just now getting on the shelves. At the show, in Europe. It is also the single most current and useful source
the company had a custom-designed, elegant tent-style of information on these foods available today, since 80%
booth. He is using a pull strategy, developing demand from of all references (and most of the current ones) contain a
consumers and retailers to get distribution, which means summary/abstract.
heavy advertising in consumer publications. The theme in One of more than 40 such books on soybeans and
his ad is carried through to their aprons, point of purchase soyfoods being published by the Soyfoods Center, it is based
materials, everywhere. The product is high fat, maybe 17%, on historical principles, listing all known documents and
like a superpremium ice cream, and the price is also high at commercial products in chronological order. Containing 37
$2.89 to $2.99 retail, with about 50% overrun. Flavors were different document types (both published and unpublished,
chocolate-toffee, vanilla with chocolate marble, blueberry, including many original interviews and partial translations
and raspberry. One evening the company had a hospitality of Japanese and European works), it is a powerful tool
suite where they served ice cream sodas, floats, and sundaes for understanding the development of these subjects and
with a classical guitarist playing in the corner. It was an ice related products from their earliest beginnings to the present,
cream feast with 50-100 people in attendance.” Richard is worldwide.
working with him to try to get some export business. The book contains three separate bibliographies: Soy
Talk with Rachel Walk, Marketing Mgr. at of Believe ice cream has 98 references from 1934 to 1990, plus details
Inc. in Illinois. 1990. Aug. 3. This company is separate from on 28 commercial products. Soy yogurt has 90 references
Light Foods, but the corporate headquarters is at the same from 1910 to 1990, plus details on 26 commercial products.
address as Light Foods in Washington. The first 3 flavors Western-style soy cheese has 28 references from 1911 to

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1990, plus details on 14 commercial products. for making the best tasting soymilk and soy ice cream in the
Listings for on commercial products include the product world. They want to establish this in countries worldwide.
name, date of introduction, manufacturer’s name, address It has the potential to revolutionize the world of dairylike
and phone number, and (in many cases) ingredients, weight, soyfoods. Ted will contact Anders Lindner and explore ways
packaging and price, storage requirements, nutritional of working together.
composition, and a description of the label. Sources of Aros is now developing a fermented soy yogurt which
additional information on each product (such as references to it hopes to introduce in about Sept/Oct. 1991, starting in
and summaries of advertisements, articles, patents, etc.). Sweden and Finland. The flavor is excellent, but wheying
Each section has a complete subject/geographical index, off is still a problem. In Sweden, Arla, Sweden’s largest
and an author/company index. Suggestions on how to use the milk company, makes dairy yogurt. In Finland, Hemholmen-
book and its indexes are also included. Address: Soyfoods Ingmen OY (OY is like AB in Swedish, meaning
Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: “Incorporated”) makes 20 million liters/year of dairy yogurt.
415-283-2991. They have a huge, new automated dairy plant that has the
capacity to process 32 million liters/year of raw milk. They
1371. Product Name: Sunrise Ice Dream (Non-Dairy are interested in Aros’ new yogurt in part to help them use
Frozen Dessert) [Cassata, Coconut]. more of their plant’s capacity. Ted feels that Alpro’s soy
Manufacturer’s Name: Soya Health Foods, Ltd. yogurt has an unappealing beany flavor.
(Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. Soybeans are not grown in Norway or Finland, but they
Manufacturer’s Address: Unit 4, Guinness Road, Trafford are grown in Sweden, in 5 different areas from Uppland
Park, Manchester M17 1AU, England. to Skåne, by Sweden’s agricultural university at Ultuna,
Date of Introduction: 1990. July. Uppsala. However a total of only several tons a year are
Ingredients: Soya milk (made with purified water), corn produced. Address: Aros Sojaprodukter, Bergsvagen 1,
syrup, vegetable oil, fructose, vanilla bean extract, emulsifier S-19063 Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-604 56.
(vegetable mono-diglyceride), stabilisers (guar gum, locust
bean gum, pectin), mixed fruits (pineapple, raisins, cherries, 1373. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1990. Annual report. P.O.
green melon, gold melon, orange & lemon peel, ginger, Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 33 p.
grapes), natural colours (beta carotene, beetroot red), • Summary: Net sales for 1990 were $7,751 million, down
chlorophyllins. 2.3% from 1989. Earnings for 1990 were $483.5 million,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 liter plastic tub (rectangular). up 13.9% from 1989. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is
How Stored: Frozen. $3,573 million, up 17.8% from 1989. “This fifth straight
New Product–Documentation: Letter and Label sent by year of record earnings showed good contributions from
Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 10. Cassata and Coconut the Company’s core businesses of oilseed, corn, and wheat
were launched in July 1990. Label is 6.75 by 4.5 inches. processing and was aided by initial contributions from some
Paperboard, fits down into plastic lid. Yellow, red, green, of the new value-added operations... The company operates
and brown. Color photo shows vanilla colored scoops of ice 121 processing plants in the U.S. and owns, or has an
cream in a glass bowl with two wafers stuck into them, and ownership interest in, 25 foreign plants...
surrounded by sliced and whole fruits. “Made from natural “The protein specialties division expanded both in
ingredients. Lactose free.” terms of output and facilities this year. The production of
edible soy protein isolates more than doubled this year due
1372. Nordquist, Ted. 1990. Changes in ownership at Aros to greater market penetration in both domestic and export
Sojaprodukter in Sweden. Development of soy yogurt. markets. The production of soy protein concentrates also
Soybean production in Scandinavia (Interview). SoyaScan increased as this product demonstrated its adaptability in
Notes. Aug. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods food and animal feed products.
Center. “A new facility for the production of industrial soy
• Summary: On 1 Aug. 1990 Ted changed Aros into a protein isolates was brought on line in February. These
corporation and took in a partner, Eric Kennhed. The official products are used in a variety of markets worldwide,
company name changed from Aros Sojaprodukter KB to including the paper coating industry. ADM is the only
Aros Sojaprodukter AB. KB (kommanditbolag) means company which produces a complete line of value-added soy
“limited partnership” whereas AB (aktiebolag) means proteins.
“incorporated.” Ted now owns 51% of the stock and Eric “ADM has introduced its veggie burger, an all-vegetable
owns 49%. Eric was the former head of Volvo Penta, Volvo’s protein food product based on soy protein concentrate.
marine division in London. He has excellent business This innovative, cholesterol-free, reduced calorie product
experience and the ability to understand large contracts and also contains dietary fiber and appeals to the vegetarian
international deals. Aros now has a process and equipment market. Early indications of good acceptance in the U.S. and

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U.S.S.R. suggest that this product has global potential...

“ADM Ross & Rowe expanded its facilities this 1375. Soya International (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1990. Tofu
year with the completion of a new lecithin production festival held in Taiwan. July/Sept. p. 3.
plant in Decatur, Illinois. The division is now capable of • Summary: “In celebration of the 2169th birthday of the
producing modified, enzyme hydrolized, complexed and tofu inventor Liu An–King of Huai-nan of the Han Dynasty
microbiologically pure lecithins” (p. 4-5). of China–Taiwan’s tofu industry presented its ‘First Tofu
From page 8 to page 15 are four 2-page color photo Festival’, on September 15, 1990. The event was held
spreads, each concerning ADM’s new Vege Burgers. The text at Taipei Grand Hotel for over 300 attendees. The Tofu
of each reads: London: “Due to the trend toward healthier Festival was planned to promote further usage of tofu and
eating, many restaurants in Great Britain, including the Hard to spur development of new tofu products, such as tofu ice
Rock Cafe in London, offer Vege Burgers as a popular menu cream, burgers, etc. The event was sponsored by Dr. T.C.
choice.” Moscow: “Cafe Vege Burger opened in Moscow Tung, Chairman of the Chinese Research Foundation of
in early spring and sales have far exceeded expectations.” Food and Nutrition, and Dr. Steve Chen, President of the
Great Britain: “Vege Burgers are sold in a variety of flavors Chinese Nutrition Society, (Director of American Soybean
in many retail grocery and health food stores throughout Association/Taiwan). Henry Kao, Senior Advisor to the
Great Britain.” Decatur, Illinois: “In the Decatur area, several President of the ROC [Taiwan] was keynote speaker.”
grocery stores and employee cafeterias are now selling
veggie burgers to the growing number of health-conscious 1376. Soya International (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1990.
consumers looking for nutritious, good-tasting food.” Medical center says nondairy products may not be milk free.
“Haldane Food Group has benefitted from the ongoing July/Sept. p. 3.
trend toward a healthier and more varied diet. A recent • Summary: “Foods that do not list milk as an ingredient
Gallup poll which indicates a 150% increase in vegetarians may not be completely milk-free. Johns Hopkins Children’s
since 1984 helps to explain the emergence of Vege Burger Center reported that three children with cow’s milk
and other TVP products as market leaders. Over 60 million hypersensitivity developed acute allergic reactions after
servings of Vege Burgers were sold by Arkady Group eating tofu and rice based frozen desserts. The desserts
companies last year. Production capacity at the Coventry were manufactured in dairy processing plants, but despite
frozen food factory has been supplemented with off-site standardized cleaning procedures, the nondairy products
storage and additional burger manufacturing machinery. were contaminated with milk sufficient to cause allergic
Kwality Foods, now renamed Saucemasters Ltd., has reactions (half a teaspoon or less per serving.) In one case,
enjoyed increased sales in a potential growth market, a child reacted to a hot dog which contained hydrolyzed
especially with private label businesses. The company’s sodium caseinate, a milk derivative. This ingredient was
manufacturing capacity has been expanded with the addition not listed on the label, because it fell into the category of
of bottle and jar fillers, labellers, and more off-site storage. ‘natural flavoring.’ The hot dog contained an amount of
Genice Ltd. has introduced an extended range of non- sodium caseinate equivalent to a third of a milliliter of milk.
dairy ice creams based on soya isolate, soya milk, or tofu. The USDA is changing the regulations so that milk-derived
Yogurt-based ice creams are now being marketed.” Address: ingredients can no longer be designated ‘natural flavorings’
Decatur, Illinois. and must be labeled by their common or usual name.”

1374. Muller, Mr. 1990. The process of producing powdered 1377. Stievenard, Mr. 1990. Concentrating soya milk by
soyamilk. Lecture presented at Eurosoya Conference. Held ultrafiltration. Lecture presented at Eurosoya Conference.
5-7 Sept. 1990 at Strasbourg, France. * Held 5-7 Sept. 1990 at Strasbourg, France. *
• Summary: Powdered soymilk is produced by spray drying, • Summary: The initial soymilk contains 4% solids at 80ºC.
a simple, natural process that uses no chemical additives. Ultrafiltration is conducted using a carbon / zirconium
Applications include desserts, yogurt, ice cream, drinks, membrane with a process control factor of 3.5 at 80ºC.
purees, soups, sauces, baked goods, meat products, etc. The resulting concentrated milk, which now contains 12%
including low calorie and cholesterol-free products. It can protein, is cooled in a chamber. It is then heated to 55-80ºC,
also be used as an alternative to sodium caseinate. Powdered conditioned, and chilled. The concentrated contains 12%
soymilk has functional properties which are similar to solids and at 4ºC its texture is that of a gel. The typical
soy protein concentrates and isolates but with the added composition of the final product is: dry matter 22.8%, protein
advantage of being totally natural. Like them, it contains 12.7%, lipids 7.4%, and carbohydrate 1.2%. Compared
no lactose or cholesterol. A typical spray-dried soymilk with normal soyamilk, concentrated soyamilk has higher
has the following composition: Protein 45%, lipids 20%, levels of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, and lower
carbohydrate 20%, and minerals 5%. Address: B.P. 37, 14 levels of the flatulence-causing oligosaccharides saccharose,
rue Inkermann, 79001 Niort, France. Phone: 49.24.09.42. stachyose, and raffinose. Applications of concentrated

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 489

soyamilk include soya ice creams, pâtés, sausages, salad frozen yogurts provide strong competition for the very
dressings, mayonnaise, and ready meals. Address: Cacoja, limited freezer space. So it would be very hard for a new
France. product to enter the fray. Address: Rose International, Santa
Rosa, California 95404. Phone: 707-963-8628.
1378. Cohen, Karen J. 1990. Terre Haute firm hopes
Americans take a liking to tofu. Indianapolis Star (Indiana). 1380. Takai Seisaku-sho. 1990. Modern soymilk plant:
Nov. 20. p. B-2. Makes delicious dairylike soymilk with no beany flavor. 1-1
• Summary: Kyoto Food Corp. expects to begin tofu Inari, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa-ken 921, Japan. 4 pages.
production at the end of November. “The $4.5 million plant Nov. Catalog. With 1-page color insert. 30 cm. [Eng]
is a joint venture between four Japanese investors and the • Summary: Page 2 is a flow chart of the modern soymilk
husband and wife team of William and Setsuko Roach. production process. Page 3 shows modern soymilk plant
The 15,000-square-foot factory will be the largest tofu layouts, floor plans, and specifications. The color insert,
manufacturer in the country, capable of producing 9,800 which is titled “Modern soymilk plant: Makes delicious
12-ounce cakes per day, according to Roach. dairylike soymilk with off-beany flavor,” is printed on both
“The Indiana Department of Commerce awarded a sides. The front shows 3 packaged soymilk products: Ah Soy,
$46,117 grant to the plant for infrastructure needs and Hai-Meeru Soyalac (Made by San-iku Foods in Japan), and
$25,000 for employee training. Kyoto Foods employs 19 Soya Bean Milk (made by Guilin Sweets and Food Factory,
people. Guangxi, China). Companies that make soymilk using Takai
“’If things go right we hope that will double within equipment include: Chung’s Foods and Nam Yang Industries
a year,’ said Roach, who is retired from the construction in Korea. Jinan Huifeng Bean Milk Product Factory in
business and was a Democratic state representative for 12 China. “One of our plants makes 1,000 liters of 5,000 x 200
years... ml packs of soymilk; another makes 10,000 or 20,000 packs
Mary Beth Thomas, marketing director, said “Kyoto of soymilk per hour. EMUL is a healthy soy-based frozen
plans to unveil its product in grocery stores, hospitals and dessert. Contact Takai for an EMUL production plant.” On
universities in and around Terre Haute in the near future. The the back is a plant layout. Address: Kanazawa, Ishikawa-ken,
company doesn’t have any contracts yet but Roach said it has Japan. Phone: 0762-48-1355.
had discussions with Kroger Co., Marsh Supermarkets Inc.,
and Dominick’s Finer Foods Inc., a Chicago-based grocery 1381. SoyaScan Notes. 1990. Rich Freeze: Central Soya’s
chain.” Because the company’s marketing director, Thomas, soy protein isolate-based ice cream mix that was never
feels that Americans “have a negative image about tofu,” commercialized (Overview). Dec. 1. Compiled by William
the company is developing recipes for sloppy joes, cookies, Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
and tacos, which are taste-tested by employees. Tofu doesn’t • Summary: In Tofutti & Other Soy Ice Creams (1985, p.
sell very well in Indianapolis. The Kroger supermarkets 31), Shurtleff and Aoyagi note: “By 1963 Central Soya
sell about 240 packages/week in the central Indiana region. had begun development of a soy ice cream based on their
They also sell Tofutti, a soy ice cream. Peter Golbitz of Soya Promine-brand isolated soy proteins. A memo dated 21 April
International estimates that 5 to 10% of the 69.5 million lb 1964 referred to a pilot-plant run to produce dry mix for the
of tofu produced in the USA is used in secondary products. product. In 1965 the innovative new non-dairy frozen dessert
“Americans like the idea of tofu, but they don’t like this was granted a registered trademark: Rich Freeze. Research
white cake floating around in a tub of water.” Kyoto Foods and development work on Rich Freeze continued throughout
buys its soybeans from outside Indiana. Contains a large the late 1960s. In 1966 Central Soya opened an isolate plant
photo of the inside of the tofu plant, showing the equipment with a capacity of 30 million pounds (1,360 metric tons) a
and employees. year. Central Soya’s line of promine isolates was considered
the state of the art.”
1379. Rose, Richard. 1990. Update on the soy and non- The first publicity for Central Soya’s ice cream
dairy ice cream markets in America (Interview). SoyaScan appeared in 1966. On July 8, Time magazine, in an article
Notes. Nov. 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods titled “Commotion in the bean pit” (p. 77-78), reported that
Center. “Central Soya has developed an ice cream-like frozen dessert
• Summary: The two main brands of soy ice cream in the made of soybeans... this month Central Soya will begin mass
mass market are Tofutti and Mocha Mix. The two brands production of Promine, an isolated soybean protein, at a new
in the natural foods market are Ice Bean (Farm Foods/ Chicago plant.”
Barricini) and Rice Dream (made from rice, with no soy). Then on July 23, Business Week, in “Soybeans move
Believe, produced by Bob Davis is an excellent product; it up on the menu” (p. 82-87), noted that “Central Soya makes
is made from powdered tofu and is high in fat. Yet the whole an isolated soy protein binder called Promine... Sales of
category is very small, and the rise of sorbets and low-fat the binder at $0.35/lb... are so promising that production

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will be doubled to 2.5 million lb monthly when a new plant

opens in Chicago next month... In addition the company this
fall hopes to start exporting a frozen soy dessert to tropical
countries with no dairy industries.”
Shurtleff and Aoyagi (1985, p. 35-36) continue: “In
1970 Central Soya’s Rich Freeze, first developed in 1964,
began to become well known. The Soybean Digest (Aug.
1970) gave this as the year when ‘Soy protein isolate
replaces milk solids in Central Soya’s frozen all-vegetable
dessert. Industrial research increases.’ The product was
initially developed in the form of a dry mix for a company
in Japan, a country then facing a shortage of dairy products.
The main ingredients were coconut oil, sugar, corn syrup
solids, soy protein isolate, and a stabilizer. But many
problems arose during the development process. For
example, Central Soya had to remove all sugar from the mix
to avoid huge import duties. Rich Freeze was a good product,
and an outstanding non-dairy ice cream by the standards of (England). 1990. June. p. 21. “Health Food Business retailer
the day. But eventually the whole concept fell through before guide to ice creams.” Berrydales Special Ices, available in
the product was even test marketed in Japan. Yet Central 5 flavors, are a delectable refreshing cross between an ice
Soya kept the idea alive. In the U.S. they called it an ‘all- cream and a sorbet, and all based on tofu.
vegetable frozen dessert,’ carefully skirting the term ‘non- Soya International. 1990. July/Sept. p. 5. Lists 5
dairy’ which might offend the dairy industry, one of their flavors. Says that the products are made from organic tofu
biggest customers for mixed feeds and feed concentrates. and soymilk. Note that the company leaflets below do not
There were negotiations with the navy to use Rich Freeze mention organic ingredients.
on ships at sea. In about 1970, using a Taylor soft-serve Three leaflets sent by Heather Paine from London. 1991.
machine, Central Soya prepared and gave out samples in April 23. The first, titled “Berrydales” notes that “Berrydales
Japan, at a big international food convention in Washington, Special Ices, based on the ancient Chinese and Japanese
DC, at an Institute of Food Technologists’s convention on food tofu, are a delectably refreshing cross between an ice
the West Coast, and finally at the huge ANUGA food fair cream and a sorbet. They are unique, delicious, and good
in Europe. There, served spiked with brandy, it was a real for you. Berrydales ices use only the highest quality natural
hit. Yet Rich Freeze was an idea born before its time; it was ingredients. They contain no animal products, no emulsifiers
never commercialized... not even for the kosher market, or stabilisers, are lactose free, low in fats and cholesterol
which would probably have welcomed it (Rakosky 1985, and relatively low in calories.” They are “currently available
personal communication).” in four flavours: Berry, Maple & Walnut, Ginger & Honey,
and Bitter Chocolate. In April we introduced our new Honey
1382. Product Name: Berrydales Special Ices [Berry, Vanilla.” They are sold in bio-degradable paperboard packs
Maple & Walnut, Ginger and Honey, Bitter Chocolate, in 100 ml, 500 ml, and 2 liter sizes. They are available
Honey Vanilla]. nationwide in delicatessens and health food stores (including
Manufacturer’s Name: Berrydales Ltd. (Marketer). Made the Holland and Barrett chain), in selected Europa stores in
in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. London, and in selected branches of Tescos nationwide. For
Manufacturer’s Address: 5 Lawn Road, London NW3 further information contact Michelle Berriedale-Johnson,
2XS, England. Phone: 071-722-2866. Berrydales’ founder and well-known food writer.
Date of Introduction: 1990. December. The second, titled “Nutritional breakdown of Berrydales
Ingredients: Berry: Soya milk, tofu, honey, apple Special Ices,” gives a nutritional analysis and list of
concentrate, raspberries, blackcurrants. ingredients for 5 flavors. Ingredients for the new Honey
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 100 ml, 500 ml, and 2 liter Vanilla are: Soya milk, tofu, honey, raw can sugar, lemon
biodegradable paperboard tubs. juice, natural vanilla essence. All 5 flavors use soya milk and
How Stored: Frozen. tofu as the first two ingredients.
Nutrition: Berry: Per 100 ml.: Energy 75 kcal (calories; 313 The third, titled “Berrydales no-cream ices: Ices in
Kilojoules), protein 1.02 gm, total fat 0.79 gm (saturated fat your postbag,” notes that the company has a new mail order
0.12 gm, polyunsaturated 0.45 gm), carbohydrate 17.12 gm, service. It will ship 5 packs (100 ml each) or 2 packs (500 ml
salt 0.8 gm. each) of any of its five flavors in polystyrene boxes.
New Product–Documentation: Health Food Business Health Food Business (London). 1992. May. p. 34.

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of curds and whey, pressing the curds, removal of the tofu

from the mold, cutting and packing the tofu, the need for
water in a tofu ship, variations in production, storage and
preservation of soymilk and tofu after their production, yuba,
production of tofu from seeds other than soybeans.
2. Applications/uses of soymilk and tofu: Products:
Soymilk and soymilk products (soymilk, sweetened soy
beverages, dairylike soymilks, soy-based infant formulas,
powdered soymilk, concentrated soymilks, soymilk mixed
with other animal or vegetable milks, soy ice creams and
frozen desserts, fermented soymilk products such as soy
yogurt, various soymilk desserts [such as custards], sauces,
dressings, and mayonnaises made from soymilk), tofu and
tofu products (smoked tofu, fried tofu [tofu frit], marinated
tofu, fermented tofu, breaded tofu, tofu mayonnaise and
sauces, tofu spreads for bread, tofu sausages, pâtés, or
biscuits/pancakes [galettes], tofu quenelles, quiches, fritters,
raviolis, pizzas, mixed salads, prepared dishes (plats
cuisinés), or sandwiches, tofu cakes, cheesecakes, or tarts,
tofu desserts, ice creams, or chocolate bars), preparations
based on okara (sausages, pâtés, croquettes, burgers, special
“Frozen desserts. Berrydales. Berrydales ices–made from the breads or biscuits), the nutritional arguments for soymilk
highest quality natural ingredients, are a cross between an and tofu (rich in proteins, lipids, absence of cholesterol and
ice cream and a sorbet. They come in five flavours: Honey lactose, low in sodium, an excellent ingredient in “light
Vanilla, Chocolate, Maple & Walnut, Ginger & Honey and foods” [aliments allegés]).
Berry. Low in calories, ultra low in fat, low in cholesterol, 3. A quick look at the major enterprises making and or
they are based on organic fresh tofu and are dairy-free and selling soymilk, tofu, or their products in selected countries:
vegetarian. The Chocolate ice is also totally vegan and all France (Cacoja, Innoval, Soy [Société Soy], Sojadoc,
the ices are kosher. Sizes include 100ml, 500ml, and 2 litre. Triballat, Celia, Celnat, Lima-Andiran, Maho Distribution,
From May a new four-pack is available with individual tubs France-Proteines-Services), Great Britain (Plamil Foods
of Hone Vanilla, Maple & Walnut, Chocolate and Finger & Ltd., Itona Products Ltd., Soya Health Foods Ltd., British
Honey (rrp [or RRP = recommended retail price] £2.99).” Arkady Co. Ltd. [subsidiary of ADM; incl. Haldane Foods
Spot in SoyaFoods. 1991. Spring. p. 4. “Berrydales no- Ltd., Regular Tofu Co., Tofeata Tofu], Granose Foods Ltd.,
cream ices by mail order.” “Berrydales Special Ices are made Cauldron Foods, Dragon and Phoenix, Paul Jones (Tofu
from soyamilk and tofu. Described as a cross between an Shop), Full of Beans Soyfoods, Birchwood Health Products,
ice cream and a sorbet, they contain no animal products no White Waves, The Bean Machine Co-op Ltd., St. Ivel,
emulsifiers or stabilisers and are lactose free, low in fats and St. Giles Foods Ltd., Yu’s Tofu Shop, Tousoy Ltd., Allied
cholesterol and relatively low in calories. Five flavors are Foods Ice Cream Co., Nexus Foods, Vegetarian Feasts,
currently available.” Unisoy Milk and By-Products Ltd.), Germany (DE-VAU-GE
Original Labels with the original ingredients (Berry, Gesundkostwerk GmbH, Soyastern Naturkost GmbH, Nuxo-
Ginger and Honey, Honey Vanilla) sent by Genice Foods Werke Rothfritz), Netherlands (Heuschen-Schrouff, Linn
Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. 3.75 inch round lid. 500 ml. Illustration Oriental Products, Solnuts B.V., Manna Natuurvoeding),
of a flower against a light wood-grain background. “Lactose Belgium (Alpro, Jonathan P.V.B.A., Lima Foods, De Hobbit,
free. No animal products. Low cholesterol.” Seven Arrows), Switzerland (Conserves Estavayer S.A.,
Soyana, Galactina), Sweden (Trensums Musteri, Aros
1383. Dacosta, Yves. 1990. Lait de soja et tofu [Soymilk Sojaprodukter), Italy (Crivellaro), Spain (Zuaitzo), USA,
and tofu]. APRIA/CDIUPA, 1 avenue des Olympiades, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore. Bibliography.
91300 Massy, France. 102 p. Dec. No index. 30 cm. Series: Note: A great deal of the information in this report
Actualités Scientifiques et Techniques en Industries Agro- is taken, without permission or adequate citation, from
Alimentaires. No. 45. [85 ref. Fre] books published by the Soyfoods Center in California. The
• Summary: Contents: Preliminary remarks. 1. Production statistics and dates given for the European, American, and
of soymilk and tofu: Principles of production, the soybeans, Asian markets are taken almost completely from Soyfoods
cleaning/washing, soaking, grinding, cooking the slurry Center books. In some cases where the author relied on these
(bouillie), extraction of the soymilk, coagulation, separation books published more than 2 years ago, the information is

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 492

presented as if it were current, whereas it is actually out of soymilk production. 2nd ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods
date and no longer correct. Dacosta’s book, which might Center. 336 p. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Dec.
be called a “review of the literature,” contains little or no 11. 28 cm. [223 ref]
new information. However his bibliography, based largely • Summary: Contains many new advertisements, plus
on a search of the CDIUPA database, with some original changes on the copyright page, on page 14 (Soyfoods
references, is quite good. Association in now located at Bar Harbor, Maine), and
APRIA stands for Association pour la Promotion rear cover of both paperback and hardcover editions (new
Industrie Agricole. APRIA administers CDIUPA. Address: ISBN for each). Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234,
Conseiller d’Entreprises, France: 47, rue Guersant–7015 Lafayette, California 94549.
Paris, France.
1386. Product Name: Cauldron Foods Elysia: Exotic
1384. Product Name: So Good Tofu Delights: Chunky Bars Dairy-Free Ice Dessert (Soy Ice Cream) [Stateside Fudge &
of Vanilla Flavoured Iced Soya Dessert in a Thick Carob Pecan, Classic Vanilla, Fruits of the Forest, or Continental
Coating. Chocolate].
Manufacturer’s Name: Haldane Foods Group Ltd. Manufacturer’s Name: Cauldron Foods Ltd.
(Marketer). Made in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. Manufacturer’s Address: 149 South Liberty Lane, Ashton
Manufacturer’s Address: 25 Hayhill, Sileby Road, Barrow Vale Trading Estate, Bedminster, Bristol, Avon, BS3 2TL,
upon Soar, Leicestershire LE12 8LD, England. Phone: England. Phone: 0272 632835.
050981-6611. Date of Introduction: 1990.
Date of Introduction: 1990. December. Ingredients: Classic vanilla: Water, tofu (water, soya beans,
Ingredients: Tofu (organic soya beans, calcium sulphate), calcium sulphate), glucose syrup, fructose, vegetable oil,
raw cane sugar, vegetable oil, carob flour, vanilla bean dextrose, flavouring (natural vanilla extract), emulsifier
extract, emulsifier (vegetable mono diglycerides, lecithin), (monoglycerides of vegetable origin), stabilisers (guar gum,
stabilisers (guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum), xanthan gum, locust bean gum), natural colour (annatto,
colouring (beta carotene). curcumin).
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 x 75 ml foil-wrapped bars in Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 750 ml paperboard tub. Retails
a paperboard box. Retails for £1.69 (4/91, London). for £2.33 (12/90).
How Stored: Frozen. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Haldane Foods Group. New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1986. p.
1990. “Twenty-one Today. Twenty-new and exciting 104. Letter (fax) from Philip Marshall. 1990. July 9. This
products launched at Helfex alone.” At least 12 of these are product was introduced in July, 1990. The Soybean Digest
soyfood products. “A dairy free choc ice made with tofu and listing in 1986 is wrong. The product is called Elysia, and it
enrobed with carob.” is based on tofu.
Soya International. 1990. July/Sept. p. 5. “A vanilla
flavored carob coated iced soya dessert launched as the tofu
‘choc-ice.’ They contain no animal products and are suitable
for vegans.”
Article in Health Food Business (England). 1990. June.
p. 30. “Product news: Tofu ‘choc-ice.’” A color photo shows
2 boxes of Tofu Delights. Each box contains 6 individually
wrapped 75 ml bars.
Label sent by Heather Paine of SoyaFoods in London.
1991. April 23. 7 by 3.5 by 2 inch box. Dark brown, blue,
pink, and green on beige. Color photo of one bar, cut
crosswise into halves, on top of box. “Soya carob dessert.
100% natural ingredients. Dairy free. No animal produce.
Store below 18ºC/0ºF.” Purchased at Lifecycle. UPC indicia.
Two kosher symbols.
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
10. At the time this product was launched, Haldane was
promoting So Good as their brand. They are no longer doing
this as much.

1385. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1990. Tofu &

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Labels sent by Philip Marshall of Cauldron Foods. 1990. so tasty and the products being so well advertised to your
July 9. 5.5 inch diameter. Heavy paper. Multi-color. Photo market...” Address: Howard Way, Newport Pagnell, Bucks
of three scoops of the ice cream in a dish surrounded by an MK16 9PY, England.
illustration of a related theme. “Elysia–the new delicious
dairy-free dessert. Suitable for those who are lactose 1389. Rosenberg, Roy A. 1990. A concise guide to Judaism:
intolerant, vegan or cutting down on cholesterol. No artificial History, practice, faith. New York, NY: New American
additives.” Library (Div. of Penguin Books). xii + 255 p. Index. 18 cm.
Spot in SoyaFoods. 1990. 1(2):5. Dec. A photo shows Mentor pocketbook edition published 1991.
the labels. • Summary: Chapter 8, “The Jewish Household,” contains
Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. a clear explanation of “The Dietary Rules.” It notes that
10. He thinks that either Cauldron Foods made this product “Reform Judaism allows the abrogation of these rules,
themselves, or a little Italian company in Bristol named although a number of Reform Jews choose to keep some
Varichea made it for them. It was not a successful product. It of them. The other branches of Judaism emphasize the
was made in very small quantities and Cauldron withdrew it importance of the dietary laws, although truly Orthodox
very shortly after it was launched. Jews, of course, observe them with greater rigor and
attention to detail... The dietary restrictions are contained
1387. Product Name: Uncle Soyo Soydrinks, Soy Yogurt, in the rules of kashrut (“fitness”), specifying which animals
Soy Ice Cream. are kosher, or fit for Jewish consumption. Only animals
Manufacturer’s Name: Farina Ltd. that have a split hoof and chew a cud are acceptable.” The
Manufacturer’s Address: Lagos, Nigeria. pig, which does not chew a cud, is forbidden. “Another
Date of Introduction: 1990. rule of kashrut is that a kosher animal must be slaughtered
Ingredients: Soybeans, water, flavor, sugar. properly, in accordance with ancient ritual practice, in order
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Soymilk: 60 ml PE pouch; for Jews to eat its meat.” Shellfish are not kosher. “The laws
Yogurt & ice cream: Cup. of kashrut prohibit the mixing of any milk product with any
How Stored: Soymilk and Soy yogurt: Refrigerated. Soy meat product at the same meal. This derives from biblical
ice cream: Frozen. law, ‘You shall not cook the young in its mother’s milk.’”
New Product–Documentation: J.L. Voisin. 1995, Oct. 3-5. Separate utensils, dishes, and pots must be kept for milk
Dairy like soyfoods in Africa: Evolution & perspectives. foods and meat foods. “After eating meat, one must wait
Paper presented at the Third Bi-Annual SoyAfrica three to six hours before eating a milk food, to insure that
Conference. 5 p. Held 3-5 Oct. 1995 at Johannesburg, South digestion is complete.” Address: Rabbi, Temple of Universal
Africa. Organized by Aproma. Actimonde of Archamps, Judaism, New York City, NY.
France, installed an Agrolactor (soymilk processing plant)
at this company in 1990. This was the first commercial 1390. Sunrise Markets Inc. 1990. Tofu cookbook: 60 quick
Agrolactor installed worldwide. Owned by a private Indian & easy recipes. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Sunrise Markets
investor. After 3 extensions and an aggressive marketing Inc. 80 p. No index. 22 cm.
policy, this company was selling more than 300,000 units per • Summary: Contents: Sunrise Markets Inc. What is tofu?
day of soydrinks (pouches), soy yogurt, and ice cream. After Sunrise tofu (Extra Firm {green label}, moderately firm
very good results and profitability, the plant has now been {yellow/red label}, soft {blue label}, tofu dessert {pink
moved to India. label}). Cooking hints. Recipes–Soups. Salads. Dressings
and dips. Entrees. Desserts. Nutritional breakdown of
1388. Haldane Foods Group Ltd. 1990. They’ve every Sunrise Tofu. Other Sunrise products (Sunrise soya drinks
occasion to choose So-Good (Leaflet). Newport Pagnell, {non-dairy in sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla/almond,
Bucks., England. 1 p. Single sided. 29 cm. and chocolate flavors}, Tofu-Rella {Tofu-based cheese in 5
• Summary: See next page. On the top half of this attractive flavors}, Mori-Nu Tofu, Sunrise Tofu Puffs {deep fried} and
color leaflet, a photo shows a So Good brand Strawberry Dried Flavour Tofu, Tofreezi {non-dairy tofu-based frozen
Bombe next to a whole strawberry on a black lacquerware dessert in seven flavors}, Casa Del Norte Chili and Canadian
surface. On the bottom half, accompanied by text, photos Chef Beans & Tofu Wieners). Glossary. Substitutions and
show four products (each launched in 1990) in the center: equivalents. Feedback.
Strawberry Bombes, Tofu Delights (non-dairy frozen dessert A color photo on the front cover shows 8 different tofu
bars), and two flavors of Tofu Dessert (ice cream style). dishes. On the rear cover are color photos of Sunrise’s four
The text reads: “From teatime afters, to exotic desserts, to tofu products. Address: 729 Powell St., Vancouver, BC V6A
treats. The So-Good range of non-dairy soya ice products 1H5. Phone: 253-2326.
from Haldane gives your customers every occasion to buy.
Especially as the packaging is so appealing, the reputation 1391. Product Name: [Tofu Ice Cream].

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Manufacturer’s Name: Les Aliments Multisoya Inc. Part II of this chapter is about soy yogurt (cultured; p. 145-
Manufacturer’s Address: 1925 Route 139, Roxton-Sud, 47), with 2 recipes for frozen soy yogurt. Part III is on tofu
QUE, J0H 1Z0, Canada. and tofu ice cream, with 6 recipes, including a tofu sherbet.
Date of Introduction: 1990? Part IV is soy sundaes; one topping includes soynuts. There
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Harris Claude. is also a recipe for “Whipped Tofu Cream.” The appendix on
1991. March 20. This is the only product he makes currently. supplies gives two sources of powdered soymilk.
He used to make tofu but local bureaucrats shut him down The hardcover book features 8 full-color photos, 24
saying that the whey he discharged into the sewage system black-and-white photos, 50 illustrations (line drawings), 200
was causing too much environmental pollution. He is now home recipes, and a glossary of ice cream lover’s jargon.
developing a soy yogurt. The labels have been printed. Address: Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN.

1392. Tetra Pak Inc. 1991. Use of UHT/Aseptic white dairy 1394. Hagler, Louise. 1991. Tofu cookery. Revised ed.
milk in Europe and other countries, 1989. 889 Bridgeport Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 160 p.
Ave., Shelton, CT 06489. 2 p. Feb. 5. Unpublished Illust. Index. 29 cm.
manuscript. • Summary: This vegan cookbook contains no recipes
• Summary: The following statistics are from Tetra Pak calling for eggs or dairy products. Contents. Introduction. 1.
Statistics in Lausanne, Switzerland. In western Europe, Dips and spreads. 2. Soups. 3. Salads. 4. Salad dressings and
27,896 million liters of milk are consumed in total. Of sauces. 5. Main dishes. 6. Side dishes. 7. Breads. 8. Cookies
this, 24,108 million liters are consumed in the eleven EEC and bars. 9. Desserts. 10. Making tofu at home.
countries. Countries not in the EEC are Austria, Cyprus, A half-page ad in Vegetarian Times (Feb. 1991, p.
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey. 23) states: “America’s best-selling tofu cookbook. Brand
The four countries with the largest total milk consumption new edition. Over 200 new & revised recipes. 40 beautiful
are the UK (6,687 million liters), France (3,735), Spain color photos. Healthy recipes for the ‘90s. Dairy-free–No
(3,624), and Germany (3,470). Of the all the milk consumed cholesterol. $14.95.
in Europe, 9,660 million liters (35% of the total) is packaged Talk with Robert Holzapfel of The Book Publishing
in UHT/Aseptic cartons. Of the all the milk consumed in the Co. 1991. Jan. 24. About 10-15% of these recipes are new
EEC, 9,376 million liters (39% of the EEC total) is packaged recipes, which replace old ones. The rest have been revised
in UHT/Aseptic cartons. The four countries in which UHT/ to lower the fat and sugar content. Address: Summertown,
Aseptic packaging is most widely used are France (3,000 Tennessee. Phone: 615-964-3571.
million liters; 80% of all milk in France), Spain (2,125;
59%), Germany (1,578; 45%), and Italy (1,497; 52%). 1395. Plenty Bulletin (Davis, California). 1991. A visit to the
Outside of Europe, the world’s biggest dairy milk soy dairy in Guatemala. 7(1):3. Spring.
consumers are: USA (24,429 million liters; 0.2% UHT/ • Summary: “In 1979, at the peak of Plenty’s integrated
Aseptic), India (5,001; 0.4%), Japan (4,803; 4%), Mexico village development program in Guatemala, we bought 3,200
(2,895; 8%), and Canada (2,504; 0%). Countries with the sq. meters of land (0.8 acre) in the village of San Bartolo
highest percentage of UHT packaging are Yemen (39 million in the central highlands. With the help of local Mayan
liters of milk consumed; 95% in UHT), Pakistan (97; 92%), volunteers a soy dairy was built on that land. In February of
Saudi Arabia (158; 82%), Thailand (34; 70%), Singapore 1980, the dairy was open and running. Eleven years later it
(28; 64%), and Chile (151; 61%). Address: Shelton, is still going and producing tempeh, tofu, soy flour, soy milk
Connecticut. and soy ice-cream which are sold in nearby markets and in
Guatemala City.”
1393. Damerow, Gail. 1991. Ice cream! The whole scoop. Alan Praskin, at the invitation of the village, returned to
Macomb, Illinois: Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. xix + 384 p. Guatemala and on 7 March 1991 signed title to the land over
See p. 133-53, 362-63. Illust. Index. 26 cm. [10 ref] to the community and “Alimentos de San Bartolo,” which is
• Summary: Chapter 9, titled “Dairy alternatives,” has now the name of the soyfoods enterprise. The community of
a recipe for “Soy ‘n’ Rice Cream” (made with soymilk), San Bartolo and the managers and staff of the soy dairy are
discusses “Amasaki” [sic, amazake] and Rice Dream, and Cakchiquel Mayas.
has a recipe for “Amasaki Sherbet.” Three photos shown: Alan surrounded by San Bartolo
Note: This is the earliest English-language document elementary students, some of San Bartolo’s soy-fed children,
seen (Sept. 2013) that uses the term “Dairy alternatives” (or and a Guatemala highland family enjoying soy ice cream
“Dairy alternative”) to refer to soy ice cream. cones.
Chapter 10, titled “Soy Ice Cream,” discusses Tofutti,
soy protein, soy milk, milking the bean, soy ice cream, and 1396. Richardson, Al. 1991. New developments at Nichii
flavors. Eight recipes (mostly made with soymilk) follow. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 16. Conducted by William

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 496

Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. easy on the planet. Health Foods Business. May. p. 34-39. [1
• Summary: The Nichii plant opening in Iowa at the end ref]
of April was a great success. The governor of Iowa, Terry • Summary: “Based on data from the nation-wide study,
Branstad, was there, along with 350 invited guests. An 1990 HealthFocus on U.S. Consumers, about one in ten
additional 1,500 to 2,000 people showed up to taste tofu health active food shoppers say they eat soyfoods once every
dishes and take a tour of the plant. They were responding to two weeks or more.” Address: Vice President, Health Focus
a full-page ad in the Jefferson paper that Mr. Chikaarashi had Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania.
run. They loved the Tofutti [soy ice cream] and Tofu Lasagna
that were served, but they didn’t seem to care much for plain 1399. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1991. Tofutti. 1990 annual report.
cubes of tofu seasoned only with soy sauce. Address: Nichii 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 19 p. 28 cm.
Company of America, Inc., 23440 Hawthorne Blvd., Skypark • Summary: Sales in 1990 (year ended Dec. 29) were $5.442
2, Suite 140, Torrance, California 90505. million, down from $7.918 million the year before. Net
income was -$37,000 (loss) in 1990 vs. -$1,299,000 in 1989.
1397. INTSOY. 1991. Highlights of International Conference “We are continuing our attempt to distance the Company
on Soybean Processing and Utilization. Plus closing from its competition by directing our efforts on our unique
statements and recommendations, and a directory of specialty product position in milk free, cholesterol free,
participants. Urbana, Illinois. 3 p. Unpublished manuscript. low fat, healthy food products. The Company is developing
28 cm. a new ‘all natural’, sugar free, non-dairy frozen dessert
• Summary: Organizers: Jilin Academy of Agricultural sweetened only with fruit juice, which is designed strictly
Sciences (JAAS), China–host; Chinese Academy of for the growing health food retail market, and which will be
Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), China–co-host; International marketed under the ‘Land of the Free’ trademark. Marketing
Soybean Program (INTSOY) at the University of Illinois; new products to this specialty end of the business is much
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), less costly than through conventional supermarkets and
Japan; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture entails less risk.”
(IITA), Nigeria; Scientific Research Institute of Foods and The Tofutti product line now includes: Premium
Fermentation Industries (SRIFFI), China” Tofutti, Lite Lite Tofutti, Tofutti Frutti (stick novelties),
Participants: 100 foreign participants from 25 different Tofutti Cuties (bite size dessert sandwiches), Egg Watchers
countries and 150 participants from throughout China. (replacement for whole eggs), and Better than Cream
58 people from developing countries and 40 people from Cheese.
developed countries. Regional distribution of foreign David Mintz, Chairman of the Board and CEO owns
participants: Southeast Asia–25 people from 4 countries. East 50.1% of the company’s stock. His salary in 1990 was
Asia–23 from 3 countries. North America–17 from 1 country. $100,000. Rick W. Malloy, executive vice-president of
Africa–13 from 5 countries. South Asia–12 from 5 countries. frozen desserts, is paid $100,000 per year. Steven Kass, chief
Europe–5 from 3 countries. Central America–2 from 1 financial officer, secretary and treasurer, is paid $70,000.
country. Middle East–1 from 1 country. Reuben Rapoport has been director of Production and
Program: 80 research/development/policy papers Product Development since Jan. 1984 and a Director of the
presented. Topics: Research (processing/products): Breeding/ company since July 1983. Address: Cranford, New Jersey.
germplasm 10, extrusion 9, tofu 8, fermented products 4,
nutrition 4, soymilk & ice cream 3, edamame (vegetable) 2, 1400. Contact (Plenty Canada). 1991. The promise of soy
soy protein isolates and concentrates 2, lecithin 2, other 3. foods: Sri Lanka. 1(3):1-3.
Development: Country reports 21 project reports 6. Policy/ • Summary: A photo shows Muttiah Jeyabalan, a native
economic 3. Sri Lankan, who is Plenty Canada’s Program Officer for
Demonstrations and exhibitions by 37 companies from Asia and the Caribbean. Since 1985 he has taken a major
throughout China (including soy milk and ice cream). part in developing Plenty Canada’s program that provides
Local visits: Modern tofu plant. Modern solvent two benefits to Sri Lankans: nutrition and economic
extraction plant. Farms. Local markets/stores. Soybean opportunity. Plenty Canada’s project has recently received
research institute of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. $4.7 million funding from CIDA, the Canadian International
Headquarters of the Gene Bank of Chinese Academy of Development Agency, as it enters its second 5-year phase.
Agricultural Sciences. Labs and pilot plant of Scientific In the first 4-year phase of the Soya promotion program,
Research Institute of Foods and Fermentation Industries. two soy centers were established, one in Kandy and one in
Address: INTSOY, 113 Mumford Hall, Urbana, Illinois Colombo. The emphasis was on training, including extension
61801. Phone: 217-333-6422. programs, that assisted women’s groups in starting income-
generating soy-related businesses. In Sri Lanka, food is
1398. Starr, Sara. 1991. Soyfoods: Pleasing to the palate, traditionally a woman’s business. Soya products needed to

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be popularized and marketed to the general public. The key to religious men who don’t mix milk with meat...” Mrs.
soyfoods were soy nuts, tofu, ice cream, popsicles, cakes, Nhuch would like to introduce Tofutti to Brazil. It would be
fried beans, yogurt, curries and tempeh. “Thirty Sri Lankan excellent for the country’s 5 million diabetics. 11% of the
enterprises, mostly women-run, were initiated and are now population of Porto Alegre has diabetes.
self-sufficient.” Soyfoods were incorporated in traditional Born in 1947 in Porto Alegre, Brazil, she has a MSc in
local dishes. Soy ice cream is very popular. Janine Dudding chemistry degree and completed a post-graduate course in
is a Plenty Canada advisor to the Sri Lanka project. Peter food technology in the Technion. She is presently associate
Dudding is project director. Address: R.R. #3, Lanark, ONT, professor in the Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas,
K0G 9Z9, Canada. Phone: (613) 278-2215. Rio Grande do Sul. Address: 480 Sao Manoel St., 1st floor,
90620 Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
1401. Contact (Plenty Canada). 1991. A hopeful effort: San
Bartolo soy products [in Guatemala]. 1(3):4-5. 1403. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois). 1991.
• Summary: A photo shows 5 Guatemalans, 3 in traditional Popularity of soyfoods receives major boost in Sri Lanka.
Mayan dress, standing behind an ice cream and popsicle No. 43. p. 1-2. July.
truck labeled Ricos Helados de Soya. “After ten years of • Summary: “Efforts by Plenty Canada to popularize
operation, Plenty’s Soy Centre in [Solola], Guatemala, processed soybean foods for improved nutrition and as a
is approaching self-sufficiency... the centre is now an new income source are showing widespread success in Sri
established micro-enterprise with a proven product line.” Lanka.” The Canadian International Development Agency
It is administered by ADEEC (Guatemalan Association of (CIDA) has agreed to fund the project with $4.7 million
Economic, Cultural and Educational Development), a native- (Canadian) for 5 years. The program in soybean utilization is
based non-governmental organization (NGO) directed by carried out in collaboration with the Sri Lankan Ministry of
Roderico Teni, with Sebastian Sub Xol as Asst. Director. “As Agricultural Development and Research, and the Ministry of
in Sri Lanka, the introduction of soy products to the general Planning Implementation.
population is much faster when sold as ready-to-eat items “Plenty Canada has now completed Phase I of the
or when easily incorporated into a traditional dish.” Soy ice project, which links more than 150 producers and retail
cream and popsicles are extremely popular, but “the most outlets into an integrated marketing network. Two processing
accepted product has been the soy cheese, tofu, which is and retail centers are operating–one in Kandy and the other
cooked with tomatoes and other vegetables instead of or as a in Colombo. Retail outlets operating in Kandy, Colombo,
supplement to eggs. and 9 other districts currently sell more than 35 processed
“The major success, however, has been in the approach soybean products. Sales for 1991 are projected at more than
to other Guatemalan institutions. ‘Now we are beginning $Canadian 100,000...
to see much larger orders, particularly the soy milk and the “Products that are available include: soy ice cream, soy
tofu,’ Sub Xol said. ‘Even commercial ice-cream makers, yogurt, tempeh, soy meat, soy instant dhal, soy-cereal mix,
who use a lot of dairy milk, are starting to use our soy milk, soy cocktail mix, and soy flour... Because of the increased
which is about half the price of dairy milk.’ Teni emphasized demand for these products, Plenty Canada is considering
that by selling soy products to the larger institutions, setting up its own processing facility by the end of the year.”
particularly schools, orphanages and hospitals, the protein- Photos show: (1) People lined up at a Sri Lanka Soya
rich supplement gets to the people who need it most.” Utilization Project mobile kitchen. (2) Many of the packaged
Note: Plenty International (Jan. 1994) notes that this soy products that are sold.
company is now named Alimentos San Bartolo, located at
Apartado Postal 118, Solola, San Bartolo, Guatemala. Phone: 1404. Spaid, Elizabeth Levitan. 1991. Give me a burger–
502-514896. Address: R.R. #3, Lanark, ONT, K0G 9Z9, Hold the meat: A widening variety of dishes enliven the
Canada. Phone: (613) 278-2215. plant-based diets of today’s vegetarians. Christian Science
Monitor. Aug. 1. p. 14.
1402. Nhuch, Elsa. 1991. Re: Interest in tofu in Brazil. Soy • Summary: Vegetarian diets are no longer bland or
ice cream in Israel and Brazil. Letter to David Mintz of Tofu uninteresting (if they ever were). Today’s vegetarians enjoy a
Time Inc., July 31. 3 p. Typed, with signature. rich variety of flavors, and sound nutrition. A new generation
• Summary: Mrs. Nhuch has been interested in tofu as a food of vegetarian adults are raising their kids on healthy
for 5 years, and has tested it in numerous recipes. In doing vegetarian or vegan diets. They also know more about
bibliographic research on tofu she learned about Tofutti. “I nutrition. And a much wider variety of vegetarian foods and
already knew the soy ice cream which has been produced in cookbooks are easily available. Almost every supermarket
Israel for twenty years and was developed in the Technion now carries tofu, frozen meat alternatives, all kinds of
(Institute of Technology of Israel) where I studied between fruits and vegetables, breakfast cereals, etc. There are now
1970 and 1971. This product was developed to be served alternatives to almost every meat, dairy, or egg product–from

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tofu dogs to soy cheese, from eggless mayonnaise to fake own health revealed the need to change his diet. So Brother
bacon made of tempeh–not to mention soy milk and soy ice Ron changed to a natural vegetarian diet and experienced
cream. In short, there are a great many more things to eat in weight loss and renewed energy. Now he considers himself
the plant kingdom than in the animal kingdom. a food missionary–helping people transform their lives
“Many people wince when they hear the word through food. Friendly foods are “foods that are friendly to
‘vegetarian,’ thinking tofu (a cheese-like food made from our bodies, our pocket books, our busy schedules, and our
soybeans) and salad are the staples of such a diet.” But environment.”
vegetarians know this is a myth. In the section on dairy-like products, the author
For many people discovering the rich, varied, and recommends soy milk and some “tofu ice creams.” He
delicious flavors is a big discovery, a real and happy surprise. recommends use of soy cheeses sparingly since they are high
When many people decide to “go green” they also decide in fats (especially the softer types). He considers nondairy
to give up meat, which is so destructive to the environment. creamers to be a less healthful than their dairy counterparts,
Others believe it is ethically wrong to kill and eat animals. since they are high in saturated fats and artificial additives.
Still others believe that a vegetarian diet is more healthful. “Typically, nondairy creamers contain corn syrup solids,
Tofu can be used in a remarkable number of ways, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (including coconut
and made to blend in so one doesn’t even know its tofu. oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, or palm kernel oil), sodium
Delicious sauces can be made out of “silken tofu and miso,” caseinate, sodium phosphates, mono- and diglycerides,
and people think they are eating some type of rich cream sodium silico aluminate, and artificial color. I do not consider
sauce. this type of product to be an example of a high-quality food.”
Soy-related recipes include: Marinated vegetables with
1405. Nordquist, Ted. 1991. New developments with Aros marinated tofu (p. 41). Shish kebabs (with marinated tofu, p.
Sojaprodukter AB in Sweden (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. 42). Marinated tofu with scallions (p. 43). Gefilte tofu with
Aug. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods horseradish and charoset sauce (p. 49-50). Zucchini bisque
Center. (with tofu, p. 66). Tofu wakame salad (p. 82). Tofu cottage
• Summary: The Aros plant has been moved from cheese (p. 89). Vegan sour cream (with soy milk, p. 90). Soy
Örsundsbro (just southwest of Uppsala) to Tingsryd in the mayonnaise (with tofu, p. 90). Silken tofu mayonnaise (p.
south of Sweden. Aros is working with Trensums Musteri, 91). Lemon cream dressing (with tofu, p. 92). Oil-less miso
a juice company located in Tingsryd, located 20 or 30 dressing (with soy milk and white miso, p. 96).
minutes miles to the north of the southern seaside city of In the chapter on entrees, there are detailed descriptions
Karlshamn. Both Tingsryd and Karlshamn are located in of tofu, tempeh, and seitan. Soysage (with cooked soybeans
Blekinge County. Ted and his family will continue to live in and soymilk, p. 105). “Meatballs” (with cooked soybeans,
Örsundsbro, but his office and the company administration p. 107). American loaf (with silken tofu, p. 112-13). Tofu
will be moved to Enköping, about 15 minutes from his home. spinach pie (p. 120). Auberge Hanfield pie (with silken tofu,
He will continue to commute to Tingsryd when necessary. p. 121). Russian vegetable pie (with silken tofu and tofu
The company is now getting ready to sell soymilk equipment cottage or ricotta cheese, p. 122). Greek moussaka (with tofu
to interested buyers. topping, p. 128-9). Sweet and sour tempeh (p. 133). Southern
Nutana in northern Europe is now being sold and Ted’s fried tofu (p. 134). Tofu Swiss steak (p. 135). Tempeh stew
company is trying to buy it. Ted first learned (in Copenhagen, (p. 136). Thanksgiving day tofu (p. 137). Tofu Jamaican run
Denmark) that Nutana was going to be sold from Jon? Olsen, down stew (p. 138). Tofu paneer (p. 139). Seitan (p. 140-
the marketing director for Danska Nutana. Only recently 43). Seitan à la Normandie (p. 144). New England boiled
did he learn that it could be sold to a company other than dinner (with tofu or seitan, p. 145). Seitan Parmesan (with
Hundedogs? Adventista. Address: CEO, Aros Sojaprodukter, vegan cheese made with tofu, p. 147-48). San Francisco stir-
Bergsvagen 1, S-19063 Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171- fry (with seitan or tofu, p. 151). Berner platte (with protein
604 56. accompaniments made with tofu and Soysage, p. 155-56).
Vegan Béarnaise sauce (with silken tofu, p. 161). Miso sauce
1406. Pickarski, Ron. 1991. Friendly foods: Gourmet (p. 164-65). Tahini lemon sauce (with silken tofu, p. 165).
vegetarian cuisine. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. Steamed kale with lemon miso sauce (p. 176).
277 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. [23 ref] In the dessert section, there is mention to tofu chocolate
• Summary: This is a stylish vegan cookbook, with a as an alternative to chocolate. Carob cake (with tofu
wealth of sophisticated and delectable soyfoods recipes. chocolate, p. 217). Chocolate cream couscous cake (with
The author recommends only high-quality ingredients. filling made with silken tofu, p. 220). Silken tofu chocolate
Brother Ron grew up in Michigan and during high school “cheesecake” (p. 221). Key lime shamrock torte (with silken
spent time in the restaurant business flipping hamburgers. tofu, p. 222). Raspberry sabayon sauce (with silken tofu,
Later he became a Franciscan monk (OFM). A look at his p. 232). Tofu chocolate “buttercream” icing (p. 234). Tofu

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chocolate ganache (p. 234-35). Mocha grain coffee (with Nov. 30. The strawberry flavor was introduce in about the
any grain coffee substitute, cocoa, brown rice syrup, and soy summer of 1991.
milk, p. 238). Christmas soy nog (with soy milk and lecithin Notice on side panel of Better than Burger? package.
granules, p. 238). 1993 Oct. “Have you tried Naturally Tofu products: Better
The last section of the book, titled “The Culinary Than Milk? Ice Creme?”
Olympics,” gives recipes that Brother Ron prepared while Product with Label (Strawberry) and leaflet sent by
competing in these Olympics, starting in 1978. These Sovex. 1993. Oct. 12.
Olympics are held every four years at Frankfurt, Germany,
by the International Cooks Society. The American Culinary 1408. Rabheru, Neil. 1991. New developments with Unisoy,
Federation is the U.S. organization that promotes the soymilk, and Haldane Foods in England (Interview).
competition. “In 1978 I won a gold medal in the national SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff
competition, which qualified me to compete in the 1980 of Soyfoods Center.
Culinary Olympics. In 1980 I founded the American natural • Summary: Unisoy was acquired by the Haldane Foods
foods team and, with this team, international competition Group on 21 Dec. 1990. This has proved to be a very
to gain widespread competition for vegetarian cuisine. In positive development for Unisoy. It is a great honor and very
that year, I became the first professional vegetarian chef satisfying for Neil to be part of the same team with Dwayne
to compete in the Olympics and win a medal for totally Andreas and Peter Fitch, because both are very forward
vegetarian foods. I also competed in 1984 and 1988... My looking, energetic, and supportive men. The company now
team won bronze and silver medals in all three years that we makes only soymilk. Other companies in the Haldane Foods
entered the competition.” Soy-related recipes dominate this Group now make the other soy products that Unisoy used
section, and include: Baked tofu pâtés (spinach, tarragon, to make–which is more efficient. For example, Genice
or carrot, p. 241-42; won a bronze medal in 1984). Tofu and Foods Ltd. makes soy margarine, yogurts, and ice creams.
sea vegetable quenelles (beet, spinach, or carrot, p. 243- Unisoy plans to expand into a larger plant, probably at a new
45; won a silver medal in 1988). New York cima roll (with location. That phase, which will begin within 12 months, will
tofu, p. 248-49; won a silver medal in 1988). Tofu seitan involve an investment of £3 to £4 million. He is presently
Wellington (p. 250-51; won a bronze medal in 1984). Vegan meeting with APV in connection with a new soymilk plant.
London broil (with seitan, miso, and tamari, p. 251-52; won Unisoy has not launched any new products since mid-1990.
a bronze medal in 1984). Southern blackened tempeh with Neil has been too busy absorbing the Granose line into
tomato-apricot-ginger coulis (p. 253-54; won a silver medal his production. Unisoy is now making all the soymilk that
in 1988). Carrot cream in squash shell (with soy milk and Granose used to buy from DE-VAU-GE, to use in continuing
tofu, p. 255-56; won a silver medal in 1988). Chocolate the Granose line of products that contain soymilk. Thus the
squash confection (with Tofu Chocolate Ganache, p. 259-60; Unisoy/Haldane now makes the profit that DE-VAU-GE
won a silver medal in 1988). Address: O.F.M., St. Anthony’s used to make.
Shrine. The acquisition of Granose by the Haldane Foods group
was the most brilliant move one can imagine. 90% of the
1407. Product Name: Naturally Tofu Ice Cream (Frozen products that Granose was buying from other companies can
Dessert Mix) [Strawberry]. be manufactured within the Haldane Foods Group. Granose’s
Manufacturer’s Name: Sovex Natural Foods, Inc. best products included their margarine, soymilk, ice cream,
(Marketer-Distributor). and yogurt. Peter Fitch deserves the credit for this stroke of
Manufacturer’s Address: 9104 Apison Pike, Box 310, genius.
Collegedale, TN 37315. Phone: 800-227-2320 or 615-396- The Haldane Foods Group now sells 4 soymilk brands,
3145. all now made by Unisoy: So Good (which used to be
Date of Introduction: 1991. August. purchased from DE-VAU-GE; Sanitarium Foods in Australia
Ingredients: Crystalline fructose, soy oil, malto-dextrin, only registered their brand in Australia and New Zealand),
corn syrup solids, tofu, sodium caseinate [from cow’s Granose, Unisoy, and White Wave. Neil believes that Unisoy
milk], natural strawberry flavors, beet juice powder, sea makes the best-tasting soymilk in Europe today. Recently
salt, soy lecithin, cellulose gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, there was an independent magazine survey of all soymilks
carrageenan. on the market and the Granose brand made by Unisoy won
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16.7 oz can. Later 22 oz can. first, second, sixth, and ninth places. The UK soymilk market
How Stored: Shelf stable. is extremely competitive and the prices are much lower
New Product–Documentation: Ad in Natural Foods relative to cow’s milk than they are in the USA. On average
Merchandiser. 1992. December. Soyfoods 2000 (Special at all retail outlets, cow’s milk retails for about £0.50 per liter
supplement insert, p. 5). Shows 2 cartons of Tofu Ice Cream versus £0.59 to £0.79 per liter for soymilk. Thus soymilk in
mix (vanilla and strawberry flavors). Talk with Sovex. 1992. the UK retails for about 38% more than cow’s milk.

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Note: In the USA, cow’s milk retails for about $0.72/ owns, or has an ownership interest in, 34 foreign plants in
liter and soymilk retails for about $1.86/liter or about 2.6 seven countries. The Company 149 terminal, country, and
times as much as cow’s milk. The current exchange rate is river grain elevators.” A 2-page color photo (p. 2-3) shows
1.79 U.S. dollars = 1 British pound. Thus U.S. cow’s milk “ADM’s Europoort plant, near Rotterdam, the world’s largest
would sell for £0.40/liter (20% less than British cow’s milk) soybean processing facility. Construction is underway for
and soymilk would sell for £1.04/liter (about 45% more than the addition of a vegetable oil refinery, soy protein plants
British soymilk). and a second cogeneration unit.” ADM’s “oilseed processing
In the UK most of the soymilk is sold in the multiples operations operated at lower profit levels. Export margins
(supermarkets) in half liters (500 ml) cartons, and that is were reduced due to heavily subsidized South American and
where the greatest growth is. There, soymilk is only about European oilseed product sales.”
20% more expensive than cow’s milk. (Note: In the USA “The protein specialties division expanded its position
very little soymilk is sold in supermarkets.) as the world’s largest supplier of value-added soy proteins
In the UK, Provamel (made by Alpro in Belgium) has this year. Construction began on a facility at Europoort to
about 42% of the total soymilk market. The four brands produce soy protein concentrates, isolated soy proteins and
made by Unisoy have about 35-37%. The remaining 21-23% the specialized raw material from which these products are
is divided among Sunrise, Plamil, and a few others. There is formulated. The facility will serve the growing demand in
very strong soymilk brand loyalty in the UK. Europe and the USSR for food and animal feed ingredients.
Unisoy increasingly refers to itself as “the soyamilk “ADM will produce a line of soy protein concentrates
division of Haldane Foods Group.” The “Milk ‘n’ By- which Loders Croklaan will market to the animal feed
Products Ltd.” part of the name will be dropped very shortly. industry in Western Europe. The combination of ADM’s
The last part of the soyfoods market that the Haldane production technology and Loders Croklaan’s leadership
Foods Group will attempt to capture is tofu, since Cauldron position in the animal feed ingredient market will provide a
Foods has a very big lead on Haldane in this market. The major improvement in efficiency. Products will be supplied
Granose line of dry mixes used to compete directly with the from the Europoort facility.
Haldane Food Group’s Hera line. Now all these products are “Consumer acceptance of the all-vegetable protein
made at one location. food item, Midland Harvest’s Harvest Burger, has been
The relationship between ADM, British Arkady, and encouraging and exceeds expectations. This low-fat,
the Haldane Foods Group has changed. The Haldane cholesterol-free, reduced calorie product is being sold in
Foods Group is no longer part of British Arkady; both are selected U.S. markets and in several international markets,
now on the same level on the organization chart, and both notably England and other European Community countries,
report directly to ADM’s European headquarters (ADM the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Mexico and Canada.
International Ltd. in England; John R. Mahlich, managing “Haldane Food Groups acquired two additional
director). Peter Fitch used to work for British Arkady companies: Granose Foods Ltd., a pioneer in the health
before the Haldane Foods Group was formed. Address: food industry, and Unisoya [on 21 Dec. 1990], a soya milk
Unit 1, Cromwell Trading Estate, Cromwell Rd., Bredbury, production company. Additional bottling capacity was
Stockport, Cheshire SK6 2RF, England. Phone: 061-430 installed at Saucemasters Limited when the company moved
6329. operations to a larger facility shared with Snackmasters
Limited, a newly formed company manufacturing snack
1409. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1991. Annual report. P.O. meals. These TVP-based products are used with either
Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 33 p. Sept. noodles or rice and are sold through supermarkets and health
• Summary: Net sales and other operating income for 1991 food stores. Genice Limited added more yogurts and non-
(year ended June 30) were $8,468 million, up 9.2% from dairy ice creams to its product range. Frozen meals from both
1990. Net earnings for 1991 were $466.7 million, down Vegetarian Cuisine Limited and Vegetarian Feasts Limited
3.5% from 1990. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $3,922 increased their market share. Production at the leased
million, up 9.8% from 1990. Coventry factory was transferred to the Granose factory
“Foreign oilseeds operations were strengthened with at Newport Pagnell, where additional land is available for
the acquisition of a major softseed plant in Erith, U.K., and further expansion.”
several plants in Canada. Soy protein facilities currently Page 32 lists the many ADM divisions worldwide. In
being added to the Europoort plant in The Netherlands Europe, key soyfoods-related divisions are: The British
should be in operation by year’s end and a marketing Arkady Co. Ltd. (William Pringle, Division Director),
arrangement to supply Loders Croklaan, B.V., with soy and ADM International Ltd. (John R. Mahlich, Managing
protein concentrate gives the plant a good production base to Director). Both are located in the UK. Note: The Haldane
begin operations.” Foods Group (Peter Fitch, Managing Director), which
“ADM now operates 136 U.S. processing plants and is currently under British Arkady, will soon become an

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independent division. Since 1985 Peter Fitch and John gluten burgers, and the Great gluten turkey with dressing (p.
Mahlich have skillfully acquired 11 of England’s most 150-160). Tempura tofu (p. 163). Marinated tofu (p. 164).
important natural-, vegetarian-, and soyfood manufacturing Smoky marinated tofu (p. 165). Believable bacon (with tofu,
companies to make the Haldane Foods Group unique in the p. 166). Beans and “bacon” casserole (with tofu, p. 167).
world as a professional, efficient, and innovative group with Orange-soy dressing (p. 177). Tofu sour cream (p. 179).
a very promising future in a rapidly growing market. Tofu mayonnaise (p. 180). Tofu thousand island dressing
Note: In Dec. 1990, ADM started making soy protein (p. 182). Tropical coconut banana ice cream or sauce (with
concentrates at its plant in Europoort, Netherlands. Address: tofu, p. 212). A different pumpkin ice cream (with tofu, p.
Decatur, Illinois. 213). Italian cheese-less cake (with tofu, p. 216). Cashew
cheesecake (with tofu, p. 217). Tofu crème (p. 218).
1410. Nishimoto, Miyoko. 1991. The now and Zen epicure: For a lengthy and very positive review of this book by
Gourmet cuisine for the enlightened palate. Summertown, Carol Flinders, see Vegetarian Times Nov. 1991, p. 86-87.
Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 250 p. Color photos. Address: San Francisco, California.
Index. 24 x 21 cm.
• Summary: This is a gorgeous, delightful vegan cookbook 1411. Leneman, Leah. 1991. Re: Observations on the
(though it uses honey), loaded with color photos. Most soyfoods market in Britain and the United States. Letter to
recipes, designed for entertaining, embody an atmosphere William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Oct. 7. 1 p. Typed,
of elegance with a sense of fun, capturing the best of with signature.
traditional European cuisine, offering gourmet recipes with • Summary: On a recent trip to the USA, Leah was “greatly
an element of Japanese style, simplicity, and flavor. Each puzzled by the seemingly complete absence of Tofutti. Two
recipe is accompanied by a nutritional analysis, and most are years ago I was able to get it wherever we went, while this
remarkably low in fat. time I saw it nowhere. The only completely non-dairy ‘ice
The author is founder and owner of the Now & Zen cream’ in supermarkets was Mocha Mix, a greatly inferior
Bakery (1838 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, CA 94115) product. Health food stores still had the Farm’s non-dairy
which is well known for its tofu cheesecakes and other products and Rice Dream but no Tofutti... I certainly did miss
delights, and which sells dried okara. She is also a jazz the pleasure of eating one of my all-time favourite products!
vocalist and vegetarian chef. Born in Japan to a Japanese “It certainly seems as though Britain–and even the
mother and an American father, she moved to Mill Valley, Continent–has forged way ahead of America when it comes
California, with her parents when she was age 7 and became to soyfoods, something I would never have believed possible
a vegetarian at age 12. A photo on the rear cover shows even a couple of years ago. We have a good range of ‘ice
Miyoko Nishimoto. She shows great virtuosity in the use creams’, an ever-increasing range of tofu-based convenience
of soyfoods–and wheat gluten. The section on ingredients meals etc. etc. Even Safeways has an own-brand soya milk.
contains excellent, detailed information on miso, nut milks And in the yogurt field we are even importing divine soya
and creams (almond milk and cashew milk, which the author milk yogurts [Sojasun] from France. (There are British ones
prefers for some uses to soymilk), agar, okara, soy milk and as well but not nearly as good.)”
soy cream, soy sauce, soy sour cream, soy yogurt, tamari, The Vegetarian Society of the UK has sold off its
tempeh, tofu, frozen tofu, and pressed tofu. magazine, The Vegetarian. Note: The magazine was sold to a
Soy-related recipes include: Tofu “cheese” (p. 32). Tofu publisher with no connections to vegetarianism; they which
“boursin” or herb-garlic cheese ball (p. 33). Tofu “feta” re-issued it under the title Vegetarian Living. They went
cheese (p. 35). Tofu cream cheese spread with herbs (p. 36). bankrupt and sold the magazine to HHL Publishing Group
Eggplant and tofu pâté (p. 51). Smoked tofu, mushroom, and Ltd. in London. As of late 1993 it was still being published
garlic canapés (p. 53). Tofu “mornay” sauce (p. 65). Tofu being published by HHL under the title Vegetarian Living.
aïoli (p. 82). An introduction to quick and tasty tofu cream Address: 19 Leamington Terrace, Edinburgh EH10 4JP,
soups is given on p. 108. Each of the following cream soups Scotland.
contain tofu. Cream of pumpkin soup (p. 109). Cream of
corn soup (p. 110). Cream of green pea soup (p. 111). 1412. Product Name: Rice Dream Pie [Mocha, or Vanilla].
Mediterranean eggplant and tofu gratin (p. 115). Tofu Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer/
burgers suprême (p. 118). Creamy tempeh curry (p. 119). Distributor).
Tempeh mexicali (p. 121). Sweet and sour tofu (p. 122-23). Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo
Whole cabbage with hearty tempeh stuffing (p. 124-25). Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444.
Herbed soybean casserole or stew (p. 132). Savory tempeh Date of Introduction: 1991. October.
and vegetable stew (p. 134-35). Tofu bourguignon (p. 138- Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, brown rice (partially milled),
39). Homemade tofu pasta (p. 142-43). Ginger tempeh with expeller pressed oleic safflower oil, vanilla, carob bean
green peppers (p. 145). Homemade gluten, Tempeh and and guar gum, carrageenan, soy lecithin, sea salt. Oatmeal

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cookie: Whole wheat flour, wheat flour, rice syrup, oats, himself and friends for the past 4-5 years. He plans to start
expeller pressed oleic safflower oil, white grape juice commercial tempeh production soon. After that, he would
concentrate, baking soda, cinnamon. Coating: Barley and like to make a soy yogurt. Address: Choice of Foods, 334
corn malt, coconut oil, carob, soy lecithin. Mt. Albert Rd., Mt. Roskill, Auckland, New Zealand. Phone:
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 fl oz (74 ml) polyethylene 629-0665.
bag.
How Stored: Frozen. 1415. Bloyd-Peshkin, Sharon. 1991. Just soy moo.
New Product–Documentation: Spot in Health Foods Vegetarian Times. Nov. p. 20.
Business. 1991. Oct. p. 74. These are made from non-dairy • Summary: Every Canadian province has a law prohibiting
rice-based ice cream sandwiched between carob coated the manufacture and sale of imitation dairy products, such
oatmeal cookies. A photo shows two packages and two pies. as soy cheeses, ice creams, milk, etc. “The only exceptions
Label purchased at Open Sesame in Lafayette, to these laws are margarine, nondairy coffee whiteners,
California. 1992. April. 4 by 5.5 inches. Cellophane bag. nondairy dessert toppings and infant formula, all of which
Blue, orange, black, and white. Illustration of a smiling may be sold.”
orange crescent moon, with a round see-thru window inside “Two rationales are behind these laws, which have
the circumference of the moon. “Rice Dream / 2 oatmeal been on the books as long as 50 years. First, imitation dairy
cookies with a carob coating. Dairy free. Paravine.” UPC products are considered nutritionally inferior to their dairy
indicia on back. U.S. patents #4,744,992, #4,894,242. counterparts, and fool consumers into thinking they are
Soyfoods Center product evaluation: Label is good. Product getting the nutritional benefits of dairy products when they
is delicious, and very innovative. are not... And second, imitation dairy products compete with
Ad (full page, color) in NFM’s New Product Review. real dairy products, harming the financial well-being of dairy
1996. Summer (May). p. 11. “New Rice Dream multi- farmers and processors.”
packs.” Shows four Rice Dream non-dairy novelties: Vanilla
Nutty Bar, Vanilla Pie, Mocha Pie, and Vanilla Bar. Each 1416. Packaged Facts. Subsidiary of FIND/SVP. 1991. The
product is now packed 3 per box. Oriental foods market. 581 6th Ave., New York, NY 10011.
Nov. *
1413. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1991. Changes for Haldane • Summary: “The Oriental Foods Market cover the $1 billion
Foods. 2(2):2. Autumn. retail market for prepared Oriental foods, which is broken
• Summary: The Haldane Foods Group has acquired down into four categories–canned / packaged,... frozen, dry
Unisoy Milk ‘n By Products Ltd. of Stockport, UK, the soups, and tofu.
manufacturers of soymilk, soy yogurts, and Maranellis soy Tofu is discussed briefly on page 16, and in depth on
ice cream. Following the Group’s other recent acquisition of pages 180-205. Soy sauce is discussed in numerous places
Granose Foods, the Haldane Group’s headquarters have been (incl. p. 54-57, Kikkoman, La Choy, Chun King, p. 102).
moved to Granose Foods’ premises at Howard Way, Newport Talk with David Weiss, president of Packaged Facts.
Pagnell, Bucks, UK. Phone: 0908 211311. The move 1991. Nov. 26. This is an update of the Feb. 1989 edition
integrates the administration, sales, and accounts functions. of this company’s market study of the same title. It was
Production at the Haldane factory is unaffected. Note: The “completely rewritten by a different author, Linda Linton.”
Haldane Foods Group had formerly been located at Barrow They have added new statistics and even went back and
Upon Soar, in Leicestershire. changed some sales figures from the previous report. He does
not know how the author gathered statistics on U.S. tofu
1414. Baumber, Derek. 1991. New developments with tofu production and sales, but he knows that she did not contact
and tempeh in New Zealand (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. individual companies, one by one. “That is a very difficult
Nov. 24. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods way to get the information because (1) you don’t know if
Center. you’re getting the right information and (2) there may be
• Summary: Recently 2 new Chinese-run tofu shops have something you are missing. We don’t use SIC codes. Our
begun operation in Auckland, and a third has purchased a figures are undoubtedly guesstimates. A little of it came from
large, automated tofu-making machine for $100,000 and will the Public Relations Dept. of Nielsen Marketing Research;
soon start production. Their tofu is lower priced than that of they don’t cover it all but they are good on packaged goods.
Bean Supreme, which is New Zealand’s largest tofu maker. A little also came from SAMI. There is nobody measuring
Bean Supreme also makes an excellent soy ice cream, as the tofu market. This study only covers tofu sold as tofu, not
well as tempeh (though they no longer advertise the latter). including second-generation products. Some figures may
At least one of the Chinese companies is buying tempeh have come from a tofu association, if there is one. Most of
from Bean Supreme and selling it under their own label. our reports are written from secondary published data. We
Derek has been making tempeh on a small scale for just compile the figures. We are planning to do a report on

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the whole soy market–not just tofu.” Address: New York. Maple & Walnut, Ginger & Honey and–now totally
Phone: 212-627-3228. vegan–Bitter Chocolate. Available in health food stores,
delicatessens & selected Sainsburys nationwide.”
1417. Miller, Bryan. 1991. Restaurants: Were health and Label sent by Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. 18. 3.75
taste are both No. 1. New York Times. Dec. 6. p. C22. inch round lid. 500 ml. Illustration of a flower against a light
• Summary: This is a review of two Manhattan restaurants, wood-grain background. “Lactose free. No animal products.
one of which is Nosmo King [the name derived from: “No Low cholesterol.”
Smoking”], a one-star restaurant at 54 Varcik Street. In
today’s health conscious America, this is not one of the so- 1420. Imagine Foods. 1991. Rice Dream: Non-dairy
called “health-food restaurants,” with their macramé and beverage–Natural recipes. Palo Alto, California: Imagine
candles decor. Nevertheless: “One has low expectations for Foods. 16 p. 22 cm.
dessert in a place like this: visions of frozen tofu, leaden • Summary: A vegan cookbook that uses Rice Dream
whole-wheat bread pudding and the like.” (rice milk) in every recipe. Contents: Breakfast ideas.
Savory soups. Sauces and gravies. Salad dressings. Hearty
1418. Anderson, Kathie Jackson. 1991. Burgers without the vegetarian entrees. Dreamy desserts. Dream drinks. Other
beef: Ecotrition Foods unveils premium meatless line. Food fine products from Imagine Foods (Rice Dream non-dairy
Business. Dec. 9. p. 10. frozen dessert, and Ken & Robert’s Veggie Pockets).
• Summary: Ecotrition Foods, headquartered in Langley, Address: 350 Cambridge Ave., Suite 350, Palo Alto,
Washington and co-founded by Robert Davis in 1990, will California 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444.
unveil its complete line of six Eco-brand meatless products
this month in Chicago, Illinois: the basic Burger, a spicy 1421. Product Name: Tofu (Plain), Savoury Baked Tofu,
Mex Burger, a breakfast patty, “Italian non-meatballs,” Soya Milk, Soy Ice Cream, and Soysage.
taco filling, and pizza topping. Ecotrition is producing its Manufacturer’s Name: Nature Island Foods.
products in Cincinnati Ohio, under a contract agreement with Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 501, Roseau,
Huttenbauer. Ecotrition’s general manager is Dana Behar. Dominica, West Indies. Phone: 809-448-3602.
The company is now developing a reformatted non-dairy Date of Introduction: 1991?
frozen dessert, Frozen Nogurt. New Product–Documentation: Letter from Yolanda Bryan.
“Davis, with a graduate degree in planetary 1992. Jan. 8. Lists the soyfoods they presently make.
development, a background in urban planning and a burning
desire to change the Western diet, developed the original tofu 1422. Product Name: Pareve Non-dairy Frozen Dessert
hotdog in 1983. He followed with Ecotrition’s first product, (Based on Isolated Soy Protein).
Believe Ice Cream, a non-dairy dessert marketed to health Manufacturer’s Name: Rakusen’s.
food stores.” Manufacturer’s Address: London, England?
Date of Introduction: 1991?
1419. Product Name: Berrydales Special Ices [Bitter How Stored: Frozen.
Chocolate (Totally Vegan)]. New Product–Documentation: Letter from Leah Leneman.
Manufacturer’s Name: Berrydales Ltd. (Marketer). Made 1992. Jan. 21. Rakusen’s makes a pareve ice cream, based
in Clwyd, Wales, by Genice Foods Ltd. on soya isolates, for the Jewish market, not the health food
Manufacturer’s Address: 5 Lawn Road, London NW3 market.
2XS, England. Phone: 071-722-2866. Fax 071-722-7685. Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb.
Date of Introduction: 1991. December. 10. Rakusen is a very small kosher company. Ray is not sure
Ingredients: Soya milk, tofu, honey, apple concentrate, whether or not they sell any kosher dairy products; most
chocolate chips, cocoa. of their products are kosher non-dairy. They sell to their
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 500 ml. localized kosher market, not to health food shops.
How Stored: Frozen.
Nutrition: Per 100 ml.: Energy 104 kcal (calories; 446 1423. Product Name: Pareve Non-dairy Frozen Dessert
Kilojoules), protein 1.90 gm, total fat 2.71 gm (saturated fat (Based on Isolated Soy Protein).
1.12 gm, polyunsaturated 0.73 gm), carbohydrate 18.4 gm Manufacturer’s Name: Snowcrest.
including total sugar 17.19 gm. Manufacturer’s Address: London, England.
New Product–Documentation: Berrydales newsletter. Date of Introduction: 1991?
1991. Dec. p. 3. “Berrydales no-cream ices–deliciously How Stored: Frozen.
refreshing dairy free ices based on organic fresh tofu New Product–Documentation: Letter from Leah Leneman.
and soya milk. Low fat, low cholesterol, low calorie and 1992. Jan. 21. Snowcrest makes a pareve ice cream, based
vegetarian, in five exotic flavors–Honey Vanilla, Berry, on soya isolates, for the Jewish market, not the health food

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market. “’ We closed Coventry and put it into Granose, and we

Talk with Ray Pierce of Genice Foods Ltd. 1994. Feb. still bus twelve staff back and forth from there each day. We
10. Snowcrest is a very small Kosher company and ice cream now were able to concentrate all wet production at Newport
manufacturer. Ray is not sure whether or not they sell any Pagnell, and all dry at Loughborough, with 13,000 square
kosher dairy products; most of their products are kosher non- feet there and 42,000 square feet at Granose.’”
dairy. They sell to their localized kosher market, not to health “Peter Fitch admits taking on Granose caused Haldane’s
food shops. supply problems. ‘We reeled for six months, but we are now
out of our troubles. Our staff has settled in and our supply
1424. Health Food Business (London). 1992. Haldane problems have been solved.’”
Foods–the giant at the heart of the soya beanstalk. Jan. p. 12.
• Summary: “The Haldane Foods Group owes its existence 1425. O’Connell, Michael. 1992. History of Ploughshares
to the invention of textured soya protein, which was first Foods Ltd. in Glastonbury, England (Interview). SoyaScan
extruded in the United States back in the 60’s. Notes. Feb. 27. Conducted by Anthony Marrese in England.
“The patent was owned by ADM, and Haldane’s present • Summary: This company was founded in 1984 in the Essex
general manager Peter Fitch was their man in the UK, selling countryside by Michael O’Connell and Fiona Bruce under
soya protein to British companies. the name “The Emperor Liu An’s Tofu Palace.” Liu An was
“’Our biggest customer in those days was Direct Foods, the legendary inventor of tofu in China. The business was an
down in Petersfield in Hampshire,’ says Peter Fitch. ‘When 8-tonne mobile catering truck and kitchen on wheels which
Direct Foods came up for sale in the early ‘80’s, we bought went to open-air shows and festivals; its purpose was to
it to develop beyond being just a supplier. We wanted to be serve vegan organic food (including tofu), demonstrate tofu-
part of not just growing the bean, but also developing healthy making, and promote veganism. They started operating the
consumer products with it.’ truck in Aug. 1984. Recipes prepared in the mobile restaurant
“This initial purchase led to the acquisition of another in 1984/85 included tofu blueberry mock cheesecake, tofu
company–Vegetable Feasts, who were making ready-made mayo, tofu sweet cream, tofu lasagna, tofu pudding, tofu ice
frozen vegetarian convenience foods. cream, tofu burgers, tofu gulash, and tofu pizza. In 1985/86
“And then a bigger fish arrived on the market, with they launched okara steam pudding with dates, okara
Haldane Foods of Loughborough. This had been set up by shepherd’s pie, and okara burgers.
Brian Welsby to produce concentrated dried ready meals, In Aug. 1986 the company moved to Glastonbury,
again soya based. started a non-mobile restaurant, and changed the company
“In Coventry, Vegetarian Cuisine were bedevilled with name to Ploughshares Foods Ltd. (after the Old Testament
low sales but a skilled labour force, so this too was acquired Biblical expression from The Book of the Prophet Isaiah
and Vegetarian Feasts incorporated in it, as both companies 2:4 “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their
were producing similar lines. spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword
“Thus was born the Haldane Foods Group, which against nation, neither shall they learn/study war any more”).
now had two sites, Coventry supplying frozen foods and In 1988 the restaurant introduced tofu quiche (onion and
Loughborough dry goods. mushroom), okara veggie roll, okara tempeh, okara tempeh
“When Greg Sams sold Realeat to Haldane, there was Bolognese/moussaka, and braised tofu in miso sauce. In
still surplus manufacturing capacity, but this quickly became 1989 they launched soya cream cheese with chives, and in
less so, particularly at Coventry. 1991 okara tempeh with leaf protein added.
“With the acquisitions of Genice in North Wales, In 1991 the company structure changed from a
(producing non-dairy ices) and Kwality Foods in South partnership to a cooperative. Other current members of
Wales (producing Sauce and Snack Masters dishes such as the co-op are Miranda Bruce, Sophie Pullinger, and Lalita
pot noodles), Haldane moved into ‘wet’ food production. Gordon Milverton.
“Shortly after this, Granose Foods, who had moved into The company was a pioneer in introducing tofu and
a large new factory at Newport Pagnell, were finding trading new ways of using it to vegan restaurants. Uses included
difficult from their own premises, and so searched for one of burgers, pies, dressings, creams, main dishes, salads, soups,
their suppliers to acquire the business. Another, even larger, etc. They introduced foods that were free of dairy products,
mouthful for Haldane to swallow. wheat/gluten, and/or sugar, and developed a leaf protein
“’Over three-quarters of the Granose products were product named Leafu (i.e. tofu from leaves). Their vegan
being made by outside suppliers, much of this abroad. By cooking school was the first such school to receive the “City
purchasing Unisoy at the same time as Granose, with a and Guild” qualification to those who graduate from their
capacity of 5 million litres of soya milk a year, we were residential diploma course teaching vegetarian, organic, and
able to see that we could manufacture virtually everything special diet foods. The company provides a friendly working
ourselves,’ said Peter Fitch. environment, as for single working parents, and is involved

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in the wider issues of improving society. Approximately 40% of Mitoku’s exports go to America, 40%
The main reasons for the company success are a to Europe, and 20% to Australia and other regions. Annual
commitment to delicious, aesthetic, nutritious food, customer sales are about $10 million. Among the major suppliers
loyalty, and a commitment to research, development, and are Sendai Miso Shoyu Co. Ltd., Hatcho Miso Co. Ltd.,
innovation. Hagoromo Miso, Ltd., Hanamaruki Miso Co. Ltd, San Iku
Anthony Marrese adds: “All of their products are good, Foods Co. Ltd.
and their people are especially nice. I spent about 18 months Distributors of Mitoku’s products include the following:
helping with the tofu production and restaurant in 1987/88.” In the USA: Westbrae Natural Foods Inc., Great Eastern
Address: 54 Roman Way, Glastonbury, Somerset, BA6 8AD, Sun Inc., U.S. Mills Inc., Tree of Life Inc., and Shojin
England. Phone: 0458-831182 or 835233. Natural Foods (Hawaii). In Canada: Koyo Foods Inc., Flora
Distributors Ltd., and Timbuktu. In Costa Rica: Distribuidora
1426. Kushi, Michio. 1992. Introduction to Culinary de Productos Macrobioticos S.A. In England: Sunwheel
Treasures of Japan, by John and Jan Belleme. 16 p. Jan. Foods Ltd, Clearspring Natural Grocer, Meridian Foods
Unpublished manuscript. Ltd. In France: Celnat, Tama. In Belgium: Lima N.V. In the
• Summary: This manuscript, which was published in a United Arab Emirates: Emirates Trading & Marketing Est.
condensed form in the actual book, tells the story of Mitoku In South Africa: Key Health. In Austria: Naturkostladen,
and their work to export traditional Japanese natural foods to Lebenszeichen. In Switzerland: S’lotusbluemli, Terrasana,
the Western world. Michio Kushi was instrumental in getting Futonhaus. In Sweden: Kung Markatta. In Norway:
Mr. Akiyoshi Kazama involved in this work. Mr. Kushi, Alternative Import. In Finland: Makro Bios. In Portugal:
who became a World Federalist after World War II, came to Armazens Da Matinha. In Spain: Kunga. In Italy: La Finestra
the U.S. in Nov. 1949 to study at Columbia University. He Sul Cielo, Probios S.R.L., Dalla Terra al Cielo, Solo Natura.
continuously sought ways of establishing world peace, and In Israel: Tivoli Ltd. In Australia: Pureharvest. In New
increasingly came to believe that a proper diet is the basis for Zealand: Enso. In Singapore: Nature’s Best. In Yugoslavia:
health, happiness, and peace. General Export. In Japan: Seibu Department Stores Ltd.,
In April 1966 the author’s wife, Aveline, opened a small Tokyu Department Stores Ltd. Among the countries reached
store named Erewhon in Boston. Michio began to search indirectly through trans-shipment are Hungary, reached
for a Japanese source for foods that Erewhon would sell. He through Austria, various South American countries reached
was introduced to Mr. Kazama (who lived in Tokyo) through through the United States, and other countries such as
a Japanese friend, Mr. Obayashi, who resided at that time Poland, Czechoslovakia, Iceland, Andorra, Ireland and the
in New York City. Michio felt that Mr. Kazama understood Caribbean Islands.
his desire for foods of high quality. So Mr. Kazama “began As Mitoku developed its international operations,
his search for food producers and manufacturers who Mr. Kazama hired many students from Western countries,
were sincere and willing to supply the kind of quality we including Blake Rankin (USA), Ferro Ledvinka (Italy),
requested. I know that for him, at that time, it was a great Christopher Geoffrey Dawson (New Zealand, starting 1979),
gamble. It was also a painstaking and slow step-by-step Robbie Swinnerton (England), Terrie Adams (USA), and
process.” Michelle Harbroun (France).
Mr. Kazama was born on 1 Feb. 1930 in Yamanashi “For the past 10 years, Mitoku has echoed and supported
prefecture. He graduated from Waseda University in Tokyo, the macrobiotic perspective with its motto ‘Isshoku-Dogen.’
then was selected to study business in the United States. These words, though they have been forgotten in the last
After arriving in Chicago, Illinois, he was drafted by the U.S. few centuries by the very people in the health care field who
government to serve in the American Army in Korea and in should remember them well, mean literally ‘medicine and
Japan from 1956 to 1958. Upon his return to Japan, he settled food have the same source,’ and can be translated as ‘food is
in Tokyo where he became an import agent for a German medicine.’ This saying has been used and known as part of
company dealing in optics and electronics. After the Kushis the ancestral heritage of wisdom transmitted from generation
contacted him, he became involved in the emerging natural to generation for several thousand years in Oriental countries
food business. [He founded a company named Mitoku. Mi = such as China, Korea and Japan.
Michio. To = Tomoko (Aveline’s given name in Japanese). “In an attempt to preserve Japanese traditions, Japan
Ku = Kushi]. has instituted a ‘Living Treasures’ program granting official
In 1968 Mr. Kazama made his first shipment of Japanese recognition and support to [living masters in] various cultural
natural foods to Erewhon; the order was worth $3,000. areas such as theater, music, dance, sculpture, carpentry,
The Kushis first met Mr. Kazama in Boston in 1970. Over weaving... and arts and crafts. Ironically, though, Japan has
the years, the volume of Mitoku’s exports steadily grew, not granted the same official recognition to its traditional
and expanded to Europe, Australia, and the Middle East. methods of food processing and production in spite of the
Today Mitoku ships its products to about 35 countries. fact that increasingly large numbers of people throughout the

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world are now appreciating traditionally processed Japanese • Summary: “This is the second part of a review that
food products and have become aware of their important chronicles the individuals and the historical and economic
health benefits. The Japanese traditional arts of producing factors noteworthy in the development of soy protein as
miso, soysauce, tofu, natto, amazake, rice vinegar, sake, food and feed ingredients.” Contents: Introduction. Early
mirin, condiments and pickles as well as cooking methods Western food uses (whole and defatted soy flour, enzyme-
and preparation are unique among the culinary practices of modified isolated soy proteins as whipping agents, whipped
the world... These foods are also works of art... It is my hope toppings, cereal-soy blends). Soy flour and grits. Protein
and recommendation that official recognition and support be concentrates and isolates (Griffith Laboratories, Central Soya
granted by the ‘Living Treasures of Japan’ to those who have Co., Mead Johnson and Co., Central Soya). Dairy analogs
dedicated their life to the traditional art of food production (Dr. Harry W. Miller, Loma Linda Foods, Mull-Soy and
and processing in spite of the hardships and commercial Borden, Vitasoy, Edensoy, Worthington Foods and Soyamel,
disadvantages they are compelled to face in business Prosobee and Mead Johnson, Rich Products and Chill-Zert,
competition and present-day economical conditions.” Tofutti). Spun fibers (Robert Boyer and the Ford Motor Co.,
Address: 62 Buckminster Rd., Brookline, Massachusetts Temptein, Worthington Foods, Bontrae, Bac*O’s, Bac-O-
02146. Bits, Miles Laboratories, Morningstar Farms). Textured soy
protein and meat analogs (W. Atkinson, ADM and TVP,
1427. Product Name: Rice Dream Nutty Bar [Vanilla General Mills and frozen Bontrae, the U.S. School Lunch
dipped in Chocolate & Peanuts, or Chocolate dipped in Program). Nutritional advances in soy products. Today’s
Chocolate & Peanuts]. world soybean and soy protein production (consolidation
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- among manufacturers of modern soy protein ingredients:
Distributor). Rice Beverage made by California Natural ADM, Cargill, Central Soya Co., Protein Technologies
Products, Manteca, Calif. International, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.). Future of soy protein
Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo products.
Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. Tables show: (1) Soy meal consumption in the USA by
Date of Introduction: 1992. March. type of animal: Poultry 41.1% of total 18.9 million metric
How Stored: Frozen. tons, swine 27.4%, beef cattle 9.0%, dairy cattle 9.0%, other
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Robert livestock 9.5%, human food 3.2%, industrial 0.5%. Thus,
Nissenbaum, president of Imagine Foods. 1993. Dec. 8. This industrial (nonfood, nonfeed) uses for soybeans presently
product was launched in March 1992. comprise no more than 0.5% of the protein produced from
Ad (full page, color) in NFM’s New Product Review. soybeans grown in the United States. (3) U.S. companies
1996. Summer (May). p. 11. “New Rice Dream multi- supplying protein in 1948-50 versus 1990 (industrial and
packs.” Shows four Rice Dream non-dairy novelties: Vanilla edible flours, concentrates, and isolates). 23 companies then
Nutty Bar, Vanilla Pie, Mocha Pie, and Vanilla Bar. Each vs. 5 in 1990.
product is now packed 3 per box. Note: Talk with Ed Milligan of EMI by phone. 1992.
May 5. This article contains some misleading information.
1428. Product Name: Rice Dream (Non-Dairy Frozen It refers to an article by Ken Becker written in 1971. In
Dessert in Quarts) [Cookies N’ Dream, or Cocoa Marble 1958-59 USDA developed a laboratory prototype of flash
Fudge]. desolventizing. In 1959 they contacted EMI corporation in
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- Des Plaines to commercialize the flash desolventizing system
Distributor). Rice Beverage made by California Natural for production of light-colored, edible soybean flakes, for soy
Products, Manteca, Calif. flour and grits, with a maximum PDI (protein dispersibility
Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo index). At that time Ed Milligan was just a newly hired
Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. member EMI, which undertook the project. Ed designed and
Date of Introduction: 1992. March. installed the world’s first commercial flash desolventizing
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quarts. system for Honeymead Products Corp. in Mankato,
How Stored: Frozen. Minnesota, in 1960. Note that this system was used to make
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Robert food, rather than feed. All but 2 systems have been used
Nissenbaum, president of Imagine Foods. 1993. Dec. 8. This exclusively to make foods. All such systems produce a flake
product was launched in March 1992. with a very light color and controlled PDI, whereas a DT
(desolventizer-toaster) produces a golden colored flake. He is
1429. Johnson, Lawrence A.; Meyers, D.J.; Burden, leaving for India in a few weeks to commission EMI’s 22nd
D.J. 1992. Soy protein’s history, prospects in food, feed. such unit. He has designed, installed, and started every one
INFORM (AOCS) 3(4):429-30, 432, 434, 437, 438, 440, 442- of the 22. Address: Center for Crops Utilization Research,
44. April. [54 ref] Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa 50111.

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million, down from $5.442 million the year before. Net

1430. Product Name: Land of the Free (Non-Dairy Frozen income was -$17,000 (loss) in 1991 vs. -$37,000 in 1990.
Dessert) [Three Berry, and Vanilla Apple Orchard]. Renamed Working capital increased by $120,000 over the previous
Tofutti “Frutti” by March 1993. fiscal year.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer). The company’s improved operating results in 1991
Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ were adversely affected by a one-time charge of $141,000
07016. Phone: 908-272-2400. to cover the long-term costs of a legal settlement. In 1989
Date of Introduction: 1992. April. Tofutti Brands had been sued by N.E.M.P. Corporation
Ingredients: Vanilla Apple Orchard: Water fruit juices (pear which sought $750,000 in damages for breach of contract,
juice, peach juice), apple chunks, raisins, tofu, soy protein, conspiracy, and interference with contract in connection with
apple juice concentrate, brown rice syrup, lecithin, brown alleged commissions due under a distributor agreement with
rice fiber, oat bran, cinnamon, natural flavors, pectin, carob Haagen-Dazs Inc. A settlement was negotiated out of court
bean gum, beta carotene, active carrot acidophilus, non-dairy on 1 May 1991. The company agreed to pay N.E.M.P. $2,000
cultures, salt. per month for a period of 10 years.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fl oz (453 gm) plastic tub. The Tofutti product line now includes: Premium
How Stored: Frozen. Tofutti (7 flavors), Lite Lite Tofutti (90 calories per serving;
Nutrition: Per 4 oz.: Calories 90, protein 2 gm, flavors include Neapolitan, Deep Chocolate Fudge, Swiss
carbohydrates 20 gm, fat 0 gm, cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 90 Mocha Coffee, and Special Strawberry), Tofutti Frutti
mg, lactose 0 mg. (stick novelties having only 55 calories per bar), Land
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Spot in of the Free (“a nondairy, cholesterol free fat-free frozen
Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1992. April. p. 96. The ice dessert sweetened only with fruit juice. Available in two
cream package label reads “Land of the Free,” but the spot flavors, Vanilla Apple Orchard and Three Berry, it is being
reads “Tofutti is an all-natural frozen dessert with no added distributed to health food stores”), Tofutti Cuties (bite size
sugar, that is also fat-free, cholesterol-free and dairy free.” dessert sandwiches), Egg Watchers (replacement for whole
Tofutti Brands Annual Report. 1992. April. Land of eggs), and Better than Cream Cheese, and Sour Supreme
the Free is “a nondairy, cholesterol free fat-free frozen (nondairy sour cream sold to the food service industry).
dessert sweetened only with fruit juice. It is available in two David Mintz, age 60, Chairman of the Board and CEO
flavors, Vanilla Apple Orchard and Three Berry, and is being owns 49.6% of the company’s stock (prior to this time he
distributed to health food stores.” has always owned more than 50%). His salary in 1991 was
Ad (1/3 page color) in Vegetarian Times. 1992. May. p. $125,000, an increase of $25,000 over the previous year.
22. “Come home to Land of the Free.” “With no sugar added. Rick W. Malloy, executive vice-president of frozen desserts,
Sweetened with fruit juice. Fat free. Lactose free. Dairy free. is paid $100,000 per year. Steven Kass, chief financial
Cholesterol free. Available at your health food store.” officer, secretary and treasurer, is paid $85,000. Reuben
Leaflet (8.5 by 11 inches, color). 1992. April 10-13. Rapoport, age 61, has been director of Production and
Sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo West Product Development since Jan. 1984 and a Director of the
at Anaheim. “How sweet it is.” The ingredients in and company since July 1983. Address: Cranford, New Jersey.
nutritional composition of both flavors are given. Note that Phone: 201-272-2400.
tofu and soy protein are the third and fourth ingredients.
Talk with Rick Malloy, Executive Vice President of 1432. Product Name: Living Lightly (Light Non-Dairy
Tofutti Brands. 1993. March 30. Based on feedback from Frozen Dessert) [Almond Pecan, Carob Almond, Carob
consumers and distributors the company has renamed this Peppermint, Chocolate Almond, Espresso, Mint Carob Chip,
product–but the name does not yet appear on labels. This is Peanut Butter Cup, Raspberry, Vanilla, and Vanilla Swiss
a different product than the stick novelty (non-dairy frozen Almond]. Brand name changed to Living Rightly in 1994.
dessert bars on a stick) named Tofutti Frutti first launched in Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
Nov. 1987. A new flavor (Apricot-Mango) will be introduced Distributor).
soon. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1993. April. p. 33. 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
“Living dairy free with new Tofutti ‘Frutti’ (formerly Land Date of Introduction: 1992. April.
of the Free). New name. New package. New flavors! Same Ingredients: Vanilla: Water, organic soybeans, brown rice
great taste!” syrup, fruit juice concentrate, natural vanilla, carob bean
gum, guar seed gum.
1431. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1992. Tofutti. 1991 annual report. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint tubs.
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 18 p. 28 cm. How Stored: Frozen.
• Summary: Sales in 1991 (year ended Dec. 28) were $4.393 Nutrition: Vanilla: Per 4 fl. oz.: Calories 110, protein 2 gm,

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Expo East. 1994. Sept. “Non-Dairy Fat Fighters.” The

company has changed its brand to “Living Rightly.”

1433. Product Name: Swedish Glace [Chocolate Flavour,

or Vanilla Flavour].
Manufacturer’s Name: Winner AB.
Manufacturer’s Address: 374 82 Karlshamn, Sweden.
Winner (UK) Ltd. Distributor: Davies House, 18 Horn
Lane, London W3 6QU, England. Made by AB Winner in
Karlshamn, Sweden. Winner buys its soybase from Aros
Sojaprodukter (Trensmusteri) in Tingsryd, about 30 minutes
carbohydrate 22 gm, fat 1 gm, cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 15 by car from Karlshamn, then exports finished ice cream to
mg. the UK. Phone: 081-992-3444.
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet sent by Patricia Date of Introduction: 1992. April.
Smith from Natural Products Expo West at Anaheim, Ingredients: Organic whole soymilk.
California. 1992. April 10-13. “No oil added. Living Lightly. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 0.75 liters.
Light Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert.” “Non-dairy fat fighters. How Stored: Frozen.
Percent calories from fat (vanilla): 8% Living Lightly, 53% New Product–Documentation: See next 2 pages. Note:
Ice Bean, 50% Tofutti, 48% Mocha Mix, 35% Rice Dream.” Winner is pronounced “VIN-ner.” Health Food Business
On the rear, the ingredients and a nutritional analysis for each (London). 1992. May. p. 34. “Frozen desserts. Winner’s
of the 10 flavors are given. “1% Donation for Sustainable Swedish Glace. A winner from Sweden–Tasting is believing!
and Organic Agriculture: We donate 1% of the sales of this Brand new from Sweden is Swedish Glace. With the
product. Half to Oregon Tilth Research and Education, P.O. wonderfully rich, creamy taste and texture of top quality ice
Box 218. Tualatin, OR 97062. And half to The Committee cream, Swedish Glace has two surprising added advantages–
for Sustainable Agriculture, P.O. Box 1300. Colfax. CA it is totally non-dairy and it is competitively priced.
95713. Both are nonprofit organizations which provide “Made by Winner, one of Sweden’s leading ice cream
information on farming, food processing and marketing and frozen dessert producers, Swedish Glace contains 100%
techniques that conserve and replenish soil resources and organic whole soymilk and has no lactose or cholesterol. It
decrease the use of toxic and synthetic chemicals. is ideal for vegetarians, vegans and those allergic to dairy
“In keeping with our concern for a cleaner environment products, but the unashamed luxury of the Chocolate and
and reducing landfill, our containers are 100% recyclable Vanilla varieties deserves to be enjoyed by all lovers of
and reusable. Most frozen dairy dessert ‘paper’ containers ice cream! Swedish Glace is available now, in distinctive
are, in fact, plastic coated paper. They are not recyclable or octagonal 0.75 litre packs. For information, prices and details
biodegradable. Copyright 1992. Turtle Mountain, Inc.” of your local distributor, call Winner.” A large color photo
Talk with Doug Furlong of Turtle Mountain. 1992. April shows the products. Ted Nordquist of Aros Sojaprodukter
30. About 4 years ago, Mark Brawerman started two separate in Sweden pioneered in the development of this delicious
companies, Turtle Mountain Inc. and Thousand Stars, which soymilk ice cream, originally named “Tofu Line Glass
are both in Oregon. Mark was a pioneer in the soyfoods (Vanilj, Choklad)” in Swedish.
industry in San Francisco, starting in early 1981, with his Spot in SoyaFoods. 1992. Spring. p. 5.
Living Lightly branded line of soy products, distributed by Ad (full page, color) in Health Food Business (England).
his Pacific Trading Co. Mark and Doug Furlong developed 1992. July. p. 7. Color photos show each octagonal label,
this new line of low-fat soy ice creams using soymilk made and the product in frosted dishes. The labels state: “Soft
by Pacific Foods of Oregon. They are sweetened with fruit & creamy frozen dessert. Made entirely from non-dairy
juice and brown rice syrup instead of white sugar. This products. Serve as ice cream. Suitable for vegetarians.
soymilk constitutes about 50% of the weight of the product. Made from organically grown soybeans.” Available from
The soy ice creams are made for Turtle Mountain by a local Foundation Foods, Chantry Place, Headstone Lane, Harrow,
ice cream manufacturer [Lochmead Dairy, in Junction City, Middlesex, HA3 6NY, England.
Oregon]. Turtle Mountain then markets and distributes the Color poster sent by Ted Nordquist. 1992. Aug. 26.
products, which were introduced in April 1992 at Anaheim. Shows chocolate and vanilla Swedish Glace. Made in
The Thousand Stars products are all based on cow’s milk. Karlshamn Sweden by AB Winner for Winner (UK) Ltd.
They include 2 lines of non-fat frozen yogurts, a line of 8% Gives the nutritional composition of each product.
fat frozen yogurts, and premium ice creams. Mark spends Ad (full page, color, rear cover) in BBC Vegetarian.
much of his time on the road selling products. 1993. Oct. “The natural choice.” Contains a large photo of 3
Leaflet sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products octagonal packs of Swedish Glace in vanilla, strawberry, and

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chocolate flavors. food industry’. The Seminar was attended by over 30 people
Ad (half page, color) in Vegetarian Living (UK). 1993. (including speakers) and was Chaired by Mr. Y. Dacosta, a
Nov. p. 65. “The natural choice from Sweden–Swedish consultant.
Glace.” A color photo shows young men and women running “General aspects of soya were first on the agenda.
together on the sand. To the right are two octagonal boxes of Mr. Prudon (SOJAXA) stressed the economic aspects
Swedish Glace. and environmental advantages of soya cultivation. World
Label for Swedish Glace Vanilla Flavour sent by Leah production of soya is about 100 million tonnes and about
Leneman of Scotland. 1993. Sept. 4. Octagonal, 5.1 inches 30% goes into food production but only 12% into soya
across. Orange, yellow, white, red, and blue. A color photo foods; the remaining 18% goes to oil production. In Europe,
shows several scoops of the ice cream; above them is a production is about 2 million tonnes, of which nearly
yellow and blue Swedish flag, and below are some berries. 300,000 tonnes is produced in France...
“Soft & creamy frozen dessert. Made from organically “The second session of the Seminar concentrated on the
grown soybeans. Made entirely from non-dairy products. applications of ‘intermediate soya products’...
Serve as ice cream. Suitable for vegetarians.” Leah notes that “The third session covered uses of soya foods in the
this is now also available in supermarkets. The price at Real food industry. Mr. Rizzotti (Sanofi Bio Industrie) gave
Foods is £1.59. an excellent presentation of his own company’s use of
soya milk (or tonyu) in desserts and drinks... Mr. Millot
1434. Nordquist, Ted. 1992. Re: New developments with AB (Gastronomic Valley) gave details of applications in frozen
Winner and with Aros in Sweden. Letter (fax) to William desserts and ices... Reasons for using soya in cooked ready
Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, May 5 and May 18. 2 p. + 1 p. meals and sauces were explained by Mlle. Bagot (Sojinal)...
• Summary: Many changes. Ted has sold Aros, and has a Mr. Preneuf (SOY) gave an interesting slide presentation
new company and address (see below). He is working full- about tofu and traditional processing methods...
time as a consultant for AB Winner in Karlshamn, Sweden, “Last but not least, Mr. Maitre, a consultant for
where he can also be reached: Phone: 454-88218. Fax: 454- SOJAXA, highlighted the legislative problems on the
11375. He faxes copies of the new Swedish octagonal labels horizon for soya foods, in particular the claims that may
for Winner’s Swedish Glace (Tofuline soy ice cream) in or may not be made. This proved an interesting and lively
chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry flavors. “Extra Creamy” conference. Most of the papers were surprisingly detailed
(Extra Krämig) is written prominently across the bottom of and the speakers were very open...
each. “Further information may be obtained from CPCIA, 14-
Ted is looking for a source of high-quality organically- 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France, tel: 47 07 39
grown soybeans with given specifications. He and Winner 00.” Address: Editor, SoyaFoods.
have begun talks with Whole Earth Foods, England (Country
Grown, USA), Purity Foods, and Pacific Soybean and Grain. 1437. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1992. Helfex ‘92. 3(2):4.
Address: President, Tan Nord AB, Eningbölevägen 54, Spring.
S-74082 Örsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171-60568. Fax: • Summary: “The International Health Food Exhibition,
0171-60456. Helfex ‘92, was held at Wembley, London on 26 and 27
April. Over 160 companies concerned with health, diet,
1435. Perez, Oswaldo. 1992. Re: Information about soya in fitness and nutrition exhibited and several new soya products
Venezuela. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, were launched.
May 11. 1 p. Handwritten, with signature on letterhead. “The Haldane Foods Group displayed their new range
[Eng] including a new Light Soya Milk, a new Soya Creem, a
• Summary: Perez thanks Shurtleff for the book about vegetarian cheese spread, burger and sausage mixes, and 6
soy ice cream he sent in Aug. 1991. Perez encloses five new varieties of tinned products. JRJ Trading (The Redwood
documents, all in Spanish, about soy in Venezuela. Address: Company) had an interesting and tasty range of tempeh-
Centro de Alimentos de Soya de Venezuela, Granja Tierra based products including dips, spreads, patés and vegetarian
Nueva, Aldea San Luis, La Azulita, Estado Merida, C.P. rashers. Soya milks and desserts from Granovita, Haldane,
5102, Venezuela. Sojasun (Triballat), Vitasoy were also on display. Berrydales’
No Cream Ices, made from fresh organic tofu and soya milk,
1436. Paine, Heather. 1992. Conference report. SoyaFoods introduced their new 4-pack which will allow consumers
(ASA, Europe) 3(2):7-8. Spring. to purchase four different ices in one pack. Plamil Foods
• Summary: “The French organisation, CPCIA (Centre de launched a new non-dairy chocolate bar, Martello and
Perfectionnement des Cadres des Industries Agricoles et Marigold Health Food, manufacturers of canned braised tofu
Alimentaires) held a seminar on 14 and 15 March 1992, in and other delicacies, also had a stand.”
Paris, on the subject of ‘Applications of soya foods in the

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1438. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1992. Soya desserts gain Health. He received a Medical Perspectives fellowship to
ground. 3(2):3. Spring. research the uses of soy foods in the Indian diet, and has
• Summary: “Last year over 10 million litres of soya milk published his results in the medical literature. Dr. Jain has
were consumed in the UK” and this is helping sales of soya conducted talk shows and soy demonstrations on national
based desserts–according to the UK Soya Milk Information television and radio in India. Currently, Dr. Jain is also a
Bureau, which surveyed 2,000 soymilk consumers in 1991, consultant in a five-year rural health and soybean promotion
as a follow-up to their 1990 survey reported in SoyaFoods project in India.”
3(1) 1992. On the rear cover, a color photo shows Laxmi and
Soya milk trends: 41% said they purchased more soya Manoj Jain. Address: 1. Wellesley, Massachusetts; 2. M.D.,
milk now than a year ago. The main reason for buying soya physician in internal medicine at New England Medical
milk is healthy eating; 78% compared to 49% in 1990 said Center (Boston).
they try to eat healthy foods. 21% said they like to try new
foods. The most popular use of soya milk is on cereals 1440. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1992. Soya
(81%), followed by in tea and coffee (55%) and 55% of deli and fast food pilot project. 1(2):1. April/June.
those questioned use soya milk in desserts. • Summary: “Frank Daller is moving from the Toronto area
“Soya-based desserts: More than 50% of respondents to Ottawa to take the SoyaCow’s products to Ottawans. He
regularly eat soya-based desserts. 77% ate long-life soya plans to operate a SoyaCow from a busy market location
dessert, 46% soya yogurt and 39% soya ice cream. The main to produce and sell freshly made tofu, soymilk, soy-yogurt,
reason for buying soya-based desserts is as part of a healthy okara, and various value added products made from them.
diet. 49% buy because they taste good. The business will also sell health fast foods including
“Although 72% of respondents are still buying their soya tofu-burgers, pita pocket sandwiches, frozen desserts, and
milk from health food stores, a growing number are moving soydrinks and shakes.
towards supermarkets. The majority (86%) buy unsweetened “The idea is to prove the concept in Ottawa with the
soya milk.” intent of developing it into a franchise.”

1439. Jain, Laxmi; Jain, Manoj. 1992. Melody of India 1441. Whole Foods. 1992. Sales slow for frozen yogurt.
cuisine: Tasteful new vegetarian recipes celebrating soy and June. p. 18-19. [1 ref]
tofu in traditional Indian foods. Santa Barbara, California: • Summary: Sales of frozen yogurt have stabilized and are
Woodbridge Press. 221p. Illust. 26 cm. expected to level off over the next few years, according
• Summary: The authors (mother and son) have taken over to a report from Find/SVP, the market research firm. This
100 vegetarian recipes from all over India and prepared them leveling off follows the huge surge of interest in the category
with soymilk, tofu, and soy yogurt in place of all or part of during the past 10 years.
the dairy products. They begin the book with chapters on the Consumption of frozen yogurt increased by 36.1 million
dietary benefits of soyfoods and methods of preparing them. gallons between 1987 and 1990, rising 51% in 1989 and 43%
All recipes include nutritional breakdowns. in 1990. The category of frozen desserts is expected to reach
Contents: Introduction. Why tofu and soybeans? sales of $4.1 billion by 1996.
Nutritional value of tofu and other soy foods. Preparation
of tofu and other soy foods. Soy appetizers (incl. roasted 1442. SoyaScan Notes. 1992. The remarkable food-related
soybeans). Soy with vegetables. Soy breads. Soy salads. Soy creativity that took place in Boston from the late 1960s until
raitas & chutney. Soy with rice & lentils. Soy drinks. Soy the late 1970s, especially within the macrobiotic community
desserts. Soy ice cream, cookies and cakes. Appendixes: (Overview). July 13. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
A. Suggested menus. B. Weights, measures, temperatures Soyfoods Center.
and times. C. Glossary of Hindi terms. D. Sources of Indian • Summary: A flowering of original food product
foods. Biographical notes. development took place in Boston during this period.
“Laxmi Jain, a native of India, has lived in the Boston There were a number of reasons for this (1) The meeting of
area for the past 18 years. She works actively to promote the two food cultures, Japanese and American, together with
use of soybeans in the American and Indian diet... Her first new ideas related to diet and health, as embodied in the
book on soybean, ‘Indian Soy Cuisine,’ was published by the macrobiotic teachings of Michio and Aveline Kushi. Just as
American Soybean Association. the meeting of two ocean currents leads to a region at the
“Dr. Manoj Jain is a physician in Internal Medicine at boundary of great biological activity and development, so
Boston City Hospital and is specializing in International does the meeting of two cultures. Young Americans were
Health and Infectious Diseases at the New England Medical introduced to a host of new basic foods which they quickly
Center. Dr. Jain is a graduate of Boston University School began to use and process in new ways. These included miso,
of Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Public tofu, seitan, amazake, umeboshi salt plums, sea vegetables,

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rice syrup, rice cakes, azuki beans, mochi, and many more. 1443. Nordquist, Ted A. 1992. Re: Overview and details
To cite but four examples: (A) Seitan: Japanese had on new developments with AB Winner and with Aros in
used seitan as a salty condiment or seasoning. By late Sweden. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center,
1972 Americans had transformed it into a succulent meat Aug. 26–in reply to inquiry. 2 p. Typed, with signature on
substitute. (B) Tofu: It had never occurred to Japanese to put letterhead.
tofu in a blender. By the mid-1970s Americans in Boston • Summary: “I formed Aros Sojaprodukter AB in August of
were combining it with a sweetener to make delectable 1990 with Erik Kennhed, a business man from Eskilstuna,
dairyless tofu cheesecakes and cream pies, or to make low- Sweden. I was VD or President with 51% to his 49%. Aros
fat, cholesterol-free salad dressings, dips, and spreads. (C) AB bought soybase from Trensums Musteri AB and sold it
Amazake: Japanese serve this as a hot beverage like tea, to Winner AB. Winner made Tofuline ice-cream and sold it
most in teahouses; The only flavoring used is gingerroot. to Aros AB. Aros AB in turn sold Tofuline to Ingman Foods,
Americans transformed it into delectable ice creams (free of Finland, Nutana in Sweden, Nutana in Denmark and Nutana
dairy products and sugar), or thick, sweet drinks resembling in Norway. Since I designed the soybase plant for Trensums,
milk shakes sold refrigerated in plastic bottles. Americans I had an exclusive contract with them on soybase. I worked
also used amazake as an all-purpose natural sweetener in with Winner to develop soy-based products, the ice-cream
place of sugar, honey, or maple syrup. They also learned was the first.
to make a rice milk resembling amazake using commercial “I did not have time for tofu. I sold Aros Sojaprodukter
purified enzymes instead of koji; at this point, the line KB to Trensums and moved the Tofu plant to Trensums in
separating amazake and rice syrup became somewhat July of 1991. Trensums Musteri AB is owned by Blekinge
blurred. (D) Rice Syrup: Japanese use amé or mizuamé, Invest and is situated in Tingsryd, about 30 minutes by car
made from koji, as the basis for taffy-like candies or, in very from Karlshamn where Winner is located.
limited ways, as a sweetener. Americans soon began to make “Then in August of 1991 Nutana in Denmark and
rice syrup using commercial enzymes instead of koji and to Norway went bankrupt. Winner had about 100,000 dollars
use it as an all-purpose natural sweetener in place of sugar, of ice-cream in stock. Trensums and Winner did not like my
honey, or maple syrup. powerful position while I, according to the contracts, had
(2) The closely-knit, almost communal nature of the no financial liability. I just took the profits. So they started
macrobiotic community in Boston, was one in which many talking to each other about me, or more specifically about
people, mostly young people (including many women), were Aros Sojaprodukter AB. Blekinge Invest forced Erik to sell
working closely together with a common vision. New ideas his 49% to Blekinge Invest for a song, threatening him with
were shared more than guarded or patented. Joel Wollner possible losses if both Winner and Trensums decided to drop
notes that it was almost like the art community in Paris soya altogether. Once they bought out Erik I was next.
during the impressionist era of the late 1800s. “I reached an agreement with Winner and Blekinge
(3) The Erewhon retail store (opened in April 1966) Invest in April of 1992. I sold my shares to Blekinge Invest
provided a ready testing ground for new local products. who now owns 100% of Aros Sojaprodukter AB and KB. I
Many got their start in one or more of these stores. The work as a consultant for Winner until the end of this year.
Erewhon Trading Co. (which started importing Japanese “Aros AB (Trensums) delivers soybase only to Winner.
natural and macrobiotic foods in Aug. 1968), and which Winner sells Tofuline ice-cream directly to Nutana Sweden
began wholesaling and distributing in the spring of 1969, and Ingman Foods in Finland. They sell via their own
greatly helped to expand the market for good products. Winner name to England.
(4) The community was fortunate to have a number of “AB Winner, 374 82 Karlshamn, Sweden. Tel: 46-454-
exceptionally talented entrepreneurs in the food business, 82000. Fax: 46-454-11375. International sales contact is Leif
including Paul Hawken, Bruce Macdonald, Roger Hillyard, Andersson. President is Håkan Johnsson.
Bill Tara, and many others. Many of these individuals later “Aros Sojaprodukter AB, Box 112, 36201 Tingsryd,
left the area to start their own food companies. Sweden. Tel: 46-477-11920. Fax: 46-477-18034.
(5) It was during this period that the natural foods, “Aros (Trensums) does not want to actively sell soybase.
macrobiotic foods, organic foods, and vegetarian movements They are happy to sell only to Winner AB. There is no
(all closely related, and often based on similar philosophical, President, but Jan Hallberg, vice-president of Trensums
ethical, and spiritual values) began to grow in the United handles the paper work. Aros Tofu is off the market. Dansk
States, in part in reaction to the overly-processed, overly Tofu is now sold in Sweden and Norway.
chemicalized, unhealthful foods produced by big food “Winner is in the process of being sold. The plot
companies, and the highly-chemicalized food growing thickens!
techniques used by American farmers–and in part because of “Anders Lindner, Erik Kennhed and I look on in interest
the leadership and inspiration of the community in Boston. as all this unfolds.”
Note: Attached are photocopies of three Tofuline soy ice

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cream labels, sold by Nutana in Sweden. Address: President, Under Haldane Granose Food Group UK are Genice UK,
TAN AB, Eningbölevägen 54, S-740 82 Örsundsbro, Vegetarian Feasts & Cuisine UK, Snackmasters UK, Direct
Sweden. Phone: +46 171 605 68. Fax: +46 171 604 56. Foods UK, and Saucemasters UK.
British Arkady Company–England: Manufactures,
1444. Krizmanic, Judy. 1992. Savvy new soyfoods. markets and distributes full fat soya flours, TVP, bakery
Vegetarian Times. Aug. p. 82-83. ingredients, frozen dough products. S.I.O.–France:
• Summary: Highlights, with color photos, Living Lightly Manufactures and markets specialty oils and fats for food
non-dairy soy ice cream from Turtle Mountain, Toffle and pharmaceutical use. Soya flour millers.
(eggless tofu waffle) from Dae Han, Tofutti Better than Haldane Granose Food Group–England: Factories at
Cream Cheese, Westsoy Lite Non Dairy Creamer, Pita Melts Barrow and Newport Pagnell, manufacture and marketing
from Health in Wealth, Meatless Tofu Steaks from White health foods, dry mixers, TVP mixers, burger mixes, dry mix
Wave, Ken & Robert’s Veggie Pockets. and frozen vegeburgers, canned vegetarian products, spreads,
“Soy much to learn. Want to learn more about soy? Send soya milk. Genice Ltd.–Wales: Manufactures non-dairy
a self-addressed, stamped, business envelope to the Soyfoods ice cream, soya yogurt, yogice soya cream and specialty
Center...” margarines. Direct Foods Ltd.–England: Protoveg range of
TVP mixers, including Sosmix and Burgamix, marketed
1445. McSweeney, Daniel. 1992. 10th Annual Whole Foods and distributed by Haldane/Granose. Snackmasters Ltd.–
Consumer Survey: Getting to know your customers. A profile Wales: Manufactures and markets a range of snackmeals.
of an aging and affluent consumer emerges from the survey. Saucemasters Ltd.–Wales: Manufactures and markets
Whole Foods. Aug. p. 32-34, 36, 38, 43-44. sauces, dips, spreads and relishes packed in glass jars or
• Summary: A table titled “Food purchases” (p. 43) shows sachets. Vegetarian Feasts & Vegetarian Cuisine–England:
the percentage of respondents who purchased a type of Manufactures and markets frozen vegetarian meals, retailed
product at a natural foods during the past 12 months, in through food shops and supermarkets.
descending order of popularity (also shows percentages for “Haldane Foods Group is now well established as the
1991 and 1990): Tofu 52%. Soy milk 42%. Tamari 38%. Soy leading supplier to the U.K. health food industry. Nineteen
sauce 29%. Miso 28%. Tempeh 25%. Cheese substitute 19%. products were added to an already extensive sales list.
Sea vegetables 17%. Note: The sample size is not given. Snackmasters, Ltd. experienced rapid growth in snackmeals
and increased efficiency by installing fully automatic process
1446. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1992. Annual report. P.O. equipment. Two products that capitalized on the growing
Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 41 p. Sept. trend toward good health were the low-fat Granose ‘Light’
• Summary: Net sales and other operating income for 1992 soya milk and the high-polyunsaturate cholesterol-free
(year ended June 30) were $9,232 million, up 9.0% from Granose Soya Cream.
1991. Net earnings for 1992 were $503.8 million, up 7.9% “Vegeburgers remain a market leader and three new
from 1991. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $4,492 relishes were introduced under that brand name. Granose
million, up 14.5% from 1991. Net earnings per common Foods is rapidly building market share with both vegetable
share: $1.54. Number of shareholders: 32,377. and TVP-based vegetarian sausages. Genice Ltd. continued
“The last two fiscal year have been years of rapid growth to innovate with the introduction of low-fat yogice.”
and a broadening of the Company’s profit base. During this Address: Decatur, Illinois.
period investment in plant and equipment amounted to $1.5
billion, consisting of $1 billion of capital expenditures for 1447. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1992. Better
new plants and equipment, using mostly new technology, and tofu using SoyaCow. 1(3):1. July/Sept.
acquisitions of $500 million... • Summary: “Indovita Proteins (P) Ltd., Ghaziabad, India,
“ADM takes seriously its commitment as the recently received a SoyaCow for testing and installed it in
‘supermarket to the world.’ With millions of starving people the Delhi area to explore its economic viability for a soya
in Asia and Africa, the Company has the technology, through milk cottage industry. They reported that the tofu make using
soy milk, Harvest Burger and wheat gluten, to provide an the soya milk from the SoyaCow is superior in flavour and
individual with a proper level of healthy protein for as little texture to that which they are producing on their Taiwanese
as 12.5¢ per day.” equipment.
A 2-page foldout between pages 4 and 5 shows ADM’s “Indovita is now in the process of upgrading their
international corporate structure. In Europe, under ADM existing equipment with SoyaCow technology. This confirms
International Holdings, are British Arkady Company UK, the belief that better quality soya milk makes better quality
Haldane Granose Food Group UK, and Arkady Feeds products–tofu, yogurt, drinks, frozen desserts, etc.”
Ireland. Under British Arkady Company UK are S.I.O.
France, InaNahrmittel Germany, and Happidog Petfoods UK. 1448. Bryan, Ford R. 1992. Personal recollections of

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soyfoods served at Ford Motor Co. cafeterias and dining • Summary: Florence is the widow of Rex Diamond.
rooms, and of Dr. Edsel Ruddiman (Interview). SoyaScan Holton Whittier “Rex” Diamond was born on 15 June
Notes. Dec. 3 and 10. Conducted by William Shurtleff of 1915 in Lucasville, Scioto county, Ohio, the son of Walter
Soyfoods Center. V. Diamond and Ethel Pigg. He was a very bright boy,
• Summary: Mr. Bryan began to work for the Ford Motor chosen valedictorian of his Valley High School class and,
Co. in June 1941. He had a roommate who worked for Ford as valedictorian, he presented “The Seniors’ Farewell
in engineering and Bryan would sometimes have lunch Message” at the graduation ceremony on 10 May 1932.
with him in Engineering cafeteria, located in west Dearborn After entering Wilmington College in Wilmington, Ohio, on
about 5 miles from the Rouge plant. This cafeteria, and the a scholarship, the school newspaper noted that he added “to
adjoining private dining room where Henry Ford ate, were a brilliant scholastic record” by “being the first freshman to
probably the first to introduce soybean foods. There, in 1941, make a perfect grade in the state-wide English examination.
he recalls eating soybean bread and biscuits, and drinking Diamond also holds national, state, and county scholarship
soybean milk. In the cafeteria, the soymilk was lined up in awards in Latin, French, chemistry and English.” Another
glasses, and in the dining room it was served at each table. article reported that he was the first entering freshman in the
“It had a distinctly different taste–not too bad. And we drank 60 year history of the college to score 100% on the timed
it without question. It was the drink of the day. There was no entrance exam. Upon graduation from Wilmington in 1936,
choice.” Mr. Bryan is not sure whether or not he ever tasted he was awarded the Chi Beta Pi national honorary fraternity
soy ice cream in the Ford cafeteria. “annual Grand Chapter award [a gold key] for outstanding
Mr. Bryan has recently been talking with a woman scholarship, research ability, and service to the school and
who is Edsel Ruddiman’s niece. She is age 90, has a good chapter.” While in college, he was president of the college
memory, and now resides in Dearborn; she just moved there YMCA, and a member of the varsity tennis team, college
from Florida. She used to taste-test some of the soy products band, and yearbook staff. After graduating from Wilmington
her uncle was making. She was not paid for this work. Dr. in 1936 (with a BSc and a BSc in Education degree, and
Ruddiman was in charge of the food work for Henry Ford. a major in chemistry), he worked briefly as a surveyor in
Ruddiman began his research in what was really Henry Scioto county, then for several years as a chemist for Mead
Ford’s private dining room beside the tractor plant. It was a Paper Co. in Chillicothe, Ohio until entering Drew Seminary
cute, little bungalow which Henry used to entertain guests. Graduate School of Theology for the fall 1938–Spring 1939
The dining room that later appeared in many photos with school year. (This was a term in the Methodist ministry;
executives seated at a round table was in the Engineering he had been interested in YMCA and Gospel Team Work
Building, which was built in 1923. in college.) Then he moved to Detroit, lived at the YMCA
Dr. Ruddiman was around Dearborn until at least 1942, in 1940, and worked as a chemist in the lab of a steel mill,
at which time Mr. Bryan knew him. “I think the following then as a “soda jerk” in a soda fountain. He also attended the
story is true. Henry Ford had his way of disposing with downtown Methodist church and often wrote poetry.
people. He thought that Edsel Ruddiman was not making During 1942, while working in Detroit, he enrolled
good headway on his work with soy. He had Ruddiman and in night school at Wayne State University in Detroit,
Boyer and even R.H. McCarroll competing with one another taking courses in advanced organic and high polymers,
to some extent. The man who told me this story, who worked dyes, biochemistry, and chemical literature–but obtained
in the village, was told to get rid of Ruddiman’s laboratory. no graduate degrees. He pursued these graduate studies
He was told ‘I want to see sod there the next day.’ So until 1945. Continued. Address: 1112 Pawnee Trail #2,
Ruddiman’s laboratory was wiped out. I don’t know what Dr. Georgetown, Kentucky 40324. Phone: 502-863-5055.
Ruddiman did after that.”
Mr. Bryan is a distant relative of Henry Ford. His 1450. Diamond, Florence Barbier. 1992. The life and work of
grandmother was named Emma Ford and his first name is Holton W. “Rex” Diamond. Part II. Work at Ford Motor Co.
Ford because of that relationship. His great-great-grandfather and Delsoy Products Inc., 1942-1946 (Interview). SoyaScan
and Henry Ford’s grandfather were brothers, and they both Notes. Dec. 3. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
married women who were sisters. Address: 21800 Morley, Center. Followed by confirmation from a brief chronology of
Apt. 1203, Dearborn, Michigan 48124. his life and 20 pounds of documents sent by Mrs. Diamond.
• Summary: Continued: In about 1942, through Wayne State
1449. Diamond, Florence Barbier. 1992. The life and work University, Rex Diamond obtained a position in the research
of Holton W. “Rex” Diamond. Part I. Early life and work department of the Ford Motor Company, in the synthetic
to 1942 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 3. Conducted rubber development department, supervising a project group
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Followed by on butadiene synthesis. More specifically, his work was at
confirmation from a brief chronology of his life and 20 Greenfield Village on “dum-dum,” a silencing material for
pounds of documents sent by Mrs. Diamond. cars. When the entire synthetic rubber research program at

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Ford was abandoned, in about June 1943, he was transferred of the research and development work on the soy-based
to the George Washington Carver Laboratory. whipped topping at the Carver Lab.
He worked under Robert A. “Bob” Smith (the chief A photo shows the 12-member staff of the Carver
chemist and his boss) on soybean milk, cheese, ice cream Laboratory in 1945, including Rex Diamond, Clem
and tofu, and developed a whipped topping (his first) based Glotzhober, and Florence Barbier. Bob Smith was absent. A
on soymilk. Of these products, the found the whipped caption notes that here “Diamond did the [sic, his] first work
topping (which was later commercialized by 3 different in developing a whipped topping.”
companies) to be by far the most interesting. A W-2 form shows that during 1945 Holton W. Diamond
Rex continued to work at the Carver Laboratory (who lived at 1648 May Ave., Dearborn, Michigan) was
throughout World War II–his first research concerned employed by “Russell-Taylor Inc., 1951 E. Ferry Ave.,
chlorophyll. On 9 May 1945 Diamond and Smith applied Detroit 11, Michigan.” [Note: Diamond was working on their
(as assignors to the Ford Motor Co.) for a U.S. patent (No. whip topping]. His wages totaled $552.13 in 1945. A 1946
2,476,358) titled “Soluble compound of chlorophyll and form shows he was paid wages $68.25 by Russell-Taylor in
synthesis thereof.” The patent was issued on 19 July 1949. the first quarter of 1946.
One day in 1945 a man named Herbert Marshall Taylor At about the time World War II was over (Aug. 1945),
came into the Carver Laboratory with a soybean product Florence Barbier, a graduate of Stephens College (Columbia,
that would whip–but it wasn’t very good and you could not Missouri) was transferred from the Rouge Chemical
rely upon it to whip every time or to whip the same way. Laboratory (where she had worked during the war) to the
Florence is not sure where Mr. Taylor got this product. Carver Laboratory. There she first met Rex–who interviewed
[Note: Compare this version of events concerning Mr. Taylor her for the job. She ran analyses on the soymilk that they
and soy-based whip topping with that told by Robert A. made there frequently, worked on the development of a
Smith in May 1979.] Several days later, Rex analyzed the fermented soymilk cheese (which was never very good),
product and went to work on developing an improved and and made some tofu. Soymilk was made at the Carver Lab.
reliable whipped topping. He recorded the results of his work in 100 gallon batches approximately 2 to 3 times a week.
[starting on 24 March 1945] in his notebooks, which are now Alberta Hardy (who now lives in Lansing, Michigan) was
at the Henry Ford Museum at Dearborn. Prior to this time, one of the people who helped make the soymilk. Some of
nobody at the Carver Lab. had done research on a whipped this soymilk was given to any woman in the Dearborn area
topping. Rex discovered at some point, while working at the (not just Ford employees) who could not tolerate cow’s milk
Carver Lab., that mono- and diglycerides played a critical and who wanted to stop by and pick some up free of charge.
role in whip toppings. Taylor was using a typical “bakery It was also sent to the Henry Ford Hospital and to Henry
shortening” as a key ingredient in his whipped topping. It Ford’s Greenfield Village Schools where it was served free
contained mono- and diglycerides, but their amounts were of charge at recess each morning and afternoon. It was also
not carefully controlled, since these levels were not critical served to the students for their noon meal at the Clinton Inn
in typical baking applications. Later (on 12 June 1955) in a in Greenfield Village. Florence recalls soymilk being served
paper titled “Vegetable Fat Whips for Bakery and Household in this way when she was a high school student there in the
Use,” presented to the Institute for Food Technologists, mid-1930s. The soymilk was poured from a large metal
he stated: “The use of special vegetable shortening, which container into glasses, which were placed in the hallways at
contain not only hydrogenated vegetable oil but also one or recess times for anyone who wanted it. “Henry Ford wanted
more surface active materials quite common in the topping all the experimental work done at the Carver Lab. to be of
business. It is well to remember in this connection that benefit to the public. Even the inventions were to be made
most of these shortenings are made for some other use, they available to anyone who wanted them.” Florence’s father,
may introduce variations in the properties of the topping A. Roy Barbier, had worked for Henry Ford as advertising
emulsions. A shortening containing mono- and diglycerides manager for the Ford Motor Co. from 1924 to the autumn
may be controlled within tolerances which are adequate for of 1941. Barbier worked closely with Edsel Ford and
its use in baked goods but not for its use in toppings.” Rex considered him an intelligent and very competent person–in
felt he had solved Taylor’s problem and made an important fact one of the finest people he ever met. But Edsel was
discovery related to non-dairy whipped toppings. overshadowed by his famous father, Henry Ford. Barbier
Florence has the impression that Mr. Taylor was a very thought Edsel never received the credit he so richly deserved.
outgoing person who inadvertently sometimes got into On 21 Feb. 1946 Rex Diamond applied (alone, and not
trouble; he did not have bad intentions, but was sometimes as an assignor to the Ford Motor Co.) for a U.S. patent (No.
misguided. He was a big spender when he had the money; 2,487,698) titled “Topping for salads, desserts, and similar
later he felt he had been cheated by Delsoy Products and products.” The patent was issued on 8 Nov. 1949. The all-
the owners of Delsoy felt they had been cheated by him. vegetable topping called for the use of about 1.5% soy bean
Florence also recalls that Rex, not Bob Smith, did most protein, 25-35% hydrogenated soybean oil, etc.

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Prior to the formation of Vegetable Products he had pioneered at Ford. So after a short time, he stopped
Corporation, Rex made many trips to try to procure a source working with Delsoy and began work on starting a company
of shortening (still in short supply after the war) to be used in named Vegetable Products Corporation (VPC) to produce a
the manufacture of the whipped topping he planned to make. whipped topping named Wonder Whip, which was similar
On 28 Feb. 1946, on a flight to New York City, he wrote to to Delsoy. There were no hard feelings after this parting and
Florence that on the plane he enjoyed “an apricot cobbler Rex remained friends over the years with both Bob Smith
topped with what I am almost sure was Delsoy Topping”–a and Herbert Marshall Taylor–though Taylor long remained
non-dairy whipped topping introduced in late 1943 and made bitter over his own split with Delsoy. Florence and Rex
by Bob Smith. (Note: Bob Smith left the Ford Motor Co. in were married on 9 Aug. 1947 in Dearborn, and they lived in
Aug. 1945 to work full time with Delsoy Products.) While Dearborn for the next year.
Rex was still employed at the Carver Laboratory, he did Rex had plenty of good ideas but no money. With
some part time evening and weekend work as a consultant considerable help from Arthur M. Smith, his patent attorney,
for Delsoy Products, conducting experiments to try to Rex found investors and on 26 Aug. 1947 he signed an
improve Delsoy. On 13 June 1946, before he left Ford, he agreement that established Vegetable Products Corporation
obtained a written release from Mr. E.C. McRae, of the Ford to raise money in order to get his non-dairy whipped topping
Motor Co. patent dept. stating: “Inasmuch as the Ford Motor on the market. There were about 5 investors, who probably
Company is not in any way interested in the manufacture contributed equal amounts of capital, totaling about $10,000
of soybean food products, we have no objection to your to $20,000–a relatively small amount, leaving the business
patenting any ideas you may have along this line.” Again, underfinanced. The investors were John J. Hamel Jr. (a friend
Diamond was planning for his whipped topping. of Arthur M. Smith), A. Roy Barbier (Florence’s father),
In Aug. 1946 Rex started thinking seriously about Robert Walker, Elmer Hitt, and Joe Higgason. Rex did not
and developing a business plan and finding sources of raw invest any capital. The corporation was headquartered in
materials for starting a “soy bean dairy” to make whip Birmingham, Michigan, which was where John Hamel, the
topping, soy ice cream, soy cheese, and chocolate malted. president, had his office and lived. However Hamel didn’t
With the help of attorney Arthur M. Smith, he wrote Mr. participate much in VPC. Rex was formally the corporation’s
Adrian Joyce [of The Glidden Co.] on 16 Aug. 1946 to treasurer, though he did almost all of the day-to-day work.
see if Joyce had any interest in his ideas and inventions. It was about 2 months after this agreement was signed that
Continued. Address: 1112 Pawnee Trail #2, Georgetown, VPC began to manufacture Wonder Whip at Bodker’s Dairy
Kentucky 40324. Phone: 502-863-5055. in Detroit. [For another view of the events related to Delsoy,
see interview with David and Harvey Whitehouse, Feb.
1451. Diamond, Florence Barbier. 1992. The life and work 1992.]
of Holton W. “Rex” Diamond. Part III. Work at Vegetable VPC started in the fall of 1947 inside of Chris Bodker’s
Protein Corporation, and American Maize Products Co., Dairy at 25440 Five Mile Road in Detroit, Michigan.
1947-1955 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 3. Conducted The local dairy association did not know that Bodker
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Followed by was allowing a non-dairy product to be made inside his
confirmation from a brief chronology of his life and 8 pounds dairy. Florence’s father, who was head of the advertising
of documents sent by Mrs. Diamond. department for the Ford Motor Co., chose the name Wonder
• Summary: Continued: Rex left the Ford Motor Co. in Whip and also designed the logo, which contained the
about Nov. 1946, shortly before the Carver Laboratory was words “Wonder Whip” inside a diamond. Chris Bodker
closed; his wages for 1946 were $3,313.20. On 14 Nov. wanted to distribute Wonder Whip (using his trucks) to his
1946 he applied to the state of Michigan for unemployment customers, but he was told by the local dairy association
compensation. Note: It appears from the above that the that if he distributed a non-dairy product, he would be “out
Carver Laboratory closed in late 1946. of business.” Shortly after their marriage, and after only
After leaving the Ford Motor Co., Rex may have done 2-3 months of developmental work, VPC began producing
a little more part-time work with Bob Smith at Delsoy Wonder Whip at Bodker’s Dairy. It was distributed by Tabor
Products. On 6 July 1945 Herbert Marshall Taylor, President Meat Distributing Co. VPC operated out of Bodker’s for
of Delsoy Products, Inc., at the suggestion of Mr. Bob Smith, only 1-2 months, then Rex moved the business out to Saline,
had given Rex 12 shares of their stock and invited him to Michigan, and into the second floor of the old Henry Ford
work for them on a full-time basis. But both Rex and his soybean extraction plant that had been purchased by the
father-in-law, A. Roy Barbier, felt terms offered by Delsoy Hamel family’s Valley Chemical Company in Oct. 1947
for Rex’s services were unacceptable. Mr. Barbier felt that after Henry Ford’s death and still had a solvent extraction
Rex would never get a good deal from Bob Smith, and that plant that produced soybean meal and soy oil. As part of a
influenced Rex’s decision. Moreover, Rex’s dream was to written agreement, John Hamel let VPC use the second floor
start his own company making the whipped topping that of the Saline building rent free. That included use of a little

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laboratory and of some stainless steel equipment that Henry However they wanted a spray-dried product with a long
Ford had previously used to make white soy paints using shelf-life since they had no facilities for handling a
soy protein. Rex and Florence continued to live in Dearborn, refrigerated product. For the next 7 years, Rex worked
driving to work each day in Saline; after several months, closely with Nichols Engineering Company, but they were
they moved to Saline, thus eliminating the long drive. By unable to successfully spray dry a high-fat vegetable cream
late 1947 or early 1948 VPC began to make (on the second in their very small Niro spray dryer. The same type of
floor) and continued to sell Wonder Whip, a liquid soy-based formulas could be easily spray dried in the next larger Niro
whipped topping, packaged in a small ½-pint cardboard unit. After sitting on the shelf for a while, the fat would
container shaped like a truncated cone [the same shape as the seep out from each particle in the high-fat product causing
containers for Delsoy and Rich’s Whipped Topping, which the particles to clump together. During the summer of 1951
were similar competing products]. They first distributed their he studied food technology at Massachusetts Institute of
product in a jeep and small trailer to the meat distributor in Technology. On 30 March 1950 Rex applied for a patent
Detroit (owned by Mr. Tabor, a friend of Florence’s father) titled “Powdered Topping and Method of Making Same”
who continued to distribute the product. In 1948 VPC had a (No. 2,619,423) which was issued on 25 Nov. 1952. Then
booth at the Michigan State Fair, where 55,000 people tasted he changed the formula radically, abandoning the use of
Wonder Whip. But Rex’s company was undercapitalized, had soy (and of all protein), and made a much better product
weak distribution, and local competition from 2 other non- whose key ingredient was methyl ethyl cellulose, used as
dairy whipped toppings which were improved by technical a stabilizer. He and Eugene L. Powell applied for a patent
innovations. (No. 2,863,653) on this product, titled “Salad and Dessert
One major competing product was Delsoy Super Whip Topping” on 3 Dec. 1954. It was issued on 13 Jan. 1959,
(apparently launched in about 1947, perhaps the first such after Rex had assigned the rights to Rich Products Corp.
product in a pressurized can; it was later renamed Presto upon his employment with that company in the fall of 1955.
Whip). The second competing product was frozen Whip Rex did no further work with soy. When American Maize
Topping, introduced in late 1945 by Bob Rich of Rich decided they were not in a position to exploit the new methyl
Products Corp. in Buffalo, New York. This was the first ethyl cellulose process of making topping, Rex wanted to
frozen whip topping. As its distribution expanded into move on so he could be actively engaged in the commercial
Michigan, it severely hurt sales of Wonder Whip. In April exploitation of this new process. Even though American
1949 Rex tried to expand into new non-dairy products with a Maize wanted him to sell the patent to a manufacturer
soy ice cream, made from basically the same ingredients as and stay on with them, they parted on friendly terms, and
his Wonder Whip, but VPC didn’t have the funds to develop American Maize transferred the rights to the patent to
and launch such a new product, so the it was never sold. Rex before he left. Florence thinks that Rex, at his own
Delsoy in the pressurized can was a more serious competitor suggestion, paid American Maize a small sum to cover the
in the local area, but Rich’s frozen Whip Topping was more expenses of applying for the patent.
of a threat in more distant markets and as it expanded into On 12 June 1955 Rex presented a 9-page paper with 9
Michigan. VPC could not survive this competition from slides on “Vegetable fats for bakery and household use” at
its weak position. Moreover Rex was not an experienced the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists.
businessman. So the company was forced to cease operations He noted that in the USA, either soy protein or non-fat
on 26 March 1949, after less than 2 years in business. milk solids was generally used as the protein dispersant.
In early April 1949 Bob Smith of Delsoy Products Continued. Address: 1112 Pawnee Trail #2, Georgetown,
offered Rex a job any time he wanted it. Smith also Kentucky 40324. Phone: 502-863-5055.
expressed interest in acquiring Diamond’s pending patent
applications as well as the name of his company, which he 1452. Ruddiman, Catherine. 1992. Recollections of work
thought was better than his own “Delsoy Products Inc.” with soyfoods in Dearborn, Michigan (Interview). SoyaScan
In March 1949 Rex wrote several food corporations Notes. Dec. 12. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
to see if they might be interested in manufacturing Wonder Center.
Whip and paying him a royalty. General Food Corp. in New • Summary: Catherine is Dr. Edsel Ruddiman’s niece. She
York said they were not interested. Sadly, Rex was ahead of is age 90, has a good memory, and has never married. Her
the market, for about 8 years later General Mills launched clearest recollection is that in the 1930s (probably after 1934)
Dream Whip, and about 15 years later Whip ‘n Chill, both Dr. Ruddiman would make soy flour by grinding whole
similar products. soybeans. He would take samples to her home near Dearborn
American Maize Products Co. in Whiting, Indiana, and she would use the flour to bake cookies, muffins, bread,
responded favorably, so Rex went to work as a chemist for etc. She lived between Dearborn and Detroit; she was not
them from the fall of 1949 to Nov. 1955, working closely paid for this work. Her “Uncle Ed” would taste the samples
with B.R. Taylor, Manager of Planning and Development. she had baked, then take the rest over to the laboratory to

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work on them further. After several months, when they had of the 15 courses consisted partially or wholly of soy. The
more or less perfected the flour and its uses, her involvement following 15 dishes were served: Tomato juice seasoned with
stopped. She does not recall whether or not she ever visited soybean sauce. Salted soybeans. Celery stuffed with soybean
his lab. She is quite sure that Dr. Ruddiman worked on cheese. Purée of soybean. Soybean crackers. Soybean
soymilk, and probably ice cream. She is sure that bread made croquettes with tomato sauce. Buttered green soybeans.
with soy flour was served in one or more Ford Motor Co. Pineapple ring with soybean cheese [tofu] and soybean
restaurants or cafeterias. dressing. Soybean bread with soybean butter. Apple pie
She does not have any newspaper or magazine articles (soybean crust). Cocoa with soybean milk. Soybean coffee.
about her uncle’s work with soya. She does not remember Assorted soybean cookies. Soybean cakes. Assorted soybean
when or why Dr. Ruddiman stopped working on this soy candy (Simonds 1938, p. 235; Chicago Herald and Examiner
project. 1934. Aug. 24. p. 11). At similar luncheons served between
She remembers a man named Jan Willemse, who Aug. 1934 and July 1935, soy ice cream was also served for
worked with Dr. Ruddiman. She did not know him (though dessert (Strother 1961).
she may have met him at one time), but his name is familiar. Dr. Ruddiman also developed a soybean biscuit, which
Address: 16351 Rotunda #351, Dearborn, Michigan 48120. both Henry Ford and white rats apparently liked, yet one of
Phone: 313-441-9148. Ford’s secretaries described it with unabashed candor as “the
vilest thing ever put into human mouths” (Lewis 1972).
1453. SoyaScan Notes. 1992. Dr. Edsel Ruddiman’s work During the 1930s in Greenfield Village, Dr. Ruddiman
with soyfoods at the Ford Motor Co. (Overview). Dec. 13. developed canned green soybeans (Bansei variety) and
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. produced 590 cans in 1935 and 1,000 in 1936 (Simonds
• Summary: The following is compiled mostly from 1938).
interviews with Robert Boyer, but also from other published Out of their work in developing soyfoods banquets
sources, as cited. during the mid-1930s, Ford and Dr. Ruddiman developed
Henry Ford’s three top soybean researchers during a 19-page soup-to-nuts booklet titled Recipes for Soy Bean
the late 1920s and the 1930s were Dr. Edsel Ruddiman Foods, one of the first of its kind in America. Published
(who started his soyfoods research with Ford in about by the Edison Institute, it contained 58 soyfoods recipes
1928), Robert Allen Boyer (head of the laboratory studying including ones for breads, biscuits, cakes, cookies, salads,
industrial applications, who started his soybean research meat substitutes, soy bean milk, soy bean cheese [tofu],
in 1931), and Bob Smith (who began work under Boyer in roasted soy beans [oil roasted soynuts], soy bean nut butter
about 1931, then headed his own lab at Moir House from [soynut butter], and soy bean butter (made by mixing
1938-1942). hydrogenated soy oil with salt, coloring matter and diacetyl
Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, a close boyhood pal and seat to color and taste). Unfortunately this book was not widely
mate of Ford’s at Scotch Settlement School, was also Ford’s distributed.
brother-in-law because he married Ford’s sister. In 1893 In August 1940 Ford hosted the annual ASA
Ford gave Ruddiman’s first name, Edsel, to his only child (a convention at Dearborn. Dr. Ruddiman presented a paper on
son). Formerly dean of the School of Pharmacy at Vanderbilt “Possibilities of Soybean Milk.” Dr. Ruddiman discontinued
University and an excellent scientist, he had started working his work for the Ford Motor Co. in 1942.
at the Ford Motor Company in 1926. He had one lab in In about 1941, when Dr. Ruddiman was almost 80
a building not far from Boyer’s and another little lab in a years old, his wife wanted him to retire. She spoke with
building that had formerly been his home, in a beautiful, Henry Ford about her wish and Ford responded quickly
tranquil setting on one of the Twin Lakes. His primary job in a way that seemed to many who knew him to be quite
was to develop a milk to replace cow’s milk. Ruddiman was out of character; he essentially destroyed Dr. Ruddiman’s
the man who got Henry Ford interested in soyfoods. Ford laboratory. Ruddiman was very bitter at Ford and at times
soon became deeply interested in the fact that soyfoods had he even cried. After a short time he quit. The Twin Lakes lab
been used for thousands of years as a key source of high- was closed in 1941 (R.A. Smith 1979, p. 25).
quality, low-cost protein by millions of people in East Asia.
Henry Ford’s interest in soyfoods began in the early 1454. Soyfoods Assoc. of America. 1992. Soyfoods 2000:
1930s and stemmed from the interest and work of Dr. Merchandising soy products into the next century (Ad).
Ruddiman. The two men’s earliest soyfoods extravaganzas Natural Foods Merchandiser. Dec. 16-page color special
were the press luncheons and dinners that they developed to supplement, 8½ by 11 inches, inserted after p. 28.
publicize the experimentation with soy. The first meatless • Summary: Contains full color ads by Morinaga Nutritional
menu, developed largely by Dr. Ruddiman, was served to Foods, Inc. (Mori-Nu Tofu, Firm and Extra Firm), Lightlife
30 wary reporters at the Chicago Century of Progress Fair Foods, Inc. (5 types of tempeh, Tempeh Burgers [Lemon
in Aug. 1934; two others were served prior to 1943. Each Grill, American Grill, Barbecue Grill], Tofu Pups, Vegetarian

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Chili, Sloppy J, Foney Baloney, Fakin Bacon, Lean Links), “I have found nothing in our newspaper clipping books
Worthington Foods, Inc. (Natural Touch Okara Pattie, between August 1934, and December 1935, concerning soy
Garden Pattie, Dinner Entrée, Lentil Rice Loaf), Sovex ice cream.”
Natural Foods, Inc. (Better Than Milk, Tofu Ice Cream The 1945 microfilm of Rex Diamond’s lab notes shows
[Vanilla or Strawberry], Good Shepherd Spelt, Millet-Rice that he was doing research on soy ice cream in early June
Flakes, For Goodness Flakes!), Vitasoy (U.S.A.) Inc. (Light 1945.
Vanilla, Original, and Cocoa soy drinks). “Jan Willemse tells me he served vanilla and honey
Contains black-and-white ads by White Wave, Inc. flavored soy ice cream to Henry Ford in his private dining
(Five Grain Tempeh, Meatless Tofu Steaks, Soya A Melt room in late 1934. Dr. Ruddiman had to approve it before it
Soy Cheeses [Regular or Fat Free] and Singles, Lemon could be served. He said it was not publicized because not
Broil Tempeh, Amaranth Tempeh, Teriyaki Burgers, Organic everyone liked it as well as dairy ice cream. Jan is now 92
Tofu, Dairyless Non-Dairy Yogurts, Tempeh Burgers, Sea but is sharp.” Address: 21800 Morley, Apt. 1203, Dearborn,
Veggie Tempeh, Meatless Healthy Franks, Snack’n Savory Michigan 48124.
Tofu), Cemac Foods Corp. (Unbelievable brand Cheesecake;
based on nonfat baker’s cheese; contains no soy, no fat, no 1456. Cox, Peter. 1992. Why you don’t need meat. Revised
cholesterol), Solait International Ltd. (Solait Powdered Soy ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd. [ix] + 278 p.
Beverage), Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Lite Lite Tofutti, Tofutti Foreword by Linda McCartney. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [373*
Cuties, Land of the Free [Non-dairy frozen desserts, free ref]
of fat and sugar, sweetened with fruit juice], Tofutti Egg • Summary: A convincing argument against meat after the
Watchers, Better than Cream Cheese, Sour Supreme [Non- advent of Mad Cow Disease in the UK.
dairy sour cream], Premium Tofutti, Tofutti Soft Serve Mix), Contents: Acknowledgements. Foreword by Linda
Sharon’s Finest (TofuRella), American Natural Snacks (Soya McCartney. 1. Everything you’re not supposed to know. 2.
Kaas), Great Eastern Sun (Miso Master brand misos), The Apocalypse cow! 3. Pigtales. 4. The A to Z of good health.
Macrobiotic Wholesale Company, Turtle Island Foods, Inc. 5. Greener cuisine. 6. Everything you really need to know. 7.
(Keep It Simple Stirfry–Diced Marinated Tempeh), Betsy’s The composition of vegetarian foods.
Tempeh (Tempeh), Quong Hop & Co. (The Soy Deli–9 Tofu Table of food groups for a vegan diet (p. 171), designed
Burgers, 3 Savory Baked Tofu, Pacific Tempeh, 3 Tempeh by Dr. Michael Klaper; the section on Legumes in this
Burgers, 7 fresh water packed and vacuum packed tofu), table mentions “Soy products (milk, tofu, tempeh, Textured
MYCAL Group (natural dehulled soybean flakes). Vegetable Protein, etc.). Recipes include: Scrambled tofu
Articles and sidebars include: “Welcome to the future: (with “1 x 297 gm {10½ oz} carton tofu, drained,” p. 189).
Soyfoods 2000.” “Soyfoods Association names new Tempeh marinade (p. 190). Tofu marinade (p. 191-92).
executive director” (Virginia Messina, whose photo is In Chapter 6, the subsection on beans states that they
shown). “Soyfoods Association mission statement.” “The “are a marvelous source of protein, fibre, iron, the B vitamins
modern evolution of soyfoods,” by Michael Whiteman- and, when sprouted, vitamin C... beans can either look like
Jones and William Shurtleff (Shurtleff’s photo is shown). beans or they can be transformed into one of the many
“Unraveling the soyfoods merchandising mystery,” by delicious and nutritious bean products which supply the food
Michael Whiteman-Jones. “Research shows soyfoods may value but not the same beany experience. Among these are
help prevent cancer,” by Mark Messina, PhD (whose photo is soya milk, tofu, TVP (textured vegetable protein), tempeh,
shown). “Key reasons to buy soy: Environmental, nutritional, soya yogurt and ice cream, marinated tofu and soya cheeses
economic.” of every description.
This attractive insert was coordinated by Franke Lampe “Second, beans can be a musical vegetable if you don’t
and edited by Lisa Turner, both of NFM. follow the three golden rules of cooking them:” (1) Let
them soak overnight in water. (2) “Don’t cook beans in the
1455. Bryan, Ford R. 1992. Re: Henry Ford’s work with soaking water, and never cook them without rinsing them.”
soy ice cream. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods (3) Don’t under-cook beans. They should be soft enough to
Center, Dec. 24. 1 p. squash against the roof of your mouth using normal pressure
• Summary: Shurtleff reported to Mr. Bryan that the earliest from your tongue. Address: First Chief Executive of the
document seen that mentioned Henry Ford’s work with Vegetarian Society of the UK, England.
soy ice cream was by Anson in 1958, yet Strother (1961)
reported that he had tasted soy ice cream at the Ford Motor 1457. Leneman, Leah. 1992. The tofu cookbook.
Co. when Henry Ford was age 71, i.e., prior to Aug. 1935. Hammersmith, London, England: Thorsons–An imprint of
Shurtleff asked Mr. Bryan if he could look in the Ford HarperCollins Publishers. 127 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm.
Archives’ newspaper clipping books for an early article in • Summary: “These no-meat, no-dairy, cruelty-free recipes
about 1934-35. Mr. Bryan did so and replied: foster health and a healthy environment by replacing meat

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and dairy products in traditional recipes with tofu... and soy meals for you and the planet. New York, NY: William
milk. From bouillabaisse and guacamole to lasagna, curries, Morrow and Company, Inc. xv + 492 p. Index. 26 cm. [35+*
and ice cream, here are delicious new takes on your favorite ref]
international recipes.” The copyright page notes: “Many of • Summary: This excellent vegetarian (actually vegan),
these recipes previously appeared in The International Tofu ecological cookbook, proves that the most environmentally
Cookery Book and Soya Foods Cookery. sound diet is also the healthiest and, for many, the most
Contents: Introduction. Types of tofu. Other soya (soy) delicious and economical. It emphasizes whole grains, fruits
foods: Soya milk, soya yogurt, soya mayonnaise, bean and vegetables, focuses on unprocessed and minimally
curd sticks or sheets, tempeh, soy sauce, miso, soya cheese packaged foods, use of regional and seasonal foods,
(such as Veeze). Notes on recipes. Making tofu at home. 1. efficient menu planning, and creative recycling of leftovers.
Soups and dips. Note: Ingredients for every recipe are given Delightful quotations relevant to the book’s subject are
in both Imperial/Metric and American units. 2. Salads. 3. scattered throughout.
British- and American-style dishes. 4. Mexican-style dishes. The author’s guiding principles for cooking ecologically
5. Mediterranean-style dishes. 6. Indian-style dishes. 7. are: “Eat a plant-based [vegan] diet; buy organic, regional,
Chinese- and other Far Eastern-style dishes. 8. Desserts. seasonal produce whenever possible; and use nontoxic
Recipe reference chart (for quick and easy recipes, recipes products to keep your kitchen clean.”
suitable for a single portion, and recipes for a dinner party). The chapter titled “Tofu and tempeh” (p. 217-31)
Note: Webster’s Dictionary defines bouillabaisse contains basic information and many recipes. Other soy-
(pronounced bu-yuh-BAYZ, a term derived from the French related recipes include: Thai vegetable soup (with tofu, p.
and first used in 1855) as a highly seasoned fish stew made 39). Ten-ingredient lo mien (with tofu, p. 165-66). Triple
with at least two kinds of fish. See also: Potpourri. Address: bean maybe it’s chili (p. 186-87). Black soybeans (p. 191-92;
19 Leamington Terrace, Edinburgh EH10 4JP, Scotland. keep the skins on by adding salt). Curried mustard greens
with tofu (p. 255). Chinese-style stir-fry of kale, onions, and
1458. Margen, Sheldon. 1992. The wellness encyclopedia marinated tofu (p. 258). Tahini-miso spread (p. 315). Sun-
of food and nutrition: How to buy, store, and prepare every dried tomato dip (with tofu, p. 318). Brilliant beet dip (with
variety of fresh food. New Nork, NY: Rebus. 512 p. Illust. tofu, p. 319). Onion upside-down cornbread (with tofu, p.
Index. 26 x 21 cm. 323-24). Tofu whip (like whipped cream or whip topping, p.
• Summary: Soy-related information appears on the 398).
following pages: Soybeans, illustrated and described (p. 60). The very fine chapter / glossary “Ingredients A to Z” (p.
Sprouts, including soybean and adzuki bean sprouts (p. 158- 399-468) includes: Aduki / azuki beans, agar, almond butter,
60). “Soybean sprouts contain small quantities of toxins that almonds, amaranth, amasake (incl. koji), arame, barley malt
can be harmful, if eaten in large quantities” [uncooked, see syrup.
p. 356]. Legumes (p. 348-58), incl. soybeans, “soy nuts,” soy Black beans–fermented (salty black beans): “Black
milk. Legumes are “by far the best plant source of protein...” beans, fermented (Salty black beans): A little of this Chinese
Per half 3½ ounces (½ cup cooked) soybeans contain more specialty–small black soybeans preserved in salt–goes a long
calories, fat, protein, iron, and calcium than any other of the way. About 1 tablespoon adds a deliciously complex flavor
15 legumes listed (p. 351). How to avoid the gas problem. to stir-fries. Chop the beans finely to disperse their flavor. If
Tofu, miso, and tempeh (p. 357, sidebar). Non-dairy frozen you like the taste but want to reduce the salt, soak the beans
desserts (made from tofu, p. 461). Soy cheese (p. 469). briefly in water before using. Fermented black beans last for
Soybean oil and margarine (p. 497-98). about a year in a well-sealed jar under refrigeration.
Concerning vitamin K, see p. 16, 27, 30. The RDA for “Bragg Liquid Aminos: This is a very tasty soy-sauce-
adults is 45-80 mcg. The body stores this fat-soluble vitamin like condiment made by extracting amino acids from organic
for a relatively long time. Without this vitamin, blood would soybeans. Its flavor is more winelike and complex than most
fail to clot. Preliminary studies suggest it also plays a role soy sauces. It is salty, so sprinkle sparingly. (There is no
in maintaining strong bones in the elderly. Bacteria in the added salt, but 125 milligrams of sodium per ½ teaspoon
body’s intestines manufacture about 80% of the vitamin K come from the natural sodium in the soybeans.)
we need, and the rest comes from the diet. Deficiencies are “Unlike soy sauce, Bragg Liquid Aminos is not
almost unknown, and they are usually caused by an inability fermented, making it an ideal seasoning for those who suffer
to absorb the vitamin, rather than an inadequate intake. from yeast sensitivities. Delicious added to stir-fries or plain-
Sources: Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and other leafy cooked grains. It is readily available in health food stores.”
vegetables, cereals, soybean oil and other vegetable oils. Also in natural food stores.
Address: School of Public Health, Berkeley, California. Daikon, dulse, gomashio, hijicki / hizicki [sic, hijiki],
job’s tears, kombu, kuzu (kudzu), kuzu kiri, lupins, miso,
1459. Sass, Lorna J. 1992. An ecological kitchen: Healthy mochi, natto, nigari, nori, peanut butter, peanuts, quinoa,

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rice–brown, rice cakes, rice syrup, sea vegetables, tamari- were born in Israel, 39.7% were born in Europe or America
roasted seeds, seitan (wheat gluten), sesame butter (tahini), (Ashkenazi), and 17.9% were born in Asia and 20% in Africa
sesame oil, sesame seeds, shoyu, soybeans, soybeans–black, (total 37.9% Sephardi; they tend to be more religious, more
soy cheese, soy flakes, soy flour, soyfoods, soy grits, soy ice observant than the Ashkenazim).
cream, soy milk, soynuts, soy oil, soy powder (powdered soy There are no statistics on how many Jews keep Kosher
milk), soysage, soy sauce, soy yogurt (fermented), tahini, (follow a Kosher diet). However concerning religion,
tamari soy sauce, tempeh, tofu, umeboshi plums, wakame, 20% say they keep all the laws including the dietary laws
wasabi, winged beans. Note: Also contains recipes for many (Orthodox), 60% say they keep some combination of the
of these glossary items. laws, and 20% are totally non-observant (secular). Each
A color portrait photo on the inside rear dust jacket family has the choice of educating its children in a religious
shows Lorna Sass–with a brief biography; she is a culinary or in a secular school. 20% of parents send their children to a
historian, cookbook author, and food writer. Address: Box religious (Hebrew) school, and these families probably keep
704, New York City, NY 10024. Kosher.
Thus Noa Broshi of the Israeli Consulate in San
1460. Bean Supreme Ltd. 1992? Soy revolution brings Francisco, California, guesses that 50% of Israeli Jews keep
happiness (Leaflet). Penrose, Auckland, New Zealand. 2 p. Kosher. It is much more common to keep Kosher than to go
Undated. 28 cm. to the synagogue. All the meat in Israel is Kosher and none
• Summary: The front of this color, 1-page, 2-sided leaflet of the cheese contains rennet.
shows the company’s vacuum packed firm tofu [launched Noa also notes: In terms of class structure and attitudes,
1984], Nine ‘n’ Healthy Soy Milk [launched March 1989], Ashkenazi Jews in Israel are more powerful politically and
Tofu Luncheon [new, launched Nov. 1991], and Lite Licks economically that Sephardic Jews, and also tend to be more
frozen dessert [launched Oct. 1986]. The company describes secular. The Ashkenazim started the Zionist movement,
itself as “New Zealand’s own soy innovator”–a very apt played the key role in establishing the State of Israel, and
description. they still rule Israel. The Sephardim tend to fall more into
The back side discusses Tofu Luncheon, and gives a the lower classes, in part because they came to Israel from
nutritional analysis and 2 recipes. Address: P.O. Box 12082, poorer regions; they often look different and they came to
140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose, Auckland, New Zealand. Israel later than the Ashkenazim.
Phone: 09 579 0592. Why aren’t non-dairy products as popular in Israel
as they are in the USA among people who keep Kosher?
1461. SoyaScan Notes. 1993. Demographics in Israel: In Israel, the typical family who keeps Kosher does not
Ashkenazic Jews (the Ashkenazim) and Sephardic Jews necessarily think of or want to have dairy products with a
(the Sephardim), keeping Kosher, and keeping the Laws meal that contains meat; they might, for example, have fruit
(Overview). Jan. 26. Compiled by William Shurtleff of for dessert instead of a non-dairy ice cream. They don’t try
Soyfoods Center. to find a shtick (gimmick) that allows them to get around
• Summary: According to Webster’s Dictionary, Jews are the law. But in America, many Jews–because they are a
typically divided into two large branches. Ashkenazic Jews minority–want to avoid being seen as Jewish or different
(the Ashkenazim) are those whose ancestry is traceable to from other Americans, so they have grown accustomed to
Germany and Eastern Europe and who speak Yiddish. The following American dietary patterns. Since this can conflict
Hebrew word Ashkenazi is a medieval rabbinical name with a desire to keep Kosher, they have come up with
for Germany. Sephardic Jews (the Sephardim) are those solutions–such as developing and using non-dairy products
members (or their descendants) of the western or occidental like soy ice creams.
branch of European Jews settling in Spain and Portugal, and It is now quite fashionable among young people in Israel
later (after their expulsion in 1492) in Greece, the Levant to be vegetarian–quite aside from their attitudes toward
[the countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean], keeping Kosher.
England, the Netherlands, and the Americas. The word
Sephardhi comes from the name of a region where the Jews 1462. Perez, Oswaldo. 1993. Helado de soya [Soy ice
were once exiled (see Obad 1:20 “... while the Jerusalemite cream]. La Era Agricola (Merida, Venezuela). Jan/Feb. No.
exile community of Sepharad shall possess the towns of 15. [Spa]
the Negeb.”). These two groups pronounce the same words • Summary: Describes how to make soy cream at home–5
differently. The Israeli pronunciation of Hebrew is the recipes. Cites: Tofutti and other soy ice creams. Vol. 2 by
Sephardic. William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, The Soyfoods Center.
According to a book titled Society, published by the Address: Granja Tierra Nueva, Aldea San Luis, La Azulita,
Israel Information Center, Israel’s population is 82% Jews, C.P. 5102, Estado Merida, Venezuela.
16% Arabs, and 2% Drews Moslems. Of the Jews, 22.4%

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1463. Malloy, Rick. 1993. Re: Thank you for your interest Dietburger Company.
in Tofutti Brands. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods “The company’s headquarters is now in Newport
Center, March 11. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. Pagnell the site of Granose Foods, but there are five factories
• Summary: “We want to thank you for your interest in in all. The site at Leicester continues to produce dry goods,
Tofutti Brands product line. We have enclosed further soya milk is produced at Stockport [by Unisoy], vegetarian
information on our products for your review. Tofutti has been margarines, ices and yogurts are produced at Wrexham,
a leader in the dairy free foods category for over a decade. North Wales, snack meals and sauces in Newport, South
“All of our products are made with totally 100% Wales, and frozen and canned products at the Granose
dairy free ingredients, under the most rigid Kosher Parve Factory in Newport Pagnell.
regulations remaining free of cholesterol, lactose, and any “However, it was the acquisition of Granose Foods
animal derivatives. Equally important is the great taste of which had a major impact on the business... A total of
Tofutti’s products to rival their conventional counterparts 200 people work for Haldane. All the factories are animal
either plain or in recipes.” Address: Tofu Brands Inc., 50 free and many products are Vegetarian Society approved.
Jackson Drive, Cranford, New Jersey 07016. Phone: (908) The company has recently attained BS 5750, the British
272-2400. Standards Institution Certificate of Quality Assurance (ISO
9000).
1464. Malloy, Rick. 1993. Update on Tofutti Brands, Inc. “As a result of its acquisitions Haldane’s product range
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 30. Conducted by is extensive with over 200 products. But the core of the
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. business is vegetarian with soya products featuring high on
• Summary: Today Tofutti Brands finalized a very important the list... Last year Haldane launched over 50 new products.”
deal with Haagen-Dazs. The latter will distribute Tofutti
products in the Metropolitan New York area, Washington 1466. Product Name: Soymilk (Natural, Original, Maple,
DC, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and part of Connecticut. Vanilla, Chocolate, or Nog), Soybé Soy Ice Cream (many
These areas represent Tofutti’s major market. This is not a flavors, constantly changing), Soy Yogurt (Natural or Vanilla
nationwide distribution agreement, however if the products Flavors) tofu, and Soyanaise (soy mayonnaise).
do well there is the understanding that the area of distribution Manufacturer’s Name: Sweet Carrot Café–Health Bar &
may expand. This is a big plus for Tofutti Brands. Rick is Deli.
not sure why Haagen Dazs decided to start carrying Tofutti Manufacturer’s Address: 702 14th St. East, Saskatoon,
products again. SK, S7N 0P7 Canada.
Tofutti Brands now has two main product categories: (1) Date of Introduction: 1993. March.
Non dairy frozen desserts: Land of the Free (pints), Premium Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Bottle.
Tofutti (pints), Lite Lite Tofutti Free (pints), Tofutti Cuties New Product–Documentation: SoyaCow Newsletter
(snack size sandwiches), and Soft Serve Mix; (2) Non-dairy (Ottawa, Canada). 1993. Jan/March. p. 1. “SoyaCow SC-20
food products: Egg Watchers (egg replacer), Better Than “mooves” west to Saskatoon.” “The Sweet Carrot Cafe, the
Cream Cheese (3 flavors), and Sour Supreme (non-dairy sour top vegetarian restaurant in the province of Saskatchewan, is
cream). Of these two categories, non-dairy frozen desserts setting up its ‘micro-soydairy’ and will offer fresh soymilk
have by far the largest sales, and within that line the regular as well as other soy-based foods. This will not only augment
Tofutti (also called Premium Tofutti or Tofutti Supreme; their existing menu at the restaurant, but will also form the
200 calories per 4 oz.; not low fat) is by far the best seller. heart of their new ‘SoyaCow–Health Bar Deli’ slated to open
Americans say they want low-fat products, but in fact they along side the restaurant. This will be the second Canadian
eat mainly high-fat frozen desserts. The new NLEA labeling retail project in a developing franchise system.”
regulations will not require name changes for any of these SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1993.
products. Address: Executive Vice President, Tofutti Brands April/June. p. 1-2. “SC-20 complements fine vegetarian
Inc., 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, New Jersey 07016. Phone: restaurant and top natural foods store.” The Sweet Carrot
(908) 272-2400. Cafe in Saskatoon uses a SoyaCow SC-20 to produce
fresh non-beany soymilk for direct sale and formulation
1465. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1993. Profile of Haldane into value-added products. They also feature returnable
Foods. 4(1):6-7. Winter. glass bottles of the soymilk in several flavours. The Sweet
• Summary: “The Haldane Foods Group is the largest Carrot Cafe is a fine [vegetarian] restaurant, featuring a
specialist health food manufacturer in the UK and Europe... grand piano, tablecloths, and wine. Owners George and
with 12 companies in the Group... Seven years ago, ADM’s Wendy Conquergood have added a Health Bar & Deli,
British arm, British Arkady bought its biggest customer, made possible by a new SoyaCow. A photo shows George
Direct Foods of Petersfield, Hampshire, known for its Conquergood with his SC-20 at the Sweet Carrot Cafe.
Protoveg brand.” Among its other acquisitions was The Talk with George Conquergood of International ProSoya

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Corporation (IPC) in Vancouver, BC, Canada. 1999. April of those countries. Returning to Dearborn, Ford wanted
21. George started this gourmet vegetarian restaurant in to set up an experimental agricultural chemical factory to
1992. In early 1993 he bought a SoyaCow SC-20 and started determine what products could be obtained from plants.
the Soya Cow Health Bar Deli, where (by about March The experimental chemical factory became a one-quarter
1993) he sold at least five soy products, both as part of the size model of Ford’s mammoth wood distillation plant at
menu and for takeout. The soymilk for takeout was always Iron Mountain, Michigan. The model was constructed at
sold in 1-liter glass bottles, with a SoyaCow logo stamped Iron Mountain and moved to Greenfield Village in late
into the glass. Only the soy ice creams were sold under a 1928. About then Ford asked, ‘Bob, how would you like
brand, Soybé. The Soy Nog (soymilk flavor; which was to supervise this model plant–to stay another year or two
not a brand) was introduced in December 1993, but people and live at the Sarah Jordan Boarding House in Greenfield
liked it so much that George continued to make it thereafter Village.’
all year long. The soy ice cream was sold in 500 ml round “Boyer had had little formal training in chemistry, but he
hardpack plastic tubs. There were no fixed flavors; every day was provided with tutors from the University of Michigan,
was a new surprise–such as Blueberry-Mint, Strawberry- and from 1929 to 1933 attended the Edison Institute of
Banana-Peach, and one like a Butter Pecan with nuts, etc. Technology, a school founded by Henry Ford and Thomas
George is a very creative person and he likes to try new Edison as a school for inventors... Ford’s purpose was to
things with foods. In the garage of his home in Saskatoon find industrial uses for farm crops. A farm depression was
he has an archival file box containing all of the recipes and imminent. During the depression year of 1931, Robert Boyer
notes from his restaurant days. After March 1994 George married Elizabeth Szabo of Detroit. During the next few
also sold Gelato Fresco, a soy ice cream made by Hart years they had three children...
Melvin of Toronto using a SoyaCow SC-20. The soy yogurt “In 1931, soybeans became one of the plants
was fermented; the two flavors were sold in 250 ml yogurt investigated at the Chemical Laboratory... Usually the beans
tubs. The tofu was sold pre-cut into 500 gm bricks, wrapped were pressed to obtain the oil, and the remaining ‘cake’ was
with plastic wrap (not packed in water), and refrigerated. fed to animals. The Boyer group, however, developed a
The Soyanaise (soy mayonnaise) was sold in a 250 ml see- solvent extraction procedure whereby soy protein as well as
through plastic tub. Each product had a label, printed by oil could be produced...
a computer. George’s dates are a little earlier than those “By this time Henry Ford was growing rather old,
published in The SoyaCow Newsletter since it typically approaching seventy. Design of the V-8 Ford in 1931
published at least several months after the events it reported. seems to have been his final great interest in automobile
mechanics. His Edison Institute Schools, Greenfield Village,
1467. Bryan, Ford R. 1993. Robert Allen Boyer (Document and soybean research now largely occupied his time. In
part). In: Ford R. Bryan. 1993. Henry’s Lieutenants. Detroit, 1932 he began to plant hundreds of acres of soybeans on
Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 321 p. See p. 44- his Dearborn farm lands and began procuring thousands
51. Great Lakes Series. April. [10 ref] more acres in Southeastern Michigan. Several additional
• Summary: This biographical sketch of Boyer (1909-1989), processing plants were located in outlying towns where he
Henry Ford’s top soybean man, is well researched and full promised to buy even more soybeans from local farmers
of original material. Robert Boyer was born on Sept. 30, to use in automotive paints and plastics. Boyer was largely
1909 in Toledo, Ohio. In 1916 he moved with his parents responsible for Ford’s advancement in soybean technology.
to Royal Oak, Michigan, where he attended grade school “Henry’s vegetarian eating habits led him to hire his old
while his father worked in the accounting department of the gradeschool friend, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, an organic chemist,
Ford Motor Co. in nearby Highland Park. When Henry Ford to devise tasty dishes containing soybean ingredients for the
bought the Wayside Inn in Massachusetts in 1923, Frank dining room. And Ford’s executives, including Boyer, were
Campsall suggested to Ford that Earl Boyer would be an coaxed by Ford to try them–soybean milk, soups, bread,
appropriate business manager for the Inn. So the Boyers, croquets, simulated meats, butter and ice cream. Most were
including young Robert and his three sisters, moved into a not very palatable, however, because of the tendency of the
Ford-owned house near the Inn. Robert then attended high soy oil to be slightly rancid.”
school at Framingham, Massachusetts, where he graduated Boyer was in charge of the “Industrialized American
in 1927. Robert met Henry Ford while skating at the Inn. Barn” demonstration at the 1934 Chicago World’s Fair. And
Ford suggested that he come to Dearborn for some work in May 1935 when the first chemurgy conference was held
experience before going to college at Dartmouth as planned. at the Dearborn Inn, Boyer was in charge of arrangements.
So in Sept. 1927 Robert arrived in Dearborn where he was During the second chemurgy conference in Dearborn,
enrolled in the Henry Ford Trade School at the Rouge plant. Boyer led the groups of participants through his Soybean
“Henry Ford had taken recent trips to Europe and had Laboratory at Greenfield Village. At about this time Boyer
been impressed with the agricultural prosperity in some developed soy protein fibers which were blended with wool

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(35% soy and 65% wool) and woven into cloth. The resulting consulting work in 1971 after his patents had expired in
cloth was given to Ford’s own tailor, and suits of soy fiber 1966, but continued consulting with Worthington Foods
were worn by Ford on occasion–and highly publicized. until 1977. In 1973, Nancy and Robert retired to downtown
“Boyer admits that the tensile strength of soy fiber was Dunedin, Florida.
only 85% of wool, however, behooving the wearer to avoid “The Boyers did considerable traveling. But in the early
strenuous movements, bending down for example very 1980s Robert’s eyes began to fail, and then his chief hobby
cautiously. became baking, an occupation he had always enjoyed. In
“Boyer’s fiber was ideal for felt hats, however. All 1985 he dictated his oral reminiscences [8 hours on tape with
of the fiber Boyer could produce was wanted by the Hat David R. Crippen] as requested by the Henry Ford Archives.
Corporation of America. The soy fiber blended well with Boyer died in Dunedin on November 11, 1989. The body
rabbit fur, was less expensive and much cleaner to work was cremated and the ashes scattered over the Gulf of
with. To produce fiber in larger amounts and to develop Mexico.”
fiber of higher tensile strength, a modern air-conditioned Photos show: A portrait of Boyer in his later years (Ford
laboratory was built on Village Road in Dearborn. In this Archives photo ID No. P.0.19429). The Chemical Laboratory
plant not only fiber producing equipment was installed but building at Greenfield Village at Dearborn (No. 0.6213) in
complete weaving equipment as well.” 1930. Henry Ford discussing soybean work with Boyer in the
Between 1939 and 1941 Boyer worked on Ford’s Chemical Laboratory on Ford’s birthday, July 30, 1937 (No.
“plastic car” made from soybean plastic. It also drew 188.21320. Ford is seated on a stool by a lab. bench reading
widespread media publicity. “Boyer drove the car a and Boyer has one elbow on the bench behind him.) Boyer
few weeks before it was abandoned. (People are still and Ford with the “plastic car” at Dearborn in 1941 (No.
wondering what became of that plastic car.) A major defect 189.16352).
never corrected, according to Boyer, was the strong odor Talk with Ford Bryan. 1992. Nov. 12. He is now
reminiscent of a mortuary... working to get Robert Boyer’s soybean research laboratory,
“The soy protein fiber facility was operating nicely when the Chemical Plant of the Edison Institute, restored at
in 1943 the U.S. Air Force demanded the air-conditioned Greenfield Village and interpreted as to its history and
building for precision measurement of aircraft engine parts. significance. The building is in fairly good shape; the
When his building was thus usurped, Boyer was out of a job exterior is in good shape but all the equipment has been
involving soybeans. He then transferred to Ford’s Willow removed from the interior. Address: 21800 Morley, Apt.
Run Bomber Plant at Ypsilanti, Michigan, where, because 1203, Dearborn, Michigan 48124.
of his knowledge of plastics, he was given responsibility
for protecting the plastic windshields on the B-24s during 1468. Product Name: Tofutti Frutti (Non-Dairy Frozen
assembly of the planes.” Dessert) [Apricot Mango].
In 1943 Drackett Products Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
purchased the Ford fiber processing equipment and Boyer Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ
went to work for Drackett in Cincinnati–he was never again 07016. Phone: 908-272-2400.
in direct contact with Henry Ford. Boyer wanted to develop Date of Introduction: 1993. April.
edible soy protein fibers. When H.R. Drackett died in 1949, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 16 fl oz (453 gm) plastic tub.
Boyer left The Drackett Co. so he could pursue his goal of How Stored: Frozen.
receiving a pioneer patent for texturizing vegetable (soy) New Product–Documentation: Talk with Rick Malloy,
protein. He was granted this patent in 1949. As many as 30 Executive Vice President of Tofutti Brands. 1993. March
corollary patents were subsequently obtained. 30. Based on feedback from consumers and distributors the
“Boyer had developed methods for producing soy fiber company has renamed this product from Land of the Free
that was thoroughly washed and tasteless. In 1951 he became to Tofutti Frutti, but the new name does not yet appear on
a consultant to several food processors who were licensed labels. This is a different product than the stick novelty (non-
to use his patents in their operations. These firms included dairy frozen dessert bars on a stick) named Tofutti Frutti first
Worthington Foods, Swift & Company, Ralston Purina, launched in Nov. 1987. A new flavor (Apricot-Mango) will
Unilever Company of England, National Biscuit Company be introduced soon.
[Nabisco], General Foods, and General Mills. Dozens of Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1993. April. p. 33.
high-volume foods were, and still are, produced using “Living dairy free with new Tofutti ‘Frutti’ (formerly Land
Boyer’s procedures... Robert Boyer worked full time for of the Free). New name. New package. New flavors! Same
Ralston Purina in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1962 until 1971. great taste! New: Apricot Mango. Tofutti ‘Frutti’ is: Fat
“In February 1963, Elizabeth Szabo Boyer died, and free. All natural. No sugar added. Fruit juice sweetened.
in April 1965, Boyer married Nancy Ann Miller, a recent All Tofutti products feature: 100% dairy free. Cholesterol
widow living in St. Louis. Boyer retired from general free. Soy based. Lactose free. Kosher Pareve. An animal

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derivatives.” been make, thanks to the smaller SC-20 installed as a pilot

Spot in Vegetarian Times. 1994. June, p. 14. A large system.”
color photo shows the pint container. The product is now
sold in 3 flavors: Apricot Mango, Three Berry, and Vanilla 1472. Haren, Chuck. 1993. Maya soy Guatemala. Plenty
Apple Orchard. “Living Healthy–Dairy Free.” Bulletin (Davis, California) 9(2):1-2. Summer.
• Summary: “I spent two mornings at Alimentos San Bartolo
1469. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1993. Tofutti. 1992 annual report. (ASB), the Mayan owned and operated soy dairy near Solola
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. that Plenty helped to create in 1979-1980. Alimentos San
• Summary: Sales in 1992 (year ended Dec. 28) were $4.034 Bartolo is a business that is owned by the community of San
million, down from $4.393 million the year before. Net Bartolo. A board of eight directors, who are the Community
income was $56,000 compared with -$17,000 (loss) the year Development Directors for the village, watch over the
before. “In 1992 the company realized its first net income operations. Our old friends Elena and Augustine continue to
in 7 years.” Working capital increased by $60,000 over the work there. ASB has a total staff of eight people.
previous fiscal year. And the company reduced its notes “They sell about 2,000 frozen ice creams and fruit
payable by $300,000 to 100,000 in 1992. flavored milk bars every month during the six-month dry
The company’s core business is non-dairy frozen season. Also, each month they sell 700-800 lbs. of tofu
desserts. In 1992 the company introduced “Sour Supreme,” and 60-80 lbs. of tempeh to stores in Antigua (Guatemala),
a non-dairy sour cream. “Consistent with our plans to Panajachel and Guatemala City. Some packaged soybeans
direct the Company beyond its core business, a concerted and soy flour are sold and a small amount of milk is
effort was also made toward the growing Natural Foods delivered to individual homes that like it. The prices of all
Industry, with specially formulated brands [Land of the Free] these products are slightly lower than comparable foods
designated exclusively for the health food industry. on the market. The business is just making enough now to
“The company has recently signed an exclusive cover the small wages they are receiving and the other basic
distribution agreement with the Haagen-Dazs Company. operating costs. They are not making enough to repair major
The agreement, which takes effect April 1, 1993, provides equipment failures or to replace equipment when needed. All
that Haagen-Dazs will distribute Tofutti’s non-dairy frozen the equipment has been very well-maintained by the staff and
desserts throughout its East Coast distribution network of the sanitation standards are very high.
supermarkets, grocery stores, delis and dessert shops in New “One thing that was obvious was the need to establish
York, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, the District a small restaurant outlet in Solola if the ASB is going to
of Columbia [Washington, DC], and Connecticut. Haagen- develop a wider market for soybean foods among the Mayan
Dazs will distribute bulk packages of Tofutti’s non-dairy people. They need a place near the center of Solola. They
frozen dessert to food service outlets in the same vicinities need an opportunity to show people the variety of delicious
as well. This increased exposure will greatly benefit our ways soybeans can be included into traditional foods at
Company.” a very low cost and also educate the populace about the
David Mintz’s salary is $125,000. Address: Cranford, nutritional value of soybean foods. Now the local people
New Jersey. Phone: 201-272-2400. only buy the frozen milk/fruit bars, ice cream and a small
amount of milk. Why?–because they are not expensive
1470. Library of Congress, Subject Cataloging Div., and are sold in forms that are similar to foods they are
Processing Services. 1993. Library of Congress subject accustomed to. Almost all of the tofu and tempeh is sold to
headings. 16th edition. Washington, DC: Cataloging stores catering to tourists... Now virtually all of the okara
Distribution Service, Library of Congress. 4 volumes. is used as compost to fertilize the gardens... Soybeans used
• Summary: For the basic idea, words and LC call numbers at ASB are grown near the coast. They are purchased in
see the 12th edition (1989). Address: Washington, DC. Guatemala city. Inappropriate varieties, technical methods
and lack of infrastructure used earlier limited soybeans
1471. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1993. from becoming a cash crop among farmers at the altitude of
Wholesale soymilk and ice cream production with SC-100. Solola (6,000-7,000 ft). Some people say soybeans cannot
2(2):1-2. April/June. be established as a crop in this area because of the costs of
• Summary: “Using the economical 400 litre/hour SC-100 fertilizer, fungus [fungicides] and insecticides needed, and
batch system, Moulins aux Abenakis of Ste. Clair, Quebec, the lack of sunlight during the rainy season.”
was the first company to make ‘SoyaCow’ non-beany “Fundadase is a Mayan NGO with a paid staff of about
soymilk for wholesale distribution. Now, ProSoya has begun 25 people that supports community development work in
a new development with Gelato Fresco, a top quality, natural areas surrounding Chichicastenango and Chimaltenango.
ice cream company in Toronto, Canada, and Milan, Italy. The They receive the majority of their funding from a Danish
first shipment of ‘SoyaCow’ non-dairy ice cream has already NGO.”

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In March of this year Haren participated in a successful he will be satisfied. Now it takes several days to produce
9-hour soybean workshop in Chichicastenango attended a tanker full of soymilk. Westbrae is being patient and
by more than 100 men and women from surrounding supportive even though the process is “a bit bumpy.”
villages. “This group is very well organized.” A meal was Bill is only making Westbrae’s regular soymilks–not
served which included soy harina drinks, okara stir-fried their Malteds, which he thinks are still made by Hinoichi in
with vegetables and potatoes, and soymilk with vanilla. Los Angeles. The only soymilk Bill makes is Westbrae’s. He
Then a practical demonstration of soybean processing was ships this soymilk in a tanker to a separate facility nearby in
conducted. Finally several hundred pounds of soybean were the Midwest that packages the soymilk in Tetra Brik Aseptic
sold to interested attendees in one and two pound packets. cartons for Westbrae. Westbrae now has their regular soymilk
Of the 9 million people living in Guatemala, about 6 million (the same product sold under the same brand) made by two
are indigenous Maya. A 1991 United Nations study found companies (Pacific Foods of Oregon and Bill’s Organic
that 6.5 million Guatemalans are living in extreme poverty. Processing Corp.) using two different processes. Bill started
Photos show: A Mayan woman straining soymilk to make because Pacific ran out of capacity. Westbrae likes the flavor
tofu at Alimentos San Bartolo. Two women preparing corn of Bill’s soymilk as well as they like Pacific’s–even though
and soya tamales for the FUNDADASE demo. Address: Pacific’s technology is much more expensive than Bill’s.
Program Director. Bill has dramatically altered the Illinois process but he has
decided not to try to patent his altered process.
1473. Bolduc, Bill. 1993. Current work with soymilk and Within about 2 months Bill expects to have a new
organically-grown soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. soymilk product on the market with another partner (similar
Aug. 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods to Westbrae, but whose name is confidential) in a new
Center. package [perhaps an extended shelf-life (ESL) gable top
• Summary: Bill Shurtleff tells Bill Bolduc that he has heard carton]. After that, Bill hopes to diversify his customer base
that Bolduc’s company is now making soymilk for Westbrae and his product mix. To do that he hopes to start by making a
Natural Foods. Bolduc admits that this is correct. Shurtleff fresh, UHT Processed, refrigerated soy-based frozen dessert
says that he cannot imagine how Bolduc is doing this, since mix (for soft-serve soy ice cream) packaged at another
a modern soymilk plant typically costs about $1.5 million. facility, located very nearby, in 2-gallon bags with a 60-day
Bolduc answers that he purchased the soymilk plant owned shelf life.
by Grove Country Foods in an auction on 4 April 1993. Bill sees the future of soymilk packaging as being in
This plant used the University of Illinois process for making the relatively new extended shelf life gable top carton that
soymilk. is sold refrigerated. This package, which is made by Tetra
Note: Grove Country Foods, USA, is located at 720 Pak and Evergreen, is significantly less expensive than
S. Main St., Columbus Grove, Ohio. Phone: 419-659-5636 the traditional Tetra Brik carton. It is now becoming quite
(office) or -2920 (plant). The two main people involved popular in the Midwest and the East Coast because of its
in the company were Dr. Carl Hastings and Prof. Alvin I. lower cost. It can cut at least $1.00 off the wholesale price
Nelson, both food scientists from the University of Illinois. of a case (12 quarts) of soymilk, which leads to even bigger
The basic idea of the company was to commercialize new savings at the retail level. And the product has a shelf life
soy products and processes (such as soynuts, soy yogurt, of 60-90 days refrigerated. Co-packers nearby own the new
soy ice cream, and soymilk) developed at the University of gable-top packaging equipment. Most of America’s major
Illinois. By December 1988 they were in test production of soymilk companies are looking carefully at this package, it
several products but were in need of funds for commercial requires a whole new distribution system–refrigerated trucks.
production and marketing. In early 1989 Grove Country Bill knows that there will be a soymilk product on the market
Foods Canada Inc. (located in Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada) in the extended shelf life gable top package by this fall. Bill
introduced Astronuts, a type of soynuts apparently made by will make it for another company. The rest is confidential. He
some other company, but the company went bankrupt after just ran the first test batch last Thursday, and now he is doing
1-2 years. shelf-life tests. His smaller company has several advantages
Bill has modified the Illinois process for making over the bigger soymilk companies; his company is very
soymilk extensively. For example, he removes the okara lean and can move very quickly. He is not controlled by any
from the soymilk. Completing these modifications has taken multinational corporations.
several months, and his company is “now in a start-up mode Bill has a separate company named Organic Marketing
making soymilk.” Their refrigeration was under-sized so that exports organically grown soybeans to Europe; he
they lost several loads of product to spoilage. This week started Organic Marketing in about 1989 and it was
they are installing another compressor, etc. The system now the precursor to Organic Processing. Bill was acting as
works very well if they go slowly, but they need to be able to marketing coordinator for the Ohio Ecological Food and
produce twice as much soymilk as they presently can before Farm Association (the organic growers of Ohio). First he

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sold a lot of organically grown soybeans to Dan Burke of and sometimes even gels and spoils the day after it was
Pacific Soybean & Grain, then he started exporting. He met made. “We got a cheap vacuum packaging machine for
Jerry Fowler, a British-born man who has a company named packing natural tofu, fried tofu, and soyaburgers, and now
Manna International in Ontario, Canada. Bill likes very we have started experiments to see how long these products
much to do business with Jerry because he has a very good will stay fresh under refrigeration.” They order a copy of
overview of the market, is cooperative with the growers, and Tofu & Soymilk Production and ask for advice in solving
pays good money to the growers for organic soybeans. Bill their problems.
exports his organic soybeans via Montreal to England, where A color photo shows a little Guatemalan boy pouring
they are used by the Haldane Foods Group (which is owned soymilk from a large teapot into two 1-liter plastic bottles
by ADM). held by little girls. Other kids are standing around drinking
Update: Talk with Ron Roller, CEO of American Soy soymilk out of cups.
Products (ASP). 1993. Sept. 4. Bill Bolduc is making plain Follow-up response to questions from William Shurtleff
soymilk and shipping it up to Grand Rapids, Michigan, for of Soyfoods Center. 1993. Oct. 9. Since 1985 they have
formulation and Tetra Brik packaging for Westbrae. ASP known about the soy dairy (which Plenty Canada had
negotiated with Westbrae for a long time, but Westbrae helped to establish) in San Bartolo, Solola, Guatemala. In
finally went with Pacific Foods and Bolduc; there were July 1985 they started buying tofu and soy ice cream from
many reasons for this but they are mostly political. Address: San Bartolo for their vegetarian restaurant in Panajachel.
President, Organic Processing Corp., 305 N. Walnut St., They fried the tofu and sold it at the restaurant. In July
Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387. Phone: 800-647-2326 OF. 1989 they started to make tofu, soymilk, tortillas with
okara, whole wheat bread with okara, and soyaburgers. In
1474. Stuber, Lorenz; Stuber, Ellen Figueroa de. 1993. January 1993 they established Soyane and started to sell
Re: Work with soya, Soyane, and Comida Para Todos in the first four of these foods, which they make at Nueva
Guatemala. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Goverdhana, km. 34 Carretera hacia Antigua, Santa Lucia
Aug. 20. 3 p. Handwritten. [Eng] Milpas Altas, Guatemala. Phone: 030-7179 / 030-7181.
• Summary: “We would like to thank you for all of the They are still working on developing labels; a sample of a
information and inspiration that we got from your book The generic label (which can be used on any of their soyfood
Book of Tofu. We are vegetarians and for years we have been products) is enclosed. As of October 1993 they sell the
making and eating tofu. following amounts of each soyfood product: Tofu 42 kg/
“In 1985 we started a little project to help the poor week (sold mostly to Korean people), soymilk 350 liters/
people in Guatemala. We had a little vegetarian restaurant in week (distributed to 150 school children), tortillas with okara
Panajachel and we distributed the daily leftovers to people 15 kg/week (distributed to the people at the dump), and
that need food. At the same time we started a little project of whole wheat bread with okara (110 kg of which is distributed
food distribution at the garbage dump in Guatemala City. We to school children). Address: Soyane, Comida Para Todos,
helped to fund our project by selling Guatemalan hand crafts Apdo. Post. 2812, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Phone: 030-
in Switzerland. There we met some people who were interest 7179 or 030-7181.
in our work and with their financial help we were able to
expand our project (Comida Para Todos–Food for Mankind). 1475. Sinclair, Dwight B. 1993. Gorilla Foods, Seitan, Santa
“We presently go 4 times each week to the garbage Fe Organics, and the Gardenburger (Interview). SoyaScan
dump and to Peronia (a slum outside Guatemala City). Each Notes. Aug. 28. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
day we take a hot meal made with rice, vegetables, beans, Center.
and tortillas (containing some okara) plus a fruit drink to • Summary: Dwight is a vegetarian and his company
about 150 children and poor people. sells only vegetarian foods. Dwight, his partner Michael
“This year we started a program in 2 little schools in the Meek, and two other people incorporated Gorilla Foods in
countryside, where we take whole wheat bread (containing May 1993. They hooked up with John Moore of Gourmet
some okara), marmalade, and fruit-flavored soya drink (soya Naturally in Los Angeles, took over his product line, and
milk) daily to 150 children. We distribute the food at our are making wheat gluten. They will soon be moving into a
own cost. We have a little piece of land 30 km from the city new plant in Oxnard. Heart and Soul, which made gluten
where we built a big kitchen for this project and also for our products, went out of business.
own income. We would like to sell soy products on a large Note: Starting in 1988 John Moore was with W.H. Et
scale at inexpensive prices which could help relieve the Inc., P.O. Box 37250, Honolulu, Hawaii 96837. They made a
malnutrition of so many Guatemalan people. product named Holy Cow! Veg-Cuisine (Made with Seitan),
“We have done some tests in making soya milk (natural, whose ingredients included wheat protein, soy protein, and
fruit flavored, and chocolate), which we store in plastic other vegetable proteins. A talk with Andrew Harrison,
bottles and refrigerate. But it usually spoils within 3-4 days, President, Heart & Soul, Common Objective Inc. 1991. Nov.

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27. Heart & Soul Texas BBQ ‘Whibs’ [Regular, or Hot] Nothings is based on brown rice syrup and fruit juice
was introduced in March 1989; it was made by 4 different concentrate while Rice Dream is based on brown rice.” For
co-packers. Other Heart & Soul products include Trim Slice each flavor, the amount of fat (in gm per half cup) and the
Meatless Cold Cuts [Turkey Style, Roast Beef Style, Ham number of calories (per half cup) are given. Many products
Style], and Heart & Soul Tofu Lasagna, and Tofu Enchilada are formulated to have little or no fat. Address: PhD, RD.
[California, or Mexicali]. John Moore at Gourmet Naturally
(5890 Black Welder St., Culver City, California 90232) 1477. Product Name: Tofutti Better Than Yogurt (Non-
started making the seitan products in about Feb. 1990. Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Passion Island Fruit, Strawberry
Andrew owns the company named Gourmet Naturally, which Banana, Chocolate Fudge, Coffee Marshmallow Swirl].
manufactures only Heart & Soul Products, including this Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
product. Legally, Gourmet Naturally is separate from Heart Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
& Soul, but the two will soon be merging. He has a patented Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400.
process for making fresh wheat gluten, starting with vital Date of Introduction: 1993. August.
wheat gluten. He feels that the terms “gluten” and “seitan” New Product–Documentation: Reed Mangels. 1993.
are both unattractive; to many mainstream Americans, the Vegetarian Journal 12(4):12-13. July/Aug. “Vegetarian
first sounds like glue and the second like the devil (satan). Journal’s guide to non-dairy frozen desserts.” For each flavor
Soyfoods Center Product Evaluation. 1991. Dec. the amount of fat (grams per ½ cup) and the calories (per
2. Package design: Excellent, very creative. Taste Test: ½ cup) is given: Passion Island Fruit (1, 97), Strawberry
Excellent flavor and texture; moist, not too spicy. Banana (1,105), Chocolate Fudge (2, 126), Coffee
John Belleme of Santa Fe Organics is no longer making Marshmallow Swirl (1, 109).
seitan. He sold his equipment to the owner of Unicorn Tofutti Annual Report for 1993. p. 1. During 1993 the
Village (Terry Dalton) in North Miami, Florida, who started company introduced a unique low-fat, non-dairy frozen
a company named something like Sensational and is making dessert named “Better Than Yogurt.” Featuring an active
a bulk seitan at a rather low price. Note: John Belleme non-dairy acidophilus culture, it is a replacement for the
did shut down his company but he has not yet sold his company’s Lite Lite line.
equipment. Neither Unicorn Village nor Terry Dalton have
any plans to get involved with seitan, but Steve Berne in 1478. Gemperlein, Joyce. 1993. Tofu–No bones about it:
Miami is starting a new company named New World Foods, Health and environmental benefits make that bland soybean
Inc.; he will continue to make bulk seitan and he may buy product a big seller. Mercury News (San Jose, California).
Belleme’s machine. Sept. 15. [2 ref]
There is a rapid growth of interest in vegetarianism. • Summary: Ken Nozaki’s San Jose Tofu Co. produces more
Their sales have grown 20% a year in recent years. Three of than 500 blocks of fresh tofu a day–That’s protein that hasn’t
their best selling products are the Gardenburger (sold $8.3 been killed, plucked, scaled, boned, skinned, or tenderized.
million in California last year), the Clif Bar, Gorilla Sauce, Five photos show how the tofu is made. This shop has been
and Imagine Foods’ Rice Dream beverage (which Dwight in operation since 1947. Nozaki, age 66, took over the shop
thinks is the best non-dairy beverage on the market). Dwight from his uncle in 1951–at a time when the merits of tofu
thinks Imagine Foods’ best-selling product by far is their were generally only known to people of Asian descent.
Rice Dream beverage, which is packaged in a large aseptic “But that has changed. By virtue of the hippie culture of the
container. Its sells better than Rice Dream non-dairy frozen 1960s, the influx of immigrants in the last decades, and now
dessert (rice-based ice cream) because freezer space is quite the health and environmental movements, tofu is edging
limited in retail food stores. Address: Owner, Whole Food into mainstream cooking in the United States. Nonsense,
Marketing Co., 533 Airport Blvd., Suite 521, Burlingame, you say. It is bland, yucky. It will never come close to
California 94010. Phone: (415) 579-0988. replacing America’s protein darling, beef. Probably not, but
the increasing emphasis on cross-cultural cooking and on
1476. Mangels, Reed. 1993. Vegetarian Journal’s guide to lowering cholesterol and fat in our diets has food processors
non-dairy frozen desserts. Vegetarian Journal (Baltimore, introducing tofu hot dogs, tofu burgers, tofu cheese and even
Maryland) 12(4):12-13. July/Aug. tofu ice cream into supermarkets that cater to the general
• Summary: “Generally, non-dairy frozen desserts come public.”
in two categories: soybean or tofu-based and sorbet-type William Shurtleff discusses tofu’s growth of popularity
(mainly frozen fruit/fruit juice). Soybean/tofu-based products in America.
we found are Dreamy Tofu, Ice Bean, Living Lightly, Tofutti, Source: Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service, 20 Sept.
Tofutti Better Than Yogurt, and Tofutti Frutti. Living Lightly 1993. Title: America’s love affair with tofu getting stronger
and Ice Bean use organic soybeans. Dole, LeSorbet, and all the time. Address: Staff writer, California.
Nouvelle Sorbet are based on fruit or fruit juice. Sweet

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1479. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1993. Annual report. P.O. Contains no dairy products.” Address: Waterside Point, 2
Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 42 p. Sept. Anhalt Road, London SW11 4PD, England.
• Summary: Net sales and other operating income for 1993
(year ended June 30) were $9,811 million, up 6.2% from 1481. Robinson, George. 1993. The Tofutti king soldiers on.
1992. Net earnings for 1993 were $567.5 million, up 12.7% Jewish Journal. Nov. 25.
from 1992. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $4,883 • Summary: “David Mintz is an enthusiastic guy. He bubbles
million, up 8.7% from 1992. Net earnings per common with excitement at the hint of a new idea, yours or his.” A
share: $1.66, up 12.9% from 1992. Number of shareholders: large photo shows David Mintz.
33,654.
New ADM products from soybeans include Soy Milk 1482. Coward, Lori; Barnes, N.C.; Setchell, K.D.R.; Barnes,
(dry mix) and Harvest Burgers (also named Veggie Burgers). S. 1993. Genistein, daidzein and their beta-glycoside
Opposite a full-page color photo of soy milk being poured conjugates: Antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from
from a pitcher into a glass, we read: “A new line of soy- American and Asian diets. J. of Agricultural and Food
based milk products was introduced that are nutritionally Chemistry 41(11):1961-67. Nov. [31 ref]
equivalent to milk but less expensive to produce, allowing • Summary: This is a very important article. Isoflavones
countries to expand their supply of needed protein at minimal were first extracted with alcohol (80% aqueous methanol)
cost. and then the fat was removed from the extract with hexane
“The all-vegetable protein food, Harvest Burger, is being solvent. Details of the isolation process are given. The results
actively marketed in the U.S. where 12% of the stores frozen showed that most Asian and American soy products, with
food sections stock the product. the exception of soy sauce, alcohol-extracted soy protein
“Haldane Food Group continues to develop as the concentrate, and soy protein isolate, have total isoflavone
leading U.K. supplier to the health food industry. From a concentrations similar to those in whole soybeans. Asian
well-established domestic base and with an ever increasing fermented soyfoods contain mainly isoflavone aglucones,
product range the Group’s commercial thrust is extending to whereas in nonfermented soyfoods of both Asian and
Continental Europe. Of the many new products introduced American origin isoflavones are present mainly as beta-
during the year ‘Vegemince’ commands attention as a direct glycoside conjugates. The estimated daily intake of these
TVP/wheat gluten non-meat alternative to ground beef. The isoflavones by Asians is similar on a body weight basis to the
prototype plant is fully committed to production and line isoflavones in soy-containing diets which inhibit mammary
extension is in progress. tumorigenesis in animal models of breast cancer. Therefore,
“’Vegeburger’ continues as a market leader with other it is possible that dietary isoflavones are an important factor
burger products being added to the range. The realized accounting for the lower incidence and mortality from breast
growth and market potential for convenience foods has cancer in Asian women.
brought about the relocation of Snackmasters Limited to “The concept of reducing cancer risk by
a new factory at Sileby adjacent to the Haldane site. The chemoprevention has become an important aspect of current
automated production line is currently at 60 % capacity and cancer research. It has been suggested that two so-called
the introduction of new products should fill the plant within phytoestrogens, lignans and isoflavones, may play a role in
twelve months. the prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer and colon
“Genice Limited continues to pioneer the growth of non- cancer.
dairy soya based ice cream and yogurts with an increasing Three tables show the isoflavone concentrations in
market share in Continental Europe... Soya milk sales remain various types of soyfoods. For each food, the content of the
stable and we hope to excite the market by introducing a following is given: Conjugated genistin, conjugated daidzin,
bottled soya milk that will complement the existing Tetra genistein aglucone, daidzein aglucone, total isoflavones, D/G
pack products.” ratio, percentage of genistein aglucones, and percentage of
“Currently operating at 80% capacity, ADM can produce daidzein aglucones. After each food listed below we will
350,000,000 Harvest Burgers a year. ADM introduced the show the total concentration “as is” and then (if given) on a
product in 1989, and soon will be selling as many burgers as dry weight basis.
some fast food chains” (p. 19). Address: Decatur, Illinois. Table 1 shows isoflavone concentrations (in mg per
gram) in basic nonfermented Asian soyfoods: Soymilk
1480. Winner (U.K.) Ltd. 1993. The natural choice (Ad). (0.252 / 3.256), Tree of Life tofu (0.417 / 2.031), Mori-Nu
BBC Vegetarian. Oct. Rear cover. tofu (0.494 / 3.827), soy flour (1.338), soy powder (1.748),
• Summary: Contains a large color photo of 3 octagonal and soy nuts (2.363).
packs of Swedish Glace in vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate Table 2 shows isoflavone concentrations (in mg per
flavors. The subtitle reads: “A wonderfully rich taste and gram) in fermented Asian soyfoods: Tempeh (0.430 / 1.130),
creamy texture. Made of 100% organic whole soya milk. miso (0.920 / 1.379), rice miso (0.404 / 0.721), barley miso

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(0.721 / 1.195), Shiromiso soup mix (0.708), Akamiso soup a while, Jan accepted. Mr. Ford didn’t want any alcohol
mix (0.882). served at the inn and he was very much against smoking. Jan
Table 3 shows isoflavone concentrations (in mg per soon met Edsel Ruddiman, Henry Ford’s chemist. Jan never
gram) in other soyfoods: Soy sauce (0.023 / 0.090), soy cooked at Fair Lane, the Ford’s home and mansion, while the
cheese (0.050 / 0.105), Tofutti soy ice cream (0.032 / 0.092), Fords lived there.
Ice Bean soy ice cream (0.117 / 0.360). In 1934, at Mr. Ford’s request, Jan started experimenting
Although flavonoids are found in many plants, with soybeans. Dr. Ruddiman had the miller send him
vegetables, and flowers, isoflavones such as genistein and samples of soybean flour. He started by making soft rolls,
daidzein are found in just a few botanical families. This is and then began experimenting with many different foods.
because of the limited distribution of the enzyme chalcone Whatever Jan made had to be approved by Dr. Ruddiman
isomerase largely to tropical legumes. Partly for this reason, before he could send it to the Ford family. However, it could
isoflavones are a very minor part of American or British be served at the Dearborn Inn without his approval. He made
diets. Address: Depts. of Pharmacology and Biochemistry many recipes in the next 5 or 6 months, and as far as he
and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univ. of Alabama knows no other soy recipes were around.
at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Mass While Jan researched food recipes with soybeans,
Spectrometry Lab., Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Dr. Ruddiman and chemist Bob Smith experimented with
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229. making a substitute for milk and ice cream from the beans
(p. 47). The first products were served at the Dearborn Inn,
1483. Willemse, Jan; Eaton, Eleanor. 1993. Cooking for but weren’t well liked. Several other soybean researchers Jan
Henry: The memories and recipes of Chef Jan Willemse, remembers were R.H. McCarroll and Harold Joyce.
former pastry chef at Dearborn Inn and personal party chef Jan worked as pastry chef at the Dearborn Inn until
for Henry Ford. Virginia Beach, Virginia: The Donning 1932. Then he went into Dr. Ruddiman’s laboratory in
Company / Publishers. 160 p. Illust. Recipe index. 26 cm. Greenfield Village. “This soybean experiment was a sideline,
Autographed by Willemse and Eaton. you might say. It started small but grew to be very important
• Summary: Contents: Foreword. 1. I’m discovered by Edsel to Mr. Ford. He wanted more and more food made with the
Ford: Bread, pastries. 1. Henry Ford introduces me to the soybean. Clara Ford was not as interested in the soybean as
soybean: Soybean recipes. 3. I help open the Clinton Inn her husband, but she especially liked some soybean food
Restaurant to the public: Soups, salads, finger food. How you such as cookies made with white chocolate chips, and soy
can be as healthy as Mr. Ford: Entrees, sauces, vegetables. bread. She wanted the bread sent to the mansion every day. A
Mr. Willemse selected and downscaled his recipes while favorite of Mr. Ford’s was a soybean cracker that he named
Mrs. Eaton wrote the biographical text and selected the the Model T...” A recipe for “Model T. Crackers” is given.
photos. The book was published just after Mr. Willemse’s The section titled “Soybean Recipes” (p. 51-72)
93rd birthday. A photo on the cover shows Fair Lane, the last contains 42 such recipes. The main soy ingredients used
and most famous home of Henry and Clara Ford, located in these recipes are soybean flour (used in 18 recipes),
on the banks of the Rouge River in Dearborn, Michigan. soybean margarine (in 17 recipes), soybean milk (10), whole
Completed in 1915, the mansion has 56 rooms and is situated soybeans (cooked, 9), soybean oil (8), roasted soybeans [soy
on 1,346 acres. After Mr. Ford’s death, Fair Lane was given nuts] (5), soy sprouts (1), TVP (textured soy flour, 1), and
to the University of Michigan at Dearborn by the Ford Motor canned green soybeans (1). There are also two recipes for
Co. making soybean milk (one from soybean flour and 1 from
In the Preface, Jan’s three children write: “The qualities whole soybeans), and one recipe each for making roasted
our father and we admired most in Henry Ford were his soybeans (salted and baked) and homemade soybean coffee.
simple manner, his genuine interest in his employees and A photo (p. 66, supplied by Willemse) shows the “Menu
their families, and his many kindnesses to them.” of Dinner Served at Ford Exhibit, Century of Progress,
Born in Holland, Jan’s training as a cook began at age August 17, 1934.” The names of 17 dishes, each containing
12 in his home town of Hilversum. He came to America in soya, are listed. The text on the facing page states: “I planned
1919 settling in Boston where he met and married his wife this menu of all soybean food...” served at The Ford Exhibit
Annie. He first came in contact with the Ford family in 1931 in Chicago, Illinois.
when he was cooking at the Nautilus Hotel in Miami Beach. When Henry Ford ceased to be active in the Ford Motor
Florida. He took food to Edsel Ford and the crew of his Co., Jan left the company and started a catering business on
yacht, which was moored at the marina. Edsel thought Jan his own. The Clinton Inn (pictured) was the first building
was a good cook. Henry Ford had just opened the Dearborn Henry Ford acquired for Greenfield Village in 1927. Jan
Inn in Dearborn, Michigan, and Edsel thought Jan would helped to open it to the public. Of the various friends of
be a good executive chef. Henry Ford wrote Jan asking if Henry Ford that Jan met, the one who impressed him most
he’s come to Dearborn and take the job of head chef. After was George Washington Carver. “Of all the people I met,

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the prince of them all was Henry Ford. He was a wonderful and out bankruptcy once or twice. Then the name Barricini
man. He was so interested in everything and everybody. He and the rights to make the candy were purchased from the
loved children. He helped them, and the poor too, whenever bankruptcy court by a group of investors in the early 1980s.
he could.” Jan also thought a lot of Dr. Ruddiman, who told Shortly thereafter, when Tofutti (soy ice cream) started
him many times that “you are what you eat... Well, I’ve eaten to become very popular and widely known, this group
soybean foods ever since I started experimenting with them.” of investors and Farm Foods (which was still located on
“It used to be everyone thought soybeans were just The Farm in Summertown, Tennessee, and was looking
food for animals. Mr. Ford helped people realize that they for investment money) got together through two venture
are perfect food for human beings. He once said that, next capitalists (Herman Fialkov and Vincent McKiernin of
to the Model T, he considered his soybean research to be his Barricini) who knew someone who was living on The Farm.
greatest work.” Originally Barricini asked Farm Foods to make Tofulite (i.e.,
This book contains many fine old photos including the Tofutti II). Then when Barricini realized that Farm Foods
following: The Carver Laboratory interior (p. 46; it was used also knew how to distribute and market it, the two companies
for soybean research), The Carver Laboratory exterior in merged in a 50:50 merger. Shortly thereafter they raised
1942 (p. 50). Henry Ford standing by George Washington some money in a private placement, and about 6 months
Carver (p. 65). Austin W. Curtis Jr., Jan Willemse, and Bob after that the company went public in about 1985. That
Smith sampling soybean foods that Jan served at a soybean structure remained unchanged until recently. Barricini Foods
brunch at the Henry Ford Estate–Fair Lane in 1988 (p. stopped producing Tofulite in about 1991 but continued to
138). Two giant pressurized cans of Presto Whip which make Ice Bean. Tofulite sold well in mainstream food stores
attracted the attention of passers-by on Telegraph Road, (Haagen-Dazs distributed the product starting in about 1986)
south of Michigan Ave. in Dearborn for many years. Stored but it was not profitable because of stores required slotting
inside the structures were soybean oil and sugar used to allowances and expected a level of advertising in mainstream
make the soy-based non-dairy whip topping developed by stores support that was out of proportion to the product’s
Robert Smith, food chemist, at the request of Henry Ford sales. The advent of no-fat ice cream and frozen yogurt
(p. 144). Photos on the last page, titled “About the Authors” put additional pressure on the category of non-dairy frozen
(autobiographical) show both Willemse and Eaton. Jan still desserts. So Barricini realized that there was room for only
bakes soybean cookies (recipe p. 61). Address: Willsemse: one product in the category, and that was Tofutti, whose sales
130 Nightingale, Dearborn, Michigan 48128. Phone: 313- were several times as large as Tofulite’s. So Barricini stopped
561-4088. making Tofulite.
Since that time Barricini has been looking for a new
1484. Meyers, Steven. 1993. Recent changes at Farm Foods, infusion of capital; they had many good ideas but no money
21st Century Foods, Barricini Foods, and Kineret Acquisition to carry them out, and they had had to downsize the company
Corp. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 13. Conducted by which put quite a strain on their cash flow. Also Ice Bean
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. needed new packaging and a lite version as well. They met
• Summary: The many complex changes that have taken a man named Irwin Simon who was a vice-president of
place recently with Farm Foods are very positive, and they marketing at Haagen-Dazs (where Barricini first met him)
give the company the working capital they need to enhance and then a vice-president of marketing at Slimfast. Irwin had
existing products and expand their product line. Farm a vision of trying to put together companies with good brand
Foods used to be a brand of Barricini Foods. During the names who were niche marketers of food products. Barricini
past 2 months, Barricini, a publicly owned corporation, has introduced him to the natural foods industry and the more he
changed hands. The assets of Barricini were purchased by saw the more he liked it. It fit with his ideals and business
a company named 21st Century Food Products, which was concepts, and it is an increasingly dynamic and viable
recently renamed Kineret Acquisitions Corp. industry with a growing number of big companies moving in.
At one time Barricini was a large company with candy For example Kraft may buy Health Valley.
stores across the USA, especially on the East Coast. But On 23 August 1993 the big change took place. Irwin
now all those stores are basically gone. Daniel Lloyd knows Simon created 21st Century Foods (he later renamed it
the history best, but for a very rough history, Barricini Kineret Acquisition Corporation). He wanted to purchased
was originally started by the two Barricini sisters in about a number of companies which now comprise three divisions
the 1920s. At one point Barricini was purchased by the of Kineret: Farm Foods (the natural foods division, which
Southland Corporation, which owns 7-11 stores. Southland makes Ice Bean, the Organic Pita Classics products, Pizsoy
increased the number of Barricini candy stores to over 400. products, etc.), Kineret Foods (pronounced kuh-NAIR-ut, the
Then corporate decisions were made at Southland in about kosher frozen food company), and California Slim (which
the 1960s and the number of stores began to decrease. sells diet and weight loss products). Irwin had acquired
Southland then sold Barricini, and the company went in all the companies but Slimfast, and that purchase was

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contingent upon a public stock offering which took place in from tofu to tempeh to soymilk, to second generation soy
late November 1993. The offering raised between $3 and $4 products, and now a new generation of vegetable protein
million, which was the full amount they wanted. Some of the products in which various proteins are blended/extended–e.g.
money goes to acquire the different brands and companies wheat protein and soy protein, or products resembling milk
and some goes for working capital. Daniel Lloyd is now or ice cream (like Rice Dream) made from rice.
a vice president and general manager of Farm Foods, and White Wave will soon be coming out with a new line
Steven is vice president of operations. of gluten-based luncheon slices; another company will
Farm Foods’ product mix has changed greatly this year make some of these products. White Wave may perhaps buy
and they are planning on expanding quite a bit during 1994. another company.
In early 1994 Farm Foods plans to launch Ice Bean Lite and “Concerning our new shelf set, we’re going into natural
there will be a new line of low-fat, low-calorie frozen entrees and health food stores and saying ‘We occupy 18 square
using soy. Address: Vice President of Operations, Farm feet (or that many cubic inches). Our turn rate is X, our
Foods, Div. of Kineret Acquisition Corp., 49 Old Bloomfield profitability factor is Y, and our average sale price is Z.
Ave., Suite, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey 07046. Phone: Here’s our product mix and her’s what we’re doing.’ You’ll
201-334-0101. see national ads on this in February.
“We’ll be ready to go into supermarket chains when they
1485. Demos, Steve. 1993. New developments at White call us and say ‘We want your products and you don’t have
Wave (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 19. Conducted by to pay slotting fees.’ We will not pay slotting fees. You invest
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. in either a pull or a push. I am against the push mentality.
• Summary: White Wave is about to rent the Boulder Theater When the chains call you, it means that the market is ready
for a town party in May 1994 to show the people of Boulder for your products. If you push in, you run the risk of being
what the company is doing. “We’re renaming Boulder ‘Tofu premature. Legume is a good example of that.
Town.’” Steve has visited a number of Safeway stores in
Steve recommends that Shurtleff go to Whole Foods California and he feels Safeway is very interested in his
Market’s store in Berkeley, California, where there is now a products and shelf set. Each set costs about $500-$700
White Wave Vegetarian Cuisine Center. They have a “shelf per store in time and hardware and logo–not including the
set” developed as the first prototype for the United States. food products. So Steve must proceed slowly and carefully
The set is fully integrated into the store’s dairy case; it is not in getting into supermarkets. He will probably start with
a stand-alone unit. In Berkeley, the set is placed in between supermarkets in college or university towns. From there
amazake and tortillas. There may or may not be dividers he will gather statistics on sales and profitability. He will
on both sides. It contains about 46 facings of White Wave move very slowly, starting with stores in markets with the
products in an organized fashion, in groups such as meat right demographics, first down the West Coast, then across
alternatives, dairy alternatives, cheese alternatives, tofu, the Sun Belt, then over to the East Coast and up. Steve will
tempeh, etc. The term “Vegetarian Cuisine,” which does not probably have 3 sizes of sets. The smallest set will contain
contain the word “soyfoods” or the word “protein,” opens only the fastest moving items. Steve can get into the dairy
the products to a broader category and it elevates the foods to case of a supermarket only if he can prove that he can deliver
a higher level than just basic proteins. White Wave has had more profit per unit of shelf space. They will take a 30-35%
a dozen cartoon characters made up for the set; they deliver margin, and he hopes to do $60,000 in sales per store per
the basic information on soyfoods and ecology, soyfoods and year.
cancer, soyfoods and heart disease, etc. There are individual Right now the company is shut down and they are
3 by 5 inch info-cards printed on both sides. Sources of more installing all new equipment. The equipment is made by a
information are given on each card. White Wave installed variety of manufacturers (some from Takai, some American,
their first sets during the first week in November in the 3 some German), and it will have a capacity of 1 ton/hour of
Whole Foods stores in the Bay Area–Berkeley, Palo Alto, tofu. They have just installed what is probably the largest
and Mill Valley. Berkeley is the best of the three. During the curding carousel in the United States. They made tofu
first month, the lowest increase in sales was 160% and the on Dec. 16-17 to test the equipment, and Steve is very
highest was 1,000%. optimistic that the learning curve will be short. “Wataru
“We are calling this ‘category management’ or ‘category Takai is arriving in Boulder today. Tomorrow all the big-time
shelf management.’ This is what Walmart is. This is the pasteurization and spiral chilling equipment will be installed.
science of merchandising and marketing. Its a whole new I’ve never seen a soyfoods company that uses this type of
game–and so exciting. We spent a year taking photos of equipment. We also have fancy packing machines, a lot of
natural and health food stores around the United States, and vacuum packing and water packing machines.
we realized that there was no organizational schematic to “Sales of White Wave’s basic seitan, sold in a tub, are
the evolution which has taken place as products evolved increasing rapidly. We are already selling thousands of

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pounds a week.” on page 3 under “Tofutti product line.” Nor is it mentioned in

White Wave is now right in the middle of their waste- Tofutti’s previous annual report.
water nightmare. Fortunately the city of Boulder has given Tofutti Leaflet (single sided, red and black) sent by
us the okay for our new construction and equipment. The David Mintz. 1996. April. Undated. “Compare the difference
plant will be done by the middle of January. The last phase and the taste.” Tofutti Supreme is compared with Haagen-
is the solar employee lounge out front. The city has beaten Dazs and Ben n’ Jerry’s–the Vanilla flavor and a 4 oz.
up on us for the last year on environmental issues. Only Pat serving size is used for comparison. Tofutti Supreme has 200
Calhoun’s persistence got us through it by wearing out the calories and 2 gm of protein. Haagen-Dazs has 260 calories
city’s bureaucracy. One day they threw their hands up and and 5 gm of protein. Ben n’ Jerry’s has 210 calories and 3 gm
gave us all the permits. of protein. Tofutti is cholesterol free, lactose free, dairy free,
“We are at a critical mass point as of 1 Jan. 1994. kosher/parve, sweetened with fruit juice rather than sugar,
We have a new factory (high-output and very sanitary), and uses a recyclable / reusable package.
a new production system, and a new marketing scheme
and schematic in place based on reproducible, verifiable 1488. SoyaScan Notes. 1994. Keywords used with more than
numbers. We are ready for takeoff. I’m very excited. We’re 1,000 documents in the SoyaScan database, as of 1 January
all dressed up for the party. I now have what we were 1994 (Overview). Jan. 1. Compiled by William Shurtleff of
dreaming about 15 years ago.” Soyfoods Center.
Note: In the opinion of Soyfoods Center, White Wave • Summary: 1. USA 24,636. 2. Commercial soy products
is currently, and has been for at least the past 5 years, the 6,565. 3. Japan 5,948. 4. Tofu 5,122. 5. Soymilk 3,884. 6.
most innovative soyfoods company in America. Address: Illinois 3,642. 7. Soy sauce 3,387. 8. California 3,129. 9.
President, White Wave Inc., 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, Historical (documents published from 1900 to 1923) 3,013.
Colorado 80301. Phone: 303-443-3470. 10. Soy flour 2,822. 11. History 2,730. 12. Soy oil 2,648.
13. Germany 2,447. 14. Miso 2,324. 15. Vegetarianism
1486. SoyaScan Notes. 1993. Terms related to tofu: Library 2,319. 16. United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales,
of Congress subject headings and call numbers (Overview). N. Ireland) 2,134. 17. China 1,554. 18. Soybean meal
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. [1 ref] 2,019. 19. Cookery 2,017. 20. Soybean production:
• Summary: The 16th edition (LCSH 16) of the Library of Cultural practices and agronomy 1,996. 21. France 1847.
Congress Subject Headings (published in 1993) lists the 22. Tempeh 1,844 23. Soybean production (General):
following subject headings and call numbers related to tofu. 1,825. 24. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1,744. 25. New
Tofu (May Subd Geog) [TP438.S36 (Manufacture)]. York 1,665. 24. Nutrition (General) 1,471. 25. Historical
[TX401.2.S69 (Nutrition)]. [TX558.T57 (Composition)]. UF (documents published before 1900) 1,460. 26. India 1,397.
Bean curd [Former heading]; Curd, Bean; Curd, Soybean; 27. International trade in soybeans, soy oil, and/or soybean
Curds and whey, Soymilk; Soybean curd; Soymilk curds meal 1,225. 28. Canada 1,204. 29. Soy protein isolates 1,204.
and whey; Whey, Soymilk curds and. BT Nonfermented 30. Michigan 1,146. 31. Meatlike commercial products
soyfoods. RT Cookery (Tofu). NT Dried tofu.–Advertising 1,145. 32. USDA state agricultural experiment stations
USE Advertising–Tofu. Tofu, Dried USE Dried tofu. Tofu ice in the USA 1,120. 33. Soybean production: Marketing
cream USE Soy ice cream. Tofu industry (May Subd Geog) 1,098. 34. Ohio 1,095. 35. Soybean production: Variety
[HD9330.T68-HD9330.T683]. BT Nonfermented soyfoods development 1,083. 36. Indonesia 1,063. 37. Tofu used as an
industry. ingredient in second generation commercial food products
Abbreviations: [ ] = Call number. UF = Use for. BT = 1,062. 38. Bibliographies and literature reviews 1,049. 39.
Broader terms. RT = Related terms. NT = Narrower terms. Massachusetts 1,029. 40. Macrobiotics 1,022. 41. Soy ice
May Subd Geog = May subdivide geographically. cream 1,014.

1487. Product Name: Tofutti Supreme (Non-Dairy Frozen 1489. Frozen Food Age. 1994. Two frozen dessert lines with
Dessert) [Vanilla]. ‘healthy’ profiles are new from Tofutti Jan.
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer). • Summary: Tofutti Brands, Inc (Cranford, New Jersey) has
Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ introduced two lines of non-dairy frozen desserts–Better than
07016. Phone: 908-272-2400. Yogurt and Frutti. “Better Than Yogurt is reportedly the first
Date of Introduction: 1993. January. non-dairy low-fat frozen dessert with active yogurt cultures.”
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint.
How Stored: Frozen. 1490. Plenty International. 1994. A guide to growing and
New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. Tofutti. using soybeans for food. Davis, California. 37 p. Jan. Illust.
1993 annual report. 1994. May. Page 1. “Tofutti Supreme.” 22 cm.
This is confusing because Tofutti Supreme is not mentioned • Summary: Contents: Foreword. Introduction. Growing

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soybeans: Planning, land preparation, planting, plant soyfoods, which contains more than 44,500 records as of
growth, field sanitation, insect and disease control, harvest, Jan. 1994. This database also includes a wealth of carefully
threshing, storage, vacuum packing for seed storage, researched statistics and analyses of the soyfoods market;
calculating growing costs. Home preparation of soybeans: those from the start of 1985 to the end of 1993 are contained
Cooking soybeans, soy flour, soy coffee and nuts, ingredients in this book. Its scope includes all known information on this
for making soy milk, tofu and tokara, kitchen tools, soy subject, worldwide. Its focus, however, is statistics, analyses,
milk, tokara (tofu with the okara still in it), tofu, tempeh, and trends concerning the soyfoods industry and market in
storing soybean foods, costs of processing soybeans the United States and Europe.
for market, expected yields of primary soybean foods, In May 1990 Soyfoods Center conducted an in-depth
recipes. Nutritional information. Resources and contacts. study of the tofu market in Europe (137 pages), and in July
Acknowledgments. 1990 of the soymilk market in Europe (261 pages). All
Note. This is the earliest English-language document original interviews and published records from both of these
seen (June 2013) that contains term “tokara,” which refers to market studies, plus a summary of each study, are included in
tofu with the okara still in it. the present book.
Businesses Plenty has worked with that make fresh The SoyaScan database is composed of individual
soyfoods and are listed on pages 30-32 include: Alimentos records. One record might be an original interview with
San Bartolo (San Bartolo, Guatemala). Survival Foods the head of the largest soymilk company in Europe, on the
and Nature Island Foods (Roseau, Dominica, West Indies). size and growth of the soymilk market in Europe, and new
Natural Cafe and Health Plaza (Castries, St. Lucia, West trends in that market, conducted by William Shurtleff of
Indies). Kay Cuisine (Kingstown, St. Vincent, West Indies). Soyfoods Center. Another might be a published article or an
Country Farmhouse Soy Products (Kingston, Jamaica). unpublished document concerning the growth of the market
Deagbo Industries (Ibadan, Nigeria). Address: P.O. Box for soy yogurts or soy sauce in America.
2306, Davis, California 95617. Phone: (916) 753-0731. This book documents the growth of each product
category in every country worldwide. The book contains
1491. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1994. three extensive and easy-to-use indexes: A subject/
Soyfoods industry and market–Bibliography and sourcebook, geographical index, an author/company index, and
1985 to 1993. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 361 a language index. These allow you to find the exact
p. Subject/geographical index. Author/company index. information you need on the soyfoods industry and market
Language index. Printed 11 Jan. 1994. Published Jan. 1995. quickly and easily. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234,
28 cm. [985 ref] Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991.
• Summary: This is the second of the two most
comprehensive books ever published on the soyfoods 1492. Pierce, Ray. 1994. A brief history of Genice Foods Ltd.
industry and market worldwide. and their work with soy ice creams, yogurts, creams, and
In May 1982 the first study of the burgeoning soyfoods margarine. Part I (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4, 8, 10,
industry in the Western world was compiled by Shurtleff and 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
and Aoyagi, and published by Soyfoods Center. In April Followed by a an 8-page fax on 7 Feb. 1994.
1985 the fifth edition of that book, titled Soyfoods Industry • Summary: From 1979 to 1982 Ray, a native of Wales,
and Market: Directory and Databook (220 pages), was was general manager of Pendeltons Ice Cream. In March
published. It contained statistics through 1984, the market 1982, at age 41, he started a company named Classic Ices,
size and growth rate for each soyfood type, rankings of which was primarily a dairy ice cream company. Located
leading soyfoods manufacturers of each soyfood type and in Rhydymwyn (pronounced REED-uh-MOO-un), Clwyd
the amount each produced, analyses, trends, and projections. (pronounced KLU-ud) County, Wales, the company began
This book is published to update the 1985 market study. trading (making and selling products) in July 1982. In early
In the decade since 1984 the soyfoods market has 1984 Ray sold all but 10% of his shares in Classic Ices to
continued to grow at a very healthy rate, with some soyfood the Hillsdown Holdings Group but continued to work at the
types (such as soymilk) growing at a truly astonishing company. Then in May 1984 Irene Barclay joined Classic
sustained rate–in both the USA and western Europe–as the Ices as technical manager. In April 1985 Ray saw an article
statistics in this book show so vividly. In 1975 only 75 new in The Grocer (April 6, p. 23) stating that Michael Cole
commercial soyfood products were introduced in the USA, of Soya Health Foods Ltd. had started making soya milk
yet that number skyrocketed to 217 in 1979, reaching an and was planning to make related non-dairy products–such
amazing 422 new products in 1987. as soya ice cream. Ray called Michael Cole and asked if
During the decade from 1984 to 1994, Soyfoods Center Classic Ices could develop and make a soy ice cream for
has invested most of its time and resources in the production him. Michael was interested, he came to visit Ray at Classic
of SoyaScan, the world’s largest computerized database on Ices, and that is how Ray’s interest in soya ice creams began.

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Irene Barclay of Classic Ices worked closely with Michael general grocery sector of the market than health food stores
Cole to developed the product. In about July 1985 Classic where Ice Delight and Ice Dream were sold. The product
Ices started making Sunrise Ice Dream and selling it to Cole, N’ice Day, was launched for Dayville in July 1986, sold in
who marketed it very successfully. Before this, Classic Ices 3/4 litre packs in four flavors–vanilla, hazelnut, strawberry,
had never made any non-dairy products. But Classic Ices was and pistachio & almond. The soy ingredient was soy protein
not particularly interested in non-dairy products, so Ray and isolates. Continued. Address: Founder, Genice Foods Ltd.,
Irene Barclay decided to leave Classic Ices in 1985 and start Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial Estate, Llay near Wrexham,
their own small company in Clwyd, Wales, about 10 miles Clwyd, LL12 OPX, Wales/Cymru, UK. Phone: 0978-853-
from Classic Ices, at the same location they now occupy. The 787.
two business partners believed they saw a new market with
great potential. Moreover, Irene was lactose intolerant so she 1493. Pierce, Ray. 1994. A brief history of Genice Foods Ltd.
could not consume dairy products. So Ray sold his remaining and their work with soy ice creams, yogurts, creams, and
shares (10%) in Classic Ices to Hillsdown Holdings, then margarine. Part II (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4, 8, 10
he and Irene established their company to develop and and 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
manufacture non-dairy dessert specialties–starting with soya Followed by a an 8-page fax on 7 Feb. 1994.
ice cream. • Summary: Continued: At this time, Genice Foods was the
They named the company Genice Foods Ltd. (short for only company in Europe manufacturing non-dairy frozen
“Genuine Ice Cream” and pronounced JEN-ais), but today desserts, but the market in Europe was not expanding as
many people pronounce the name jen-EES, which has come rapidly as the market in the USA. Possibly the main reason
to be preferred by the company. In late 1985 Genice Foods for this was a greater perceived differentiation in the U.S.
moved into a brand new, small custom-designed, purpose- between dairy ice creams, containing up to 15% butter, and
built factory unit in the Llay Industrial Estate. The unit was healthier non-dairy, lower-fat frozen desserts such as Tofutti
5,000 square feet in size, but initially Genice used only half and McQueens. By contrast, ice creams in the UK generally
of that space–for manufacturing, cold storage/warehousing, contained palm oil instead of butter and at a much lower
and offices. In early April 1986 Genice was officially level–around 6-8%. Other reasons for the rapid growth
established and registered as a company and that same of the U.S. market could be: Greater awareness of lactose
month, about two weeks later, they began trading. Today intolerance, a larger number of vegetarians, larger ethnic
Ray’s title is Director General Manager and Irene is the communities, and cost consciousness. With Genice being
Technical Director. Genice’s first product, launched in April the only manufacturer of non-dairy frozen desserts, it was
1986, was Genice Ice Delight, a non-dairy frozen dessert difficult to satisfy existing and potential customers without
in 5 flavors (vanilla, strawberry, raspberry ripple, hazelnut, some duplication of products in the market place. However
and pistachio & almond). Initially the main soy ingredient Genice was also attempting to help these companies avoid
was powdered soymilk obtained from Michael Cole of competing directly with one another by suggesting different
Soya Health Foods, which probably imported it. But soon package sizes, flavors, package shapes, etc. Hence in 1987
Genice switched to using soy protein isolates because they Maranellis Ice Supreme was launched for Unisoy (before
were less expensive and seemed to give a better product. Unisoy was acquired by Haldane), in a ½-liter format,
At that time Genice bought the isolates from Macauley- sweetened with fruit juice, in 3 flavors–raspberry ripple,
Edwards (in Peterborough, eastern England), which later vanilla, and chocolate. The product was made from fresh
somehow became Purina Protein; today Genice buys most soya milk, delivered to Genice by Unisoy. Another non-
of its isolates from ADM (SP6, imported from the USA), dairy frozen dessert launched in 1987 was Sunrise Carob
but a little from Protein Technologies International for “old Ice, a frozen soya vanilla-flavored bar covered with a carob
time’s sake.” Genice developed this product largely because coating, made for Soya Health Foods Ltd., Michael Cole’s
they needed an actual product to show potential customers, former company; the product sold extremely well.
but they never put much effort into marketing the product In March 1989, the Haldane Foods Group Ltd., part of
because they had already decided that Genice wanted to be the Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM), acquired a 70%
a product development and manufacturing company and interest in Genice. Genice Foods approached the Haldane
leave sales and marketing to other companies. Later in 1986 Group since Genice needed both cash and access to bigger
the manufacture of Sunrise Ice Dream was transferred to markets in order to develop properly. Peter Fitch, head of
Genice from Classic Ices. It was now sold in four flavors– the Haldane Group, has told Ray many times he didn’t really
vanilla, wildberry, hazelnut, and carob. Genice worked out want to acquire Genice; Ray had to court him for 9 months
an agreement with Cole that they would not compete by before he agreed to acquire Genice. Haldane was an ideal
entering markets where Cole’s product was established. partner, being one of the biggest health food manufacturers
In 1986 Dayville Ltd. asked Genice if they could make in Europe (they made mostly vegetarian main courses), but
a non-dairy frozen dessert intended to appeal more to the having no dessert products. Genice made mostly non-dairy

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frozen and chilled desserts. Also the cash backing from Genice is still the only manufacturer of soya frozen
ADM was equally important in creating and developing desserts in the UK. However two strong, competing products
new markets. ADM and the Haldane Group gave Genice are now being imported: Winner’s Swedish Glace from
the freedom to continue to develop and make products for Sweden and Tofutti from the USA. Three years ago Genice
companies (such as Soya Health Foods and Dayville Ltd.) made more than 90% of the soy ice creams sold in the UK,
outside the Haldane Group. but today that figure has dropped to an estimated 50%,
In April 1989 Sweet Sensation, another non-dairy frozen with Winner in second place, followed by Tofutti. Ray is
dessert, was launched for Granose Foods in a 3/4 liter pack concerned that Winner could overtake Genice in soy ice
composed of a rectangular plastic tub in a cardboard sleeve, creams this year. During 1994 Genice plans to rationalize
in 4 flavors–tutti fruitti, black cherry, raspberry ripple, and and reformulate its soy ice cream product line in order to
vanilla. Genice made this product for Granose before and concentrate its marketing efforts more on its best products,
after Granose was acquired by the Haldane Group. Another to eliminate or merge its own brands of the same type that
non-dairy frozen dessert products launched in 1989 was compete with one another, and to put more effort into sales
Vegedine Mousse a frozen mousse dessert in two flavors– of soy ice creams. Continued. Address: Founder, Genice
carob & walnut, and strawberry. Vegedine was a very small Foods Ltd., Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial Estate, Llay near
company in Bournemouth, sales to health food shops were Wrexham, Clwyd, LL12 OPX, Wales/Cymru, UK. Phone:
small, and the company soon went out of business. 0978-853-787.
Following the acquisition by Haldane, the pace of
development speeded up at Genice. Previously, products 1494. Pierce, Ray. 1994. A brief history of Genice Foods
had been produced from either powdered soya milk and soy Ltd. and their work with soy ice creams, yogurts, creams,
protein isolates, or soya milk imported from Unisoy. In late and margarine. Part IV (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4,
1989 a small soya milk plant was installed at Genice with 8, 10, and 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
the ability to produce limited quantities of tofu also. With the Center. Followed by a an 8-page fax on 7 Feb. 1994.
new availability of tofu, two new non-dairy frozen products • Summary: Ray feels that these soy yogurts are excellent
were launched: (1) So Good Tofu Dessert for the Haldane products. Consumers must have the same opinion since the
Group, a 3/4 litre pack in a round cardboard tub flavored as market is growing very rapidly. “In retail terms, this soya
a strawberry/vanilla split, or as wild blackberry; and (2) So yoghurt market is now worth around £2 million sterling ($3
Good Strawberry Bombes for the Haldane Group, a 100 ml million), whereas it was worth only about £30,000 sterling
vanilla flavored base with a strawberry puree center, coated in 1985.” The market was almost totally created in the last
with carob couverture, and sold in retail packs of four. four years–since Genice started making soy yogurt using its
Because of Haldane’s extensive contacts throughout Europe, unique process that gives a shelf-stable product.
Genice products are now sold in 7 European countries. The Today Genice now sells about ten times as much soy
company also made a brief foray into the kosher market in yogurt as soy ice cream. Moreover, sales of soy ice cream
America, when they sold some So Good Strawberry Bombes are fairly static, while sales of soy yogurt are leaping ahead.
to a distributor named Quality Foods in Long Island, New Genice makes at least 90% of the soy yogurts sold in the UK.
York, but Genice had a bad experience and ended up with In short, Genice started as a non-dairy ice cream company,
an unpaid debt on their first shipment. About 4 years ago which has in fact turned into a non-dairy yogurt company!
Ray exhibited some of his soya products for 2 years in a row “The soy yogurts really sold themselves. It was amazing
at one of the New York Kosher Fests. There he met David how they took off so well.” There are about 1,500 health
Mintz of Tofutti fame. Ray would like to try to enter the New food shops in the UK, and no more than half of those have
York market again some day; its a big market. a freezer, so they cannot sell ice cream. Even those with a
Genice uses fresh soymilk (produced by Unisoy) to freezer, usually have very limited frozen storage capacity
make the majority of its total volume of soy ice cream, and and the competition for that small space (as from dairy ice
isolated soy protein to make rest. Powdered soymilk is not creams) is intense. Almost all of those with no freezer also
used because it is very expensive and too hard to obtain. Ray have no refrigerated storage; they sell mainly “pills and
now feels that fresh soymilk gives a better soy ice cream. potions” etc.” So a refrigerated or frozen product can be
Genice is now producing a range of development samples sold in less than half of all health food stores. This gives
for Dayville Ltd., which is going to re-launch their soy ice shelf-stable products, such as Genice’s soy yogurts, a big
creams this year and they have picked the one made with advantage. Genice is moving its soy yogurts into Italy and
soymilk as being the best. From the production viewpoint, Portugal in a bigger way, and is launching two new yogurts
isolates are much easier to use, but product taste and overall for Spain this year (competing soy yogurts are sold on a
quality is the key point. Moreover, organic soymilk can be small scale in Spain). Other concepts and flavours will be
used to make an organic soy ice cream, but there are no introduced into the yoghurt area in 1994, together with the
organic soy isolates. quest for other export markets continuing both in Europe and

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the rest of the world. often teaches in Welsh. Both are happy to see the revival
Genice uses fresh soymilk (produced by Unisoy) to of the Welsh language. Ray is not a vegetarian, but he has
make about 50% of its total volume of soy yogurt, and a good feeling and high regard for vegetarianism, he likes
isolated soy proteins to make the other 50%. Powdered vegetarian food, and he has some vegetarian ideals but they
soymilk is not used because it is very expensive and too go beyond the food to more ethical issues. He finds that
hard to obtain. Isolates are more convenient to use but Ray many of the people in other companies that he deals with
now feels that fresh soymilk gives a slightly better product– are more ethical people. He would estimate that 85-90%
though this is very subjective and different people have of the consumers who buy products made by Genice are
different opinions. Isolates also give an excellent soy yogurt. vegetarians or vegans. Address: Founder, Genice Foods Ltd.,
One of the markets that Genice has not yet entered–and Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial Estate, Llay near Wrexham,
would like to–is Germany, where there are large sales of Clwyd, LL12 OPX, Wales/Cymru, UK. Phone: 0978-853-
soymilk and twice as many health shops (Reform Houses) 787.
as in the UK. Since most of the Reform Houses do not have
chilled or frozen cabinets, Genice’s shelf-stable products 1495. Mahlich, John. 1994. History and development of the
would fit perfectly; they could be sold on the shelf next to the Haldane Foods Group Ltd. Part II (Interview). SoyaScan
Muesli. In the smaller health food shops in the UK, Genice’s Notes. March 8. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
shelf-stable soy products are usually sold unchilled, but in Center.
the bigger shops, like Holland & Barrett, they sold chilled, • Summary: Continued: Next, in Feb. 1989, the Haldane
since they taste better after being chilled. Foods Group purchased a company named Kwality Foods.
Other dairylike non-dairy products that Genice has They made sauces, spreads, and dips. John liked the
made are as follows: In 1990 chilled So Good Soycreem was management, their products, and the price at which they
launched as a non-dairy alternative to dairy double cream, offered to sell the company, which had a financial problem–
but low in cholesterol, high in polyunsaturates, and low in they had run out of money. The Group subsequently changed
saturates. It was made for Haldane in a little beige plastic pot the name of Kwality Foods into Saucemasters Ltd.
with a green foil lid, packed at the Genice plant. It contains a While owning Saucemasters, the Group started another
trace of cholesterol because law requires that it contain 36% company named Snackmasters Ltd., which was wholly
oil, including some palm oil. In 1991 a shelf-stable UHT owned by Saucemasters. Then in 1993 the Group sold
version (completely sterilized, with a 9-month shelf life), Saucemasters, but retained ownership of Snackmasters,
now named Granose Soya Creem, was launched in a 225 ml which they relocated in a new factory adjacent to the
Combibloc pack, made for Genice by a large dairy in Ireland Haldane factory. It basically makes noodle- or rice-based
which had Combibloc packaging equipment. The chilled So vegetarian snack meals that contain textured protein and
Good Soycreem was discontinued. In 1992 Genice installed a dried vegetables with a sauce sachet in each plastic cup. You
vegetarian margarine plant, which also makes Granose Soya pour hot water into the cup, leave for 4 minutes, and you
Margarine that is sold chilled. This margarine was developed have a very convenient and nutritious meal. This type of
in Germany, so they took over the business and reformulated product is a big business in England; one company, Golden
the product. Wonder, dominates the market. But Snackmasters has carved
Genice is doing very well. The plant has expanded to out a niche by making ethnic vegetarian meals (Chinese,
15,000 square feet from its original 2,500–a 6-fold increase. Indian, etc.), and using their sauce company to make the
Their turnover (gross sales) has doubled virtually every year sachet of sauce. They have taken the product up-market by
since they have been in business. Being owned by ADM some ingenious developments and the company is thriving.
has been of great benefit to Genice because ADM has been A month after buying Kwality Foods, the Haldane
extremely generous in providing the money that Genice Group purchased Genice (pronounced JEN-ais) Foods,
needs for its ongoing expansion and implementation of new which makes non-dairy ice creams, yogurts, and margarines.
ideas. Genice would eventually like to enter the U.S. market “By this time we were deeply into the healthy food, health
(starting in New York) with its shelf-stable non-dairy yogurt food, vegetarian business.” Though this was the Group’s first
products, since there are no such products in America. company to make non-dairy products, it fit well because their
When yogurt is pasteurized, the beneficial effects of products were basically made from soya–either soyamilk or
the yogurt bacteria are nullified. But Ray was just told soya protein isolates. “Not only were we developing a group
by Dr. Glen Gibson that oligofructose, a sugar, has the of interesting companies that can make some profit, but we
effect of promoting the growth of the small quantities were also signalling to a very large audience that maybe
of Bifidobacteria in the human digestive system. Thus a others (such as the many food manufactures who have been
pasteurized soy yogurt could be made into an even healthier hesitant to use soya) should get into the soya business. And
product if it were sweetened by oligofructose. ADM likes that, because the more it is obvious that soya
Ray is a native of Wales and his wife is a teacher who is here to stay and that it has multitudinous uses, the more

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Dwayne Andreas’s dream will come true. Truthfully, we do Granose was selling soyamilk that was being imported
not fear competition; the more that are in the business, the from a German manufacturer [DE-VAU-GE]. The Haldane
merrier. If you can get companies like Unilever to start using Group decided to discontinue these imports, and now Unisoy
soya, then you get good publicity on a global basis. is making all of the soyamilk for Granose that used to be
“Genice is doing a very good job, but I have to say imported from Germany. The quality of Unisoy’s soyamilk
truthfully that selling non-dairy ice cream is missionary is definitely as good as the German-made product, and now
work. You need converts, and if you don’t get them you’re Granose has added many new soyamilk products to its range,
not a happy missionary. Its just a fact that most people want with vitamin enrichment, etc. However, it seems like the total
products with more and more cream. But at Genice we were soyamilk market in the UK is no longer growing. Continued.
going in the opposite direction–but successfully, though with Address: The British Arkady Co. Ltd., Skerton Road, Old
slow growth. That’s a tough number but we are hanging Trafford, Manchester M16 0NJ, England, UK. Phone: 061-
in and more and more will be sold. The non-dairy yogurts, 872-7161. Fax: 61-873-8083.
incidentally, are going exceedingly well. That’s good
business.” 1496. Mahlich, John. 1994. History and development of the
ADM is a very acquisitive organization. For this reason, Haldane Foods Group Ltd. Part III (Interview). SoyaScan
John and Peter Fitch were always looking for promising Notes. March 8. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
companies to add to the group. In the 20 years that John has Center.
worked for them, he has bought more than companies–with • Summary: Continued: Perhaps the key concept that
many outside the Haldane Group. Dwayne Andreas was governed the formation of the Haldane Group was adding
aware of each of the Haldane Group’s purchases as they value to soya–even though that policy was never clearly
took place. “He was totally aware of what we were doing spelled out. In one sense, each company was acquired, one
and obviously was approving as we went. “You have to by one, without any overarching plan, on its own merits.
remember that Dwayne Andreas is very much committed to Yet all companies in the group (except Saucemasters) make
the evolution of the soyabean. He certainly has shown the value-added foods from soya. The Group is fundamentally a
keenest of interest in everything that we have done. I report “healthy foods” company that makes only vegetarian foods
directly to ADM and I could not buy a business without the (i.e. those which contain no meat, fish, or poultry). Most
approval of Dwayne Andreas (or Jim Randall) and finally of the foods are also vegan in that they contain no animal
the ADM board of directors, which meets quarterly... Yet products.
ADM is a very fast-moving animal, and you can’t contain The Group has bought about 13 companies and each had
its dynamism by quarterly meetings. The whole thing is its own niche, name and reputation. Each company had its
designed to move with speed. So some acquisitions have own brands, each of which had a reputation, and the Group
been made before the board meeting; the contract simply has tried to keep these and promote them.
reads ‘Subject to board approval.’” The Haldane Group could not have developed without
In those days John used to go to the USA quite a lot the very strong health food market in the UK, where there
because he was running the ADM-Arkady business there for are more than 2,000 health food retail shops. Equally
ADM; it was a manufacturing business in Chicago, Illinois– important is the strong interest in vegetarian foods in the
it’s now in Kansas. UK. When British Arkady bought Direct Foods in 1985,
In December 1990 the Haldane Group purchased supermarkets in the UK had no space at all for healthier
Unisoy, a small soya company which was for sale and which foods or vegetarian foods. Now they all have a separate
made soymilk. In the early 1990s a situation developed health food section and that section is steadily growing.
where the Haldane Foods Group had a sales director who had Companies like Birds Eye (owned by Unilever) stand
been a previous employee of Granose Foods. He suggested like a praying mantis and wait until the Haldane Group has
that the Group might be able to buy the Granose Foods built the market for Vegeburgers to such a size that they
company. “He had a key to open that particular door. It was can enter the market with their own vege burger backed
with his basic introduction that we approached Granose, by all of their marketing clout; they will try to push out
and subsequently we bought all of Granose. Granose had competing products and steal your market. “They come
built a brand new and beautiful factory which was about 40 into the supermarkets with their overriding discounts and
miles north of London, and that fit it very well to the growth they say ‘We’re already selling you £20 million. Put this
and pattern that we were following.” So the Haldane Group product in and then you get another million pounds, plus
moved the center of their operations out of the Haldane you get a preferential discount, etc.” This is a real concern
factory and into the Granose factory, where it now is. The as the Haldane Group becomes more of a force in the UK
group still usually calls itself the Haldane Foods Group Ltd., market. Fortunately there are 350 million people in the entire
but under some circumstances other names may also be European Community. Moreover the Haldane Group has a
used–such as the Granose Foods Group. bright future because they are “extremely inventive” and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 542

they have many loyal customers. They are leaders and other $1.63.
companies are following. 1990 March 31 = $1.25; June 30 = $1.00; Sept. 30 =
“Most all of these companies that we bought were $0.25; Dec. 31 = $0.13.
started by devotees of healthier foods or vegetarians.” 1991 March 31 = $0.38; June 30 = 0.25; Sept. 30 =
They all started small but most did not realize what a big, $0.13; Dec. 31 = $0.25.
expensive step it is to get into food processing. So many of
the companies were founded on good ideas but were crippled 1498. Product Name: Gelato Fresco (Soymilk Ice Cream)
because their founders lacked business experience and were [Chocolate, Hazelnut, Vanilla].
undercapitalized. Manufacturer’s Name: Gelato Fresco.
The various products sold by the companies in the Manufacturer’s Address: 60 Tycos Drive, Toronto, ONT
Haldane Group are being made in five factories: the Unisoy M6B 1V9, Canada. Phone: 416-785-5415.
factory (soyamilk), the Genice factory (non-dairy yogurts, Date of Introduction: 1994. March.
ice creams, and margarine), the Haldane factory (which How Stored: Frozen.
makes all dry mixes), and the Granose factory (which makes New Product–Documentation: Talk with Frank Daller
frozen burgers and many other non-dry products). of ProSoya Inc., Canada. 1995. June 6. This product was
The Group now sells a large amount of frozen vegetarian launched in Canada in early 1994, and in the USA at the
sausages. If you make a conventional skinless sausage, you Natural Products Expo at Anaheim in March 1995. In the
must first make it in the skin, then case harden it, then finally USA it is named “Ge*la*to” Because the trademark “Gelato
remove the skin. But removing the skin costs you money. So Fresco” is already taken. The product is made using ProSoya
the Group has gotten a unique machine (they were the first soymilk plus very high quality all-natural ingredients in
to get it, but there are now a few others in other companies) small batch freezers.
that makes skinless sausages from the start. The machine was Talk with Hart Melvin, product manager for Gelato
invented by another British company of which John used Fresco. 1995. June 7. Their non-dairy Gelato Fresco was
to be a director. These skinless sausages have become a big introduced in Canada about 2 years ago. Their first customer
business and the product is of excellent quality. The Group was the Ontario Federation of Food Co-ops. The idea started
plans to introduce this sausage product in new forms, such as when Hart was approached by some people in Indonesia,
sausage roles in pastry. who were interested in his Sorbase non-dairy frozen dessert.
The Haldane Group is also doing a lot of private labeling They wanted to market this to Chinese, who are highly
for supermarket chains. The big food companies in the UK lactose intolerant. His Sorbase products have a consistency
spend many millions of pounds on advertising, and they can like that of ice cream. They are made from fruit, sugar, and
slip in a vegetarian product under a known brand name. An vegetable stabilizer; no water or protein is added. Then he
example is ADM’s Harvest Burger sold under the Green began to think that, as great as the fruits are, people still
Giant label in the USA, which led to a big increase Harvest like chocolate, vanilla, coffee, and other popular ice cream
Burger sales. The Haldane Group cannot afford to spend flavors. So he tried using Vitasoy, Edensoy, and Westsoy as
huge sums of money advertising its own brands. So they are the base for a non-dairy ice cream. Then he met ProSoya,
finding that it is in their own interest to develop their own who offered good-tasting bulk soymilk made locally at
brands but at the same time to go to some of the supermarket a good price. In Canada he has worked with the Ontario
chains and offer to make products under the supermarket’s Federation of Food Co-ops and Maximum Nutrition (two
brand. This is one way the Haldane Group can find new health foods distributors) in testing a honey-sweetened
growth. Continued. Address: The British Arkady Co. Ltd., product for the health food community. He started with the
Skerton Road, Old Trafford, Manchester M16 0NJ, England, health food market, but now he has developed a high overrun
UK. Phone: 061-872-7161. Fax: 61-873-8083. chocolate soymilk ice cream product that is sweetened with
white sugar for mainstream Canadian. He has given it the
1497. SoyaScan Notes. 1994. The price of one share of top chefs in town, to food critics, and to product developers
Tofutti Brands Inc. stock after 1984 (Overview). March 12. from major chains; they can’t tell that its not a dairy ice
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. cream. When you make a product with honey for the health
• Summary: 1985 April 30 = $13.88; May 31 = $25.25; June food market, the price goes up and the acceptability to most
30 = 23.50. consumers drops. So he plans to focus on the Canadian
1986 March 31 = $7.38; June 30 = $6.50; Sept. 30 = mainstream consumer, by developing a private-label product
$7.88; Dec. 31 = $3.75. for a Canadian supermarket chain. Their soy ice cream
1987 June 30 = $5.38; Dec. 31 = $2.00. product was launched in America at the Natural Products
1988 March 31 = $3.00; June 30 = $3.00; Sept. 30 = Expo at Anaheim in March, 1995. It is distributed in the
$1.63; Dec. 31 = $1.87. USA by Fearn Natural Foods. Div. of Modern Products, Inc.
1989 March 31 = $3.38; Sept. 30 = $2.13; Dec. 31 = in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They have distribution channels

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 543

in America. Concerning future plans: His company makes number, and (in many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging
a Tartufo, which is a ball of ice cream with another flavor and price, storage requirements, nutritional composition, and
inside. Their best-selling product in that category is a a description of the label. Sources of additional information
raspberry-chocolate Tartufo. They plan to make a non-dairy on each product (such as references to and summaries of
product in the same flavors. It will be pareve and kosher, advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given.
and the calories will be a little lower. A chocolate ice cream Details on how to make best use of this book, a
usually has a bit more calories because the chocolate has a complete subject and geographical index, an author/company
little fat in it and the formula usually uses a little more sugar index, a language index, and a bibliometric analysis of
to balance the bitterness of cocoa. the composition of the book (by decade, document type,
language, leading periodicals or patents, leading countries,
1499. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1994. states, and related subjects, plus a histogram by year) are also
Soy ice cream–Bibliography and sourcebook, 1918 to included.
1994: Detailed information on 725 published documents Introduction (p. 7-8): Soy ice cream was the hottest
(extensively annotated bibliography), 230 commercial soy soyfood product in America during the 1980s, thanks in large
ice cream products, 210 original interviews (many full part to David Mintz, whose Tofu Time Inc. launched Tofutti
text) and overviews, 91 unpublished archival documents. in August 1981 in New York City.
Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 352 p. Subject/ The United Kingdom soon became the second major
geographical index. Author/company index. Extensively center of activity following the development of Sunrise Ice
annotated. Printed March 14. 28 cm. [1117 ref] Dream by Michael Cole of Soya Foods Ltd. It was launched
• Summary: This is the most comprehensive book ever in July 1985, and was soon being made by Genice Foods
published about soy ice cream. It has been compiled, one Ltd. of Wales.
record at a time over a period of 19 years, in an attempt to The idea of making an ice cream from soya originated in
document the history of this subject. Its scope includes all March 1918 when a Japanese man, Arao Itano, mentioned it
known information about soy ice cream, worldwide, from briefly in an article titled “Soy beans as Human Food” in the
1918 to the present, plus considerable information about Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No.
other non-dairy frozen desserts which contain no soya. 182.
This book is also the single most current and useful Other non-dairy ice creams were soon being envisioned.
source of information on soy ice cream, since 97% of all George Washington Carver wrote in Oct. 1919 that he
records contain a summary / abstract averaging 178 words in planned to make an ice cream from peanut milk and by 1921
length. J.H. Stassen was making ice cream from rice milk.
This is one of more than 40 books on soybeans and The first patent for tofu ice cream was issued in Nov.
soyfoods being compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko 1922 to Lee Len Thuey, a Chinese-American living in
Aoyagi, and published by the Soyfoods Center. It is based Indianapolis, Indiana.
on historical principles, listing all known documents and The world’s first commercial soy ice cream was
commercial products in chronological order. It features: 35 introduced in 1930 by Jethro Kloss, a Seventh-day Adventist
different document types, both published and unpublished; from Washington, DC. Named Soy Ice Cream, it was sold in
every known publication on the subject in every language– strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla flavors, each sweetened
including 1,066 in English, 34 in Japanese, 10 in French, 8 with honey. He named his company the Scientific Food &
in German, etc.; 210 original Soyfoods Center interviews Benevolent Association. By 1934 he was serving his soy ice
and overviews never before published. Thus, it is a powerful cream at his lectures in Florida, and in 1935 he included a
tool for understanding the development of soy-based soy ice recipe for soy ice cream in his herbal classic Back to Eden.
cream and related products from their earliest beginnings to In the early 1930s Henry Ford’s soy researchers Robert
the present. Boyer and Edsel Ruddiman developed an experimental soy
The bibliographic records in this book include ice cream at Greenfield Village in Detroit, Michigan. It was
725 published documents and 91 unpublished archival based on fresh tofu curds and soy protein isolates. By August
documents. Each contains (in addition to the typical author, 1935 Henry Ford was serving soy ice cream for dessert
date, title, volume and pages information) the author’s at VIP and press luncheons held at the Ford Engineering
address, number of references cited, original title of all non- Laboratory in Dearborn.
English publications together with an English translation of In 1950 Robert Rich, of Rich Products Corp. in
the title, month and issue of publication, and the first author’s Buffalo, New York, launched Chil-Zert, America’s second
first name (if given). commercial soy ice cream. Bob Rich had learned how to
The book also includes details on 230 commercial make soymilk from Henry Ford’s researchers.
soy ice cream products, including the product name, date Interest in soy ice cream, worldwide, was slow from
of introduction, manufacturer’s name, address and phone 1918 until the late 1970s (see histogram p. 337-38). Then

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it began to take off. In Aug. 1976 Ice Bean, the first of a the product was made in Clywd, Wales, by Classic Ices–
new generation of soy ice creams, was introduced by Farm which was then owned by the Hillsdown Holdings Group.
Foods in San Rafael, California. Developed at The Farm in Later in 1985 the founder of Classic Ices, Ray Pierce, and the
Summertown, Tennessee, it was soon sold nationwide. technical manager, Irene Barclay, left Classic Ices and started
But the product that made soy ice cream famous, and a company named Genice Foods Ltd. (pronounced JEN-ais,
attracted scores of imitations, was Tofutti, developed by also in Clwyd, Wales) to specialize in making non-dairy
David Mintz (and Pesach Lazaroff) at Mintz’s Buffet, a products. Their first product, launched in April 1986, was
kosher Jewish deli on Third Ave. in Manhattan’s chic Upper Genice Ice Delight. In 1986 the manufacture of Sunrise Ice
East Side. Tofutti was first sold commercially at the deli in Dream was transferred to Genice from Classic Ices. Today
August 1981 as a soft-serve non-dairy frozen dessert in 9 Genice is the largest maker of soy ice creams in the UK
flavors. During the previous two months it had been sold in and Europe. In April 1989 Genice became a member of the
the deli under other names: Tofu Time Non-Dairy Frozen Haldane Foods Group. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box
Dessert (the first flavor was carrot-raisin), then Tofu Time 234, Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991.
Tofu Ice Kream.
In 1982 Tofutti began to be sold outside the deli in New 1500. Product Name: Tofu Delites (Non-Dairy Frozen
York City, including at a number of the city’s most stylish Dessert) [Chocolate].
eateries–such as Bloomingdale’s and Zabar’s. In 1983 sales Manufacturer’s Name: Trade Group Africa (Israel)
expanded ten-fold. Mintz established a new company named (Marketer). Made by Rio Ice Cream and Sweets Ltd.
Tofu Time and on December 8 Tofu Time Inc. raised $2.76 Manufacturer’s Address: TGA: P.O. Box 5318, Afridar,
million net in the company’s first public stock offering. Ashkelon, Israel. Rio ICS: P.O. Box 13281, Netanya, Israel.
In 1984 Tofutti mania spread across America. Tofutti Phone: TGA: 09972-7-713390.
hit the big time, with huge amounts of free media publicity. Date of Introduction: 1994. March.
Rising to national stardom it became (to everyone’s Ingredients: Water, sugar, vegetable fat, glucose, cocoa
astonishment) America’s number one dessert craze. Sales of powder, emulsifiers, stabilisers, vegetable protein, salt,
Tofutti skyrocketed to $9 million in fiscal 1984 (which ended flavours.
July 31), then to a record $17.1 million in fiscal 1985. Tofu Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1000 ml (500 gm) tub.
Time had one of the hottest stocks on Wall Street. By the How Stored: Frozen.
summer of 1985 at least 26 brands of soy ice cream (many Nutrition: Per 100 ml.: Energy (calories) 103, protein 1.5
of them with “Tofu” on the label), were on the market in gm, carbohydrates 11.5 gm, fats 5.75 gm, sodium 40 mg,
America. saturated fatty acids 4.5 gm, cholesterol 0 mg.
The boom years for soy ice cream in America were New Product–Documentation: Letter (fax) from Zvi
1984-1988. When the craze died down, four national brands Sundy of Agrica Trade Group (Israel) Ltd. 1995. June 23.
were left: Tofutti, Ice Bean, Tofulite, and Mocha Mix. “Trade Group Africa produce soya based frozen desserts
In The United Kingdom,
the first soy ice cream was
Sojal Frozen Non-Dairy
Dessert, launched in 1984. It
was developed and marketed
by John Holt of the Regular
Tofu Co. Ltd. and made
in Leicester, England, by
Rossa Ltd., a dairy ice cream
company. In May 1984 this
same company introduced
SoyBoy Soymilk Ices, then
in June 1985 Sojal Light.
Michael Cole was one of the
salesmen for this company.
Cole then left and went
to work for Soya Foods Ltd.
In July 1985 he introduced
Sunrise Ice Dream, which
quickly became a huge
success nationwide. Initially

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and soya milk powder in Israel.” The letterhead describes hoummus, Middle Eastern sauce, tahini), herbal teas (3
the company as “International Procurement Consultants... flavors), and Pacific Harvest sea vegetables (Karengo fronds,
A member of the SATT Worldwide Group of Companies.” flakes, and shaker, and kelp shaker). Address: Penrose,
Phone: (07) 71-3990. Fax: (07) 73-6058. The letterhead Auckland, New Zealand.
states that the company has “Co-ordinating offices in:
Australia, Canada, Chile, England, Hong Kong, Korea, 1503. Havala, Suzanne. 1994. Vegetarian Journal’s guide to
South Africa, Taiwan.” nondairy frozen novelties. Vegetarian Journal. May/June. p.
Form filled out and label sent by Zvi Sundy. 1994. July 23-24.
25. Trade Group Africa (Israel) started producing soyfoods in • Summary: The top 5 products are made from rice by
March 1994. One of the two products they launched in 1994 Imagine Foods of Palo Alto, California. These include Rice
was Tofu Delites (a soya dessert). Dream Pies, Nutty Rice Dream Bars, and regular Rice Dream
Label: Paperboard sleeve. 7.25 by 4.75 by 3 inches. Bars, all of which are vegan. Address: M.S., R.D..
Dark blue, light blue, yellow, and orange on brown. In
English, French, and Hebrew. “Vegetarian–Non dairy. 1504. INTSOY Newsletter (Urbana, Illinois). 1994. INTSOY
Low fat. No cholesterol. Often imitated–Never duplicated. assists Egypt in establishing model soy foods processing
Licensed to TGA by Bliss Food, England. Parve. Kosher pilot plant. No. 45. p. 2. June.
under supervision of the Netanya Rabbinate.” Note: The soy • Summary: INTSOY and the Food Technology Research
ingredient is probably the vegetable protein. Institute (FTRI, established in 1991) at the Agricultural
Research Center (ARC) have opened a model processing
1501. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1994. Tofutti. 1993 annual report. pilot plant in Giza, Egypt. FTRI has a staff of about 150
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 18 p. 28 cm. researchers. A photo shows Wilmot Wijeratne of INTSOY
• Summary: The company’s profitability and working training Egyptian scientists in the dry processing room,
capital increased for the second consecutive year. Sales in which contains an Insta-Pro extruder and ancillary equipment
1993 (year ended 1 Jan. 1994) were $4.114 million, up from needed to grind soybean meal into flour for baking. The
$4.034 million the year before. Net income before taxes was adjacent wet processing area contains complete systems for
$78,000 compared with $56,000 the year before. the production of soymilk, tofu, and dairylike products such
During 1993 the company introduced a unique low- as soy ice cream and soy yogurt. It is hoped that the facility
fat, non-dairy frozen dessert named “Better Than Yogurt.” will serve as a model for stimulating local entrepreneurs to
Featuring an active non-dairy acidophilus culture, it is use soybeans in commercial food products.
a replacement for the company’s Lite Lite line, and it
complements the company’s Tofutti Supreme and its Tofu 1505. Johnston, Trevor. 1994. Re: Recent developments at
Frutti (fat free and sweetened with fruit juice). Each of the Bean Supreme Ltd. in New Zealand. Questions answered
company’s current products are described on page 3. On 1 on Soyfoods Center letterhead (dated 27 June 1994) and
May 1991 the company and its former commission agent, returned to SC on 8 July 1994. 2 p. Plus handwritten note
NEMP Corporation, settled a lawsuit which was commended with signature on letterhead.
in 1989. The company has agreed to pay NEMP $2,000 per • Summary: In April 1989, in order to expand operations, the
month for a period of 10 years. company moved to its present address in Penrose from its
As of 15 March 1994 there were approximately 1,281 former location at 1 Wallingford St., Grey Lynn, Auckland.
known holders of the company’s stock. Address: Cranford, In about Feb. 1990 the company changed its name to Down
New Jersey. Phone: 201-272-2400. to Earth Natural Products Ltd. in order to try to reposition
away from a specialty soy identity. However a major
1502. Bean Supreme Ltd. 1994. Wholesale price list. P.O. household cleaner company in New Zealand launched a
Box 12082, 140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose, Auckland, New product with the same name, “Down to Earth,” so Trevor had
Zealand. 2 p. May 1. 28 cm. to change the company name back to the original name. But
• Summary: The company sells the following soyfoods: at the same time the company redeveloped its logos and the
Tofu (firm bulk and vacuum pack), Tofu Luncheon (3 corporate identity.
flavors), Soysage, Tempeh (vacuum pack), Soymilk (Nice ‘n’ Presently, the company’s best-selling soyfood products
Healthy), Lite Licks Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert (6 flavors in are Nice ‘n’ Healthy (isolated-based soymilk, launched
2 liter size, 3 of those flavors in 475 ml size, and bulk packs in March 1989), and Lite Licks Dessert (soy ice cream,
of 9 liters and 16 liters). launched in Oct. 1986).
It also sells the following non-soy foods: Biofarm The company’s brands also include Bio Farm, and Spiral
organic yoghurts (3 flavors), Malabar goat yoghurt, Cyclops Foods. Address: Managing Director, Bean Supreme Ltd.,
acidophilus yoghurt (5 flavors), Koromiko cheeses (10 P.O. Box 12082, 140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose, Auckland,
flavors), Olive grove Middle Eastern foods (falafel mix, New Zealand. Phone: (09) 590 592.

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located in Managua (in a district named Las Mercedes, near

1506. Product Name: [Tofu, Tempeh, Soymilk, Okara the airport). Lucy Morren of Soynica is in charge of the new
Croquette, Soy Ice Cream]. company. The tofu was introduced in August 1994, and $400
Manufacturer’s Name: Nutrem Soy Shop. worth of tofu was sold that month. Chuck Haren is writing an
Manufacturer’s Address: Managua, Nicaragua. article about the new company to appear in the next issue of
Date of Introduction: 1994. July. Plenty Newsletter. Address: 11668 Blackberry Place, Nevada
New Product–Documentation: John Gabriel. 1995. Plenty City, California 95959. Phone: 916-265-5100.
Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 11(3):4. Fall. “A Plenty
volunteer in Nicaragua writes.” 1510. Kisling, Matthew. 1994. New developments at
Chuck Haren. 1995. Nov. 8. SoyaScan Notes. Jerusalem Tofu in Israel. Also tempeh in Israel (Interview).
“Soyfoods, Soynica, and Nutrem Soy Shop in Nicaragua” SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff
(Interview). of Soyfoods Center.
Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product • Summary: Matthew, age 26, is the son of Susan Ergas
made in Nicaragua. who owns and runs Jerusalem Tofu, Israel’s largest tofu
manufacturer. He is looking for sources of organic soybeans
1507. Tofutti Brands. 1994. Tofutti. Dairy-free: Living in America. The business is flourishing and Susan wants
healthy. 100% dairy free. 100% great taste (Ad). Natural Matthew to play the lead role in expanding the company.
Foods Merchandiser. July. p. 48. He has been working there, making tofu, recently. He would
• Summary: Photos in this quarter-page black-and-white ad estimate they make over 600 kg/week. He plans to go
show the following packaged products: Tofutti Cuties, Better back and work as production manager so Susan can take a
Than Yogurt (soy-based frozen yogurt), Tofutti Frutti, Butter vacation and maybe retire. The company recently moved to
Pecan Tofutti (non-dairy ice cream). Tofutti egg watchers. Moshav Aminadav from Moshav Orah (which is nearby in
Tofutti Sour Supreme: Better than Sour Cream (12 oz tub). Jerusalem). The tofu company is now in a large building that
Better than Cream Cheese. was formerly a chicken laying factory. The phone number is
Contains absolutely no lactose, butterfat, milk, whey, now 434-830. Karen Freedland is no longer with Jerusalem
or casein. Cholesterol free. Soy based. Kosher and Pareve. Tofu; she is back in the USA.
Address: 50 Jackson Drive, Cranford, New Jersey 07016. The other big tofu company in Israel is Mikor Hateva
Phone: (908) 272-2400. located just outside Tel Aviv, about 45 minutes drive from
Jerusalem. It is run by “Black Jews,” black Americans who
1508. Product Name: [Umm, and Nordland Soy Ice moved to Israel. This company is Jerusalem Tofu’s biggest
Creams]. competitor, though they are smaller. They also make tofu
Foreign Name: Umm Helados, and Nordland. ice cream. They have been around for a long time, but they
Manufacturer’s Name: Alimentos Alfa Ltda. Productos recently changed their name to Mikor Hateva. and recently
Nordland. started making tofu. They now have an Israeli partner. The
Manufacturer’s Address: Carretera a Sacaba Km. 7½, Macrobiotic Center in Tel Aviv also makes some tofu, but
Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: (042) 70094. mostly for people at the center.
Date of Introduction: 1994. August. There is now a commercial tempeh shop in Israel, in
How Stored: Frozen. Beersheba [Be’er Sheva] (Israel’s 4th largest city), run by
New Product–Documentation: Letter from Rene Mouton- Roxanne, an America woman from Colorado. Tivol [Tivall]
Bluys. 1990. Oct. They plan to make Nordland soy yogurt is also doing a lot with soy in meatlike products; they are the
and maybe ice cream in the summer of 1992. big boys on the block. Address: Binghamton, New York.
Call from Rene Mouton, President, from Bolivia. 1995.
March 24. This product was launched in Aug. 1994. Umm 1511. Haren, Chuck. 1994. Alimentos San Bartolo [San
contains 32% total solids and Nordland contains 38% total Bartolo Foods]. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee)
solids. His company now makes 1,000 liters/day of soy ice 10(3):1-3. Fall.
cream. • Summary: In June and July of 1994 Chuck was “privileged
to work again with the people in the community of San
1509. Gabriel, John. 1994. Current work with soya in Bartolo, a Mayan village in the mountains of Guatemala
Nicaragua (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 12. Conducted near Solola.” During the previous 6 months, this group had
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. received financial grants from Plenty to improve their soy
• Summary: John and his wife, Charlotte, just returned food processing and marketing capabilities.
from Nicaragua where they helped to establish the country’s “Tempeh, tofu, flavored [soy] milk cicles, [soy] ice
first commercial shop that manufactures tofu, tempeh, and cream, soy milk, and toasted soy flour are sold daily from
soft-serve soy ice cream (made from soymilk). The shop is this village processing facility. It was great to see that since

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last year ASB had built a small room to cook the tempeh (a (6) Forty nine soybean products that are being processed
cultured soy food). The quality of tempeh they were making and marketed by companies in Nigeria (Feb. 1994). The soy
had improved considerably.” percentage of the product is given in parentheses. In Lagos:
Photos show: (1) Two Guatemalan young people in Betamarks, Soybean flours (100%). Farina, Soy beverages
traditional Mayan dress, holding two soy ice cream cones (100%). Lisabi Foods, Soy custard (30%). Smallette, Sogi
each, and standing outside the window of Alimentos San (30%). Glaxo Nigeria, “Babeena” baby food (30%). Nestle
Bartolo (ASB–San Bartolo Foods). Caption: “Soy ice cream Foods, “Nutrend” baby food and “Golden Morn” breakfast
has been enjoyed in San Bartolo since 1979.” (2) Three food (each 30%). Cadbury Nigeria, “Dash” candles (10%).
Mayan staff people in traditional dress at ASB package tofu Morrison Ltd., Extruded products (100%). Goodings Health
for market. Goods, “Nutrela” texturized vegetable protein (100%). Niger
Dock, Soymilk (100%). Al-Bahamas, Baba Ogi (30%).
1512. Osho, S.M. 1994. The role of research in the Odichie Bakery, Soybread (10%). Pfizer Nigeria Ltd.,
development of soybean based small and medium food Livestock feed (30%). Buckingham Ltd., Mama Joy baby
enterprises scale. Paper presented at the Small and Medium food (30%). Cocoa Industries, Chocolate bar (10%). Green
Scale Agro-food Enterprises Seminar. 34 p. Held 12-14 Sept. Source Nigeria Ltd., High protein cake (100%). Golden
1994 at Dakar, Senegal. Compass Foundation, Babyfood (100%). CAPL, High
• Summary: “Abstract: Protein deficiency is still a major protein cake (10%). NAINTO Ltd., Soymilk (10%).
problem in Africa particularly among the low income group. In Oyo: DLOB, Soy oil / High protein cake (100%).
Soybean has the potential for alleviating malnutrition in Milkman, Soy milk (100%). Oja Farms, Soy oil / High
African diets via soybean based industries. The paper protein cake / Casasoy (30%). Uncle Segun Food Proc.
discusses the role of soybeans in the development of & Preserv. Co., Soy powder (100%). Jomartex, Soy milk
soybean based small and medium scale food enterprises in (100%). Deagbo Industries, Soyvita (beverages) (100%).
Nigeria. The IDRC funded soybean utilization project jointly Tella Food Industries, Soymilk (100%). Orman Industries
implemented by IITA and National Institutes in Nigeria has Co. Ld., Extruded full-fat soy, Defatted soycake (100%).
been successful through research extension activities, in Morgan, Soyflour (100%). Alphatec, Soyoil & Livestock
developing several food uses for soybean and disseminating feed (100%). Florets Ltd., Soyflour / Babyfood (100%). Vita
these technologies to industries. Several people have soy, Soymilk (100%). Dare foods, Soyflour (100%). Sarah
received training on soybean technologies and over fifty Farms, Soyflour (100%). Benny Commercial Co. Ltd., High
industries are processing soybean into weaning foods, protein cake (100%).
breakfast cereal, extruded products, fermented soybean In other locations in Nigeria: Kofa Agric. Venture
products, soybean soups and condiments. The success of (Kawara), Soy oil / High protein cake (100%). Taraku Oil
the soybean project is based on dissemination of developed Mills (Benue), Soy oil / High protein cake (100%). Funta
technologies on soybean.” Oil Mills (Kaduna), Soy oil / High protein cake (100%).
Contents: Introduction: Research for development. Imo Health Foods (Imo), Soy beverages (100%). Tuns Oil
The role of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Osun), Soy oil / High protein cake, Extruded products
(IITA) in international agriculture research (It was founded (100%). Akiibiti Farms (Ondo), Extruded products (100%).
in 1976 at Ibadan): Soybean research at IITA as it focuses Jof Ideal Family Farm (Ondo), Vegetable oil (100%).
on nutrition in Africa, nutritional value of soybeans, soybean Termitope Biscuit Industry Ltd. (Ogun), Soybiscuit (10%),
processing, utilization, and dissemination model (product Baby food (30%). Rainbow Manufacturing Industries
development research, training and extension activities, (Ogun), Soyflour / High protein cake (100%). Babs Ventures
assessment of impact), development of household and small (Ondo), Soymilk / Cassory (100%). Parakletos Co. Ltd.
scale processing technologies, soybean food options and (Osun), Soyflour / Baby food (100%). IBOL (Osun), High
technology (soybean beverages and ice cream, soybean based protein cake (100%). Oyalemi Farm (Ondo), Soy vegetable
baby foods and breakfast cereals, defatted cake processing oil (100%). Women’s Group (Jos), Soyflour (100%). Golden
and soybean oil extraction using mechanical screw press Oil Industry (Anambra), Soy oil / Cake (100%).
technology: IITA concept, extrusion cooking: IITA concept, (7) Summary of number of markets and retail outlets
other advantages of extrusion processing). Impact of soybean for soybean and products in Ibadan, Nigeria (1987 to 1994).
utilization project: Constraints in research, policies and The survey was conducted in January of each year. In Jan.
programmes that affect soybean research at IITA. Conclusion 1987, 2 markets and 4 retailers were selling soy. Soybeans
(“The future of soybean looks bright in Africa”). cost 1.50 Naira per kg; only soybeans (seeds) were sold. In
Selected tables show: (3) Yield and quality of soy oil as Jan. 1990, 19 markets and 419 retailers were selling soy.
affected by processing temperature. (4) Nutrient composition Soybeans cost 4.25 Naira per kg; soybeans (seeds) and soy
of selected soy flours from the extruder and the screw press. flour were sold. In Jan. 1994, 64 markets and 1,017 retailers
Defatted and full fat; four types. were selling soy. Soybeans cost 20.00 Naira per kg; soybeans

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(seeds) and soy flour were sold. Traditional, Cornell, Illinois, ProSoya. (F80) Modified
Figures show: (1) Comparative prices of selected ProSoya system with pressure plate and centrifugal basket
commodities that are sources of protein in Nigeria (1987- for okara removal. (F81) Flow chart for regular tofu
1994). Soybeans are by far the least expensive source of production. (F82) Flow chart for tempeh production. (F83)
protein and milk powder is by far the most expensive. Flow chart for soybean processing by extrusion/expelling.
Inflation increased dramatically after 1990. (2) Schematic (F84) Flow chart for soymilk yogurt. (F85) Flow chart
diagram of commercial soymilk production (UHT and for soymilk ice cream. (F86) Processing soybeans for
aseptic). (3) Schematic diagram of soybean processing by primary soyfood products with extruder. Address: Food
extrusion / expelling. and AgroSystems, Inc., 1289 Mandarin Dr., Sunnyvale,
(5) Processing of soybeans and cereals by dry extrusion. California 94087.
Includes full fat soy flour and snack foods. (6) Number of
indigenous soy processing companies in Nigeria (1987- 1514. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1994. Plenty’s
1994). The number increased from about 2 in 1987 to about El Salvador Project feeding soya to 500 kids. 3(3):1-2. July/
22 in 1991 to about 52 in 1994. Sept.
Soymilk yoghurt and frozen soy lollies (ice cream on a • Summary: With the financial help of the members of the
stick) are sold commercially in Nigeria. Six companies are Bell’s Corners United Church near Ottawa, together with
involved in soy beverages. About 7 large-scale companies Plenty Canada and the Canadian International Development
and several small ones in Nigeria are using soybean as part Agency (CIDA), a SoyaCow project has been established
of the raw material in the manufacture of baby foods and in El Salvador in the poor municipality of Mejicanos. Two
breakfast cereals (p. 13). Address: PhD, Food Technologist SoyaCow SC20 systems are in operation providing soymilk
& Coordinator, Soybean Utilization Project, International and soy ice cream to over 500 local kindergarten children.
Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, The left-over okara is used as an ingredient in making
Nigeria. tortillas. A photo shows children enjoying soymilk at school
in Mejicanos.
1513. Parks, Thomas R.; Bindon, J.N.; Bowles, A.J.G.;
Golbitz, P.; Lampi, R.A.; Marquardt, R.F. 1994. 1515. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1994. Russian
Methodologies for processing plant material into acceptable ASSOY director tours Canadian food processors. 3(3):1-2.
food on a small scale, phase II. Moffett Field, California: July/Sept.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames • Summary: “Mr. A. Podobedov, General Director of the
Research Center. x + 219 + 21 p. Sept. Illust. No index. 28 Russian Soybean Association, visited Canada in early
cm. Technical Report. NASA CR-177647, A-94130. Govt. September to tour a variety of soyfood and dairy processors.
Doc. No.: NAS 1.26:177647. [10 ref] His objective was to gain insights into the production of tofu,
• Summary: A study of simple processing equipment for the ice cream, and dairy-type beverages made from soymilk.
foods to be used by NASA in closed ecological life support The tour was a complement to his visit to ProSoya Inc., the
systems (CELSS) on a space station under micro-/zero- company building the industrial-scale SoyaCow SC2000
gravity conditions. Most nutrient requirements can be met systems for installation in Russia.
by four crops, which were studied: Soybeans, wheat, white Mr. Podobedov visited: La Soyarie in Hull, Quebec
potatoes, and sweet potatoes. (which makes tofu and meat alternatives; President: Mr.
The section titled Soyfoods (p. 171-96) has the Koichi Watanabe); scientists Dr. C.Y. Ma and Dr. W. Modler
following contents: Introduction (composition of dried of Agriculture Canada (they are developing isolates and
soybeans, best foods for CELSS, processing equipment), concentrates from soymilk); the Neilson Dairy facility in
soymilk, tofu, okara, tempeh, edamame (immature green Ottawa; and Gelato Fresco (which is making soy ice cream
soybeans), soy sprouts, processing by extrusion/expelling and has signed a distribution deal with Modern Products, of
(oil), expeller pressed soy oil, whole fat soy flour, soymilk Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
beverages, tofu-based meat replacers, tempe-based meat
replacers, soy yogurt (fermented), frozen desserts, textured 1516. Slavitt, David. 1994. The diary of a suicide: Gloria
soy flour, extrusion impact on functional properties, materials Vanderbilt’s novel of rape and blackmail is based on a true
balance. The production of wheat gluten from wheat, and the story. New York Times Book Review. Nov. 6. p. BR37.
biomass culture of mushrooms are also discussed (p. 160). • Summary: This is a review of the book titled The Memory
Tables and figures show: (T7) Soyfoods–Composition Book of Starr Faithful, by Gloria Vanderbilt. “The effect
and nutrient content (based on USDA Handbook No. 8-16, of the endless cadenza of banality is at first hypnotic, then
full page). (F78) Chart of modern soyfoods, divided into: repellent and then boring–but along with the boredom there
Soya-based dairy alternatives and Soya-based prepared is a kind of guilt many readers may also feel.
foods. (F79) Four methods of soymilk production: “Indeed it is at that level that Ms. Vanderbilt, a

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successful designer of jeans and a less impressive purveyor production of rice syrup was in full swing; it was sold in a 12
of frozen tofu desserts as well as the author of three other oz. glass jar and labeled “Yinnies Grain Syrup.”
books, may be operating.” On 14 Sept. 1972 disaster struck. A fire at the Chico-
San plant and warehouse at 1262 Humboldt Ave. destroyed
1517. Kennedy, J. Robert. 1994. How rice syrup and grain 90% of the company’s natural food inventory worth
syrup came to America from Japan (Interview). SoyaScan approximately $350,000. The company moved to 2244 West
Notes. Nov. 14. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods First Street in Chico and struggled to get back on its feet. For
Center. several months, they continued to make Yinnies syrup from
• Summary: Chico-San was launched on 6 March 1962 in koji in the traditional way in a newly-built koji room. But
Chico, California, as a retail store and a wholesale business, the demand for this syrup was much greater than the amount
capitalized with $10.000. The first Yinnies grain syrup (rice that could be made using the traditional koji process. Bob
and barley) and Yinnies (rice syrup candies) that Chico-San had a friend named Carl Abbott, who worked at a nearby nut
sold in America were made in Chico-San’s food plant at plant (Continental Nut Co.) and was also a very bright food
1262 Humboldt Avenue, in Chico, California, and sold in chemist. So right after the fire Bob asked Carl if he could
about 1971. The Yinnies syrup was on the market about 2-3 do some research to find a way to expand output of rice
months before the candy. The candy was made by boiling syrup using natural enzymes with organically grow brown
down the syrup a little more, then pulling it like taffy using rice to maintain the natural quality and without addition of
a regular taffy-pulling machine (Bob’s idea, never conceived chemicals–such as caustic chemicals. Carl met with experts
of in Japan). So already Bob and developed two American at Miles Laboratories (who had never worked with brown
innovations: Growing koji on brown rice, and pulling rice before), determined the best commercial enzymes, then
Japanese-style rice candy to give it a texture like taffy. Bob made adjustments in cooking times and temperatures to fit
recalls that the demand for the Yinnies syrup (which was the needs of the enzymes. Bob is not sure, but he recalls,
used as an all-purpose natural sweetener, especially by two enzymes were purchased from Miles: Alpha-amylase to
macrobiotics) was greater than the demand for the Yinnies liquefy the rice, and gluco-amylase to break down the rice
confection. These macrobiotic products were made using carbohydrates into sugars (mostly maltose). When Chico-San
the traditional Japanese koji process, except that the koji switched over to using commercial enzymes with brown rice
was made from organically-grown brown rice, grown by the to make rice syrup, they discontinued the use of koji.
Lundberg Brothers at Wehah Farms in Northern California. In 1971 and 1972 sales of Chico-San’s rice cakes
Bob used to visit Japan 2-4 times a year in the early began to increase dramatically. After the 1972 fire, it took
1970s, because Chico-San was importing a large number of the company about a year to get back to manufacturing any
Japanese food products and Bob went to visit the farmers significant volume of rice cakes. By 1973 the demand for
and suppliers. During these visits, Lima Ohsawa took him to rice cakes was growing like mad. Bob had to build new and
visit several traditional Japanese shops that made rice syrup better machines that could keep up with the demand. Sales of
(amé or mizuamé) from koji. Bob observed carefully and Yinnies syrup were also growing nicely. Then the company
took a few notes, which may still be in his diaries (which are ran out of space at the location on West First Street. So on 1
in storage). He may have ordered a few samples from Japan, Jan. 1979 the company moved its Rice Cake machines back
but they were not sold in America. to the original address at 1262-1266 Humboldt Ave.–which
Bob dabbled and experimented with making rice syrup had been renovated after the fire, and on which Chico-San
for at least two years before the product was launched how had a 10-year lease. Chico-San retained 6,000 square
commercially. During this time he learned how to make feet of its location on West First Street for the manufacture
koji and rice syrup mostly from Mr. Junsei Yamazaki who of Rice Syrup. At about that time Bob met Pat and Cheryl
had emigrated to Chico from Japan in 1963 (sponsored by Mitchell, owners of California Natural Products (CNP) in
Bob Kennedy) to make miso and natural shoyu for Chico- Manteca, California. They were making various syrups, but
San. After graduating from Tokyo Agricultural University, definitely not from rice.
Yamazaki had been a rice farmer in Japan for 17 years. In Note: Robert Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods (23 Nov.
1964 he began his first experimental production of miso and 1994) strongly disagrees with this 1979 date. He is certain
shoyu in Chico. His first large batches were made in mid- that in the summer of 1984 he visited the Chico-San plant
1970. Since he had to make koji for both miso and shoyu, that was making rice syrup. It was located in Chico, in a
it was an easy step to make rice koji for amazake. The sort of garage at the end of an alley. He was buying rice
amazake was cooked, filtered (to removed the fiber), then syrup from Chico-San at the time for use as a sweetener in
simmered slowly to yield rice syrup–a slow but relatively amazake he was making in Missouri, and he wanted to find
simple process. By the late 1960s or early 1970s Yamazaki out why the quality was so inconsistent. He thinks that CNP
was making small batches of rice syrup on an experimental first began making rice syrup under contract for Chico-San
basis in the back room at the Humboldt Ave. plant. By 1971 after August 1984.

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Bob Kennedy decided to contract with CNP for Triballat has never used soy protein isolates as an
production of all his Rice Syrup. Bob sold all Chico-San’s ingredient in Sojasun or any other soy product they
Yinnies syrup equipment to Pat and Cheryl; this equipment manufactured. Prior to August 1985 PLL (Produits Laitiers
was compatible to whatever they were doing. He also told Lausanne SA) in Lausanne, Switzerland, made a product
them all his secrets for making brown rice syrup and had named Sojasun in Lausanne using soy protein isolates. They
them sign a non-disclosure agreement and a contract which were making the product for their own use, not for Triballat.
stated that CNP would make rice syrup only for Chico-San. In Aug. 1985 Triballat purchased a license from PLL to use
Chico-San guaranteed in writing to buy a specified amount the brand name Sojasun, since Triballat wanted to make a
of rice syrup. “Everything went fine until I sold the business product without isolates and PLL was no longer interested
to Heinz.” in making the product. Sojasun has never used soy protein
When Heinz bought Chico-San on 16 Nov. 1984, they isolates as an ingredient in Sojasun or any other product they
wanted it all or nothing. If they decided after six months have made. Triballat sells Sojasun mostly to the health food
that there were parts of the business they did not want, Bob sector, where they introduced it in 1986 or 1987. This sector
could buy those parts back. Chico-San carried $100,000 would not be interested in a product which contained soy
to $150,000 inventory of Japanese food imports. Bob protein isolates.
expected to be able to buy back the Yinnies syrup business Olivier knows of one small company (not PLL) in
if Heinz decided not to pursue it, but the contract wording, Switzerland that presently makes a soy yogurt based on soy
unfortunately for Bob, allowed Heinz to essentially trade protein isolates. He thinks the brand name is Milco; it is sold
the rice syrup business to CNP. Bob lost track of what was mostly in Italy.
happening between Heinz and CNP. He was supposed to Note: William Shurtleff summarized the key points
work for Heinz as a consultant for about a year, but he didn’t of this conversation in a letter and asked Oliver to please
like it so he asked to be released from that obligation–which confirm them–especially the part about Sojasun never
they did after about 3 months. “If I had had a crystal ball at using soy protein isolates–which disagrees with previous
the time, I would have kept the rice syrup business, but at the information. Though the letter was sent 3 times, Mr.
time I did not think much about it. I was really a little burned Clanchin never replied.
out with Chico-San. I was doing 10-12 hours a day for years. Talk with Mr. Kerbart. 2000. Feb. 1. He says the product
It was quite a relief to be free of it.” is pronounced so-JAH-sun, not so-YA-sun. They now have a
Bob Kennedy knew about Robert Nissenbaum, who was successful venture making Sojasun in Vietnam which started
developing Rice Dream non-dairy ice cream before Chico- in 1998. The venture in China has not been successful, and
San was sold to Heinz. Chico-San was shipping hydrolyzed they are thinking of taking back the equipment. Address:
rice (made by CNP) to Robert Nissenbaum before Sojasun Technologies, Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France. Phone:
Nissenbaum was aware of CNP. [Note: Robert Nissenbaum– 99.04.11.04.
see interview of Nov. 1994–says he bought only rice syrup
from Chico-San, and he became aware of CNP at about the 1519. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1994. The early work of
same time as Chico-San, before CNP was processing rice]. Imagine Foods with Chico-San, California Natural Products,
Then Chico-San was sold to Heinz in Nov. 1984 and Rice and enzymes in making Rice Dream. Part I (Interview).
Dream (made with rice beverage from CNP) started to be SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of
manufactured in Palo Alto, California, in Jan. 1985. Address: Soyfoods Center.
Chico, California. Phone: 916-891-0970. • Summary: In March 1983 Robert started making amazake,
using the traditional koji method, at a company named
1518. Clanchin, Olivier. 1994. Laiteries Triballat, Sojasun Imagine Foods, Inc., Moniteau Farm, Jamestown, Missouri.
Technologies, PLL, and soy yogurt (Interview). SoyaScan As an additional sweetener he added Yinnies syrup, a rice-
Notes. Nov. 21. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods based syrup made by Chico-San in Chico, California. Robert
Center. was also buying organically-grown rice from Chico-San.
• Summary: Laiteries Triballat is still the company that Chico-San bought this rice mostly from Mike Polit of Polit
makes Sojasun (pronounced so-ya-SUN) soy yogurt. Sojasun Farms in Maxwell, California. To this day, Robert buys all
Technologies is a part of Triballat that specializes in selling his organic rice from Mike Polit. The story of why Chico-
equipment and turnkey plants for making soymilk and a full San left Wehah Farms in the early 1970s is a story of its own.
range of soymilk products (including tofu, soy yogurt, and Paul Hawken of Erewhon went to Lundberg and asked to
soy ice cream). All soymilk is made from whole soybeans. buy their organic brown rice direct, rather than going through
Sojasun Technologies has some contracts in China and in Chico-San. Note: The 1975 Erewhon catalog lists Wehah
other countries. Farm as its supplier of organic and non-organic brown rice.
Triballat is run by a husband and wife team, Mr. Jean Peter Milbury claims that Wehah broke its exclusive contract
Clanchin and Mrs. Françoise Clanchin. Olivier is their son. with Chico-San. From that point, Chico-San became very

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upset at Wehah Farm, so Chico-San developed new sources, rice syrup process–since all their resources were going into
primarily Polit Farm. Then Mike Polit started developing making rice cakes. “We got a different product every time we
other organic farmers in the area. The Lundberg brothers of received a shipment.” Robert has heard of Carl Abbot (the
Wehah did the same thing; they do not grow all the organic man who developed Chico-San’s process using commercial
rice they sell. Polit and Lundberg became arch competitors. enzymes), but he never met him.
In June 1984 Imagine Foods launched Rice Dream, a For the next several months Robert, Peter Milbury,
non-dairy frozen dessert, based on their traditional amazake and Bob Kennedy discussed possible ways of working
(made from koji) and sold in hard packs (not soft serve). together so that Imagine Foods could expand its production
They sold it in the Midwest and the product seemed to have of amazake. One idea that looked promising was Imagine
excellent potential. Robert had become good friends with Foods making its amazake and Chico-San making its
Peter Milbury, who was Chico-San’s operations manager. Yinnies rice syrup at the same plant (which they would
Robert told Peter that he would have to do something to construct, with Chico-San providing most of the funding)
expand his production of amazake. At the time Chico-San in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Then one day Robert got a call
was selling very little rice syrup. Robert said: “Whatever from Peter Milbury, who said that all plans (including those
you are doing to make Yinnies syrup, we could probably involving Fayetteville) would have to be put on hold because
do something similar to make a product like our amazake.” Bob Kennedy had received an offer to buy the company. At
They talked about this for several months. about that time Quaker Oats bought Arden, which was the
In early June of 1984 Imagine Foods took Rice Dream only other maker of rice cakes in America and thus Chico-
to its first trade show in Atlanta, Georgia. They wanted to San’s biggest competitor. That is what precipitated the sale
introduce the product nationally. At that show, every major of Chico-San to Heinz. Peter was concerned about his job.
distributor in America wanted to sell Rice Dream. But Robert told Peter he could not wait, but as asked Peter to
Robert could not supply this huge new demand from his keep him posted of new developments. A few days later Peter
little plant in Missouri that used a traditional koji process. called Robert again, and said, “There is a couple name Pat
Peter Milbury was at the same show, as was Joel Wollner, and Cheryl Mitchell of California Natural Products (CNP),
who was doing some consulting work for Chico-San, though who I have met at natural food trade shows. I know that they
he was not employed by Chico-San. Wollner was involved have food processing equipment that they are not using all of
with Mountain Ark, a macrobiotic trading company and the time. Would you like me to call them.” Robert said “yes.”
community in Fayetteville, Arkansas, a rice farming center. So Peter talked with them and called Robert back to say that
Bob Kennedy was thinking of putting up the money to Pat and Cheryl were not interested. But after Pat and Cheryl
start making more macrobiotic products in America rather thought about the matter for a few days, they called Peter
than importing them from Japan, and he was thinking of back and said, “Let’s talk about it.”
making these products in Fayetteville. In about May, Joel At the time Pat was basically a big produce farmer in
had learned about Kennedy’s ideas from Peter Milbury. So central California and Cheryl had a PhD in food chemistry.
Joel visited Robert’s booth at the show in Atlanta, and he Pat’s father, Bill Mitchell, who worked for General Foods,
and Robert started talking about Fayetteville. Peter invited had been one of America’s foremost food scientists and
Robert to visit Chico-San in California after the show; he developers of food products. He had roughly 50 food patents,
said they could talk about new possibilities for cooperation and had been in on the original Jello and pudding patents,
in Fayetteville or California or Missouri. Neither Chico-San and in the development of Cool Whip. He got Pat and
or Nissenbaum knew anything about California Natural Cheryl interested in making various food products. Bill was
Products (CNP) at this time. interested in inulin, which was a pharmaceutical product
So in late June of 1984 Robert visited Chico-San used to treat diabetics–and was the main product used
see how they made the Yinnies syrup (rice syrup) that he before the synthesis of insulin in 1920. All U.S. supplies
used in his amazake, and to see why their quality was so were imported from Israel and it was very expensive. Bill
inconsistent. He met Bob Kennedy for the first time. He was encouraged Pat to grow the dahlia plant from which inulin
taken to a a building that was “like a big garage” at the end was extracted, then Bill would try to figure out a way to
of an alley in Chico. It was in a different part of town from extract the inulin less expensively using a sort of malting
Chico-San’s rice cake plant and other operations. “It was not process. Almost by accident, while making inulin into a
a pretty sight. They had almost no control over what they syrup, Bill and Cheryl found that if they dried the syrup
were doing. Technically, the operation was a disaster. They the resulting product had a flavor like grain coffee. So they
just didn’t know what they were doing. I was really surprised decided to approach the natural foods industry to see if they
to see the way it was produced.” Robert recalls visiting this could sell this grain coffee. They started going to natural
plant twice. Chico-San wasn’t selling much rice syrup in part foods trade shows and Peter Milbury met them at one of
because of the inconsistent quality, and in part because they these shows. At that time, CNP was not using enzymes in
didn’t have the time or money to invest in improving the food processing operations, but Cheryl had been a consultant

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for General Foods and other food companies and she was beverage without using koji. [Note: Robert prefers the term
very familiar with enzymes. Continued. Address: President, “rice beverage” to “rice drink]. I spent a lot of time talking
Imagine Foods Inc., 350 Cambridge Ave., Suite 350 Palo with Betty Stechmeyer of GEM Cultures (from whom we
Alto, California 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. were already buying our cultures) about the possibility
of inoculating the rice directly with koji spores, without
1520. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1994. The early work of growing the mold on it first. We ran many experiments. At
Imagine Foods with Chico-San, California Natural Products, the time I was not aware that commercial enzymes were the
and enzymes in making Rice Dream. Part II (Interview). answer to our problem. When I got involved with Chico-San
SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of I asked them how they made rice syrup, but they declined to
Soyfoods Center. reveal their secret (they were using commercial enzymes, but
• Summary: Continued: Robert is not sure whether he met they had ‘koji’ on their labels and in their catalogs). I began
Pat and Cheryl Mitchell before or after they first visited to suspect they were not using koji.”
Chico-San in the summer of 1984. When they first visited When Kennedy sold Chico-San to Heinz in Nov.
Chico-San’s plant that made rice syrup in Chico, she was 1984, Heinz automatically took over Chico-San’s contract
appalled. But she knew about enzyme technology and she and obligations with CNP, and they had to send CNP a
thought that their company, California Natural Products check every month–which Heinz disliked. Imagine Foods
(CNP) in Manteca, California, could make the product. was required to buy its minimum amounts of Rice Dream
Peter Milbury felt that Rice Dream (a non-dairy ice cream base through Heinz. To Heinz, Rice Dream looked like
made from amazake) had a great deal of potential and he a minuscule product. During this time, Pat, Cheryl and
convinced Bob Kennedy that transferring the production of Robert were developing a very close personal and business
Yinnies rice syrup to CNP was a good idea. Nobody knew relationship. Together (and without Bob Kennedy) they
what would come of Heinz’s offer to buy Chico-San, but developed a completely new and innovative process for
after Pat & Cheryl talked with Bob Kennedy he “agreed making Rice Dream base using commercial enzymes. “We
that the Yinnies syrup operation was a mess” and decided to started literally by hand, from scratch, using buckets, trying
make the transfer to CNP. Note that Chico-San never made to make the new Rice Dream base at CNP–even before
Rice Dream base. Chico-San’s plant was set up in Manteca. I spent days
In 1984 (before Heinz made its offer to buy Chico-San) working on the process during the fall of 1984. I didn’t
Pat and Cheryl moved the rice syrup equipment from Chico know if an enzyme method would work. I had a sense for
to CNP in Manteca. They were still basically in the farming the product and the Mitchells had some technical expertise I
business and their entire food processing operation was a lacked. It was a good fit.”
very small business they did as a “side business”–since Pat On 16 November 1984 Bob Kennedy sold Chico-San
was looking for a way to get out of farming. Robert does to Heinz. At this time, the experiments that Robert and
not know if the Mitchells bought Chico-San’s rice syrup the Mitchells were conducting at CNP were looking more
equipment or not, but much of it turned out to be worthless and more promising. In late 1984 Robert moved Imagine
and he is quite sure that if any money was involved in the Foods from Jamestown, Missouri, to Fayetteville, Arkansas.
transaction, it was not much. CNP signed a contract with In about December 1984 the Rice Dream base was good
Chico-San stating that Chico-San would buy a minimum enough that CNP began sending it to a dairy plant in Palo
amount of Yinnies rice syrup from CNP each month. CNP Alto, California, for experiments in making this new base
only got into this business of processing rice because Rice into Rice Dream non-dairy frozen dessert. In the meantime,
Dream, made by Imagine Foods, looked like it had real Imagine Foods was still making Rice Dream in Missouri or
potential. Robert went to California and met Pat and Cheryl, Arkansas using the traditional koji process.
who were very skeptical about Chico-San and rice syrup. In January 1985 the new Rice Dream non-dairy frozen
But the three of them soon got along very well together, dessert was launched commercially, in hard-pack pints
and Robert soon convinced them to get involved because of in seven flavors: Vanilla, carob, strawberry, lemon, carob
Rice Dream’s potential, based on promises from big natural chip, orange, and carob almond. The base was made for
foods distributors. Robert had to buy all of his Rice Dream Imagine Foods, using the new enzyme process, by CNP, and
base, made by CNP, through Chico-San, and he agreed to shipped in a large stainless steel tanker The actual frozen
buy a certain minimum amount of this base each month. At dessert was made by Peninsula Creamery at 900 High
the time, Robert also told the Mitchells that he was making Street, in Palo Alto. Koji was no longer used. The use of
a beverage product, traditional amazake (Robert made the commercial enzymes increased the glucose content of the
koji by hand), and that he wanted to find a way to produce product, obviating the use of maple syrup. Robert still lived
it on a much larger scale. He knew that he would not be in Fayetteville (probably) but he traveled frequently to Palo
able to continue making it in the traditional way as volume Alto.
expanded. “I knew there must be some way to make this rice Robert, Pat and Cheryl all hoped to have Heinz out of

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the picture as soon as possible, so they all acted as a sort of both worlds. They wanted to void their obligations to buy at
thorn in Heinz’s side. Within about 6 months after Heinz least a minimum amount of rice syrup from CNP, yet they
bought Chico-San almost everyone who had formerly still wanted to take of a cut of the increasing sales of Rice
worked for Chico-San (including Kennedy and Milbury) Dream base to Imagine Foods. “CNP recognizes Robert
had left Heinz. The only person who stayed with Heinz Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods as having certain rights of
a little longer was Bob Kennedy’s daughter, Gail. Heinz inventorship to the process and formula of the amazake
eventually closed down the offices in Chico. Heinz soon developed in conjunction with CNP for Imagine Foods. CNP
realized that though they had a contract to buy rice syrup also recognizes Robert Nissenbaum as having full product
from CNP, they were hardly selling any. Sales of Rice Dream rights making a non-dairy ice cream from amazake since
base were small in Heinz’s eyes. So Heinz had to pay for a he originally approached Chico-San with the concept and
product they did not want. Pat Mitchell, who is a relentless product that he was already making. It should be noted that
negotiator, finally convinced Heinz to get out of the rice Robert Nissenbaum of Imagine Foods has already indicated
syrup business because their involvement made no sense to his dissatisfaction with regards to the pricing and service
anyone. Continued. Address: President, Imagine Foods Inc., structure that is currently being received from Heinz. It is
350 Cambridge Ave., Suite 350 Palo Alto, California 94306. a possibility that Imagine Foods for economic reasons will
Phone: 415-327-1444. seek out, within months, the other two companies currently
in amazake production to make his formula.” Robert felt that
1521. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1994. The early work of Imagine he was not getting his money’s worth from Heinz; all they
Foods with Chico-San, California Natural Products, and were doing was taking a percentage of sales (Robert had to
enzymes in making Rice Dream. Part III (Interview). send his payments directly to Heinz rather than CNP) and
SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of doing nothing in return. It was just a nightmare. So Robert
Soyfoods Center. was threatening to void the contract, which said that things
• Summary: Robert has about four letters in his “nostalgia” had to be done to the satisfaction of both parties.
file documenting key events relating to Heinz and CNP from A letter dated 9 Aug. 1985 from Marianne McCullough,
the summer of 1985 on. A letter dated 31 July 1985 from Pat marketing manager of Chico-San in Pittsburgh,
Mitchell to Joe Ward (a major figure at Heinz) summarizes Pennsylvania, written on Chico-San stationery, to Robert
the problems that exist between CNP and Heinz as CNP Nissenbaum in Fayetteville, Arkansas, states that Chico-
understands them. Representatives of the two companies met San will not pursue negotiations with Imagine Foods for a
at CNP on 30 July 1985. Heinz had a contractual obligation long-term contract. Agreement in principle has been made
to CNP for a specified amount of money, of which a certain with CNP to service Imagine Foods directly, effective date
amount is still due and which Heinz wishes to terminate. of August 19, 1985, per signed agreement with CNP. In the
“Because Heinz has not actively marketed the rice syrup meantime, Imagine Foods will continue to order through
and has no apparent intention of doing so in the immediate Chico-San’s Pittsburgh center.
future, CNP would be agreeable to the proposed termination Within a month or two Heinz was no longer involved
of the agreement. CNP’s commitment to mere contractual with CNP or Imagine Foods. For the first time, Imagine
minimums as opposed to twice the minimums as originally Foods placed its orders directly with CNP and paid its bills to
promised by Chico-San has caused a financial burden to CNP.
CNP. CNP would be agreeable to the purchase by Heinz of In 1986 Robert moved to Palo Alto, taking his company
a right-of-refusal on future rice syrup business prospects with him. Then in September Imagine Foods moved
exclusive of those customers already provided on a list by from 299 California Ave., #305, Palo Alto 94306, to 350
CNP to Heinz.” Many natural foods companies wanted to Cambridge Ave., Suite 350, Palo Alto 94306. Address:
buy rice syrup from CNP because the quality was so much President, Imagine Foods Inc., 350 Cambridge Ave., Suite
better. But CNP felt that Heinz was doing nothing to develop 350 Palo Alto, California 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444.
this market, so they didn’t want to pay Heinz for product
sold to customers that CNP had found and developed. “It is 1522. Nissenbaum, Robert. 1994. Imagine Foods, Westbrae,
understood by Heinz that upon termination of the agreement rice drinks, and the pour spout carton (Interview). SoyaScan
with Heinz that CNP will be relying on the Imagine Foods Notes. Nov. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
account for a specified number of dollars per week. The only Center.
way for CNP to survive economically would be to have the • Summary: Imagine Foods and Westbrae launched a
Imagine Foods account. Without the Imagine Foods account, commercial rice beverage in a pour spout carton at about
CNP has no choice but to enforce the current contract with the same time. Pacific Foods, where Rice Dream (non-dairy
Heinz and accept the minimums.” In short, Imagine Foods beverage) is currently being packed in aseptic Tetra-Brik
was buying more than its required minimums, whereas cartons, made an agreement with Tetra Pak about a year ago
Heinz was not. Yet Heinz was trying to have the best of to get new filling machinery that will package in a carton that

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has a pour spout. Pacific Foods was told they would have 500 children in three kindergarten schools receive soymilk
the second machine in the USA that filled this new carton; and soy ice cream as part of the breakfast program. The
Steuben Foods (1150 Maple Road, Elma [near Buffalo], New okara (solids) is used as a raw material in making tortillas; in
York 14059) got the first machine. Pacific Foods planned to the future the okara will also be used in making pupusas, a
be the first rice beverage on the market in the new pour spout very popular staple food in El Salvador.
container. Ever since Robert began working with Tetra Pak 2. One person in El Salvador was trained in the
5 years ago, he has been encouraging them to improve their operation and maintenance of the SoyaCow. This person
package. Tetra Pak was spurred to introduce the new package trains other Salvadorian trainees. 3. This project has created
after Combibloc introduced it first. five permanent and several other part-time jobs in the poor
Westbrae was having their aseptic packaging done by neighborhood of the municipality of Mejicanos. It has also
White Knight Packing [in Grand Rapids, Michigan], which provided the local staff of CIDEP and the child care center
is owned by a very large company in Europe [Parmalat]. hands-on experience in organizing and operating a small
When Westbrae found out that Pacific Foods would soon be enterprise.
getting equipment to package with a pour spout, Westbrae Demonstrations and extension visits, though on a
contacted White Knight, which in turn contacted their parent very limited scale, helped make local people aware of the
company saying that Westbrae wanted to get the pour spout benefits of soyfoods. CIDEP received several requests from
packaging as fast as possible. So the president of Parmalat women’s groups and individuals to help them with training
went to Tetra Pak, and since his company was Tetra Pak’s in processing and to set up related small income-generating
biggest customer, he was able to say “I have to have one of activities. Address: Central America Program Officer, Plenty
these new machines.” So Tetra Pak went around the normal Canada, Lanark, ONT Canada K0G 1KO. Phone: (613) 278-
channels and got White Knight a new machine very quickly 2215.
at about the same time that Pacific Foods got theirs. Pacific
Foods was very upset about this. 1524. Voldeng, Harvey D. 1994. Dr. Sven Holmberg and
Westbrae’s new rice beverage in the pour spout carton breeding short-season soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan
was probably on the market in late September 1994, a week Notes. Nov. 29. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
or so before Imagine Foods’ rice beverage, but Imagine Center.
Foods’ product was on the market first on the West Coast. • Summary: Dr. Voldeng said in March 1993: “When you
Westbrae’s rice beverage is made from rice syrup (made look into Dr. Holmberg’s work, it was remarkable. He was a
by California Natural Products, CNP, in Manteca, California) very, very good soybean breeder. Nobody in Europe, even up
and rice starch. Westbrae has been buying rice syrup from until now, has conducted breeding programs on the scale and
CNP for a long time, to use as a sweetener in their soymilk with the number of crosses that he did.” He got big results
products. [Note: In fact, on a solids basis, Westbrae buys on a small budget, with funding coming mostly from a small
about as much or perhaps even more rice hydrolysates from private seed company and perhaps some from the Swedish
CNP as Imagine Foods does.] About 7-8 years ago Imagine government.
Foods tried making a product using the same ingredients Dr. Holmberg’s program at Fiskeby was closed down
(from CNP) that Westbrae is making now; but CNP’s after his death in Nov. 1981 and some of the work was taken
ingredients are much better now. One reason Robert decided up by a young lad in southern Sweden. Dr. Voldeng has quite
not to use this approach because of the high content of a bit of correspondence, pedigree lists, and other documents
glucose in the product. Address: President, Imagine Foods on file from Dr. Holmberg, and he will look there for details
Inc., 350 Cambridge Ave., Suite 350 Palo Alto, California and to see if Holmberg’s soybeans were tested in other
94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. northern European countries, especially Norway, Finland,
Denmark, Ireland, or Iceland. [Note: Ireland is located the
1523. Mercado, Sam. 1994. Re: The Plenty Canada soy furthest south of these countries, on about the same latitude
program in El Salvador. Letter to Mr. Frank Daller, ProSoya as northern Germany, and south of the southern tip of
Foods International Inc., 5350 Canatek Road, Ottawa, ONT Sweden].
K1J 9C9 Canada, Nov. 25. 4 p. Typed, with signature on The soybean breeder before Dr. Voldeng was Dr. Lorne
letterhead. Donovan, who was the successor to Dr. Dimmock. In the
• Summary: The SoyaCow project is part of Plenty mid- or early 1960s, Holmberg worked his way over on a
Canada’s Integrated Rural Development Program (CIDEP) cattle ship from Norway one year (he obviously was paying
in El Salvador. An evaluation made by CIDA in March his own way), and spent some time with Dr. Donovan in
1994 showed the following achievements: 1. A small Canada. Dr. Voldeng met Dr. Holmberg once, in about 1978-
soya production has been established in the municipality 1980, when he was still some fairly active. “He went out to
of Mejicanos. It is equipped with two SoyaCows, each the field with me. He had fairly severe arthritis, so he had
producing more than 130 liters of soymilk a day. More than to walk with a cane. His sister lived with him, and we all

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drove out to the field. We walked around the plots. He had a Association of America, Tofutti Brands Inc., Worthington
very good program, though it was not that large. In Eastern Foods.
European countries, such as Poland, they had programs “Did you know you can fit soy into your diet without
and 100 times more financial support than he had, but they giving up your favorite foods? Try soy burgers, soy ice
made practically no crosses. Holmberg made hundreds of cream, soy yogurt, soy hot dogs, soy flour, soy cream cheese,
crosses, and that was not easy in the climate and latitude of soy sausage, soy chili, soy frozen juice bars, soy margarine,
Fiskeby. He was a remarkably good soybean breeder, there soy milk, soy tacos, soy sour cream, soy sloppy joes, soy
is no question about that.” Dr. Voldeng does not know what ‘chicken’ patties...” Address: Palo Alto, California. Phone:
his academic training was. He heard that before World War 415-327-1444.
II, the Swedish government could see that a problem was
coming, that they could be blockaded for vegetable oils. 1527. Tofutti Brands, Inc. 1994. You don’t have to take the
So they paid for his trip to Hokkaido, Japan, and the Kurile pill... To enjoy Tofutti* products. *Non dairy foods that do
Islands to collect soybeans. “He told me, ‘When I got to not require taking the enzyme pill for lactose intolerance
those places I could see birch trees and it looked just like (Ad). Vegetarian Times. Nov. p. 101.
Sweden. So I knew that if I found soybeans there, they could • Summary: See next page. This colorful full-page color
be adapted to Sweden.’ He was right, but it took a lot of work ad shows the following Tofutti products: Tofutti Frutti
to adapt them. He knew exactly what he was looking for. (non dairy frozen dessert; Three Berry, Apricot Mango,
Dr. Voldeng thinks that. Dr. Holmberg’s program is no Vanilla Apple Orchard), Tofutti Cuties (non dairy ice cream
longer active. “It was more a labor of love that his father had sandwiches; Vanilla, or Chocolate), Tofutti Better Than
started and he continued. Eventually they were purchased Yogurt (soy-based frozen yogurt), Tofutti Sour Supreme
by one of the big plant breeding companies in Scandinavia– (Better Than Sour Cream), Tofutti Better Than Cream
probably Hilleshög (which focused on breeding hybrid sugar Cheese (Plain), Tofutti (nondairy frozen dessert; Vanilla
beets), when Dr. Sven Holmberg was in his later years; he Fudge, Butter Pecan).
supervised the transfer. Hilleshög was later sold to Volvo, “100% dairy free. 100% great taste. Contains absolutely
and then to Syngenta AB–so it seems unlikely that any no lactose, butterfat, milk, whey, casein. Cholesterol free.
archives or photos survive. He made little or no money from Soy based. Kosher and parve. No animal derivatives.”
his soybean work though he has contributed immensely to Address: 50 Jackson Drive, Cranford, New Jersey 07016.
short-season soybeans worldwide. Phone: (908) 272-2400.
Note: A letter from the Fiskeby Board AB in June 1994
states that Dr. Holmberg’s Institute, which used to be in 1528. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1994. Gelato
Fiskeby, Norrköping, Sweden, no longer exists. Address: Fresco receives first bulk soymilk shipment. 3(4):2. Oct/Dec.
Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Farm (CEF), • Summary: In late December Gelato Fresco, a maker of
Building #110, Ottawa, ONT K1A 0C6, Canada. Phone: 613- premium dairy and of soymilk ice cream in Toronto, was
995-3700 x 7653. the first to receive a 1,000-liter test shipment of the bulk
soymilk produced by the new SoyaCow plant in Ottawa. For
1525. Soyafoods (ASA, Europe). 1994. Sunrise Health Foods. the last year Gelato Fresco has used (and over-used) its own
5(3):5. Autumn. SoyaCow SC20 which could produce only 20 liters/hour.
• Summary: Soya Health Foods Ltd. is located at Unit Gelato Fresco has successfully test marketed a premium line
4, Guiness Road, Trafford Park, Manchester M17 1AU, of soymilk-based frozen desserts. Orders are also coming in
England. Phone: +44 61 872 0549. Under the Sunrise brand from a distributor in Wisconsin.
the company has a range of soya products including natural
and flavored soya drinks, vegetarian burgers, non-dairy 1529. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1994. Russian
products such as Ice Dream (a non-dairy frozen dessert in 6 program orders more SC-20s. 3(4):2. Oct/Dec.
flavors), Ice Yoghert (a non-dairy frozen dessert in 2 flavors), • Summary: The Russian Soybean Association (ASSOY)
and Carob Ices. Their spray dried soymilk powder made has ordered 20 more tabletop SoyaCow SC20 systems to add
from pure soymilk is a suitable ingredient for use in non- to the ten similar systems they have already acquired during
dairy cheeses, tofu, yogurts, frozen desserts, etc. the past year. “ASSOY’s soyfood program, which is based
exclusively on the SoyaCow technology, is developing with
1526. Soyfoods Association of America. 1994. Get the soy unusual speed. Soymilk derived yogurt, tofu, mayonnaise,
edge (Ad). Vegetarian Times. Nov. p. 71-74. drinks, and ice cream as well as baked goods made using
• Summary: This 4-page advertorial, with 17 color photos, is ‘okara’ soy-fibre, are all made in pilot or cottage industry
sponsored by the following organizations: ADM, DevanSoy production.”
Farms, Inc., Eden Foods, Inc., Lightlife Foods, Lumen
Food Corp., Morinaga Nutritional Foods Inc., Soyfoods 1530. MacKinnon, Duff. 1995. Restrictions on mixing soy

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and dairy products in Ontario province, Canada (Interview). large samples of organically grown soybeans on a skid in
SoyaScan Notes. March 10. Conducted by William Shurtleff Sept. 1994. They had no records of the shipment, and only
of Soyfoods Center. one person vaguely remembered it. They called John in the
• Summary: Under Canada’s Edible Oil Act, the blending fall and asked him to set aside a considerable tonnage of
of most soy and dairy products is not legal, although certain organically grown soybeans–of which they have taken none
specific products, such as coffee whitener and edible oil because they are not in production. John wonders how long
topping (whip topping) that were on the market when the law the company can survive.
was written were grandfathered and kept legal. Duff would Update, 1995 May 17. ProSoya may have a
guess that this Act was passed in the 1950s or 1960s. contract with Neilson Dairy, a large Canadian ice cream
If illegal imported products are noticed on the shelves manufacturer. ProSoya may make soymilk for them to use in
of Canadian food stores, any person may complain to the making a non-dairy soy ice cream. This could pull ProSoya’s
Canadian Ministry of Agriculture. Inspectors will investigate fat out of the fire. Note: Neilson launched this soy ice cream
the case. Address: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, in Nov. 1996. Address: Cloud Mountain Inc., 342 Indian Rd.
GAC RR#5, P.O. Box 1030, Guelph, ON N1H 6N1, Canada. Cres., Toronto, ONT M6P 2H1 Canada. Phone: (416) 762-
Phone: 519-767-3166. 0940.

1531. Mouton-Bluys, Rene. 1995. Recent developments 1533. Hayes, Keri. 1995. Feeding their own: Cubans turn to
at Alimentos Alfa Ltda. Productos Nordland, in Bolivia soy as an alternative protein source. Bluebook Update (Bar
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 24. Conducted by Harbor, Maine) 2(1):1, 3-4. Jan/March.
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Pam Montanaro of Global Exchange (San
• Summary: His equipment and technology comes from a Francisco, California) explains how Cubans–led by Alberto
mixture of sources: Bean Machines Inc., with ideas from the Ortega Jhones–have turned to soy and developed a host
University of Illinois, and a Bolivian research center. of delicious products, especially soymilk yogurt drink (in
Cochabamba is a traditional dairy city [population in five flavors), which are now being produced in factories
1992 404,000] so he has had a hard time introducing his that formerly made dairy products. These factories are also
products. He didn’t have any publicity or strong campaign manufacturing hard cheese from soymilk, soymilk cream
surrounding the launch of each product. His company is cheese, and soymilk ice cream.
independent, not connected with any other company. Some of the soybeans used to make these soyfoods are
The company now makes 5,000 liters/day of soymilk, now being grown in Cuba; however most are imported from
1,000 liters/day of ice cream, and 2 to 3 tons/day of soy Canada and Brazil.
yogurt. All of these products are sold only in Bolivia; 60% The USA, which has a trade embargo against Cuba, also
are sold in Cochabamba, and a little is sold in the cities holds embargoes against Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Serbia,
of Santa Cruz, and La Paz. His products are much less and Montenegro. However the “Cuban embargo is the only
expensive than dairy products, retailing for only about 60% one, at this time, that denies the right to trade for food and
as much. So initially people bought his products because medicine.” A photo shows two men at work in one of the
they were less expensive than dairy products, but now dairy factories that has been converted to include a soyfoods
customers are increasingly interested in the health benefits. processing section.
New he is developing a large 9-month campaign to educate
the people on the benefits of his products. 1534. Rose, Richard. 1995. Sharon’s Finest is moving
He uses an enzyme, -galactosidase, to get hydrolyze towards hemp products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 3.
and rid of the oligosaccharides, which could otherwise cause Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
flatulence in his soymilk. Address: Cochabamba, Bolivia. • Summary: Richard first introduced the idea of using
Phone: +591 (042) 70094. hempseed protein in natural food products in America. His
is still the only company making such products, and demand
1532. Cloud, Jon. 1995. Relationship with ProSoya Inc. in for them is growing rapidly. “Our business is moving toward
Ontario, Canada (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 30. hemp.” He recently published a brochure titled “Hemp
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Food,” that explains the many benefits of growing hemp.
• Summary: John has known the people at ProSoya for Many people still do not realize that hemp is not the same as
years. ProSoya has a staff of 3, and they are not producing marijuana; they are different plants.
any products yet. They were operating off government grants Sharon’s Finest now makes HempRella (a non-dairy
initially–probably both provincial and federal (Ag Canada) cheese alternative containing 5% milled hemp seeds)
grants. The government apparently saw the possibility of and Hempeh Burger (a soybean and rice tempeh burger
creating jobs, setting up a franchise, and perhaps exporting containing 10% whole hemp seeds). The future of Hemp
the technology or products. John shipped them at least 3 Foods lies in sprouting hemp seeds then processing them to

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make milk (similar to making soymilk from the soybean),

yogurt, ice cream, tofu, cheese, meat alternatives, and the 1538. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1995. Tofutti. 1994 annual report.
like. Address: President, Sharon’s Finest, P.O. Box 5020 (616 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 13 p. 28 cm.
Davis St.), Santa Rosa, California 95402-5020. Phone: 707- • Summary: The Company’s operations were profitable
576-7050. for the third consecutive year in 1994. Net sales for the 52-
week period ended Dec. 31, 1994 were $5,217,000, up 27%
1535. Reuter (Havana). 1995. Cuba turns to soy to curb over the previous year. The operating profit was $79,000,
protein shortage. Manitoba Cooperator (Winnipeg, MB, down 19% from the previous year ($97,000). The past year
Canada). April 13. was one of intense product research and development. In
• Summary: Cuba’s present rationing system allows all the spring of 1995 the company plans to introduce Tofutti
children under 7 years of age to receive a quart of cow’s milk Chocolate Fudge Treats, the first dairy-free, sugar-free (using
a day. Food Industry Minister Alejandro Roca reports that Nutrasweet instead), fat-free fudge bar in the industry. This
Cuba, faced with severe shortages of beef and cow’s milk, premium, upscale product will be followed by Teddy Fudge,
is increasing production of “protein-rich soy products such an all-natural, low-fat, dairy-free fudge bar targeted towards
as soy yogurt, soy ice cream, and soyburgers.” Yogurt, ice children, in a uniquely clever package.
cream, and cream cheese made from cow’s milk were widely Also in the spring, in order to capitalize on the growing
available until about 1990, after which there has been a steep sorbet market, Tofutti will launch five great tasting, real fruit,
drop in their production. Roca said the production of yogurt fat-free sorbets.
made from soy milk will reach 40,000 tons this year, up from David Mintz, age 63, is still Chairman of the Board
only 11,000 tons last year, with a goal of 100,000 tons by of Directors and CEO. He owns 49.9% of the company’s
1996. He also said that production of ice cream and cream common stock. His salary in 1994 was $125,000. Rick W.
cheese made from soy milk will be increasing. Malloy, Executive Vice President, earned $100,000 in 1994.
Since the mid-1980s, soybean meal has been used in Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 201-272-2400.
Cuba as a meat extender for the ground (minced) meat
received by Cuban families under the strict system of food 1539. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1995. ProSoya
rationing. The official meat ration in Havana is 12 ounces forms Soyfood Alliance: Canadian dairies and soymilk
every 10 days. Hamburgers extended with 30% soybean supplier agree to work together. 2(2):1, 4. April/June.
meal are sometimes available in restaurants and cafeterias. • Summary: This agreement, now known as the “Soyfood
Alliance,” was signed by ProSoya, Inc. of Ottawa, Canada,
1536. Glencoe News (Chicago, Illinois). 1995. Soy-based and three Canadian dairy processors–Neilson Dairy,
natural foods enter the mainstream. April 20. [1 ref] Fieldfresh Farms, and Gelato Fresco. It is seen as the first
• Summary: Once soy-based foods were found only at health step in an effort, assisted by the Canadian government,
food or natural food stores. Now they are finding their way to bring high quality, fresh soymilk products to the North
into mainstream grocery stores, as more and more Americans American market. Emphasis is on the word “fresh.”
are recognizing the need to eat healthy. According to the To take advantage of equipment already available in
Illinois Soybean Association, the main products to look for the dairies, fresh soymilk is being pasteurized in traditional
are tofu, soymilk, frozen desserts, soy flour, and analogs (like “gable-top” dairy cartons rather than Tetra Brik cartons.
“veggie” burgers). This can save the processor 30-50% in packaging costs. It is
hoped that the product will retail for just slightly more than
1537. Schweitzer, Peter. 1995. Jacaltenango, Guatemala. cow’s milk.
Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee) 11(1):2-3. Spring. Currently Neilson and Fieldfresh are producing flavored
• Summary: Plenty is now considering the introduction of organic soymilk, while Gelato Fresco is making soy-based
soybeans and soyfoods to this Mayan village, which is off frozen desserts.
the beaten path in Guatemala. Peter writes: “The next day A photo shows members of the Soyfood Alliance: Tom
Victor, Mercedes [from Jacaltenango] and I drove to the Reynolds, Alliance Coordinator; Peter Warmels, General
dairy in San Bartolo [Guatemala]. Candelaria, one of the Manager of Fieldfresh; Ralph Goodale, Canadian Minister of
original staff members, was making ice cream and we had a Agriculture; Melvin Hart, President of Gelato Fresco; Walter
nice visit with her. Mercedes and Victor were very impressed Parsons, Sr., Vice President of Neilson Dairy; Frank Daller,
with the dairy and are interested in developing a soy project President of ProSoya Inc.
in Jacaltenango. Candelaria fed us soy ice-cream cones, as Talk with Raj Gupta of ProSoya. 1995. June 6. These
good as you can find anywhere in the world. That such a companies are now developing and test marketing products
thing as this Mayan soyfood factory can thrive in the midst containing ProSoya soymilk. Raj expects commercial
of all that has happened in Guatemala over the past fifteen products to be available by August or September 1995.
years is a hopeful sign.”

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1540. Packaged Facts. 1995. The meat and dairy alternatives heart disease and cancer, consumers now approve of
market. New York, NY: Packaged Facts. xii+ 162 + 42 + 6 p. vegetarian diets, increased demand for vegetarian foods,
May. 28 cm. youth adopts meatless meals, exposure through foodservice,
• Summary: In 1994 retail sales of these products reached an mass market begins to support meat and dairy alternatives,
all-time high of $286 million, and these sales are projected to products in wider distribution, innovative new products,
top $660 million in 1999. This very interesting report can be improved technology equals better taste, increased funding
ordered from Packaged Facts, 625 Avenue of the Americas, for soyfoods through foreign capital, pricing continues
New York, NY 10011. Phone: 212-627-3228. Price: $2,150. to limit market, image–taste and texture still a problem),
The authors were Sarah and Peter Starr, though their names factors in market growth–meat alternatives (concern about
do not appear in the report. The product director was David health hazards of meat, fat calories targeted by labeling
Lumis. law, an alternative to chicken and fish, ecological and
Contents: Part I: The products. Scope of the report social considerations will propel meatless meals, meatless
(Vegetarian products sold as meat or dairy alternatives, meals difficult to handle by foodservice), factors in market
products not covered), history of the industry (an emerging growth–dairy alternatives (milk substitutes enter dairy case,
market, part of the vegetarian movement, soybeans–an awareness of lactose intolerance on the rise, taste profile
ancient food of Asia, soybeans arrive in the new world limits acceptance, cheese alternatives–are they healthier?,
in the 18th century, Kellogg family starts health foods projected retail sales of meat and dairy alternative products
industry, makes first meat analogs, Seventh-day Adventists by category–1994-1999–graph {p. 34}, projected retail sales
and others produce tofu and meat alternatives in the 1920s, of dairy alternative products by segment–1994-1999–graph
Henry Ford early proponent of soybeans, meat analogs {p. 35}), projected market growth (overall market to reach
commercially developed in the United States in the 1940s, $662 million in 1999, meat alternatives and prepared meals
non-dairy beverages, growth of “Americanized” meat and to lead growth, projected retail sales of meat and dairy
dairy analogs booming), product definition (foods used to alternative products by category–1994-1999–table, growth of
replace meat or dairy products, description of ingredients– milk substitutes and other dairy alternatives expected to slow
tofu, tempeh, soymilk, okara, soy protein concentrates and somewhat by 1999, projected retail sales of dairy alternative
isolates, textured vegetable protein, wheat gluten and seitan), products by segment–1994-1999–table), market composition
product categories (three main categories of meat and dairy (meat alternatives will outsell dairy alternatives, share of
alternative products, meat alternatives, dairy alternatives, sales by product category–meat and dairy alternatives–graph,
prepared meals), government regulations (the FDA and soy-based ingredients most frequently used in meat-like
FTC, NLEA labeling considerations {went into effect in products, protein ingredients used in meat-like products by
May 1994, making the USA the world’s first country to number of products made with ingredient–1990-1992–table,
have mandatory nutrition labeling}, soy protein allowed bulk of dairy alternative sales from milk substitutes, share
in meat products without special labeling, bovine growth of sales by product segment–1989 vs. 1994–graph, sales by
hormone), industry associations (the Soyfoods Association of retail outlet, share of sales by retail outlet–meat and dairy
America, the American Soybean Association, the Vegetarian alternatives–1994–graph).
Awareness Network). Part III: The marketers. The marketers (About 30
Part II: The Market. Introduction (Retail sales of significant marketers–most small, major companies move
meat and dairy alternative products by category–1989-94– into the market, meat alternatives–other mass-market
graph, retail sales of dairy alternatives products by players, meat alternatives–natural foods players, the leaders
segment–1989-94–graph), market size and growth (market in milk substitutes, cheese alternative market leaders, the
is difficult to monitor, 1994 retail sales estimated at $286 leaders in non-dairy desserts, prepared meals market leaders,
million, dairy alternatives surpass $142 million, meat selected marketers and brands of meat and dairy alternative
alternatives soar to $132 million, prepared meals grow products–chart), market and brand shares (mass-market
steadily to over $12 million, estimated retail sales of meat leader Worthington Foods challenged by ADM/Pillsbury
and dairy alternative products by category–1989-1994–table, Green Giant Harvest Burger, wholesome and hearty growing
growth in milk substitutes segment leveling off but still in fast, Boca Burger boogies by the Bystanders, marketer
double digits, cheese alternatives segment also experiences and brand shares of meat alternative products sold through
slight slow-down in 1994, non-dairy desserts–a slow- supermarkets–1993 vs. 1994–table, natural foods sales of
growth segment, estimated retail sales of dairy alternative meat alternatives more fragmented, Worthington is leader in
products by segment–1989-1994–table), factors in market natural foods stores, White Wave and Lightlife hold second
growth–overall market (maturing population and interest and third place, estimated marketer and brand shares of meat
in nutrition, new dietary guidelines, medical community alternative products sold through natural foods stores–1994–
accepts plant-based diet, studies show vegetarian diet table, many small regional players capture local markets,
equals a healthier–longer life, soy might help to prevent Eden Foods leads in milk substitutes, estimated marketer

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and brand shares of milk substitute products mass-market Finest, Cemac Foods, Galaxy Foods, White Wave}, new
and natural foods stores–1994–table, Imagine Foods’ Rice products parallel dairy-based mass market, a move toward
Dream is leading rice beverage, other vegetable beverages, lower fat and fat-free, seeking the most melt-able cheese,
Tree of Life’s Soya Kaas holds leading share of cheese Sharon’s finest finds innovative ingredients, marketers target
alternatives market, estimated marketer and brand shares vegan market), competitive situation–non-dairy desserts
of cheese alternative products sold through natural foods (Tofutti dominates, dairy-free puddings–one major player
stores–1994–table, Tofutti holds top market share in frozen {Imagine Foods sells a rice-based non-dairy pudding},
desserts, Fairmont Foods establishes lead in supermarkets, non-dairy yogurt has yet to catch on–but White Wave’s
marketer and brand shares of prepared meals sold through Dairyless, a non-dairy soy yogurt, seems to be the only
supermarkets–1994–table, natural foods prepared meals– major natural foods brand in this category), competitive
many brands and no one leader), competitive situation– situation–prepared meals (flavored tofu and seitan expanded
overall market (marketers compete primarily through into meals, Legume is early innovator, cheese alternatives in
new product introductions, growth through mergers and prepared meals, other companies dive into prepared meals,
acquisitions). Continued. action has been in natural foods, supermarket products
have not succeeded), competitive profiles (The Archer
1541. Packaged Facts. 1995. The meat and dairy alternatives Daniels Midland Co.–Grand Metropolitan PLC–Pillsbury
market (Continued–Document part II). New York, NY: division partnership, Amy’s Kitchen Inc., A&A Amazing
Packaged Facts. xii+ 162 + 42 + 6 p. May. 28 cm. Foods Inc., Boca Burger Co.–Sun Foods, Eden Foods Inc.,
• Summary: Contents: Continued from p. vi. Part III: Fairmont Foods of Minnesota Inc., Fantastic Foods Inc.,
The Marketers. Competitive situation–meat alternatives The Hain Food Group Inc., Imagine Foods Inc., Lightlife
(Worthington pioneers Seventh-day Adventist vegetarian Foods Inc., Sharon’s Finest, Tofutti Brands Inc., Vestro
market, Miles Laboratories acquires Worthington– Natural Foods Inc., Vitasoy–USA Inc., White Wave Inc.,
places Morningstar Farms in mass market, tofu drives Wholesome and Hearty Foods Inc., Worthington Foods
natural foods market, soy frank marketers exploit tofu Inc., Yves Veggie Cuisine Inc.), marketing trends (updated
opportunities, tempeh–another meat alternative ingredient packaging, burger market segmenting into natural and mass
gains interest, wheat-based alternative seitan expands market, Worthington–a master at working both markets,
presence, Worthington places tofu patties in natural foods hamburger look-alikes crossing back into natural foods,
stores–changes hands again, Wholesome and Hearty veggie patties crossing into mass market, nostalgia–creating
develops foodservice distribution, meatless burger market brand loyalty, marketers expanding into other categories,
heats up, patty competition fierce in natural foods arena, moving into the frozen breakfast section, retail displays,
ADM/Pillsbury alliance brings soy burgers to mass market, pushing into new distribution channels), new product trends
Worthington fights back, category differentiates in the early (new–improved packaging, light and healthy, product
1990s, soy attacked by soy-free burger companies, meat names emphasize healthy, fat-reversal–mass-market burger-
alternative marketers cut the fat, low-fat sausages and franks, substitutes gaining fat, ground meat alternatives, new flavors
tightly targeted vegetarian fun foods and snacks, mass- and varieties–many gourmet and upscale, ethnic–especially
market companies introduce ground meat analogs, natural Mexican and Southwestern, convenience, technology
product companies follow suit, Wholesome and Hearty seeks produces better mimics, mixing soy with grains and other
retail growth, others seek lucrative foodservice market), ingredients, mainstreaming health foods, natural ingredients
competitive situation–milk substitutes (early market limited preferred–organic even better, selected new product
to ethnic community, Edensoy a big hit–Vitasoy responds, introductions–meat and dairy alternatives–1994-March
new lines introduced, competition–domestic manufacturing 1995–chart), advertising expenditures (most advertising
and larger containers bring down soy beverage prices, not measured, specialty magazines are preferred medium,
flavors and packaging distinguish early products, Westbrae radio is another alternative, little consumer advertising,
introduces first low-fat soymilk, fortification has become key Worthington outspends competition, ADM-Pillsbury spends
selling point, Eden’s fortified product suits strict vegetarians, millions to launch Harvest Burger in 1994, Eden Foods
new package sizes expand market, re-closable–easy to targets mass market, Fantastic Foods’ first major spending),
pour, rice beverages–line extensions grab shelf space, advertising positioning (good health is overlying theme,
Wholesome and Hearty’s almond beverage, 100% organic and fat is prime concern, vegetables are a solution to a
products, a fresh–new market–some products shift to dairy bad diet, milk substitutes advertised to lactose-intolerant
case, mass-market interest), competitive situation–cheese market, highlighting a sense of the familiar, foods children
alternatives (Seventh-day Adventists start category, first love, traditional burger images used to woo mass market,
natural foods cheese alternative, Soyarella, not dairy-free, vegetarian appeal used for meatless patties, organic is
handful of marketers compete on price in natural foods important feature in natural foods, examples of consumer
arena {Soya Kaas, TofuRella by Brightsong / Sharon’s advertising), consumer advertising (consumer promotions

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not heavily used, money-off coupons from several influenced by doctor’s orders, health also key reason given
companies, new lines offer more generous rebates, recipes by restaurant diners, fat–salt–fiber and cholesterol top health
and books educate consumers, in-store promotions–the concerns for meatless burger consumers, environment
White Wave Center, marketers join forces in advertorial, pollution tops list of other social concerns of vegetarians,
sponsoring sports events–a healthy fit, 25 years of earth day, vegetarians considered nutrition advisors, a slow transition
non-profit tie-ins, Turtle Island’s recycling program, other to vegetarianism, attitudes about meat alternatives, room for
types of promotions, examples of consumer promotions), improvement on taste, consumers have a positive image on
trade advertising and promotions (three key trade soy, more interest in soymilk from natural foods shoppers).
publications, trade ads also used as consumer ads, trade ads Appendix I: Examples of consumer and trade advertising and
scheduled to run in convention issues, trade ads announce promotions [photocopies of ads]. Appendix II: Addresses of
growing business, editorial promotions, reaching retailers, selected marketers.
example of trade ads). Continued. Scope of the report: This is a study of vegetarian foods
made to resemble meat and dairy products and sold at retail,
1542. Packaged Facts. 1995. The meat and dairy alternatives mostly through supermarkets and health and natural food
market (Continued–Document part III). New York, NY: stores. These products include meatless burgers and luncheon
Packaged Facts. xii + 162 + 42 + 6 p. May. 28 cm. slices, soymilk and rice milk, cheese alternatives, non-
• Summary: Contents: Continued from p. x. Continued dairy desserts (usually non-dairy ice creams), and prepared
Part IV: Distribution and retail. Distribution (Two distinct vegetarian meals containing meat and dairy alternatives as
channels, mass-market products–warehouse delivery used major ingredients.
most, natural foods products–independent distributors Products not covered: (1) Bulk and packaged tofu,
used most, distributors offer wide range of services, direct unflavored tempeh–However products such as tofu- or
buying, several large distributors dominate health food tempeh burgers are covered. (2) Margarine, non-dairy
channel, margins for the two channels differ, brokers support creamer, non-dairy whip toppings, and egg substitutes.
marketers’ sales efforts, marketers’ sales forces work with Although the first three of these categories are alternative
brokers), at the retail level–natural foods stores (the leading to dairy products, they have become well accepted in
outlet–natural foods stores, soy-based products the heart the American diet and are not necessarily purchased by
and soul of natural foods store, products sold in several consumers wishing to avoid dairy products. “Also, the sheer
locations, stores adding refrigerator and freezer space, size of these categories–each of which is many times larger
margins, product price comparison, meat alternatives–table, than the overall meat and dairy alternatives market–would
milk substitutes–table, cheese alternatives–table, frozen drastically skew the market numbers and trend information
non-dairy desserts–table, prepared meals–table, in-store away from the products that are the focus of this report. For
demos are top promotional activity, an increase in store similar reasons, egg substitutes are also excluded.”
advertising, examples of retail promotions), at the retail
level–mass market (most products not in mass market, store 1543. Packaged Facts. 1995. Retail sales of dairy alternative
placement of meat alternatives varies, store-within-a-store, products by segment: 1989-1994 (in million dollars)
increased selection and space, targeting the vegetarian (Document part). In: Packaged Facts. 1995. The Meat and
consumer, margins, warehouse clubs, Cergro pricing data). Dairy Alternatives Market. New York, NY: Packaged Facts.
Part V: The consumer. Consumer use–soyfoods (About 25 162 + 42 + 6 p. See p. 18. May. 28 cm.
million U.S. adults use soyfoods, natural foods shoppers • Summary: Sales of milk substitutes (mostly soy and rice
more likely to purchase soy products, demographics of milks, in million dollars) rose from $46.0 in 1989 to $72.0 in
meatless burger consumers, use by type–tofu and soy burger 1991 to $96.8 in 1993 and $108.4 in 1994.
use most common, other types of soyfoods used by about Sales of cheese alternatives (in million dollars) rose
2% of consumers, types of soyfoods eaten five or more from $12.0 in 1989 to $17.3 in 1991 to $25.0 in 1993 and
times in the past year–table), the vegetarian consumer (what $28.8 in 1994. The average annual sales growth for this
is a vegetarian, 12-22 million vegetarians and growing, period was 19.1%.
small number of strict vegans, meat restrictors–a broader Sales of non-dairy desserts (in million dollars) rose
target of 77 million, who are vegetarians, demographic from $4.0 in 1989 to $4.5 in 1991 to $5.0 in 1993 and $5.2
characteristics of vegetarians–table), consumer attitudes in 1994. The average annual sales growth for this period was
(main reason for choosing vegetarian foods, most important 5.4%.
reason for becoming a vegetarian–table, concern about The combined sales of these three dairy alternative
health higher among semi-vegetarians, most important product categories (in million dollars) rose from $62.0 in
reason for choosing vegetarian foods–table, cholesterol- 1989 to $93.8 in 1991 to $126.8 in 1993 and $142.4 in 1994.
fat primary health concerns, primary health concern when The average annual sales growth for this period was 18.2%.
becoming a vegetarian–table, grocery store shoppers more Concerning the accuracy of these figures, page 19 notes

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that sales in these markets are difficult

to quantify because a large share of
retail dollar volume moves through
natural foods stores, where sales are
mostly untracked, and because various
information sources define meat and
dairy alternatives products differently.
Therefore these “estimates are based
on information provided by Soyatech,
Inc., the Soyfoods Center, Information
Resources, Inc., the natural foods
trade, and various manufacturers.”
A table (p. 53) shows estimated
market shares of major manufacturers
of milk substitute products sold
through the mass-market and natural
food stores in 1994: (1) Soymilk:
Eden Foods (Edensoy) 48%. Vestro
Foods (Westsoy, Westbrae) 30%.
Vitasoy 12%. Pacific Foods of Oregon
7%. Other 3%. (2) Rice beverages:
Imagine Foods (Rice Dream) 85%.
Vestro Foods (Westbrae Rice) 10%.
Eden Foods (Eden Rice) 5%. (3)
Potato beverages: A&A Amazing
Foods (Vegelicious) 100%. (4)
Almond beverages: Wholesome &
Hearty Foods (almondMylk) 100%.
A second table (p. 54) shows
estimated market shares of major How Stored: Frozen.
manufacturers and marketers of cheese alternatives sold New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996,
through natural food stores in 1994: Tree of Life (Soya May. 1995 Annual Report. p. 1. New products introduced
Kaas) 41.5%. Sharon’s Finest 20.7%. Soyco Foods (Soyco, during 1995: (1) Tofutti Chocolate Fudge Treats (spring),
Soymage) 12.7%. Cemac Foods (Nu Tofu) 12.7%. Other the first dairy-free, sugar-free (using Nutrasweet instead),
12.4%. fat-free fudge bar in the industry. This stick novelty offers
Pages 54-55 state that Tofutti commands about 80% of consumers the same taste as real fudge bars. It contains only
the frozen non-dairy dessert segment. The remaining 20% 30 calories per bar.
is controlled by Imagine Foods (frozen Rice Dream), Turtle One sample of this product with Label generously sent
Mountain (Sweet Nothings and Living Rightly), and The frozen by David Mintz via FedEx priority overnight. 1996.
Hain Food Group (Farm Foods Ice Bean). June 4. 6.75 by 6.75 by 2.5 inches paperboard box. “Wow!
Only 30 calories. Fat free! Sugar free! Living dairy free
1544. Product Name: Tofutti Chocolate Fudge Treats / symbol. Milk free! Contains Nutrasweet. 12 mouth watering
Pops (Dairy Free, Frozen). cholesterol free non-dairy fudge pops.”
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786), 1545. Melvin, Hart. 1995. Why it is difficult to launch a soy
Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400. ice cream in Canada (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. June 8.
Date of Introduction: 1995. May. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Ingredients: Water, maltodextrin*, sorbitol*, polydextrose, • Summary: First, the entire frozen dessert industry in
cocoa processed with alkali, soy protein [probably isolate], Canada has been exclusively the domain of the big dairies.
tofu, mono and diglycerides, cellulose gum, carrageenan, The dairies were subsets of the Marketing Board–which
vanilla with other natural flavors, Aspartame, salt. * = Adds a creates a totally different market environment than in the
negligible amount of sugar. USA. Canada has a relatively small population (10.7% of
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Twelve 1.75 fl oz (52 ml) bars. the U.S. population; 28.1 million vs. 260.7 million in the
Net weight 21 fl oz (621 ml). USA) and it is spread over a land area that is slightly larger

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than that of the USA (including Alaska). So a company professions, women in soyfoods households less likely to be
needs to have a significant product line to pay the costs of in clerical jobs, men working full-time–some self-employed,
distribution and to pay the large “listing fees” required to busy women in a variety of employment situations, one-third
get onto supermarket shelves. It has only been in the last of soyfoods consumers have children at home, most in the
10 years that any small companies have even attempted east–proportionately more in the west, proportionately more
to developed frozen dessert products. It is difficult to start in pacific, live in areas of greater population density, living
a company in Canada making soy ice creams because the the American dream, mostly home-owners).
market is so small and dispersed. You can’t start a company 3. Soyfoods consumers–Shopping and eating patterns:
in Canada with your initial target market in the USA. Now Frequency of eating types of soyfoods (most eat soyfoods
Canadian supermarkets are trying to establish individual infrequently, soy cheese used more frequently, regular users
identities, and one of the ways they do that is by bringing use soyfoods–especially soymilk–a lot, consumers of one
in specialty products, either as is or under their own brand type use other types more), where consumers buy soyfoods
and label. Both his soy and dairy products are in most of the (groceries/supermarkets stores of choice for tofu, natural
major supermarkets in Canada under their own label–simply foods store shoppers more dedicated soyfoods consumers,
because his company is offering unique products not made meat substitutes purchased in mass-market, other soyfoods
by the big guys, and these products make the supermarket in natural foods stores, soymilk customers split between
more competitive with the boutique. grocery and natural foods, miso popular in Asian stores),
The second reason has to do with Canadian bilingual future purchase plans (more than 6 million consumers plan
labeling laws. If you have a half liter or pint carton or tub, to use soyfoods more, soy hot dog–cheese and frozen dessert
you have very little surface area, so you can’t get overly consumers most enthused about eating more soyfoods), the
descriptive. If you want to make claims (such as “cholesterol soyfood shopper’s diet (seek low-fat/cholesterol/sodium/
free”) then you must do fat analysis, and that has to be sugar foods, health interests vary by types of soy products
presented in both French and English. So you quickly run tried), other red meat alternatives (most list fish and poultry
out of space on the label. So a small company has generic as red meat alternatives, vegetarian foods favored by
nutritional information on the body of the package, with consumers of specific soy products).
flavor-specific information on the lid only. This saves 4. Soyfoods consumers–Attitudes about soyfoods:
printing costs. So the bilingual label restricts a company’s Attributes of soyfoods (a positive opinion of soyfoods’ health
ability to make claims, and it hurts small companies more benefits–consumers approve less of taste and ease-of-use,
than big ones. The smaller the package size, the bigger the soymilk and soy hot dog consumers most likely to agree that
problem. His soy ice creams make a “cholesterol free” claim soyfoods are healthy, few consumers have negative health
and print the fat analysis in two languages. image of soyfoods, soy products users believe in soyfoods’
One new development in Canada (within the last 10 special nutrients, soyfoods easier to use than public thinks,
years) is the public awareness of lactose intolerance; this familiarity breeds affection, users of various soy products see
makes it easier to market non-dairy ice creams. Address: cost savings, those who use specific soy products–especially
Product Manager, Gelato Fresco, 60 Tycos Drive, Toronto, tempeh–cannot find them where they shop, consumers
ONT M6B 1V9, Canada. Phone: 416-785-5415. of various types do not feel soyfoods are a problem for
allergies), importance of organically grown (more than
1546. Soyfoods Association of America. 1995. A consumer one-third of soyfoods consumers seek organically grown,
profile of the soyfoods shopper. San Francisco, California. attitudes about organic stronger among users of specific
100 p. * products).
• Summary: Contents: Executive summary. Overview. 5. Soyfoods consumers–Sources of product information:
1. U.S. population–Awareness of soyfoods: Number of Where consumers first learned of soyfoods (word of mouth
consumers who have heard of soyfoods (most have heard of is primary source, promotion works for packaged products),
tofu, few have heard of tempeh), demographics of soyfood- why consumers first began to eat soyfoods (novelty and
aware consumers (consumers under age 60 more aware of health are the prime motivators, soymilk consumers more
soyfoods, soyfoods-aware consumers are more affluent, concerned about specific health and lifestyle issues–soy
greater number of Easterners but awareness is nationwide, burger consumers seeking low-fat meat substitutes), why
more likely to be married). consumers currently eat soyfoods (consumers less sure why
2. Soyfoods consumers–Demographics: Use of soyfoods they currently eat soyfoods, tofu–soymilk–and soy burger
(about 26 million soyfoods consumers–15 million eat tofu, consumers more likely to have specific reasons), familiarity
consumers who use one kind of soy product more likely to with health connections (consumers unfamiliar with some
use another type), demographics (younger households and of soyfoods’ health benefits–familiar with soyfoods’ link
baby boomers, household incomes skew higher, more than to cholesterol and heart disease, both users and interested
two-thirds are college-educated, employed in white-collar non-users aware of link to cholesterol and heart disease, core

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consumers not well-informed about other health benefits), 11. The soy-based dairy alternatives shopper: Why
sources of information (magazines and newspapers most consumers used soy-based dairy alternatives (for health
common source of health information). reasons), what influences brand choice (taste primarily),
6. U.S. population–Why consumers aren’t eating more why consumers aren’t buying or using more soy-based dairy
soyfoods: Who is interested in eating more types of soyfoods alternatives (cost an unfamiliarity hinder use), demographics
(consumers would like to try new soyfoods), what would get (older and more affluent, educated and professionally
consumers to eat more soyfoods (taste and lack of cooking employed, smaller size households–more singles, live in
suggestions are barriers to use, soy hot dog consumers moderately populated areas, more concentrated in east and
seeking lower prices–soymilk shoppers seeking more west).
outlets–tofu consumers want recipes, rural–southern and 12. Other soyfoods shoppers–Soy flour, tempeh, and
consumers seek lower cost–more affluent seek better taste). miso: Demographics (soy flour consumers older–miso
7. Children and soyfoods: How often children eat consumers most affluent, soy flour, tempeh and miso found
soyfoods (among soyfoods households–two-thirds of kids in educated households, occupation status similar to other
age 2-12 eat these products, households with children age soyfoods shoppers, smaller households and more singles use
2-12 eat more soy burgers–soymilk, children age 13-18 more tempeh, more soy flour users in low-density areas, east and
likely to be infrequent soyfoods consumers, households with west coasts for miso and tempeh).
older children tend to choose same products as soyfoods Methodology. Questionnaire. Continued. Address:
consumers overall), children’s attitudes about soyfoods One Sutter St., Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94104.
(children’s attitudes toward soyfoods are mixed–many Phone: 510-935-9764.
parents cannot speak for their children).
8. The tofu shopper: Ways consumers use tofu most 1547. Soyfoods Association of America. 1995. A consumer
often (tofu use most often in stir-frys), why consumers eat profile of the soyfoods shopper. II. Methodology of
tofu (consumers say they eat tofu because it is healthy), collecting information. San Francisco, California. 100 p. *
what influences brand choice (price–freshness and taste), • Summary: This survey was conducted by Market Facts,
why consumers aren’t eating more tofu (tofu consumers are Inc., a market research firm based in Chicago, Illinois.
looking for new ways to use tofu), demographics (most tofu Project directors for this report were Tim Redmond
users are 30-59–those 60 and over avoid it, higher household (American Soy Products) and Peter Golbitz (Soyatech, Inc.).
incomes, tofu household heads are highly educated and have Fieldwork was done by Sheri Hoffenberg (Market Facts).
executive jobs, household size and marital status similar to Analysis and Report: Sara M. Starr and Peter Starr (Starr
average American, concentrated in more populated areas– Track). Price: SAA members $475. Nonmembers: $975.
East and West coasts). The survey was conducted in two parts. In the first
9. The soymilk shopper: Ways consumers use part a questionnaire was mailed to 20,000 people in the
soymilk most often (most often used as a beverage), why Market Facts database. Of these, 17,715 people mailed back
consumers use soymilk (non-specific health features and responses, and of these 15,168 were completed and usable.
convenience attract soymilk users), what influences brand Three questions related to soyfoods: 1. Have you ever heard
choice (freshness, quality, taste drive soymilk sales), why of: Ten types of soyfoods are listed–Tofu, soymilk, soy
consumers aren’t using more soymilk (cost and availability flour, tempeh, miso soup stock paste, soy burgers, soy hot
hinder use), demographics (younger households use soymilk, dogs, soy bacon or breakfast sausage, soy cheese, and soy
more affluent households, education and occupation, more frozen desserts. The respondent is asked to check those that
multiple-person households, more Westerners and those in he or she has heard of. 2. Which of these ten soyfoods have
mid-size MSAs). you eaten 5 or more times in the past year? The same list is
10. The soy-based meat alternatives shopper: Why repeated and the consumer is asked to check as indicated.
consumers use soy-based meat alternatives (because they 3. “I would eat more soyfoods if... (1) They were more
are healthier), what influences brand choice (taste and accessible where I shop for food, (2) I knew better what to
price), why consumers aren’t buying/using more soy-based do with them, i.e. recipes, (3) I was better informed on the
meat alternatives (cost, unfamiliarity, taste and availability health benefits; (4) I thought they tasted good; (5) They were
hinder use, cost and availability factors are higher among less expensive. Check all that apply.
users of specific products), demographics (soy burger users Part II. From the 15,168 people who mailed back
and interested non-users are younger, household income completed and usable responses to part I, 750 people were
somewhat higher among meat alternatives users, college chosen to participate in a follow-up survey, which consisted
educated and graduates, white collar employees, two person of a 4-page questionnaire containing in-depth questions
households for some products–soy burgers mirror U.S. about consumption of and attitudes toward ten different
population, soy bacon use higher in East–burgers higher in types of soyfoods, purchasing motivations and patterns,
central region, variations by types of products used). and questions about children’s attitudes toward soyfoods.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 565

The sample was divided into 3 groups. A questionnaire was enemy’ through a Washington, DC, press conference.”
mailed to a representative sample of 626 people (anyone “On the April 1995 Freedom to Travel Challenge, Soy
who indicated they had eaten soyfoods at least 5 times in Cubano! shareholders delivered $3,000 to a soy food factory
the past year). An over-quota sample of 67 soymilk users in Pinar del Rio. So your dollars are already at work making
and 57 respondents who indicated that they were soy cheese it possible for Cuban Children in Pinar del Rio to get soy
users. This was done in order to ensure enough completed yogurt and other soy foods...”
questionnaires among people who used soymilk and soy A photo shows “Two Cuban children benefitting from
cheese. To ensure the sample quality, consumers were the soy yogurt drink.” Address: Cuba Food and Medicine
again asked about their use of various kinds of soyfoods. Campaign, c/o Global Exchange, 2017 Mission St., San
Consumers who responded affirmatively to using at least one Francisco, California 94110. Phone: 415-558-8682.
kind of soyfoods were retained in the mail survey sample.
Address: One Sutter St., Suite 300, San Francisco, California 1549. Cunningham, Dusty. 1995. Recent developments at
94104. Phone: 510-935-9764. Pacific ProSoya in Vancouver, Canada (Interview). SoyaScan
Notes. Aug. 23. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
1548. Soy Cubano! Company: Report to the Shareholders Center.
(Global Exchange, San Francisco). 1995. Soy Cubano! • Summary: On Aug. 14 the company made its first
Company signs agreement with the Cuban Institute for Basic successful batch of soymilk. They are presently selling only
Research in Tropical Agriculture. 1(1):1. Summer. bulk soymilk. Since a spray drying operation is located
• Summary: “On July 6, 1995, a representative of the Soy nearby, they would like to offer spray-dried soymilk as well.
Cubano! Company signed a letter of intention with the They are selling bulk soymilk to three different companies in
Cuban Institute for Basic Research in Tropical Agriculture British Columbia which are each developing different non-
(INIFAT) to enter into a joint venture with Cuba’s soy foods dairy products: One is developing soy ice creams, the second
industry. This agreement is the result of months of discussion soy yogurts, and the third soy puddings.
with Cuban ministries and institutes aimed at concretizing She just had a visitor to the plant from a big distributing
how best to invest Soy Cubano! capital to bring the greatest company in France. He was comparing their soymilk
benefit to Cuba’s children. Our initial agreement is designed with French brands. Address: Vice-President Marketing,
to help Cuba become self-sufficient in soybeans for domestic Pacific ProSoya Foods Inc., 312-19262 60th Ave., Surrey
food production. The first step is the production of large (Vancouver), BC V3S 8E5, Canada. Phone: 604-532-8030.
quantities of soybean seed.
‘The agreement stipulates that in August 1995, the 1550. Stevens, Jane Ade; Stevens, Roger. ed. and comp.
Soy Cubano! Company will invest $6,000 in the planting 1995. U.S. soyfoods directory. Lebanon, Indiana: Indiana
of 13.4 hectares to produce 20 tons of soybean seed for the Soybean Development Council. 31 p. 28 cm.
soy food factories in Pinar del Rio and Havana. The seed • Summary: This first edition of the directory contains more
will be harvested, dried, and stored in November 1995, and than 270 company listings. The cover is checkerboard red
in January 1996, Soy Cubano! and the Research Institute and white. Contents: Forward [sic, Foreword]. How to use
will sit down to evaluate the results. In August 1996, and the Soyfoods Directory (incl. Internet access). Soyfood
additional 286 hectares will be planted to produce 400 tons descriptions (alphabetical): Edamame (Sweet beans),
of beans and an additional 20 tons of seed. By December food use soybeans (whole soybeans), organically grown
1996, these beans–approximately 40% of the amount needed soybeans, isolated soy proteins, lecithins, meat analogs (meat
in Havana and Pinar del Rio per annum, will be delivered to alternatives), miso, natto, nondairy (soy) frozen desserts,
their first targeted factories. okara, soy cheese & yogurt, soy flour & grits, soy grits, soy
“An important aspect of our commitment as a company meal & flakes, soynuts, soyoil, soy protein concentrates, soy
is to submit proposals to, and to work with, suitable sauces (tamari, shoyu, teriyaki), soymilk, tempeh, textured
funding/lending agencies to obtain even larger investments soy proteins, tofu & products. Composition and nutrient
towards Cuba’s self-sufficiency in soybeans. Given Cuba’s content of soyfoods (large table, p. 7). Soybean products
commitment to make healthier and tastier soy food products– chart: From whole soybeans, from soybean meal, from soyoil
soy milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheeses, margarine, mayonnaise and lecithin. Soyfood companies by product (products listed
and meat substitutes, we have pledged to get experts in alphabetically).
organic soy food research and production to Cuba, and to Soyfood companies (alphabetical by company name;
procure large quantities of herb and spice seed for use in soy Each listing contains address, contact, phone, soy products,
food recipes.” product names, distribution, to locate product, classification).
“As of mid July, 1995, we have 200 shareholders. Our Soyfood companies by state (alphabetical by state; California
goal is a minimum of 500 shareholders by Thanksgiving, has by far the most). Professional associations and industry
when we will publicly announce that we are ‘trading with the information resources. U.S. soybean facts. Soyfoods

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 566

directory survey.
This directory’s address on
Internet’s World Wide Web is
http://www.in.net/soy. For more
information or suggestions,
call 1-800-275-7679. Address:
Stevens & Associates, 4816 North
Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46205. Phone: 1-800-275-
7679.

1551. Product Name: Tofutti

Teddy Fudge Bears: Low Fat Pops
(Dairy Free, Frozen).
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti
Brands Inc. (Marketer).
Manufacturer’s Address: 50
Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-
272-2400.
Date of Introduction: 1995.
August.
Ingredients: Water, sugar, corn
syrup, maltodextrin, soy protein,
tofu, cocoa processed with alkali,
pure corn oil, guar gum, carob bean
gum, carrageenan, vanilla with
other natural flavors, soy lecithin,
salt.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 12 x 1552. Product Name: Tofutti Cuties (Snack-Size Soy Ice
1.75 fl. oz. bars in paperboard box. Net weight 21 fl. oz. (621 Cream Sandwiches) [Wild Berry].
ml). Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
How Stored: Frozen. Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
New Product–Documentation: Spot in Vegetarian Journal. Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400.
1995. Sept/Oct. Each Teddy Fudge Bar contains 70 calories Date of Introduction: 1995. August.
and one gram of fat without any lactose, animal milk, whey, Ingredients: Filling: Water, high fructose corn sweeteners,
butterfat, caseinates, or dairy derivatives. Sold at natural corn oil, tofu, soy protein, vanilla with fruit purees, soy
food stores. lecithin, guar seed gum, carrageenan, beet juice, carob bean
Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996, May. 1995 Annual Report. p. gum, salt. Wafer: Enriched bleached flour...
1. New products introduced during 1995: Teddy Fudge Pop, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 8 sandwiches. 12 fl oz plus 16
an all-natural, low-fat, dairy-free fudge bar targeted towards wafers.
children. This stick novelty offers consumers the same taste How Stored: Frozen.
as real fudge bars. Each bar contains only 70 calories and 1 New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996,
gm of fat. May. 1995 Annual Report. p. 1-3. New products introduced
One sample box of this product with Label generously during 1995: During the summer the Company added a
sent frozen by David Mintz via FedEx priority overnight. Wildberry Cutie to its mini sandwich novelty line. This Cutie
1996. June 4. 7 by 6.75 by 2½ inches. Paperboard box. has wildberry filling between two chocolate wafers. Half the
Brown, white, and yellow on red. Illustrations: One the front size of a traditional ice cream sandwich, it offers a portion
panel–A teddy bear eating a pop and wearing a red T-shirt controlled treat.
that reads “Tofutti–Eat in good health.” Also 3 large pops. One sample box of this product with Label generously
On the end panel: A family of teddy bears each wearing a sent frozen by David Mintz via FedEx priority overnight.
T-shirt eating a pop. “Living dairy free” logo. “Milk free. No 1996. June 4. 6 by 4 by 2.125 inches. Paperboard carton.
butterfat.” Dark blue, light blue, red, brown and pink on white. “No
milk. No butterfat. Lactose free. Nondairy frozen dessert.”

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 567

we manufactured Nnaise and the

original non-cheesey SoyaCheese for
Marigold Healthfoods of London; the
two products were sold under their
own labels, which they supplied.
“1990–Lyde and Jones purchase
a run-down building in Rothesay,
Isle of Bute, Scotland, with a view to
establishing a small manufacturing
unit. Hard Scheese is spreading slowly
in 8 flavours.
“1991–All products selling well
but still feel that the Scheese range
could be better given more refined
ingredients and machinery. Work
begins on the Scottish property.
“1992–Between December 1991
and March 1992 we move to the
new property, but it is way behind
“The wild one.” schedule and as we have to vacate
the property in Wales we have no products on the market.
1553. Jones, Haydn; Lyde, Nick. 1995. Re: Potted history We approach Plamil Foods (a vegan company in Folkstone,
of Green Dragon Animal Free Foods and Bute Island Foods Kent, England) and they agree to manufacture Nnaise on
Ltd. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Sept. 15. our behalf. We rename the business Bute Island Foods
3 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. (December 1992) and produce new Nnaise labels which
• Summary: “1986-87–Whilst operating a small scale Plamil object to because the word ‘fish’ appears on them.
organically grown market garden in Llanfairfechan on the The factory is only just finished and we are running out of
north coast of Wales, Nick Lyde & Haydn Jones began to money. We start again to produce hard Scheese, but we have
experiment with an egg free mayonnaise style dressing. This lost our place in the market. At the same time we decided to
experimentation was brought about by an earlier decision to no longer give credit to customers under any circumstances
change our diet to exclude all animal products except fish. [buyers must pay cash in advance]. It’s like starting all
Started selling Soyannaise (garlic flavored) in a couple of over again. We sell by mail order to shops and individual
local shops. The company named Green Dragon Animal Free customers only. Also we drop the Scheese spread range in
Foods evolved during 1986-87; its original purpose was to order to more full develop hard Scheese. We offer to sell
make Soyannaise. A red dragon is the national symbol of Plamil the Nnaise recipe, know-how and customer base, but
Wale, and green symbolizes plant foods. the price they offer is very low because we have been off the
“1988–Soyannaise is selling well at a few UK health market for so long. Also in 1992 we purchase a small hotel
food wholesalers. Started experimenting with a non dairy (12 bedroom). The running and renovation of this property is
Soyacheese spread, flavoured with autolysed yeast. Cauldron one of the main reasons we have been unable to take some of
Foods object to the use of the word Soyannaise; apparently our inventions further.
they ‘own’ this name. After taking legal advice, we decided “1993–We complete the sale of the Nnaise recipe
we cannot fight this as Cauldron are owned by a much larger to Plamil. Scheese, now our only product, becomes very
company. We simply drop the word ‘soya’ and rename the popular. We are amazed to find that nearly all previous
product ‘Nnaise.’ This name change probably took place in wholesalers and some new ones respect our ‘no credit’ terms.
late 1988 or early 1989. We are able to purchase our first vertical cutter mixer which
“1989–After meeting a company that can produce real improves the texture of Scheese. We successfully develop a
non-dairy cheese flavours we are galvanised into researching new Cream Scheese to replace the old spread, but we cannot
a real ‘hard’ non-dairy cheese. Encouraging results mean take it any further because we are so busy. We approach
we start to market hard Soyacheese locally. We know it Redwood Foods who import American ‘Tofucheese’ to see
could be much better but have no money to buy expensive if they are interested in buying our product. We meet but no
equipment. We are running out of space but not out of significant developments occur.
ideas. Nnaise is now available in 4 varieties. Soyacheese “1994–Scheese is now the most popular product of its
is renamed “Scheese” spread, available in three flavours– kind in the UK. We purchase a bigger machine and start
Cheddar, Cheshire, and Stilton. From 1989 until Feb. 1992 to employ two persons. Begin experimenting with Island

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 568

Dream (a non-dairy ice cream) but again cannot take it and an egg replacement product.” “Discovering tofu was like
further due to pressure from Scheese production. We are discovering America... It opened a whole new world.” The
now exporting Scheese to Italy, Germany & Sweden, getting firm’s best-seller is Premium Tofutti, available in 7 flavors in
interest from Canada & Australia. pints and 3-gallon containers; it is served hard packed or in
“1995–Begin exporting Scheese to Belgium, getting soft-serve mix. A photo shows David Mintz, age 64, holding
more enquiries from European companies and UK dairy packs of Tofutti Cuties and other Tofutti products.
cheese wholesalers, also one major supermarket chain, most
of whom back off from our non-negotiable terms of business. 1555. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1995. Annual report. P.O.
We are actively looking at machinery that will radically Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 42 p. Sept.
improve our output. Representatives from Canadian and • Summary: Net sales and other operating income for 1995
Australian companies are due to visit. In August 1995 we put (year ended June 30) were $12,671 million, up 11.4% from
our small hotel up for sale so that we can again concentrate 1994. Net earnings for 1995 were $795.9 million, up 64.4%
on the food production aspect of Bute Island Foods. No from 1994. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $5,854
doubt we could have many more customers if we reneged million, up 16% from 1994. Net earnings per common
on our no-credit terms, but we refuse to buy into the debt share: $1.47, up 65.2% from 1994. Number of shareholders:
culture. We have never had any connection with Cauldron 34,385.
Foods. We are now selling 20-30 tonnes of Scheese per year. On the cover is an American flag and a photo of
With the letter and history Haydn encloses 4 color slides President John F. Kennedy with the famous quotation from
of the company’s products, four color photos (3 x 5 inches) his 1961 inaugural address, “Ask not what your country can
of the company’s products, a 5th (quite dark) of the scheese do for you–ask what you can do for your country.” ADM
factory, and 6th of their small Bute House Hotel. Also a contributed $6.5 billion last year to America’s balance of
6-panel brochure titled “Bute House Hotel 1995,” with a map trade.
showing its location. On page 3 are graphs showing rising global consumption
Note 1. Webster’s Dictionary defines the adjective of soybean meal and vegetable oils from 1964 to 2004,
“potted” (Chiefly British) as “briefly and superficially and lysine from 1975 to 2004. For lysine, the equivalent
summarized (a dull, pedestrian, potted history).” of ten more ADMs will be needed in the next 10 years, for
Note 2. On Sept. 15 Haydn sends labels of the following vegetable oil 5 more ADMs, and for soybean meal one more
ten flavors of Scheese, apparently all now being made by ADM.
Bute Island Foods: Gouda Style, Cheshire Style, ‘Blue’ On pages 4-5 is a speech delivered by President
Flavour, Edam Style, Mozzarella Style, Hickory Smoked Eisenhower in 1953 urging the USA to export more food and
Flavour, With Chives, and Cheddar Style. On Sept. 25 he fewer weapons. Ike’s program [Public Law 480 or Food for
sends the following actual Scheese products (refrigerated air Peace] resulted in $50 billion in exports to needy countries
mail): Cheshire Style, Cheddar Style, Mozzarella Style, and from 1954 to 1994.
Edam Style. On each label is stamped: “Best before March “While the whole of ADM’s business can be divided
1996.” Address: Bute Island Foods Ltd., 15 Columshill into families of products and services, virtually all can
Street, Rothesay, Isle of Bute PA20 0HX, Scotland, UK. be summarized in a single thought: value-added.” ADM
Phone: (01700) 505117/502481. makes peanut oil at a mill in Augusta, Georgia. “Soybean
oil: Our Europoort facility in the Netherlands remains the
1554. Bomberger, Paul. 1995. I can’t believe it’s not world’s busiest soybean processor, while in the United
ice cream: 65 percent of Tofutti production done at Kingdom plans are underway to install a new state-of-the-art
Lancaster’s Kemps plant. Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, vegetable oil refinery and packaging plant at Erith [on the
Pennsylvania). Sept. 25. p. 1, 8. Business Monday River Thames about 13 miles east of the center of London].
supplement. Crushing and refining operations are also being modernized
• Summary: This week Tofutti will start producing Tofutti in Hamburg, Germany. These terminals give us access to the
sorbet in six fruit flavors. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, has three most important rivers in Europe–the Rhine, Elbe and
played an important role in the growth of Tofutti nondairy Danube–all the way to the Black Sea” (p. 7).
desserts and will play a pivotal role in the sorbet launch. ADM makes vitamin E from soybean oil distillate. With
One of the first dairies to make Tofutti was Lancaster’s Penn the completion of a new state-of-the art facility in Decatur,
Dairies Inc., Now Kemps Foods Inc. Today Kemps is a U.S. Illinois, ADM has begin to make distilled monoglycerides
distributor and the biggest Tofutti manufacturer, responsible from soybeans (p. 9).
for 65% of the company’s production. “BioProducts: ADM BioProducts traditionally
“The primary ingredient in Tofutti is tofu, a soybean introduces at least one new fermentation product each year:
curd. By mixing tofu, sweeteners and corn oils, Mintz makes in the past year the newcomer was xanthan gum for both
a variety of frozen Tofutti desserts, sour cream, cream cheese food and industrial applications. In 1996 ADM BioProducts

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 569

expects to add ascorbic acid (vitamin C), astaxanthan and additives industry. The investigation is directed towards
biotin to a lineup that includes monosodium glutamate, possible price-fixing with respect to lysine, citric acid and
sorbitol, citric and lactic acids and their salts. ADM’s vitamin high fructose corn syrup. Neither the Company nor any
C will be produced in a brand-new world-class facility in director, officer or employee has been charged in connection
Decatur. Other products planned for the near future include with the investigation.”
penicillin, vitamin B-12 and beta-carotene. Stephen Yu, managing director of ADM Asia Pacific,
“Amino acids for the feed industry remain a major Ltd. is unrelated to the Stephen Yu who was a tofu pioneer
focus of ADM BioProducts. Units to produce threonine and founder of Victor Food Products, Ltd. (of Toronto,
and tryptophan are now in full production. This, along Ontario, once Canada’s largest tofu manufacturer). Address:
with our interest in a methionine plant, makes ADM the Decatur, Illinois.
only company offering all four leading amino acids: lysine,
methionine, tryptophan and threonine” (p. 13). 1556. Product Name: Tofutti Slices (Dairy Free, Frozen)
Isolated soy protein: Construction of increased isolate [Chocolate Coated, or Plain].
capacity has begun at Europoort (Netherlands) and in the Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
USA. “Low nitrite ProFam 781 was successfully introduced Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
into the European infant formula market during the past Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400.
year. The Pacific Rim and former Soviet Union are growing Date of Introduction: 1995. September.
markets for isolates.” Harvest Burgers: “Since the beginning How Stored: Frozen.
of our joint venture with Pillsbury 46 million Harvest New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996,
Burgers have been sold under the Green Giant label... In May. 1995 Annual Report. p. 1, 3. New products introduced
Europe Harvest Burger products are now being carried during 1995: Tofutti Slices are specialty novelties that come
by a German supermarket chain with over 2,300 stores. either chocolate coated or plain.
Another German firm is introducing a line of Harvest Burger
frozen entrees that will eventually be marketed in seven EC 1557. Product Name: Tofutti Sorbets [Chocolate,
countries” (p. 15). Strawberry, Orange Peach Mango, Lemon, Coffee, or
“Other soy-based foods: Work is underway on a soy- Raspberry Tea].
based dry mix that is the nutritional equivalent of milk. Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
This product would be distributed at little expense wherever Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
starvation exists or powdered milk is too expensive. Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400.
The product has a shelf life of over a year, requires no Date of Introduction: 1995. September.
refrigeration and is made by adding water. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pints.
“A similar product is being developed as a milk How Stored: Frozen.
alternative for North America. This flavored cholesterol-free New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996,
product would be carried in the refrigerated dairy section May. 1995 Annual Report. p. 1-3. New products introduced
of supermarkets and would appeal to the lactose-intolerant during 1995: The Company introduced six great-tasting, real
(31% of Americans) and other health-conscious consumers. fruit, fat-free sorbets in the early fall.
A frozen dessert version of this product is also being
developed. In the United Kingdom Haldane Foods offers the 1558. Product Name: Tofutti Cutie Pie (Dairy Free,
soy-based Vege Mince, Vege Bites, Vege Steaks, yogurt and Frozen).
‘pot noodles’” (p. 15). A full-page color photo (p. 14) shows Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer).
rich soymilk being poured onto a bowl of cereal and fruits. Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
“Cogeneration is an efficient low-cost source of energy Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400.
and steam and is the source of power for our seven largest Date of Introduction: 1995. September.
plants in the U.S., the U.K., Ireland, Germany, and the How Stored: Frozen.
Netherlands. Our cogeneration system is decades ahead of New Product–Documentation: See next page. Tofutti
most U.S. technology, and offers substantial savings over Brands Inc. 1996, May. 1995 Annual Report. p. 1-3. New
traditional power sources. The key is ADM’s fluidized bed products introduced during 1995: Combines a rich vanilla
technology which enables the cogeneration plants to run on center with a chocolate coating. Introduced later in the fall.
an unusual mixture of high-sulfur coal, discarded tires and
limestone” (p. 21). 1559. Jenkins, Suzi. 1995. The politics of soyfoods in San
“Note 11–Antitrust investigation and related litigation: Bartolo, Guatemala (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 21.
The Company, along with a number of other domestic Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
and foreign companies, is the subject of a grand jury • Summary: Alimentos San Bartolo now employs 6 people,
investigation into possible related crimes in the food 3 or 4 of whom have worked there for 15 years. The plant

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 570

operates two days a week, Monday and Wednesday. About vehicle.

65-75% of the products are sold to expatriates, and the Plenty USA has no control over the new committee.
remainder are sold to native Guatemalans. The approximate In addition, most of the people living in San Bartolo are
percentage of sales by product are as follows: Tofu 40%, soy jealous of the 6 people who work in the Soy Dairy, so for
ice cream 30%, tempeh 10%, soymilk 10%, soy flour atole a number of years they have been boycotting the Dairy
(10%; pronounced ah-TOL), and whole soybeans 5%. Yet the and its products. Suzi is inevitably associated with the old
soy flour atole probably earns the company more profit than regime, even though she is very close to many people in
any other product. It is made by roasting whole soybeans, the community. She has visited at least once a year, usually
then grinding them, and mixing about 3 parts of this roasted paying her own way, to check in and see how things are
soy flour with 1 part of cornmeal. The product is sold as a going. When she has worked there in recent years, it has
dry mix in a plastic bag, and is served by adding several usually been as a volunteer. This was one cause of the
tablespoons to a cup of hot water, like traditional atole. It divorce process she is now in. She lived in Panajachel, an
is expensive, costing about 2½ times as much as an equal expatriate community about 15 minutes away by car; her
weight of white wheat flour. People are willing to pay the daughter went to school there. She has no plans to go back
price because they have learned that it is an excellent source there as a worker, though she would dearly love to if she
of protein, and it tastes good. It is consumed by both infants could find a way to support herself.
and adults. She sees the next steps for the Dairy as trying to get the
In about 1989 or 1990 the situation at the soy dairy in Guatemalan government to support use of the atole in the
San Bartolo changed dramatically. Plenty Canada came in, village school lunch program, and starting a restaurant in San
took the keys to the building, and installed a new committee Bartolo. She believes this basic concept or model could be
as the “board of directors in charge of the company. Then duplicated and succeed elsewhere in Third World countries.
Plenty Canada pulled out and has never returned. Since She has had offers to go elsewhere in Guatemala, at good
that time the Dairy has received no outside funding. Local pay, to help start soy dairies. Address: 3967 South 900 E.,
politics became a big part of the daily operations of the Apt. 13, Salt Lake City, UT 84124. Phone: 801-268-2717.
business, and there is now an ongoing political struggle.
The leadership did not like the former employees and they 1560. Albertson, Ellen. 1995. Super soy: The newest miracle
continue to discriminate against them. Only one member food. Self. Oct. p. 148-151, 204. [1 ref]
of the workforce is on the committee.” Elena and Agostine • Summary: The subtitle continues: “Okay. One more time.
Xoquic are in pain. For example, Agostine is made to haul Scientists are telling us they’ve found the nutritional Holy
50-100 lb of tofu and ice water on a long route that goes as Grail, a simple food that prevents heart disease and cancer.
far away as Guatemala City, changing buses many times, Do we believe them? Yes!”
while the much younger and stronger new manager sits with “Soy may be so effective that it actually crosses the line
his feet up on the table. The Dairy does not have its own from nutritional to medicinal.”

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 571

This article begins with a summary of the meta-analysis him. Seven months and 7,000 miles later a caravan of 300
by Dr. James Anderson published in the New England people in school buses returned to San Francisco. In 1971 the
Journal of Medicine (3 Aug. 1995). It reported soy in the caravan again hit the road, bound for Tennessee. They rented
diet can significantly lower high cholesterol.” It also notes a tract of land in Lewis County, one of the poorest in the
that: (1) “Genistein, a powerful natural chemical unique to state, and began farming. Others could join if they agreed not
soy,” may stop the growth of cancer cells. (2) The natural to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, eat meat, use weapons,
estrogens in soybeans may “help alleviate postmenopausal or be violent in any way. If they decided to stay, they had to
symptoms.” In Japan, where soy is typically eaten daily, turn over all of their money and property to the community
there is no word for “hot flashes.” bank–except for tools, musical instruments, and clothes.
Photos and definitions of various soyfood products are Now they were part of a community dedicated to living a
given: Tempeh, soy flour, tofu, textured vegetable protein, spiritually meaningful life.
soy milk. A section titled “15 delicious ways to add soy to Several years later a 1,000 acre tract of land became
your diet,” gives serving suggestions for these and other available next door to the land the community was renting.
soyfoods at breakfast, lunch, snack, and dinner. They purchased it for $70/acre and began to build a village
A full-page table on p. 204 rates the best (B) and worst and a soy dairy. For the first 10 years they had no running
(W) of the following, with nutritional information, taste, water and only battery-powered lighting. Now 10,000
texture, and comments: Hot dogs: B–Yves Veggie Cuisine hippies a year came to visit, and some stayed. When 750
Tofu Wieners. W–Soy Boy Right Dogs. Burgers: B–Boca more acres of land adjacent to the original farm came on the
Burger. W–Green Giant Harvest Burger. Sausage: Lightlife market, the community quickly bought it.
Lean Links Italian Sausage. W–Fantastic Foods Nature’s “But the Farm members’ mission was more than just
Sausage. Bacon: B–Yves Veggie Cuisine Canadian Veggie to build a community: They wanted to save the world.
Bacon. W–Lightlife Fakin’ Bacon. Luncheon Meat: B–Yves With its own basic needs for food and shelter barely met,
Veggie Cuisine Deli Slices. W–Lightlife Smart Deli Thin the Farm sent volunteers to help with disaster relief after
Slices–Roast Turkey Style. Plain soy milk: B–Westbrae an Alabama tornado in 1974. This was the beginning of
Natural WestSoy 1% fat. W–Edensoy Extra. Soy cheese: Plenty, the Farm’s charitable relief and development agency.
B–Sharon’s Finest Cheddar Style TofuRella. W–Soymage When an earthquake hit Guatemala in 1976 [Feb. 4], Plenty
Cheddar Style Cheese Alternative. Chili: B–Midland Harvest sent a construction crew to help rebuild the homes of
Chili Fixin’s. W–Fantastic Foods Vegetarian Chili. Pizza: poor Mayans... They also found a strain of soybeans that
Nature’s Hilights Rice Crust Pizza. W–Farm Foods Pizsoy thrived in the local soil, and helped build a soy dairy that
Cheese Style. Frozen Dinners: B–Amy’s Tofu Vegetable still produces tofu, soymilk, and soy ice cream. After the
Lasagna. W–Hain Pure Foods Pepper Steak. Dessert: experience in Guatemala, Plenty made soy technology a
B–Living Lightly Chocolate Almond Non Dairy Frozen regular part of its strategy for assisting people in developing
Dessert. W–White Wave Dairyless Vanilla “Yogurt.” countries. Other relief agencies have followed Plenty’s lead,
discovering that raising soybeans for soyfoods is one of the
1561. Bloyd-Peshkin, Sharon. 1995. A labor of love: A group surest routes out of starvation and into self-sufficiency.”
of vegetarians has spent two dozen years trying to change the In 1978, after a few years of terrible financial losses,
world one acre at a time. Vegetarian Times. Oct. p. 66-73, 75. the Farm decided to keep its agricultural operations small
• Summary: The Farm is a back-to-the land vegetarian scale and organic. By 1980 the population of the Farm had
community located about 75 miles southwest of Nashville, risen to about 1,500 and resources were stretched thin.
Tennessee. They have “spent a quarter century quietly The population of the Farm began to decline. There was a
pursuing what have become major trends of the 1990s... shift from the idealism of the 1970s to the materialism of
In the food business they are on the forefront of healthful the 1980s. The grumbling and discontent escalated, as did
eating. They produce tofu, tempeh, and soymilk;... publish the Farm’s debt of $1.2 million owed to local banks and
vegetarian cookbooks; and run a vegetarian mail-order merchants. In 1983, after much research and soul searching,
business that sells hard-to-find vegetarian foods. They’ve the board decided the Farm should cease being a commune
been instrumental in introducing soyfoods to the United and become a cooperative instead. Members would still own
States, as well as using them to assist people in developing the land in common but they would earn and spend their own
nations.” Their experiment in communal living began in money. “Food and medical care would no longer be free, and
1971, but they began to come together at Stephen Gaskin’s members would pay monthly dues in order to pay off the
Monday Night Class, a course in the Experimental College community’s debt and maintain community property, such
at San Francisco State University, where love, tolerance, and as roads and utilities. All adult members would ratify each
compassion were the main tenets. In 1969 Gaskin went on year’s budget and decide other major issues affecting the
a speaking tour of liberal churches across the country and community.
invited along any members of the class who cared to join “In the wake of this metamorphosis, known as the

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 572

Changeover, more people left; by 1986 only 400 residents Consolidated statements for the year ended June 30.
remained... Many of the people who left were bitter, feeling Net sales: $58,076,000, up almost 400% from $14,963 in
they had put everything into the community and were left 1994. Gross profit: $21,856,000, up more than 420% from
with nothing.” To pay its debts, the Farm sold off some of its $5,151,000 in 1994. Net income (profit): $2,365,000, up
communal assets, including Ice Bean, a nondairy ice cream. from a loss of $502,000 in 1994. Net income per share and
After 3 years, the Farm was debt free, and local businesses common share equivalents: $0.28, up from a loss of $0.19 in
were thriving. 1994. Address: 50 Charles Lindbergh Blvd., Uniondale, New
“The soy dairy, begun in order to feed thousands of York 11553. Phone: 516-237-6200.
hungry hippies, has been revived as the Farm Soy Company
by founding residents Barbara and Tom Elliott, who today 1563. Osho, Sidi M. 1995. Developed soybean technologies
churn out 1,600 pounds of tofu and 10 to 15 gallons of for household small-scale and industrial levels. Paper
soymilk daily with the help of two part-time employees and presented at the Third Bi-Annual SoyAfrica Conference.
cleaning help from four teenagers. The Tempeh Lab, which 32 p. Held 3-5 Oct. 1995 at Johannesburg, South Africa.
pioneered U.S. production of this soyfood in 1974, is now Organized by Aproma.
owned by Cynthia Bates, who provides tempeh culture to • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybean food options
individuals and businesses that make tempeh worldwide. and technology: Use of soybean at house level, soybean
Mushroompeople, owned by Frank Michaels,” grows and beverages and ice cream, soybean based baby foods and
sells shiitake mushrooms. breakfast cereals, weaning / baby food, extrusion cooking
“The community’s Book Publishing Company, which (IITA concept), other advantages of extrusion processing.
pays a staff of seven full-time and four part-time Farm Impact of soybean utilization project. Conclusion.
members, has made these foods and vegetarian cooking Tables: (1) Chemical composition of soy milk from
accessible to the mainstream. The company also publishes seven milk processors: IITA, IAR&T, Jomatex, Tella Food
information on midwifery and the nutritional aspects of a Industries, Mini Opic milk, Samalic Industries, Milk man,
vegetarian diet. The Mail Order Catalog, owned by Cynthia Deagbo Industries. The protein content ranges from 3.01%
and Bob Holzapfel, is a source of vegetarian foods that are (Deagbo) to 4.99% (Milk man). (2) Proximate composition
difficult to obtain outside of major metropolitan areas.” of some baby food manufactured by Nigerian companies.
Today the Farm owns its land outright and has about 185 Those containing soy are Nutrend, Babeena, Golden Morn,
residents, about half of them teenagers–who provide living Mama Joy, and Joy Vita; their average price in 1994 is 87
proof that a vegan diet is healthy for children. Naira. Non-soy (mostly imported) are SMA, Similac, Nan,
and Nan; their average price is 192 Naira–more than twice
1562. Hain Food Group, Inc. 1995. Annual report 1995. as expensive. (3) Yield and quality of soy oil and affected
Uniondale, New York. 17 p. Oct. 28 cm. by processing temperature. (4) Nutrient composition of
• Summary: The Hain Food Group was formed in May 1993 selected soy flours from the extruder and the screw press. (5)
as Kineret Acquisition Corp. In December 1994 the name Physico-chemical characteristics of crude, partially and fully
was changed to The Hain Food Group, Inc. The company’s refined soy oil.
brands include Hain, Hollywood, Kineret, Farm Foods, and (6) Forty nine soybean products that are being processed
Estee. In August 1993, the Company acquired the Pizsoy and marketed by companies in Nigeria (Feb. 1994): In
trademark for use with a soy-based pizza product line. On 19 Lagos: Lisabi Foods Soy custard, Smallette Sogi, Glaxo
Nov. 1993 the Company completed an initial public offering Nigeria “Babeena” baby food, Nestle Foods “Nutrend” baby
from which it received net proceeds of approximately $2.9 food and “Golden Morn” breakfast food, Goodings Health
million. In November 1993, the Company acquired Kineret, Goods “Nutrela” texturized vegetable protein, Niger Dock
a marketer of kosher frozen products. In November, 1993 Soymilk, Al-Bahamas Baba Ogi, Odichie Bakery Soybread,
the Company acquired certain net assets of Barricini Foods, Buckingham Ltd. Mama Joy baby food. In Oyo: Milkman
Inc., relating to frozen natural food products. The Company Soy milk, Deagbo Industries Soyvita (beverages), Tella Food
operates this product line under the Farm Foods name. The Industries Soymilk.
purchase price of $195,000 was paid by issuance of 60,000 (7) Summary of number of markets and retail sale
shares of the Company’s common stock. On 14 April 1994 outlets for soybean (seeds & flour) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Gives
the Company acquired Hain Pure Food Co., Inc. from Pet, figures collected by IAR&T for January each year from
Incorporated for $22.7 million. Hain, which sells natural 1987 (2 markets, 4 retailers, price 1.50 Naira/kg) to 1994 (64
foods, has been in operation since 1926. markets, 1,017 retailers, price 20.00 Naira/kg) to 1994.
Farm Foods is a line of good-for-you, soy-based frozen Abstract: “Protein deficiency is still a major problem in
desserts, pizza, and single-serve items: Pizsoy Pizza (natural Africa particularly among the low income group. Soybean
pizza with soy cheese), Ice Bean Frozen Desserts, and Pizsoy has tremendous potential for alleviating protein energy
Pockets. In 1996 Pizsoy Pizza Bagels will be launched. malnutrition in root crops / cereal based African diets via

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soybean based industries. This paper discusses the soybean Bartolo. (2) Mayan kids sitting on a bench, enjoying the
technologies available for household, small scale, and results of a cooking class. (3) Micaela Coq, a Mayan
industrial level.” woman, leads a soy foods cooking class near Solola. (4)
In African diets, almost 60% of the proteins comes from Mayan women showing a strong enthusiasm for soyfoods.
cereal grains. Soybeans can be used in traditional recipes and (5) Agostine Xoquic cleans soybean grinding stones at
foods in a wide variety of forms including whole soybeans, Alimentos San Bartolo (ASB). These are the same stones
soymilk, tofu, soy splits (split soybeans), soy flour (raw and originally installed in 1980. (6) A Mayan woman making
heat-treated), soy paste (cooked soybeans ground to a paste), tofu at ASB. (6) Marcelino Cortez is the new manager of
soymilk residue (okara), etc. Traditional Nigerian dishes that ASB.
were found to benefit from addition of soy are moinmoin,
akara, kuni, fufu, eba, etc. Soy milk, soy yogurt, and soy 1565. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1995. Why
ice cream have become readily acceptable and available in soy in Guatemala?–The history. 11(3):1, 3. Fall. [1 ref]
Nigerian markets. • Summary: In 1982 Plenty published “Plenty Integrated Soy
“Conclusion: The future of soybean looks bright in Program Guatemala” from which this article is excerpted.
Africa. With increasing demand and the increasing costs Photos show: Suzi Jenkins serving soy ice cream from the
of protein foods, soybean offers one of the best solutions soy dairy in Guatemala in 1980. Suzi Jenkins and Laurie
for improving human nutrition in Africa; particularly the Praskin handing out soy ice cream cones to Mayan kids near
problem of protein energy malnutrition. There is need Solola, Guatemala, in 1980.
for more research and training in the area of soybean
processing and utilization.” Address: Food Technologist 1566. United Soybean Board. 1995. The absolutely
and Coordinator, Soybean Utilization Project, International astounding supermarket soybean search. Chesterfield,
Inst. of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Missouri: USB. 6 panels. 28 cm.
Ibadan, Nigeria. Phone: 234 2 241 2626. • Summary: This colorful, six-panel foldout contains a
panoramic 4½-panel illustration of the inside of a modern
1564. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1995. La supermarket. Each of the aisles and sections are marked.
soya continua, Guatemala, 1995. 11(3):1-2. Fall. Additional signs show the many places that soy appears in
• Summary: “In the summer of 1995, with funding provided the store.
by Food for All, Onaway Trust, and Plenty donors, Suzi The bottom half of the first page states: “Ever since
Jenkins returned to Solola in the highlands of Guatemala to the famous American chemist George Washington Carver
work again with her Mayan friends. The soy dairy she helped began exploring the mysteries of this little legume near the
develop in 1980 looks the same as when she left fifteen years turn of the century, the growth in food and technical uses
ago. Most of the staff are people she and Laurie Praskin for soybeans has been nothing short of astronomical. Today,
trained. Many of the little kids that once lined up eagerly at every aisle of your local supermarket contains soybean
the dairy window for soy ice cream are now parents. This products, and we’re not just talking tofu. Take a look at the
time the program Suzi directed was somewhat different astounding number of products containing soybeans at the
in format, but the purposes were the same–to increase the Super Duper Food Store in Anytown, USA.”
use of soyfoods in Guatemala and to develop a market for A sidebar explains four symbols for marking foods
the products of Alimentos San Bartolo (ASB). To do this, made from whole soybeans (circle) or containing soy oil,
Suzi would focus on three tasks–holding cooking classes soy lecithin, and soy protein or soybean meal. For example
in Mayan cooking classes in Mayan communities around (moving from left to right): Margarine & spreads. Tofu. Tofu
Solola and San Bartolo teaching methods of preparing foods ice cream. Peanut butter (with soy oil). Desserts and Mixes
using tofu and tempeh, holding similar cooking classes at (with soy oil). “Super Soy–Oh Boy” (Soymilk end display,
restaurants which are now, or will be, purchasing products by the case). Cooking oils. Mayonnaise, Salad dressing. New
from ASB, and, finally, creating and publishing a cookbook Chips Asoy! Sauces. A sign reading “Think soy.” Soya Snax.
of recipes from the cooking classes. Assisting the program Soy Joy (in the refrigerated drinks section).
were two volunteers, Steve Karian and Jennifer Relin of One full page, titled “Believe It,” gives a detailed
Tufts University School of Nutrition, and Elena Paula alphabetical listing of 76 categories supermarket items
Xoquic and Micaela Coj of San Bartolo... Thirty five cooking that contain soy, and what type they contain. For example:
classes were held, and two thousand copies of the cookbook “Cosmetics: Soybean oil. Crackers: Soybean oil, soybean
were printed. One immediate result of Suzi’s work has oil shortening. Croutons: Soybean oil. Diet drinks: Soybean
been an increase in sales of soy products at ASB, both to oil, soy lecithin, soy protein isolate.” Also included are:
individuals and stores. ASB now maintains its own store on Soy sauce. Soy nuts. Tofu. Not mentioned: Miso. Soymilk.
the square in Solola.” Meat alternatives. Address: 16305 Swingley Ridge Dr. #110,
Photos show: (1) A soy foods cooking class in San Chesterfield, Missouri 63017.

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earlier, sometime between Sept. 1946 and 30 June 1960, the

1567. Voisin, Jean-Luc. 1995. Dairy like soyfoods in Africa: Cape Verde Islands received 1 shipment of 2,007 lb of Multi-
Evolution & perspectives. Paper presented at the Third Bi- Purpose Food.
Annual SoyAfrica Conference. 5 p. Held 3-5 Oct. 1995 at (6) 1995–Cairo, Egypt (Sesco): This private company, in
Johannesburg, South Africa. Organized by Aproma. a joint venture with Actimonde, is manufacturing soy yogurt.
• Summary: Contents: Foreword. The existing plants. After 3 months of production the break-even point has
Dairylike foods in Africa–The weak points: The soyfood already been reached (50% of normal capacity, i.e. 20,000
itself, and the size of the project. The best “compromise”: cups/day). (7) 1995–Nigeria: A second plant in Suleja (50
The end products, the size of the plant and investment. km from Abuja) was installed for a parastatal company; the
Feasibility of a soy yoghurt plant–an example. Conclusion. soydrinks are expected to be launched this month.
During the last 20 years the author has spent most of The end products: European soyfoods companies are
his time in the study and establishment of more than 30 food now very creative in research & development. During the
processing plants for the private sector throughout Africa last 2-3 years many new products, with better taste and
(mainly for the milk, fruit, and soya industries) from the packaging, have been introduced to European food stores,
smallest (US$100,000 investment) up to the biggest (more including supermarkets. The author estimates that the sales
than US$15 million) on behalf of small European companies of the 7 French, Belgian, and Swiss soyfoods companies
and multinationals. In 1987, while visiting dairy plants in he knows have increased by approximately 30% every year
Nigeria, he noticed that all but one had been forced to stop since 1990! Four groups of products have been the most
operations because of lack of powdered milk–whose price successful in Europe: 1. Soymilk, packaged in aseptic long-
had quadrupled from $0.50/kg to $2.00/kg within a very life cartons and sometimes mixed with flavors or fruit juice.
short time. Today the price is about $3.00/kg. 2. The dessert products–soy yogurt (Soyourt) and ice cream.
At this time he realized that powdered soymilk could be 3. Tofu burger. 4. The dried products–biscuits and energy
used in place of powdered cow’s milk, so he worked with bars. For the African market, consumer taste tests conducted
a French company to design and manufacture a soya milk in 12 countries show that the most acceptable product is
processing machine (named Agrolactor) which made 250 soy yogurt, which is very close to the traditional sour milk
liters/hour of soymilk. They tried to promote this machine consumed by many African people. Dried products (energy
in Africa. The first one used commercially was installed bars) are also well accepted, and they are easily distributed
in Nigeria in 1990; since then they have installed 7 other and stored. Soymilk (whether flavored or plain) is not
plants throughout Africa. The demand for soya processing appreciated and tofu is too sophisticated at present.
is steadily increasing, however during the past 5 years these In Africa, up until now, all of the soyfoods projects
projects have faced many difficulties. known by the author, have been developed on a relatively
The seven existing plants (with the company name in small scale with an investment of less than $1 million.
parentheses) are: (1) 1989–Congo (Agricongo). This was Because this size plant involves too many problems, it is now
the first project to use the Agrolactor. Agricongo used the believed that a plant with an investment of approximately $2
machine for research and development. They sold it this million represents the best compromise between production
year (1995) to a dairy plant in Brazzaville for soy yogurt capacity, the market possibilities, profitability, and
production. (2) 1990–Lagos, Nigeria (Uncle Soyo): A management capability. An example of the cost breakdown
private Indian investor. After 3 extensions and an aggressive for a soy yogurt plant on this scale is given.
marketing policy, this company was selling more than Conclusion: There is no doubt today that dairylike
300,000 units per day of soydrinks (pouches), soy yogurt, soyfoods are becoming one of the most interesting solutions
and ice cream. After very good results and profitability, the to nutritional problems facing the growing populations of
plant has now been moved to India. (3) 1992–Ivory Coast Africa. In order to realize this potential, the food industry
(Cebon): This plant had planned to process pineapple juice must develop technologies and end products suites to
and soy drinks, but in the end only pineapple juice was the purchasing power and tastes of African consumers.
commercially successful. (4) 1993–Burundi (Vispe): This Those products must be followed up by a strong marketing
Italian NGO is still working in Bujumbura, producing soy program. For the success of such medium- and small-
milk and baked goods. (5) 1994–Cape Verde (República scale commercial ventures, it is important that linkages
de Cabo Verde) (Benali): A private company is producing be established between the private investors, NGO’s, and
soydrinks and fruit juices (from imported concentrate); International Organizations. Address: Food Engineer,
today 80% is from fruit. Note: This is the earliest document Managing Director, Actimonde, International Business Park,
seen (Aug. 2009) concerning soybeans in Cape Verde. This Batiment Athena, 74160 Archamps, France. Phone: +33
document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in 50.31 56.40.
Cape Verde (1994) (one of two documents). The source
of these soybeans was France (See Duchatel 1997). Even 1568. Haren, Chuck. 1995. Soyfoods, Soynica, and Nutrem

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Soy Shop in Nicaragua (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 8. woman judge, etc. Soynica is a group of people who were
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Sandinistas during the 1980s; they were trying to maintain
• Summary: The Nutrem Soy Shop started making and good nutrition in the country and were teaching people how
selling small amounts of soyfoods in Managua, Nicaragua, to use soybeans. Some people in the government didn’t like
in about June or July 1994. They are managed by Soynica this since the soybeans had to be imported from the USA,
(Organizacion Soya de Nicaragua), an organization of but when they started getting the soybeans from Mexico
women working to improve the lot of children and women and Brazil, and showed the importance of their work, the
in the barrios of Managua by providing nutrition and health government let them continue. Soynica was formed and
education and by supplementing the nutritional needs of registered in 1988-89 shortly before the election of Violetta
more than 4,000 children and 500-600 pregnant and nursing Chamorro in Feb. 1990. Chuck estimates that Soynica has at
mothers. Nutrem is in the process of introducing fresh least 500 members and volunteers. Their most important is
soyfoods to the marketing sector in Managua. They are also olla communales or communal eating pots. While educating
teaching their people how to make these foods on a very people in the barrios about nutrition and soyfoods, they
small scale. Even when John Gabriel was working to prepare organized local groups into which they selected the most
the shop for opening, his wife Charlotte was teaching women needy children and pregnant and nursing mothers. Six
how to make tempeh. Plenty USA helped them obtain a grant mornings a week Soynica offers these people a nutrition
from the InterAmerican Foundation, to purchase equipment supplementation program in the form of an extra meal from
for the plant and pay for people the first year; Chuck is the communal pot. Some of the soyfoods made at Nutrem
sure this grant money has run out, but they may have had may go into these communal pots. Nicaragua’s economy is in
follow-up grants. There will be a big program there soon pretty bad shape.
with Soynica as the center of it; the Belgians or the Austrians Nutrem was not the first tofu shop in Nicaragua. Before
are going to fund it. It will include extruders (such as the Chuck arrived in Nicaragua in 1990, he thinks there was
InstaPro) to make dry products. Chuck thinks several more a small tofu shop at the Ben Linder house–or perhaps
years will be required before Nutrem can stand on its own; somewhere else. There is another group named Tonali
less time would be required if they were just a food business, (pronounced toe-nah-LEE), a women’s cooperative which
rather than an educational center with a broad program. The Chuck helped in starting to make soyfoods; they have a
women of Soynica have been making and selling soyfood bakery in Managua where in about 1992 they started making
products for a long time, and helping different women in the and selling tofu and soymilk. They also used the okara in
barrios on a micro-business scale. Nutrem is an educational their breads.
center as well as a small producer of foods. For details, write Luci Morren, Soynica, ERP-05,
Nutrem now makes small amounts of the following Managua, Nicaragua. To phone Nicaragua, where the time
soy products: Tofu, tempeh, soymilk, soy ice cream, and is 2 hours later than California: 011 +505-2-73360. Address:
okara croquettes (a mixture of okara, tofu, flour, herbs, and 3625 South 1st St. #110, Austin, Texas 78704. Phone: 512-
spices). John does not know how many people are employed 912-1429.
by Nutrem; it is owned, managed and operated by women,
though they may have some technical help from men. 1569. Product Name: Sweet Nothings (Fat Free Non-
Nutrem’s soy products are sold at about 7 different very Dairy Bars) [Fudge, Mocha Mania, Passion Island, Mango
small health food stores in Managua; some of these shops Raspberry].
focus on herbs and one is macrobiotic. The products are Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
consumed almost entirely by Nicaraguans, not by foreigners. Distributor).
Nutrem has started to sell a little tofu to hospitals. Some of Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
the Soynica women take home soy products made at the shop 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
and sell them in their neighborhoods. Some of these women Date of Introduction: 1995.
have micro-businesses in their homes. They will make Ingredients: Fudge: Water, mixed fruit concentrate
soyfoods at home with several neighbors in the morning, (pineapple syrup, pear and peach concentrates), brown rice
then sell these fresh in the neighborhood. syrup (partially milled), pea starch, defatted cocoa (processed
Luci Morren, a former Belgian nun, has long been with alkali), carob bean gum, guar seed gum, natural flavor.
a spearhead for the program. Plenty met her in Chiapas, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 2.5 fl oz. bars. 24 bars per case.
Mexico, when the Guatemalans fled in the early 1980s. She How Stored: Frozen.
has been in Nicaragua since about 1981. Casta, Chuck’s New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (glossy color, front
wife, was the administrator of Soynica; Luci is now the and back, 8½ by 11 inches), sent by Patricia Smith from
vice president; she was the president. Soynica has a paid Natural Products Expo. 1995. “Introducing fat free non-
staff of about 25 women and a board of directors, which dairy bars.” “Only 100 calories per bar. Cholesterol free.
includes people from the Nicaragua National University, a All natural. Lactose free. The tastiest guilt free dessert ever!

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(TM).” for Pesach products. Information booklets. Products to be

Note: These bars contain no soy or rice. cautious of for Pesach use. Oils. Eggs. Egg substitutes.
Health foods. Israeli foods. Restaurants. Food additives.
1570. Product Name: Sweet Nothings (Fat Free Non- Additives functions in food ingredients. Flavoring. Food
Dairy Pints) [Type 1: Black Leopard, Chocolate, Chocolate flavor. General food products list. Products that do not
Mandarin. Type 2: Tiger Stripes, Vanilla, Espresso Fudge, require certification. Bakeries. Beverages. Candies. Cheese.
Type 3: Very Very Blueberry, Raspberry Swirl, Mango Chewing gum. Dairy products. Fish. Multilingual guide
Raspberry, Passion Island, Pina Colada]. to common names of kosher saltwater fishes. Illustrations
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- of some popular kosher fish. Ice cream. Margarine.
Distributor). Marshmallows & gelatin. Snacks. Vitamins. Wines &
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR liquors. Insects in your food. Do you know what you are
97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778. eating? Vegetable inspection. Methods for inspecting
Date of Introduction: 1995. vegetables.”
Ingredients: Black Leopard: Water, mixed fruit concentrate The Preface states: “Prior to the food revolution of
(pineapple syrup, pear and peach concentrates), brown over 50 years ago, most food was grown or processed by
rice syrup (partially milled), pea starch, coffee, defatted the person or family who would be eating it... What you
cocoa (processed with alkali), guar gum, natural flavor, saw is what you got. Today, this has changed greatly with
carrageenan. technology. It is perfectly feasible for a strictly kosher
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint. consumer to eat a ‘cheeseburger with milkshake’ without
How Stored: Frozen. doing anything wrong. The milk could be from soybeans
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet (2 (pareve) the cheese could be from soybeans (pareve), the ice
panels each side. Each panel 14 x 11 cm. Front and back, cream for the milkshake could be from soybeans (pareve),
glossy color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products and as a matter of fact, even the bread could be made from
Expo. 1995. “The tastiest guilt free dessert ever! Sweet soybean.”
nothings.” “Cholesterol free. All natural. Lactose free. Fat Page 9 states: “As a matter of fact, it has been estimated
free. Fruit sweetened.” Leaflet #2 sent by Patricia Smith from that approximately one third of all shelf products in our
Natural Products Expo. 1995. “The tastiest guilt free dessert supermarkets are certified kosher. This makes the kosher
ever.” Shows pint cartons of fat-free Sweet Nothings in six industry in the U.S. a 30 billion dollars a year business.
flavors on scale that reads zero. On the rear are nutrition Although only a relatively small amount of this is dedicated
facts and ingredients. Each of the 3 flavor types contains 10 strictly toward the kosher consumer (about $2 billion), the
mg sodium per ½-cup serving. Type 1 flavors contain 110 interest in kosher food is rapidly growing. Some adhere
calories and 1 gm of protein. Type 2 flavors contain 130 to kosher laws from conviction, such as Seventh-day
calories and 1 gm of protein. Type 3 flavors contain 120 Adventists, Muslims, and vegetarians.”
calories and no protein. “In the U.S. alone, there appear to be at least 5 million
Leaflet (Front and back, 8½ x 11 inches, glossy color) people who buy products based on their being kosher.” 9.”
sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo East. Soybeans appear in the index only once (p. 155);
2003. Oct. “Nothing’s better: Fat free non-dairy frozen this states that soybeans themselves do not require kosher
dessert. New packaging. New flavors.” certification. Soy is not permitted during Passover. Address:
Rabbi, North Hollywood, California.
1571. Eidlitz, Eliezer. 1995. Is it kosher? Encyclopedia of
kosher foods, facts, and fallacies. New York and Jerusalem: 1572. Sass, Lorna J. 1995. Lorna Sass’ complete vegetarian
Feldheim Publishers. 234 p. Index. 23 cm. kitchen: Where good flavors and good health meet. New
• Summary: An excellent, comprehensive work. Contents: York, NY: Hearst Books. xiv + 492 p. Index. 26 cm. [35+*
Preface. Introduction. Kashrus contract. Reliable kosher ref]
symbols. Sample of kashrus certificate. History of kosher • Summary: First published in 1992 as An Ecological
supervision. Kosher information agencies. Federal & State Kitchen: Healthy Meals for You and the Planet (William
kosher slaughter laws. Kosher laws from California State Morrow–which see). This innovative vegan cookbook offers
Penal Code. Kosher laws from New York State Penal Code. 250 cholesterol-free recipes. It features a complete glossary
Shechita. Laws of Shechita. Treifos. Traibering (Nikur- of wholesome ingredients for stocking the vegan pantry (no
deveining). Kashering meat–soaking & salting. Kashering meat, dairy, or eggs). Address: New York City.
liver. Glatt kosher. Illustrations of kosher animals. The
kosher butcher shop. Halachic sources of kashrus. Sources 1573. Product Name: [Soymilk Ice Creams (Bars on a
of forbidden foods. Some general laws of Kashrus. Passover Stick) (Vanilla, Vanilla & Chocolate Chip, Chocolate Coated
(Pesach). The Seder. Kitniyos & Matza Ashira. Kosher Vanilla)].

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Foreign Name: I Gelati (Crema Bianca, Crema Bianca– Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Cacao con Pezzetti di Cioccolato, 3 Gelati Crema Bianca Center.
Ricoperti al Cioccolato). • Summary: Overview: Since 1995 Cuba has become
Manufacturer’s Name: Valsoia S.p.A. the rising star among developing countries in the use of
Manufacturer’s Address: Via Iacopo Barozzi 4, 40126 soyfoods–and especially dairylike products. Cuba is the
Bologna, Italy. Phone: +39 051-659-9900. first Third World country to realize the potential of dairylike
Date of Introduction: 1995. January. soy products to enhance the nutrition of the population
Ingredients: Vanilla ice cream: Soyamilk (71%), sugar, while dramatically reducing costs and imports of feeds
glucose syrup, coconut oil, emulsifiers, stabilizers. Vanilla required by dairy animals. In the last 2 years, the Cubans
Bars on a Stick Coated with Fruits of the Forest: Soya extract have constructed about 34 “soy dairies” inside of inactive
(minimum 35%), sugar, glucose syrup, strawberry juice or partially inactive cow dairies. In 1995 they made 34
(min. 15%), coconut oil, emulsifier (mono- and diglycerides million liters of soy yogurt and soy yogurt drink, which
of fatty acids), stabilizers (carob bean gum, sodium alginate, they distribute free of charge to children ages 7-14. They
carrageenan, guar seed flour), thickening agent (pectin), are now also making delicious non-dairy soy ice cream and
flavorings. spreadable soy cream cheese. In addition, almost all of the
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 bars on a stick (200 gm) in a regular ice cream made in Cuba now contains 50% soymilk.
paperboard box. This remarkable story was told during two long sessions,
How Stored: Frozen. mainly by Alvaro, with Alberto adding many key points,
in Alvaro’s office. Alvaro is director
and Alberto is vice-director of Cuba’s
Food Industry Research Institute (FIRI;
In Spanish: Instituto de Investigaciones
para la Industria Alimenticia–IIIA) near
Havana. Catherine Murphy translated
the first session and Dr. Gilberto Fleites
translated the second. Shurtleff took notes
and asked quite a few questions, but this
was more the telling of a story than an
interview. The meeting was arranged
by Pam Montanaro, director of the Soy
Cubano! program at Global Exchange,
San Francisco. She has met with Alvaro
and Alberto many times before and Soy
Cubano! has helped significantly to further
development of soybeans and soyfoods
in Cuba. Soy Cubano! has given Alvaro
and Alberto several of Shurtleff’s books,
helped them to exchange correspondence,
and arranged for Shurtleff’s present trip
to Cuba. The atmosphere is relaxed and
friendly.
Alvaro begins: “We would
like to tell you the complete story, in
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Dr. Piero depth, of the development of soyfoods in Cuba from 1984
Bontempi and Laura of Valsoia. 1995. June 6. These to the present. You are the first person to whom we have
products were introduced in late 1994. Color leaflet and ever told the story in this much detail. Please fell free to
product specifications showing labels. 1995. “Valsoia–Bonta’ ask questions.” Shurtleff explains that he is not interested
e Salute. Il gelato 100% vegetale. A base di Soyamilk. Crema in commercial secrets. Alvaro laughs and says “Don’t
bianca. No al colesterolo.” The leaflet describes the product worry. We’ll let you know if you ask about anything that is
as “Le squisite specialità a base di Soyamilk.” Free of confidential.” Cuba hopes to export some of the proprietary
lactose. Label (paperboard box) sent by Valsoia. 1995. technology and processes they have developed.
This phase of Cuba’s work with soyfoods began in
1574. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent early 1984, when Fidel Castro obtained a Mechanical Cow
history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part I (Interview). SoyaScan from Brazil. Note: This relatively small-scale soymilk

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production machine was developed in Sao Paulo, Brazil, In response to the Special Period, FIRI began to work
by Dr. Roberto H. Moretti (of Vanguarda Mecanica and first on the meat supply, by extending ground meat with
the Dep. of Food Technology, FEA/UNICAMP) starting in textured extruded soy flour–which was 10 to 15 times
1976 and it was patented in 1979. By Nov. 1980, according less expensive than meat on a protein basis. Initially Cuba
to Dr. Moretti, 80-90 Mechanical Cows were in operation imported textured soy flour from Mexico. Two extended
in Brazil. Fidel has long been interested in and concerned meat products were developed: Extended ground beef
about food, nutrition, and malnutrition worldwide, and was sold in the neighborhood meat/butcher ration shops
especially in developing countries. It was for this reason that (carnicerias), and extended meat patties were sold at places
he obtained a Mechanical Cow–which cost about $40,000. called Saz (a chain of popular cafeterias) on the free market.
After 48 hours without sleeping, Alvaro and his collaborators One traditional meat product that Cubans love is
finished installing the Cow at the Food Industry Research picadillo, which consists of ground meat, garlic, onion, and
Institute (FIRI). They began using it with much enthusiasm. lemon, and which is sold at the meat ration shops. Instead
One month later when the Brazilians arrived, they were to of pure meat, FIRI now used a mixture of 70% textured soy
surprised to see it in operation, making soymilk and various flour and 30% ground meat. The seasonings in this picadillo
products. Ten copies of the Cow were soon made at Cuba’s extendido largely masked the soy flavor, but the reaction of
Ministry of Mechanization. But despite much research the Cuban people was not very good. Of course, they had
and attempts to flavor the soymilk with various fruits, it no idea of what was in the new mystery product, and how
continued to have a strong beany flavor. Soymilk from the much of it. They were used to pure meat, yet the nation was
Cow was first sold in 1984 at 15 outlets in Havana at non- paralyzed, so this was no longer an option. Even though food
rationed dairy products stores in the “parallel market.” It was in short supply, there was a large excess of money, so it
was not well accepted by the Cuban people, who ended up was not an economic issue–the extended meat had to be sold
feeding it to their pets. The product was withdrawn after only at the meat ration shops if everyone was to get a fair
1 to 2 years, but scientists at FIRI began a new project to share.
study soyfoods and flavor problems in greater depth. By the The second extended meat product developed by FIRI,
beginning of the 1980s partially defatted soy flour (expressed the patties, were sold like a hamburger, between buns, with
under pressure, but not texturized) was being used in Cuba as catsup and mustard. The Ministry of Food Industry of Cuba
an extender in ground meat at levels of 2% to 5%. (MINAL) got a patty-forming machine named Koppens from
In 1990 a series of disasters struck Cuba. Shortly after the Netherlands, and the patty-making operation was very
the dissolution of the Socialist/Soviet Bloc (Warsaw Pact successful. MINAL then bought 15 more patty machines,
alliance) in late 1989 and early 1990, Cuba suddenly lost at one for each province, and by 1990 Cuba was making
least 75% of its trade, which had focused on sugar bought 200,000 meat-soy patties a day. Continued. Address: 1. Ing.,
by the Soviet Union through long-term agreements at prices Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. (Instituto
well above the world market price of that moment. Food de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera
production dropped due to a severe shortages of fertilizers, Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone:
agrichemicals, gasoline, and imported feed for animals. 21-6986 or 21-6742.
What Cuba now calls the Special Period was phased in.
The situation grew even worse in October 1992 when the 1575. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent
United States passed the Torricelli Act (also known as history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part IV (Interview). SoyaScan
the “Cuban Democracy Act”) The United States had had Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
an embargo on trade with Cuba since 1960, but the new Center.
Act became essentially a blockade (a true blockade is a • Summary: Again and again during 1994 the Food Industry
military operation), in which the U.S. very effectively Research Institute (FIRI) team went to dairy processing
pressured foreign nations and companies not to trade with plants in Cuba. It was a marathon effort. By the end of
Cuba–in violation of the United Nations charter, the charter 1994 a remarkable 14 new soy dairies making soy yogurt
of the Organization of American States, and virtually all had been installed in the wings of existing dairy plants
international law. The Torricelli Act made the economic throughout Cuba. This mammoth effort was possible through
embargo on Cuba more severe than it had previously been. the cooperation of the Ministry of Food Industry (MINAL)
It curtailed Cuba’s ability to trade with subsidiaries of and local enterprises and governments. The NT equipment
U.S.companies abroad, 90% of which was trade in food and was built mostly by the Enterprise in Charge of Equipment
medicine. Thus, it effectively prevented food and medicine Building and Installation. Most of the plants had a capacity
from being shipped to Cuba. The only exception was of either 2,000 or 4,000 liters/hour; the smallest was 1,200
humanitarian aid. The Torricelli Act also made it illegal for liters/hour. During 1994 the 14 plants churned out a total of
Cubans living in the USA to send dollars back to relatives 11 million liters of soy yogurt–4 million liters from the one
and friends in Cuba. plant in Havana using the two large Alfa-Laval centrifuges,

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and 7 million liters from the 13 other plants using the new imported roughly 300,000 tonnes of soybeans (as whole
technology. By late 1994 about 400,000 kids ages 7-13 living beans or soybean meal) for animal feed. The food-grade
in the provincial capitals nationwide were receiving 1 liter of soybeans come mostly from Canada and Brazil. Canada’s
soy yogurt a week. Alvaro and his coworkers at FIRI were so white-hilum soybeans are considered the best for soy yogurt.
convinced of the superiority of their technology that in Nov. For 45 days during 1995 no soybeans were imported into
1994 they eliminated the Alfa-Laval plant, replacing it the Cuba due to the lack of hard currency (U.S. dollars). The
next month with two new NT production lines. Soy Cubano! program of Global Exchange in San Francisco
During 1995 eight more plants were installed, bringing is working to help Cuba become more self-sufficient in
the total to 22. These plants produced 33 million liters of soy soybeans. For Cuba to become self-sufficient at 1989 levels
yogurt (containing 3.0 to 3.2% protein), which reached about of consumption for the 11 million inhabitants, the country
500,000 kids. Though there are presently about 1,200,000 would have to grow about 500,000 tonnes of soybeans.
kids in Cuba, most of those not living in the capitals have The development of new soyfoods products does not
access to milk from the nearby cows. Alvaro showed us stop here. The FIRI team has two big projects on tap for
a chart listing the location of each plant, the date it began 1996. The first is to expand commercial production of
operation, and its capacity. As of mid-January 1996 four new spreadable soy cream cheese, which will be made at existing
plants are under construction, and 5 more are on the drawing dairy plants in 10 provinces throughout Cuba (Santiago de
boards, ready to go. One of the plants under construction in Cuba, Holguín, Bayamo, Las Tunas, Camagüey, Ciego de
Havana will make only spreadable soy cream cheese (queso Avila, Sancti Spiritus, Villa Clara, Matanzas, and Pinar del
crema), a new product developed at FIRI. Rio) and to finish the spreadable soy cream cheese factory
Three basic types of yogurt were made in Cuba’s many in Havana with 10 tonnes/day capacity. At each plant they
soy dairies: 50% of the total was set soy yogurt sold in bulk hope to make 500 to 1,000 kg/day, and a total of 5,000
containers, which reduced packaging costs. Local people tonnes in 1996; this will require an additional 10 million
would bring their own containers in which to take home their liters of soymilk. The second project is to make two types
portion of the yogurt. Another 25% was set soy yogurt in one of powdered soymilk. Type 1, which is spray dried, contains
liter glass jars–which were, of course, recycled after use. The 85% soymilk and 15% dairy milk, plus cocoa, sugar, salt,
last 25% was stirred soy yogurt, sold in one liter plastic bags and vitamin A. Type 2, which is roller dried, resembles a
as a drink having the consistency of a milk shake. traditional Nestlé product called Harina Lacteada. The
The plan for 1996 is to produce 76 million liters of soy ingredients are similar to type 1 except that rice is substituted
yogurt–more than double the total for 1995! for cocoa. Cuban researchers are very interested in learning
In September 1994, soymilk started to be used (together more about Japanese amazaké (a traditional non-alcoholic
with dairy milk) in Cuban ice cream, made at the dairy plant fermented rice beverage made from koji), about the various
at Pinar del Rio. In 1995 some 12 million liters of soymilk new enzyme-hydrolyzed rice beverages made in America,
were used in Cuba’s ice cream, accounting for 50% of the and about ways to mix soymilk with ricemilk. Cuba plans
total milk used–the other half being cow’s milk. However to make a total of 2,000 tonnes of powdered soymilk in
no soymilk is used in the most famous Cuban brand of 1996. They are also working on development of spreadable
ice cream, Copelia. This is made with only fresh milk and soybean pâtés with different flavors, among them ham, and
cream, using a traditional dairy formula and technology. chorizo (a paprika spiced Spanish-style pork sausage).
In January 1995 a cultured/fermented spreadable soy To summarize: In 1995 Cuba used 7,000 tonnes of
cream cheese was first made commercially in Cuba at the soybeans to make 47 million liters of soymilk; 1 kg of
dairy plant in the province of Villa Clara. Resembling Cuba’s soybeans yields about 7 kg of soymilk. Of this soymilk, 33
traditional queso crema but containing no animal products, it million liters were used for soy yogurt, 12 million liters for
is used as a spread on bread or crackers, in salad dressings, soy ice cream, and 2 million liters for spreadable soy cream
served as a dessert topped with marmalade or jam, or mixed cheese. In 1996 Cuba plans to use 76 million liters for soy
with canned meat to make a pâté. yogurt, 14 million liters for soy ice cream, and 10 million
Soybeans were first cultivated in Cuba in 1904, and liters for spreadable soy cream cheese. Total: 100 million
the climate and soil have always been good for growing liters, or roughly twice as much. Continued. Address: 1. Ing.,
them. Yet although Cuban scientists have done extensive Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. (Instituto
research on soybean production over the last few decades de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera
and developed new soybean varieties that yield well under Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone:
Cuban conditions, almost no soybeans are grown in Cuba 21-6986 or 21-6742.
today, in part because of the historical emphasis on sugar.
Therefore Cuba has to import all of the 10,000 tonnes per 1576. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Ortega, Alberto. 1996. Recent
year of soybeans used to make soymilk and soy yogurt, history of soyfoods in Cuba. Part V (Interview). SoyaScan
using precious foreign exchange. In the past, Cuba has also Notes. Jan. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods

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Center. from plants (specifically soybeans and cereal grains) than to

• Summary: See next 2 pages. At this point we were invited feed those plants to animals and then eat the animals. Since
for lunch at a nice hotel on the Food Industry Research the 1960s experts in the field of Third World development
Institute (FIRI) compound. There we were served various and food resources have stated repeatedly that soybeans are
flavors of three dairylike soy products developed at FIRI. the protein source of the future. Not only are they the world’s
Our group of two Cubans and three Americans was invited lowest cost source of high-quality protein, but they are now
to taste each product and offer our comments. (1) A set soy known to contain a host of beneficial phytochemicals, not
yogurt in cups in six flavors: Caramel, coconut, banana, found in any animal products, that appear to protect humans
orange, vanilla, and strawberry. Caramel, the most widely from cancer, heart disease, osteoporosis, and many of the
distributed flavor in Cuba, comes, of course, from Cuba’s unpleasant symptoms of menopause. Yet it took a major
abundant sugar supply. The soy yogurt’s acidity is 0.4 to 0.5 crisis to prompt Cuba to make the switch. (2) Cuba switched
(half that of cow’s milk), and it contains 3.2% protein and from dairy products to dairylike soy products largely for
1.6% fat. By comparison, dairy yogurt contains 3.0% protein economic reasons and to make the country’s food economy
and 3.4% fat when made from whole milk, or 3.4% protein more efficient. The fact that Cuba has a centrally controlled
and 1.7% fat when made from low-fat milk. This set soy economy probably facilitated the swift change. Yet with
yogurt is now sold in all provincial capitals in Cuba. rapidly growing populations and declining incomes, many
The soy yogurt plant at Santiago de Cuba had an original Third World countries may soon find it necessary or wise
capacity of 2,000 liters/hour. The plant was briefly shut down to follow Cuba’s lead. Cuba has also become the world
to double its capacity to 4,000 liters/hour. During this period, leader among Third World countries in sustainable, organic
children in Santiago de Cuba were supplied with dairy agriculture. Introducing a good food to a country under
yogurt and this caused them to complain, as they objected to hardship conditions can pose a threat to that food’s future.
the more acid flavor. Will the people associate it so strongly with memories of
(2) Soymilk ice cream (caramel flavored). The the hard times that they want to get rid of it when good
ingredients are soymilk, sugar, soy oil, caramel (for flavor), times arrive? (3) Cuba made the transition to dairylike soy
and a stabilizer. (3) Soy Cream Cheese. This is like the products without constructing any new buildings, and with a
traditional Cuban queso crema, with much the texture of relatively modest investment in locally designed, appropriate
American Philadelphia cream cheese. Spread on crackers, technology that actually revitalized flagging dairy processing
it is delicious. Our group of five tasters gave each of these plants. (4) By approaching the challenge with “beginner’s
three products excellent marks for flavor, texture, and color. mind” and plenty of creativity, Cuba was able to develop
Shurtleff (who has the most experience with soyfoods of exciting new soy products especially suited to Cuban tastes
the five) noted that this is the best soy yogurt he has tasted and unknown in other countries. (5) Cuba’s new soyfoods
anywhere, one of the best soy ice creams, and the first technology and processes offer the possibility of a new
fermented soy cream cheese. Also served at this tasting category of exports, which could earn badly-needed foreign
was queso blanco, which resembled the traditional non- exchange and, perhaps more important, offer new hope in the
fermented white cheese but made from whole buffalo’s milk. fight against malnutrition and hunger throughout the Third
No soymilk was added. It was served in slices about ½ inch World.
thick and 4 inches square, to be enjoyed on toast or crackers. Wm. Shurtleff was given (1) A list of soymilk plants
This delicious product might also be made some day from (converted dairies) in Cuba, with the name and location of
soy. the plant, the capacity in liters per hour (mostly 2,000 or
Alvaro says in summary that his team of researchers is 4,000), the date each plant started making soymilk (from
proud of three major achievements: (1) Making soymilk with April 1994 to May 1995) and any observation (such as
no beany flavor; (2) Producing it at relatively low cost on “Under construction”).
equipment designed and constructed in Cuba using middle- (2) A graph of commercial production of soymilk (all
level technology; and (3) Making soymilk with a high kinds) from 1978 to 1985 in Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong,
protein yield (The figure for protein yield is a top secret). Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. Address: 1. Ing.,
What are the big lessons to be learned from Cuba’s Director; 2. Vicedirector. Both: Food Research Inst. (Instituto
bold and very successful experiments with soyfoods? (1) de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia), Carretera
Cuba is the world’s first country (outside of the traditional Guatao Km 3½, La Lis 19200, Havana City, Cuba. Phone:
soy countries in East Asia) to fully grasp and realize the 21-6986 or 21-6742.
potential of soyfoods, and specifically dairylike soy products.
Countries with high population densities in East Asia (such 1577. Erlich, Reese. 1996. Cuba’s upturn: Sweet but partial.
as China, Indonesia, and Japan) have known for centuries Christian Science Monitor. Jan. 24.
that it makes much more sense in terms of economics, land • Summary: After six years of crisis, the Cuban economy
use, the environment, and good health to get protein directly has bottomed out (1993) and started to recover in 1995. Yet

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the country still faces major shortages of food and basic contained no added fat. Only 8% of the calories came from
consumer goods. Electrical blackouts occur several times fat and taste tests showed that these products tasted better
a week in Havana. Cuba’s gross domestic product (GDP) than Ice Bean. Within one year Ice Bean was dead; it died
dropped 34.3% from 1989 to 1993. Sugar remains the before Farm Foods was purchased by Hain. Now the 3 best-
country’s largest source of foreign exchange. selling non-dairy ice creams in NHF stores are Rice Dream,
“In 1989, with the Soviet empire’s collapse, Cuba lost Tofutti, and Living Rightly. Address: 211 S. Poinsettia Place,
a major source of subsidies and the source of 85% of its Unit 3, Los Angeles, California 90036. Phone: 213-469-
foreign trade. The ongoing U.S. economic embargo forces 2255.
the island to purchase goods at higher prices from other
nations...” 1579. Behling, Ann. 1996. New technology makes soy foods
A sidebar, titled “Let them eat soy–If they want to,” is tastier: Canadian firm makes concentrate for ice cream, milk,
about Frank Daller, president of Daller & Co. of Ottawa, and yogurt. Soybean Digest. Mid-Feb. p. 56.
Canada. His mission is to promote the production of • Summary: About Pacific ProSoya Foods and Jersey Farm
soybeans, and an appetite for soy products as an inexpensive Soya Yogurt. Photos show: A label for Jersey Farm Soya
source of protein. He recently signed a letter of intent with Yogurt. The soymilk equipment inside Pacific ProSoya’s
Cuba’s Ministry of Agriculture to grow soybeans, sell plant at Surrey, British Columbia.
harvesting and processing equipment, and eventually develop
soy products for the Cuban market. He hopes to introduce 1580. Hagler, Louise. 1996. Soyfoods cookery: Your road to
soy-based ice cream, drinks, and cooking oil. better health. Summertown, Tennessee: The Book Publishing
Note: This is the earliest document seen (July 2013) Co. 160 p. Illust. Index. 21 cm. Introduction by Mark and
concerning Daller & Co., which was a predecessor of Virginia Messina.
Malnutrition Matters, founded by Frank Daller in Ottawa, • Summary: Contents: Foreword, by Louise Hagler.
Ontario, Canada. Introduction, by Mark Messina and Virginia Messina:
Since the 1989 collapse of the Communist east bloc Introduction, soybeans–a powerhouse of nutrition, soy and
and the advent of the “special period,” Cuba has been cancer (soybeans–a phytochemical factory, genistein and
emphasizing soy. But soybean imports are costing Cuba non-hormone cancers, soy and cancer treatment, isoflavones
about $50 million a year in scarce foreign exchange. in the diet), soyfoods and heart disease–beyond cholesterol,
“Cubans identify soy products with the hardships of the soyfoods and bone health, soyfoods and kidney disease,
special period. ‘Most people think the meat [extended] with menopause, perspective on soyfoods, about the Messinas.
soy tastes awful,’ says housewife Hilda Cercero. ‘Once times Basic soyfoods (glossary): Whole soybeans, fresh green
get better, I don’t think people will eat it,’ she says.” soybeans, soymilk, okara (soy pulp), soymilk powder, soy
protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, tofu, freeze-dried
1578. Brawerman, Mark. 1996. Changes in the frozen food tofu, tempeh, textured vegetable protein, miso, soy flour or
case in natural food stores. The fall of Ice Bean (Interview). grits, yuba or bean curd stick or sheet, natto, soy sauce, soy
SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 8. Conducted by William Shurtleff of oil, soy lecithin, convenience soyfoods (frozen soyburgers,
Soyfoods Center. frozen tamales and burritos, frozen soy hot dogs or wieners,
• Summary: A major change in the frozen food section of frozen fat-free soy ground meat replacement, frozen soy
natural- and health food (NHF) stores took place about 3-4 pizza, tempeh burgers, frozen tofu lasagne, stuffed shells,
years ago when Whole Foods Markets began to carry ice manicotti, tortellini or ravioli, frozen soy breakfast links or
creams that contained sugar. Prior to this time, sugar was a “sausages” or tempeh “bacon,” “ground” tofu, meatless chili
taboo ingredient in natural food stores. Suddenly many NHF mixes, meatless burger mixes, soy “cheeses,” eggless soy
stores began to carry Ben & Jerry’s and Haagen-Dazs, both mayonnaise, tofu salad dressings, soy ice creams, frozen
sweetened with sugar. There is now a new sugar standard in pot pies, frozen pocket breads, instant miso soup, eggless
many NHF stores. soy cake, quick bread, pancake and waffle mixes, liquid
At about the same time, the first organic dairy products soy coffee creamer, smoked or baked tofu). Feeding babies
began to become available. Most natural- and health food and children soyfoods. Breakfast, brunch & bread. Whole
stores have relatively little space for frozen foods, yet in soybeans. Sauces, spreads, dips & dressings. Soup & salad.
recent years there has been an explosion of frozen food Main dishes. Desserts. Drinks & yogurt.
products competing for this space. Competition is fierce, No dairy products or eggs are used; honey is called
including off-invoice discounts, etc. In any given month, for in some recipes. Optional microwave instructions are
about 10% of these products will be on sale. sometimes included. Address: Summertown, Tennessee.
About 3-4 years ago Mark introduced his line of Living Phone: 615-964-3571.
Lightly soymilk ice creams (he changed the name to Living
Rightly in 1994) that were sweetened with fruit juices and 1581. Product Name: It’s Soy Delicious (Organic Non-

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Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Type 1: Espresso, Awesome in 1983 and later renamed as the Accelerated Soybean
Chocolate, Vanilla Fudge. Type 2: Vanilla, Raspberry, Carob Production and Utilization Programme (ASPUP).” The goal
Peppermint. Type 3. Chocolate Peanut Butter, Espresso of the program is to contribute to community development
Almond Fudge. Type 4. Chocolate Almond, Almond Pecan]. and improved nutrition.
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- Lists ASPUP’s four main goals related to vertical
Distributor). integration of soybean production and small-scale soybean
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR processing of soybeans for food and animal feed in six
97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778. regions of the Philippines (in Luzon and in Mindanao) where
Date of Introduction: 1996. March. soybean is grown.
Ingredients: Chocolate Peanut Butter: Water, organic A second list shows six strategies used by ASPUP to
soybeans*, mixed fruit concentrate (pineapple syrup, pear attain these goals. The last strategy reads: “(6) Create new
and peach concentrate), brown rice syrup (partially milled), markets and promote the use of soybean-based food products
peanuts (roasted in peanut oil, salt), cocoa (processed with like ice cream, soy curd [tofu], soy cheese, soya milk,
alkali), chocolate, soy protein, tricalcium phosphate, carob soy burgers and others as part of the daily diet.” Address:
bean gum, guar gum, natural flavor). * = Organically grown National Program Leader, Accelerated Soybean Production
in accordance with the California Organic Foods Act of and Utilization Programme (ASPUP) and Supervising
1990. Science Research Specialist, Crops Research Div., Philippine
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint tubs. Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
How Stored: Frozen. Research and Development (PCARRD), Los Baños, Laguna,
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet Philippines.
(front and back, 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith
from Natural Products Expo West. 1996. March. “Sweet 1583. Tuitemwong, P.; Ronpirin, C.; Tuitemwong, K.;
Nothings presents It’s Soy Delicious.” “Made with organic Tanasupawat, S.; Insorn, S. 1996. A novel frozen soy yogurt
soybeans. Lactose and milk free. A good source of calcium. 6 with bifidus. In: Alex Buchanan, ed. 1996. Proceedings of
lowfat flavors. Cholesterol free. Fruit & rice sweetened.” the Second International Soybean Processing and Utilization
A table shows: “Percentage of calories from fat Conference: 8-13 January 1996, Bangkok, Thailand.
(Vanilla). It’s Soy Delicious 9%, Mocha Mix 29%. Rice Bangkok, Thailand: Printed by Funny Publishing Limited
Dream 38%. Tofutti (Regular) 52%. “The tastiest dairy Partnership. Distributed by The Institute of Food Research
free dessert ever.” An illustration shows a pint of It’s So and Product Development, Kasetsart University. xviii + 556
Delicious, Vanilla Fudge. p. See p. 214-19. [4 ref]
On the rear: Nutrition facts and ingredients for each • Summary: The main goal of this research was to
flavor. Per ½ cup (83 gm): Flavor type 1 has 120 calories, develop a new frozen soy yogurt product from soy milk by
45 mg of sodium and 2 gm of protein. Flavor type 2 has 110 incorporating Bifidobacterium species into the fermentation.
calories, 35 mg of sodium and 2 gm of protein. Flavor type Also to investigate the possibility of using flatulence-causing
3 has 140 calories, 65 mg of sodium and 3 gm of protein. “oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose as carbon
Flavor type 4 has 150 calories, 95 mg of sodium and 3 gm of sources for bifidobacteria, and to determine the optimum
protein. “Enjoy the goodness of soy without preservatives or conditions for the production of high quality frozen soy milk.
artificial ingredients. We are a small family run company and Unique strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated
would love to hear from you. Distributed by Sweet Nothings, locally from fermented meat and vegetables. The addition of
a division of Turtle Mountain Inc.” lactose (non fat dry milk) enhanced the fermentation and the
overall quality. The goal was achieved; a high-quality, very
1582. Tiamzon, Ma. Florideliz D. 1996. Institutional acceptable frozen soy yogurt was developed with the heal
mechanisms for an effective soybean technology transfer in benefits of B. bifidus. Address: 1-2. Dep. of Microbiology,
the Philippines. In: Alex Buchanan, ed. 1996. Proceedings of KMIT Thonburi; 3. Dep. of Microbiology, Kasetsart Univ.,
the Second International Soybean Processing and Utilization Thailand; 4. Dep. of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Conference: 8-13 January 1996, Bangkok, Thailand. Chulalongkorn, Univ., Thailand; 5. Dutch Mill Dairy Co.
Bangkok, Thailand: Printed by Funny Publishing Limited
Partnership. Distributed by The Institute of Food Research 1584. D’Aguilar, Marlon. 1996. New developments at
and Product Development, Kasetsart University. xviii + 556 Country Farmhouse Soya Products (Interview). SoyaScan
p. See p. 450-53. Notes. May 20. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
• Summary: “The Soybean Development Program (SDP) Center. [Eng]
was launched by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, • Summary: Marlon started making and selling tofu in 1985.
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development He started teaching himself the processes in 1983-84. He
(PCARRD)–Department of Science and Technology (DOST) believes that Country Farmhouse Soya Products was the

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first company to make tofu commercially in Jamaica. Tofu How Stored: Frozen.
and Soymilk Production and The Book of Tofu by Shurtleff New Product–Documentation: Ad (full page, color) in
and Aoyagi helped him out somewhat over the years. In the NFM’s New Product Review. 1996. Summer (May). p. 11.
beginning he gave away a lot of tofu “to get our people to “New Rice Dream multi-packs.” Shows four Rice Dream
know it. Our people have always liked it. Our Soy Scream non-dairy novelties: Vanilla Nutty Bar, Vanilla Pie, Mocha
Ice Cream, launched in about 1985, is our favorite product. Pie, and Vanilla Bar. Each product is now packed 3 per box.
It was made using hand-cranked wooden buckets. It is still
sold in both soft serve and hard packs.” Marlon has launched 1586. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1996. May all your dreams come
about 10 soy products since 1985–Tofu, Soy Scream Ice chocolate coated: New Rice Dream multi-packs (Ad). NFM’s
Cream, Mayonnaise (based on soymilk and sold to the New Product Review. Summer. p. 11.
foodservice), soy ice cream sandwich, soy flour, soy burgers • Summary: This full page, color ad shows four Rice Dream
(launched in about 1987 and renamed Veg Middles in about non-dairy novelties: Vanilla Nutty Bar, Vanilla Pie, Mocha
1994), soymilk (made to order only). Pie, and Vanilla Bar. Each product is now packed 3 per box.
Right now he is working on expanding the company, but Address: Palo Alto, California.
it is difficult because of limited finances and resources. The
vision is still high and open. Country Farmhouse Lifeline is 1587. Raymond, Jennifer. 1996. The peaceful palate: Fine
the parent association and a community operation; Country vegetarian cuisine. Revised ed. Calistoga, California: Heart
Farmhouse Soya Products is an offshoot, and a limited & Soul Publications. 159 p. Illust. Index. 28 cm. [5 ref]
liability company. “We went into soyfoods as part of a • Summary: A vegan cookbook, with a substantial section
whole social program named Country Farmhouse Lifeline, on vegan nutrition. Contains 11 tofu recipes and 1 recipe for
which is a local community program whereby local people tempeh sandwich.
get together to shape their lives and bring about sustainable Contents: Acknowledgements. Introduction (most
life. It was not started just as a business. Our wider program Americans eat too much protein and far to much fat).
involves alternative sources of energy and more sustainable Choosing food for optimum health. Protein. Calcium. Protein
living.” Marlon has worked with Plenty USA and they myths and facts. Putting fat in its place. Cutting the fat.
have helped him mostly with contacts, plus some technical Dairy products and eggs (why each is cruel to animals; soy
advice–Not much help with product development. There are and rice milks are excellent alternatives to cow’s milk; tofu
no other companies now making soyfoods in Jamaica. One can be scrambled in place of eggs. Five good books about
company named Nature Treats started in about 1993, but factory farming. Contact information for three organizations
they went out of business about 2 years later; she is trying to “working to end the horrors of factory farming”). A note
sell him her equipment. He is a Rastafarian, and the Lifeline about sweeteners. Coking dried beans. Equipping your
was spun out of that concept–not so much from the religious kitchen. Stocking your pantry for healthful eating. What
perspective but from a social and cultural perspective. Most to eat when you don’t eat meat. Foods which may be new
Rastafarians are vegetarians and his interest in tofu and to you [glossary] (includes aseptically packaged tofu,
soyfoods grows in part out of his interest in vegetarianism. barley malt, low-sodium soy sauce, mirin, miso, Nayonaise
They have used the okara and whey from their company to {eggless, dairyless, cholesterol-free mayonnaise}, non-
generate energy (methane) that is run back into the plant– dairy frozen dessert, non-dairy yogurt, reduced-fat tofu,
though it is not established now. rice milk, rice syrup, seitan, silken tofu, soy milk, Spectrum
Talk with Annie Liu from Miami, Florida. 1999. Natural Spread {similar to soft margarine but made without
Feb. 16. The tofu made by Country Farmhouse is very hydrogenated fats}, tempeh, textured vegetable protein
hard. In Jamaica, there is a dish named Solomonogondi, {TVP}).
that is traditionally made with pickled mackerel; Country “Until he extends the circle of his compassion to all
Farmhouse makes a vegetarian version with tofu–that is living things, man will not himself find peace”–Albert
delicious. Their ice cream is also delicious. Address: Affiliate Schweitzer.
of the Country Farmhouse Lifeline, 12 Faulkner Ave., Recipes: Breakfasts. Breads. Sandwiches. Salads &
Duhaney Park, Kingston 20, Jamaica. Phone: 809-933-4617. salad dressings, etc. A portrait photo (p. 159) shows Jennifer
Raymond. “She works as a chef and nutrition specialist
1585. Product Name: Rice Dream Bar [Vanilla]. with Dean Ornish, M.D. in his ‘Open your heart program,’
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- teaching patients how a delicious, easily prepared vegetarian
Distributor). Rice Beverage made by California Natural diet can reverse heart disease.” “Her first cookbook, The Best
Products, Manteca, Calif. of Jenny’s Kitchen, was published by Avon books in 1981
Manufacturer’s Address: 299 California Ave. #305, Palo and was followed closely by her television series Cooking
Alto, CA 94306. Phone: 415-327-1444. Naturally! Jennifer lives in Calistoga, California, with her
Date of Introduction: 1996. May. husband Stephen Avis and their five dogs.”

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The tofu and tempeh recipes are: Scrambled tofu (p. 27). to the proteins in one or more foods, with cow’s milk being
Missing egg sandwich (p. 42). Tempeh salad sandwich (p. the most allergenic. And many other people have moral or
44). Tofu, lettuce & tomato sandwich (TLT, p. 45). Broiled philosophical objections to drinking milk (e.g. widespread
tofu (p. 48). Pasta with creamy tofu (p. 109). Lasagna (with use of antibiotics, use of genetically engineered Bovine
tofu, p. 113). Tofu burgers (p. 125). Tofu croquettes (p. 126). Growth Hormone [rBGH, made by Monsanto], the suffering
Tofu pot pie (p. 127). Tofu cream frosting (p. 148). Tofu of calves when forcefully removed from their mother, etc.).
cheesecake (p. 150). Until quite recently, these people had to live without dairy
Talk with Jennifer Raymond. 1996. May 30. The new products, but now that has all changed–thanks to soyfoods,
enlarged edition was available on 2 May 1996. There are which are widely available and usually quite delicious.
new recipes and with each recipe is a nutritional analysis. Foods marked with one asterisk (*) are sold at most
The book is still available from the author, as well as natural food stores and some health food stores and
nationwide because it is distributed by The Book Publishing supermarkets (look in your Yellow Pages at “Health & Diet
Company in Summertown, Tennessee. She is now working Food Products–Retail”). Foods marked with two asterisks are
closely with Dr. Dean Ornish, and adds: “He is at the center also sold at most supermarkets.
of where things are happening related to vegetarianism, diet, If you use dairy alternatives regularly, you can save
and health. His work has had a more profound impact on the money by making them yourself: See the index of The Book
way that the medical profession and people in general view of Tofu by Shurtleff & Aoyagi (Ballantine Books edition)
vegetarianism than that of almost any other person. It has for carefully tested, home-scale recipes for soymilk, soy ice
allowed vegetarianism to turn a really big corner.” Address: cream, soy yogurt (from soymilk or from tofu), tofu, cream
1418 Cedar St., Calistoga, California 94515. Phone: 707- cheese, sour cream, whipped cream (from tofu or soymilk),
942-2180. tangy tofu cottage cheese, tofu icing, frozen-banana tofu
shake, soymilk kefir, soy mayonnaise (from tofu or soymilk),
1588. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1996. Tofutti. 1995 annual report. Soymilk* is the most popular type of dairy alternative. It
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 13 p. 28 cm. is sold in many flavors, often fortified with calcium, vitamin
• Summary: The Company’s operations were profitable D, antioxidants, etc. in quarts and half gallons. It costs about
for the fourth consecutive year in 1995. Net sales for the 1.7 times as much as milk (so if a quart cow’s milk costs
52-week period ended Dec. 30, 1995 were $5,023,000, $1.00, a quart of soymilk will cost about $1.70). Popular
down 4% from the previous year. The operating profit was brands: Edensoy, Westbrae, Westsoy, Vitasoy, So-Yum, Silk,
$40,000, down 49.4% from the previous year ($79,000). and Pacific Foods. For a tasty soymilk shake, try Westbrae
Net income for the year was $47,000, down 61.5% from the Malteds. Rice Dream is a delicious non-dairy rice milk and
previous year ($122,000). of intense product research and also an ice cream; both products are made by Imagine Foods.
development. Many other brands of rice beverage (some of whose quality
New products introduced during 1995: (1) Tofutti we think is not as good) are also available.
Chocolate Fudge Treats (spring), the first dairy-free, sugar- Soy ice cream* is sold in an outrageous variety of
free (using Nutrasweet instead), fat-free fudge bar in the flavors and forms. Hard-pack pints are the most popular,
industry; (2) Teddy Fudge Pop, an all-natural, low-fat, dairy- followed by soft-serve, ice cream sandwiches, etc. Popular
free fudge bar targeted towards children; (3) Wildberry Cutie brands: Tofutti, Living Rightly, Sweet Nothings (fat free),
(introduced in the summer to extend its sandwich novelty and Ice Bean. Rice Dream is a delicious rice-based non-dairy
line); (4) Six great tasting real fruit, fat-free sorbets (early ice cream.
fall); (5) Chocolate enrobed novelty slices featuring Tofutti Soy yogurt* is sold in typical small yogurt cups, in a
Cutie Pie (late fall); (6) Tofutti Tortellini (Dec. 1995, tofu- wide variety of flavors. The most popular brand is White
filled); (7) Mini Ravioli (Dec. 1995). Wave Dairyless. Try their Lemon-Kiwi flavor! Most soy
David Mintz, age 64, is still Chairman of the Board yogurts are fermented/cultured with live cultures, but some
of Directors and CEO. He owns 49.9% of the company’s are like a parfait (not fermented) made by blending silken
common stock. His salary in 1995 was $125,000. Rick W. tofu, fruits, and a sweetener.
Malloy, Executive Vice President, earned $100,000 in 1995. Tofu**, the world’s most popular soyfood, is now
Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 201-272-2400. sold at very reasonable prices in most supermarkets across
America. It makes an excellent replacement for cheese in
1589. SoyaScan FactSheet. 1996. Non-dairy products many dishes where the cheese is not required to melt: Salads,
(alternatives to dairy products), which are good tasting and sandwiches, in Lasagna for the ricotta cheese, etc. You can
widely available (Overview). June 22. Compiled by William also use tofu to make your own soy yogurts and ice creams at
Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. home.
• Summary: About 30 million Americans are lactose Soy cream cheese*. These products, based on tofu, are
intolerant. Between 4% and 6% of infants develop allergies delicious and moderately priced. Our favorite brand is Tofutti

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Better than Cream Cheese, which comes in flavors such soybeans. “Other alumni have created businesses that use
as Garlic & Herb, French Onion, Herbs & Chives, Plain, soybeans to make frozen soy desserts, candy, doughnuts,
Wildberry, or Smoked Salmon. Some bagel shops (such coffee, noodles, beer, baby food, and sausage casing.”
as Noah’s Bagels in Northern California) sell this product. Color photos show: Four participants standing behind
VeganRella Cream Cheese (in plain & onion & dill flavors) a table filled with soyfoods dishes they have prepared; they
uses more natural ingredients (no hydrogenated oils, or are Marise Euclides Galerani (Brazil/INTSOY), Jose Luis
mono- or diglycerides). Valenzuela (Bolivia), Kupingani Kumwenda (Malawi), and
Soy sour cream*. Again, this product is based on tofu. Mohammed Zahurul Haque (Bangladesh). Julia Elena Leon
Our favorite brand is Tofutti Sour Supreme–Better than Sour Cobo (Mexico) with soyfoods dishes that can be made in her
Cream. country. A black-and-white photo shows two people using a
Soy cheese* is our least favorite dairy alternative. Most small hand-turned machine to make soy pasta.
brands contain casein (the protein from cow’s milk), which
allows them to melt, but which also (technically) disqualifies 1591. American Health (New York City). 1996. Bull market
them from being a truly non-dairy product. A few brands are for tofu. Aug.
truly non-dairy but they melt in a sort of thick puddle. Top • Summary: The Wall Street Journal recently reported that
brands with casein: Soya Kaas, TofuRella, Zero-FatRella, sales of Tofutti, a soy-based frozen dessert, rose 87% in
HempRella (soy free), and AlmondRella (soy free). Top Britain, in the wake of a mad-cow disease scare.
brands without casein: VeganRella (2 flavors), Soymage.
Soy-based infant formula. Available at most pharmacies 1592. American Soybean Assoc. 1996. Soya in dairy
and many supermarkets, this is a carefully formulated and products: Manual [Soya in dairy products: Manual]. Mexico
regulated product designed to meet the critical needs of City, Mexico: Asociación Americana de Soya. 36 p. Illust. 28
infants when served as the sole source of nutrition. It is cm. [Spa]
widely fed to infants who are allergic to cow’s milk. But note • Summary: Contains ten chapters by various authors
that 15% to 50% of infants with cow’s milk allergy will also on different aspects of the subject. Focuses on: Soymilk,
develop allergies to soy protein. Soy protein was recently soy beverages rich in protein, soy yogurt, soy ice cream.
ranked 11th among foods in terms of allergenicity; animal Address: Rio Sena 26, Col. [Colonia] Cuahutémoc, Mexico
proteins such as milk and eggs remain the most allergenic City, Mexico 06500. Phone: +52 705 1633/0139.
foods.
Whip Topping**. Sold as “non-dairy whip topping” 1593. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1996. Annual report. P.O.
at most supermarkets, as far as we know, these all contain Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 44 p. Sept.
casein or sodium caseinate from cow’s milk. Leading brands: • Summary: Net sales and other operating income for
CoolWhip. 1996 (year ended June 30) were $13,314 million, up 5.1%
For more information on non-dairy products on the from 1995. Net earnings for 1996 were $695.9 million,
World Wide Web, go to http://www.rella.com. This website down 12.6% from 1995. Shareholders’ equity (net worth)
is produced by Sharon’s Finest in California. is $6,145 million, up 5.0% from 1995. Net earnings per
common share: $1.27, down 9.3% from 1995. Number of
1590. Yates, Ronald E. 1996. The ‘miracle crop’: Each year, shareholders: 35,431.
scientists and entrepreneurs trek from far-flung nations to On the cover of the report is color illustration of a
Illinois in search of wisdom about the ‘golden bean,’ or stylized family farm. ADM now has a Web site at http://
soybean which has the potential to ease hunger woes in www.admworld.com. The American farmer is the most
poorer lands. Chicago Tribune. July 21. Business section. p. efficient and most productive in the world. “One American
1-2. farmers feeds 212 people... In 1996, the U.S. will export $65
• Summary: People from all over the world attend the billion worth of agricultural products, approximately 10%
INTSOY short course in soybean processing at the of which are exported by ADM and its affiliates, helping to
University of Illinois. This year there are 17 attendees generate over $100 billion in economic activity and about
from countries such as Malawi, Brazil, Venezuela, one million jobs. The productivity of the farmer can help
Bolivia, Mexico, and Bangladesh. For 16 years, some 170 ensure world peace... Thanks to the 1996 farm bill, U.S.
nutritionists, entrepreneurs and scientists from 26 countries farmers will be able to respond to market conditions instead
have gone through the intensive four-week soybean of government orders” (p. 4-5).
short course at INTSOY. The course fee is $4,300. One Soy protein is a fast growing are for ADM. Currently
entrepreneur from Zimbabwe, who learned how to make ADM is building plants in Decatur, Illinois, and Europoort,
a peanut butter-type spread from soybeans at the course, Netherlands, to make improved soy protein isolates.
now has a thriving soynut butter business [at Nutresco] “Isoflavones are another exciting area. Isoflavones are
back home where peanuts cost almost 4 times as much as trace components in plants (particularly soybeans) that are

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believed to have positive health effects. This is a promising (4) Natural-source vitamin E: “An antioxidant, vitamin
new area, so this research group is seeing its share of E is reported to help protect cells from free radical damage,
exciting developments. Programs are in place to purify these the type of damage that can lead to an array of degenerative
components for future production” (p. 6). diseases. A study in the Lancet [a prestigious British medical
“Natural-source vitamin E: ADM produces this journal]... concluded that a dime’s worth of natural-source
antioxidant from soybeans and other oilseeds. Research vitamin E could reduce heart attacks by 75% when taken
shows that natural-source vitamin E is 36% more potent than daily by those with bad hearts. The New England Journal
synthetic vitamin E” (p. 6). of Medicine reported that postmenopausal women who ate a
“ADM value-added products from soybeans: (1) moderate amount of foods rich in vitamin E cut their chance
Derived from soy protein: Concentrates, isolates, isoflavones, of heart disease by almost two thirds.” In order to keep up
TVP*, flour/grits, soy milk, Harvest Burgers*, Harvest with the rising demand, ADM is increasing its natural-source
Burgers for Recipes*, NutriBev*; (2) Derived from soybean vitamin E plant capacity by fifty percent. ADM is one of the
oil: Vitamin E, lecithin, distilled monoglycerides, mono- and world’s largest producers of natural-source vitamin E and
diglycerides, sterols.” * = Registered trademark (p. 7). Note: also processes products that are good sources of vitamin E,
Each of these products is discussed in detail on pages 13-14. including corn, canola, soy, sunflower, and peanut oils... By
“Isoflavones: Soybeans contain isoflavones, powerful 1997, we will have the capacity to supply 300 million people
phytochemicals that appear to be able to block the multiple with the current recommended daily allowance of vitamin
processes that lead to cancer, heart disease, and other chronic E.”
degenerative diseases” (p. 12). (5) “Soy protein: One of ADM’s most important
“Value-added products from soybeans:... Vegetarians and versatile value-added products is soy protein. With
have long been using soy as a protein source, but in light increasing evidence of health evidence associated with soy
of the mounting evidence that soy foods have significant foods, an increasing demand for soy protein products seems
health benefits, Americans from all walks of life are trying likely. To meet this rising demand, ADM is expanding its
to incorporate soy into their diets... Every day, ADM plants soy concentrate and isolate plants in Decatur, Illinois, and
worldwide process over 2.6 million bushels of oilseeds, and Europoort, Holland... Soy protein is finding success abroad
with value-added soy products gaining in popularity in a in the consumer marketplace. In Canada, soy frozen desserts
number of industries, these products will continue to be in are being sold at Safeway grocery stores under the Lucerne
demand” (p. 13). Dairy label. In the U.K., a new soy milk plant is under
These soy products include: (1) “Distilled construction to met demand for a good tasting nutritious
monoglycerides, derived from soybeans or other oilseeds, are non-dairy beverage [probably made from isolated soy
used primarily as emulsifiers or as starch complexing agents protein]. In Europe, VegeMince, VegeBites and VegeSteaks
in a variety of food applications. ADM monoglycerides are being introduced by Haldane Foods, an ADM subsidiary.
are often used in baked goods, confections, extruded German consumers will be introduced to Frosta Medallions,
products and margarines to bring about or enhance desired soy protein and vegetable frozen patties available in four
characteristics” (p. 13). varieties.” A large color photo shows a package of Green
(2) “Isoflavones: A relatively new area of interest Giant Harvest Burgers for Recipes (p. 15).
is isoflavones (part of a group of substances called “ADM European Overview: ADM owns the three
phytochemicals). The two predominant isoflavones found in largest tidewater oilseed plants in the world. They are located
soybeans are genistein and daidzein. Researchers at ADM in Erith [on the River Thames just east of London], England;
and around the world are conducting studies that strongly Rotterdam, Holland; and Hamburg, Germany.”
suggest that isoflavones have significant health benefits. Page 37 discusses “Antitrust investigation and related
ADM is scaling up research and processing for the future litigation.” Address: Decatur, Illinois.
production of this product” (p. 13).
(3) Lecithin: “Interest in lecithin has escalated 1594. Hastings, Carl. 1996. Soybean products in human
worldwide due to recent research investigating its health foods. Paper presented at Regional Workshop on Soybean
benefits. Lecithin is most recently being touted as a Processing and Utilization for Central America and the
nutraceutical, since the linoleic acid in lecithin is believed to Caribbean. 4 p. Held Sept. 15-18 in Jamaica.
possess health benefits. Expansions have been completed in • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soy sprouts. Whole
both the Windsor (Ontario, Canada) and Europoort (Holland) soybeans: Cooked green beans, cooked soybeans, roasted
facilities. Improvements are scheduled for the Hamburg, or deep fat cooked soybeans (soy nuts–salted, flavored, etc.,
Germany plant and construction is progressing on the new candy coated, salad topping, bakery ingredient or topping,
deoiled lecithin plant in Decatur, Illinois. As the leading soynut butter, soy coffee) fermented soybeans (tempeh–
producer of lecithin, ADM is positioned to meet the world’s Rhizopus, natto–Bacillus, hamanatto–Aspergillus). Cereal
growing demand.” blends: CSM (Corn-Soy-Milk), WSB (Wheat-Soy-Blend),

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other (bulgur, oat, sorghum grits). Date of Introduction: 1996. January.

Refined soy oil: Solvent extracted, physically extracted, Ingredients: Oats, all natural flavorings, stabilizers.
uses, lecithin. Soy protein: Soy flour (full fat, defatted), Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint.
concentrates, isolates, textured, uses. Hulls. Soy fiber. Soy How Stored: Frozen.
milk: Liquid, powder, uses (plain, flavored, fortified, blends, New Product–Documentation: Ag Innovation News
instant formula, nutritional beverages, tofu, soy cheese, (AURI, Crookston, Minnesota). 2003. April/June. p.
frozen desserts, yogurt, soymilk film {yuba}). Soy sauce. 15. “OatsCreme firms up: Minnetonka company finds a
Soy paste (miso). Soy pulp (okara). Address: Reliv, Inc., ready market for oat beverages and ice-cream style frozen
Chesterfield, Missouri. desserts.” Steve Frances is CEO of American Oats, Inc. The
product does not contain any added sugars; the company
1595. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee). 1996. converts the starch in oats to glucose. “Long a soft-serve
1996–The year in review: Alimentos San Bartolo (ASB). item, the hard pack version of OatsCreme is now available
12(4):2. Winter. [since about 2001] across the country.” The focus is now on
• Summary: “A recent grant to Plenty from Food for All will hard-pack but soft serve will continue to be available.
be used to improve the ability of ASB’s staff to distribute
nutritious, fresh meals and packaged foods among Mayan 1598. Winter, Ruth. 1996. Super soy: The miracle bean. New
families living in and visiting Solola. The grant provides for York, NY: Crown Publishers Inc. 192 p. Index. 21 cm. [106
the purchase of a truck to deliver ASB’s soy products to the ref]
cities and towns in central Guatemala. Currently deliveries • Summary: On the cover is written: “This wonder bean
are made via the public buses. It also provides for the can help fight cholesterol, high blood pressure, blood sugar,
purchase of a new refrigerator and ice cream machine and cancer, ease menstrual and menopause symptoms, and keep
the installation of a phone at ASB’s office. a colon healthy. Includes a cookbook of 50 soy recipes from
“Plenty will contribute the cost of hiring a small New York’s Natural Gourmet Cookery School.”
business and soy foods specialist who will work directly Contents: Introduction: The Cinderella bean. 1. How soy
with ASB’s manager and staff to enhance their personnel, protects the heart and blood vessels: Full of fiber, the Eskimo
financial management and marketing skills. ASB will absorb secret omega-3 fatty acids, lecithin and vitamin E, preventing
the costs of continuing the food processing and nutrition strokes, magnificent magnesium, soy and the Mediterranean
education workshops for low income families living in and diet, foam to wash out cholesterol?, cholesterol competitors–
near Solola and promoting the use of ASB products among phytosterols, is it thyroid hormone [when thyroxine levels
its commercial clients.” rise, cholesterol falls]?, amino acid at work?, could it be
A photo shows two Mayan women, in traditional the B’s?, is it the flavonoids?, the bean and obesity, high
clothing, making tofu at Alimentos San Bartolo. blood pressure and the bean, could it be just avoiding meat
In Belize, several Mayan villages want to grow soybeans and dairy products?, summing it up. 2. How soy protects
as a protein source and cash crop (p. 1). against cancer: Protease inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors, plant
estrogens, polyphenols, terpenes–antioxidants, fighting
1596. Product Name: Tofutti Frozen Dessert Cakes phytates, maybe it’s due to low-count amino acid, saponins,
(Chocolate Lovers Delight, Rock n’ Roll, or Sprinkle Roll). inositol–the cancer-fighting phytic acid, which soy products
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc. (Marketer). have the most anticancer potential?, potential adverse effects
Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786), of soybeans. 3. How soy helps ease digestive problems:
Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 201-272-2400. Promoting regularity, calcium and soybeans. 4. How soy is
Date of Introduction: 1996. December. beneficial in diabetic diets. 5. How soy is proving beneficial
How Stored: Shelf stable. to women: The soy and the cycle, other hormonal benefits,
New Product–Documentation: Tofutti Brands Inc. 1997, magnesium, PMS and pregnancy, contraceptive or fertility
May. 1996 Annual Report. p. 3. New products introduced inducer?, so “B” it, the bones need it, magnesium and
during 1996. bones, boron and bones, it could be the phytates. 6. Soy and
Vegetarian Times. 1997. March. “Shopping around.” p. men: Soy and sex, protein power. 7. Soy products and their
14. “Fudgy the vegan?” Color photos show the front panel of nutritional value: Soybeans, edamame, soybean sprouts,
Tofu Chocolate Lovers Delight Dairy Free Ice Cream Cake tofu (also known as bean curd and dou fu-tofu), tempeh, soy
and Rock ‘n Roll Dairy Free Frozen Dessert Roll. milk, yuba, soy cheese, okara, soy yogurt, soy sauce, soy
oil, soybean lecithin, soy nuts, miso, natto, soy flour, soy
1597. Product Name: OatsCreme (Non-Dairy Oat Frozen powder, soy protein isolates (a major component in “many
Dessert) [Vanilla, Strawberry, Chocolate]. dairylike products, including cheese, milk, nondairy frozen
Manufacturer’s Name: American Oats, Inc. desserts, and coffee whiteners. They are in hot dogs, soy ice
Manufacturer’s Address: Minnetonka, Minnesota. cream,...”), concentrates and grits, texturized soy protein,

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convenience of soy foods. 8. Easy ways to add soy to your companies (listed alphabetically by company). Soyfood
diet: Some other easy ways to add soy to your diet, sensible companies by state (alphabetical by state; California has by
soybean use. 9. Recipes: Appetizers, soups, salads, main far the most). Soybean promotion & research organizations
dishes/entrées, side dishes/breakfast, sauces/dips, desserts. (national, and state). Professional associations and industry
Glossary. Where to get more information. References. information resources. Soy cookbooks (19). Soy resource
Address: M.S., Health and science writer, Short Hills, New books (10). Soyfood fact sheets and recipes: 1-2 pages each
Jersey. for meat alternatives, miso, soyoil, soy flour, soymilk, tofu,
textured soy protein, whole soybeans. Soyfoods directory
1599. Morales, Isabel. 1997. Functionará en Mexico survey.
empresa mixta con Cuba: Se trata de BIOTEK, elaborada de This directory is on the Internet’s World Wide Web
productos derivados de la soya [A joint venture with Cuba at http://www. soyfoods.com. For more information or
will operate in Mexico: Biotek will make soyfood products]. suggestions, call 1-800-301-3153. The Internet version of
Gramma (Cuba). Jan. 3. p. 2. [Spa] the Directory continues to improve. “The first year saw hits
• Summary: Biotek, a joint venture with some Cuban capital, to our site increase from 1,000 the first month to more than
began operating in Cuba. It is dedicated to the production 8,000 per month now. We have added a new search engine
of soymilk and its products, using modern technology that makes it easier to find information and a new monthly
developed at the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Industria e-mail newsletter, Soyfoods USA, designed to inform media
Alimenticia (IIIA) in Cuba. Antonio González, director of sources, dietitians and consumers about the latest soyfoods
the Dairy Association (Unión Láctea) said that the deal was information. To subscribe to this popular newsletter, just
negotiated, using the good offices of CORALSA S.A., the send an e-mail message to soyfoods@ind.com with the
deal-making arm of the Ministry of Food Industry. The plant words ‘Subscribe Soyfoods USA’ in the body or subject
has a capacity of 4,000 liters/day of soymilk. It is the first field.”
such plant exported by Cuba. From soymilk, many nutritious Talk with Roger Stevens. 1997. March 10. The 1997
and tasty products can be made, including nondairy ice directory was first available in January 1997. About 100,000
cream, yogurt, and cheeses. copies of this directory were printed, and all but 7,000 have
already been sent out free of charge. About 77,000 copies
1600. Stevens & Associates, Inc. ed. and comp. 1997. U.S. were sent to registered dietitians nationwide; all are members
1997 soyfoods directory. Lebanon, Indiana: Indiana Soybean of the American Dietetic Association. Another 10,000
Development Council. 47 p. 28 cm. [29 ref] copies were sent to the American Association of Family
• Summary: This second, expanded edition of the directory and Consumer Sciences–basically extension personnel at
contains more than 270 company listings. Contents: the Cooperative Extension Service in each county; these
Foreword. How to use the Soyfoods Directory (incl. Internet people provide a lot of consumer information about foods
access). Daily soyfood guide pyramid (color). Soyfood and agriculture. About 500 copies were sent to each of the
descriptions (alphabetical): Introduction, green vegetable 20 state soybean development councils. The remaining 6,000
soybeans (edamamé), hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), copies were sent to callers who left their name and address at
infant formulas–soy based, lecithin, meat alternatives (meat a toll-free answering service. The next step is to do a media
analogs), miso, natto, nondairy soy frozen dessert, okara tour in Indiana. Traveling with a registered dietitian, they
(see soy fiber), soy cheese, soy fiber (okara, soy bran, soy expect to generate a lot of requests from citizens of Indiana.
isolate fiber), soy flour, soy grits, soy protein concentrate, One of the goals is to show other states that if you promote
soy protein isolate, soy protein–textured, soy sauce soyfoods in this manner, you will get a lot of interest.
(tamari, shoyu, teriyaki), soy yogurt, soybeans, soymilk Roger hopes to encourage other states to take a more active
(soy beverages), soynut butter, soynuts, soyoil & products, role in promoting soyfoods. The directory has generated a
sprouts–soy, tempeh, tofu & tofu products, whipped tremendous amount of information on the part of dietitians
toppings (soy based–”similar to other nondairy whipped who call the toll-free number and have many questions about
toppings, except that hydrogenated soyoil is used instead soyfoods; Roger tries to refer them to people who have the
of other vegetable oils”), yuba. Soybean products chart: answers–such as 1-800-Talk-Soy. The Indiana Soybean
From whole soybeans, from soybean meal, from soyoil and Council has had to hire a new person just to handle the
lecithin. Soyfood companies by product (products listed requests for this directory.
alphabetically). Next Roger plans to do a survey of registered dietitians
Composition and nutrient content of soyfoods (large to learn more about their responses to the 1997 directory.
table, p. 14). Soyfood companies (alphabetical by company He might ask: Did you receive the book? Do you use it? If
name; Each listing contains address, contact, phone, soy so, in what way and how often? How many people do you
products, product names, distribution, to locate product, influence with regards to soyfoods as a result of this book?
classification). Mail-order soyfoods: Soyfood mail order So if each of the 77,000 dietitians influences, on average, 10

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people a year, the directory has reached more than 750,000 delight (less than 10% fat), frozen tofu ‘ice cream’ sabayon
people. One major goal of this book is to help dietitians center, enrobed in rich chocolate-hazelnut and covered with
include more soyfoods in their own diets and in the diets of cocoa powder.” It is Kosher Pareve and dairy free. The
their clients. How can we better help you do this? Do you company logo is a round photo of the Mona Lisa with the
want a cookbook? A starter kit? Shall we include coupons? words “La Bella Italiana” around it on a black background.
From the focus groups he has already conducted, Roger
thinks that future editions of the directory will be presented 1602. Bryan, Ford R. 1997. Re: Update #2 on work toward
more like a cookbook or recipe book, with the directory in restoration of Henry Ford’s Chemical Plant. Letter (fax) to
the back. “People really like the recipes. They just hand them William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, April 10. 1 p. Typed,
out to their clients. We get requests for 100 books at a time with signature on letterhead.
from dietitians, who give the entire book to their clients at • Summary: Three people from the Iowa Soybean
classes, in their offices, etc.” Roger has the funds to do the Association (Kirk Leeds {Executive Director}, Chuck
research to find out exactly what dietitians want in the way Stewart, and Jo Patterson) and two from the Michigan
of soyfoods recipes and how they want them organized. Soybean Association (Keith Reinholt {Executive Director}
Other possible questions: Which part or parts of the and Anita Stuever) were at Greenfield Village on April 8-9.
book do you find most valuable? Which do you find least Note: Henry Ford died on April 7, 1947, almost exactly 50
valuable. Is there any information which is not in the book years ago.
that you wish were included? On the afternoon of April 8th, they examined the
Roger would also like to develop for the next edition soybean building with the curator of agriculture, Leo Larkin,
of this book a graphic presentation of the inside of a typical and Ford Bryan. On April 9th, they met with Mr. Steven
supermarket showing all the different products which contain K. Hamp (President of the Henry Ford Museum) in the
soy. forenoon and had a luncheon with Hamp, Larkin, Christian
Note: The word “soyoil” is used instead of “soy oil” Overland (Programs Manager), and Ford Bryan.
throughout this directory. Address: Stevens & Associates, “Their conclusion was that there were great possibilities.
4816 North Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Indiana The direction being taken by the Village these days in
46205. Phone: 317-926-6272. toward ‘Education.’ The ‘Academy’ being started this
year with an initial gift by the Ford Motor Company of $5
1601. Product Name: Frozen Tofu (Soymilk Ice Cream) million, together with State and Federal funds, points to the
[Vanilla, Chocolate, Maple Walnut, Burgundy Cherry, Mocha soybean building possibly being used to portray the history
Fudge, Amaretto], and Tartofu (Ball of Soymilk Chocolate- of agricultural chemistry. The possibility of classes being
Hazelnut Ice Cream Covered with Cocoa Powder with a conducted in the building was discussed.”
Sabayon Center). Talk with Check Stewart. 1997. May 9. One idea
Manufacturer’s Name: Ital Gelati (Crème Glacée Ital that is of interest to the soybean people is to have foods
Gelati Inc.). made from soybeans at the Soybean Lab. and sold at an
Manufacturer’s Address: 8390 Le Creusot., St-Léonard, adjoining restaurant. These could include ice cream, cookies,
QUE H1P 2A6, Canada. Phone: 514-322-0111. burgers, shakes, and hot dogs. Shurtleff suggests that back-
Date of Introduction: 1997. March. illuminated color photos on the wall could show several
How Stored: Frozen. steps in the process plus the end product. The next phase
New Product–Documentation: Portfolio with four inserts will be a 4-page “vision statement” from the Henry Ford
(each 4 inches wide but different heights on glossy paper) Museum. Address: 21800 Morley, Apt. 1203, Dearborn,
sent by Bob and Pattie Gerner from Fancy Food Convention Michigan 48124.
in San Francisco. 1997. March. Ital Gelati has been in
operation since 1983, when Domenic Arcuri acquired the 1603. Scott, Mary. 1997. Going kosher takes chutzpah:
secret of gelato production from Italy, where his parents were But more manufacturers and retailers recognize the
born. One insert, titled “Frozen Tofu,” states: “Finally an benefits of providing certified-kosher foods. Natural Foods
ice cream without the guilt! Non-dairy, low fat and naturally Merchandiser. April. p. 39, 42.
flavoured with real fruit, Ital Gelati’s new tofu ice cream • Summary: Kosher products generate $1.75 billion in
creates a whole new category of frozen treat. Available annual sales from more than 20,000 kosher-certified
Kosher Pareve, in 7.7 liter tubs (1.5 US gallons) and 1 liter products. Passover sales alone generate $700 million a year.
containers.” The six flavors are listed. More than 6.5 million consumers regularly buy kosher
Another insert, titled “Tartofu,” shows a photograph products, and the majority of these are not Jewish.
of a chocolate ball with a white center. This product was The biggest kosher market by far is the New York
“Inspired by the classic of Tortufo” (an Italian word for a ball metropolitan area (2.9 million people), followed by
of ice cream with another flavor inside). “Tartofu is a light California (700,000), south Florida (596,000), Philadelphia

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[Pennsylvania] / Delaware Valley (345,000), Boston Metro decreased, and sales of his soy ice creams are down only a
(Massachusetts, 276,000), and Chicago Metro (Illinois, little. Address: Managing Director, Bean Supreme Ltd., P.O.
257,000). Box 12082, 140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose, Auckland, New
There are more than 200 kosher symbols / emblems Zealand. Phone: (09) 590 592.
being used in the USA today. The four main national
certifiers are: Orthodox Union [the “O/U”] (New York, NY; 1605. Mack, Heidi. 1997. Tofu doesn’t have to be yucky:
more than 80% of the kosher-certified products in the USA Disguise it, change its texture, and you might even fool
carry this symbol), Star-K (Baltimore, Maryland), Kof-K Godzilla. Christian Science Monitor. May 8. p. 14.
[or “Chof-K”] (Teaneck, New Jersey), and OK [or “O/K”]– • Summary: During the past few years, the number of soy
Organized Kashruth Laboratories (Brooklyn, New York). products available to consumers “has grown phenomenally.”
They include soy yogurt, soy ice cream, soy milk, tofu
1604. Johnston, Trevor. 1997. Recent nightmares at Bean turkey and pastrami, tofu salad dressing and mayonnaise, soy
Supreme Ltd. in New Zealand (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. flour, vegetarian philly steak and Sloppy Joes, tofu dogs tofu
May 7. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. burgers, and soy cheese.
• Summary: The last 18 months have been a marketing The author, a vegetarian for 15 years, admits a genuine
nightmare for Trevor. The problems started when a dislike of tofu. However she discovered that freezing it for
toxicologist, who works for the government in New Zealand, at least a week, to transform its soggy texture, squeezing the
fed his parrots a soy-based formula and they died. He blamed water out of the tofu by hand, and then marinating it, made
the soy. He and others formed “The Soy Toxin Team” all the difference. Now she makes Tofu Taco Meat using
and have been working ceaselessly to (1) get soy-based frozen tofu instead of meat, and her family likes it in tacos,
infant formula banned from the market in New Zealand, burritos, chili, spaghetti, and taco salad. Friends and family
and (2) alert the public to what they feel are the dangers of no longer stop at McDonalds on the way to her house.
the phytoestrogens in soybeans. Trevor has a huge file of Contains recipes for Barbecued tofu, Barbecue sauce,
anti-soy and anti-phytoestrogen articles published in New Spicy peanut tofu, and Tofu taco meat.
Zealand. Note that in the USA almost all of the many articles
about the phytoestrogens in soybeans consider them to be 1606. Liu, KeShun. 1997. The second generation of
one of the main benefits of soybeans. soyfoods. In: KeShun Liu. 1997. Soybeans: Chemistry,
The second major problem has been Roundup Ready Technology, and Utilization. Florence, Kentucky: Chapman
soybeans–which are genetically engineered by Monsanto. & Hall. xxvi + 532 p. See p. 412-41. Chap. 9. Index. [63 ref]
Greenpeace in Australia has made these soybeans their • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Dairy analogs: Frozen
major project; they are working to alert the public to the soy desserts (soy ice cream, frozen soy yogurt), lactic acid
fact that most food products that contain soybeans–unless fermented soy products (lactic fermentation of soymilk, soy
specifically labeled otherwise–probably contain at least a yogurt, soy cheese), engineered soy cheese. Meat analogs:
small percentage of Roundup Ready soybeans–which are not The markets, varieties, nutritional consideration, taste, choice
labeled as being genetically modified (GM). These soybeans of soy protein ingredients, prospects. Protein texturization:
offer no benefits to consumers and Greenpeace argues that Fiber spinning, thermoplastic extrusion, direct steam
they main contain some real dangers. They have conducted texturization, shaping and heating, enzymatic texturization,
a number of media actions, such as taking soy products salt coagulation (tofu making). Tofu-based foods and
off supermarket shelves to point out that they contain ingredients. References. Address: PhD, Soyfood Lab., Hartz
soy–as the cameras roll. The result has been to give soy a Seed, a Unit of Monsanto, P.O. Box 946, Stuttgart, Arkansas
negative image in Australia. A group called the Natural Food 72160-0946. Phone: 870-673-8565.
Commission (an offshoot of Maharishi’s Transcendental
Meditation or TM) has been formed and is now circulating a 1607. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1997. Tofutti. 1996 annual report.
draft proposal on genetically modified organisms in foods– 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 13 p. 28 cm. Plus
urging that they be labeled. 7-page proxy statement insert.
Trevor’s sales have decreased by 25% over the past • Summary: Net sales for the 52-weeks ended Dec. 30, 1996
18 months. His biggest specific problem is trying to find a were $5,842,000, up 16% from the previous year. The net
source of soy protein isolates that are guaranteed to be free of income was $135,000, up 2.9-fold from the previous year
GM soybeans. Protein Technologies International is refusing ($47,000).
to deal with this issue by saying that their isolates are safe. The cover of this year’s report was made by merging the
There are other big users of soy protein isolates in Australia: photo from the front and back covers of the company’s 1984
A large sausage company and Sanitarium Foods. Of his annual report (published in 1985). The new cover photo and
various products, Trevor’s isolate-based soymilk has suffered black background will continue to be used until the 2005
the greatest drop in sales. Sales of his tofu products have not report (published in about May 2006). After that no photo

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 597

appears on the cover; it is simply red and black on white.

“The Company made several new product introductions 1609. Bean Supreme Ltd. 1997. Price list with sale.
in 1996. During the year, the Company extended its non- Auckland, New Zealand. 1 p. Single sided. 30 cm.
dairy cheese line by introducing six new flavors of Better • Summary: Effective 20 June 1997. Black on yellow. The
Than Cream Cheese and three new flavors of Sour Supreme. products are listed in categories except for the first, which
During the summer of 1996, the Company introduced is soyfoods. For each is given the product name, weight,
several new frozen novelty items, including cakes and other price, barcode, outer, and price. Tofu bulk organic. Tofu firm
chocolate enrobed novelties. The Company at this time also vacuum pack. Tofu firm vacuum pack organic. Tofu soft
introduced its first non-frozen, non-refrigerated product line, Asian. Tempeh vacuum pack. Tempeh fr. frozen. Soysage.
Tofutti Cookies. In December, the Company introduced Luncheon [Traditional, Cajun, Smoke]. Tempeh patty frozen.
a chocolate coated Cannoli filled with a non-dairy cheese Meatfree sausage.
filling. Soymilks: Soyplus 1 liter. LiteLicks [soy ice cream]
“In 1996, The Company also made a change in its (Honey Vanilla, Wildberry, Maple Walnut, Chocolate, Fruit
distribution arrangements for the metropolitan New York Fiesta, Almond Fudge, Bulk packs) (9 or 16 liters).
area. Effective March 31, 1996, the Company terminated the Biofarm yoghurts (5 flavors). Malabar goat yoghurt.
services of The Haagen-Dazs Company and appointed the Olive Grove: Falafel mix, hoummus, Souvlaki sauce, tahini.
Mattus Ice Cream Company to be its New York area master Koromiko cheese (11 types, of which the first 4 are
distributor.” vegetarian). Koromiko wax selection (private bin). Pacific
“During 1997, the Company will be introducing a Harvest: Agar, kelp and karengo granules, fronds, or flakes.
number of new frozen dessert products. Among these items Address: Box 12082, 140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose,
will be honey-sweetened pints, sugar-free, fat-free half Auckland, New Zealand. Phone: 64 09 579 0592.
gallons, new novelties and a soy beverage. The Company
will also be introducing some new food products, such as 1610. Gordon, Jonathan. 1997. Volunteer work with soy
Tofutti Lavasch flatbreads.” yogurt and other soyfoods at Sesco in Egypt (Interview).
David Mintz, age 65, is still Chairman of the Board of SoyaScan Notes. July 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of
Directors and CEO. He has been a director since August Soyfoods Center.
1981. He owns 49.9% of the company’s common stock. • Summary: Jonathan just got back from working for 2
His salary in 1996 was $155,000, including a bonus of weeks as a volunteer with Sesco, also called the Swiss
$30,000 paid in April 1997. Rick W. Malloy, Executive Vice Egyptian Soy Co. They have a nice little plant and make a
President last year, appears to have left the company and not good quality soy yogurt product, sold in 3 flavors–Mango,
been replaced. Steven Kass, chief financial officer, was paid peach, and strawberry. For details, see the 1997 interview.
a salary of $100,000 in 1996, including a bonus of $15,000. The soy yogurts were very good, except for a slight beany
Other directors are Bernard Koster (counsel), Reuben taste, however they had a shelf life of only 10 days and
Rapoport (Director of product development), and Franklyn very limited distribution. They make only soy yogurt–no
Snitow (general counsel). Address: Cranford, New Jersey. soymilk. They are also making several products based on
Phone: 201-272-2400. dairy milks (yogurts, puddings, cheeses) to increase their
manufacturing base. The 4 oz cups have a raised bottom to
1608. Badische Zeitung (Germany). 1997. Eiweisskuchen give the appearance of more product. During the 2 weeks
aus Sojabohnen: Tofu-Land “Taifun.” [Protein cake from Jonathan was there, he worked with them to improve the
soybeans: Tofu-land “Taifun”]. June. [Ger] quality of their base soymilk to virtually remove the beany
• Summary: Tofu-Land invites you to take a trip. It lies in flavor; this led to a marked improvement in the yogurt
the industrial park Hochdorf, is named Taifun, and is very quality. He introduced a new yogurt process to give them an
busy on weekends; Saturday from 2 to 8 p.m. and Sunday extended shelf life; if they follow his recommendations, that
from 11 to 6 p.m. At these times, in Tofu-Land, you will could increase to 50 days. They also invented new processes
find music, clowns, organic beer, wine, organic drinks, soya for the production of soy-based ice creams, puddings, and a
ice cream, tofu delicacies, coffee and cakes. The occasion? spreadable soy cream cheese. Jonathan found that equipment
For 10 years the company has made tofu here in a variety or and the process used to make the soymilk for the yogurt to
forms and combinations–from guaranteed organic soybeans be very unsatisfactory. It is designed to grind dry soybeans.
that have not been genetically engineered. From fresh tofu There is a water feed at a temperature from ambient
the firm makes everything from tofu patties (Tofubratlinge, temperature to not above 70ºC–so you get a beany flavor.
round like an American hamburger) and tofu sausages to More than that, the ground soybeans go immediately to two
fried tofu with rice (frittierte Reisbratsticks)–and it sells this extractors, a coarse and a fine spin extractor. There is about
pure plant protein in natural food stores and Reform Houses 1 second between grinding the hydrated beans and extracting
in Germany, England, Belgium, and Luxemburg. the okara. Therefore the yield of soymilk solids and

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protein is very low. The soymilk is then run through a heat long term business and growth.
exchanger to pasteurize–with a 2½ to 3 minute residence. “Much of this success I owe to Henry Glasser, my
He made various suggestions to Sesco as to how they could partner and long time friend of my father’s best friend. I sit
re-plumb this machine to make it much more efficient, in this office and consult with his wisdom, content to see
including running the product thru the heat exchanger TAN Industries, Inc. continue in the black toward goals we
before the extractors–to give more time to extract soy solids. both share.”
Address: Director of Operations, White Wave Inc., Boulder, Note: TAN Industries is listed in the 1997 Soya
Colorado. Phone: 303-443-3917. Bluebook Plus (published Sept. 1996) on pages 185
(manufacturer of soymilk) and 285 (equipment supplier and
1611. Nordquist, Ted. 1997. Re: Establishing TAN consulting).
Industries, Inc. in California and update on work with Ted Nordquist now lives in California. His company,
soyfoods. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, TAN Industries, Inc., operates out of the office of Henry
Aug. 4. 2 p. Preceded by an interview on July 14. Glasser, an attorney in San Francisco. He was involved in
• Summary: “I incorporated TAN Industries, Inc. in the development and formulation of Silk, a fresh soymilk
California [in about mid-1991, shortly after Ted’s mother product launched by White Wave in Jan. 1996. He was
died in Feb. 1991. Ted had also incorporated a TAN AB having this product made by ProSoya in British Columbia,
is Sweden]. I commuted from Örsundsbro, Sweden, to Canada, but now it is apparently being made somewhere
California (lots of frequent flyer miles) from 1992 until else–perhaps in Los Angeles. His main goal now is to
August of 1994, when my family joined me in Sonoma, develop a soymilk product that will compete with Lactaid.
California. Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 351 California St., Suite
“I received money from the sale of Aros Sojaprodukter 1330, San Francisco, California 94104; 660 Vischer Ct.,
AB (to Blekinge Invest) and invested in TAN, plus received Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-398-8007.
6% commission on sales for three years. This contract was
up the same month that Henry and I began selling soymilk to 1612. Nordquist, Ted. 1997. Re: Founding and early history
White Wave (Silk). of Aros Sojaproduktor KB in Örsundsbro, Sweden. Letter
“In January of 1995, TAN Industries started packaging to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Aug. 4. 3 p. Typed,
and selling soy beverage in extended shelf-life refrigerated with signature on letterhead. Preceded by an interview on
packaging. We believe we are now the largest packager and July 14.
seller of a formulated refrigerated extended shelf-life (12 • Summary: Ted Nordquist and William Shurtleff have been
weeks) soy beverage in the United States. friends since Oct. 1975. In looking at the early history of
“TAN Industries, Inc. specializes in vegetable-based Aros Sojaprodukter (1980-1992, Sweden’s earliest known
dairy-like products such as beverages, yogurts, ice creams tofu manufacturer), Shurtleff was struck by the fact that
and, as you may know, puddings as required. TAN has its three nice articles had been published about the company in
own process, comprised of specially designed equipment to Swedish during 1980, yet (according to a 1984 letter from
process whole soybeans into high quality, good tasting and Nordquist, its founder) the company had not started making
nutritious vegetable-based dairy-like products at competitive tofu commercially until Feb. 1981. Shurtleff talked with
prices. Usually economy of scale dictates a minimum Nordquist about this, then sent Nordquist a photocopy of
production order of approximately 12,000 gallons on each all documents (16, in chronological order) in the Soyfoods
processing occasion. TAN seeks to enter into contractual Center library that were published (or written) before Jan.
agreements to provide product to companies where 1982 and asked Ted if he would please check that Feb. 1981
distribution and marketing are already in place. date. Ted did so, carefully and with interest, then wrote the
“TAN will develop specific products for customers following:
or TAN will develop a product and present the product “Re: Aros Sojaprodukter KB. Dear Bill: Thank you
wholesale, FOB factory, to a prospective company capable of for the call and the materials. Wow, how to bring back
taking the product to market. memories... and good ones to boot!
“In 1996, TAN has entered a contractual agreement with “I was right the first time [about Feb. 1981 being the
a producer of rice-based beverage. This enables TAN to offer date the company started making tofu commercially]. You
both Rice beverages and related products, as well as Soy.” can’t trust married men over 50 with instant truth about their
“After many years, I have learned some ways to keep pasts. Time is condensed into the Good Times, and the hard
out of debt, realizing that being low on money will not help work is quickly forgotten. Your documentation pays off
the cause and that I must move slowly enough to keep the handsomely revealing that.
money flowing in at least as fast as it flows out. So there is “1. We located the building in Örsundsbro in the fall of
some dampened enthusiasm for moving ahead too quickly in 1979, as revealed in Tim Öhlund’s letter of November 26,
exchange for what looks to me to be a solid, sensible path to 1979. We planned and talked money, floor plans, permits and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 599

whatnot. time for school, August of 1981. Again, Gunnar Eriksson of

“2. We formed the kommanditbolag, limited partnership, Nordbanken in Örsundsbro just granted me the loan to buy
and raised $20,000.” Prof. Ki Yong Kim and Ted each the building. He helped me throughout our development and
contributed $10,000, and 5% of the company shares were also took up to 18% interest in our loans!
distributed to Tim Öhlund, Göran Sollenberg, Gunnar “10. I worked at Uppsala University at the History of
Karlsson [no relation to Ted’s wife], and Lars-Oluv Kulin in Religion Institute until the summer of 1984. But my 18-hour
return for time spent working on establishing the company. days were catching up to me and I quit the academic life to
“I do not remember the exact date we received the papers work and pay back loans full time. Actually, I was not able to
and became official, but it was in 1979. pay back my loans until after I founded Aros Sojaprodukter
“3. We applied for loans from several banks during the AB with a new partner named Erik Kennhed (in 1990),
beginning of 1980. We rented the locality in Örsundsbro finished building the TAN Soy Base plant in Tinnsryd, made
from January 1980. The rent was 1,000 SEK per month, Tofuline glass [Tofu Line soy ice cream] a success in Sweden
about $200/month. and Finland and then sold everything to Blekinge Invest in
“4. We did not get the money we asked for, about 1992. I started that project with Marc Ljungström, Trensums
800,000 SEK or about $160,000. By this time, we were Musteri AB, in Tingsryd in 1982. We started making TAN
famous! The local newspaper journalist, Göran Palm, Soy Base in 1987 but it was not until 1990 that the Tofuline
interviewed us several times, and the Health Food Store in glass started rolling off the production line.
Uppsala owned by Birgitta Akerheden was used for Soy “11. I agreed not to compete with Blekinge Invest for
Product Presentations. So by the Spring of 1980, we still three years (in return for a percentage of Tofuline sales over
had a building, lots of enthusiasm, media coverage, but no three years).” Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 351 California
money. St., Suite 1330, San Francisco, California 94104. Phone:
“In May (I think) of 1980, Gunnar Eriksson, the local 415-398-8007.
bank manager of Nordbanken in Örsundsbro called me in to
tell me that even his bank, Nordbanken, was not prepared 1613. Little Tokyo Service Center. 1997. L.A. Tofu Festival,
to lend us the 800,000 SEK. Then he asked me how much August 9-10. Los Angeles, California. 22 p. Illust. 26 cm.
money I could raise. I told him the $20,000 (100,000 SEK) Saddle stitched (stapled).
was all that I could raise. He asked me if I could start I • Summary: Contents: 1997 LA [Los Angeles] Tofu Festival
factory with a total of 200,000 SEK. I told him I would get committees and volunteers. Schedule of events, Aug. 9-10.
back to him the next day with an answer. Map of events. Letter from Little Tokyo Service Center, with
“6. So we started on a shoe string. I called Anne-Marie’s thanks to House Foods / Hinoichi Tofu as the Title Sponsor.
father, Gösta Karlson, and told him that if he would live with List of sponsors by rank. Honorary chairpersons: Sandy
us during the summer of 1980, help me renovate the factory, Gooch and Rob Fukuzaki. Health education and health
and build the plant primarily with material from the stainless benefits of tofu. Tofu: A 2,000 year old health food miracle,
steel scrap-yard, then I would go for it. He accepted. compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1997
“I ordered the machinery through Birgitta Akerheden LA Tofu Festival restaurant profiles (20 restaurants, p. 7-9):
simply because I had no credit. I ordered a Takai grinder, Aloha Food Factory (Alhambra, CA, started Oct. 1990–Tofu
hydraulic press, coagulation barrels, stainless steel pressing specialty dish: Tofu with cha-shu on stir fried vegetables).
boxes, presses and two stainless rinsing tanks. The steam Berth 55 (Long Beach, 1988–Tofu poke dish). Buk Chang
cooking process, pressing tables, etc., we built ourselves. I Dong Soon Du Bu (LA, April 1996–Spicy tofu casserole
paid Takai about 46,000 SEK for this equipment. with oyster, shrimp & clams). Chez Sateau (Arcadia, 1981–
“7. So Gösta and I built Aros Sojaprodukter KB and we Tofu cheesecake, Tofu Caesar Salad. Chef Sato was “Chef
completed the job by the end of 1980 (The article #3540 by of the Year of Los Angeles” and 1980 Chef of the Year of
Göran Palm dated 23 September 1980 shows me in the office southern California.” He was also a member of the 1980
using our tool chest as a coffee table). Tim, the other partners U.S. Team for the Cooking Competition in the Culinary
and I had an open house by the end of the year, beginning Olympics). Curry House (Beverly Hills, Aug. 1996–Tofu
production in February of 1981. During the year of 1980, steak {marinated in soy sauce}, Tofu cheesecake). Furaibo
we were making tofu at home and presenting tofu dishes to (LA, Aug. 1994–Tofu salad with original ginger). Indo
people in Uppsala and Stockholm. We were basically doing Cafe (Los Angeles, 1993–Stuffed tofu cake {tofu filled
what we could to build up an interest for the opening of our with ground chicken and shrimp}, Fried tofu {marinated
factory. in turmeric and candlenut}). Jozu Restaurant (LA, Dec. 1,
“8. By the summer of 1981, the lady living above the 1996–Fried tofu with marinated porkchops). Little Tokyo
factory died, and the owners asked me if I wanted to buy Lion’s Club (LA, 1974–Tofu miso soup, Futomaki sushi).
the building. Again, Gösta helped me renovate the living Mr. Ramen (LA, Oct. 1993–Vegetarian {with tofu} ramen).
quarters and we moved into the building from Uppsala in Ocean Seafood Restaurant (LA, 1990–Mabo tofu, Tofu

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 600

with mixed vegetables, Tofu in clay pot). Papa Jon’s Cafe with ecological guidelines (Oeko-Rechtlinien erzeugte
(Long Beach, 1990–Greek tofu salad, Tofu lentil salad, Sojabohnen). In order to be sure its soybeans are not
Potato-tofu salad, Sesame tofu salad, Tofu spinach, Lasagna, genetically engineered (GE), in 1997 Taifun started working
Tofu broccoli stir-fry, Spaghetti and tofu balls, Tofu/lettuce/ with local ecologic farmers in a program to grow organic,
tomato {TLT} sandwich, Tofu scramble {breakfast}, Tofu non-GE soybeans. In 1997 in Baden’s Upper Rhine Valley
dessert pies, Tofu frosting {on cake}, Tomato basil w/tofu, about 75 hectares (ha) of soybeans for this project were
Teriyaki tofu, and Spinach mushroom pasta w/tofu). Pat cultivated.
Greenberg, “Fitness Gourmet” (Beverly Hills, Renowned
instructor of the “Joy of Soy” cooking classes). Southern 1616. Bean Supreme Ltd. 1997. Soy kids: Easy family
California Cuisine (LA, 1994–Tofu ravioli served with Curry recipes with children in mind (Brochure). Auckland, New
sauce or traditional marinara sauce). Suehiro Cafe (LA, Zealand. 6 panels each side. Each panel: 10 x 14 cm.
1972–Stir-fried eggplant, Bell peppers with tofu braised in Undated.
miso sauce, Deep-fried tofu with sauce). Three Brothers • Summary: On the cover, red on pink, is an illustration of 7
Restaurant & Catering (Harbor City, 1983–Chinese tofu happy kinds before a large rayed sun. The first 2 panels are
salad, Tofu seafood salad). Tofutti Brands Inc. (Cranford, about the health benefits of soyfoods. Then come 6 pages of
New Jersey, 1982–Non-dairy frozen desserts, Tofutti recipes and tips for using Bean Supreme’s Soyplus soymilk,
tortellini, Mini ravioli, Tofutti cookies). Unique Catering tofu, and Lite Licks frozen dessert (soy ice cream). The
(Chino Hills, 1995–Tofu patty with shiitake sauce, String company also makes tempeh and Tofu Luncheon. The back
beans with tofu dressing, Inari-sushi). Vegetarian Delight panel lists the company’s soy products, has a statement about
(San Gabriel, 1991–Veggie fish in hot braised sauce). Wild the goodness of soybeans, and states: “Bean Supreme brings
Oats Community Market (Santa Monica, 1984–Tofu tempeh happiness.” Address: Box 12082, Penrose, Auckland, New
deli salad). Zealand.
Advertisements (p. 10-21), including ads for Tofutti,
Patricia Greenberg “The Joy of Soy” cooking classes, JFC 1617. Bean Supreme Ltd. 1997. Soybeans–why the fuss!
International Inc., House Foods America Corporation (full Soyplus [soymilk]. Hot health tips. Smart Meatfree Sausages
page, inside rear cover). Address: Little Tokyo Service (Leaflet). Auckland, New Zealand. 1 p. Back to pack. 30 cm.
Center (Resource Development Center), 231 East 3rd St., • Summary: This brochure introduces all the soyfood
Los Angeles, California 90013. Phone: 213-473-1600. products in the Bean Supreme line / range: Small photos
show: Tofu (chub pack). Soyplus soymilk (in Tetra Pack
1614. GMF–Genetically Modified Foods Market Intelligence cartons). Tofu Luncheon. Lite Licks nondairy frozen dessert.
(Genetic ID, Fairfield, Iowa). 1997. New soy product goes Meatless Sausages. Address: New Zealand.
non-GMO. No. 12. Sept. 1. p. 3.
• Summary: A new soy milk ice cream made from non-GMO 1618. Ontario Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board
soy powder was introduced at the recent Institute of Food (OSGMB). 1997. Overview of the Canadian soyfoods
Technologists Expo 97 by O.S.F. Corp., a flavor company in market. Chatham, Ontario, Canada: OSGMB. 44 p. 28 cm.
Hartford, Connecticut. The low-fat product contains special • Summary: This excellent, complete, and accurate
flavorings to mask the soy aftertaste. The soy powder base market study was compiled by the Collège d’Alfred of
is supplied by Devansoy Farms of Carroll, Iowa. Olivier de the University of Guelph, under contract with the Ontario
Botton of O.S.F. says that his company chose a non-GMO Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board (OSGMB). The project
soy powder because they have European customers for their leaders were Suzanne Lavoie, Charles Goubau, and Ian
products. “Mr. Botton also points out that as awareness of Walker. The field research was conducted between Jan. 15
the issue of GM foods grows among American natural foods and Aug. 31, 1997. The first study of the Canadian soyfoods
consumers, the ice cream could also be marketed as a non- market was published in March 1990 (vi + 40 pages).
GMO product.” Contents: Acknowledgments. Summary. Introduction.
Research procedures: Methodology, limitations (of the
1615. Badische Bauern Zeitung (BBZ, Germany). 1997. 100 companies in this study, over 75% were visited,
Verzicht auf Gen-Soja oeffnet hierzulande Marktnischen interviews were conducted in person, and product samples
[Renunciation of genetically engineered soybeans opens were collected). The Canadian soyfoods market: History,
many new market niches in this region]. Sept. 27. No. 39. p. structure of the Canadian soyfood industry, market highlights
30. [Ger] by region (The Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairies
• Summary: 75 ha of organic, non-GE soybeans in the {Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta}, British Columbia),
upper Rhine flatlands: The Freiburg tofu-maker Taifun, factors influencing the soyfoods market (A closer look at
with 30 employees and a weekly output of 10-12 tons of Canadian demographic trends, a closer look at Canadian
tofu, processes only soybeans produced in accordance immigration trends, a closer look at vegetarianism and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 601

family food expenditure trends, research on soyfoods and (13) Major foreign companies in the Canadian soyfood
their health benefits, the American influence). Supply and market (p. 37. Soy cheese: Soyco Foods, Sharon’s Finest,
demand of soybeans for use in soyfoods: Soybean production Cemac Foods Corp. {Nu-Tofu}. Frozen desserts: Tofutti
in Ontario, imports and exports of soybeans, imports and Brands Inc. Tempeh: Turtle Island Foods Inc. Tetra Pak
exports of soy products, the soybean crushing industry packaged soymilk: Westbrae Natural Foods, Cenat, Pacific
in Ontario, consumption of whole soybeans by soyfood Select, Vitasoy USA Inc., Eden Food Inc. Tofu: Mori-Nu,
processors. Opportunities in the Canadian soyfoods market. Vitasoy USA Inc. Prepared dishes: Amy’s, Sharon’s Finest.
Soyfood processors and their needs. Market opportunities for Meat analogs: Fantastic Food Inc. MGM Brands, Northern
food-grade soybeans. Summary comments. Bibliography. Soy, Soy Boy, Turtle Island Foods Inc. Salad dressing:
Tables show: (1) Major soyfood companies established Nasoya Foods. Soy sauce: Eden Foods Inc., Kikkoman
in the province of Quebec (p. 13). (2) Major soyfood Foods Inc.).
companies established in the province of Ontario (p. 16). The Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
(3) Major soyfood companies established in the province of Alberta) contained about 16.6% of Canada’s population
British Columbia (p. 19). (4.5 million persons) in 1995. “The province of Alberta
(4) Percentage of change in units and sales of soyfoods [Capital = Edmonton] is different from the other two Prairie
by product in grocery stores in Canada between 1994 and provinces, due mainly to its larger population base, its
1996 (soy sauce, soy flour, soy oil, soymilk, tofu and meat growing Oriental population and its proximity to Vancouver.
analogs). (p. 21). (5) Percentage distribution of population in Calgary [a large city in Alberta province] and Edmonton
Canada by province (p. 22. In 1996, 37.5% lived in Ontario have their own Chinatowns, including small Oriental-owned
and 24.6% in Quebec). (6) Percentage distribution of age tofu and soymilk production facilities.” Note: According to
groups–Canada (p. 22; In the 15-24 age group, 19% did not the Canadian Soyfoods Directory (1997, p. 14), there are 7
eat meat in 1992, down from 23% in 1986). soyfoods companies in Alberta province, 2 in Manitoba, and
(7) Percentage of population who do not eat meat & none in Saskatchewan. Address: OSGMB, 180 Riverview
share of budget spent on meat, Canada 1986 and 1992 Dr., P.O. Box 1199, Chatham, ON N7M 5L8, Canada. Phone:
(p. 28). (8) Canadian soybean: Supply and disposition 519-352-7730.
(September–August crop year)–in metric tons (p. 31). (9)
Canadian soybean exports by country of destination (p. 1619. Cooper, Myron. 1997. New developments at Westbrae.
32. In 1997-98 some 325,000 tonnes went to the European Sale to Hain Food Group is imminent (Interview). SoyaScan
Union, 145,000 to the USA, 85,000 to Japan, 40,000 to Hong Notes. Oct. 10. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods
Kong, 75,000 to other Asia, and 15,000 to other places). Center.
(10) Imports and exports–All countries, dollar values (p. • Summary: About 6 months ago the Vestro board of
33. The leading imports are soybean meal $202.7 million, directors changed the company name to Westbrae Natural,
crude soybean oil $16.75 million, and whole soybeans for Inc. Westbrae is scheduled to be sold to the Hain Food Group
oil extraction $12.59 million. The leading exports are protein on Oct. 14. Myron is quite certain the deal will go through.
concentrates and textured protein substances $9.1 million, He and Andy Jacobsen will stay on the run the Westbrae
soybean meal 6.5 million, and brans, sharps and other part of the business. The price of Hain’s stock has been
residues $4.3 million). skyrocketing recently, even though their earnings are less
(11) Soybean crushing facilities in Canada (p. 34. All than those of Westbrae. Hain had made several weak offers
are located in Ontario province; ADM Agri-Industries Ltd., for Westbrae, then (by coincidence) Chiquita Banana came
Windsor. Capacity: 3,600 tonnes/day of raw soybeans. along and made a strong offer–that almost led to the sale.
CanAmera Foods, Hamilton, 3,000. Helin Oil Packers, After that, Hain came back with a serious offer.
Whitby, 250. Started crushing in 1997. Cold Springs Farm Vestro purchased Westbrae in 1988. At that time,
Ltd., Thamesford, 100. Started 1995. Sunfield Oil Seeds, Westbrae had only one soymilk SKU (not including
Wingham, 100. Started 1994. Dennis Jackson Seeds Malteds), in a yellow box, made by Vitasoy–so there was
Services Ltd., Dresden, 40. Started 1994. Tri County Protein not much room for growth. Since then, Westbrae’s non-
Corporation, Iroquois, 100. Not in operation yet). dairy beverage category (soymilk and rice milks) has grown
(12) Estimated quantities of soybean utilized by soyfood extremely rapidly–roughly eight-fold in sales, so that today
processors–1996–metric tons (p. 35. Total volume of whole Westbrae’s sales in this category are about $16 million/year;
soybeans consumed: 9,650 tonnes, of which 4,780 are for of that roughly 80% is soy and 20% rice. Myron believes
soymilk, 4,775 are for tofu, and 95 are for other soyfood that Westbrae is now the leader in this category (soy + rice
products). Total volume of whole soybeans consumed by beverages) among all natural foods companies, ahead of
province (by soyfood processors): British Columbia 3,825 both Eden Foods and Vitasoy. Westbrae’s distributors tell
tonnes, Ontario 3,050 (excluding crushing plants), the Myron that the latter two companies now appear to be having
Maritimes and Quebec 2,535, and the Prairies 240. problems; they may be having difficulties keeping up with

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demand. Imagine Foods (maker of Rice Dream) is a very buy the system from IPC. A company or person in the USA
strong competitor, and Rice Dream (rice beverage) has been can buy a small soymilk system (200 liters/hour or less) from
a bonanza. But Westbrae has just introduced a competitor– PSI, but they cannot buy a large soymilk system because
Oat Plus, which tastes good and contains soluble fiber (beta- IPC is developing their own company in the USA based on
galactones), about which FDA allows a health claim. their patented soymilk technology–and they do not want
Westbrae’s single best-selling SKU in terms of units competition form their own soymilk systems.
sold my be Malteds. Myron has had a hard time finding International ProSoya Europe (a subsidiary of IPC,
a manufacturer for this product. They are made by John created in Jan. 1997 and began operation in June 1997) is
Yamauchi in Los Angeles. He is having trouble keeping up now constructing a soymilk plant in the United Kingdom
with demand. (in Livingston, Scotland) as part of a joint venture. Dusty
Westbrae has no plans to introduce soymilk in a gable- Cunningham, who is a director of IPC, is there helping to get
top carton, primarily because the company now has only one the project started–but she is not the person in charge. The
refrigerated product–tub miso. factory is expected to begin making soy products in early
Myron is very concerned about the possibility of E. coli 1998–an aseptic soymilk, a soy yogurt, soy ice creams, and
turning up in some company’s soymilk and damaging the other food products based on the company’s soymilk. There
whole industry. Les Wilson at Iowa State Univ., who is on are a number of shareholders in the new joint venture, one of
the Soyfoods Association board, will be looking into this whom is named McCorkle; the joint venture is not with an
problem in the larger context of soymilk bacteriology. existing European soy company.
Since 1988, Westbrae has continued to be a leader in In the future, IPC plans to focus on joint ventures
soymilk innovation. They introduced the first “Lite” soymilk, internationally (using IPC soymilk technology), and to place
were the first to structure the soymilk category to make it much more emphasis on making and selling foods based on
similar to dairy milk (full-fat, low fat, etc.), introduced the soymilk than on selling equipment. Lorne thinks that two
first fortified soymilk, the first small kid’s size “Lunchbox” more joint ventures will be finalized in 1998; the details
soymilk, the first coffee soy [Café Westbrae–Coffee-Flavored are confidential at present. Part of the capital for all this
Soy Beverage], and (in Sept. 1997 at Baltimore, Maryland) expansion comes from joint venture partners and PIC raises
VigorAid,–nutritional soymilk in the same category as part of it themselves; they are planning to do an initial public
Ensure. offering (IPO) in 1998 as well–open to the public.
After the Hain sale is finalized, Westbrae will take over IPC has been so busy lately that Lorne is not sure
management of two very interesting Hain soy products: whether they will continue the newsletter or not; they will
Pizsoy (a natural pizza with soy cheese), and Ice Bean (a soy discuss it at a board meeting soon.
ice cream originally made by Farm Foods). Myron feels that Ted Nordquist is currently involved with a soymilk plant
these products have considerable unrealized potential. in Los Angeles, California. He has been buying soymilk
Update: Talk with Hain Food Group–Westbrae. 1998. from IPC. Lorne has heard that Ted is coming out with his
Feb. 18. Westbrae was, in fact, sold to Hain on 14 Oct. own brand of soymilk. In France, Sojinal has been bought
1997. The new company name is that shown just above. out; Lorne thinks that Sojinal makes a better soymilk product
Myron Cooper and other top executives will continue to than Alpro. Address: President and CEO, International
work at their former location in Carson, California. Address: ProSoya Corp., 312-19292 60th Ave., Surrey (Vancouver),
President, Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc., 1065 East Walnut BC V3S 8E5, Canada. Phone: 604-532-8030.
St., Carson, California 90746. Phone: 310-886-8200.
1621. Ontario Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board
1620. Broten, Lorne H.A. 1997. New developments at (OSGMB). ed. and comp. 1997. Canadian soyfoods
International ProSoya Corp. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. directory. Chatham, Ontario, Canada: OSGMB. 27 p. 28 cm.
Oct. 29. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: This excellent, complete, and accurate directory
• Summary: The company name has been changed. A new was compiled by the Collège d’Alfred of the University of
company, International ProSoya Corporation (IPC), was Guelph, under contract with the Ontario Soybean Growers’
incorporated in the fall of 1996. An agreement was reached Marketing Board (OSGMB). The project leaders were
for IPC to purchase all the shares of ProSoya, Inc. (PSI), Suzanne Lavoie, Charles Goubau, and Ian Walker. The first
which will become a wholly owned subsidiary of IPC; the Canadian soyfoods directory was published in April 1994 (22
deal has not yet been finalized. Pacific ProSoya Foods, Inc. pages).
(the food manufacturing company in British Columbia) Contents: Foreword–Ontario Soybean Growers’
has been merged into IPC. Sales of small-scale soymilk Marketing Board (OSGMB). Acknowledgements from
equipment and equipment sales to the former Soviet Union researchers. Table of contents. Soyfood product descriptions:
countries will generally be handled by PSI, but those who Green vegetable soybeans–Edamamé, meat analogs, miso,
wish to buy large systems must talk directly with Lorne and natto, okara, soy cheese, soy flour, soy frozen desserts, soy

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 603

grits, soy isolate fibre, soy lecithin, soy oil, soy protein glossy paper loaded with color photos and lightweight
concentrate, soy protein isolate, soy pudding, soy sauce, soy text. The author and nutritionist is Cathy McDonald of
sprouts, soy yogurt, soymilk (soy drink and soy beverage), Sanitarium. Recipes developed by Wendy van der Veer of
soynuts, tempeh, textured soy flour–TSF, texturized soy Sanitarium. Contents: The story of soy. The soy family:
protein, tofu, whole dry soybeans, yuba. Soyfoods for your Miso, soy beans, soy breads & cereals, soy cheese, soy drink,
health: Heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, other conditions. soy flour, soy grits & soy flakes, soy ‘meats,’ soy pasta,
Composition and nutrient value of soyfoods. Soyfood soy sauce, soy snacks, tempeh, TVP, tofu, tofu desserts (ice
companies by product. Soyfoods companies by province: cream and yoghurt). Breakfasts. Soy for health (isoflavones,
Alberta (7), British Columbia (21), Manitoba (2), Nova menopause, breast cancer, osteoporosis, prostate cancer,
Scotia (2), Ontario (54), Quebec (20). Soyfood companies heart disease). Light meals. The secrets of soy. Main meals.
(105 companies that make or market wholesale soyfoods)– Soy in perspective. Desserts. Sensational soy (sample
complete listings (address, phone and fax numbers, contact menus). Snacks. Know your nutrients. Bibliography.
person, products). Soyfoods distributors–complete listings Estimated isoflavones in soy foods (table). Address: 1
(13). Soybean distributors–complete listings (28). Research Sanitarium Drive, Berkeley Vale, NSW 2261, Australia.
information sources–complete listings (24). Soyfoods
information sources (23). Canadian soyfoods directory 1624. Tuitemwong, P.; Erickson, L.E.; Fung, D.Y.C. 1997.
questionnaire. Development of value-added soybean food products. In:
Spot in Ontario Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board Napompeth, Banpot, ed. 1997. World Soybean Research
Newsletter. 1997. Dec. p. 5. The Canadian Soyfoods Conference V: Proceedings. Soybean Feeds the World.
Directory was launched in November after a two-month Bangkok, Thailand: Kasetsart University Press. xxiv + 581
delay. “The project was undertaken following numerous p. See p. 415-18. Held at Chiang Mai, Thailand, 21-27 Feb.
information requests from consumers, processors and health 1994. [10 ref]
professionals.” Funded by the Board of OSGMB, it has been • Summary: A cultured soy yogurt and a flavored frozen soy
mailed to all Registered Dietitians across Canada, and it will yogurt, made using a rapid hydration hydrothermal cooking
soon be available on the Board’s website. Address: OSGMB, (RHHTC) process have been developed in the laboratory.
180 Riverview Dr., P.O. Box 1199, Chatham, ON N7M 5L8, The frozen soy yogurt received higher taste panel scores than
Canada. Phone: 519-352-7730. the soy yogurt from both Asian and American consumers.
Address: 1. King Mongkut’s Inst. of Technology–Thonburi,
1622. Nabben, Alexander. 1997. Kochen und Backen mit Bangkok, Thailand; 2. Dep. of Chemical Engineering; 3.
Tofu: Vegetarische Rezepte ohne tierisches Eiweiss [Cooking Dep. of Animal Science & Industry. Last two: Kansas State
and baking with tofu: Vegetarian recipes without animal Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506.
protein]. Darmstadt, Germany: Pala-Verlag. 139 p. Illust.
Recipe index. 21 cm. [Ger] 1625. Golbitz, Peter. 1998. Tofu & soyfoods cookery:
• Summary: Contents: Tofu–versatile and healthful. The Delicious foods for a healthy life. Summertown, Tennessee:
soybean: Cultural history, production, the world and the Book Publishing Co. 176 p. Illust. (3 photos). Recipe index.
soybean, nutritional value of soybeans, soyfood products General index. 21 cm.
(soy sauce, miso, tempeh, okara, soy coffee, soynuts, soy • Summary: Contents: Preface and acknowledgments. The
sprouts, modern western soy protein products–soybean history of soyfoods. A closer look at soybeans. Soybeans and
flour, flakes, textured soy flour, soy protein isolates, health: Introduction, malnutrition, cardiovascular disease,
defatted soybean meal, industrial soy products), genetically cancer, osteoporosis, menopause, more to come. Using
engineered soybeans. Tofu. Tips, tricks, and useful soyfoods: Whole dry soybeans, tofu, soymilk, soy flour,
information. How to make soymilk at home. How to make textured soy protein, green vegetable soybeans, tempeh,
tofu at home. Tofu recipes and marinades. Raw foods and miso, soy sauce, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolates,
salads. Dressings. Sauces. Soups. Main dishes. Soufflés. natto, soybean oil, second generation soyfoods, meat
Pasta. Patties / burgers. Spreads. Party snacks. Cooking and alternatives, cheese alternatives, soy yogurt, nondairy frozen
baking. Desserts and sweet delicacies (süsse Leckereien). Ice desserts, mayonnaise and dressings, instant soups and other
cream. Address: Weigandufer 38, 12059 Berlin, Germany. dry mixes, margarine, lecithin, soynuts and soynut butter,
Phone: 30 / 6808 0686. soy sprouts, okara or soy pulp. Basic recipes. Breakfast.
Bread. Salads & dressings. Soups & sandwiches. Main &
1623. Nutrition Education Service, Sanitarium Health Food side dishes. Desserts & drinks. Glossary. U.S. & Canadian
Company. 1997. Sensational soy cookbook. Sydney, London, soyfoods companies. Sources of information on soyfoods.
Vancouver, New York: Murdock Books. 64 p. Illust. Index. Nutrients in soyfoods.
20 cm. [32 ref] Contains 125 of Peter Golbitz’s favorite recipes, selected
• Summary: A saddle-stitched vegetarian cookbook on from the works of some of “the world’s leading soyfoods

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chefs.” A list of these “leading vegetarian and soyfoods functionality, extrusion technology, oil extraction, soymilk
pioneers” (all of whose books have been published by and dairy analogs (soymilk, soy yogurt, soy ice cream),
The Book Publishing Co.) appears on the rear cover. Peter Oriental soybean foods (tofu, tempeh, etc.), animal feed
(born in 1952) lives with his wife, Sharyn Kingma, and applications, quality control, animal feed applications,
son on a beautiful island off the coast of northern Maine. A overview of the soybean industry, economics and marketing
color photo of the family appears on the rear cover. Twenty of soy products. Cost and travel information (the course costs
years ago (in 1978) Peter was “first introduced to tofu $4,300 plus about $1,600 for room, board, and other local
and the wonders of soyfoods.” A photo of Peter with his living expenses. INTSOY is unable to offer scholarships).
book appears in the Book Publishing Catalog of Jan. 1999. The course time consists of 35% lectures, 45% hands-
Address: President and Founder, Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, on exercises, and 20% industry visits. This is the 18th
Maine. Phone: 207-288-4969. offering of the training program. Some 200 persons from
41 countries have attended the course. Danny Erickson
1626. Indiana Soybean Board. 1998. Indiana soyfoods is the training officer in charge. E-mail intsoy@uiuc.edu.
locator guide: A guide to finding soyfoods in the supermarket Address: International Soybean Program, Univ. of Illinois,
and health food store. Lebanon, Indiana: Indiana Soybean 35 Environmental and Agricultural Sciences Building, 1101
Development Council. 48 p. 28 cm. West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Phone: (217)
• Summary: This is the first edition of this Guide. On the 333-6422.
cover is a paper grocery bag resting on a bed of soybeans
and chock full of foods: Veggie Slices (soy cheese), soynut 1628. Stevens & Associates, Inc. ed. and comp. 1998. U.S.
butter, veggie burger, tofu, soymilk, soy flour, plus carrots, 1998 soyfoods directory. Lebanon, Indiana: Indiana Soybean
celery, and cooking oil. Contents: Food pyramid. Soyfoods Development Council. 47 p. 28 cm. [33 ref]
descriptions–Meat the Bean: Introduction, green vegetable • Summary: This third edition of the U.S. Soyfoods
soybeans (edamame), hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), Directory was produced for the Indiana Soybean Board by
infant formulas–soy based, lecithin, meat alternatives Stevens & Associates. The color cover has a wide green and
(meat analogs), miso, natto, nondairy soy frozen desserts, white checkered border.
soy cheese, soy fiber (okara, soy bran, soy isolate fiber), Contents: Soybean facts. Welcome. How to use the
soy flour, soy grits, soy protein concentrate, soy protein soyfoods directory. Daily soyfood guide pyramid. One bean:
isolate (isolated soy protein), soy protein–textured (textured a multitude of products.
soy protein, textured soy flour), soy sauce (tamari, shoyu, Soyfood descriptions [alphabetical]: green vegetable
teriyaki), soy yogurt, soybeans, soymilk–soy beverages, soybeans (edamame), hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP),
soynut butter, soynuts, soybean oil & products, sprouts–soy, infant formulas–soy based, lecithin, meat alternatives
tempeh, tofu & tofu products, whipped toppings–soy-based, (meat analogs), miso, natto, nondairy soy frozen desserts,
yuba. A taste for health–Scientists are learning about soy’s soy cheese, soy fiber (okara, soy bran, soy isolate fiber),
health benefits: Heart disease, osteoporosis, menopause, soy flour, soy grits, soy protein concentrate, soy protein
cancer, isoflavones. Soyfood icon chart. Soyfood facts & isolate (isolated soy protein), soy protein–textured (textured
recipes: Meat alternatives, soybean oil, textured soy protein, soy protein, textured soy flour), soy sauce (tamari, shoyu,
whole soybeans, soy flour, soymilk, tofu. Composition and teriyaki), soy yogurt, soybeans, soymilk (soy beverages),
nutrient content of soyfoods. Soyfood conversion charts: soynut butter, soynuts, soybean oil and products, sprouts–
description of one serving of soyfoods, guide to modifying soy, tamari (see soy sauce), tempeh, teriyaki sauce (see soy
recipes, soyfoods substitution chart. Mail order soyfood sauce), tofu & tofu products, whipped toppings–soy based,
companies. Soyfoods Web site packed with information. yuba.
Soy cookbooks. Soy resource books. 1-800-talksoy. A taste for health: Scientists are learning about soy’s
Soyfoods market search map; where to find soyfoods in health benefits (heart disease, osteoporosis, menopause,
the supermarket (a two page color layout of a supermarket cancer, isoflavones). Soybeans: health insurance in a pod.
displaying where soyfoods are located). Soybeans... they’re Approximate isoflavone content of selected soyfoods.
in almost everything. Finding soyfoods at the supermarket Fact sheet and recipes (1 or 2 pages each): Meat
(store listings by county). Address: Indianapolis, Indiana alternatives. Soybean oil. Textured soy protein. Whole
46205-1744. Phone: 1-800-275-7679. soybeans. Soy flour. Soymilk. Tofu.
Composition and nutrient content of soyfoods (full-page
1627. INTSOY. 1998. INTSOY course: Soybean processing table, p. 20). 1 serving of each soyfood. Guide to modifying
and utilization. May 26 to June 19, 1998 (Brochure). Urbana, recipes (substitutions). Soyfood substitution chart (½-page
Illinois. 8 panels. 2 p. 22 x 10 cm each. table). Soyfoods website packed with information (http://
• Summary: Contents: Topics to be presented in the www.soyfoods.com). Soy cookbooks. Soy resource books.
1998 course: Basic processing concepts, nutrition and 1-800-Talksoy (for answers to your questions).

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Soyfood companies by product (e.g., names of all KEEK), who have been actively involved since about 1995.
companies that make meat alternatives; products listed Amada del Valle, who worked with Plenty Canada and was
alphabetically). close fields with Laurie, is no longer involved. Laurie has
Soyfood companies (directory; p. 27-40. Alphabetical worked with both Plenty Canada and Plenty USA. The soy
by company name; Each listing contains address, contact dairy is under the auspices of the Comité de San Bartolo,
person, phone number, fax, e-mail, soy products, product which is the village committee. They have struggled and
names, distribution, how to locate product, classification). hung in there during the difficult times, and now things
Soyfood mail order companies (p. 41-42). Soyfood are going much better. Their biggest market is the tourist
companies by state (California has by far the Most). Soyfood restaurants in Panajachel and Antigua (Guatemala), but
promotion and research organizations (incl. state soybean they do have 3-4 outlets in Guatemala City. They now have
boards / councils). Professional association and industry an outlet right on the village square in Solola, where they
information resources. sell soy ice cream, tofu, and a soymilk popsicle that is very
Note: Nasoya Foods has its own listing but Azumaya popular. Suzi and Peter went down to offer assistance in
does not. Azumaya is listed under Vitasoy USA Inc. as recent years. Plenty bought them a truck so they could start
a brand. Address: Stevens & Associates, 4816 North doing deliveries instead of riding buses with their buckets
Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46205. Phone: of tofu, and also helped them with some Spanish-language
317-926-6272. publications. Suzi did many soy demos in restaurants in
Panajachel. Chuck Haren has been going there several
1629. Schweitzer, Peter. 1998. Plenty International times a year. Plenty has gotten them grants of roughly
(Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 25. Conducted by $10,000 a year so they could upgrade broken equipment and
William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. refrigeration. They have developed some new products, and
• Summary: Plenty International is now the official name of they are now making tempeh. The ongoing outside help has
their organization. This is the named under which they are been essential to their survival, but they have learned how to
registered with the United Nations, Canadian International operate–though they are not that ambitious. Chuck believes
Development Agency, and other government organizations. they could be much more successful. He feels they have an
But “it’s a mouthful,” so they usually call it just “Plenty” unlimited market. They earn enough money to pay the staff
for short. In the past, however, Plenty has sometimes used and put some back into the village. They operate a little
two names at the same time. In about 1982-83, after the nutritional outreach program.
original Plenty split up, the U.S. half usually called itself Peter notes that the work with soy has always been
Plenty USA vis a vis Plenty Canada. In early 1998 the Board very prominent through the history of Plenty’s activities
officially changed the name to Plenty International, and the worldwide. “It’s always been a part of the programs that
organization is incorporated under that name with the state of people seem to like. I see a really healthy future for it.”
Tennessee. They had to re-do the by-laws. Plenty had one 3-year period when Chuck was really
There is now also a Plenty Spain in Barcelona started by well funded, with about $50,000 from three public welfare
a guy from Argentina who worked with Plenty in the USA foundations. New programs started in many places, including
and Lesotho for many years. They do many projects but none Liberia. Address: Executive Director, Plenty International,
of them are soy-related. P.O. Box 394, Summertown, Tennesse 38483. Phone: 931-
Bisi Iderabdullah, the founder and director of the Imani 964-4864.
House project and soy program in Liberia, is currently in
Brooklyn, New York, trying to raise grant money for her 1630. Product Name: Soy Delicious (Organic Non-Dairy
program in Liberia. Plenty recently sent their clinical director Frozen Dessert in Quarts) [Creamy Vanilla, or Chocolate
to Senegal for medical training. The work is ongoing, run by Velvet].
their local staff people, in Liberia, and Bisi plans to return Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
soon. Distributor).
Plenty Canada has gone through major changes. They Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
moved their headquarters to an Indian reservation for a while 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
and their whole board of directors was Native Canadian for Date of Introduction: 1998. March.
a while. Peter is trying to find out what is going on; he has Ingredients: Creamy Vanilla: Filtered water, organic
heard that some of the original people are now coming back soybeans*, organic brown rice syrup, organic dehydrated
into the organization. cane juice*, organic safflower oil*, natural vanilla, carob
Of Plenty’s various soy projects around the world, the bean gum, guar gum, soy lecithin, carrageenan. Tilth
one in Guatemala is currently by far the most successful and standards and the California Organic Foods Act of 1990.
active. The soy dairy is now on a solid financial footing, Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart tubs.
managed by Agostine and Elena Xoquic (pronounced cho- How Stored: Frozen.

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New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back, 1997. David Mintz’s salary increased to $180,000 in 1997,
8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural including a bonus of $30,000–up from $155,000 in 1996
Products Expo West. 1998. March. “Introducing organic and $125,000 in 1995. Mintz, age 66, owns 50.4% of the
quarts.” For creamy vanilla and chocolate velvet. Spot in company’s common stock. Address: Cranford, New Jersey.
Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1998. Sept. p. 186. “Turtle Phone: 201-272-2400.
Mountain Inc.” Introducing two flavors: Creamy Vanilla and
Chocolate Velvet. 1632. Imagine Foods, Inc. 1998. How to suffer through life
without ice cream (Ad). Vegetarian Times. June. p. 5.
1631. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1998. Tofutti. 1997 annual report. • Summary: A very creative and playful ad showing many
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 13 p. 28 cm. Plus 13- different types of Rice Dream, a non-dairy made from rice
page proxy statement insert. milk. Address: Palo Alto, California.
• Summary: Net sales for the 52-weeks ended Dec. 27, 1997
were $7,440,000, up 27% from the previous year. The net 1633. CaliforniaCare News (Blue Cross of California). 1998.
income rose to $535,000, up almost 4-fold from the previous I’m soy excited: It’s not just tofu anymore. Summer.
year ($135,000 in 1996). 1997 was the sixth consecutive year • Summary: “Soy foods come from the soybean.” They are
that the company has been profitable. turning up everywhere in many forms: Vegetable oil, soy
During 1997 the company introduced the following flour, “tofu (soybean curd), soynut butter–a peanut butter
new products: Peanut Butter flavored Tofutti Cutie, Tofutti alternative that’s lower in fat, soy milk, yogurt, cheese,
Soy Lavasch flatbread crackers, and Tofutti Soy-Rite frozen and frozen desserts (good dairy substitutes for the lactose
soy beverage. Sales to distributors in foreign countries intolerant), meat substitutes, such as soy burgers and soy hot
(especially Europe) increased by 39% to $865,000 in dogs (especially good for those trying to cut down on red

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meat). pavilion with games and crafts. Cultural events of the 58th
“A healthy choice: Many soy foods are high in protein. Nisei Week Festival, the Street Arts Festival and Grand
Two exceptions are soybean oil, which is high in fat, and soy Parade on Sunday. Come and experience an array of
sauce, which is high in sodium. international tofu dishes prepared by top chefs in southern
“Soybeans also contain a chemical that is similar to the California.”
female hormone estrogen. Researchers say this chemical Note: Other ads show: “Participating food providers
may help prevent and treat some cancers, heart disease, and include: Al Mercato, Aloha Food Factory, Bali Place, BCD
osteoporosis. It can also relieve the hot flashes associated Tofu, Berth55, Boxer, Cafe La Boheme, Chez Sateau,
with menopause.” Citrus, Classic Catering, Coma Tofu, Curry House, Empress
To learn more, call the United Soybean Board at Pavilion, Feast from the East, Flowering Tree, Furaibo,
1-800-Talk-Soy (825-5769). Gadsby’s, Galaxy Tea Corp., House Foods America
A color illustration (cartoon) shows a group of singing Corporation, Hyatt Regency L.A., Pavan Pacifico, Indo
soy products: green vegetable soybeans in the pod, soy Cafe, Inn of the Seventh Ray, Japan California Products,
cheese, soy flour, and a soy hot dog in a bun. Address: 21555 JFC / Tama Nishiki Rice, Jozu Restaurant, King’s Hawaiian,
Oxnard St., Woodland Hills, California 91367. Marina Mago Restaurant, Melissa’s, Mother Earth, Papa
Jon’s Cafe, Southern California Cuisine, Suehiro Cafe, Tofu
1634. Zind, Tom. 1998. Making the case for soy: Soy protein Cabin, Tofutti Brands, Trader Joe’s, Union Center Cafe,
merges into the fast lane as a functional food ingredient. Unique Catering, Vege-D’Lite, Vitasoy USA Inc., Whole
Food Processing (Chicago) 59(7):31-32. July. Foods of Foods Market, Yujean Kang’s, Zen Grill.”
Tomorrow section.
• Summary: Soy protein is getting more attention in the 1636. Liu, Jeff. 1998. Third Annual Tofu Festival dazzles:
budding functional foods/nutraceuticals arena in large part Thousands of tofu enthusiasts attend Nisei Week tribute to
because of the isoflavones in soy which have many health soy bean cake product at JACCC. Rafu Shimpo (Los Angeles,
benefits. A number of companies have developed isoflavone- California). Aug. 18. p. 1, 5. [Eng]
rich extracts–such as Novasoy from ADM. Big companies • Summary: This is the best overview seen of the 1998 L.A.
like General Foods and Nabisco are now working with Tofu Festival. An “estimated crowd of between 40,000-
soy and see a bright future ahead. ConAgra Frozen Foods 50,000 hungry people streamed into Little Tokyo this past
is promoting soy in its Advantage\10 line, recommended weekend for a tribute to all things tofu.” Over 40 restaurants
by Dean Ornish, M.D. A color photo shows the front and food providers offered tofu dishes. This year’s festival
of one package. ADM markets a powdered soy drink was the biggest ever, spilling from the Japanese American
named Nutribev and is test marketing a soy-based frozen Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) Plaza into South
dessert, named Dairylike, in Southern California. Protein San Pedro Street. Popular recipes included: Fried tofu
Technologies International says it has found new scientific with garlic (by Empress Pavilion). Tofu cheese mousse.
evidence that soy isoflavones can control cholesterol. Tofu cheesecake (Inn of the Seventh Ray), Iced mocha
cappuccino with soy milk. Halo-halo and soy snowcones.
1635. Little Tokyo Service Center. 1998. Presents the Third Tofu coffee dessert (Jello-like). Tofutti Cuties. Hawaiian
Annual 1998 LA Tofu Festival (Ad). Rafu Shimpo (Los orange passion mango banana tofu smoothie (from King’s
Angeles, California). Aug. 7 and 12. p. 3. [Eng] Hawaiian; “a remarkable and refreshing fruit-soy shake that
• Summary: “Tofu salads. Tofu desserts. Tofu main dishes. is a wonderment to the sense...”). Tofu curry. Smoked eel
Title sponsor: House Foods America Corp. (Hinoichi Tofu). with tofu and soba. Tofu tuna poke salad. Mabo tofu. Tofu
Gold sponsor: Sparkletts. Festival patrons: AT&T, Farmers avocado seviche (by Coma Tofu, an outreach to the Latino
Insurance Group, Inc., Pacific Bell. Festival supporters: The community organized by Yvonne Gonzalez; “a potent blend
Gas Company, Vitasoy USA, Inc., Whole Foods Market, of minced onions, chopped cilantro and lime in an all-
Yuasa, Inc. Official festival airline: Northwest Airlines. vegetarian version that substitutes crumbled tofu for fish”). A
Celebrity co-chairs: Huell Howser of “California’s Gold” photo shows an aerial view of one street, lined with tent-like
and Lilly Melgar, International Actress. Media partner: booths and jammed with people. Address: Rafu staff writer.
KSCI–Channel 18.
“Saturday, August 15: 11 to 6. Sunday, August 16: 1637. Goldbeck, Nikki; Goldbeck, David. 1998. The
11 to 4. Plus: Entertainment, music, taiko, & children’s healthiest diet in the world: A cookbook and mentor. New
performances. Health and information screening (free York, NY: Dutton (Penguin/Putnam Inc.). xiii + 561 p. Sept.
immunization for children on Saturday. Must present Illust. General index. Recipe index. 25 cm. [840+* ref]
immunization card). New recipes and tofu samplers. • Summary: This is an excellent book, with a wonderful
Promotional and giveaway items. Cooking demonstrations. title that lives up to its promise. Both authors are real
Drawing–(grand prize, trip for 2 to Japan). Children’s professionals, with 25 years in the field. Contains extensive

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information about the importance of a wholefoods, natural it includes a 6-page table showing G-force [glycemic index]
foods diet, with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, beans, ratings for individual foods. “Foods with a high G-Force
and soyfoods as sources of the many recently-discovered [55 and above, bad] raise blood sugar levels quickly; this is
phytochemicals, which offer promising health benefits. The usually matched by a rapid rise in insulin. Foods with low
authors are fans of soyfoods, which are featured in both the G-Force cause blood sugar levels to rise gradually, in which
text and recipes throughout the book. case insulin is usually released more evenly.” Foods that tend
In Part I, “Goldbeck’s Golden Guidelines,” No. 5 is to have a high G-Force are: Desserts and sweets (doughnut
“Super Soy Foods” (p. 14-15) which encourages readers to 108, graham crackers 106), foods made from refined flours
“Make soy foods a regular part of your diet.” (baguette 136, bagel 103, white wheat bread 100), sweet and
Part II is the recipe section, titled “In Nikki’s kitchen: refined breakfast cereals (puffed rice 132, Cornflakes 119,
Healthiest diet recipes.” The main soyfoods used in Cheerios 106), sugars (maltose 150, glucose 137, sucrose
recipes are tofu (48 recipes!), tempeh (15), soy milk (14), 92). Foods groups that tend to have low G-force are: Fruits
miso (8), soybeans, whole dry (3), and soy flour (2). This (apple 54, apple juice 58, orange juice 63, but watermelon
book contains so many soy-related recipes that we cannot 103), legumes (soybeans 25, chickpeas 47), dairy products
possibly list all of their names. So here are two samplers (yogurt 20, milk 46). vegetables (non-starchy). Address:
of such recipes to give a feeling of their diversity, extent, Woodstock, New York.
and inviting names. (1) Salad dressings and salads: Creamy
miso-mustard coleslaw (p. 178). Tofu mayonnaise (p. 190). 1638. Ridenour, Jeremiah. 1998. How Jeremiah Ridenour
Creamy tofu Russian dressing (p. 191). Creamy tofu ranch of Wildwood Natural Foods and Ted Nordquist of TAN
dressing (p. 191). Lemon-tahini dressing (with soy sauce, p. Industries developed America’s first soymilk in a gable-top
192). Creamy miso-mustard dressing (p. 193). carton (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 20. Conducted by
(2) Tempeh recipes: Tempeh strips (p. 31). Tempeh William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
breakfast links (p. 32). Baked Italian tempeh (p. 38). Tempeh • Summary: Background: Ted Nordquist, a native of
burgers (p. 39). Skewered tempeh with orange-nut crust California, is perhaps the world’s leading developer of
(mini kebabs, p. 61). Maple-pecan tempeh (p. 98). Baked soy base and dairylike products derived therefrom. He
corn-tempeh hash (p. 98-99). Picadillo (Latin American pioneered tofu, soymilk, and soy ice cream in Sweden, and
sloppy Joes with tempeh, p. 99). Tempeh mushroom stew (p. eventually sold his company to one of Sweden’s largest food
100). Asian grill (with marinated tempeh, p. 101). Tempeh manufacturers, before moving back to California in the early
kebabs (p. 102). Shish kebab in a bag (p. 103). Tempeh-bean 1990s (1992-94). His family joined him in Sonoma in August
chili (p. 114-15). 1994.
In Part III, “Mentor,” one entire chapter is dedicated Jeremiah and Ted met not long after Ted moved from
to soyfoods (“5. In praise of soybeans,” p. 408-29). The Sweden to California in about 1993-94. This was before his
contents of that chapter: Introduction. Soy’s special assets. family came, when he was here by himself. Ted contacted
The phytochemical furor. Protein plus. Soy fiber. Vitamins Jeremiah. He wanted to make a soy ice cream in the USA–
and minerals. Soy concerns. Soy food selection (incl. that was his main focus. He suggested that Jeremiah buy
Western-style dairy and meat alternatives; soy cheese, soy Woody Yeh’s soymilk yogurt plant in Hayward, California,
ice cream, “soy-based imitation meat”). Stick with traditional because Woody’s company (Soyeh Natural, Inc.) was about
soy foods: Tofu, tempeh, soy milk, soy nuts, whole soybeans to go out of business. Jeremiah did not do this and Woody
(incl. edamame or green soybeans), soy sprouts, soy flour, went bankrupt then sold his equipment to an Asian American
soy grits, soy sauce, miso, okara (soy fiber), natto. Soy for man [Jim Pong of Pure Land Co.] who is now producing tofu
health: Introduction, cancer (breast, prostate, and other there. Woody is now running an import/export company.
hormonally influenced cancers), heart disease, diabetes, Jeremiah liked Ted and thought his soy base was
osteoporosis, women and soy, infant feeding. Nikki’s dialog great, so he introduced him to the packaging company,
boxes: Mixing and matching soy protein. Just because they and to Dreyer’s (the ice cream company). They spent time
call it “milk”: Nondairy vs. dairy. The question of salt. How together and talked about gable-top soymilk. On his own,
to acquire your anti-cancer soy intake. Twenty-five grams of Ted soon met Ken Lee of Soyfoods of America (where Ted’s
soy protein a day? soymilk is now made). Not long after Ted got involved with
Soybeans are also mentioned in Chapter 6, “The beauty the packaging company, in early 1995, Jeremiah started
of beans” (see p. 431, 434). The 43-page bibliography of developing soymilk formulations using Ted’s base, then
current scientific information on the health benefits of foods together they started doing pilot runs (into gable-top pints),
is worth the price of the book. then larger tailing runs (into quarters) at the packaging
In the chapter titled “Controversial carbohydrates” plant. In a tailing run, you come in behind someone else’s
is a long section about the glycemic index of foods titled product run, clean out the system with a slug of cleaner, then
“G-Force: A new perspective on carbohydrates” (p. 280-89); run your product into the last 100 or so cases. A tailing run

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duplicates your pilot run on a larger scale to check that all of shelf life) gable-top packaging system.
your assumptions about scaling up really work. They ran two Ted argued that Wildwood should aim for a quart of
100-case runs into quarts–which was pretty expensive–but it soymilk that sold for the same price as a quart of dairy milk–
proved that everything worked. The minimum soymilk run and thus drop the expensive organic ingredients. Jeremiah
for Wildwood at this packaging plant would be 3,000 gallons responded: “That is not who Wildwood is.” So Ted had
(12,000 quarts). Jeremiah ran some calculations and quickly no choice but to approach Wildwood’s competitors. First
determined that making and packing that much soymilk he went to Westbrae (who was not interested), and then to
would be overstretching the financial resources of Wildwood. White Wave–which was the first company to put this fresh,
The ESL carton will get you a 12-week shelf life, but some gable-top soymilk product on the market. Named Silk, it was
precipitation (formation of a little tofu on the bottom) takes an excellent product, well made and marketed, and it soon
place after you add calcium and the carton bulges slightly became the most successful product in White Wave’s history.
(which makes it look a little funny) around the 11th week Many industry watchers were surprised at the response and
due to some saturation of the packaging material. Therefore sales volume. White Wave discontinued their burgers and
Wildwood decided to stamp on a conservative use-by date hot dogs so they could focus on their soymilk and yogurt.
of 10-weeks. So Jeremiah would have to refrigerate and sell Over the next few years, Wildwood’s financials improved,
12,000 quarts of a perishable soymilk in ten weeks. Actually and in June 1998 they were finally able to launch their gable-
he would have to sell it in 6 weeks, because most retailers top soymilk–made by Ted Nordquist. Unfortunately, it was
won’t take a perishable product that has less than 4 weeks now a “me too” product, but moving into a proven market.
(30 days) on it. Thus, Wildwood would have to produce a One big challenge for Jeremiah is how to move his fresh
new batch every 6 weeks. That would be difficult, because soymilk out of the produce section and into the dairy case.
it was a new product (the first of its kind in the USA) Address: Wildwood Natural Foods of Santa Cruz, Inc., 1560
and no one knew how long it would take to catch on with Mansfield Dr., Suite D, Santa Cruz, California. Phone: 408-
retailers and consumers. Everyone with experience knew that 476-4448.
Murphy’s Law operates at full force with new, perishable
products. But the cash flow problems were an even bigger 1639. Black, Pam. 1998. Is soy the recipe for what ails you?
problem. Before the first run of 12,000 quarts were sold, Business Week. Oct. 26. p. 162-E18.
Wildwood would have to do a second run–and pay for it. The • Summary: The soybean gained prominence as a health
company was already out trying to raise money to finance food in the 1970s. Now even former junk-bond king Michael
expansion of its existing tofu business. Jeremiah finally Milken is “promoting soy’s potential to fight prostate
concluded that he didn’t have a big enough cash flow or line cancer...” During the past decade, scientists have discovered
of credit to take on the soymilk; it was a great product but estrogen-like active substances named isoflavones or
was just too risky–and a mistake could sink the company. phytoestrogens which may be responsible for “soy’s health
If money hadn’t been an issue, this new soymilk product effects.”
could have been on the market in late 1995 or early 1996. Researchers have proven that soy has cardiovascular
Finally Jeremiah had to tell Ted that he and Wildwood did benefits, primarily by lowering low-density lipoprotein, or
not have the capital and were not willing to take the risk LDL (“bad cholesterol”). The mechanism is not clear; the
of going ahead on the project. Moreover, Ted’s production soy may keep LDL from being oxidized to form plaques that
process at Soyfoods of America had not yet been proven; he clog arteries. Soy increases flexibility of the arteries, which
did not have the equipment there that he has today, and he stiffen and harden with age. Thomas Clarkson, professor
had never made 3,000 gallons of soymilk in America–though of comparative medicine at Wake Forest University School
he had made much more than this in Sweden. Also Jeremiah of Medicine (Winston Salem, North Carolina) emphasizes
had questions about the reliability of Soyfoods of America. that some amount of soy protein must be consumed for the
Jeremiah’s contributions toward developing the phytoestrogens to exert cardio-protective benefits. Isoflavone
new product were choosing the type of sweetener and pills alone will not be effective. Scientists recommend
determining the sweetness level for each flavor. He wanted consuming 30 to 60 mg of isoflavones per day with 7-10 gm
a sweetness that was very similar to that of dairy milk and of soy protein. A table shows good sources of soy protein,
that came from an organic ingredient. He eventually chose plus their content of isoflavones (mg) and protein (gm):
organic brown rice syrup over organic cane sugar; the Solgar Iso-Soy powder (1 oz) 103 / 12. GeniSoy natural
former has a roundness of flavor but imparts a tan color to protein powder (1 oz) 74 / 24. White Wave baked tofu (3 oz):
the soymilk. Titanium dioxide, a pigment or bleach, could 52 / 19. White Wave tempeh (3 oz) 47 / 18. Edensoy original
be added to make the soymilk white, but it would have to be drink (soymilk, 8 oz) 41 / 10. Soyboy Not Dogs (1.5 oz per
listed on the package as an ingredient and was inconsistent dog) 35 / 7.
with the company’s philosophy on using organic. Most Soy’s effects on cancer are less conclusive; most
important, Jeremiah introduced Ted to the ESL (extended researchers doubt that soy is harmful. Soy has great appeal to

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women approaching or past menopause. Nutritionists think made from an innovative ultrafiltration technology exclusive
soy phytoestrogens may be safer than Premarin–which may to ADM, is an excellent source of dietary choline. This plant
increase the risk of breast cancer. has been completed in Decatur, Illinois. Acquisitions brought
“And for those of you who’ve always turned up your significant increases to production capacities in the past year.
noses at tofu, there is good news: Soy is available in such In the U.S. the acquisition of Moorman Manufacturing Co.
guises as hot dogs, burgers, cheeses, and ice cream.” included their lecithin production facilities at Quincy, Illinois
and Helena, Arkansas. Production capacity was gained in
1640. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 1998. Annual report: The Mainz, Germany through the acquisition of Soya Mainz
nature of our business. P.O. Box 1470, Decatur, IL 62525. 40 GmbH” (p. 16). Note: Moorman Manufacturing Co. bought
p. Oct. the Quincy Soybean Processing Co. (Quincy, Illinois) from
• Summary: Net sales and other operating income for 1998 Irving Rosen in 1961.
(year ended June 30) were $16,109 million, up 16.3% from “ADM Research: Nutraceuticals (or ‘functional
1997. Net earnings for 1998 were $403.6 million, up 7.0% foods’) now in production include vitamin E, vitamin C,
from 1997, but far below the recent peak of $796 million in isoflavones, granular lecithin, and sterols (from vitamin E).
1995. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $6,505 million, up Among ADM’s forthcoming health and nutrition products
7.5% from 1997. Net earnings per common share: $0.68, up are the antioxidants beta-carotene, oligosaccharides, and
7.9% from 1997. Number of shareholders: 32,539. tocotrienols. Already in use in Japan, oligosaccharides are
“We have moved rapidly toward a borderless world... complex sugars that belong to the nutritional category of
Globalization of trade has changed the face of agriculture. prebiotics that have been proven to decrease the risk of colon
The central focus for agriculture today is the emergence of cancer and perhaps increase life expectancy” (p. 16).
consumer power. Consumer demand drives the entire food Haldane Foods has four factories in England that make
and fiber system” (p. 1). a variety of “meat and dairy alternatives... New products
One half-page color photo (p. 2) shows the factory include meatless slices, including chicken, ham, and ‘Vege-
where ADM makes isoflavones at Decatur, Illinois. High on Bacon.” Haldane also makes an outstanding dairy-free ice
one side is the huge green and black logo: “Novasoy–The cream (p. 17).
power of soy.” This is the world’s first commercial isoflavone Color photos show: (1) Dwayne Andreas shaking hands
plant. A larger photo (p. 3) shows a bottle of Novasoy with Shimon Perez (facing p. 1). (2) A white plastic bottle of
Soy isoflavones–a co-branded ingredient found in leading NovaSoy Soy Isoflavones (p. 3). (3) ADM’s dock and export
nutritional supplement products. “ADM is meeting the needs facility in the Atlantic port city of Tubarao, Brazil (p. 5).
of health-conscious consumers by offering a wide range of Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual
health and nutrition products, including nutraceuticals, also Meeting of Stockholders.” Address: Decatur, Illinois.
known as functional foods.
“Among our nutraceutical products are soy-derived 1641. ProSoya Inc. 1998. Creating great opportunities in
isoflavones, which have been shown in initial studies to the health food industry: Advanced soymilk technology
stimulate bone formation (thus boosting the body’s natural (Brochure). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 4 p. 28 cm.
defenses against osteoporosis), to inhibit the growth of • Summary: This 4-page black-and-white brochure (with
cancer cells, and to contribute to lower cholesterol levels. In green and yellow overlays), discusses the company,
addition, isoflavones are thought to play a role in alleviating the technology, the equipment, our customers, business
the symptoms of menopause. ADM produces Novasoy opportunity. “ProSoya technology is currently being used
isoflavones in the world’s first commercial isoflavones in more than 20 countries. There are large-scale processing
plant.” plants in Canada, Russia, and Scotland. Over 250 small, to
ADM now has a major presence in the South American medium-scale plants are located on five continents around
soybean market, with five crushing plants (that crush 5,600 the world. ProSoya has technology transfer agreements
tonnes/day), two Atlantic coast export facilities (incl. a new with companies in Russia and India for the manufacture of
one at Tubarao, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil), and smaller soymilk systems under license.”
nearly two million metric tons of storage capacity (p. 5). Photos show: (1) ProSoya’s VS 7000 system. (2)
A world map (p. 6-7) titled “ADM’s global network” ProSoya’s VS 200 system. (3) ProSoya’s VS 40 system. (4)
shows ADM processing plants, partnerships, grain elevators, ProSoya’s VS 4000 system. (5) A sliced cake of tofu, a glass
and A.C. Toepfer trading offices. The company owns 800 of soymilk, and scoop of soy ice cream on a cone. Address:
trucks, 13,000 railcars, and 2,250 river barges (p. 11). 2-5350 Canotek Road, Ottawa, ONT, K1J 9N5, Canada.
“ADM Lecithin: Early in 1998, the Food and Nutrition Phone: 613-745-9115.
Board of the Institute of Medicine established for the first
time a Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for choline, the 1642. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1998. The book of
principal component of lecithin. Ultralec, a deoiled lecithin tofu. 2nd ed. Revised. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.

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336 p. Oct. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. 28 cm. dairy desserts developed by Haldane and marketed under a
[321 ref] licensing agreement to use the Linda McCartney brand name.
• Summary: This edition contains a completely new The line includes cultured and frozen vegan desserts which
“Appendix B–Directory of Tofu Makers” (p. 313-316, are free of lactose and cholesterol and fortified with calcium
updated to 1 Aug. 1998). The page “About the Authors” and minerals. Haldane is promoting the new Dairylike line
(autobiographical) has been updated, and the original using national TV and print ads. ADM is test marketing
photograph has been replaced with two more recent ones– Dairylike in Southern California under the name Dairyless.
reflecting the fact that Bill and Akiko separated in Nov. 1993 About one-third of Haldane’s sales come from products
and their marriage ended in May 1995. made by third party manufacturers such as Asda and
After the first printing in Oct. 1998, the Preface was McVities.
quite extensively revised (but not updated) to include more During the last year Haldane has faced two big
about how this book came into being (early dates and challenges: (1) In the spring of 1998 EU food labeling
names), including the important contributions on Jeffrey and legislation required companies to stop using the term
Gretchen Broadbent, and of Nahum and Beverly Stiskin. “soya milk” or “yoghurt” or any misspelling of it. Haldane
These Preface changes first appeared in the second printing reformulated, renamed, and relaunched its line of non-dairy
of May 1999. products. (2) In Sept. 1998 a EU regulation which came into
On page 336 is “The Best of Vegetarian Cooking from effect requiring products containing genetically modified
Ten Speed Press” (descriptions of eight cookbooks, with soy protein to be labelled appropriately. Haldane guaranteed
price and ISBN). that all its soy products are GMO-free, made from identity
The inside rear cover has been updated, and now preserved soybeans.
includes current information about SoyaScan, the unique Haldane’s “Realeat Survey,” now in its 15th year,
computerized database produced by Soyfoods Center. This studies attitudes toward meat eating in the British Isles. Each
database now contains more than 55,000 records from 1100 survey is conducted by The Gallup Organization. The 1997
B.C. to the present, and more than 73% of all records have Realeat Survey showed that a record 5.4% of the British
a summary / abstract averaging 128 words in length. A population now chooses a vegetarian diet, up 20% over
description of the four different types of records (published 1995. Thus, Britain now has more than 3 million vegetarians.
documents, commercial soy products, original interviews and And 14.3% of the population no longer eats red meat–over
overviews, and unpublished archival documents), and the 8 million people. Many Britishers avoid red meat because
number of each type, is given. of fear of BSE or Mad Cow Disease. In the 1995 Survey 7%
The front and rear covers, title page, table of contents, mentioned BSE as their main health concern; this figure rose
and the first page of each section have been redesigned to to nearly 22% in the 1997 survey. The 1998 Survey showed
give the book a much more contemporary look. Still contains that 13% (over 7 million people) never or almost never eat
500 vegetarian recipes–both Western and Eastern style. dairy products. Today roughly half of the British population
Ten Speed Press gave this book a new ISBN: 1-58009- is actively reducing consumption of meat, especially red
013-8. Yet despite the many changes described above, the meat, and one-third is doing the same with dairy products.
authors preferred not to have this called a “new edition” or
“revised edition.” Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, 1644. Stepaniak, Joanne. 1998. The vegan sourcebook. Los
Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 925-283-2991. Angeles, California: Lowell House. xvi + 352 p. Index. 24
cm. Special nutrition section by Virginia Messina. [196* ref]
1643. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). • Summary: Contents: Preface. 1. Vegan roots. 2. The vegan
1998. Haldane leads U.K. market for vegetarian and non- identity. 3. The way the West was weaned. 4. Which came
dairy foods. 3(10/11):26. Oct/Nov. first? 5. Invisible oppression. 6. Environment in crisis.
• Summary: The Haldane Foods Group is owned by 7. Shooting the myths. 8. Animals and entertainment. 9.
agribusiness giant Archer Daniels Midland Co., based Science: Fact, fiction, or fantasy. 10. The compassionate
in Decatur, Illinois. ADM group vice president Larry consumer. 11. The body beautiful. 12. Ethics in action. 13.
Cunningham says Haldane has revenues of under 50 million Of principle and practice. 14. Ascent and evolution. 15.
British pounds, from sales of 350 products sporting such Embracing the choice. 16. Reorienting the compass. 17.
well-known brands as Vegemince (the company’s brand Challenges, gifts, and offerings. 18. The Vegan table. 19.
leader; a soy-based minced meat alternative), Realeat, Direct Secret ingredients. 20. Vegan nutrition. Appendixes: 1.
Foods, Dietburger, So Good, and Hera. Vegan nutrition charts. 2. Menu planning using the Vegan
The Linda McCartney line of vegetarian foods, launched food pyramid. 3. Special ingredients and Vegan recipes.
in 1991, has become a leader in its category, with retail sales 4. The Vegan lifeline: Resources and organizations. 5.
of about 50 million pounds in 1998. Haldane’s newest line, Recommended reading. Bibliography.
launched in April, is Linda McCartney’s Dairylike, non- Soy-related recipes or discussion: Soymilk (p. 188-89).

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Soy cheese, soy yogurt and sour cream (made from silken Organic Foods Act of 1990.
tofu), vegan cream, puddings, ice cream, and popsicles (p. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart tubs. Retails for $2.99
190-91). Use of tofu in place of eggs to bind or thicken (p. at Trader Joe’s (2000/05, Lafayette, California).
192-93). Miso, tamari and shoyu (p. 256-57). Tofu, regular How Stored: Frozen.
and silken (p. 258). Quinoa, seitan, tahini (p. 258). Sour New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet (front
cream and onion dip (with tofu, p. 275). Sesame-miso and back, 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from
spread (p. 275). Tofu-vegetable spread (p. 277). Miso master Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 1999.
dressing (p. 282). Curried tofu salad sandwiches (p. 290). March. “Introducing three new flavors for 1999. Expanding
Roasted vegetable pizza with tomato-tinged tofu (p. 300- our award winning dessert line.” On the front is a photo of
01). Savory baked tofu (p. 302). Baked potatoes Florentine the front of each of the three new cartons / flavors and the
(with tofu, p. 305). Tofu ricotta (p. 308). Vegan mayonnaise two previous cartons / flavors. On the back are nutrition facts
(with tofu, p. 310). Tofu sour cream (p. 310). Creamy and ingredients for each of the five products now in this line.
fudge frosting (with tofu, p. 315). Address: Swissvale, Product with Label purchased at Trader Joe’s in
Pennsylvania. Lafayette, California. 2000. May. Soyfoods Center product
evaluation: Superb flavor, texture and package design. One
1645. Taiwan Regional Association of Frozen Vegetable & of the best soy ice creams ever tasted.
Fruit Manufacturers. 1998? Effectiveness of green soybean
(Brochure). Taiwan. 4 p. Undated. 26 cm. [1 ref. Eng; Jap; 1647. Paroda, R.S. 1999. Jai kisan, jai Vigyan [Interview
Chi] with Inder Sawhney]. Times of India (The) (Bombay). April
• Summary: On the cover of this full-color brochure is 3. p. 12.
one green soybean and full green pod against a purple • Summary: Jai means “hail.” Kisan means “peasant or
marbled background. An article titled “The effectiveness of farmer.” Vigyan refers to the Vigyan Parishad, an apex body
edamame,” by Goaki Noriharu, Professor at Girls Nutrition for science popularization under the Department of Science
University (from Economic News (Evening News), Japan, 15 and Technology of the Government of India.
Dec. 1997) is quoted on p. 2 in Japanese, p. 3 in Chinese, and Various agricultural revolutions have succeeded in India
the rear cover in English. It discusses the health benefits of since the mid-1960s. These are: (1) Green Revolution; the
edamame. On each page are large color photos of edamame introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965
in different forms: (1) Four Japanese-style dishes containing and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation, which
shelled green soybeans (muki-mi). (2) A gelled dessert made led to a dramatic increase in production of wheat and rice,
with pureed edamame and agar / kanten. (3) Edamame making India self-sufficient in food grains and largely
in five Chinese-style dishes, plus a drink, ice cream, and eradicating famine. The revolution slowed down in the early
popsicles containing edamame. (4) A soybean plant loaded 1980s and began to be criticised for land degradation, loss of
with many lush green pods. (5) A white bowl of edamame soil fertility, and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.
(in the pods) on a table next to two cups of tea and a tea (2) White Revolution in milk production, led by
pitcher. (6) A dish of edamame (half shelled, half in the pods) Verghese Kurien, chairman of the Gujarat Co-operative Milk
on a table next to two clear mugs of beer. (7) Edamame in a Marketing Federation Ltd., the man who developed the Amul
blender with water, behind a tall glass of a green drink made brand. India is now the largest milk producing country in the
from edamame. Address: Taiwan. world. (3) Yellow Revolution in oilseeds and oil production
(including soyabeans) (1986-1990). (4) Blue Revolution in
1646. Product Name: Soy Delicious (Organic Non-Dairy fishing (1973-2002).
Frozen Dessert) [Chocolate Peanut Butter, Mint Marble In this interview, Dr. Paroda, director-general of ICAR,
Fudge, or Neapolitan]. “exudes confidence that India will be a power to reckon with
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- in the field of agriculture.” Much of the interview concerns
Distributor). the work of ICAR. Sawnney says that, contrary to popular
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR opinion, the green revolution has benefited the majority of
97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778. India’s farmers.
Date of Introduction: 1999. March. Question: Presently, almost all of the soyameal produce
Ingredients: Chocolate Peanut Butter: Filtered water, in India is being exported. “Why is it not being used for
organic soybeans*, organic brown rice syrup, organic making soya products when we are facing a shortage of
dehydrated cane juice*, organic roasted peanuts, organic pulses?”
safflower oil*, organic cocoa*, organic vanilla extract*, Answer: Soyabeans can be an effective alternative
carob bean gum, guar gum, soy lecithin, carrageenan, in helping to meet the shortage of protein and pulses.
natural flavor, salt. * = Organically grown and processed in “Unfortunately our people are not used to soya products.
accordance with Oregon Tilth standards and the California They have to develop a taste for products like soya milk, tofu

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(soya cheese), soya paste (for using as bread-spread and fish embroidery machine made by a Japanese company named
preparations), biscuits, ice cream and soya flour. ICAR as Barudan (pronounced buh-ROO-dun) who pioneered the
generated technologies for all these products.” electronic embroidery machine from Japan. The ancient
Note: India is ready for a soyfoods revolution / Jacquard looms, which were programmed with punch cards,
movement, based on low-technology, traditional soyfoods, originated in Switzerland [sic]–which is why we refer to
similar to the movement that began in the United States “Swiss embroidery.” [Note: The French inventor, Joseph-
and Europe starting in the mid-1970s. All that is missing is Marie Jacquard (lived 1752-1834) invented the Jacquard
leadership and vision. Address: PhD, Director General of loom at Lyons, France, in 1801 and was awarded a patent
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). and medal by Napoleon in 1804]. The Japanese copied these
looms. George was a salesman for their equipment, and
1648. Conquergood, George. 1999. History of work with he developed a collection of baseball caps because he was
soyfoods and vegetarianism. Part I. 1976 to 1994 (Interview). one of the first people to sell caps–whether it be importers
SoyaScan Notes. April 21. Conducted by William Shurtleff of blank caps or embroiders of finished caps. George even
of Soyfoods Center. called himself Captain Capman. He went around and set
• Summary: George was born on 1 Dec. 1946 in Toronto, up embroidery companies to whom he sold his embroidery
Ontario, Canada. He went to high school in Toronto but equipment (from Barudan in Japan) all over western Canada.
did not graduate, and he never attended college. “I attended George was one of the first people to embroider a baseball
the school of hard knocks.” He dropped out of high school team insignia direct onto the blank hat–replacing the old
at age 15 he began to work full-time. At age 17 he went to crest that was stuck on the hat. It was much classier, and now
work for a textile firm until he was age 20. Then he started its the only way they do it.
his own business in the fields of textiles and clothing. In In 1992 he started another gourmet vegetarian (actually
1967 he married Wendy Lynn Richardson–who was born on vegan) restaurant, this time named Sweet Carrot Café,
27 Sept. 1948. In 1973 he received knowledge from Guru located at 702 14th St. East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N
Maraji (via Guru Charanan) in Toronto, became his disciple, 0P7. Actually, George bought the building for his embroidery
traveled throughout the United States and (in 1973) to the business, then opened up a corner of one building on the
Houston Astrodome [in Texas] with Guru Charanan, and corner as a lunchroom for his staff. It was an historical
started a vegetarian diet and vegetarian restaurant. In 1977 building, with three buildings in one. George bought an
he was one of the founding partners of Jolly Green Garden, a espresso machine for his lunchroom. Passersby thought
vegetarian restaurant in Toronto. He called it “Guru Maraji’s it should be a coffee shop. George lined the walls of his
restaurant” because many of the employees and customers lunchroom with his collection of embroidered baseball caps.
were disciples of Guru Maraji. There he first got involved He soon converted the lunchroom into a coffee bar, which he
with soyfoods. He bought tofu and used it to make various named it Caps Coffee Bar. A popular menu item was Cap-
products, such as patties, dressings, etc., which were served puccino! There was a grand piano in the dining room. It was
in the restaurant. George has been involved with soyfoods probably the only vegetarian or vegan restaurant ever to be
for more than 20 years, starting in Toronto. written up in Where to Eat in Canada–two years in a row.
In early 1979 George and his family moved to In those days most people thought of vegetarian restaurants
southern Alberta. He went to work for the Canadian federal as places where hippies with beards and long hair sat on
government helping a group of native Blackfeet people there. picnic benches and ate granola bars. Most people were afraid
He set up a company named Pe-Kun-nee Garments that to eat in such places, so George made his restaurant into
manufactured textiles (garments), put 300 women through a fine dining room. One of the main focuses of George’s
a training program, and ran it (with the title of General life since the 1970s has been vegetarianism; his wife is a
Manager) for about 4 years. George still has the full-beaded vegan and teaches tai-chi. In the restaurant George made his
outfit and feathers that he got from the Blackfeet people he own tofu, soymilk, and related products, such as spreads,
helped. dressings, etc. In the early days, he made these products in
In 1984 George and his family moved to Saskatoon, the old fashioned way. The firm nigari tofu was very good
Saskatchewan, where he started a computerized embroidery tasting but the soymilk had a pronounced beany flavor. He
business. His wife and three children still run this as a family was so busy, and making all these foods was such a chore,
business. Today his company is one of the top software that he began looking for other technologies to expand
development firms in North America for computerized his production. One day in early 1992, at about the time
embroidery. He worked for a company named Jeffrey E. Raj Gupta started publishing his SoyaCow Newsletter, a
McPherson, headquartered in Nottingham, England, with young lady from the United Way in Ottawa came into the
North American offices in Greensboro, North Carolina restaurant and commented on his organic tofu sandwich.
and in Canada; George worked for the North Carolina She also tried his soymilk and told him about a soymilk
company. They held the worldwide distribution rights for an making machine named the SoyaCow, developed by a

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company named ProSoya in Ontario. George asked for more both by selling shares and by borrowing. One of the biggest
information and the lady sent him a copy of the newsletter. lenders, who was supposed to convert to shares, never did,
George immediately phoned Raj Gupta, the inventor of the and this became a major problem. They always wanted
machine, and was on the next airplane to Ottawa. He ended the company to wait longer before it went public so shares
up buying the only small SoyaCow (SC-20) Raj had. Articles they had the right to convert to would be worth more. The
about George, his stylish restaurant, and his new SoyaCow company had the opportunity to go public, it should have
appeared in two early issues of the SoyaCow Newsletter done so, but it never did–which is one reason it no longer
(Jan/March and April/June 1993–Vol. 2, Nos. 1 and 2). exists.
He used the SoyaCow to make soymilk, which he sold The people who were now driving the company were
at his restaurant–starting in early 1993. This was the first Loren Broten and the board of directors. George was on the
commercial soymilk ever produced by a SoyaCow. He sold board in the early days but he was asked to get off because
the soymilk in 1 liter glass bottles, with the SoyaCow logo there was too much management on the board. By late 1997
printed directly on the glass on each bottle. He and Frank the board increasingly became very focused on what George
Daller developed the bottle. So the name of the soymilk calls “non-operational issues,” largely “How do we ingratiate
was “SoyaCow” and it was sold in seven flavors–including ourselves. When do we get the big hit? When do we go
maple, chocolate, vanilla, original, chocolate-peanut public? etc.–Instead of focusing on driving and expanding
butter, and nog (a delicious eggnog alternative made only the business, they were focusing on how to line their
at Christmas). Dusty Cunningham and Lorne Broten were pockets.” The board took control of the company and started
both patrons of George’s vegetarian restaurant in Saskatoon. to undermine management. The company was growing very
A romance soon developed and they were called the “love nicely, and Dusty had left in early 1997 to go to Scotland to
birds.” George was thinking about opening a winery in his help organize a joint-venture soymilk company there. She
restaurant. Since Lorne was an accountant, George started remained on the board (as the token woman on a very male
working with him on a business plan for the winery in about chauvinist board) the entire time. Dusty (who is a very fine
1994. George liked Lorne and hired him as his bookkeeper and talented lady) and George were the real disturbers on
and accountant for his two businesses–embroidery and the board–because they were the only ones focused on the
vegetarian restaurant. business.
Soon, within his restaurant (which consisted of three The management had made a presentation to the board
buildings in one), George converted his Caps Coffee Bar that the only way the company could control its own destiny
into the SoyaCow Health Bar Deli, where he sold at least was to have its own soymilk manufacturing and packaging
five soy products, both as part of the menu and for takeout: plant. IPC’s initial plan was to work with Dairyworld
Soymilk (in six flavors), soy ice cream (many flavors, always Foods, which is the big (billion dollar) cow’s milk dairy in
changing), soy yogurt (several flavors), tofu, and Soyanaise. western Canada; their initial plans and plant were based on
He also carried Yves Veggie Cuisine. He used his car to having Dairyworld package their soymilk–but no contract
deliver some of the soymilk he made to three local stores; he was ever signed. At the last minute Dairyworld refused to
never delivered his other soy products from the restaurant. package the soymilk for IPC–because they were involved
He carried the glass bottles in milk crates. Continued. in some other negotiations. So IPC found itself with a
Address: Vice-president Operations, International ProSoya soymilk manufacturing plant and no way to package it. IPC
Corp., 312-19292 60th Ave., Surrey (Vancouver), BC, V3S soon found itself spending too much money transporting its
8E5 Canada. Phone: 604-541-8633. soymilk–shipping it first to a co-packer, then to distribution
centers, and finally it to the consumer. Ted Nordquist never
1649. Conquergood, George. 1999. History of work with packaged soymilk for IPC; he bought soy base from IPC,
soyfoods and vegetarianism. Part IV. Starting IPC and did his own formulation, then packaged and sold it to White
mistakes–1997 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 21. Wave. But IPC’s president kept raising the price until Ted
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. finally stopped buying IPC’s soymilk. So Silk is no longer
• Summary: George now feels that his biggest mistake made with ProSoya base.
was relinquishing control of the company during its Initially IPC had its soymilk packaged by Beatrice
formative period. He owned 100% of an idea; he wanted to Foods, which is now Parmalat Canada Beatrice, in Toronto.
commercialize Raj’s process. But he didn’t have the funds Beatrice is now a Parmalat brand. Parmalat, the biggest dairy
to build the plant in Vancouver and invest in an SC-1000, in the world, bought Beatrice not long ago for $400 million.
let alone an SC-2000. So he brought in Lorne and other IPC’s board of directors finally accepted its
people to take care of the financing. Today he owns 7% of management’s proposal to build its own manufacturing
the company–which today is worth nothing. There are now and packaging plant–now a key to the company becoming
400 shareholders in IPC and Raj Gupta is the largest; he now really viable. The plan was to shut down the ProSoya plant
owns 10% of the company. The company has raise money in Ottawa, Ontario, move it out west to British Columbia,

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combine the two soymilk extraction plants in new facility, products: Sugar free fat free Tofutti in half gallons. Tofutti
put in five packaging lines (two aseptic and three ESL gable- Too Too’s. Better Than Cheese Cake. Pizza Pizzaz. Tofutti
top refrigerated), plus equipment to make soy yogurt and ice Blintzes and Potato Pancakes. Tofutti Cutie Pies. Teddy
cream–a full soy dairy. They would make all the products Bears Chocolate and Pancake Syrups, and Tofutti Totally
for North America at that one plant until it was operating at Nuts.
full capacity–which they projected would only take about Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual
three years–and then build a second plant on the east coast of Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement (10 p.).”
Canada and ultimately a third plant in the south of the United David Mintz’ salary rose to $225,000 in 1998, up from
States. So in Nov. 1997 IPC bought (with down payment and $180,000 in 1997 and $155,000 in 1996. The 1998 figure
mortgage) a 66,000 square foot building in the same town in includes a $50,000 bonus for Mr. Mintz. This is a company
British Columbia (a 5-minute drive away from their existing that is run for the management, not for the shareholders.
plant) that had been used for food processing. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 201-272-2400.
IPC had a very tight agreement with Raj Gupta in terms
of soymilk equipment sale. It was never IPC’s focus to set 1652. Product Name: Better than Ice Créme [Vanilla].
up people with the technology to be in competition with IPC, Manufacturer’s Name: Fuller Life, Inc., Better Than Milk
but it was IPC’s goal to set up people to be in partnership Div.
with IPC. Manufacturer’s Address: Maryville, Tennessee. Phone:
Jerry Duncan came to IPC from the dairy industry. He 1-800-227-2320.
did some consulting for IPC as early as 1995 and he became Date of Introduction: 1999. July.
president of the company sometime in early 1997. Loren New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet
appointed him president. He is presently no longer with IPC; (single sided, 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent Fuller Life. 1999.
instead he is involved with a food brokerage company, and July. “Introducing Better than Ice Créme (TM).” “A soy-
he is still a consultant. He was one of the vice-presidents of based dessert mix for use in home ice cream freezers, or soft-
Dairyworld Foods, and he can be very gruff and hard to deal serve machines.”
with–though he is a nice person when you get to know him;
his bark is much worse than his bite. 1653. SoyaScan Notes. 1999. The soybean: Animal,
Vesanto Melina, who lives in Langley, BC, quite close vegetable or mineral? (Overview). Aug. 4. Compiled by
to the factory, worked for IPC as a consultant several days a William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
week for a little more than a year before it closed. She looked • Summary: A traditional American parlor game and
after consumer relations, did trade shows, developed packets quiz show named “Twenty Questions” was based on the
of recipe cards, and recommended SoNice in her books assumption that all things in the universe could be classified
on vegetarian cookery. She and Dusty are good friends. as either animal, vegetable, or mineral. Clearly the soybean
Address: Vice-president Operations, International ProSoya is a vegetable, and it is most like a vegetable when served
Corp., 312-19292 60th Ave., Surrey (Vancouver), BC, V3S as edamamé or green vegetable soybeans. But soybean pods
8E5 Canada. Phone: 604-541-8633. and leaves are unusually hairy, and the soybean can easily
be transformed into alternatives to almost every known
1650. Khodorych, Alexei. 1999. [A helpful bean]. animal food product–more specifically into all kinds of meats
Kommersant-Dengi (Businessman-Money; Moscow) No. 19. and dairy products. It can be made into meatless burgers,
p. 21-27. May 19. [Rus]* hot dogs (wieners), breakfast sausages, beef jerky, bacon
• Summary: This article is about the soyfood products bits (such as Bac*Os) or meatless bacon, juicy chicken
business and SoyaCows in Russia. Contents: Potential drumsticks or meatless chick nuggets, meatless steak, and
consumers. Getting started. Sales and product diversification. the like. Or it can be made into all the dairy alternatives such
Soy yogurt. Soy mayonnaise. Soy ice cream. ZAO Belok and as milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese, coffee creamer, whip
soy protein isolates. Soy flour. Textured soy flour. Address: topping and the like.
Russia. Soybean oil can also be made to imitate the greatest
commodity of the 20th century: petroleum. We now have soy
1651. Tofutti Brands Inc. 1999. Tofutti. 1998 annual report. ink, soy diesel fuel, soy resins, soy paints and varnishes, etc.
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. Thus, of all the vegetables in the world, the soybean is
• Summary: Net sales for the 52-weeks ended Dec. 27, the most versatile–the most like an animal and the most like
1998 were $8,991,000, up 21% from the previous year. a vegetable. What will they think of next?
Net income (profit) rose to $560,000, up 4.7% from the Note: Twenty Questions began on radio in 1946, then
previous year. 1998 was the seventh consecutive year that the played on television from Nov. 1949 until May 1955.
company has been profitable.
During 1998 the company introduced the following new 1654. Nordquist, Ted. 1999. Soymilk in America–past and

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future: The soymilk wars are heating up. Part I (Interview). Demos who thinks that the soybase and the formulation
SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 10. Conducted by William Shurtleff of are of about equal importance in determining the flavor of
Soyfoods Center. the final product. Ted believes that the soybase contributes
• Summary: After SoyaWorld was created in Vancouver about 80% of the final flavor and the formulation about 20%.
(BC, Canada), because ProSoya was developing soymilk Steve’s Silk soymilk is now made by SunRich, in Minnesota.
in Vancouver, they needed a quick way to get soymilk on The only other companies that make what Ted considers an
the market. So they started negotiating with Ted to see if he acceptable soybase are Pacific Foods of Oregon, and Imagine
could start sending soybase up to Vancouver from California. Foods.
Then Sanitarium Foods (from Australia) came into the If SunRich were using ProSoya’s airless technology and
picture and threw a lot of money towards SoyaWorld, if ProSoya took SunRich to court, Raj Gupta would argue
encouraging them to purchase a license to make So Good that he patented his oxygen-free process in 1988. Alfa-Laval
using soy protein isolates. This would also be Sanitarium’s could go to ProSoya and say that they were selling a plant
entry into the USA and North America. SoyaWorld took that made soymilk using an oxygen-free process before that
this approach and because of Dairyworld Foods’ excellent patent was instigated, and they demonstrated that plant at
distribution system, So Good has done very well in Canada. an international conference in 1984. The process was not
Their aim is to work down into the United States; they patented, but it was described in published literature and was
have been trying to negotiate with Suiza Foods Corp., but well known. To get a patent, Raj Gupta had to prove that
Suiza has its own ideas. Ted has heard that Sanitarium is there was no prior art; thus Ted believes that the ProSoya
involved in a lawsuit over its So Good soymilk, perhaps with patents are not valid. Ted and Raj planned to do a joint
SoyaWorld, because they believe that SoNice is an infraction venture at one time, but they disagreed on many processing
on the name of their So Good product–the names SoNice and issues. His process is based on the concept of an oxygen-free
So Good are too close. grind, but it is not strictly so. Then he makes claims that you
Soy is really getting into the mainstream now. Ted’s don’t have to soak the beans, etc. So there are many things
company has done a lot of market studies in supermarkets that the patent office has accepted in his patent that Ted
and the presence of soymilk is “essentially zero.” The big believes would not stand closer scrutiny.
change will take place over the next year as soymilk starts Ted has compared his soybase with that made by
to enter the dairy case of supermarkets. Ted is aware that the ProSoya process; he believes that his is much better.
Horizon has its eyes on this market. SoyaWorld is powerful, Shurtleff says that he always assumed that the reason Ted
but they are up against Dean Foods, Suiza, and others. Wait used the ProSoya process in Vancouver to make Silk was
until November or December of this year to see what is because it was better than his own. Ted laughs and laughs.
going to happen. Ted may be part of the action or he may get The real reason he didn’t make the soybase himself was
squashed–like the bug under your carpet. because he had no equipment or plant with which to make it.
Ted learned a lesson when he was making Silk for White Ted started to develop Silk using soymilk made
Wave; they came out with a different product, and it didn’t by Pacific Foods of Oregon. Even when he was still in
seem to matter much to consumers that it wasn’t as good, Sweden in the late 1980s, he began to cooperate with them
as long as it was approximately as good. Money, labeling, in developing a soy ice cream. Ted bought soybase from
distribution, networking, etc. determine the success of a all over the world to compare it with the soybase he was
product. Ted designed Silk with a very low solids content developing in Sweden. He ended up using Pacific Foods’
(4% solids) for very specific reasons. The main reason was aseptically packed soybase (containing only soybeans and
money–so the product could be sold at a competitive price. water) as a control for his Tofu Line and Swedish Glass
But with the FDA health claim anticipated, Imagine Foods ice creams. So when he came to the California in the early
now has 7 grams of protein per serving, and White Wave’s 1990s, his goal was to make soy beverages, yogurt, and ice
Silk soymilk has 5-6 grams of protein. You cannot use the cream. When Ted started doing his work in Gustine, he was
health claim if a product contains 6.25 grams of protein per using Pacific Foods’ soybase. They even had an agreement
serving, because that is rounded down to 6 grams on the on the cost of the soybase, the fact that he would be buying
label. So you must have a label that states 7 grams of protein. it in tankers, etc. The first samples Ted sent to Steve Demos
As the solids content of a soymilk rises, any beany flavor were made with Pacific Foods’ soybase. But when the
is harder to mask, so the flavor of the soybase becomes person who finally bought the product made from that
more important, and the formulation less important. And the soybase turned out to be Steve Demos, then Pacific Foods
flavor of the soybase becomes even more important with of Oregon backed off. They didn’t want to make soybase for
soy yogurt, and even more important with soy ice cream– a competitor in the soymilk market. So Ted had to look for
because both have higher solids content. So, if one were a new supplier, and he came into contact with ProSoya in
rational and logical, the trend toward higher solids would Surrey, near Vancouver. At that time, they were just starting
give Ted an advantage. Ted disagrees strongly with Steve up their soymilk plant and they were really naive; they could

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make soymilk on a small restaurant scale, but they knew Chug was a $600 million a year innovation. Also are headed
almost nothing about making soymilk on a large commercial toward the aseptic single serving, Dean Foods is definitely
scale in a continuous process. It was a nightmare for them endorsing soy as a concept.
at the beginning. Ted did not help them with their process; In the dairy business, per-capita consumption of fluid
he just sent them orders, which forced them to get their white milk has been decreasing for the past 50 years. The
act together because Ted needed to buy 6,000 gallons (one “Got Milk?” and “Milk Mustache” ad campaigns have only
tanker full) at a time. As ProSoya was learning, Ted was slowed the rate of decline from 4% down to 2% a year–but
starting to build his own plant, but he couldn’t do that until these ads are costing the dairy industry more than $100
he had money, and his money would have to come from million a year. Part of the problem is that milk has never
sale of ProSoya soybase to Steve Demos. So Ted went to been considered a pleasure beverage; its just a commodity.
ProSoya, not because they made better soymilk but because How did White Wave contact Dean Foods? “It’s kind
he didn’t have the money to do it any other way. Continued. of like fishing. You put out your hook with the bait, seen
Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Stevenson St., Suite 1075, who bites, then let them come after you.” Indeed, Steve
San Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 Vischer Ct., went after them and convinced them that this is a concept
Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870. and category worth paying attention to. Suiza Foods Corp.,
because they have been associated for a year with Horizon
1655. Demos, Steve. 1999. White Wave and Dean Foods: Organic in Boulder, was not a potential partner. Suiza
The inside story and future plans (Interview). SoyaScan has already invested $10 million in Horizon. Notice that
Notes. Aug. 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods the plant in Gustine, California, where TAN Industries
Center. packaged soymilk, is owned by Morningstar, which is a
• Summary: White Wave now has its Silk soymilk in 6,000 Suiza division–you can figure out in a hurry where this
supermarkets and chain stores–not counting natural foods war is going to be fought. The rumor that Suiza will get
chains like Whole Foods Market. White Wave’s goal is into soymilk through its alliance with Horizon will soon be
10K by 2K = 10,000 stores by the year 2000. In most cases confirmed. The Gustine facility turned down business from
Silk is in the refrigerated dairy case, but in a few cases it Lactaid, which wanted to introduce a soymilk because White
is in specialty food or soft drink refrigerated cases. Fred Wave is making such a dent in their sales. The people at
Meyer has Silk in the health food section, but White Wave is Gustine told Lactaid that they did not want to start a project
battling for the dairy case. But at Ralph’s in Los Angeles it is that they would have to stop in Jan. 2000, when they planned
next to Lactaid in the dairy case. to introduce their own brand of soymilk.
White Wave has already won the footrace in the USA “It’s now a whole new game for White Wave. There’s
with SoyaWorld and Dairyworld. From now on its a question no time to take a breath.” The deal with Dean Foods was
of who has the most money to stimulate consumers to try a very unusual one in that everyone seemed to come out
their brand. That’s the last face of the mountain to climb. winning. White Wave got everything that they wanted, plus
Dean Foods brings to the alliance the fact that they distribute a huge vote of confidence. Steve anticipated their future
to 17,500 stores (mainly supermarkets and chains), and desires and he accommodated those in the agreement by
they have the national brokerage and delivery trucks and 70 certain opportunities as time goes on. “I think the biggest
factories that support that system. They own two ESL plants accomplishment was we get to ride this thing for a while.”
today (in Florida and Kentucky) and they have several more The news release was picked up as a blurb in the back of
on the books (one in California). White Wave also has two the Wall Street Journal last Tuesday, but the announcement
coming in, and they now work with Western Quality Foods has been getting a lot of national play. The news release and
in Utah (Dairy Farmers of America and Sinton Dairy out of the recent (Aug. 3) Wall Street Journal article on Silk have
Colorado). been reinforcing one another, and creating a new round of
Dean Foods is a superfactory for Nestle. Nestle has interest in White Wave and its products, which is translating
three or four superfactories: H.P. Hood, Dean Foods in sales. The local papers and trade journals also picked up the
Kentucky, and Ador in Los Angeles. Dairy Gold in Seattle, news release. Natural Foods Merchandiser, Prepared Foods,
Washington, may be a fourth. Nestle Quick, the chocolate and Dairy Foods all plan to do stories. They story appeared
milk, is a billion dollar brand. That warrants tremendous in 3-4 national TV announcements. It’s very exciting
investments in systems and efficiencies, which leads to co- for people throughout the company. For example, the
pack opportunities for things that are beyond our dreams. advertising and marketing people are now interviewing full
Dean was the inventor of The Chug–a single-serve chocolate agencies–which were previously unaffordable. “The ability
milk in a disposable plastic bottle, with a screw cap, that to be whimsical, be creative, and be a little bit off center
looks like an old-fashioned milk bottle; this made it possible with things has been a key driving force which we hope
to sell single-serve chocolate milk from convenience stores, not to lose. Nothing that happens, to be quite honest, could
and per-capita consumption of chocolate milk jumped. The influence me enough to take my hands off the throat of this

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thing. Not until I’m gone. When I sit in meetings today I say,
‘If you thought I was a pain in the ass before, watch this!’” 1656. ProSoya Inc. 1999. Introduction to ProSoya (Color
Susan Holden and Holden McClure have done White Wave’s videotape). 2-5350 Canotek Road, Ottawa, ONT, K1J 9N5,
PR for the past 7 years. Before that, White Wave had no PR Canada. 8 minutes. Aug.
firm. • Summary: This excellent color video (in NTSC video
White Wave has big plans in the dairy alternatives format), is professionally produced and narrated, with nice
market–for every product you can imagine. Silk Creamer, background music. Introduced in August 1999, it begins:
based on organic Silk soymilk and non-hydrogenated oils, “The soybean is a powerhouse of high-quality protein and
was introduced at Anaheim in March of this year; after only other nutrients. Soyfoods have been proven to reduce the
six months, its sales have surpassed its first year projections– risk of cancer, heart disease, and other ailments. These health
and supermarkets are major buyers. Its a huge category. advantages, coupled with relatively low infrastructure and
Dean Foods is the No. 1 producer of non-dairy creamers in production costs, make soybean processing a fast-growing
the USA, but they make powders and Silk is a liquid. Some industry–and we can help you make this a wonderful
new flavors are planned for the near future. The Silk brand business opportunity in the 21st century. Welcome to
represents dairy alternatives and the White Wave brand ProSoya, a world leader in advanced soymilk technology.
represents tofu. “Silk” is the word that the public is saying. “Dr. Raj Gupta, a scientist formerly with the National
It’s a cool word, and “Smooth as...” There’s lot of room for Research of Canada and McGill University, is the president
play and fun: “Silk boxers in every carton.” White Wave and founder of ProSoya.” He appears and says: “Our
has dabbled and played with non-dairy frozen desserts in objective is to help you produce nutritional* soya foods
the past; now they could go big time–pretty fast. But the and beverages that consumers will enjoy because they taste
company will not step outside the dairy alternatives category good.”
with things like energy bars or power drinks; it will keep “ProSoya creates innovative and cost-effective
tightly focused on dairy-like non-dairy products. processing systems that produce an excellent soymilk base
“Its very important to conduct your mission with some naturally from the raw soybean. The first soymilk systems
levity and fun–otherwise it never works. Business is an were small, designed primarily for humanitarian aid,
excuse to have parties. We need to pursue that philosophy hospitals and small businesses. Today, ProSoya offers the
for as long as possible. We just scheduled our next party; widest range of soymilk production capacities, from modest
I rented a theater in Boulder for the middle of October.” 30 liters-per-hour batch processors to large, fully automated
On using the Silk carton for advertising: “Serve people’s industrial plants with capacities up to 4,000 liters per hour.
intelligence and needs and you give them two products The smallest system is a 2-liter prototype that NASA tested
instead of one. Once you have the consumer’s attention and for its manned space mission to Mars. ProSoya offers
focus, you can spoon feed them a lot of very wholesome, individual production components or complete turnkey
beneficial things. Our job now is to gain their trust and plants, and can also assist in the formulation and packaging
attention. We have always been say that we deliver more than of soymilk beverages and foods.
food; we deliver a little bit of entertainment, and a bunch of “ProSoya’s commitment to its customers is
information. We want you to think of the package as part of demonstrated by its vigorous research and development
the product.” On the red half-gallon Silk, James Terman has program. In addition to its own in-house R&D team,
put the story of Henry Ford’s work with soy. “At least 25- ProSoya engineers work closely with researchers in various
33% of our packages will always be used for some additional government laboratories and other industry partners around
information other than ‘Buy my stuff.’” The carton of Silk, the world. At the heart of all ProSoya systems is the
along with breakfast cereal, is one of the few packages that patented airless cold-grinding process–a truly revolutionary
gets onto the breakfast table or dining table. Steve learned technology invented by Dr. Gupta... The resulting soymilk
this lesson when he heard from dairy people about all the is free from the beany flavor or chalky mouthfeel. Bill
complaints they received about pictures of missing children Shurtleff, world-renowned expert on soyfoods and author of
on milk cartons. That meant people were reading the cartons; over 50 books comments: ‘I have no hesitation in saying that
its the perfect captive market. Quotations from Suzuki roshi ProSoya’s airless cold-grind process is one of the best for
and Yogi Berra appeared together on one of the Silk cartons. making soymilk.’
“In the beginner’s mind there are many possibilities; in the “The soymilk base can be used as is, or to create a whole
expert’s mind there are few”–said Roshi. “You can’t think range of healthy, nutritious, high-quality soyfoods, including
and hit at the same time”–said Berra. “James Terman and I beverages, tofu, yogurt, ice cream, soymilk powders, and
went into stitches when we put the two of those together. It mayonnaise.”
was such great juxtaposition–so enlightening–just way out There follows a list of systems designed and sold by
there.” Address: President, White Wave Inc., 1990 North ProSoya. “ProSoya delivers reliable equipment and prompt
57th Court, Boulder, Colorado 80301. technical support.” “Brian Harrigan, an engineer with an

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 621

MBA degree, is the executive vice-president and director of Magen David), Tiberias, Israel. Phone: 06 671 2133. They
marketing. ‘At ProSoya we don’t just sell equipment. We also have a factory that produces the ice cream, tofu, and
build relationships. Our pride is in the contribution we can most of the take-out products and carob candies. The main
make to the success of our clients.’” dishes (entrees) and some vegetarian products are made
“ProSoya technology is presently being used in more in the restaurant daily. They make tofu at: Nature’s Gate
than 30 countries. There are large-scale processing plants Ltd., Mivne Taaseya Haradash 76, Box 029, Dimona, Israel
in Canada, Russia, and Scotland. Over 500 other small 86000. Phone: 972-7-655-7774. Fax: 972-7-655-7769. In
to medium-scale plants are benefitting people on five 1986 they started to make and sell tofu as tofu. They sell
continents. This is what some of our clients have to say.” their tofu at about 30 different places outside their two
There follow three glowing testimonials. restaurants. Nature’s Gate Ltd. own the factory and L’Haiem
“In Canada, the retail sales of soy beverages increased owns the restaurants.
from $12.1 million in 1997 to $25 million in 1998, a They also make their own soymilk at Nature’s Gate Ltd.
growth rate of 106%. Are you ready to take advantage Presently they produce the soymilk only for their own use,
of the booming soyfoods industry? ProSoya, with its but in the future they hope to expand.
market-leading technology, continuing R&D, and highly Enclosed is a one page recipe in Hebrew and English.
trained personnel can be your ideal partner in pursuing The 12 food categories are: Desserts (incl. 9 flavors of
the opportunities which await us in the new millennium.” non-dairy ice cream), candies, beverages (incl. soya
Address: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. milk), dressings, salads, breads, breakfast (incl. tofu links,
scrambled tofu), sandwiches (incl. tofu cheese, marinated
1657. Kluger, Jeffrey. 1999. What’s for dinner? Our chef tofu, okara sticks, tofu falafel, tofu burger, tofu vege burger,
whips up a tasty meatless meal that’s good for you–and for stir-fry with tofu, stir-fry with seitan), steamed vegetables,
nature. Time. Nov. 8. take away (take-out), main entrees (incl. tofu teriyaki, tofu
• Summary: In the “health and environment” section: The with gravy, tofu medley), a la carte (incl. tofu medley).
article begins: “If the human race becomes vegetarian in Address: 60 Ben Yehuda St., Tel Aviv, Israel. Phone: 03 620
the next century, animal-rights activists will be ecstatic. But 3151.
what about the rest of us? Can we possibly enjoy a meat-free,
dairy-free future when hunter-gatherer appetites will still be 1659. Kerlin, Katherine. 1999. Soy baby blues: Can we trust
hard-wired into our genes?” alternatives to milk-based formulas? E Magazine. Nov/Dec.
Time has chosen Louis Lanza, executive chef at and p. 42-43.
owner of Josie’s Restaurant and Juice Bar in New York City, • Summary: Babies handle the phytoestrogens in soy-
to prepare a dinner for the year “2025 that would be good based infant formula differently than adults. Half the
for the body–and the planet. In his tasty menu, liver pate phytoestrogens in adult bodies are freed into the bloodstream
gives way to lentil pate, steak is replaced by tofu cutlet and a to bind to estrogen receptors, but in infant bodies less than
banana-and-ice-cream dessert is made with rice milk instead 5% are available to bind to receptors. It is not clear how the
of cow’s milk.” remaining phytoestrogens affect infants.
The dinner includes: “Soup and salad: Chick-pea miso On 1996 Dr. Kenneth Setchell studied five leading
soup with salad of organic baby greens, heirloom tomatoes brands of soy-based infant formula. He found they contained
and toasted soy nuts. the phytoestrogen levels equivalent to several contraceptive
“Entree: Seared tofu cutlets in an orange chipotle glaze pills each day, about 6 to 11 times the amount needed to alter
with mushrooms, butternut squash and wheatberries.” For the menstrual cycle.
dessert is a sundae of rice “ice cream” [Rice Dream]. According to Dr. Naomi Baumslag, professor of
pediatrics at Georgetown University Medical School
1658. Israel, Cocavatiyah Baht. 1999. Re: Update on [Washington, DC], infants consuming soy-based formula are
“Eternity” and Taste of Life vegetarian restaurants in Israel. 2-3 times more likely to develop thyroid disease than if they
Letters to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Dec. 12 and were cow’s milk formula or breast milk.
10 Jan. 2000. 2 p. + 2 p. Handwritten, with signature. Plus Another concern is the genetically engineered soybeans
leaflet. [1 ref. Eng; Heb] used in infant formula. “But before you throw out your miso
• Summary: This group used to be known as “Eternity,” soup and Tofutti ice cream, remember that soy has many
an all vegetable ice cream parlor. Now they serve their positive benefits.” Address: Journalism student at Univ. of
vegetarian ice cream plus a menu “consisting of many Missouri and intern at E Magazine.
various dishes (vegetable) that include tofu and the vegetable
protein product seitan. We are vegan–no animal by-products, 1660. Sanitarium Health Food Company. 1999. Sanitarium
no artificial food coloring, no cholesterol. Kosher.” They (Portfolio). Berkeley Vale, NSW, Australia. 27 inserts. 30
now have a second restaurant at Hakishon St. (across from cm.

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• Summary: This is simply a collection of colorful Iowa).

documents (each in full color) without a portfolio cover, 1992 Oct.–Central Soya Co. acquires the Protein
sent with a cover letter by Melissa Harris, Nutritionist. Division of Aarhus Oliefabrik in Denmark.
The documents include: (1) Eight nutrition fact sheets. 1993 June–Vitasoy purchases Azumaya Inc. (America’s
Subjects include wholegrains, fibre, heart health, etc. (2) largest tofu manufacturer, and the low-price leader) in
Seven product sell-sheets, incl. SoyHealthy, So Good Now, California, for an estimated $4-$5 million. Vitasoy is now in
Soyaccino, etc. (3) Three small recipe booklets. (4) 10 tips the tofu business.
for healthy eating for the family. (5) Now there’s an easy 1993 June–21st Century Foods acquires Farm Foods
way to lower your cholesterol. (6) Six food cards with from Barricini Foods.
recipes. (7) Two booklets in “A taste for health” series. (8) 1993–House Foods of Japan purchases the remaining
List of available publications and videos. 50% of House Foods & Yamauchi, Inc. from Mr. Shoan
(9) Sanitarium product range–Australia: Cereals (19 Yamauchi. The new company is named House Foods
products, incl. Soy Tasty, Weet-Bix Hi Bran Soy & Linseed, American Corporation.
Up & Go). Beverages (6 products, all based on So Good, 1993 July–Nutrition et Santé (part of the Sandoz Group)
incl. yoghurts and ice cream). Meals (19 products, incl. 5 acquires Société Soy of Saint-Chamond, France. The latter
types of Soy Healthy Frozen, 9 types of Soy Healthy Chilled, company was renamed Nutrition et Soja, and on 15 Oct.
Soya Beans in Tomato Sauce, Sanitarium Soya Mince/TVP, 1994 it moved into a new factory at Revel (near Toulouse),
BBQ Soya Sausages). Spreads (4 products incl. Marmite France.
and many types of peanut butter). Specialty Foods (incl. 1993 (mid)–B & K Holdings of Switzerland acquires
many nuts & seeds, dried fruits, legumes, pulses & seeds, Sojinal of Issenheim, France.
fruit snacks, and juices). (10) Leaflet (1999; color, front and 1993?–Kineret (pronounced kuh-NAIR-et) Acquisition
back) titled “Soya beans, good health & you.” Contents: Group acquires Farm Foods from 21st Century Foods, then
Introduction. What are phytoestrogens. Protecting hearts. in Nov. 1993 the Hain Food Group acquires Kineret plus
Combating cancer. Managing menopause. Promoting healthy some assets of Barricini Foods Inc.
bones. Soy foods for children. Putting the good news into 1996 April 22–Alpro (Belgium) purchases Sojinal
practice. Address: 1 Sanitarium Drive, Berkeley Vale, NSW (France).
2261, Australia. Phone: (02) 4348 7777. 1995 April 21–Irene and Len Stuttman buy back control
of their company, INARI Ltd. (dba. Sycamore Creek)
1661. SoyaScan Notes. 1999. Major soy-related company from J. Charles Follett (former CEO) and Peter L. Pairitz
acquisitions and mergers worldwide 1990-1999 (Overview). (accountant).
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1995 April–Quest International, a unit of Unilever,
• Summary: 1990 Jan.–Worthington Foods acquires La acquires A.E. Staley’s Gunther Products Division.
Loma Foods of Riverside, California (formerly Loma Linda 1997 Feb. 3–Monsanto purchases Asgrow Seed Co.
Foods, owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church). from Seminis Inc., a subsidiary of Empresas La Moderna,
1990 (early)–Daniel Gevaert purchases the Lima S.A. (ELM).
Andiran site at Andiran (near Mezin) in southern France 1997 Aug. 24–DuPont signs a letter of intent to acquire
from Lima Foods–but not the Lima trademark. In June 1990 Protein Technologies International, a wholly-owned
Daniel and his wife, Valerie, established Danival. subsidiary of Ralston Purina Co.
1990 Aug. 3–Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd. 1997 Oct. 14–The Hain Food Group acquires Westbrae
(makers of Vitasoy soymilk) acquires Nasoya Foods of Natural, Inc., makers of soymilk. Westbrae’s new name
Leominster, Massachusetts. becomes Hain Food Group–Westbrae. 1997 Dec. 3–DuPont
1990 Dec. 21–The Haldane Foods Group (a subsidiary finalizes its purchase of Protein Technologies International
of British Arkady Ltd., which is in turn owned by ADM) (PTI–the world’s leading manufacturer of soy protein
acquires Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products Ltd. of Cheshire, isolates).
England. 1998 Oct. 16–Worthington Foods purchases the Harvest
1991 Jan. 1–The Haldane Foods Group acquires Burger product line from ADM; by agreement, ADM will
Granose Foods Ltd. of Watford, Hertfordshire, England continue to make the Harvest Burgers at its Illinois plant.
(formerly owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church). 1998 Dec. 31–DE-VAU-GE acquires Bruno Fischer
1991 Jan. 28–Tetra Pak International acquires Alfa- GmbH, which sells bottled soymilk; both companies are
Laval AB. located in Germany.
1991 April–Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. acquires Soyastern 1999 Jan. 4–W.G. Thompson & Sons Ltd. of Blenheim,
Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH. Ontario, Canada, purchases Sycamore Creek Co., a maker of
1991 Dec.–Specialty Food Ingredients (SFI) Europe BV soynuts and soynut butter (located in Mason, Michigan).
acquires Solnuts BV (Netherlands) and Solnuts Inc. (Hudson, 1999 Oct. 4–The Kellogg Co. (famous maker of

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breakfast cereals, Battle Creek, Michigan) buys Worthington Double Rainbow, founded in
Foods Inc., America’s leading maker of meat alternatives. 1976, is now in its 24th year
making premium ice creams
1662. Whole Foods. 1999. U.S. FDA authorizes soy protein using natural ingredients.
health claim. Dec. Trader Joe’s Fearless
• Summary: During the 12 months ending June 1999, overall Flyer. 2000. May. p. 18.
sales of soyfoods reached $494.4 million, up 34% over the “SoyCream non dairy ‘ice
previous year–according to statistics compiled by Spence cream’ alternative.” “Double
Information Service (SPINS, San Francisco, California) and Rainbow has scored again
AC Nielsen. This included $117.9 in sales at natural foods for us. We challenged the
stores (a 31.4% rise) and 376.5 million at supermarkets makers of our hugely popular
and mainstream food/drug/mass merchandise outlets (a premium ice creams and
35.2% increase). Note that this growth took place before sorbets to create a decadent soy “ice cream” alternative with
announcement of the FDA health claim. the wonderful rich flavor and texture of ice cream and the
A table (based on figures provided by SPINS) gives health benefits of soy. It took a year and a half to develop the
growth rates for selected soy subcategories and (in secret recipe... taste after taste until the flavor was just right.
parentheses the growth rate for the entire subcategory): Soy The SoyCream was born.
supplements 120.8% (27.0%). Soy-based frozen desserts “SoyCream is creamy and rich, yet is cholesterol and
98.4% (11.4%). Soy beverages (non-dairy) 45.7% (25.9%). lactose free. Made from certified organic soybeans, it’s also
Tofu 42.4% (all tofu is soy). Soy-based meat alternatives Kosher. Some of our tasters preferred it to real ice cream.”
16.4% (15.8%). Address: South Plainfield, New Jersey. Products purchased or seen at Trader Joe’s in Lafayette,
California. 2000. May 16. Chocolate and vanilla in quarts,
1663. Product Name: Double Rainbow Soy Cream [Quarts: blueberry and coffee almond fudge in pints. On the lid of
Chocolate, or Vanilla; Pints: Blueberry, Coffee Almond the pint are ice cream cones and almonds floating against
Fudge, Vanilla Bean, Butter Pecan, Very Cherry Chip, a blue sky with clouds. Text: “Creamy dairy free dessert.
Chocolate Chocolate Chip, Mint Chocolate Chip]. Made from organic soybeans.” Note: The soy ingredient in
Manufacturer’s Name: Double Rainbow Gourmet Ice this product is apparently soybeans rather than soy protein
Creams, Inc. isolate. Have you ever seen so much sugar?
Manufacturer’s Address: 275 South Van Ness Ave., San Vegetarian Journal. 2002. April. Rear cover. “New
Francisco, CA 94103. Phone: 415-861-5858. products on the shelves: Double Rainbow Soy Cream is
Date of Introduction: 2000. January. already a vegan favorite, but look at the new packaging.
Ingredients: Water, sugar, fudge (corn syrup, water, sugar, Made with organic soy and fresh ingredients, Soy Cream is
high fructose corn syrup, cocoa, soybean oil, modified food available in eight delicious flavors: cookie vanilla, blueberry,
starch, chocolate liquor, salt, lecithin, vanilla, citric acid), butter pecan, coffee almond fudge, vanilla bean, mint
corn syrup, almonds, canola oil, certified organic / non chocolate chip, and very cherry chocolate chip. Address: 275
genetically modified soybeans, salt, guar gum, soy lecithin. South Van Ness Ave., San Francisco, CA 94103.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quarts retail for $2.99, pints for Update: 2008 Jan. 13. At Trader Joe’s in Lafayette,
$1.99 (2000/05, Lafayette, California). California, the flavors Mango Vanilla and Very Cherry Chip
How Stored: Frozen. are seen in pints. The Double Rainbow website under Soy
Nutrition: Per ½ cup (102.75 gm).: Calories 240, calories Cream shows that the following eight flavors are now being
from fat 110, total fat 13 gm (18% daily value; saturated made: Blueberry, Butter Pecan, Chocolate Chocolate Chip
fat 6 gm), cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 220 mg (9%), total [double chocolate], Coffee Almond Fudge, Cookie Vanilla,
carbohydrate 31 gm (dietary fiber 2 gm [7%], sugars 27 gm), Mint Chocolate Chip, Vanilla Bean, Very Cherry Chocolate
protein 3 gm. Vitamin A 0%, calcium 2%, vitamin C 0%, Chip.
iron 4%. Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie
diet. 1664. Schweitzer, Peter. 2000. Re: The Farm’s two major
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Letter (fax) contributions to American culture. Letter accompanying
from Dana Jacobi. 2000. March 12. Double Rainbow is now spring Plenty Bulletin, March 1. 1 p. Typed, with signature
making chocolate and vanilla soy frozen dessert. Both are on letterhead.
very good. She bought them at Trader Joe’s. Talk with Steve • Summary: “Dear Plenty Friends: When the history of
Fink of Double Rainbow. 2000. March 15. This new product the Farm community (where Plenty was founded in 1974)
was introduced in Jan. 2000 and is currently sold in quarts is written, two achievements will stand out as having a
only at Trader Joe’s, but by June 2000 the company plans to significant impact on American society, and no, I’m not
have 8 flavors in quarts available at many natural food stores. talking about tie-dyes and longer hair: (1) Instigating and

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spreading the use of soybean foods, including milk, tofu Soy and your health–Scientists are learning about soy’s
and ice-bean [soy ice cream]; and (2) helping to propel the health benefits: Isoflavones, heart disease, menopause &
homebirth movement into the mainstream of US healthcare.” osteoporosis, cancer, allergies, diabetes & kidney disease,
Website: www.plenty.org. fat. Soyfood Descriptions: Meet the bean: Green vegetable
“Since 1985 Plenty has been engaged in the promotion soybeans (edamame), hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP),
of soy food technology in Belize. Soy is beneficial in areas infant formulas, soy-based, lecithin, meat alternatives (meat
where diets are lacking in good proteins and tillable land is analogs), miso, natto, nondairy soy frozen desserts, soy
scarce.” Address: Executive Director, Plenty, P.O. Box 394, cheese, soy fiber (okara, soy bran, soy isolate fiber), soy flour
Summertown, Tennessee 38483. Phone: (931) 964-4864. (50% protein), soy grits, soy protein concentrate, soy protein
isolate (isolated soy protein, 90% protein), soy protein,
1665. Stephens, Roger; Stephens, Jane Ade. ed. and comp. textured (flour or concentrate), soy sauce (tamari, shoyu,
2000. Soyfoods guide 2000: Helpful tips and information for teriyaki), soy yogurt, soybeans, soymilk, soy beverages,
using soyfoods. Indianapolis, Indiana: Stevens & Associates, soynut butter, soynuts, soybean oil & products, sprouts
Inc. Distributed by the Soy Protein Partners. 24 p. Illust. No (soy), tamari (see soy sauce), tempeh, Teriyaki sauce (see
index. 28 cm. [23 ref] soy sauce), tofu & tofu products, whipped toppings, soy-
• Summary: This guide is available only on a limited basis based, yuba. Helpful charts: Soyfood substitutions, soyfood
to dietitians and health professionals. Contents: Health: isoflavone content. Soyfoods web site. Soyfood composition.
Add soy to diet to reduce heart disease (FDA recommends Recipes using: Meat alternatives, textured soy protein, whole
25 grams of soy protein a day to reduce blood cholesterol soybeans, soy flour, soynut butter, soymilk, tofu. Address:
levels), sample day soy meal planner (easy ways to add 4816 North Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Indiana
25 grams of soy protein). Daily soyfood guide pyramid. 46205. Phone: 317-926-6272.

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Mint Chocolate Chip, Big Buddy, or Chocolate Chip].

1666. Product Name: Soy Delicious Bars (Organic Non- Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Creamy Fudge, or Creamy Vanilla Distributor).
Dipped in Rich Chocolate]. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- 97448. Phone: (541) 998-6778.
Distributor). Date of Introduction: 2000. March.
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4-5 fl oz. ice-cream sandwich in
97448. Phone: (541) 998-6778. foil wrapper.
Date of Introduction: 2000. March. How Stored: Frozen.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4 fl oz. bar in foil wrapper. New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back,
How Stored: Frozen. 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back, Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2000. March.
8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural “Introducing Organic Soy Delicious Novelties. All organic
Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2000. March. non-dairy frozen dessert.” On the front, a color photo shows
“Introducing two delicious flavors! All organic! Non-dairy!” the front of each label/wrapper. On the back are nutrition
On the front, a color photo shows the front of each label/ facts and all ingredients for each product. A more detailed
wrapper. On the back are nutrition facts and all ingredients of each product is given on the label as follows: (1) Fudge
for each product. Brownie: Brownies with vanilla non-dairy frozen dessert
center. (2) Mint Chocolate Chip: Chocolate cookie sandwich
1667. Product Name: Soy Delicious Novelties (Organic with mint non-dairy frozen dessert center. (3) Big Buddy:
Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Sandwiches) [Fudge Brownie, Wafer sandwich with vanilla non-dairy frozen dessert center.

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(4) Chocolate Chip: Cookie sandwich with vanilla non-dairy Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: One pint carton.
frozen dessert center. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Talk with Ted Nordquist.
1668. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2000. Tofutti. 1999 annual report. 2000. March 7. Ted’s company will introduce a soy ice
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. cream at the Natural Products Expo this month (March 24) at
• Summary: Net sales for the 52-weeks ended Dec. 27, Anaheim. It will be named WholeSoy Glacé. Note: In 1990,
1999 were $11,912,000, up 32% from the previous year. while in Sweden, Ted developed the most delicious soy ice
Net income (profit) rose to $850,000, up 51.8% from the cream that Soyfoods Center has ever tasted.
previous year. 1999 was the eighth consecutive year that the Sell sheet (8½ by 11 inch, color, glossy, front and
company has been profitable. back) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo
During 1999 the company introduced the following West (Anaheim, California). 2000. March. “WholeSoy: A
new products: Crumb Cake Bars (vanilla and strawberry). delicious, premium soymilk frozen dessert.” New. In four
Monkey Bars, additional flavors of Sugar free fat free flavors. Vanilla Bean, Swiss Chocolate, Mocha Fudge, and
Tofutti in half gallons. Quit Beef’n (veggie burgers, and Very Strawberry.
veggie cheese burgers). Tofutti Ultra Soy Protein Power Glacé label (Vanilla) for cups and sell sheet sent by Ted
(nutriceutical). Nordquist and dated in his computer 2000. March 16.
Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual Talk with Ted Nordquist. 2000. April 12. TAN Industries
Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement (10 p.).” debuted this product at the Natural Products Expo at
David Mintz’ salary rose to $303,000 in 1999, up from Anaheim last month (24 March 2000). The response was
$225,000 in 1998, and $180,000 in 1997 and $155,000 in just fantastic, from both individuals and distributors. Nearly
1996. The 1999 figure includes a $125,000 bonus for Mr. every natural food distributor in the USA has signed up
Mintz. This is a company that is run for the management, not to carry this product–which should be on the shelves this
for the shareholders. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: summer. A fourth flavor, Mocha Fudge (Ted’s favorite flavor)
908-272-2400. will be introduced later this year. Ted regrets that he did not
take a video camera to record the reactions of people who
1669. Product Name: WholeSoy Glacé: Soymilk Frozen loved the product. He is doing this venture together with
Dessert [Vanilla Bean, Very Strawberry, Swiss Chocolate, Doug Stewart, owner of Howler Products, who gave Ted a
Mocha Fudge]. lot of help in developing this product, which was made at
Manufacturer’s Name: WholeSoy Co. Doug’s plant, Howler, LLC. An anthropologist and now a
Manufacturer’s Address: San Francisco, California. very close friend, Doug used to work in the Latin American
Phone: 415-495-2870. rain forests. He started Howler in South San Francisco to
Date of Introduction: 2000. July. import tropical fruits to help the people with whom he had
Ingredients: Vanilla: Pasteurized soymilk (water, organic worked. Every ingredient in the product is organic–organic
soy beans*), organic sugar*, organic soy oil*, organic palm strawberries, etc.
oil*, organic vanilla extract*, salt, locust bean gum, guar
gum. * = Grown and processed in accordance with the 1670. Nordquist, Ted. 2000. Update on work with soyfoods
California Organic Foods Act of 1990. Third-party certified (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 18. Conducted by William
by OCIA/QAI. Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.

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• Summary: Sales of Ted’s WholeSoy soy yogurt “are going Tofu Association. In 1967 the average Japanese household
through the roof” = increasing dramatically. Ted is moving consumed 72 pounds of tofu; by 1999 that figure had fallen
production from Fullerton to SSI (Super Store Industries) to 59 pounds–an 18% decline in 32 years. During the same
in Turlock, California–just south of Modesto. He leaves period, consumption of rice and fish also fell, which meat
home at 4:00 in the morning to arrive there last Sunday and consumption rose sharply.
Monday at 6:00 a.m. Fujino tofu, like many other brands, carries a label
Ted’s ice cream is also “flying off the shelves” = stating that it contains no genetically modified soybeans.
selling very well. Things are going very, very well for Address: Los Angeles Times.
Ted’s business. He is still trying to find a partner to do the
soymilk–after Suiza Foods Corp. went off on their own. Ted 1672. Greenberg, Patricia. 2000. Soy desserts: 101 fresh, fun
would have a hard time partnering with people who have & fabulously healthy recipes. New York, NY: ReganBooks
betrayed him. “They’d almost have to elect me chairman of (Imprint of HarperCollins). ix + 166 p. Oct. Illust. Index. 24
the board before I’d agree to go back and work with them.” cm.
With his WholeSoy Soymilk, Ted was actually 3-4 months • Summary: This is a book about how to make delicious
ahead of White Wave in the “100-yard dash” to get into soy desserts that are actually good for you! Contents:
supermarkets. Ted was ready to go in June of 1999, ready to Introduction. Cakes and frostings. Pies and tarts.
sell it through Pacific Coast Brands with Neil Donovan, the Quickbreads, muffins, brownies, bars and scones. Candy and
man who makes Lactaid–but Neil uses Suiza’s distribution. cookies. Parfaits, custards, mousses, puddings, and soy ice
Ted is now talking to some big players, but it would be very creams. Soy source index. Contains 8 full-page color photos
expensive to launch the product. He is talking with some big in the middle of the book. These recipes call for soymilk,
chains about Ted making the WholeSoy Soymilk under his soy cream cheese, soy yogurt, tofu, soy flour, and soy
label, then the chain would distribute and sell it. Ted can’t margarine. Contains four recipes for Tofu cheesecake. On
afford to pay the upfront marketing expenses–including the inside back dust jacket is a photo and brief biography of
slotting allowances for individual stores. If White Wave’s Patricia Greenberg. Address: P.O. Box 10853, Beverly Hills,
Silk and Ted’s WholeSoy were compared right now in a California 90213. Phone: (323) 938-3975.
well designed taste test, Ted’s product would definitely get
higher scores. Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Stevenson 1673. Reynolds, Jonathan. 2000. Do you tofu? Soybean curd
St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 isn’t just for health-food nuts anymore. New York Times.
Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870. Nov. 5. p. SM181.
• Summary: The author used to be an overweight steak
1671. Efron, Sonni. 2000. Japanese company tries making and potatoes guy, who despised the taste of “health foods.”
tofu trendy. Daily Journal (Orem, Utah). Oct. 11. “Until recently, I couldn’t stand to even look at tofu. Cold
• Summary: Kyo Tofu Fujino, a famous Kyoto tofu shop, is and uncooked, it’s squeaky, with the texture and disposition
trying to survive by reinventing itself as an upscale, designer of a particularly upbeat sponge. In the mouth, it’s so darned
chain selling European-style tofu confections. Seiji Fujino, watery and perky, it feels as though it will clean the enamel
the company’s second-generation president, says he wants off your teeth, suck all the saliva from your mouth, and
to teach kids, who are growing up on McDonald’s and Mr. then bounce right onto the street to do some more good
Donut, how to eat tofu. The company already has outlets in somewhere else.”
fancy department stores in Kyoto, Osaka, and Tokyo, plus “Processed foods made from tofu are, by and large,
its own specialty stores and a tofu restaurant. It opened the dreadful. The ‘hot dogs’ are weird, soy cheese is nasty, and
latter, Tofu Kaho, in April at Fujino, a quiet neighborhood Tofutti ice cream is downright punitive. Tofu yogurt is nearly
of northern Kyoto. Its offerings: Tofu doughnuts, chocolate as wretched as the food at Shea Stadium”–which is probably
peach soy-cream layer cake, tofu cream fig shortcake, or the worst in the world.
a pastry filled with whipped soy cream and purple sweet “But that’s just my cranky Western palate. Worldwide,
potato. In addition to many types of cakes and puddings tofu is more popular than pasta, potatoes and poi, the staples
made with tofu, the sweet shop also offers four flavors of of other cuisines.” He found, to his surprise, that when tofu
tofu ice cream–ginger, white sesame, vanilla, and black bean is cooked and used in a good recipe, it can be delicious–as is
coffee. And it bakes cookies using the left-over okara. Then the “bean curd” served at most Chinese restaurants. Includes
there are traditional dishes: Oboro-dofu (served cold), tofu three tofu recipes.
flavored with yuzu (a citrus-like lime), sesame tofu, black
bean tofu, and deep-fried tofu with lotus root. 1674. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2000. Tofu &
Recently, some 500-600 neighborhood tofu shops soymilk production. 3rd ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods
across Japan have gone bankrupt each year, although there Center. 336 p. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Dec.
are still some 16,500 shops in Japan–according to the Japan 28 cm. [223 ref]

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• Summary: Contains many new advertisements, plus Part II: Plant-based peak performance. Supplementing
changes on the title page, copyright page, and rear cover the sports machine. Plant-based diets: making the transition.
of both paperback and hardcover editions (new ISBN for Competition time: plant-based diets in action. Appendixes:
each). Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, A. Vegetarian athletes’ nutritional profiles. B. Food fitness
California 94549. Phone: 925-283-2991. nutritional activity assessment. C. Sports and vegetarian
nutrition resources. D. References.
1675. Product Name: Soy Dream (Non-Dairy Frozen Tofu is mentioned in this book on 26 pages (p. 39, 65,
Dessert in Quarts) [Organic Green Tea]. 74, 81, 86, 90, 91, 100, 106, 127, 140, 142, 145, 169, 171,
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- 188, 238, 240, 247, 191), tempeh on 17 pages (p. 67, 81,
Distributor). 84, 106-08, 127, 142, 187-88, 191, 197, 199, 201-02, 247,
Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San 268), “soy cheese” on 14 pages (p. 23, 24, 60, 77, 94, 191,
Carlos, CA 94070. 198-200, 203, 217, 219, 243, 267), soybeans on 11 pages (p.
Date of Introduction: 2000. 24, 74, 76, 78, 90, 100, 127, 147, 171, 195, 238), Soya Kaas
Ingredients: Organic soymilk* (filtered water, organic (soy cheese) on 6 pages (p. 74, 191, 199, 200, 217, 219),
soybeans*), organic dehydrated cane juice*, organic brown miso on 6 pages (p. 142, 149, 199, 217, 219, 243), soy nuts
rice solids*, organic expeller pressed safflower oil*, potato on 4 pages (p. 24, 90, 192, 199), edamame [green vegetable
starch, natural green tea flavor, carrageenan, locust bean and soybeans] on 2 pages (p. 24, 127), soybean on 2 pages (p. 89,
guar gum, organic spirulina, sea salt. * = Organically grown 90), rice-based frozen dessert on 1 page (p. 201).
and processed according to the California Organic Foods In the chapter on “Protein”: “One of my favorite high-
Act of 1990 and certified organic by Quality Assurance protein afternoon snack combos is tofu-based cheese (Soya
International. Kaas or Vegan Rella), organic whole wheat tortillas, baked
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Quarts. Paperboard carton. chips, rice or wheat crackers, and an apple” (p. 74).
How Stored: Frozen. Tofu Rella is listed on p. 191. Address: M.S., R.D.,
Nutrition: Per 70 gm.: Calories 140, calories from fat L.M.H.C., Miami, Florida.
60, total fat 7 gm (11% daily value; saturated fat 0.5 gm),
cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 70 mg (3%), total carbohydrate 17 1677. Evans, K. Lee; Rankin, Chris. 2000. Giant book of
gm (dietary fiber 1 gm [4%], sugars 10 gm), protein 1 gm. tofu cooking. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. 256 p. Illust. (color photos). Index. 28 cm.
New Product–Documentation: Package with Label sent by • Summary: A beautiful vegetarian cookbook, with many
Robert Davis (Clinton, Washington), the product developer. color photos on glossy paper, excellent use of standard
2005. Jan. 3. Copyright 2000, Imagine Foods. Paperboard terminology (except for “freeze-dried tofu”), and 350
quart. Tea green, black, orange, and white on dark blue. healthful, delicious recipes. Contents: Introduction. Tofu
Swirls and stars in the background. Back panel: “Fall in love basics and techniques: Getting started (buying tofu {soft
with the dreamy taste of Soy Dream Organic Non Dairy tofu, firm tofu, extra-firm tofu, silken tofu, marinated tofu,
Dessert. Enjoy the benefits of soy in each luscious spoonful. smoked tofu, freeze-dried tofu, fermented tofu}, storing
You’ll feel good about rewarding yourself with Soy Dream tofu, preparing tofu for your recipes {draining and blotting,
because we use only the finest organic ingredients. Its a pressing, freezing and thawing, blending, cubing and
delightful all-natural treat.” dicing, crumbling, shredding / grating, marinating, boiling
Note: Along with this carton Bob sent a color photo of slightly sour tofu, frying, deep-frying}), other soy products
himself and his son, Braelyn, standing together. On the wall (edamame, meat alternatives, miso, soy cheese, soy flour, soy
behind them is a photo of the Sphinx. ice cream, soy milk, soy sauce, soy sprouts, soy “yogurt,”
soynut butter, soynuts, tempeh, textured soy protein, whole
1676. Dorfman, Lisa. 2000. The vegetarian sports nutrition dry soybeans), tofu and a healthier you (introduction, protein,
guide: peak performance for everyone from beginners to heart disease, cancer, menopause, osteoporosis, our planet),
gold medalists. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. simple ingredient substitutions (eggs, milk, cheese, butter,
xviii + 270 p. Foreword by Bob Beeten (Director, Sports salt, sugar {honey, molasses, maple syrup, rice syrup, barley
Medicine, United States Olympic Committee). Illust. Index. malt syrup}). Ingredient glossary: Incl. arrowroot, balsamic
23 cm. [94 ref] vinegar, bamboo shoots, barley malt syrup, fermented
• Summary: Contents: Preface. Acknowledgments. Chinese black beans, filé powder, galangal, garam masala,
Introduction. Part I: Food as fuel. Plant-based sports engine. garbanzo beans, Hoisin sauce, liquid smoke, mirin, miso,
Nutrition prescription for sport: calculating energy needs. nutritional yeast, phylo or filo, pickled ginger, quinoa, rice
Carbohydrates: the sports nutrition base. Protein: the fitness noodles, rice papers, rice syrup, sake, shoyu, tahini, toasted
powerhouse. Fat talk. Thirst quenchers. The athlete’s lab: sesame oil, vegetarian gelatin, vegetarian Worcestershire
vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. sauce (“Just like the original, it is made of soy, vinegar, and

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spices, but without the anchovies”), wakame, wheat germ. salmon, tuna, etc.), there is extensive discussion of the
Breakfast. Appetizers. Soups. Salads. Lunch and dinner. benefits of soyfoods in a diet for menopausal women and
Dressings, sauces, and spreads. Desserts. Metric conversion many recipes that use soy (especially tofu). The chapter
chart. Acknowledgments. titled “What you need to eat at menopause” contains a
good discussion (p. 17-18) of the benefits of isoflavones
1678. Liberty, Anne. 2000. Super soy! Protect yourself / phytoestrogens and natural soyfoods. It is known that
against bone loss, heart disease, cancer, menopause, high “legumes contain good levels of isoflavones, and soy ranks
cholesterol. Boca Raton, Florida: American Media Mini the highest.” Phytoestrogens are also good for bone health,
Mags Inc. 66 p. 14 cm. [1 ref] and soy protein helps to reduce cholesterol (p. 25).
• Summary: This mini-book (only 5½ inches high) was sold In the “Introduction to the recipes” is a section on
(for $1.19) next to the tabloid magazines at the checkout “Soy products” (p. 47) that discusses miso, soy milk, soy
stand at Longs Drug Store in Lafayette, California. On the sauce, tempeh, and tofu (which is “wonderfully versatile”).
little cover is a color photo of a grey-haired and healthy- Soy-related recipes include: Scrambled tofu (p. 71). Tofu
looking lady holding a glass of soymilk. Contents: All vegetable quiche (p. 90). Russian salad deluxe with tofu
about soy: Inside the soybean (phytoestrogen, isoflavones, dressing (p. 96). Vegetable, bean sprout and tofu stir-fry (p.
genistein, protease inhibitors), eight of soy’s top health 104-06). Tofu and mushroom stroganoff (p. 106-07). Herby
benefits (antioxidant protection from free radicals, breast tofu and oat sausages with nutty mash (p. 112). Austrian
cancer protection, cholesterol control, colon cancer bean salad with tofu dressing (p. 130-132). Deluxe kebabs
protection, strong bones, hot flash reduction, a strong (p. 136). Apricot tofu ice-cream (p. 156). Tofu cheesecake
immune system, and kidney disease prevention), different (p. 157). Mixed berry fool (p. 159). Miso broth (p. 176). Soy
soy products (green soybeans, hydrolyzed vegetable mayonnaise (p. 179). Sesame tofu dressing (p. 180). Tofu dip
protein {HVP}, infant formula {soy-based}, lecithin, meat for raw vegetables (p. 180). Mocha tofu cream (p. 183). Tofu
alternatives, miso, non-dairy frozen soy (“soy ice cream”), cream (p. 183).
soy cheese, soy flour, soy grits, soy protein (incl. TSP = Marilyn Glenville, PhD, earned her doctorate at
textured soy protein = textured soy flour), soy sauce, soy Cambridge University and is Chair of the Governing Council
yogurt, whole soybeans, soy nut butter, soy nuts, soy oil, for the British Association of Nutritional Therapists. She has
soy sprouts, tempeh, tofu, whipped soy-based topping, practiced nutritional therapy in the U.K.and U.S. for more
yuba), nutritional value, how much do you need? Bone loss. than twenty years, and specializes in the natural approach to
Heart disease and cancer: Heart disease, cancer (genistein, female hormone problems. She practices from three private
isoflavones, phenolic acids, phytates, protease inhibitors). clinics in London and Kent, including the prestigious Hale
Menopause. Cholesterol. Cooking with soy products: Soy Clinic. Address: PhD, nutritional therapist, UK.
flour, miso, soy milk, soy protein, tofu, tempeh. Delicious
soy recipes. 1680. Product Name: Soy Dream (Non-Dairy Frozen
The author frequently refers to Earl Mindell, PhD, but Dessert in Pints and Quarts) [Organic Mocha Fudge,
has no real scientific references. Many of the recipes were Strawberry Swirl, or Chocolate Fudge Brownie].
provided by the United Soybean Board. On the last page are Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer-
two sources of more information and recipes: The United Distributor).
Soybean Board website www.talksoy.com and the Indiana Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San
Soybean Board website www.soyfoods.com. Carlos, CA 94070.
Date of Introduction: 2001. March.
1679. Glenville, Marilyn. 2001. Natural alternatives to HRT* Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Paperboard carton.
(* hormone replacement therapy) cookbook: Understanding How Stored: Frozen.
estrogen and foods that benefit your health. Berkeley, New Product–Documentation: Ad in Natural Foods
California: Ten Speed Press. 192 p. Illust. Index. 24 x 21 cm. Merchandiser. 2001. March. p. 9. “Organic Soy Dream. Non
[37* ref] Dairy Frozen Dessert. Imagine introduces.” “Dreamwich.
• Summary: Every woman who experiences menopause has Heavenly Pie. Lil’ Dreamers. Rocket Bar. Chocolate. Butter
probably experienced unpleasant symptoms such as joint Pecan. Chocolate Fudge Brownie. French Vanilla. Green
pains, mood swings, weight gain, hot flashes, etc. Yet these Tea. Mint Chocolate Chip. Mocha Fudge. Strawberry Swirl.
symptoms can be avoided, or at least alleviated–by simple Vanilla Fudge Swirl. Vanilla.”
and safe changes in diet to include more phytoestrogens and “Eye-popping packaging. Certified organic. All natural
isoflavones. This books tells and shows you how. Already a flavors. Kosher. Dairy free. Huge consumer advertising
best-seller in the U.K. with over 20,000 copies in print. campaign. Nearly 30 million impressions during the frozen
Although this is not a vegetarian cookbook (recipes dessert buying season. Natural Health. Vegetarian Times.
call for the use of fish and shellfish such as crab, mussels, Delicious Living. Mothering. Taste for Life. Mother Jones.

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Veggie Life. Yoga Journal. Psychology Today. Utne Reader.” natural chocolate flavor, carrageenan, locust bean gum, guar
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. Oct. p. 25. gum, sea salt.
“Dreams can come true.” How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back,
1681. Product Name: Soy Dream Lil’ Dreamers (Organic 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural
Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Sandwiches) [Chocolate or Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2001. March.
Vanilla]. “Dreams can come true.” A photo shows a package of
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- Organic Soy Dream Rocket Bar.
Distributor). On the rear: Novelties: Rocket Bar Vanilla, and Rocket
Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San Bar Chocolate (Vanilla or Chocolate Frozen Soy Dream on a
Carlos, CA 94070. stick and dipped in chocolate).
Date of Introduction: 2001. March. Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. March. p. 9.
Ingredients: Soy Dream: Organic soymilk* (filtered Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. Oct. p. 25.
water, organic soybeans*), organic dehydrated cane juice*
[sugar], organic brown rice solids*, organic expeller pressed 1683. Product Name: Soy Dream Heavenly Pie (Organic
safflower oil*, potato starch, cocoa (processed with alkali), Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Novelty) [Vanilla, or Mocha].
natural chocolate flavor, carrageenan, locust bean gum, guar Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer-
gum, sea salt. Distributor).
Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San
Carlos, CA 94070.
Date of Introduction: 2001. March.
Ingredients: Soy Dream: Organic soymilk* (filtered
water, organic soybeans*), organic dehydrated cane juice*
[sugar], organic brown rice solids*, organic expeller pressed
safflower oil*, potato starch, cocoa (processed with alkali),
natural chocolate flavor, carrageenan, locust bean gum, guar
gum, sea salt.
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back,
8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural
Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2001. March.
How Stored: Frozen. “Dreams can come true.”
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back, On the rear: Novelties: Heavenly Pie Vanilla, and
8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Heavenly Pie Mocha (Oatmeal cookie topped with vanilla or
Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2001. March. mocha frozen Soy Dream and dipped in chocolate).
“Dreams can come true.” A photo shows a package of Lil’ Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. March. p. 9.
Dreamers [non dairy ice cream sandwiches]. On the rear: Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. Oct. p. 25.
Lil’ Dreamers Multipack Chocolate, or Multipack Vanilla
(Smaller Frozen Soy version of traditional ice cream 1684. Product Name: Soy Dream Dreamwich Sandwich
sandwich. Individually wrapped and packed 8 in a box). (Organic Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Novelty) [Vanilla].
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. March. p. 9. Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer-
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. Oct. p. 25. Distributor).
Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San
1682. Product Name: Soy Dream Rocket Bar (Organic Carlos, CA 94070.
Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert Bar) [Vanilla, or Chocolate]. Date of Introduction: 2001. March.
Manufacturer’s Name: Imagine Foods, Inc. (Marketer- Ingredients: Soy Dream: Organic soymilk* (filtered
Distributor). water, organic soybeans*), organic dehydrated cane juice*
Manufacturer’s Address: 1245 San Carlos Ave., San [sugar], organic brown rice solids*, organic expeller pressed
Carlos, CA 94070. safflower oil*, potato starch, cocoa (processed with alkali),
Date of Introduction: 2001. March. natural chocolate flavor, carrageenan, locust bean gum, guar
Ingredients: Soy Dream: Organic soymilk* (filtered gum, sea salt.
water, organic soybeans*), organic dehydrated cane juice* How Stored: Frozen.
[sugar], organic brown rice solids*, organic expeller pressed New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back,
safflower oil*, potato starch, cocoa (processed with alkali), 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural

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Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2001. March. Vanilla Fudge Swirl. (3) Novelties: (a) Rocket Bar Vanilla,
“Dreams can come true.” and Rocket Bar Chocolate (Vanilla or Chocolate Frozen Soy
On the rear: Novelties: Dreamwich Sandwich Dream on a stick and dipped in chocolate). (b) Heavenly Pie
(Chocolate wafer cookie topped with vanilla Frozen Soy Vanilla, and Heavenly Pie Mocha (Oatmeal cookie topped
Dream). with vanilla or mocha frozen Soy Dream and dipped in
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. March. p. 9. chocolate). Dreamwich Sandwich (Chocolate wafer cookie
Ad in Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2001. Oct. p. 25. topped with vanilla Frozen Soy Dream). Lil’ Dreamers
Multipack Chocolate, or Multipack Vanilla (Smaller Frozen
1685. Soyfoods Canada Newsletter. 2001. Founding Soy version of traditional ice cream sandwich. Individually
members of Soyfoods Canada. March. p. 1. wrapped and packed 8 in a box).
• Summary: Soyfoods Canada was started just 4 months ago. Note: Neither the name of the company (Imagine Foods
The eighteen founding member companies are: ADM Protein Inc.) marketing these new products, nor its address, appear
Specialties, C&M Seeds, Galaxy Foods, Momo’s Kitchen, on this leaflet? Why? Because Imagine Foods has built its
Nutri-Passion Foods Inc., Ontario Soybean Growers, career and reputation on belittling soy. Since 1984 it has
SoyaWorld Inc., Sunrise Soya Foods, Tofutti-Cholac Foods, made a superb non dairy ice cream named Rice Dream,
Art Allen Consulting, Flamaglo Food Consultants Ltd., which it has positioned as a superior alternative to soy ice
Meatless Gourmet, Moulin Aux Abenakis Inc., OntarBio, creams. Why did Imagine Foods start to make a soy ice
Snobelen Farms Ltd., St. Clair Agri Services Ltd., Superior cream at this time? Because in Oct. 1999 the U.S. Food
Tofu Ltd., W.G. Thompson & Sons Ltd. and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized a health claim
Note: Membership costs $500 per year. Address: stating that consumption of 6.25 grams of soy protein per
Soyfoods Canada, Box 1927, Blenheim, Ontario N0P 1A0, serving, as a part of a healthy diet, low in saturated fats and
Canada. cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering
cholesterol levels. This claim soon appeared on the front
1686. [Imagine Foods, Inc.]. 2001. Dreams can come true of many products that met these requirements. It led to the
(Leaflet). [San Carlos, CA 94070]. creation of many new soy products (including Soy Dream)
• Summary: See next page. Leaflet (front and back, 8½ by and generated major public interest in soyfoods. Address:
11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products San Carlos, California.
Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2001. March. Photos
show packages of Organic Soy Dream (1) Rocket Bar. (2) 1687. Nikkei Marketing Journal (Tokyo). 2001. Shun akinai.
Vanilla (quart). (3) Chocolate (pint). (4) Lil’ Dreamers [non Ikebukuro Seibu no natsu yasai: jieratto, juusu [First thing of
dairy ice cream sandwiches]. the season–business. Seibu Department Store in Ikebukuro
“The taste is out of this world. Introducing new Soy summer vegetables: gelato and juice. Appealing and
Dream Frozen Dessert. 10 deliciously creamy flavors. refreshing things for extremely hot summer days]. May 14.
They’re 100% organic, dairy free and made with the [Jap]
goodness of soy. • Summary: One of the most popular items at Seibu is
“Organic Soy Dream. Non dairy frozen dessert. edamame gelato, which sells for 280 yen each (US$1.00 =
“Dreamwich. Heavenly Pie. Lil’ Dreamers. Rocket Bar. 124 yen, so 280 yen = $2.25). Each serving (ice cream cone)
Chocolate. Butter Pecan. Chocolate Fudge Brownie. French weighs 100 grams. Only 20 cones a day are sold at Seibu
Vanilla. Green Tea. Mint Chocolate Chip. Mocha Fudge. since everything is hand-made. These edamame ice cream
Strawberry Swirl. Vanilla Fudge Swirl. Vanilla.” cones are sold out almost every day. A color photo shows the
On the rear: “Eye-popping packaging. Certified blackboard menu, including the edamame gelato, and a girl
organic soybeans. Organic cane sugar. All natural flavors. serving a cone to a customer.
Kosher. Dairy free. Huge print campaign, nearly 30 million
impressions during the frozen dessert buying season. Natural 1688. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2001. The book of
Health. Vegetarian Times. Delicious Living. Mothering. tofu. 2nd ed. Revised. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
Taste for Life. Mother Jones. Veggie Life. Yoga Journal. 336 p. May. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. 28 cm.
Psychology Today. Utne Reader.” [321 ref]
This is a “Hot category.” According to SpinScan, soy • Summary: The spine has a new look, with dark brown
frozen desserts have grown over 70% during the 12 months letters on a beige background. At the base of the spine is the
ending Sept. 2000. Ten Speed Press logo in orange.
“Complete line of unique and popular flavors: (1) In This edition contains an updated “Appendix B–
pints: French Vanilla, Mint Chocolate Chip, Green Tea, Directory of Tofu Makers” (p. 313-316, updated to 22
Butter Pecan, and Chocolate Fudge Brownie. (2) In quarts: Feb. 2001). The copyright page and inside rear cover have
Vanilla, Chocolate, Strawberry Swirl, Mocha Fudge, and also been updated; the SoyaScan database now contains

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62,000 records. The preface has been expanded. Numerous • Summary: Contents: Introduction. 1. It’s soy time. 2.
other small changes have been made throughout the book. Why eat soy? Health benefits of soy? Soy foods: Soy milk,
Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, soybean oil, soy sauce, soy meat alternatives, tofu, tempeh,
California 94549. Phone: 925-283-2991. miso, whole soybeans, edamame, soy nuts, soy nut butter,
soy sprouts, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, soy
1689. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2001. Tofutti. 2000 annual report. flour and grits, textured soy protein (TSP), soy protein
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. concentrate, soy protein isolate, hydrolyzed vegetable
• Summary: Net sales for the 52-weeks ended Dec. 20, protein, infant formula, lecithin, natto, yuba, soy fiber,
2000 were $13,343,000, up 7% from the previous year. Cooking with soy (recipes). Notes [references]. Resources
Net income (profit) rose to $956,000, up 12.5% from the [Directory]. Glossary. Address: Seattle, Washington.
previous year. 2000 was the ninth consecutive year that the
company has been profitable. 1692. Product Name: Purely Decadent Soy Delicious
During 2000 the company introduced the following (Super-Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert) [Chocolate
new products: Super Soy Supreme (frozen dessert sold in Brownie Almond, Praline Pecan, Peanut Butter Zigzag,
500 ml containers). Soy Bagel (enriched with soy protein). Purely Vanilla, Chunky Mint Madness, Cookie Avalanche,
Tofutti Pillows (new flavors). Totally Nuts (new flavors). The Chocolate Obsession].
present product line is described in detail. Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
“Based on the belief that our shares represent an Distributor).
attractive investment to us in this depressed market and Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
our improved financial condition, your Board of Directors 97448. Phone: (541) 998-6778.
authorized the buy-back of 250,000 shares of our common Date of Introduction: 2001. July.
stock. As of April 10, 2001, 217,800 shares had been Ingredients: Filtered water, *organic soymilk (filtered
repurchased. Once the buy-back program is completed, your water, *organic soybeans), *organic evaporated cane juice,
Board will reassess the situation to determine if the program brownies (sugar, unenriched wheat flour, natural cocoa,
should be extended.” water, palm kernel oil, brown sugar, fructose, cream of tartar,
Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual non-aluminated baking powder, cocoa processed with alkali,
Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement (14 p.).” vanilla, salt), *organic brown rice syrup, roasted almonds
David Mintz’ salary rose to $447,596 in 2000, up from (almonds, safflower oil, salt), *organic safflower oil, cocoa
$303,000 in 1999. This includes a bonus of $250,000 for processed with alkali, chicory root extract, vanilla extract,
Mr. Mintz, accrued at year end. This is a company that is carob bean gum, guar gum, algin (kelp extract), carrageenan,
run for the management, not for the shareholders. Address: yucca, natural flavor, potato sugar. * = Organically grown
Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400. and processed in accordance with QAI standards and the
California Organic Foods Act of 1990.
1690. Soyfoods Canada Newsletter. 2001. Who is buying Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml). Retails for
soyfoods in Canada? June. p. 3. $2.69 (2002/05, Lafayette, California).
• Summary: In Sept. 2000 Flamaglo Food Consultants How Stored: Frozen.
commissioned a study by Omnitel on the market for soy New Product–Documentation: See next page. Talk with
products. The study was basically a national telephone Mark Brawerman, founder and owner of Turtle Mountain.
interview with 2,000 Canadians, randomly selected. The data 2002. Feb. This product was introduced about 6 months ago.
was provided by Francis Lo. He wanted to make a super-premium non-dairy ice cream
Findings: Tofu was the most popular soy product; about like Ben & Jerry’s. The trick was getting the large chunks
25% of the sample had tried it during the past 12 months. to stay crisp and dry without using hydrogenated fats or
About 18% of the sample had tried soymilk and less than artificial ingredients.
7% had tried soy-based meatless patties or sausages. Only a Trader Joe’s Fearless Flyer. 2002. May 13. p. 10. “Super
small percentage had tried soy ice cream. premium non-dairy frozen dessert. We’ve finally found a
In general: About 40% of the sample had consumed non-dairy ‘ice cream’ that we think is terrific. It combines all
one of the above four products in the last 12 months. Most the goodness of soy with the decadence of super premium’s
current users live in metropolitan areas with a population creamy richness and flavor, as tastes as close to real ice
over 500,000. The higher the person’s income and/or the cream as we’ve tasted. Made with organic soybeans and
higher their income, the greater their use of soyfoods. other organic ingredients, this vegan non-dairy dessert is all
Current users tend to be female. natural and contains no cholesterol and no hydrogenated oils.
It has less than half the fat and only 65% of the calories of
1691. Dillman, Erika. 2001. The little soy book. New York, super premium ice cream. And its Kosher.
NY: Time Warner. xiii + 190 p. Index. 15 x 16 cm. [58 ref] Talk with Lee Freell of Turtle Mountain. 2002. May 20.

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Records show that the product was first sold commercially both languages saying that he is going to be at the Festival.
in July 2001. The three flavors that people seem to like best What was Yvonne’s feeling about her participation in the
are: Chocolate Brownie Almond, Praline Pecan, and Peanut Festival this year? “It’s wonderful. Each year it gives me an
Butter Zigzag or Cherry Nirvana. He will send one carton of opportunity to reach out to more people, and I also learn so
each flavor and a coupon. much. I love the service to others. That’s what it’s all about.”
All packages with Labels and Leaflet sent by Turtle Next month Yvonne will be going to Costa Rica where
Mountain. 2002. May 20. “The first super-premium non- she will translate for a spiritual teacher and teach people on
dairy frozen dessert.” On the front is a large color photo of a the Caribbean side of the country about tofu. Address: 6029
package plus the statement that the company is “The natural LaPrada St., Los Angeles, California 90042. Phone: 213-
foods non-dairy [frozen dessert] market leader” (according 254-1712.
to SPINScan data for the year ending 28 Feb. 2001). On
the back is detailed information about each of the 8 flavors, 1694. Daniels-Zeller, Debra. 2001. Fantastic frozen soy
including nutrition facts and ingredients. desserts. Vegetarian Journal 20(4):6-10. July/Aug.
“An ancient legacy: Sea turtles freely roamed the • Summary: About how to make the following such desserts
oceans long before dinosaurs; today they are threatened at home: Very vanilla soy treat (with “10 ounces firm silken
with extinction. Turtle Mountain, Inc. has proudly joined tofu, drained”). Creamy frozen maple-peach tofu (with “10
forces with the Sea Turtle Restoration Project (STRP) by ounces firm silken tofu, drained”). Banana-pineapple frozen
providing much needed funds and promoting awareness of soy pudding (with “5 to 6 tablespoons soymilk”). Strawberry
STRP’s fight to save these gentle creatures. To learn more soysicles. Frozen chocolate red bean delight (with adzuki
about STRP’s efforts and how you can help save this ancient beans and “1 cup vanilla soymilk”). Cherry-adzuki bean
legacy, visit the STRP website at www.seaturtles.org.” delight. Piña colada frozen dessert (with “One 10-ounce
package silken tofu, drained”). Frozen mocha soy latte (With
1693. Gonzalez, Yvonne. 2001. The L.A. Tofu Festival in “10 ounces firm silken tofu, drained”).
Aug. 2001 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 23. Conducted
by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1695. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California).
• Summary: At this year’s Los Angeles Tofu Festival, 2001. Frozen dessert makers find “cool” markets: Soy
Yvonne was the only non-Asian on the Festival Planning scoops the competition with fastest growth as organic and
Committee. At least 25,000 tickets were sold, which was soy desserts penetrate the $11-billion ice cream market.
an all-time record. At the Festival, she ran the cooking 6(5/6):22-24. Industry Overview [Aug.].
demonstration and she spoke on the stage about the benefits • Summary: Wholesale sales of nondairy frozen desserts last
of tofu and the different ways that tofu can be served. Jane year reached $30-40 million, 3 to 4 times as much as organic
Valdez, the Anchor woman for news on Channel 9 TV ice cream. Leading organic and natural brands are Tofutti,
in Los Angeles, is Mexican-American, bi-lingual, and a Rice Dream (Imagine Foods), Soy Delicious, Cascadian
vegetarian. She encouraged viewers to attend this year’s Farm, Stonyfield Farm, Howler Products, and the Whole Soy
L.A. Tofu Festival in both English and Spanish. She later Company.
went on the Hispanic TV stations and again encouraged Douglas Stewart is founder and CEO of Howler
viewers to attend. She told people they could eat healthy Products (San Francisco, California), which makes four
hot dogs, tacos, burritos, even Chorizo burritos, everyone’s flavors of WholeSoy Glace under a joint venture and
favorite. This year more Hispanic food was served at the licensing agreement with The Whole Soy Company and
Festival. El Burrito, a restaurant served a very popular soy Oasis. The Whole Soy Co. is nearing $4 million in annual
chorizo, called Soyrizo. Also, several tofu manufacturers and sales with just one employee. Includes a good history of the
restaurants offered burritos, tacos, tostadas, quesadillas, and company and its founder, Ted Nordquist.
a salsa with tofu. People buy scrip tickets for $1.00 (which Turtle Mountain (Junction City, Oregon) had sales of
benefit Little Tokyo Service Center) then use them to pay for about $10 million of its organic Soy Delicious line, which
the foods. At the cooking demo, for one scrip ticket you get was introduced three years ago. The company is now the
to taste the dish, to watch the chef, and to take home a copy leader in this niche, with 40-50% of the nondairy frozen
of the recipe. Manufactures give free samples of tofu and dessert category in the natural retail channel. This summer
tofu products. Tofutti is also given away free of charge. Turtle Mountain plans to launch a superpremium Purely
Each year, more and more Hispanics and Spanish- Decadent Soy Delicious line, designed to be the nondairy
speaking people come to the festival. Each year more and response to Ben & Jerry’s.
more bilingual Spanish-speaking volunteers sign up. For
example, Mr. Olympic, who is from Chile, was a Master of 1696. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2001. The book
Ceremonies one of the two stages at the Festival for the third of miso: Savory, high-protein seasoning. 2nd ed. Revised.
year. He eats lots of tofu every day. Literature goes out in Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 278 p. Illust. by

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Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Index. Aug. 28 cm. [223 ref] (3 bars and 4 open sandwiches). On the rear is nutrition facts
• Summary: This revision has completely new front and and ingredients for all 7 products. Address: Junction City,
rear covers, designed and illustrated by Akiko. It contains a Oregon. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
completely new “Appendix D–Miso Manufacturers in the
West” (p. 255, updated to 10 May 2001). The page “About 1699. Breier, Davida Gypsy; Mangels, Reed. comps. 2001.
the Authors” (autobiographical) has been updated, and the Vegetarian & vegan FAQ: Answers to your frequently asked
original photographs have been replaced with more recent questions. Baltimore, Maryland: The Vegetarian Resource
ones–reflecting the fact that Bill and Akiko separated in Nov. Group. 272 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. [69 ref]
1993 and their marriage ended in May 1995. • Summary: Contents: 1. Most frequently asked questions
The last page, “Soyfoods Center,” has been updated. (incl. How many people are vegetarian? Detailed results of
The inside rear cover has been updated, and now polls conducted in 1994, 1997, 2000). 2. Vegetarianism in
includes current information about: (1) Miso Production, a daily life (incl. How do you pronounce “vegan?” Ans: VEE-
book published by Soyfoods Center about how to start and gun. Who are some famous vegetarians? What is the history
run a company making miso on any of various scales and of vegetarianism?). 3. Nutrition (incl. I need impartial,
budgets. (2) Miso and Soybean Chiang: Bibliography and major scientific studies that show a correlation between a
Sourcebook, published by Soyfoods Center. (3) SoyaScan, vegetarian diet and disease prevention? Gas caused by eating
the unique computerized database produced by Soyfoods soy). 4. Food ingredients (incl. Soy cheeses, soy lecithin). 5.
Center. This database now contains more than 62,000 Recipes (incl. many recipes for tofu, tempeh, soy whipped
records from 1100 B.C. to the present, and more than 76% cream, chocolate pudding with soymilk, soy yogurt, wheat
of all records have a summary / abstract averaging 146 gluten / seitan, TVP). 6. Vegetarian products (incl. What is
words in length. A description of the four different types of seitan? Where can I buy seitan? What is tempeh? What is
records (published documents, commercial soy products, TVP? Where can I buy TVP? What is tofu? What do I do
original interviews and overviews, and unpublished archival with it? Alternatives to dairy products. Vegan eggnog. Soy
documents), and the number of each type, is given. candles). 7. Cooking and baking (Tofu, draining tofu, tofu
The title page, copyright page, and table of contents cream cheese, Tofutti). 8. Travel and restaurants. 9. Veggie
have been redesigned and updated to give the book a much kids (Soy-based infant formula. Phytoestrogens in and safety
more contemporary look. Other small changes have been of soy infant formula). 10. Soy (p. 168-76; contains good,
made throughout the book. Still contains 130 vegetarian balanced responses to the anti-soy articles by Fallon and
recipes–both western and Indonesian. Enig, p. 173-76). 11. Vegan concerns. 12. Unique questions.
Ten Speed Press gave this book a new ISBN: 1-58008- 13. Questions about VRG. 14. Appendix: Quick guide to
336-6. Yet despite the many changes described above, the fast food. Quick guide to helpful websites. Protein content
authors preferred not to have this called a “new edition” or of selected vegan foods. Calcium content of selected vegan
“revised edition.” Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, foods. Iron content of selected vegan foods. Daily values. A
Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 925-283-2991. senior’s guide to good nutrition. Eat better, perform better,
sports nutrition guidelines for the vegetarian. Why is wine
1697. Imagine Foods, Inc. 2001. Dreams can come true: so fined? Handy guide to food ingredients. List of suggested
Eye-popping packaging. Certified organic. Dairy-free. All reading: Vegetarian cookbooks, vegetarian families,
natural flavors. Kosher (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. vegetarian travel. School foods information. Feeding plans
Oct. p. 25. for infants and toddlers. VRG publications, resources, and
• Summary: This full-page color ad is for Organic Soy tabling materials.
Dream. A photo of a pint carton is set against a celestial Soy-related questions and answers outside of Chapter
background of swirls. Other flavors include strawberry swirl 10: Gas and bloating after eating soy (p. 64). Casein found
and chocolate fudge brownie. The company also makes Lil’ in many soy cheeses (p. 80). Soy lecithin (p. 85). Recipes:
Dreamers (non-dairy ice cream sandwiches in chocolate and Tofu dill dip (p. 88). Spinach pie (with tofu, p. 93). Tempeh
vanilla flavors). Address: San Carlos, California. stuffed potatoes (p. 94-95). Spicy sautéed tofu with peas (p.
98). Quick sloppy joes (with tempeh, p. 98). Sweet potato
1698. Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-Distributor). 2001. slaw (with tofu). Tofu balls (p. 100). Pad Thai (p. 102-03).
Organic Soy Delicious novelties: Non-dairy frozen dessert Davida’s spicy garlic noodles and tofu (p. 105). Soy whipped
(Leaflet). P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR 97448. 1 p. Front cream (with soymilk, p. 106-07). Chocolate pudding (with
and back. 8½ x 11 inches. soymilk, p. 107). Heavenly chocolate cupcakes (with
• Summary: See next page. Color leaflet sent by Patricia soymilk, p. 109). Tofu cheesecake (p. 112). Homemade
Smith from Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim, soymilk, rice milk, almond milk (p. 115). Homemade tofu
California). 2002. March. But the copyright date is 2001. A (p. 115). Tofu recipes on the Web (p. 116). Homemade soy
photo shows the front panel of seven Soy Delicious products yogurt (p. 116). Homemade wheat gluten & seitan (p. 116).

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What is tempeh? What is TVP (p. 119). Vegetarian mince or soy (p. 302). Iron and soy (p. 304; "While the percentage
meatless ground beef (p. 120-21). vegetarian and soy cheeses of iron absorbed from soy may be low, the total amount
(p. 121). Tofurky (meatless turkey, p. 122-23). Tofutti (non- of iron absorbed is adequate, because soy beans naturally
dairy soy ice cream) and vegan eggnog (p. 125). Soy-based contain relatively large amounts of iron" (p. 304-05)).
vegan candles (p. 126). Using tofu (p. 129-31). Tofu cream Phytoestrogens and soy (p. 312-13). Macrobiotic diets (p.
cheese (p. 131). Soymilk and soy creamer (p. 132). Soy 313-15). Calcium and soy (p. 316). Vitamin B-12, miso
buttermilk and soy mayonnaise (p. 133). Feeding an infant and tempeh (p. 319-22). Iodine and soy (p. 323). Health-
with soy formula (p. 154). Are the phytoestrogens in soy promoting phytochemicals beyond the traditional nutrients–
formula safe? (p. 155). Helping kinds to switch to soymilk soyfoods and isoflavones (p. 342-45; One table shows the
from cow’s milk (p. 156). Address: 1. Baltimore, Maryland; isoflavone content (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) of
2. R.D. soybeans, roasted soyflour, roasted soynuts, TVP, tofu,
tempeh, miso, and soy milk). Another shows the isoflavone
1700. Davis, Brenda; Grogan, Bryanna Clark; Stepaniak, content of commercial soy products by the weight of a
Joanne. 2001. Dairy-free & delicious. Summertown, typical serving, in descending order of isoflavone content
Tennessee: The Book Publishing Co. 160 p. Index. 21 x 18 (cooked soybeans, dry TVP, dry roasted soy nuts, tofu, soy
cm. flour, soy protein isolate, soymilk, SoyBoy Breakfast Links,
• Summary: Contains over 100 creative vegan recipes for soybean chips, tempeh, miso, soy cheese, Ice Bean [soy ice
managing milk allergy and lactose intolerance. Nutritional cream], Green Giant Harvest Burger, soy noodles, Tofutti
information by Brenda Davis, R.D. Recipes by Grogan and [soy ice cream], soy sauce, soy oil). Protection against cancer
Stepaniak. Contents: Introduction. 1. Lactose intolerance. and soy (p. 346-47). Help for menopause and bone loss (p.
2. Milk allergy. 3. Building strong, milk-free bodies. 4. 347-48). Protective substances and soy foods (p. 397-98).
Superb substitutes. 5. Dairy-free dining: Travel tips. Natural Calcium fortified products such as soy (p. 421). Consuming a
foods for dairy-free cooking [glossary]: Agar, arrowroot, wide range of vegetable oils from intact plants–soy (p. 421).
brown rice syrup, liquid smoke, mirin, miso, nutritional Developing a vegetarian food guide–Legumes, lentils and
yeast, seitan, soy flour, soy protein isolate powder, soy peas (p. 428-29; "Among legumes, the soybean possesses
sauce (tamari), tahini, tempeh, tofu. Dairy-free & delicious unique nutrient characteristics." Many food guides place soy
recipes: Homemade dairy-free spreads, uncheeses, and milk. beverages in the milk-dairy category). Table: Comparison
Sauces. Breakfast. Salads and dressings. Soups. Main dishes. criteria for evaluating soy and grain-based beverages (p.
Desserts. 430). The water efficiency of food production–and soy (p.
With this book, you can make any “dairy product” 449; "The water intensity of animal production is much
you can imagine without using dairy. The most widely larger than the water intensity of crops. For instance, per
used ingredients are: Tofu (used in more than 70 recipes!). gram dry weight, soybeans require about 0.75 liters of water"
Soymilk, rice milk, and other dairy-free milks. Nutritional compared with about 20 liters for cattle). Note: Joan Sabaté
yeast. is a man. The series editor is Ira Wolinsky, PhD, Univ. of
Houston, Texas. Address: 1. Prof. of Chair, Dep. of Nutrition,
1701. Sabaté, Joan; Ratzin-Turner, Rosemary. ed. 2001. and Prof. of Epidemiology, Loma Linda Univ., Loma Linda,
Vegetarian nutrition. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. [xxiv] California.
+ 551 p. Index. 24 cm. CRC Series in Modern Nutrition.
[1732 ref] 1702. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2001. Now we look as great as
• Summary: The best scholarly book seen to date on this we taste (Leaflet). P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR 97448. 1
subject. Consists of a Prologue (by Mervyn Hardinge) plus p. Front and back. 28 cm.
21 chapters, in five sections, by various authors. • Summary: The front of this glossy color leaflet shows
This book contains extensive information on soyfoods 8 of the new packages–and one of the old. On the back is
as follows: Vitamin B-12, homocysteine, meat analogues detailed information about each product (nutrition facts and
and soya milks (p. 47). Summary of epidemiologic studies of ingredients): Chocolate Peanut Butter, Vanilla, Awesome
soy / tofu intake and breast cancer risk (p. 80-81). Vegetarian Chocolate, Raspberry, Chocolate Almond, Almond Pecan,
diets and soy in the prevention of osteoporosis, diabetes, Carob Peppermint, Espresso. Address: Junction City,
and neurological disorders (p. 120-21, 125). Iron and soy (p. Oregon. Phone: (541) 998-6778.
202-03). Guidelines to achieve an optimal ratio of essential
fatty acids in the diet (p. 203; soy is rich in -linolenic 1703. Imagine Foods, Inc. 2002. 20–Imagine what’s next
acid). Zinc, calcium and soy (p. 206). Women's reproductive (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. March. p. 6.
function, menopausal symptoms, phytoestrogens and soy • Summary: This creative and sometimes humorous full-
(p. 232-34, 244). Health advantages of a vegetarian diet for page color ad celebrates Imagine Foods’ 20th anniversary
the elderly–and soy (p. 254-55). Vegan children, protein and of developing and making alternatives to dairy and meat

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products. The text for most years is accompanied by a color Dream. The three new flavors in pints are strawberry
photo of a product introduced that year–all on a jet-black swirl, vanilla fudge swirl, and mocha fudge. “The taste is
background. Colorful arrows point the reader’s way back and out of this world! The #1 non-dairy frozen dessert brand.
forth across the page to the next year. Soy Dream has a 42% share in non-dairy frozen desserts”
1982–Imagine Foods is born in a log cabin in (Source: SPINScan, Oct. 2001; non-dairy frozen desserts and
Jamestown. Missouri. non-dairy frozen novelties). Address: San Carlos, California.
1983–Robert Nissenbaum and Bill Gates contemplate Phone: 650-508-8115.
the future in slightly different ways.
1984–Rice Dream Frozen Desserts are introduced to 1705. MicroSoy Corporation. 2002. MicroSoy Flakes.
Critical acclaim at the NNFA Show in Atlanta [Georgia]. Exceeding expectations (Leaflet). Jefferson, Iowa. 8 panels.
Now how do we make thousands of gallons? Each panel 28 x 21 cm.
1985–World headquarters moved to Palo Alto. • Summary: Leaflet sent by Patricia Smith from Natural
1986–Rice Dream package is redesigned and seven Products Expo West at Anaheim. 2002. March. Contents: The
flavors are added. key benefits of MicroSoy Flakes. Microsoy Flakes product
1987–World headquarters moves out of Robert’s house types. Microsoy Flakes unique fat reduction capabilities.
and into real offices. Controlling lipoxygenase and “beany” flavor in soy foods
1988–Gone Bananas, frozen chocolate and carob and beverages. Verification of Microsoy Flakes quality
covered banana bites, is introduced clearly ahead of its time. and safety. Microsoy Flakes: What you should know about
1989–Imagine introduces the world’s first organic crust, processing. The top ten features of Microsoy Flakes. About
vegetarian pocket sandwich. our company.
1990–Rice Dream beverage premiers after six years in “MicroSoy Corporation, formerly known as MYCAL
development and two US patents. Corporation of America, was formed in 1984. MYCAL
1991–Rice Dream Bars and Pies reinvent natural frozen Corporation ofAmerica was a wholly owned subsidiary of
novelty desserts. the MYCAL Group based in Osaka, Japan. The company
1992–Imagine creates Ken & Robert’s Veggie Burger. was acquired in March 2002 by a group of U.S. investors led
1993–Imagine shelf stable pudding cups are added to the by Itaru (Terry) Tanaka former General Manager of MYCAL
non-dairy line of products. Corporation of America.
1994–Original Rice Dream becomes the #1 [best- “MicroSoy Corporation produces MicroSoy Flakes
selling] product in the natural foods industry. The sky’s the within the heart of the largest and finest soybean-producing
limit. And Rice Dream Enriched is launched offering the sale region of the world, Jefferson, Iowa. The company has been
calcium and vitamins as milk. producing its proprietary MicroSoy Flakes in Jefferson since
1995–Robert goes fishing. Can’t catch anything using 1991, providing the unique soy ingredient for nutritious,
rice for bait. wholesome and great-tasting food products to millions of
1998–Imagine Organic Soups and Broths revolutionize people, primarily in Japan. With the growing popularity
the category. And: Another Dream comes true. Soy Dream of soymilk, soy beverages, tofu, soy yogurt, soy cheeses,
beverage is introduced in six flavors. And: Power Dream Soy soy frozen desserts (ice creams) and other soy foods in the
Energy Drink is launched out of necessity to keep up with western hemisphere, MicroSoy is focusing on servicing and
the staff’s energy requirements. growing with the expanding global demand.” Address: 300
1999–Soy Dream moves into the refrigerator in gable East MicroSoy Drive, Jefferson, Iowa 50129. Phone: 515-
cartons to milk opportunity. 386-2100.
2000–Rice Dream follows Soy Dream into the
refrigerator. “Its gett’n crowded in here.” 1706. Product Name: Soy Delicious (Organic Non-Dairy
2001–Soy Dream Frozen Dessert and novelties are Frozen Dessert Cookie Sandwich) [Mocha Mania, Vanilla
introduced. Dreamheads rejoice. Sandwich].
2002–Visit us at booth #3757 to celebrate our 20th Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
anniversary on Saturday from 1 to 3 pm for cake and Soy Distributor).
Dream Frozen Dessert. www.imaginefoods.com. Address: Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Palo Alto, California. 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
Date of Introduction: 2002. March.
1704. Imagine Foods, Inc. 2002. Dreams can come true: Ingredients: Non-dairy frozen dessert (organic soymilk
Three new pint flavors now available. Organic Soy Dream [filtered water, organic soybeans], organic brown rice
non-dairy frozen dessert (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. syrup and/or tapioca syrup, organic dehydrated cane juice,
March. p. 33. organic safflower oil and/or organic soybean oil, natural
• Summary: This full-page color ad is for Organic Soy coffee flavor, organic coffee, carob bean gum, guar gum,

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carrageenan, sea salt), organic oatmeal cookie (organic Spot in Vegetarian Journal. 2005. April. p. 31. “Soy ice
evaporated cane juice, organic unbleached flour, organic cream–Now in sandwich form.” A color photo shows the
oats, organic palm oil, sea salt, sodium bicarbonate, organic front panel of a package of Organic Li’l Buddies. Sold six
vanilla, organic cinnamon), organic chocolate coating* to a pack. Contact Turtle Mountain, Inc., P.O. Box 21938,
(organic sugar, organic chocolate liquor, organic cocoa Eugene, Oregon 97402. Or www.turtlemountain.com.
butter, organic coconut oil and/or organic palm oil, organic
vanilla, soy lecithin). “Allergen information: Turtle Mountain 1708. Soyfoods Canada Newsletter. 2002. Soyfoods Canada
adheres to the highest standards of pasteurization, sanitation, member profile–Tofutti-Cholac Foods. April. p. 2.
and kosher certification in the production of this product. • Summary: “Tofutti-Cholac Foods was started in 1985 and
This product was produced on equipment that also processes incorporated under the present name in 1988. Tofutti-Cholac
tree nuts, peanuts and dairy products. * This ingredient was Foods has the distribution rights for Tofutti products for all
produced on equipment used in processing dairy products of Canada, except Quebec, which operates independently as
and likely contains trace amounts of dairy.” Tofutti Montreal.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 sandwiches weigh 11.1 fl Contact: Bill Hawes, Tofutti-Cholac Foods, 165 Kozlov
oz. (320 ml). Retails for $2.29 at Trader Joe’s (2003/09, Street, Unit 20, Barrie, ON L4N 7M7 Canada.
Lafayette, California).
How Stored: Frozen. 1709. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2002. Tofutti. 2001 annual report.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm.
(front and back, 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia Smith • Summary: Net sales for 2001 were $16.3 million, up 22%
from Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). from the previous year. Net income (profit) rose to $1.2
2002. March. “Introducing... Two great new sandwiches. million, up 20% from the previous year.
Vanilla Sandwich and Mocha Mania.” A photo shows the During 2001 the company introduced the following
front panel of the package for the two new products plus new products: Totally Fudge Pops, and Super Soy Supreme
six other Soy Delicious products (3 bars and 3 other open (frozen dessert sold in 500 ml containers). The present
sandwiches). On the rear is nutrition facts and ingredients for product line is described in detail.
all 8 products. In fiscal 2000 the company repurchased 122,400 shares
Product with Label purchased at Trader Joe’s. 2003. of its own common stock at a total cost of $247,000.
Sept. 14. 9½ by 3 ½ by 1¼ inches. Paperboard carton. In fiscal 2001 the company repurchased an addition
Each sandwich is individually wrapped and sealed. Mocha: 204,000 shares for $436,000.
Golden brown, black, and white. A full-color photo on the Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual
front panel shows one sandwich with a bite out of it next Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement (10 p.).”
to some coffee beans. “With coffee center. Enrobed in rich David Mintz’ salary rose to $500,000 in 2001, up from
chocolate. Naturally a cholesterol free food. Lactose free.” $447,596 in 2000. This includes a bonus of $250,000 for
Certified organic logo. Mr. Mintz, accrued at year end. This company is run for the
management, not for the shareholders. Address: Cranford,
1707. Product Name: Li’l Buddies (Organic Soy Ice Cream New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400.
Sandwich) [Vanilla, Chocolate].
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- 1710. Demos, Steve. 2002. White Wave’s 25th anniversary:
Distributor). How Steve sold White Wave to Dean Foods for $189 million
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. June 2. Conducted by William
97402. Phone: (503) 998-6778. Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Date of Introduction: 2002. March. • Summary: Steve is at the farm. White Wave’s 25th
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 x 3 fl. oz each per carton. anniversary is coming up in September. At Goldman-Sachs
How Stored: Frozen. Steve has given his presentation on Jack and the Beanstalk:
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Color leaflet A modern day fairy tale. “Depending on who I’m talking to,
(front and back, 8½ x 11 inches) sent by Patricia Smith from I bring ‘Right Livelihood’ into it. ‘Right Livelihood,’ to me,
Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2002. is at the root if it, but we don’t always talk about it because
March. Copyright date is 2002. A photo shows the front we’re not going to use that as the reason for the success in
panel of four Soy Delicious novelty products: Li’l Buddies the business model. The business model has to be successful
(Vanilla and Chocolate)... “A delightful way to add the because it is a good business model, its based in Right
goodness of organic soybeans to your life. Our Li’l Buddies Livelihood, but I don’t want to become the Right Livelihood
deliver big value–Get 50% more bite for your buck.” Heart company, I want to become the business model that was very
K Parve. successful because it was based on Right Livelihood.”
An ancient legacy: Sea turtles. “Dean Foods is making a commitment to entering the

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branded foods business. And they’ve also chosen the healthy own, without a bank. And over the past several years, since
benefits foods to be part of that. This was somewhat of the we initially took on Dean’s money, we haven’t received
introduction of the investment they had made, by me just anything else, and yet we’ve probably tripled in size–and the
giving the ‘street’ (Wall Street), so to speak, an update on numbers were quite large.”
the soy industry and White Wave.” Dean Foods has owned When do you think that business model was first
brands before, but they have all been relatively small and No. clear in your head? “It was at least 5 years ago I saw the
2 or 3 in their category. Dean Foods has about $250 million three levels of profit that are associated with the soymilk
a year in cash flow. This money is looking for a home. They business: Extraction, packaging, and distribution. All are
need to invest their stockholder’s money or give it back to money-makers but two of those are owned by the dairies. So
them. Dean Foods is saying, hey, the way to use the money my whole business model was: Use the infrastructure that
here is to invest in these value-added, branded foods. Where existed, because the dairies had it all in place, and basically
is the most growth coming from? The legitimate, natural, tell them you’d pay them more than they were currently
nutraceutical, healthy benefits, organic type of foods. We making from their normal cow juice stuff. Once we sat that
ring every one of those bells. that was, in fact, true, then we started getting more and more
“Our business model is a series of very conscious interest on our side in going to a vertical business model,
choices going all the way back to the product itself. It’s good because the profits that were present with packaging and
for me, good for you, good for everybody who touches it. distribution were so much bigger than manufacturing the
Right Livelihood is values-based business, or principal-based extract. We’re about to start that with Dean Foods; the next
business. step is proving this business model. In the past, White Wave
“We ultimately gave away 10% of the company back has not been packaging; we have only been extracting. But
to the employees. But we did it in two different ways. we got control of how we distributed the extract by where we
Round one came a few months ago; when we saw that this located the extract. It’s funny. You can pay Mother Nature
was very likely to occur, we awarded stock options (at the to distribute for you–in other words use the water where you
lowest possible price) back to the employees based on job find it and need it–or you can pay truckers to distribute if you
responsibility and contribution to growth. That was 5% of happen to ship a heavy water product all over the U.S. So we
the company. Everybody made 3-5 times what the price was located our extraction systems located in different parts of
of the option was. Nobody turned it down because it was the U.S.–more efficient for where Silk was being packaged.
absolutely free money. The option was something like $10 And then we bought our own extraction. We have not put in
and the stock sold for $130; who is going to turn that down? our own processing / formulation, which is one more profit
The second round came from the five largest stock holders level that we haven’t even seen yet, and we’re already a very
based only a years one had worked for the company. We handsome business model. White Wave presently has two
have talked about this before so there is no need to go over it different extraction locations, but the company draws off of
again.” four. We have an arrangement with another company [such
Looking back over the past 25 years, what are the things as Sunrich] to supply us. White Wave makes about 50% of
that have been most important to White Wave success? “One the Silk sold and the other company also makes 50%. White
is innovation. The willingness to constantly try until you find Wave does not necessarily want control of 100%; there are
something that works. If you look at the number of attempts headaches that come with that. It is expensive to build a
versus the number of successes, clearly we are in our own soymilk extraction facility. We are focusing our money on
one in a hundred, or even five hundred. We’ve introduce a ramping up sales.
lot more failures over the years than we have Silks. In the Anything else? “Over the past 25 years White Wave
process, by innovation, we taught ourselves key things. has stayed true to our principals–but those are things I take
Now, I could tell you how to make a soy product in any for granted. Some people seem to think that those are great
factory, virtually for any type of soyfood, from burgers to ice achievements. I think they are normal, which is why I don’t
creams, from fermented to curdled. That gives us a different mention them. How else would I do it? But it’s apparent
perspective, and it gives us insights into how soy is going to that there are not a lot of people who walk their talk–at all;
get into the mainstream diet. All that experience and all that it’s unfortunate. So, even through some very difficult times,
time we have come to understand how it is accepted, what is we did not compromise our morals or ethics in running
accepted, what they are looking for. In this industry, I think the business. We probably compromised our personal well
this is somewhat unparalleled. We’ve tried everything but beings [overwork, stress], which is not all that good. But
miso. hopefully, we’ll be making up for that.
Second, we made a business model that was highly What was it like when White Wave began operations in
profitable and we proved it by investing in all the right stuff. 1977? Natural foods were bulk only. Organic was known,
We made all the right decisions for this business model so but there was no differentiation between organic and natural
that we could prove that we could finance growth on our because nobody had yet deceived the public with a fake

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product. I had started a natural foods store in Pennsylvania (front and back, 8½ by 11 inch, color photocopy) sent by
based on no packaging, all bulk. So natural foods was a Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim,
lifestyle but had not been compromised by business yet. California). 2002. March. “It’s frozen. It’s cultured. It’s
There were not a lot of natural foods stores in the U.S. in dessert.” “Low fat. Nondairy. Smooth & creamy. All the
1977 and they were mostly co-ops. The big natural foods benefits of living cultures.” The text on the back begins:
stores came a few years later. The chains and supermarkets “They won’t let us call it Frozen Yogurt, however that is
(such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats) came 10-15 years precisely what we have created–an incredibly rich, creamy,
later.” and delicious non-dairy Frozen Soy Yogurt. Additionally,
Organically grown? “We used to go to Walnut Acres, each delicious bite is alive! Our famous WholeSoy Creamy
one of the original organic meccas, to buy all our flours and Cultured Soy (soy yogurt) is used as the base, providing the
grains for my natural food store named Touch the Earth in living cultures.”
Pennsylvania. I have a clear memory of the bottom third of Talk with Ted Nordquist of WholeSoy Co. 2002. June 3.
the bag being dirt. It was organic all-right. We always knew This product has been sold to distributors and will be in retail
that we had to watch for stones and dirt in anything sold as stores by the end of June.
organic. God knows why! Products with Labels brought by Ted Nordquist. 2002.
Soyfoods? “I don’t think the word had been invented or June.
was well known. ‘Tofu’ as a word was starting to be known, Talk with Ted Nordquist of WholeSoy & Co. 2006. May
partly because of what you were doing at that time. My first 8. This line of soy frozen yogurts has replaced has Glacé
experience of making tofu came through the Seventh-day line.
Adventists–through the Bible we used to carry around–Ten Sell sheet sent by Robin Webster of WholeSoy & Co.
Talents. It had a recipe for making bean curd. Of course soy 2006. May 23. This was printed in Dec. 2005. “Savor the
sauce was well known. In 1977 there was no category of soy. Frozen Yogurt. It’s cultures, its dairy free. Low fat.
foods called ‘soyfoods’ and there were no companies that No cholesterol. Rich & creamy. All the benefits of living
were soyfoods companies” (Continued). Address: President, cultures & tastes incredible. Non-GMO. Vegan. Kosher
White Wave Inc., 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, Colorado pareve. Casein, whey & gluten free.” On the back: Nutrition
80301. facts. Ingredients (for each flavor). He did it! “Ted Nordquist
deserves a standing ovation.” A portrait photo shows Ted.
1711. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine). 2002. Enjoy Now comes in nine flavors: Vanilla bean, lemon ginger,
the soy! WholeSoy–at the Natural Products Expo West crème caramel, mocha fudge, Swiss dark chocolate, french
(Photo caption). 9(2):1. April/June. vanilla, very strawberry, black cherry, and chocolate
• Summary: This large black-and-white photo shows Anne- hazelnut.
Marie Nordquist and her daughter, Mia, dishing out samples
of the company’s new soy-based nondairy frozen yogurt 1713. Nordquist, Ted. 2002. Report to ACDI/VOCA on
named Frozen Cultured Soy. ProSoy Santa Fe, Ltd. / CEDETI, Project #153041 in
Bolivia. San Francisco, California. 15 p. Sept. 13. 28 cm.
1712. Product Name: Frozen Cultured Soy (Frozen Soy • Summary: Ted has just returned from three weeks (Aug.
Yogurt) [French Vanilla, Chocolate Hazelnut, Black Cherry, 12-Sept. 16) in Bolivia working with ProSoy Santa Fe, Ltda.,
Crème Caramel]. Renamed Organic Soy Frozen Yogurt by a women’s co-op that makes soymilk at Av. Melchor Pinto
Dec. 2005. No. 211, Santa Fe, Bolivia. Phone: +591 3 334-1663. Fax:
Manufacturer’s Name: WholeSoy Co. +591 3 334-078. email: cedeti@cotas.com.bo. Website:
Manufacturer’s Address: San Francisco, California. www.cedeti.org. Ted’s counterpart at ProSoy was Mrs.
Phone: 415-495-2870. Rosa Angulo, President. The project manager was Engineer
Date of Introduction: 2002. June. Ana Cristina Betancourt, Executive Director of CEDETI.
Ingredients: French Vanilla: Pasteurized and cultured Interpreter: Jaime Ugrinovic.
soymilk (water, organic soy beans*), organic sugar*, organic Santa Fe is a small town of about 3,000 inhabitants
tapioca syrup*, organic vanilla extract* and other natural located 120 km north of the city of Santa Cruz in western
flavors, organic soy oil*, organic palm oil*, salt, locust Bolivia. The town is strongly influenced by the commercial
bean gum, guar gum. Live active cultures (L. acidophilus, activity of Yapacani, a city of 15,000 situated km from Santa
Bifidus, L. Bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus). * = Grown and Fe. This is an agricultural area with soybeans as one of the
processed in accordance with Oregon Tilth standards and the main crops.
California Organic Foods Act of 1990. ProSoy presently makes 150 liters/day of soymilk
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: One pint carton (16 oz). using rustic processing techniques. They were grinding
How Stored: Frozen. their soybeans in a 25 liter mixer that took 20 minutes to
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet complete; Ted sent them a new Corenco M6 disintegrator.

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Ted showed them how to improve their soymilk process and plant on 6 March 2003. There is much room for expansion;
to make drinkable soy yogurt, okara burgers, okara patties, three more lines, each with a capacity of 2,000 gallons/hour
okara bread, and soy ice cream. of soybase, could be added as demand grows. Working 3
This report is accompanied by a 3-page background shifts/day and 5 days/week, the plant (with four lines) has
report (with no title, author, or date) on ProSoy that CEDETI a capacity of 24-26 million gallons/year of soybase which
prepared for Ted at his request, for him to study before his converts to 54 million gallons/year of soymilk. Address:
trip. It discusses: Equipment. Bottling. Milk processing TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Stevenson St., Suite 1075, San
plant. Competition. The organization of the women’s group. Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 Vischer Ct., Sonoma,
Business experience. System of production. Plans for the CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870.
future. The women’s language and culture. The women
formed this project named “Production of Soy Milk” on 25 1715. Nordquist, Ted. 2002. Soyfoods are thriving in Bolivia
Jan. 1997 at 7:00 p.m. But they first began to sell their soy (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 21. Conducted by William
milk several years later. Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.
Stevenson St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105- • Summary: The oldest major company is Alimentos Alfa
2975; 660 Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495- Ltda. in Cochabamba, Bolivia, run by Rene Mouton-Bluys
2870. Fax: 415-495-3060, Email tedalan@sirius.com. (a native of Belgium). This company makes 36,000 gallons/
week of soybase then converts it to Nordland soymilk, soy
1714. Nordquist, Ted. 2002. Modesto WholeSoy Co. to yogurt, and soy ice cream (including novelties on sticks).
start new soybase plant in Modesto, California (Interview). Rene has a fleet of 22 delivery trucks. He sells some of his
SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 21. Conducted by William Shurtleff of products to school districts. Ted spent some time with him.
Soyfoods Center. Rene has a friend–who was a nuclear scientist and
• Summary: Modesto WholeSoy Co. will soon begin making worked in Washington, DC, for 22 years–who decided he
soybase in Modesto, California. The new company, which is wanted to find a means of “Right Livelihood” in Bolivia. So
independent of TAN Industries, is owned by Ted Nordquist, Rene helped him to start a company very similar to Rene’s in
Henry Glasser, and two others. This is the plant Ted has been Santa Cruz. Then Rene stopped shipping to Santa Cruz.
dreaming of for 20 years. In 1982 Ted worked with Alfa- The third and newest company is ProSoy Santa Fe,
Laval in Sweden to build his first soybase plant in one corner Ltda., a women’s cooperative in Santa Fe, Bolivia; it is
of their building in Sweden. He has signed a 20-year lease run entirely by indigenous women (who are not of Spanish
on the building. The plant has a capacity of four production descent). Their native language is Quechua, but they all
lines for converting whole soybeans to soybase. The first line speak perfect Spanish as well. From Aug. 23 to Sept. 16,
can make 1,000 gallons/hour of soybase. The soybase will be 2002 Ted and his wife, Anne-Marie, spent a month working
used to make soymilk, soy yogurt, cultured soy drinks, and with this Co-op, sponsored by ACDI-VOCA (an American
soy ice cream. All packaging will be done at the Super Store company which paid Ted’s travel expenses) and CEDETI (a
Industry plant in Turlock, which is 15 minutes away by car. Bolivian private development organization funded by many
This plant can package soymilk in plastic bottles / jugs with nonprofit organizations in several countries incl. Sweden,
screw-tops or cartons. This October, at the Natural Products Switzerland, and Germany. Many of the workers are
Expo, Ted’s company introduced a new soymilk product in European volunteers). The co-op consists of 20 women who
a 96-ounce (6-quart) plastic bottle. After years of work, Ted are very focused in what they are doing. In Bolivia, women
has developed a new and very exciting way of using okara as do much of the work and have almost no rights. So they have
a food source by processing it hot, when it is almost sterile, decided to take their lives into their own hands. When they
in a continuous process. Not long after the new plant begins arrived, the co-op was making only soymilk in a building
operation, he expects to launch a new food product with whose rent was paid by CEDETI. One member makes it
okara as a (or the) major ingredient under the WholeSoy late at night, so that it is ready at 4:00 each morning. They
brand. He has no plans to try to patent the new process or sold the soymilk hot (an excellent innovation) so they didn’t
product. Ted will keep his plant at the Soyfoods of America have to refrigerate it. They poured it boiling hot into 10 liter,
in Duarte, California, as a backup. Address of Modesto plastic jugs each with a 2-inch screw cap. When each jug
WholeSoy Co.: 1836 Lapham Dr., Modesto, California, was full and bulging (with 10.5 liters of soymilk), the rest of
95354-3900. Phone: 209-253-5119. Fax: 209-523-5519. the women took two jugs each and would either bike or walk
Update: Talk with Ted Nordquist. 2003. Feb. 19. All or take a motor taxi to a local market. There she would pour
permits have been obtained and all is going well. The the hot soymilk into containers that each customer would
Modesto plant plans to begin testing equipment and boilers bring. Each woman also carried special long, slender plastic
using water, in two days. bags for customers like taxi or truck drivers that wanted to
Update: Talk with Ted Nordquist. 2003. March 13. The buy soymilk but had no container. The woman would pour
first run of commercial soybase was produced at the Modesto her hot soymilk into the plastic bag, insert a straw then a

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rubber band around the straw, then wrap a piece of paper Industrial Park PI-29-B, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Phone: +591
around the neck of the hot bag so that the consumer could 3-553-564or +591 708-15100. Address: Cochabamba,
hold it. Each women then took income from sale of her Bolivia. Phone: +591 (042) 70094.
soymilk back to the cooperative, which divided and managed
it. The woman worked at night to make the soymilk was paid 1717. Woods, David. 2002. Magic soy desserts: 125
extra; they took turns at the night shift. delicious and healthy recipes. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse,
Each day Ted would teach the women how to make new Inc. Writer’s Club Press imprint. xxix + 153 p. Recipe index.
products, such as soy yogurt, soy ice cream, okara burgers. 23 cm.
Then they all ate the new products for lunch. The women • Summary: The author is an experienced African-American
loved the new products. cook, who has written two other cookbooks. Contents: About
While Ted was there, CADETI was finishing a new the author. Introduction. Dessert ingredients (Soybeans,
building for the ProSoy women’s cooperative, made with dried soybeans, soy flakes cereal, soyflour, soybean
indigenous materials. Ted helped to design the building and margarine, soymilk, soynuts, soynut butter, Soymage sour
floor plan, plus a soyplant that would produce–instead of the cream, tempeh, tofu, soybean oil, soy yogurt). The soy food
present 150 liters/day–about 400 liters/hour. Ted also sent alternatives: A basic guide to substituting with traditional soy
them a new Corenco (cost $9,000) stainless steel mill–as a products (incl. soy milk, soy flour, silken tofu). Ingredients
gift. Ted has finished writing his end-of-project report. They and techniques (incl. many fruits, coconut milk, craisin
are making the new products on a small scale but the new [sweet dried cranberries], tahini). Breakfast. Breads and
plant will not be up and running until the mill is installed. muffins. Puddings. Pies. Soups. Cookies and bars. Ice creams
Ted and Anne-Marie plan to return to Bolivia next September and frozen desserts. Beverages. Side dish desserts. Address:
to visit their two “children.” 2501-D Cobble Hill Court, Woodbury, Minnesota 55125.
Ted and Anne-Marie adopted an 11-year-old orphaned Phone: 651-734-0379.
and homeless boy, Armando, who had only one year of
schooling and would hang around the soy co-op. They 1718. Product Name: Soy Delicious (Organic Non-Dairy
invited him to lunches for a month, then found a person Frozen Dessert) [Old Fashioned Vanilla, Twisted Vanilla
at CADETI who agreed to use money that Ted and Anne- Orange, Mocha Fudge].
Marie now send each month to pay for his food, shelter, Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
and schooling. Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Stevenson Distributor).
St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870. 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
Date of Introduction: 2002.
1716. Mouton-Bluys, Rene. 2002. Recent developments Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart tubs. Retails for $2.99
at Alimentos Alfa Ltda. in Bolivia (Interview). SoyaScan at Trader Joe’s (2003/02, Lafayette, California).
Notes. Nov. 22. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods How Stored: Frozen.
Center. New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet
• Summary: Rene now makes 30,000 kg/day of soy (8½ by 11 inch, color, copyrighted 2002) sent by Turtle
products: 70% soymilk, 20% soy ice cream, and 10% soy Mountain. 2002. May. “The market leader’s mountain of
yogurt. He has finally paid off the large loans needed to start flavors has grown: Introducing three exciting new flavors!”
his business, and is making a real profit for the first time. All Trader Joe’s Fearless Flyer. 2003. Feb. p. 17. “Delicious
of his products are sold under the Productos Nordland brand. new flavors from Soy Delicious. Looking for an ice cream
His soymilk is sold in banana, strawberry, chocolate, vanilla, substitute?” Trader Joe’s is now carrying two new flavors of
and chirimoya / cherimoya flavors, in 1 liter, ½ liter, and 200 Organic Soy Delicious: Twisted Vanilla Orange (smooth and
ml plastic pouches. creamy), and Mocha Fudge (rich and fudgy). “Yet there’s no
In 1992 Rene and his father developed three systems for cream–or any dairy, for that matter–to be found here... With
adapting an existing machine to soymilk in thin plastic tubes. silky texture and rich flavor like this, you may never go back
Previously the machine had been used only for packaging to ice cream again. 32 oz container. $2.99.”
bolo, an inexpensive refreshment consumed by poor people
in Bolivia. The three are: (1) Reduce the pressure of the 1719. Product Name: Soy Delicious Sandwiches (Organic
liquid on the place to be sealed; (2) Move a horizontal plate Non-Dairy Frozen Dessert) [Vanilla, or Chocolate].
into place; (3) Heat seal. This machine is inexpensive, but Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
the three special steps are done by hand and foot, for which Distributor).
Rene employs 30 women laborers. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Rene recently helped his friend, Mario Bonino, to start 97448. Phone: (541) 998-6778.
a company named Ideal that makes only soymilk. Location: Date of Introduction: 2002.

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Ingredients: Organic soymilk, beet sugar, brown rice syrup, protein (TSP or TVP). Soy sauces. Soy milk & soy milk
soybean oil and/or safflower oil, gum acacia, potato starch, products (soy yogurt, soy cheeses). Tofu & tofu products
chicory root extract, carob bean gum, guar gum, carrageenan, (fresh perishable tofus, classic traditional, seasoned tofus
algin (kelp extract), yucca extract, potato sugar, annatto, {savory baked tofu, other seasoned baked tofus}, ready-made
vanilla extract, wafer (unenriched flour, beet sugar, high tofu dips and spreads, ready ground tofu). Dry or packaged
fructose corn syrup, soybean oil, caramel color, soy flour, tofus (cupboard, like silken tofu). Other miscellaneous tofus
baking soda). (tofu burgers and sausages, deep-fried tofu, freeze-dried tofu
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 3 fl. oz. each; 6 per pack. [dried frozen tofu], tofu hot dogs, yuba).
How Stored: Frozen. Concerning yuba the author writes (p. 656): “I believe
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet this traditional Asian product will explode onto the American
(front and back, 8½ by 11 inch, color) sent by Patricia soy-scene soon because it is so versatile and delicious and
Smith from Natural Products Expo. 2002. “Introducing has a long and honorable history as a meat alternative. It is
a great value that tastes great: 50% more product than the unique thin-chewy texture of yuba sheets, when layered
the competition.” On the front, a color photo shows three with seasonings and shaped, stacked, cut, and prepared in
Vanilla Sandwiches on a plate. “Naturally a cholesterol-free certain ways, that gives such a convincingly ‘meaty’ feeling
food. Lactose free.” 6 sandwiches, 3 fl. oz. (89 ml) each per to such dishes.”
pack. On the rear are nutrition facts and ingredients. “No The word “tofu” appears on 100 pages in this book,
hydrogenated oils.” “An ancient legacy: Sea turtles.” “tamari” on 100 pages (she uses the phrase “tamari or shoyu
soy sauce”), “soy sauce” on 100 pages, “shoyu” on 98 pages,
1720. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2002. Now... One box, multiple “tempeh” on 88 pages, “seitan” on 72 pages, “miso” on 58
servings (Leaflet). P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 1 p. pages, “soy milk” on 47 pages, “tofu sour cream” on 40
Front and back. 8½ x 11 inches. pages, “silken tofu” on 30 pages, “soybeans” on 25 pages,
• Summary: Color leaflet sent by Patricia Smith from Natural “baked tofu” on 22 pages, “savory baked tofu” on 16 pages,
Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2002. March. “firm tofu” on 10 pages, “green soybeans” and “edamame”
Copyright date is 2002. A photo shows the front panel of each on 8 pages, “soy flour” on 6 pages, “soy ice cream” and
four Soy Delicious novelty products: Li’l Buddies (Vanilla “TVP” each on 5 pages, “dairy free” on 4 pages, “firm silken
and Chocolate) and Rounded Enrobed sandwiches (Mocha tofu,” “teriyaki,” “textured vegetable protein,” “yuba” and
Mania and Vanilla Sandwich). On the rear is nutrition facts “whole soybeans” each on 2 pages, “Silk Soymilk Creamer”
and ingredients for all 4 products. “Made with the #1 selling and “meat alternatives” each on 1 page.
non-dairy dessert. Certified Organic, cholesterol free, non-
dairy, vegan certified. A delightful way to add the goodness 1722. Sass, Lorna J. 2002. Lorna Sass’ complete vegetarian
of organic soybeans to your life. Our Li’l Buddies deliver big kitchen: Where good flavors and good health meet. New
value–Get 50% more bite for your buck.” Heart K Parve. York, NY: William Morrow. An imprint of HarperCollins
An ancient legacy: Sea turtles. Address: Eugene, Publishers. xiv + 494 p. Index. 26 cm. [35+* ref]
Oregon. Phone: (503) 998-6778. • Summary: First published in 1992 as An Ecological
Kitchen: Healthy Meals for You and the Planet (William
1721. Dragonwagon, Crescent. 2002. Passionate vegetarian. Morrow). This innovative vegan cookbook offers 250
New York, NY: Workman Publishing. x + 1110 p. Illust. (by cholesterol-free recipes. It features a complete glossary of
Robbin Gourley). Index. 23 cm. [10 ref] wholesome ingredients for stocking the vegan pantry (no
• Summary: A superb, massive book, “with more than meat, dairy, or eggs). Address: New York City.
1,000 robust recipes with notes on cooking, eating, loving,
and living fearlessly”–as the cover proclaims. Very nicely 1723. Treloar, Brigid; Inge, Karen. 2002. Healthy soy:
designed, with many delicious recipes. The author is an Cooking with soybeans for health and vitality. Hong Kong:
outstanding writer with a deep knowledge of ingredients– Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Printed in Singapore. 112 p.
including soyfoods. Illust. (color). Index. 24 x 22 cm.
Chapter 10, “Celebrating soyfoods” (p. 623-78) begins: • Summary: This is a beautiful book, with stylish and
“As a soy-loving girl from way back I invite you to enter an informative full-page glossy color photos on every other
ever-expanding universe of foods: not merely extraordinarily page. It is well researched, comprehensive, and generally
healthful, but delectable and diverse–great ingredients for uses standard soyfoods terminology. It is also strange:
a passionate cook.” This chapter’s contents: Introduction. We are not told in which country the publisher is located
Innecdote. Whole soybeans. Green soybeans (edamame). (perhaps Hong Kong or Singapore) or where the authors
Canned soybeans. Cooked dry soybeans. Milled soybeans live. It is distributed in North America, Japan and Korea
(soy flour and soy grits). Soynuts and soynut butter. Tempeh. by Tuttle Publishing. On the inside rear dust jacket: www.
Miso. Natto. Okara. Soy protein isolates. Textured soy tuttlepublishing.com. It is clearly targeted at a world market.

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Contents: Introduction. The health benefits of soy: The Delicious, Soy Delicious Purely Decadent, Tofutti, Tofutti
heart, cancer, menopause, osteoporosis, weight control, Premium, Tofutti Lite Tofutti Low Fat Supreme.
allergies, lactose intolerance, the nutritional value of soy, The section titled “’Ice cream’ bar, nondairy” (p. 444)
protein, phytoestrogens, fats, calcium, soluble fiber, vitamins gives values for many of the same brands.
and minerals, energy, carbohydrates, how much soy do we The section titled “’Ice cream’ sandwich, nondairy” (p.
need? (as an exchange for meat), how to use the nutrition 447-48) gives values for many of the same brands.
table. Nutrition table (for various soyfoods). Soybeans: There are entries for “’Meatball’–vegetarian,” “Miso,”
Green soybeans–fresh and frozen, dried soybeans, how “Natto,” “Soy beverage,” “Soy beverage mix,” “Soy flour,”
to buy and prepare soybeans (selecting and storing dried “Soy meal,” “Soy nuts,” “Soy protein concentrate,” “Soy
soybeans, preparing dried soybeans, soaking, pan-roasting, sauce” (incl. shoyu, tamari and tamari–wheat free), “Soy
boiling, pressure cooking, canned). Soy foods: Tofu spread” (incl. soy butter–roasted), “Soybean” (raw, boiled,
(selecting and using, storing, freezing), bean curd sheets or canned), “Soybean–dried,” “Soybean kernels,” “Soybean
(yuba), deep-fried tofu (age; seasoned tofu), miso, tempeh, spread / dip,” and “Soybean sprouts.”
soya sauce (shoyu; regular, low-salt, light, tamari, ketjap The section titled “Tofu” (p. 827-28) identifies the
manis), soy milk, soy flour, soy nuts, soy germ powder, following types: fresh, fresh–extra firm, fresh–firm (incl.
soy oil, soybean sprouts, soybean paste (fermented), natto, vacuum pack and reduced fat), fresh–silken, fresh–soft,
soy dairy products (soy butter, soy spread {margarine}, fresh–flavored, fresh–baked (incl. smoked and teriyaki),
soy cheese {plain or flavored}, cream cheese, yogurt, salted, smoked. Tofu, ground. Tofu pudding. Tofu sauce
mayonnaise), soy meats (meat alternatives), others (soy (Westbrae sauce for tofu). Tofu seasoning mix. “Yogurt,” soy
breads, cereals, pasta, chocolate, chips, health bars, desserts, There are also entries for: Adzuki beans. Seaweed.
tofu ice creams), soy grits, tips (tofu, soy dairy products). There are no entries for: Seitan, Yuba.
Compatible soy flavors. Preparation and cooking techniques:
Draining and pressing tofu, cutting tofu, deep-frying 1726. Robertson, Robin. 2003. Vegan planet: 400 irresistible
tofu, how to reconstitute yuba, how to use deep-fried tofu recipes with fantastic flavors from home and around the
pouches, how to use miso, miso tips. Soups. Appetizers world. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Common Press. xvi
and dips. Light meals and snacks. Main dishes. Seafood. + 576 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. [15 ref]
Vegetables. Salads. Desserts. Soy drinks. Glossary. Guide to • Summary: An outstanding, hefty vegan cookbook by an
weights and measures. author who knows her ingredients well and uses a rich and
Note: This is not a vegetarian cookbook. Some recipes pleasing variety of them. She is also an expert on soyfoods,
call for chicken, fish (swordfish, tuna, salmon), shrimp, and the book contains many useful insights about them.
etc. Address: 1. Food writer, stylist, consultant, and We find the graphic design of the book to be weak to
cooking instructor [Australia]; 2. Nutritionist and nutrition poor; the typeface in the recipe titles is hard to read, the
correspondent for Good Morning Australia. ingredients in the recipes printed in gold on white are hard
to read, and the many pages of white ink on a gold or other
1724. Natural Foods Merchandiser. 2003. Imagine Foods in such background are hard to read.
Hain portfolio. Jan. p. 18. The word “tofu” appears on 91 pages in this book,
• Summary: In Dec. 2002 the Hail Celestial Group acquired “tamari” on 67 pages (she uses the phrase “tamari or other
Imagine Foods Inc. which makes leading brands of aseptic soy sauce”), “soy sauce” on 62 pages, “soy milk” on 56
and refrigerated soymilks and rice milks, organic soups and pages, “dairy-free” on 55 pages, “seitan” on 47 pages,
broths, and nondairy frozen desserts. “tempeh” on 46 pages, “silken tofu” on 33 pages, “firm
tofu” on 29 pages, “miso” on 28 pages, “soft silken tofu”
1725. Netzer, Corinne T. 2003. The complete book of food on 23 pages, “extra-firm tofu on 13 pages, “teriyaki” on 6
counts. 6th ed. New York, NY: Dell Publishing. 911 p. 18 pages, “soybeans” on 13 pages, “soy ice cream” and “meat
cm. alternatives” each on 10 pages, “TVP” on 8 pages, “baked
• Summary: Contains tables of food composition, by tofu” on 7 pages, “textured vegetable protein” on 6 pages,
product. Tofutti is mentioned on pages 61, 94, 181, 260, 265, “firm silken tofu” on 5 pages, “soy flour” on 4 pages, “soy
301, 342, 437-440, 444, 446-48, 483, 587, 642, 787. The nuts” and “soft tofu” and “dairy alternatives” each on 3
section titled “’Cheese,’ substitute and nondairy” (p. 181-82) pages, “edamame” (“fresh soybeans in the pod”) on 2 pages,
includes nondairy cream cheese. Also an entry for “Cream, “soy yogurt” and “frozen tofu” each on 1 page (p. 72),
sour–nondairy.” Yuba is mentioned on pages 182, 350-51 (definition and
Under “Edamame” we find values for fresh (in pod or description), 389, 410-11, 414.
shelled) and frozen (in pod). The section titled “’Ice cream,’ Page 29 states that soy flour is “Made from finely
nondairy” (p. 437-40) gives values for many flavors of the ground roasted soybeans” [i.e., kinako].
following brands: Rice Dream, Rice Dream Supreme, Soy “Humans are the only animals that drink the milk of

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another species and the only animals that drink milk after which is a more delicious product and for which there is a
childhood” (p. 9). Address: Virginia Beach, Virginia. huge demand.
Ted missed the strong presence of Imagine Foods at
1727. Product Name: Frozen Cultured Soy (Non-Dairy the show; they used to have three large booths and lots of
Frozen Soy Yogurt) [Very Strawberry, Lemon Ginger, Mocha delicious foods. Recently they were purchased by Hain-
Fudge, Vanilla Bean, Swiss Chocolate]. Renamed Organic Celestial Food Co.; so this year they had 3 feet inside the
Soy Frozen Yogurt by Dec. 2005. Hain both. It was sad.
Manufacturer’s Name: WholeSoy Co. Ted does not know why Robert Nissenbaum sold his
Manufacturer’s Address: San Francisco, California. company (Imagine Foods) to Hain. He believes that Imagine
Phone: 415-495-2870. Foods soymilk plant was in Lathrop, California. Cheryl
Date of Introduction: 2003. January. Mitchell and her husband (of California Natural Products)
Ingredients: Lemon ginger: Pasteurized and cultured were divorced. Address: TAN Industries, Inc., 49 Stevenson
soymilk (water and ground organic soybeans*), organic St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660
sugar*, organic tapioca maltodextrin*, organic ginger Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870.
puree*, organic soy oil*, natural flavor. salt, locust bean
gum, guar gum and live active cultures (L. acidophilus, 1729. Product Name: Soy Delicious (Organic Non-Dairy
bifidus, L. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus). * = Certified Frozen Dessert) [Dulce de Leche, Cookies ‘n Cream, Butter
organic by QAI. Pecan].
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: One pint carton (16 oz). Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
How Stored: Frozen. Distributor).
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Sell sheet Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
sent by Robin Webster of WholeSoy & Co. 2006. May 23. 97402. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
This was printed in Jan. 2003. “It’s cultured, it’s non-dairy! Date of Introduction: 2003. March.
It’s Frozen Yogurt. “Low fat. Nondairy. Smooth & creamy. Ingredients: Dulce de Leche: Non-dairy frozen dessert
Certified organic. 5 new flavors! All the benefits of living [organic soymilk (filtered water, organic soybeans), organic
cultures & tastes incredible. The text on the back begins: dehydrated cane juice, organic brown rice syrup and/or
“They won’t let us call it Frozen Yogurt, however that is organic tapioca syrup, organic safflower oil and/or organic
precisely what we have created–an incredibly rich, creamy, soybean oil, organic gum acacia, organic potato starch,
and delicious non-dairy Frozen Soy Yogurt. Additionally, chicory root extract, natural flavors, carob bean gum, guar
each delicious bite is alive! Our famous WholeSoy Creamy gum, carrageenan, algin (kelp extract), yucca extract, non-
Cultured Soy (soy yogurt) is used as the base, providing the GMO potato sugar, sea salt], organic caramel sauce (organic
living cultures.” tapioca syrup, water, organic molasses, natural flavors,
Sell sheet sent by Robin Webster of WholeSoy & Co. organic soy protein, organic cocoa butter, sodium citrate,
2006. May 23. This was printed in Dec. 2005. “Savor the salt, carrageenan).
soy. Frozen Yogurt. It’s cultures, its dairy free. Low fat. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart tubs.
No cholesterol. Rich & creamy. All the benefits of living How Stored: Frozen.
cultures & tastes incredible. Non-GMO. Vegan. Kosher New Product–Documentation: See page after next. Leaflet
pareve. Casein, whey & gluten free.” On the back: Nutrition (8½ by 11 inch, color, copyrighted 2003) sent by Patricia
facts. Ingredients (for each flavor). He did it! “Ted Nordquist Smith from Natural Products Expo West. 2003. March.
deserves a standing ovation.” A portrait photo shows Ted. “Three new flavors, two full shelves, only one great tasting
Now comes in nine flavors: Vanilla bean, lemon ginger, organic, non-dairy frozen dessert.” On the rear is Nutrition
crème caramel, mocha fudge, Swiss dark chocolate, French Facts and ingredients for each of the 3 new flavors plus all
vanilla, very strawberry, black cherry, and chocolate of the 9 previous flavors in this line. USDA organic logo.
hazelnut. Certified vegan logo. Heart K Parve Pas Yisroel logo.

1728. Nordquist, Ted. 2003. New products made from 1730. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2003. Soy Delicious non-dairy
soybase in Modesto, California (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. frozen desserts: Driving category growth (Leaflet). P.O. Box
March 14. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 2 panels each side. Each panel
Center. 8½ x 11 inches. Front and back.
• Summary: Last week, at the Natural Products Expo, Ted’s • Summary: See next pages. An impressive color leaflet
company introduced two new flavors of cultured beverages– sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo West.
Lemon and Orange. They have stopped making their 2003. March. Cover: “The non-dairy frozen dessert category
standard soy-based frozen dessert and converted all of their continues to grow at a phenomenal rate of more than 25%
flavors (they now have 9 SKUs) to soy-based frozen yogurt– year to year!* Turtle Mountain, Inc. continues to lead the

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way with a variety of exciting line extensions and new Conservationists fought back and by the late 1990s most
product lines. Our brands have met the growing demand for commercial nets had been purchased and retired. People
non-dairy frozen desserts with innovation and excellence. waited for a rebound in salmon numbers–but so far they have
Today Turtle Mountain brands command over 50% share of been disappointed. Wild Atlantic salmon populations are now
the natural foods non-dairy frozen dessert category.* Our about 3.5 million–half of what they were 30 years ago. In the
new product innovation strategy is broadening the consumer United States, whose rivers once teemed with nearly half a
base and driving the category. (* = SPINSscan 52 weeks million Atlantic salmon, there are now only a few hundred.
ending December ‘02). A large photo shows many Soy But wild Atlantic salmon have been in steep decline for
Delicious frozen dessert products on a deep blue background. decades, and today they are rapidly being replaced by about
Page 2: “The growth of natural foods frozen desserts 50 million farmed Atlantic salmon which “swim round and
category is coming from non-dairy pints, quarts and round in pens as they are fed pellets to speed their growth,
novelties.” pigments to mimic the pink hue of wild salmon flesh, and
Page 3: “Turtle Mountain’s Soy Delicious brand pesticides to kill the lice that go hand-in-hand with an
continues to own the dollars share of the pints/quarts non- industrial feedlot.” The new industry, with 2 billion dollars
dairy category.” a year in sales, produces 2.6 billion pounds of fish and is
Inserted into this 4-page leaflet are 10 glossy color largely controlled by a handful of multinational corporations.
leaflets, several of them copyright 2003 and not seen before. The industry, still dominated by Norwegian firms, spread
Address: Eugene, Oregon. Phone: (541) 338-9400. to the UK and Canada in the 1970s and to the USA in the
1980s. Some 800,000 of these once-noble creatures may be
1731. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2003. Tofutti. 2002 annual report. packed into one nylon net cage, where they can find no outlet
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. for their strength; the cage and soon the shallow estuary
• Summary: Net sales for 2002 were $17.5 million, up 7.9% around it is polluted with their defecation. We have bent
from the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.938 them to the will of man; it is completely unnatural and very
million, down 18.5% from the previous year. Sales to foreign sad to see.
distributors increased to $1.84 million, or 11% of total sales These salmon are now widely sold in markets for $5 a
in 2002, as compared with $1.38 million or 9% of sales in pound. Farmed salmon now outnumber wild salmon about
2001. 300 or 400 to one. Norway has the largest population of
During 2001 the company introduced the following wild salmon; some 600,000 of them migrate up the nation’s
new products: Premium Tofutti Mint Chocolate Chip (pint), 650 salmon rivers to spawn. And it was in Norway in the
Coffee Break Treats (stick novelty), and three new flavors late 1960s that Atlantic salmon farming began as a cottage
of Better than Cream Cheese (Creamed Spinach, Broccoli industry.
Cheddar, and Chocolate). Tofutti Cuties, the company’s But there is now growing evidence that Atlantic salmon
best-selling product, continues to be one of the most popular raised in pens using aquaculture threaten their wild relatives.
novelty sandwich frozen desserts sold nationally, as reported Many experts believe aquaculture is the single most serious
by A.C. Nielsen. Last year the company sold over 40 million threat to the survival of Atlantic salmon, because the sea lice
Cuties. During 2002 the company repurchased 299,600 escape from the net cages and attack the wild salmon.
shares of its own stock at a total cost of $767,000. The
present product line is described in detail. 1733. Product Name: Purely Decadent Soy Delicious
Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual (Super Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert) [Mocha Almond
Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement (10 p.).” Fudge, Rocky Road, Swinging Anna Banana, Turtle Tracks,
David Mintz’ salary was $500,000 in 2002, unchanged from Vanilla Swiss Almond, Raspberry à la Mode].
2001. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400. Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
Distributor).
1732. Montaigne, Fen. 2003. Everybody loves Atlantic Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
salmon: Here’s the catch... As wild populations falter and 97448. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
salmon farms go global, this noble sport fish has turned into Date of Introduction: 2003. October.
the chicken of the sea. National Geographic. July. p. 100-23. Ingredients: Mocha Almond Fudge: Filtered water, organic
• Summary: Where have all the salmon gone? Before the soymilk (filtered water, organic soybeans), organic brown
industrial age, at least ten million Atlantic salmon (Salmo rice syrup and/or organic tapioca syrup, roasted almonds
salar, the “leaper” in Latin) once spawned each year in (almonds, safflower oil, salt), fudge sauce (beet sugar, water,
every river in New England and around the Atlantic Ocean, cocoa processed with alkali, tapioca starch, natural flavors,
jumping rapids and waterfalls as it swam upstream. Then chocolate liquor), organic dehydrated cane juice, organic
came the industrial revolution, with its dams and pollution safflower oil and/or organic soybean oil, chicory root extract,
that rendered many ancient salmon rivers uninhabitable. coffee, natural coffee flavor, carob bean gum, guar gum,

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algin (kelp extract), carrageenan, yucca extract, potato sugar, Distributor).

salt. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 70, Junction City, OR
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml). 97448. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
How Stored: Frozen. Date of Introduction: 2003.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet Ingredients: Black Leopard: Water, mixed fruit concentrate
(front and back, 8½ by 11 inches, color) sent by Patricia (pineapple syrup, pear and peach concentrates), brown
Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2003. Oct. “Purely rice syrup (partially milled), pea starch, coffee, defatted
Decadent, purely profitable. Six new flavors, two full cocoa (processed with alkali), guar gum, natural flavor,
shelves, only one super-premium non-dairy frozen dessert. carrageenan.
On the rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Pint.
of the six new and 8 previous flavors. How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: See next pages. Leaflet
1734. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2003. Singular sensations: (front and back, 8½ by 11 inches, glossy color) sent by
America’s favorite non-dairy frozen dessert is available in Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2003. Oct.
convenient single servings (Leaflet). P.O. Box 70, Junction “Six new flavors. Two full shelves. Only one great tasting
City, OR 97448. 1 p. Front and back. 8½ x 11 inches. fruit sweetened non-dairy frozen dessert.” At the bottom is
• Summary: See next pages. Color leaflet sent by Patricia the company logo and new tagline: Turtle Mountain: We
Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2003. Oct. Make Soy Delicious!” www.turtlemountain.com.
Copyright date is 2003. A photo shows the front panel On the rear are nutrition facts and ingredients for all 14
of eight Soy Delicious novelty products: Big Buddie, 3 products in this line. Flavors that were previously introduced
rounded enrobed sandwiches (Mocha Mania, Mint Mania, are: Vanilla, Awesome Chocolate, Almond Pecan, Carob
and Vanilla), 2 open sandwiches (Mint Chocolate Chip, Peppermint, Chocolate Almond, Chocolate Peanut Butter,
Chocolate Chip), and 3 bars. On the rear is nutrition facts Espresso, and Raspberry.
and ingredients for all 9 products. “Made with the #1 selling “The sweetest thing. Fruit sweetened.” So full is the rear
non-dairy frozen dessert. Certified Organic, cholesterol free, panel that there is no room to mention the endangered sea
non-dairy, vegan certified. Heart K Parve. USDA Organic turtles.
logo. Note: Many of these flavors were formerly part of the
An ancient legacy: Sea turtles. Address: Junction City, “Sweet Nothings” line, which contained no soy.
Oregon. Phone: 1-866-3TURTLE.
1738. Gorham, Sarah. 2003. The cure. New York, NY: Four
1735. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2003. Nothing’s better: Fat free Way Books. 67 p. 24 cm.
non-dairy frozen dessert. New packaging. New flavors. P.O. • Summary: This book is a collection of poems. Tofutti is
Box 70, Junction City, OR 97448. 1 p. Front and back. 8½ x mentioned in passing in a footnote on page 40. Address:
11 inches. Louisville, Kentucky.
• Summary: See next pages. Color leaflet sent by Patricia
Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2003. Oct. A photo 1739. Johnson, Becky. 2003. Tofu: making the most of this
shows 7 flavors of fat-free “Sweet nothings” in Vanilla, low-fat high-protein ingredient, with over 60 deliciously
Chocolate, Mango Raspberry, Mint Fudge, Mocha Fudge, varied recipes from around the world. London: Southwater.
Cool Strawberry, and Vanilla Fudge.” 96 p. Illust. (color). Index. 30 cm.
On the rear are nutrition facts and ingredients for each • Summary: Buyer beware! This book is sold under two
of the 7 flavors. Certified vegan logo. Heart K kosher logo. different titles but with exactly the same contents, copyright
Copyright 2003. date, and number of pages. This one has a paperback
An ancient legacy: Sea turtles. Note: None of these binding, the other is hardcover.
flavors contain soy. Address: Junction City, Oregon. Phone: The 2nd title is “The Tofu Cookbook: an essential cook’s
1-866-3TURTLE. guide with over 50 enticing recipes” (published by Lorenz
Books, an imprint of Anness Publishing Ltd.). Both books
1736. Friedeck, Kristofer Gregg. 2003. Soy protein contain many large color photos on glossy paper. with color
fortification of a low fat dairy based ice cream. MSc thesis, photos on every page.
North Carolina State University. vi + 89 p. * Contents of both titles: Introduction. Types of tofu (firm
tofu, silken tofu, marinated tofu, smoked tofu, frozen tofu,
1737. Product Name: It’s Soy Delicious (Fruit Sweetened deep-fried tofu, other soya bean products–bean curd skins
Non-Dairy Pints) [Green Tea, Black Leopard, Mango [yuba], bean curd sticks [dried yuba sticks], tempeh, textured
Raspberry, Pistachio Almond, Tiger Chai, or Vanilla Fudge]. vegetable protein, shoyu, tamari, miso, soya dairy substitutes
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- {soya “milk,” “cream,” “yogurt” and “cheese”}). Preparation

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and cooking techniques (includes draining, marinating, Rainbow, $5,000.

and cutting tempeh). Soups and appetizers. Salads and Observations: (1) The company with by far the greatest
side dishes. Vegetarian main meals. Meat, chicken and fish growth during this period was Turtle Mountain, Inc.; its sales
dishes. Desserts (incl. homemade Strawberry and vanilla tofu almost doubled. (2) Non-dairy frozen desserts generally
ice cream and Tofu berry cheesecake). grew more than dairy ice creams. (3) The company with the
On page 43 is a recipe for Twice-cooked tempeh which biggest decrease in sales was Haagen-Dazs, followed by Ben
contains no tofu; this is supposed to be a book about tofu. & Jerry’s–both “super premium” dairy ice creams which
Address: Chef, England. are high in calories, butterfat, and cholesterol. Address:
Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California 94549.
1740. Neill, Bill. 2004. Eugene, Oregon, firm sees soaring
demand for its frozen desserts. Register-Guard (Eugene, 1742. Product Name: Carb Escapes (Non-Dairy Frozen
Oregon). Jan. 19. Business section. * Dessert) [Pints: Butter Pecan, Chocolate, Chocolate Almond,
• Summary: America’s sudden infatuation with healthy Chocolate Peanut Butter, Mint Chip, Strawberry, White
foods seems to be working wonders for the sales of Turtle Mousse. Multipack bars: Fudge Bar, Peanut Butter Fudge
Mountain, a small but rapidly growing company that makes Bar, Vanilla Bar. Singlepack bars: Fudge Bar, Peanut Butter
soy-based frozen desserts and is headquartered in Eugene. Fudge Bar, Vanilla Bar].
Mark Brawerman founded the company more than 20 Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
years ago, and has worked, persevered, and experimented Distributor).
with better ways to introduce Americans to non-dairy frozen Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
desserts. “’He’s one of the pioneers in the soyfoods industry 97402. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
in America,’ said Bill Shurtleff, director of the Soyfoods Date of Introduction: 2004. March.
Center in Lafayette, California. Not many people were Ingredients: Butter Pecan: Organic soymilk (filtered
making these kinds of products in 1980.’” After “years water, organic soybeans), filtered water, pecans, vegetable
of limping along financially,” Turtle Mountain’s lines of glycerine, soybean oil and/or safflower oil, chicory root
soyfood products, such as Organic Soy Delicious desserts extract, gum acacia, erythritol (sugar alcohol from natural
(introduced in 1998) and the premium Purely Decadent fermentation), guar gum, carrageenan, natural flavors, salt,
desserts (introduced in 2001). tricalcium phosphate (a natural source of calcium).
Turtle Mountain finds its headquarters in Eugene Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint tubs, etc.
because, more than a decade ago, Brawerman arranged How Stored: Frozen.
with Lochmead Dairy in nearby Junction City, to make his New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet
frozen desserts as a private label. Today Brawerman works (4 panels, each panel 8½ by 11 inches, color, copyrighted
in the company’s Los Angeles office, which handles its sales. 2004) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo
Brawerman says that the U.S. market for regular ice cream West. 2003. March. “Carb Escapes: Non-dairy frozen
products in supermarkets is about $7.5 billion a year. Total dessert. All natural. No artificial sweeteners. 1 gm net carbs.
U.S. sales of nondairy frozen desserts are about $80 million– Low net carb. Lactose free. No cholesterol. Naturally dairy
only about 1% of the supermarket figure. free.” “Ideal for the low net carb lifestyle consumer. www.
carbescapes.com. 1-866-3turtle.”
1741. SoyaScan Notes. 2004. Leading ice creams ($ sales, Note: The low-carb bandwagon appears to be full
both dairy and non-dairy) in the natural foods channel only, swing–but not for long. Turtle Mountain later realized that it
East Coast of the USA, from 1 Dec. 2001 to 2 March 2004 introduced this product just as the low-carb bandwagon was
(Overview). March 20. Compiled by William Shurtleff of dying.
Soyinfo Center.
• Summary: At the beginning of this period (1 Dec. 1743. Product Name: Purely Decadent Soy Delicious
2001) the sales ranking was as follows: (1) Haagen-Dazs, (Super Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert Novelties)
$410,000. (2) Ben & Jerry’s, $390,000. (3) Imagine Foods [Single serve bars: Purely Vanilla, Vanilla Almond.
[Rice Dream, non-dairy], $250,000. (4) Turtle Mountain, Inc. Multipack bars and enrobed sandwiches: Purely Vanilla,
[non-dairy], $215,000. (5) Stonyfield Farms, $210,000. (6) Vanilla Almond, Mocha Mania, Vanilla Mania].
Tofutti [non-dairy], $75,000. (7) Double Rainbow, $000. Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
At the end of this period (20 March 2004) the sales Distributor).
ranking was as follows: (1) Turtle Mountain, Inc. [Soy Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
Delicious, non-dairy], $415,000. (2) Ben & Jerry’s, 97402. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
$310,000. (3) Imagine Foods [Rice Dream, non-dairy], Date of Introduction: 2004. March.
$295,000. (4) Haagen-Dazs, $285,000. (5) Stonyfield Farms, How Stored: Frozen.
$235,000. (6) Tofutti [non-dairy], $115,000. (7) Double New Product–Documentation: See page after next. Leaflet

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(front and back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Patricia Smith During 2003 the company introduced the following
from Natural Products Expo West. 2004. March. Copyright several new products. Accompanying the annual report is
2004. “Introducing the only super-premium non-dairy frozen a “Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy
dessert novelty line.” “Purely Decadent Soy Delicious is the Statement (10 p.).” David Mintz’ salary was $600,000
fastest growing brand in the non-dairy category (up 45%)*. in 2003, up from $500,000 in 2003–despite much poorer
Fastest growing subcategory in frozen desserts is non-dairy profits. This company is run for its owners, not for its
novelties (up 9%)*. Healthy indulgence (No trans fats {i.e. shareholders. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-
No hydrogenated oils}. No cholesterol. Fewer calories than 272-2400.
comparative dairy ice creams. * According to SPINSscan, 52
weeks ending Dec. ‘03).” On the rear is Nutrition Facts and 1747. Product Name: Tofutti Cuties [Blueberry Wave,
ingredients. “The ultimate in non-dairy indulgence.” Chocolate Wave, Strawberry Wave, Jazzy Vanilla].
Manufacturer’s Name: Tofutti Brands Inc.
1744. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2004. There is a reason... Manufacturer’s Address: 50 Jackson Dr. (P.O. Box 786),
(Leaflet). P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 3 panels each Cranford, NJ 07016. Phone: 908-272-2400.
side. Each panel 8½ x 11 inches. Front and back. Date of Introduction: 2004. May.
• Summary: See next 2 pages. Another impressive color Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 8 snack-size sandwiches (12 fl.
leaflet sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo oz. + 16 wafers) in each paperboard box.
West. 2004. March. A photo on the cover shows two freezers How Stored: Frozen.
chock full of Turtle Mountain non-dairy frozen desserts. New Product–Documentation: See next pages. Ad (full
Page 2. “Turtle Mountain has become the #1 frozen dessert page, color) in Whole Foods magazine. 2004. April. p. 25.
company in the Natural Foods Supermarket channel “Ride the wave with our new Cutie Waves!” Milk free.
surpassing all of the market’s best-known brands. Driving Bite-sized frozen dessert sandwiches. “Soon to be appearing
the market through market leadership.” A table shows $ in health food stores and select supermarkets nationwide.”
sales ranking and $ growth compared with a year ago for six Photos show the front panel of 4 different cartons. Email:
companies: Turtle Mountain, Haagen-Dazs, Imagine Foods, tofuttibrands@aol.com. www.tofutti.com.
Ben & Jerry’s Stonyfield Farm Yogurt, Tofutti. Based on
SPINSscan 52 weeks ending December 27, 2003. 1748. Schweitzer, Peter. 2004. Re: Soybeans and soyfoods
Page 3 contains 3 nice bar graphs. in Nicaragua, at the Huichol Center in Mexico, and in Iraq.
Page 5 states (in a pie chart): In natural foods Letter sent to Plenty Bulletin subscribers, June 21. 2 p.
supermarkets: “54% of the market is dairy desserts. 46% of Typed, with signature on letterhead.
the market is non-dairy frozen desserts and its growing!” • Summary: “We’re not doing a full Bulletin this time, just
Address: Eugene, Oregon. Phone: (541) 338-9400. an update about what’s happening with Plenty.” After 30
years, “I have come to recognize that what we do together
1745. Kanner, Ellen. 2004. The joy of soy: tasty and might be described, very simply, as ordinary magic. Where
beneficial. Contra Costa Times. April 28. p. G4. people are connected by their love for each other, miracles
• Summary: T.S. Eliot tells us that April is the cruelest are commonplace.”
month. It is also National Soyfoods Month. A coincidence? “As you know from the most recent Bulletins, we
Only in part. Although “soy is Superman, a powerhouse of are working on a new project involving four different
protein, fiber, amino acids, and isoflavones, most people organizations–two in Guatemala, one in Managua, Nicaragua
reject a jiggling block of tofu as boring Clark Kent.” and the Huichol Center in Mexico, which have requested
Gives positive reviews to soy ice cream, soynut Plenty’s assistance for their soyfoods and nutrition education
butter, soynuts, and “Vegan-chic edamame (steamed baby efforts. We call it CAFSI (Centra American Food Security
soybeans).” Tofu is the “other white meat, the perfect Initiative). Through CAFSI we will be purchasing soy
culinary blank canvas.” processing equipment, and we will help the groups install it,
Note: This is the earliest English-language document and do trainings in the use and maintenance of the equipment
seen (May 2004) that uses the term “baby soybeans” to and different ways of preparing soyfoods and making
refer to edamame–nice, though not quite accurate. Address: soyfood products for sale. Two of the organizations will be
Knight Ridder Newspapers. growing soybeans, so seed variety trials have to happen and
growing and harvesting techniques learned.”
1746. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2004. Tofutti. 2003 annual report. “Thanks to another grant from the Better World Fund,
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. we were able to help the Mayan Soy Dairy operated by
• Summary: Net sales for 2003 were $19.01 million, up ADIBE in San Bartolo near Solola, Guatemala open a
8.6% from the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.386 shop in a near-by town where they can sell their products.
million, down 58.9% from the previous year. Remember, the ADIBE Soy Dairy is the original Mayan

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Soy Dairy built by Plenty and the Cakchiquel Maya of San Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
Bartolo in 1979. That Mayan Soy Dairy is 25 years old this 97402. Phone: (503) 998-6778.
year, and they’re still making soymilk, tofu, soy ice cream Date of Introduction: 2004. September.
and tempeh using mostly the same equipment we took down Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 x 3 fl. oz each per carton.
in ‘79. Using your individual donations to Plenty, we were How Stored: Frozen.
able to provide the funding to upgrade the dairy floor and New Product–Documentation: See next page. Color leaflet
roof. Now we’re raising money to upgrade the equipment.” (front and back, 8½ x 11 inches) sent by Patricia Smith from
“The purpose of the Iraq Soy Food Group (ISFG) is to Natural Products Expo West (Anaheim, California). 2005.
assist economically disenfranchised families improve their Sept. Copyright date is 2004. “The only certified organic
access to good planting seed and high nutrient, low cost frozen sandwich just got more Buddies!”
foods. Plenty is acting as the fiscal sponsor for ISFG. Long-
time Plenty soy technician, Charles Haren, is overseeing 1751. Egbert, William Russel. 2004. Isolated soy protein:
the project, and Lou Morgan, a Plenty donor for 25 years, technology, properties, and applications. In: KeShun Liu,
has been providing start-up funding. ISFG is working to ed. 2004. Soybeans as Functional Foods and Ingredients.
help families and communities in Iraq improve nutrition Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press. xii + 331 p. See p. 134-
intake and financial income by increasing local production, 162. [39 ref]
processing, marketing and consumption of soybeans, other • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Technological
dry legumes. Beginning in March ISFG representatives development. Functional properties: Solubility, gelation,
Martin Edwards and Salam Onibi started working with a few emulsification, water binding, viscosity, dispersibility,
farming families and agriculture scientists to re-establish foaming and whipping. Applications in food systems:
soybean production capabilities (most planting seed has Hydration of isolated soy proteins, flavor and odor
been lost due to the war). The Iraq Soy Foods Group is issues, product storage and handling, health and nutrition
now seeking funding to establish a Soy Foods Center that applications (nutritional bars and other confectionary-type
will help address immediate and long-term food needs for products, liquid nutritional beverages, powdered nutritional
impoverished populations in Iraq.” Address: Executive beverages, protein tablets), clinical and pediatric nutritional
Director, Plenty, P.O. Box 394, Summertown, Tennessee products, meat product applications (injection and marination
38483. Phone: (931) 964-4864. applications, coarse ground meats, emulsified meats, dry
fermented meats), meat analogs products, extruded cereals
1749. Consumer Reports. 2004. Soy: Cutting through the and snacks, bread and other baked goods, dairy alternative
confusion. July. p. 28-31. products (soymilks, yogurt, sour creams and soft cheeses,
• Summary: An excellent, very helpful article. Growing frozen desserts), other processed foods (pasta, soups and
evidence suggests that soy protein and isoflavones may sauce, reduced-fat and other spreads). Summary.
provide health benefits to most people. However, it is often Figures: (1) Flow chart of processing schematic for
impossible to tell how much of these are in a given product. water-washed and alcohol-washed isolated soy proteins.
Consumer Reports analyzed 42 foods for the content per Tables: (1) Functional characteristics of various isolated
serving of aglycone isoflavones, soy protein, and calories. soy proteins. (2) Functional properties of isolated soy protein
Cost (per serving), organic or not, non-GMO or not is also in food systems. Address: Archer Daniels Midland Co., 4666
indicated. Only 6 of these labeled the isoflavone content, but East Faries Parkway, Decatur, Illinois, 62526, USA.
various definitions of “isoflavones” were used–which is very
confusing for consumers. A table shows the results of the 1752. Product Name: Temptation (Non-Dairy Soy Ice
analysis with the foods grouped in the following categories: Cream) [French Vanilla, Organic Fair Trade Chocolate, or
Cereals and snacks. Energy bars. Other drinks. Tofu. Non- Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough].
dairy desserts (soy ice cream). Cultured soy (yogurt). Veggie Manufacturer’s Name: Chicago Soydairy.
burgers. Supplements. Soymilk. Manufacturer’s Address: Wheaton, Illinois.
Should you limit your intake of soy? (sidebar): Infants, Date of Introduction: 2004. January.
breast-cancer patients, people on thyroid medication, people Ingredients: Mozzarella style: Organic soymilk (filtered
with a history of kidney stones, people allergic to soy. water, organic non-GMO soybeans), tapioca starch, soybean
Health benefits: Soy and heart health, soy and oil, corn maltodextrin, palm oil, salt, carrageenan, vegan
menopause, soy and bones, soy and cancer. Behind the natural flavors, corn-derived lactic acid (vegan), vegan
labels. How to choose. Photos show many soyfood products. natural white color.
New Product–Documentation: See page after next.
1750. Product Name: Li’l Buddies [Vanilla, Chocolate]. Their website (www.welovesoy.com) states: “Chicago
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer- Soydairy started in the winter of 2002 in Ryan Howard’s
Distributor). FDA-approved basement. During this period, it was a

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weekend hobby for Ryan and co-founder Dan Ziegler. It beyond,” by Jim Dunn. A color photo shows the Chicago
wasn’t until 2004 with the launch of Temptation Vegan Ice Soydairy family–Russ Calderwood, Dan Ziegler, Ryan
Cream that the business really took off. Temptation was Howard (with son Jude), Shane Lamers, and Dan Staackman
simply the best-tasting non-dairy ice cream on the market, holding a banner that reads: “Chicago Soydairy Temptation.”
and, in our humble opinion, it continues to be the best to
this day. Growth was fast and Ryan’s basement was small. 1753. Camps, Lisa. 2005. Re: History of work with soyfoods
We moved into our current facility in 2005 and have never in Goa, India. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at
stopped growing.” “Core values: Veganism, environmental Soyfoods Center, May 15. 2 p.
responsibility, commitment to customers (service, quality, • Summary: 1984–Lisa came to Goa to nurse a friend back
trust). Our promise: Our promise to you is to make delicious to health; he was a vegetarian. While in India she discovered
cruelty-free food products with taste and texture similar to so many alternative styles of life, so many people from
their animal-based counterparts.” all over the world with a similar consciousness related to
Leaflet (front and back, 8½ by 5½ inches, color) sent by healthy body, mind, and spirituality. All “seemed to care
Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2005. Sept. about the planet, nature, peace, yoga, natural healing,
“Non-dairy vegan ‘ice cream.’ Super premium.” A charming vegetarianism, etc. India is a whole country of vegetarians,
little blue devil sits atop one flavor if ice cream cone. A but in Goa, a former Portuguese colony, the inhabitants are
separate sheet for the Expo explains: New flavors in pint mostly Christians who eat meat.” That year, Lisa became a
size: “Mint Chocolate Chip, Green Tea, Fair Trade Organic vegetarian.
Coffee.” Five flavors are available in 1.5 quart size: French She returned to America, only to yearn to come back to
Vanilla, Fair Trade Organic Chocolate, Chocolate Chip India. So she spent 7-8 years coming and going, whenever
Cookie Dough, Mint Chocolate Chip, Peach Cobbler. On the finances permitted. When in the USA, she worked with food,
back is stapled Ryan Howard’s business card. We Love Soy, in restaurants, hotels, night clubs, made good money, then
Inc., P.O. Box 1110, Wheaton, Illinois 60189. Note: Wheaton left again. She took many courses in the health and nutrition
is an affluent western suburb of Chicago. address is now at community colleges. She had seen many unhealthy
Vegetarian Journal. 2005. 24(4):35. Nov. “Chicago vegetarians and wanted to learn how to be a healthy,
Soydairy brings vegan treats to Midwest market and vigorous vegetarian. Having helped to deliver 4 children by

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natural child birth in Goa, she was interested vegetarian diets “Then I tried to market the tofu to the local market
for children and natural healing. and restaurants, but as they were not familiar with it, they
1982–While in Goa, Lisa met an Australian woman, were afraid, even after I gave them many recipes” and even
Diane [Froggatt], who was making her own tofu, because it showed them how to prepare it Indian style–like paneer.
was not available, and all were tired of Dal (lentils). “I asked “That’s when I decided to open a small sandwich shop.”
her to teach me, and she did... I happily made it for myself 1999–The sandwich shop, named Bean Me Up,
to fill the protein gap. Along with Tofu also comes Soy Milk Soya Station, Salad Bar, was a “raging success from the
and Okara! A bonus! Made soysausage, soya burgers, etc., beginning.” It became too big for the original premises, and
but only at home at that time.” there were long lines at peak season. Note: The restaurant
1986-87–Lisa attended a Michio Kushi Institute in name derives from a famous catchphrase from the movie
Switzerland; she learned macrobiotics and shiatsu, which she Star Trek, “Beam Me Up, Scotty!”
practiced for about a year, then decided that macrobiotics 2004 Oct. 31–Lisa took on large premises with 14 rooms
was “excellent for healing purposes, but not for daily life, to rent and a small health food shop and restaurant. The
simply because any diet so extreme and tasteless is doomed commercial foods (tofu, tempeh, soymilk, etc.) are made
to opposite extremes.” She observed that most people who in a separate building (a small factory) on the compound.
regularly ate a macrobiotic diet “craved massive amounts of It opened on Halloween with a costume party. The “real
Chocolate, or some other form of ‘naughtiness.’” point is the restaurant” (which kept the same name); it is a
1989-90. Lisa decided to settle in Goa. It had really unit of Ooh-La-La Ling. When people discover that they
become her home and it was too expensive to fly back and can get fresh safe salads, Tofu, Tempeh, Seitan, soya ice
forth. But how to make money in India? Her many Indian cream, Tofunaise, etc. after traveling in India, they are so
women friends adored lingerie. So she did all the necessary Appreciative. That is a reward in itself! I truly believe that
paperwork and started a business named Ooh-La-La- to introduce people to a more healthy diet, and to given
Lingerie Pvt. Ltd., importing undergarments from Europe up meat, the alternative must taste good, or why would
and traveling all over India to sell them to major department they consider changing? Hence, our theme is ‘The Tasty
stores. The business went well for 2-3 years until the Alternative.’ Lisa, now an established businesswoman, has a
suppliers and buyers connected–leaving her out. new source of income from her 14-room hotel!
At the same time, Lisa was selling soya burgers, Two months later, on 24 Dec. 2004 (Christmas eve),
hummus brown bread, and 4 flavors of soy milk in the Flea a mob of 150 people, escorted by two policemen (for the
market [in Anjuna], where she had a food stall; she made mob’s protection!) went to the Anjuna-Chopra beach belt
these in her home kitchen. “Then a few people started asking and rudely demanded that certain restaurants and shops
me if I could make them some Tofu! So, I thought why not, close down. Why? Because their owners were of foreign
since I’m doing it for myself anyway.” “All our production origin. No matter that Lisa, of American origin with an
started in a small room (in my house), which I converted into Indian passport, had lived in Goa for 23 years and had all the
a special tofu room, with ventilation above a false ceiling, legal papers required to run her business. The agitation was
a sink, stainless steel tables, and extreme hygiene. It was probably initiated by indigenous restaurant / shop owners
about 3 meters on a side with white tiles. We used (and still who resented the foreigners’ success and had the blessings
use) Aqua Guard water filter systems for all production and of local politicians–a familiar theme worldwide. Fortunately,
packing. So I started by making 2-3 kg at a time, squeezing Lisa had some friends with the National Press, Times of
the milk through a cloth by hand, actually burning my hands India, so she and her fellow foreigners showed no fear,
on a regular basis, until I decided to build a press. Made followed the procedures, and made a big noise; the actions of
some wooden tofu boxes, and did the grinding on a grinding the mob were clearly illegal. Her restaurant was never shut
stone. Ouch, too much time and labor! We were selling only down and the problem appears to have gone away.
to shops and Five-Star hotels. Lisa is a member of the Vegetarian Society of India,
“As time passed and orders got bigger, my friend and occasionally they call on her to give seminars for the
and now partner, Richard Chabin, helped me get some members.
machinery, Then, I wanted to learn about Tempeh, and how Note: Diane Frogatt died a few years ago from cancer.
to make it. There was an American fellow named Joseph Photos sent by Ratan Sharma in 2010 and taken by
Papa who had a book and an interest, so I traded him my him in Jan. 2005 show the entrance to and the inside of this
shiatsu massages for the method on how to make Tempeh. remarkable soy restaurant and salad bar. They serve only
My interest in Tempeh was the vitamin B’s only found in soy-based recipes. They also have a branch in Hyderabad.
Tempeh. Important if you don’t eat beef liver. Note: Lisa does not own a SoyaCow. Address: Owner, Bean
“So now I knew many soy foods, and was happily Me Up, 1629 Deulvaddo, Anjuna / Vagator, Goa, India 403-
cooking for many friends daily. I enjoy cooking, and they 509. Phone: 0091-(0)832-227349.
enjoyed eating.

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1754. Bean Me Up, Soya Station, Salad Bar. 2005. Welcome retailers and foodservice professionals receive this magazine
to the Soya Station (Menu). Anjuna/Vagator, Goa, India. 10 so the reach and circulation is fabulous for the soyfoods
p. industry. Kollin Stagnito, vice president and group publisher,
• Summary: Contents: Welcome. Starters: Side dishes (incl. graciously agreed again this year to let us send this insert to
Spiced tofu {deep fried} with peanut or chilly sauce. Tofu or you... And there’s no better time to share with you than April,
tempeh {pan fried} with peanut or tahini. Baked potato with Soyfoods Month.
sour cream, butter, or tofu cream cheese). Just for kids: 12 In 1999 Information Resources Inc. (IRI) reported
years and under (incl. Tofu bolognese, served over spaghetti. that the soymilk industry in the USA was worth $29
Tempeh sandwich with tortilla chips). New York Pizza (incl. million. In 2003 it was worth $203 million. Color photos
Indonesian special {tempeh & pineapple}. Veg. special show: (1) Containers of four flavors of Silk Live!–a live-
{tofu, onion, capsicum, mushroom & olives}, Additional cultured soymilk smoothie. The product will be entering
toppings–tofu, tempeh). Salad bar (Tofu salad–Beet root, the mainstream market early next year. (2) Packages of four
carrots, onions, cucumber, tofu cubes & tofunaise {vegan}, flavors of Soy Delicious Organic Li’l Buddie’s ice cream
Side order of tofu or tempeh, with choice of tahini, peanut, or sandwiches (made by Turtle Mountain, Eugene, Oregon).
tomato sauce). (3) Front panel of Simply Asia Soy Noodle Soup Bowl
Good morning–Breakfast (incl. Tofu {scrambled w/ (Berkeley, California). These microwaveable meals come in
onion capsicum or butter fried w/soya sauce}, Soysage {4 Mushroom & Ginger, Savory Onion, and Szechwan Garlic.
pieces}, Add 10 rupees for soymilk with any breakfast dish). (4) Joelle’s Choice Chocolate Pudding (based on soymilk,
Desserts: Vegan (non-dairy) or dairy. Vegan includes: Soya from Joel Health Industries Inc., Fairfield, Iowa). (5)
ice cream in coconut, chocolate, banana, coffee, or berry Hershey’s 1 Gram Sugar Carb Bar (Chocolate Candy with
(seasonal) flavors. Tofu brownie. All desserts served with Soy Crisps flavor).
soya whipped cream. Beverages (incl. soy milk {hot or
cold}–Plain unsweetened, vanilla, chocolate, cardamom). 1756. House Foods America Corporation. 2005. House
Sandwiches (incl. Soya burger, Tofu burger, Tofu (butter Foods: Tofu and other soy products (Leaflet). Garden Grove,
fried), Tofu cream cheese {made with garlic & Herbes de California. 2 panels each side. Each panel: 28 x 21.5 cm.
Provence}, Tofu scrambled, Tofulafel. Tempeh {fried} Dated May 2005.
in sesame oil & soy sauce. Seitan fried in onion). Dinner • Summary: Glossy color and dated. Appears to show a
menu: All dinners are served with choice of brown rice, photo of the front of the package of all the different types of
baked potato, or spaghetti, and vegetables of the day. Three House-brand soy products made at this time.
broad choices (each with one or more of three symbols (1) Tofu: 12 types / SKUs. (2) Organic tofu: 4 types.
by it–vegan, dairy, hot ‘n’ spicy): (1) Tofu–Khadi tofu, (3) Seasoned tofu (tofu steak): 2 types. (4) Soy snack
Tofu bolognaise, Tofu lasagne, Tofu nori roll, Vegetable (Tofulicious [soy ice cream]): 3 types. (5) Soy milk: 6
tofu quiche. (2) Tempeh–Tempeh potato patties, Thai style types. (6) Age [Fried tofu]: 11 types. (7) Natto: 3 types. (8)
tempeh with cashew nuts, Indonesian sampler. (3) Seitan– Konnyaku (8 types, 2 of which contain tofu). Address: 7351
Seitan scallopini in cream sauce (served over spaghetti). Orangewood Ave., Garden Grove, CA 92841.
Address: 1629 Deulvaddo, Anjuna / Vagator, Goa, India 403-
509. Phone: 0091-(0)832-227349. 1757. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2005. Tofutti. 2004 annual report.
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm.
1755. Holleran, Joan. 2005. Soy, the next level of new: • Summary: Net sales for 2004 were $19.1 million, up
According to Information Resources Inc. in Chicago, slightly from the previous year. Net income (profit) was
soymilk was essentially nonexistent a few decades ago. $0.607 million, up 57.3% from the previous year.
Today, the healthful, non-dairy drink has reached critical During 2004 the company introduced two new frozen
mass with 10 percent of households purchasing it. In 1999, desert products: Tofutti Kids (a fruit ice novelty item), and
IRI reported the industry was worth $29 million. In 2003, Tofutti Reward Bars (a unique upscale chocolate coated stick
it was worth $203 million. Iowa Soybean Review (Iowa novelty) products. A list of all Tofutti’s products are given.
Soybean Association, Urbandale, Iowa) 16(7):12c-12d of Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of
12-page insert after p. 14. Spring. Annual Meeting of Shareholders and Proxy Statement
• Summary: A “Letter from Linda” Funk (Executive Editor, (10 p.).” David Mintz’ salary was $656,000 in 2004, up
The Soyfoods Council) on the facing page (12B) states that from $603,000 the previous year. This includes a bonus of
this is the 2nd soyfoods insert. “Soyfoods sales continue to $350,000. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-
grow with the development of new and delicious products. 2400.
Joan Holleran, editor of Stagnito’s New Products Magazine,
developed another soyfoods insert this past winter to be 1758. Haren, Chuck. 2005. Sustainable community food
delivered with their monthly magazine. About 37,000 production: Central American Food Security Initiative

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(CAFSI). Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee) 21(2):1- • Summary: Contains 220 recipes. On the cover: “No trouble
2. Summer. and no tofu.” The author admits in the Acknowledgments
• Summary: On the cover (p. 1) of this issue are large photos (p. vii): When I first started this project, almost all my
showing people and modern sanitary equipment producing helpers were a bit hesitant. After all, they really hadn’t tried
soymilk at four locations in Latin America: (1) ADIBE, soy products before–even though they had lived all their
Molino Belen, Solola, Guatemala. Agostin Xoquic. (2) lives here in eastern Iowa (a state where, no matter which
UPAVIM, Guatemala City, Guatemala. (3) Huichol Center, direction you look, you’ll see soybean fields everywhere).
Huejuquilla, Mexico. (4) Soynica, Managua, Nicaragua. But after our first ‘taste-testing lunch, they all agreed that
Molino Belen is a Mayan village near Solola. “Soynica these soy recipes sure tasted good!
has become widely known for its work with mothers and This comb-bound book, which is not vegetarian, calls a
children and for promoting use of locally produced soy foods commercial branded product (usually available nationwide
to help address nutrition and economic development issues. in supermarkets) in every recipe. These are grouped into
During March and April of this year Plenty representatives five categories: Dairy alternatives (milk-, cheese-, sour
worked for five weeks helping staff managing Casa Nutrem cream-, margarine-, yogurt- and ice cream- alternatives),
(Soynica’s food processing facility) to purchase, install, meat alternatives, nut alternatives, pasta alternatives, and
and learn to use new cooking, packaging, and refrigeration miscellaneous (such as Eden Organic Black Soy Beans, or
equipment.” A photo (p. 2) shows Elena Xoqic pouring GeniSoy Mountain Medley Soy Nut Trail Mix).
soymilk into a bottle. She and her husband, Agostin, both For example: Milk alternatives: Silk Light Plain
Cakchiquel Maya, “have been managing the Mayan ‘Soyaria’ Soymilk. Silk French Vanilla Soymilk Creamer. 8th
near Solola, Guatemala since Plenty set it up in 1980.” Continent Light Original Soymilk. 8th Continent Light
A cover letter from Peter Schweitzer, executive director Chocolate Soymilk.
of Plenty International, notes that Louise Hagler has been This unusual approach raises several questions: Did the
working with the Huichol people of Mexico, helping them author request a kickback for promoting these products?
integrate soy-based foods into their diet. The “Soyaria” near Why does one need recipes for soymilk? Or for Tofutti
Solola, Guatemala, makes “soymilk, tofu, tempeh and soy Mozzarella Soy-Cheese Slices? Or Tofutti America Soy-
ice cream using the very same stainless steel equipment Cheese Slices? Or for Boca Meatless Cheeseburgers? Or
we brought down in an old school bus in 1980! Plenty is Morningstar Farms Veggie Breakfast Bacon Strips? How
helping them renovate the original building and upgrade about all the people who don’t shop at supermarkets?
the equipment. Profits from the Soyaria have been used to In the first section, titled “Main street American is
fund community development projects such as a new water cooking with soy–because its good for your health,” the
system and an outdoor basketball court for the school.” author states: “If you are a health-food store ‘purist,’ then
Note from Chuck Haren (via Lisa Wartinger, Programs this book probably isn’t for you. But if you are willing to
Manager, Plenty International). 2005. Oct. 1. Average weekly try new recipes that taste the same as your old favorites but
sales for the Soyaria at Molino Belen are: Soymilk 400 half- feature soy products, then I think you’ll be mighty pleased
liters. Tofu 260 lb. Tempeh 70 lb. Pinole (dry corn and soy with the results. I want to ‘bring to the table’ all those men,
drink mix) 50 lb. Soy ice cream cones 300. Okara 200 lb. women, and children who aren’t necessarily vegetarians or
“Plenty has stepped up its technical support to the four already consuming lots of soy foods and food products.”
CAFSI partner organizations in 2005, and that support will Address: Author and speaker, DeWitt, Iowa.
continue in 2006.” Address: CAFSI Program Director.
1761. Powell, Marilyn. 2005. Cool: the story of ice cream.
1759. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2005. Doufu zhi Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Penguin Canada. xxii + 250 p.
shu [The book of tofu]. Taipei, Taiwan: Persimmon Cultural Illust. 19 cm. *
Enterprise Co., Ltd. viii + 270 p. Sept. 1. Illust. by Akiko • Summary: Soy is mentioned in this book on pages 79-82,
Aoyagi. No index. 26 cm. [Chi] and p. 249. Tofu appears on p. 80 and 102.
• Summary: A very attractive, complex character, Chinese-
language edition of The Book of Tofu (2nd ed. Ten Speed 1762. Soyfoods Association of North America. 2006.
Press). A slightly revised edition (different color cover) was Soyfoods sales and trends (Website printout–all). www.
published in mid-2012. Address: 1. Soyfoods Center, P.O. soyfoods.org/press/FAQ_sales.htm 2 p. Printed Jan. 19.
Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. • Summary: Contents: What are the recent trends in
soy consumption in the U.S.? Soy sales by category:
1760. Lund, JoAnna M.; Alpert, Barbara. 2005. Cooking Introduction, soy-based energy bars, soymilk sales, meat
healthy with soy. New York, NY: Perigee. Published by the alternative sales, tofu sales, other soyfoods sales. 2003
Penguin Group. viii + 368 p. Index. 21 cm. Series: A Healthy Consumer Trends Report. Sources.
Exchanges (R) Cookbook. “The number of new soy-based products has increased

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13.2% per year for the past 3 years. In 2000, approximately

2,295 soy-based SKU’s were offered; by 2002 the number
hit 3,399. In 2002 there were: 580 soy-based energy bars,
with 24.1% of sales [i.e. accounting for 24.1% of sales
of soyfoods from all categories]. 366 soy-based meal
replacements & powders with 18.5% of sales. 328 soymilk
beverages with 16.3% of sales. 318 meat alternatives with
14.5% of sales. 236 tofu products with 6.8% of sales. [Other:
19.8% of total sales].
Soy-based energy bars: Sales reached $880 million in
2002.
“Soymilk sales have grown from $100 million in 1995
to nearly $600 million in 2002. Soymilk has 87.3% of the
nondairy beverage sales in mainstream markets. Sales of
refrigerated soymilk grew over 100% per year for the past
three years.
“Meat alternative sales have grown from $114 million in
1992 to over $530 million in 2002.
“Tofu sales have grown from 108 million in 1992 to
$250 million in 2002.
Other soyfoods sales: Soy [fortified] breakfast cereals
grew to over $150 million in 2001. Soy yogurt sales grew
by 66.9% in 2001 to reach $23.7 million. Soy-based cheese
alternatives grew at 11.6% in 2001 to reach $57.6 million.
Sales of soy-based frozen desserts rose 39.9% in 2001 to
reach $42.2 million. Address: 1001 Connecticut Ave., NW,
Suite 1120, Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202-659-3520.

1763. Tofutti Brands, Inc. 2006. Hi! We’re the Tofutti (milk
free) family (Ad). Whole Foods. March. p. 33.
• Summary: See next page. This colorful full-page color ad
shows 28 milk-free Tofutti products, including 7 cheeselike
products. Address: 50 Jackson Drive, Cranford, New Jersey
07016. Phone: (908) 272-2400.

1764. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super

Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert Novelties) [Multipack
enrobed sandwiches: Mocha Mania].
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
Distributor).
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
97402. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
Date of Introduction: 2006. March.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4 sandwiches. 3.5 fl oz (103 ml)
each. Net 14.0 fl oz (414 ml).
How Stored: Frozen.
New Product–Documentation: See page after next. Label
(carton) sent by Turtle Mountain. 2006. (Copyright 2006).
The name has been changed to “Purely Decadent Dairy
Free” from “Purely Decadent Soy Delicious.”

1765. Hagler, Louise. 2006. Onaway Trust contributes

to Hurricane Stan relief. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown,
Tennessee) 22(1):1-2. Spring.

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• Summary: “From October 4 to 9, 2005, heavy rains • Summary: The methodology used in this survey changed
battered Guatemala, up to seven inches on just one day significantly in 2006. Previously, random telephone
causing heavy mudslides that buried villages... More than interviews were completed with 1,000 consumers. This year
650 are confirmed dead.” an online self-administered survey was used. “Conducted
A photo shows: “When ADIBE distributes pinole to by an independent research firm [in Seattle, Washington] in
Hurricane Stan survivors, they sometimes give out soybean February and March 2006, the study includes 1,000 random
ice cream cones as well!” surveys, providing a sample that is consistent with the total
American population. The study’s margin of error remains ±
1766. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2006. Tofutti. 2005 annual report. 1.9 to 3.1%, with a confidence interval of 95 percent.”
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. Contents: Introduction. Methodology. About USB.
• Summary: Net sales for 2005 were $18.6 million, down Nutritional habits and obesity concerns. Healthy food
from the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.352 decisions. Cooking oil impressions. Consumer attitudes
million, about 42% below that of the previous year. Despite about fats. Awareness and usage of soy products. Occasion
this poor performance, the salary of David Mintz (age 74), preferences for consuming soy. Restaurants and soy
CEO, jumped to $800,000, up 22% from the previous year. products. Soyfoods in health.
Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400. Awareness and usage: 30% of Americans consume
soyfoods or soy beverages once a month or more. A table
1767. Nestor, James. 2006. Too much of a good thing? shows the “Top 20 soy products by awareness.” Soymilk
Controversy rages over the world’s most regaled legume. 87%. Soybean oil 61%. Soy veggie burger 60%. Plain white
San Francisco Chronicle Magazine. Aug. 13. p. 6-9, 19. tofu 59%. Soy infant formula 44%. Soy nuts 43%. Soy latte
Cover story. 35% (Soymilk in espresso coffee drinks [as at Starbucks]).
• Summary: Cover title: “The great soy scam: Manufacturing Soy protein bars 32%. Soy hot dogs 30%. Soy yogurt 29%.
a health obsession.” The author decided to write a sensational Dried or canned soybeans 29%. Soy flour 28%. Soy ice
story instead of a fair and balanced one. It contains many cream / cheese 28%. Cereal bar / Energy bar 28%. Flavored /
factual errors. He relies heavily on Kaayla Daniel, author of Marinated tofu 26%. Miso 24%. Soy supplements 23%. Soy
a blatantly anti-soy book, designed to further her own pro- breakfast cereal 23%. Textured soy protein. Edamame 17%.
meat agenda. Daniel says she has a PhD, but she got it from All others mentioned 12% or less.
an unaccredited university via an online order course. The Occasion preferences for consuming soy (in descending
article begins: order of preference): dinner 40%, breakfast 29%, lunch 22%,
“It lurks in your cupboards, your cereal, bread, pasta and mid-morning snack 16%, mid-afternoon snack 16%, etc.
chips. It’s in your refrigerator, in your cheese, condiments, Soy products ordered in restaurants: Soy veggie burger
yogurt, sausages, ice cream. Its in those M&M’s by the desk, 29%. Tofu 29%. Soymilk 28%. Miso 14%. Edamame 8%.
probably in the latte you are drinking right now. Tofu (prepared) 6%, etc.
“It’s soy, and it’s now in almost every single processed “In 2006, 82% of consumers rate soy products as
food we buy at supermarkets and health food stores. As healthy, significantly more than in previous years” (78% in
America’s favorite ‘health food,’ it promises to make 2005, 74% in 2004, 67% in 1998). Why? Low-fat profile
us skinny and lower our cholesterol, prevent cancer and 20%. Protein content 15%. Heart health 15%. Cholesterol-
reduce menopausal symptoms, put us in a better mood, give lowering properties 12%. “Being good for you” 10%. “A
us energy. It’s the cheap and guilt-free source of protein lactose-free option 10%.”
for millions of vegetarians, the ‘heart smart’ option for Note: As of Aug. 2008 this full survey is available gratis
carnivores, the infant formula du jour for eco-minded moms. in PDF format at www.soyconnection.com /health_nutrition /
Soy has become one of America’s biggest industries. pdf/.
“And it may be making us sicker than we’ve ever been.
Or so alleges Kaayla Daniel, author of The Whole Soy Story: 1769. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super
The Dark Side of America’s Favorite Health Food, an anti- Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert) [Cherry Nirvana].
soy treatise released in 2005 by New Trends Publishing. Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, Inc. (Marketer-
“’People are just starting to wake up to this, to how Distributor).
serious this all is,’ says Daniel, who earned her doctorate at Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
the Union Institute...” 97402. Phone: (541) 338-9400.
Date of Introduction: 2006. September.
1768. United Soybean Board (USB). 2006. Consumer Ingredients: Cherry Nirvana: Filtered water, organic
attitudes about nutrition: Insights into nutrition, health, and soymilk (filtered water, organic soybeans), organic
soyfoods. 13th annual national report. Seattle, Washington. 8 dehydrated cane juice, cherries (black cherries, fructose,
p. Oct. 28 cm. ascorbic acid, cherry concentrate, natural flavor, cultured

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dextrose, citric acid), organic brown rice syrup and/or industry, Americanization of soyfoods. Soybean nutritional
organic tapioca syrup, chocolate flake (beet sugar, coconut components: Soy protein, soy oil, carbohydrates and fiber,
oil, cocoa processed with alkali. chocolate liquor, soya vitamins and minerals, isoflavones. Soyfoods and protein
lecithin, vanilla), organic safflower oil and/or organic ingredients: Whole dry soybeans, tofu, soymilk, tempeh,
soybean oil, chicory root extract, vanilla extract, carob soymilk yogurt, miso, soy sauce, okara, natto, soynuts, meat
bean gum, carob bean gum, guar gum, algin (kelp extract), alternatives, cheese alternatives, nondairy frozen desserts,
carrageenan, yucca extract, potato sugar. green vegetable soybeans (edamame), soy sprouts, full-fat
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml). soy flour, defatted soy flour, textured soy flour, soy protein
How Stored: Frozen. concentrate, soy protein isolate. Conclusions.
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet (4 Tables: (1) World soybean production by major
panels, each panel 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Patricia producers. (2) Annual per capita consumption (2001) of
Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2006. Sept. “The soybeans for direct food. (3) U.S. soyfoods market (1996 to
#1 selling super premium dairy free ice cream.” “With 15 2005).
outrageous flavors, there is a flavor for everyone.” A photo This chapter suffers from a lack of references, and
shows a large carton of “Purely Decadent Dairy Free.” contains several basic errors concerning the early history
Previously it had been labeled “Purely Decadent Soy of the soybean. Contrary to what Mr. Golbitz says: (1) The
Delicious.” Chinese have not considered the soybean a basic source of
Note: Only major change in the culture would have nutrition for almost 5000 years (see Hymowitz 1970, “On
caused such a basic name change. The word “Soy” was the domestication of the soybean”). For “a little more than
starting to become unpopular to a significant degree. 3000 years” would be much more accurate. (2) The first
On page 2 is a bar chart comparing total sales growth reference to soybeans in Chinese literature does not date
and rate of sales growth for the 26 weeks (6 months) ending back to 2853 B.C. (see Hymowitz 1970, and Hymowitz and
31 Dec. 2005 according to SPINSscan. Purely Decadent Shurtleff 2005, “Debunking soybean myths and legends in
pints grew by +4.6% to $1,500,000. Soy Dream pints the historical and popular literature”). It dates back to about
decreased by 17% to $500,000. Whole Soy pints decreased 1100 B.C. (3) Natto was not developed at least 3000 years
by 17% to $350,000. Tofutti pints decreased by 6% to ago in Japan (the earliest known document that mentions
$300,000. natto dates from 1450 CE–or about 560 years ago). Address:
On the last two panels are Nutrition Facts and Soyatech, Inc., Bar Harbor, Maine.
ingredients for the one new and 14 previous flavors.
An ancient legacy: Sea turtles. Heart K logo. Certified 1772. Jones, Ellis. 2006. The better world shopping guide:
vegan logo. every dollar makes a difference. Gabriola Island, B.C.,
Canada: New Society Publishers vi + 169 p. Portrait. Product
1770. Product Name: Woo Fu (Nondairy Frozen Dessert) Category Index. 16 cm. [26 ref]
[Chocolate]. • Summary: This is a book about green and ethical products.
Manufacturer’s Name: Woo City Ice Cream Mfg. Co. The ratings are not about flavor or sales or market leadership;
Manufacturer’s Address: 7630 Freedom Ave., NW, North they are about company commitment to a green and ethical
Canton, OH 44720. world. The author has consulted many reliable sources (p. 7)
Date of Introduction: 2006. for his ratings.
New Product–Documentation: Interview with David Soy related sections include: Dairy alternatives (p.
Steele, president, published in The Soy Daily. 2006. Aug. 23. 68-69): Corporate hero: Silk (White Wave). Corporate
And visit to www.woocity.com. Totally vegan, with no dairy villain: Cool Whip (Altria). A+: Silk. A: Follow Your Heart,
or eggs. Lactose free. Basic ingredient is organic silken tofu. Stonyfield Farms, Nancy’s, Wildwood. A-: WholeSoy,
One flavor is chocolate. ZenSoy. B+: Tofu Rella, Vegan Rella, Almond Rella, Soya
Kaas. C: Lisanatti, Tofutti, Soy Moon, Soyco, Galaxy
1771. Golbitz, Peter; Jordan, Joe. 2006. Soyfoods: Market Nutritional, Soymage, Vegie Slices, Rice Slices. C-: Borden.
and products. In: Mian A. Riaz, ed. 2006. Soy Applications D: International Delight. D-: Carnation. F: Cool Whip.
in Food. Boca Raton, Florida, London, New York: CRC Ice cream alternatives (p. 96-97): Corporate hero:
Press (Taylor & Francis Group). [x] + 288 p. See p. 1-21. Ben & Jerry’s. Corporate villain: Haagen Dazs (Nestle).
• Summary: Contents: History of soyfoods: Growth and A: Stonyfield Farms, Ben & Jerry’s, Soy Delicious, Straus
development in the Western world, soybean industry Family. A-: Celestial Seasonings, Wholesoy, Rice Dream,
blossoms in the United States, soybeans grow around the Soy Dream, Natural Choice. B+: Double Rainbow, Julie’s,
world. Soybean production and utilization for food: Soyfoods Newman’s Own. B: Starbucks. B-: Dole. C+: Weight
in Asia, soyfoods in Europe, soyfoods in Africa, soyfoods Watchers, Godiva. C: Tofutti, Crystal, Fruitfull. C-: Breyers,
in the United States: Development of the U.S. soyfoods Klondike. D+: Dove, Snickers. D-: Healthy Choice. F:

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Dreyer’s, Nestle, Haagen Dazs. Part III: The vegans. 13. JoAnn and Joe. 14. Going
Meat alternatives (p. 102-03): Corporate hero: White organic. 15. Is it unethical to raise children vegan? [No, if
Wave. Corporate villain: Boca (Altria). A+: White Wave, they have a reliable source of vitamin B-12]. 16. Are vegans
Tofutown. A: Amy’s, Wildwood. A-: Yves, Small Planet. better for the environment? [Yes! A good critique of factory
B+: Turtle Island, Tofurkey, SuperBurgers. B-: Morningstar farms or CAFOs] 17. The ethics of eating meat. 18. What
Farms. C+: Pete’s. C: Gardenburger, Veggie Patch, Veat, should we eat? Appendixes: Where to find ethical food.
Soy Deli, Health is Wealth, Sweet Earth, Mori Nu, Nasoya, Where to find information. Acknowledgments. Endnotes.
Vitasoy, Primal Strips. C-: Quorn. D: Lightlife. F: Boca. Soybeans are mentioned on 10 pages in this book (p.
Milk & alternatives (p. 108-09): Corporate hero: Silk vii, 142, 194, 228, 232, 233, 234, 237, 272, 323), tofu on 9
(White Wave). Corporate hero: Straus family. A+: Silk, pages in this book (p. 189, 194, 195, 219, 234, 263, 272, 284,
Straus Family, Edensoy. A: Horizon. A-: Organic Valley, 323), soybean on 2 pages (p. 206, 318), soy ice cream on 1
Nancy’s. Organic Pastures, WestSoy, Rice Dream, Soy page (p. 197). Soymage and Veganrella (vegan soy-based
Dream, Amazake, Helios. B+: Clover Stornetta, Pacific. cheeses), and a “vegan parmesan cheese made with organic
B: Lactaid. B-: 8th Continent. C+: Alta Dena. C: Crystal, tofu” are mentioned on pages 194-95.
Vitasoy. D-: Nestle. F: Knudsen. Address: Sociology teacher, Ice cream (p. 195): At Wild Oats in Overland Park,
University of California, Davis. Kansas, JoAnn (a vegan) opens a glass freezer door and says:
“This is the most awesome non-dairy ice cream I’ve found...
1773. Null, Gary. 2006. Gary Null’s power foods: the 15 yet, anyway. It’s organic Soy Delicious... mint marble fudge.
best foods for your health. New York, NY: New American There are some other alternatives to dairy ice cream that are
Library. 327 p. Plus 8 unnumbered pages of color plates. pretty good too. We also tasted the Rice Dream bars... but
Illust. No index. 24 cm. they’re really high in fat. So we’ve kind of shifted away from
• Summary: A vegan cookbook. Gary has eaten a vegan their stuff. The Soy Dream desserts are awesome. I’ve taken
diet for more than 30 years. He owns a juice bar named these chocolate ice cream sandwiches to Sarina’s friends
Gary Null’s Uptown Whole Foods in New York City. He in gymnastics class and they love them. They’re called Li’l
advocates eating soybeans and soy products; because of Dreamers. They’re organic.”
their “extensive and well researched health benefits” and She also likes White Wave firm tofu. Then she gestures
because they come in such a wide variety of forms, from toward “Smart Deli,” vegetarian salami, turkey slices, and
“tofu and tempeh, to nondairy products like milks, cottage baloney made by Lightlife Foods.
cheese, cheese, yogurt and ice creams. No other legume can More about ice cream on p. 85: “Here’s Soy Delicious,
be used in so many delicious ways” (p. 10, 24-25). One of a soy-based ice cream. We eat this because the kids like it.
his 15 “power foods” is soy (p. 13). He likes juicing and raw They don’t always accept alternatives to dairy and meat.
foods; in the chapter on beverages he sometimes adds 1-2 There’s another one, Tofutti Cuties, that they like.”
tablespoons soy protein powder, or a cup or so of soymilk or For a nice section on great vegan athletes (Scott Jurek,
rice milk, or soy yogurt. For dips, he likes silken tofu. The Carl Lewis), see p. 230.
chapter on “Entrees” (p. 240-88) includes 13 recipes that “The proportion of the population living on farms in
call for tofu, and 8 that call for tempeh. Edamame, whole the U.S. has fallen from nearly 40% in 1900 to less than 2%
soybeans, tamari, and soy cheese are included. His daughter, today” (p. 142).
Shelly Null, is a gourmet chef. The book has no index. It takes about 13 pounds of grain and soybeans to
Address: Author of more than 70 books, New York City. produce a pound of boneless beef, 6 pounds of grain and
soybeans to produce a pound of boneless pork, and 3 pounds
1774. Singer, Peter; Mason, Jim. 2006. The way we eat: Why grain and soybeans to produce a pound of boneless chicken.
our food choices matter. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale “If we really want to feed ourselves efficiently, we’ll do
Press, Inc. viii + 328 p. Index. 24 cm. [396 endnotes + 37 much better to eat the grain ourselves than to feed it to the
refs] chickens” [or other animals] (p. 232). Other environmental
• Summary: An outstanding book. Contents: Preface. concerns about rearing animals are the clearing of forests
Introduction: Food and ethics. Part I: Eating the standard [and consequent loss of biodiversity] and the amount of
American diet. 1. Jake and Lee. 2. The hidden cost of cheap water used. By the best estimates, it takes 792,000 gallons
chicken. 3. Behind the label: “Animal care certified” eggs. 4. of water to produce a 1,000 pound steer (p. 235). Address:
Meat and milk factories. 5. Can bigger get better? 1. Prof. of Bioethics, Center for Human Values, Princeton
Part II: The conscientious omnivores. 6. Jim and Mary Univ., Princeton, New Jersey; 2. Exmore, Virginia.
Ann. 7. Behind the label: Niman ranch bacon. 8. Behind the
label: “Organic” and “Certified humane” eggs. 9. Seafood. 1775. Turtle Mountain, Inc. 2006. Consumer comment card.
10. Eating locally. 11. Trade, Fair Trade, and workers’ rights. Dear store manager, As a consumer I want: 1. Products that
12. Eating out and eating in, ethically. taste great. 2. A variety of flavors and offerings. 3. Products

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that are Dairy Free (A Must!). Call Turtle Mountain!! flavors. Certified vegan logo.
(Leaflet). P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 3 panels each Note: These products have been renamed from “Purely
side. Each panel 8½ x 11 inches. Front and back. Decadent Soy Delicious” to “Purely Decadent Dairy Free.”
• Summary: See next page. An impressive color leaflet sent
by Patricia Smith from Natural Products Expo East. 2007. 1777. Johnston, Paul. 2007. Re: Bean Supreme–Sale to
Oct. A photo on the cover shows the front panel of four Sanitarium Foods. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at
Turtle Mountain non-dairy frozen dessert products. But wait. Soyinfo Center, Feb. 7. 1 p.
Upon more careful examination, we notice that three of the • Summary: In 1999 Paul sold his very successful soy ice
four have been re-labeled. The largest and central product, cream, brand-named “LiteLicks” to “Movenpick” in New
which was labeled “Organic Soy Delicious” is now labeled Zealand.
“Organic So Delicious Dairy Free.” Likewise, two flavors In Feb. 2006, Paul sold Bean Supreme to “Lisa’s
that were labeled “Purely Decadent Soy Delicious” are now Healthy Foods Ltd.” (which is owned by the Seventh-day
labeled “Purely Decadent Dairy Free.” Adventist Church of New Zealand, as is Sanitarium Foods).
Page 2 states that sales of Purely Decadent Dairy Free He remains on a 3-year management contract. The sale
Pints grew by 4.6% during the 26 weeks ending 31 Dec. has enabled Bean Supreme to pursue a broad new product
2005, whereas sales of Soy Dream pints and WholeSoy pints development plan and to commission a new mid-sized tofu
each decreased by 17% and sales of Tofutti pints decreased plant from Takai in Japan. “Our intention is to double the
by 6%. sales of vegetarian chilled products in New Zealand and from
Page 5 headline states: “Over 60 million Americans seek our year together we are well above target, so some export to
dairy free alternatives. 50 million lactose intolerant. 2 million Australia will follow in late 2007.” Address: New Zealand.
with dairy allergies. 9 million (and growing) vegetarian and
vegan.” These consumers want a “Healthier alternative to 1778. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2007. Tofutti. 2006 annual report.
dairy ice cream.” “More and more retailers are catching on to 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm.
the dairy free trend.” • Summary: Net sales for 2006 were $19.5 million, up from
Note: This leaflet was printed after Jan. 2006 and the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.617 million, up
before Dec. 2006. Address: Eugene, Oregon. Phone: www. 75% from the previous year. Despite this good performance,
turtlemountain.com. the salary + bonus of David Mintz (age 75), CEO, stayed
at $800,000, the same as the previous year. Think of it this
1776. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super way. The company’s profit is $617,000 and Mintz’s salary is
Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert) [Very Strawberry, $800,000. Is this company run for the shareholders or for the
Cookie Dough, Pomegranate Chip, Coconut Craze]. management?
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. (Marketer- This annual report (like those following it) has a very
Distributor). simple cover. There is no photograph. The few words are
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR printed in red or black on glossy white paper. Address:
97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853. Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400.
Date of Introduction: 2006. January.
Ingredients: Coconut Craze: Organic soymilk (filtered 1779. United Soybean Board (USB). 2007. Consumer
water, organic soybeans), organic dehydrated cane juice, attitudes about nutrition: Insights into nutrition, health, and
roasted almonds (almonds, safflower oil, salt), organic soyfoods. 14th annual national report. Seattle, Washington:
tapioca syrup and/or organic brown rice syrup, chocolate USB. 12 p. Oct. 28 cm.
flake (beet sugar, coconut oil, cocoa processed with alkali, • Summary: Methodology: “This year represents the
chocolate liquor, soya lecithin, vanilla), organic soybean oil second year we have adopted an online self-administered
and/or organic safflower oil, organic dried coconut, chicory survey as our methodology, a significant change from
root extract, natural flavors (coconut, lactic acid {from a random telephone interviews. The survey, conducted by
vegetable source}), carob bean gum, guar gum, algin (kelp an independent research firm [in Seattle, Washington] in
extract), carrageenan, yucca extract, potato sugar. February and March 2007, includes 1,000 random surveys,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml). providing a sample that is consistent with the total American
How Stored: Frozen. population. The study’s margin of error remains ± 1.9 to
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back, 3.1%, with a confidence interval of 95 percent.”
8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Patricia Smith from Natural Contents: Introduction. Methodology. About
Products Expo East. 2007. Oct. Copyright 2006. “The USB. Nutritional habits & obesity concerns. Healthy
most decadent brand in dairy free ice cream just got more food decisions. Improving overall health. Cooking oil
indulgent: Four new indulgent flavors.” On the rear are impressions. Consumer attitudes about fats. Awareness and
Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each of the four new usage of soy products. Occasion preferences for consuming

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soy. Restaurants and soy products. Soyfoods and health. dairy substitutes (p. 219) include: “Tofutti Lite, a nondairy
Special health benefits of soy frozen dessert made from tofu, also very low in fat. Regular
Awareness and usage: 33% of Americans consume Tofutti, however, has 200 to 275 calories in a four-ounce
soyfoods or soy beverages once a month or more. “For the serving, making it far from a low-calorie alternative dessert.”
fourth year in a row, consumers reported the most familiarity Heart & Soul (p. 549) makes mozzarella-style and
with soymilk, soybean oil, soy veggie burgers and tofu.” monterey-jack-style cheese alternatives from tofu, soy oil
A table shows the “Top 20 soy products by awareness.” and casein. “Pizsoy makes great pizzas with organic whole
Soymilk 90%. Soybean oil 66%. Soy veggie burger 63%. wheat flour crust and tofu mozzarella made with organic
Tofu (unspecified) 60%. Soy infant formula 51%. Soy nuts soybeans.” Soya Kaas (p. 550) also makes cream-cheese-
47%. Soy latte / soymilk in espresso coffee drinks [as at style spreads. Address: Expert on issues of food and water
Starbucks] 41%. Soy protein bars 34%. Dried or canned safety.
soybeans 34%. Soy yogurt 32%. Soy flour 31%. Soy ice
cream / cheese 30%. Soy hot dogs 29%. Flavored / marinated 1781. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2008. Le livre du
tofu 28%. Miso 28%. Soy supplements 28%. Cereal bar / tofu: La source de protéines de l’avenir–dès maintenant!
Energy bar 28%. Edamame 23%. Soy breakfast cereal 21%. [The book of tofu: Protein source of the future–now!
Textured soy protein 21%. All others mentioned 14% or less. Translated from the English by Nathalie Tremblay].
Occasion preferences for consuming soy (in descending Varennes, Quebec, Canada: Éditions AdA Inc. 430 p. Illust.
order of preference): dinner 41%, breakfast 28%, lunch 27%, by Akiko Aoyagi. Index. Feb. 28 cm. [53 ref. Fre]
mid-afternoon snacking 19%, late evening snacking 14%, • Summary: Contents: Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I.
mid-morning snacking 10%, desserts 6%. Tofu: Food for mankind. 1. Protein East and West. 2. Tofu
Restaurants and soy products: “Over half of consumers as a food. 3. Getting started. Our favorite tofu recipes (lists
have tried soyfoods in restaurants.” Tofu 25%. Soymilk about 80 recipe names for each of the different types of tofu,
24%. Veggie burgers 22%. “Over one-third would order plus soymilk, yuba, whole soybeans, gô, okara, and curds;
soy products in restaurants... if they could find soy on their very favorites that are also quick and easy to prepare are
restaurant’s menu.” preceded by an asterisk).
“In 2007, 85% of consumers rate soy products as Part II. Cooking with tofu: Recipes from East and West
healthy, up three percentage points from 2006.” A graph (500 recipes). 4. Soybeans: History, cooking with whole dry
(p. 7) shows this increase in awareness (82% in 2006, 78% soybeans, roasted soybeans (iri-mame), fresh green soybeans
in 2005, 74% in 2004, 74% in 2003, 74% in 2002, 69% in (edamame), kinako (roasted full-fat soy flour), soybean
2001, 76% in 2000, 71% in 1999, 67% in 1998). sprouts (daizu no moyashi), natto (sticky fermented whole
Why? Low-fat profile 18%. Protein content 17%. Heart soybeans, with “gossamer threads”), tempeh (fermented
health function 16%. Cholesterol-lowering properties 11%. soybean cakes), Hamanatto and Daitokuji natto (raisin-like
“Being good for you” 11%. Potentially providing relief for natto), modern western soybean foods (natural soy flour
menopause symptoms 10%. [full-fat], soy granules, defatted soy flour and grits, soy
Note: As of Aug. 2008 this full survey is available gratis protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, spun protein fibers,
in PDF format at www.soyconnection.com /health_nutrition / textured vegetable protein (TVP), soy oil products). 5. Gô
pdf/. (purée de fèves de soya fraîches; a thick white puree of well-
soaked uncooked soybeans). 6. Okara or Unohana. 7. Curds
1780. Steinman, David. 2007. Diet for a poisoned planet: and whey (Caillé et petit-lait). 8. Tofu (includes history,
how to choose safe foods for you and your family. New and preparatory techniques: Parboiling, draining, pressing
York, NY: Thunder’s Mouth Press. xxxiv + 605 p. Foreword {towel and fridge method, slanting press method, sliced
by William Marcus, PhD. Index. 24 cm. [250*+ ref] tofu method}, squeezing, scrambling, reshaping, crumbling,
• Summary: Soybeans are mentioned in this book on 24 grinding).
pages (p. 20, 22, 23, 27, 30, 81, 86, 154, 219, 261, 461, 549, 9. Deep-fried tofu (Tofu frit): Thick agé or nama agé
550, 557, 558, 561-64, 566-568, 570, 572), tofu on 12 pages (Agé épais {côtelettes de tofu frit}), ganmo or ganmodoki
(p. 22, 23, 154, 202, 218, 219, 230, 256, 501, 549, 550, 605), (burgers de tofu frit; incl. hiryozu / hirosu), agé or aburagé
soy milk on 5 pages (p. 20, 86, 218, 219, 498), soy cheese on (pochettes de tofu frit; incl. “Smoked tofu,” p. 197). 10.
4 pages (p. 92, 103, 501, 549), soybean on 3 pages (p. 108, Soymilk (Lait de soya). 11. Silken tofu (Kinugoshi ou tofu
261, 266), miso on 2 pages (p. 20, 603), soy foods on 1 page soyeux) (“Kinu means ‘silk’; kosu means ‘to strain’; well
(p. 20). named, kinugoshi tofu has a texture so smooth that it seems
The section on “Dairy Substitutes” (p. 218-20) states to have been strained through silk”). 12. Grilled tofu (Tofu
that “Soya Kaas makes an excellent line of cheese substitutes grillé). 13. Frozen and dried-frozen tofu (Tofu surgelé et tofu
for sandwiches and for grating.” They are made with organic surgelé séche). 14. Yuba (incl. many meat alternatives such
tofu. Many good varieties of soy milk are listed. Other good as Yuba mock broiled eels, Buddha’s chicken, Buddha’s

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ham, sausage). 15. Tofu and yuba in China, Taiwan, and is being retrofitted with rebuilt–rather than new–equipment,
Korea (incl. Savory tofu {wu-hsiang kan}; see p. 258 for which has been purchased from other manufacturers around
illustrations of many meat alternatives, incl. Buddha’s fish, the USA.
chicken, drumsticks, and duck, plus vegetarian liver and Brawerman’s philosophy is reuse, recycle, and refurbish.
tripe, molded pig’s head, and molded ham). 16. Special tofu Brawerman looked nationwide for the ideal location
(Tofu particuliers). after the company decided to start manufacturing its own
Part III–Japanese farmhouse tofu: Making tofu for more non-dairy frozen desserts. Oregon’s cost of electricity was
and more people. 17. The quest. 18. Making community one-third that of Los Angeles and half that of Vermont. The
tofu. 19. The traditional craftsman. 20. Making tofu in cost of everything from freight to workers’ compensation
the traditional way. Appendices: A. Tofu restaurants in was lowest in Oregon. Moreover the company bargained for
Japan (many are vegetarian). B. Tofu shops in the West and got at least several hundred thousand dollars in city and
(Directory of 43 shops in the USA, 3 in Europe {Germany, county financial incentives.
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, The new plant will follow the start-up a year ago of
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Wales}, its “sandwich plant”–which makes all of its ice cream
and 3 in Latin America {Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, sandwiches and other novelty frozen dessert snacks in a
Guatemala, Mexico}). C. People and institutions connected much smaller plant in east Springfield. The company has
with tofu. D. Table of equivalents. Bibliography. Glossary. nearly 50 employees at its headquarters and distribution hub
Index. About the authors (autobiographical sketches; a photo in Eugene, and its Springfield “sandwich plant.”
shows Shurtleff and Aoyagi, and gives their address as New- Some 50 new employees will be needed to run the
Age Foods Study Center, 278-28 Higashi Oizumi, Nerima- newest plant, where $5 million in specialized mixing,
ku, Tokyo, Japan 177). Sending tofu in the four directions. freezing and packaging equipment is being installed.
Pudding recipes include: Rice pudding with gô and Brawerman expects total sales this year of more than
apple (p. 76, incl. 2 cups soymilk). Tofu chawan-mushi $25 million.
(p. 147; Steamed egg-vegetable custard with tofu). Tofu
fruit whips (p. 148). Tofu rice pudding (p. 150, incl. 1 cup 1783. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super
soymilk). Tofu custard pudding (p. 152). Soymilk custard Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert Made with Coconut
pudding (p. 208). Brown rice pudding (p. 208, with 2 cups Milk) [Chocolate, Coconut, Cookie Dough, Mint Chip,
soymilk). Soymilk chawan-mushi (p. 209). Chawan-mushi Vanilla].
with yuba (p. 249). Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. (Marketer-
Dessert recipes include: Tofu whipped cream or yogurt Distributor).
(p. 148; resembles a pudding or parfait). Tofu ice cream Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
(p. 149, with chilled tofu, honey, vanilla extract and salt). 97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853.
Banana-tofu milkshake (p. 149). Tofu cream cheese dessert Date of Introduction: 2008. March.
balls (p. 149). Tofu icing (for cake, p. 149). Tofu cheesecake Ingredients: Coconut: Organic coconut milk, organic agave
(p. 150). Tofu-pineapple sherbet (p. 151). Also: Soymilk syrup, chicory root extract, organic dried coconut, carob bean
yogurt (cultured, p. 205). Healthy banana milkshake (p. 206). gum, guar gum, natural flavor.
On p. 160 is a recipe for “Mock tuna salad with deep fried Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml).
tofu.” Address: Soyinfo Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, How Stored: Frozen.
California 94549 USA. Phone: 925-283-2991. New Product–Documentation: PDF of leaflet (front and
back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman,
1782. Mosley, Joe. 2008. The joy of soy success. Eugene- founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23.
based Turtle Mountain bites of a new challenge: A bigger Copyright 2006 [which Brawerman and Shurtleff firmly
plant to produce more of its dairy-free frozen desserts. determine, using 3 lines of evidence, is an error; should
Register-Guard (Eugene, Oregon). March 30. p. F1, F5. be Sept. 2008]. “The most decadent brand in dairy free ice
Business section. cream now has a product line: Made with coconut milk.”
• Summary: Mark Brawerman, president of Turtle Mountain, Five new flavors. On the rear are Nutrition Facts and
plans to build a new soy ice cream facility at 1100 Shelley ingredients for each of the eight flavors. Certified vegan
St., Springfield, Oregon, just east of Eugene. The 20,000 logo.
square foot plant will increase production capacity by up
to 40%. He has decided to decided to lease the Springfield 1784. Sojami (Le). 2008. Le Sojami: Balancing nutrition &
production plant rather than construct a new building. The flavor (Website printout–part). www.lesojami.com Printed
unused facility, owned by McCay Commercial Properties May 13.
and formerly used by Oregon Lox [Lox is a fillet of brined • Summary: This website has both French and English
salmon, traditionally served on a bagel with cream cheese] editions; the French one is more complete. Contents: The

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 690

company. Product range. Nutrition. Points of view. Sojami Chimaltenango (and about 2 years after we arrived), Clive
was founded in 1997 by Jean-James Garreau, who has a PhD and Rick asked us to go to Solola, the traditional capital
degree in biology and is an independent researcher in human and highland market center of the Cakchiquel [Kaqchikel in
ecology at the University of Science at Bordeaux, France. In modern orthography] Nation of Mayas, on a mountainside
1996 Dr. Garreau won the Agropole prize for Innovation in some 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) above Lake Atitlan,
the Food Processing Industry as a result of his development where they had connections with traditional Mayas. By
of a lactic fermentation process for soymilk. Also in now a deep bond of love and respect had grown up between
1996, Dr. Garreau set up his own company at Agropole’s Plenty and Clive and Rick; I told them I thought that the
Business Park in Agen, France. The company’s objectives Mayas truly have a superior worldview. They appreciated
are to increase the value of plant proteins in the human diet that attitude.
while respecting the environment. The use of only organic “We learned that a problem, which was important to
ingredients is thus also very much a part of Le Sojami’s Clyde and Rick among others, had arisen in Solola. The
approach. Soyami’s products are made from soybeans grown Mayan municipality building, which had long been located
in the southwest of France; they are 100% organic and of in the central square at Solola, was a one-story adobe
plant origin (vegan). They include: (1) Tartimi (cream cheese structured that had been badly damaged by the earthquakes.
alternative) in Basil, Cumin & Tarragon, Chives & Shallot, The Guatemalan government was pressuring the Mayas
Garlic & Mixed Herbs flavors. (2) Accompaniment (incl. to re-locate the building to an area four blocks from the
Marinated Lactofermented Tofu, Provençale Sauce {with center of town, saying that they did not have the resources
tofu}, Lactofermented Tofu). (3) Sauces (Plain Sojami, to rebuild and the town would be better served if the state
Mayomi). (4) Frozen Dessert (made from Lactofermented of Solola could build its own (Spanish) municipality on that
Soymilk, Rice Milk, or Almond Milk). site.
Soyami makes all its own soymilk. “There are only two Mayan municipality seats left in
Note: As of 8 Sept. 2013 Sojami shows the following Guatemala; one in Solola (the capital city of the Solola
five soy ice creams (Glaces) on the French side of its department) and the other in Chichicastenango (in the El
website: Fraise (Strawberry), Citron (Lemon, Citron), Quiché department of Guatemala).
Mangue (Mango), Chocolat, and Vanille. These are all easily “At this point, Clive and Rick intervened, and said that
digestible thanks to the presence of active probiotic bacteria the Canadian Government would provide materials and
(ferments probiotiques actifs). The company now also makes funds to rebuild the Indian Municipality building on the
products from rice and from almonds. All products are same location. Plenty was asked to participate in this project.
organic and GMO free. Address: Agropole–BP 109, Estillac, The Mayan municipality was both nonsecular (selected)
47931 Agen (Cedex 9), France. Phone: +33 5 5377 2488. and secular (elected). The nonsecular part were the cofradias,
who were Mayan elders and spiritual leaders with stature
1785. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2008. Tofutti. 2007 annual report. in the 5-6 Mayan communities (cantons). The secular tribal
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm. representatives had little or nothing to do with the cofradias.
• Summary: Net sales for 2007 were $19.15 million, down The secular people (including the acalde or mayor) went to
1.6% the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.465 work in the Mayan building every day; the spiritual leaders
million, down 24.7% from the previous year. Despite this would come only on special occasions.
poor performance, the salary + bonus of David Mintz (age “We learned that extra money was needed to rebuild the
76), CEO, stayed at $800,000, the same as the previous Indian Municipality building. Clyde arranged for me to fly to
year. Think of it this way. The company’s profit is $465,000 Ontario, Canada, with Estevan Chu, the former Cakchiquel
and Mintz’s salary is $800,000. Is this company run for the mayor of the Indian Municipality (he wore his traditional
shareholders or for the management? Mayan clothing–traje–and sandals). We made a presentation
On pages 2-3 is a list of the company’s nondairy soy- and proposal to CIDA (the Canadian International
based products. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908- Development Agency, which is part of the Canadian
272-2400. government) to rebuild the Indian Municipality building and
four other buildings in other towns in the highlands. This
1786. Martin, Dennis. 2008. Re: How Dennis, The Farm was my first contact with CIDA. We stayed at the Canadian
in Tennessee, and Plenty went to Guatemala after the Farm with Larry McDermott and Norman and Sarah Ayerst.
1976 earthquake and hooked up with CIDA (the Canadian CIDA said that they would send us money if they could send
International Development Agency). Early history of Plenty’s it through an NGO in Canada. The Canadian Farm applied
work with soyfoods in Guatemala. Part II. Letter (e-mail) to for and was accepted to be that NGO. Now we were hooked
William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Aug. 4. 1 p. Followed up with CIDA and the funds soon started to flow to us in
by interview on Oct. 31. Guatemala.
• Summary: Continued: “After we had built 5-6 schools in As soon as the money from CIDA arrived, our crew

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 691

went to work on the projects we had proposed to CIDA, popular spot for the neighborhood as the soy cones [soft-
starting with the Indian Municipality building. We ended up serve soymilk ice cream cones] are absolutely delicious.”
lived in the home / compound of the current Mayan mayor Afterword: In early 1984 I returned to Guatemala on my
at that time. While completing the municipality building, own, alone, and I snuck up to Solola to see if I could find the
we (Plenty) developed friendships and connections with the Chu family. It was very dangerous and Rick told me not to
local Mayas–which eventually led to Plenty building the soy go, but I really loved those people. I wanted to talk to some
dairy. of the villagers to find out where they were. I learned that in
“We also installed a radio station in the Mayan 1981, during the Civil War, about 18 months after Plenty had
Municipality building. We brought Estevan’s son, Jose, to left Guatemala, Estevan and about half his family, including
The Farm in Tennessee, and he learned how to run a radio Jose and his other son, were dragged out of their houses and
station, then returned to Guatemala to run the one we had executed. The Guatemalan government went to the Mayan
installed. municipality building and ripped out the radio station. Most
“Then we moved to San Bartolo (about 1 mile away, on Mayans tried to stay neutral during the Civil War; they
the outskirts of Solola), where we built a water system. It just wanted to be left alone. Rick (who is American and
was in San Bartolo that the soy dairy was later established Canadian) also returned several times over the years. Rick is
and its building constructed–just as I was leaving Guatemala. the co-founder of Carpenters without Borders; Dennis now
“By the time we reached Solola, we had established a lives on Rick’s ranch in Napa, California. Address: Founder
base. Stephen Gaskin had come down and seen that what and President, Carpenters without Borders (Carpenteros Sin
we really needed was first response medical capability, so Fronteras).
he sent a paramedic and a midwife and a bunch of ladies to
watch the kids. Eventually, on my watch, we increased our 1787. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super
volunteer base in the camp from three carpenters to over 80 Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert Made with Coconut
volunteers with specialties in midwifery, paramedics, radio Milk) [Chocolate Peanut Butter Swirl, Mocha Almond
telecommunications for health promoters in remote villages, Fudge, Passionate Mango, Vanilla Bean].
and soybean cultivation and variety testing (Daryl Jordan). Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC.
The midwives and others were soon working closely with (Manufacturer).
their local counterparts and they became very close to one Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
another. Then they got to know families. We took in 5-6 97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853.
street children from Guatemala City and elsewhere, who Date of Introduction: 2008. September.
were orphaned or alone after the earthquake. Many of these Ingredients: Coconut: Organic coconut milk, organic agave
stayed for while at The Farm in Tennessee. syrup, chicory root extract, organic dried coconut, carob bean
We also built schools in the surrounding villages and gum, guar gum, natural flavor.
the water system I mentioned for a canton of Solola called Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml).
San Bartolo, which adjoins the town. We also lived there in How Stored: Frozen.
an encampment of tents with an old cracked wall villa which New Product–Documentation: PDF of leaflet (front and
no one would sleep in because of the constant earth tremors. back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman,
During that stay, a lot of the local folks would come over and founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23.
of course we would invite them for meals; at this time there Copyright 2008. “The most decadent brand in dairy free ice
began an introduction of soyfoods into the Mayan world. cream has a new product line: Made with coconut milk.”
One thing led to another and we met the most wonderful Four new flavors (Vanilla Bean has replaced Vanilla); eight
couple, Augustine and Elena Xoqic, who were both from the flavors in all. “Also available: So Delicious Coconut Milk
village of San Bartolo and both Cakchiquel Maya. (Later Minis.” On the rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for
Elena’s photo would grace the front cover of Mother Earth each of the eight flavors. Certified vegan logo.
News). They became the Mayan heart of the soy diary, which
they have managed and worked for the last 30 plus years. 1788. Welters, Sjon. 2008. Re: History of work with
The first 15 years, before the Guatemalan Civil War (when amazake. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo
we left), the soy dairy ran very smoothly. Center, Dec. 17–in reply to specific questions. 4 p. 28 cm.
“I worked in Guatemala for about 3 to 3½ years; I think • Summary: “When I started to study macrobiotics in 1973
the longest anyone else was there was 14 months. in The Netherlands I became aware of a product called
“The details of the development into a working soy amazake. It was not for sale at the time in The Netherlands.
diary is best left to Suzi, Laurie, Jorge and company as I I learned how to make it, using koji, from cooking classes
left after three years of rough living with my wife and three at the [macrobiotic] East West Center in Amsterdam. We
young children, just as the blocks were being laid for the always used Cold Mountain Koji, made and sold by Miyako
diary, which I just visited about two months ago. It is a very Oriental Foods (owned by Mutual Trading Co.) in Los

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 692

Angeles. We made a few gallons of amazake a week initially. visited them there and saw what they were doing. Afterward
I did not do much with it, aside from teaching how to make Joel continued his contact with Chico-San and spoke to Peter
it during cooking classes I gave all over the Netherlands Milbury (who after Chico-San’s sale, started to to work for
from 1977-1983. When I went to the USA in 1980 I saw the Lundberg Farms) there about my experiments with enzymes.
Mitoku pouch pack amazake from Japan.” The word was out and no sooner Robert and Ken started to
Q: When and where and why did you start making experiment with enzymes, too. They eventually developed
and selling amazake? Ans: “In Alkmaar [a city in The what we now know as Rice Dream, the non dairy ice cream,
Netherlands in the province of Noord Holland] we had a and Rice Dream the drink, both amazake-inspired products
natural food store and restaurant between 1977 and 1983, widely available in the US.
and made amazake from koji imported from Japan. We made “In about 1993, while working in Aveline Kushi’s sushi
desserts with it and experimented with making our own sake restaurant in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, I learned that
and miso with the koji. It was just a fascinating sweetener Mutual Trading Company had a branch in New York, and
and food that I loved from the first day I tasted it. that they sold Cold Mountain koji–although I think it was
“In late 1982 I started to experiment with making still made in California.
my own domestic kind of amazake. But I did not use koji “In 1997 we started our restaurant in the back of State
because it was expensive, foreign, and hard to get. So I Street Market at 20 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont. It
used sprouted wheat and barley at first, but did not like was named ‘The Wrap’ until April 2002, when the name
the aftertaste the hulls of the grains gave. I then started to was changed to ‘Rhapsody,’ the present name. We started
work with pure enzymes that I got from a European enzyme making and selling amazake at the same time we opened
company; bacterial and fungal amylase and other enzymes, the restaurant. Although this amazake was unflavored it was
that worked well. I continued to make it off and on, with naturally fortified with kombu–just like Eden soymilk. It
koji or enzymes, for home use but did not sell the koji-made was sold in 12 fl. oz. plastic bottles in the natural food store
amazake commercially until many years later. cooler, without a label on the bottle; the label or sign was on
“I took this knowledge and the enzymes to the USA the shelf just below the bottles.
when we emigrated to Fayetteville, Arkansas, in October of On 3 May 2002 we expanded into our own restaurant
1983, where I continued to experiment using enzymes from at 28 Main Street in Montpelier, and changed our name to
American companies. I told Joel Wollner, an old friend of “Rhapsody” from “The Wrap.” In early 2003 we introduced
mine and the reason we ended up in Arkansas, about my three flavors of amazake in larger (16 fl. oz.) plastic bottles
work with amazake and enzymes. During the winter of 1983- and discontinued the original amazake fortified with kombu.
84 we came up with a plan to start a company that would These had nice color labels and were sold in our cooler.
produce (among other things) seitan, of which we would “Currently one of our people at Rhapsody makes about
use its by-product, the starch, as the raw ingredient for an 80 pints per week in our restaurant kitchen, but the demand
amazake-like product. Bob Kennedy, owner of the Chico- is much higher. We are just not set up yet to produce more.
San rice cake company, who’s company was also making We cook the amazake and bottle it hot and freeze it to give it
rice syrup using enzymes at the time, was approached as its shelf life of one year (at least). Refrigerated it lasts about
a possible financier. He came to Fayetteville to talk and I 3 weeks. Hopefully somewhere in 2009 we will be able to
eventually ended up at his rice syrup plant looking at ways produce at least enough for the New England market.
to improve the process and see if we could work together. “Our restaurant, Rhapsody, is self-serve. Therefore, our
Nothing came of this however, as Chico-San got sold to amazake is not on our menu (we have no menu) and we do
Heinz shortly thereafter and I moved to Massachusetts and not serve it (hot or cold) in cups to people as they are dining.
became a partner in Nasoya [a company that made tofu]. Rather, we sell it as a drink from our beverage cooler (three
“(Note on the side: Joel took Bob to a facility of the flavors: I will send you the labels) for $3.50 per pint, and
University of Arkansas where they were shown UA’s work to stores in Central Vermont. Recently Associated Buyers
on a “pounded sweet glutinous rice food,” they, according of Barrington, New Hampshire, has started to distribute
to Joel, being totally oblivious to the fact that such a product the products, too. It is a special, yet exclusive product that
already existed in Japan.) deserves wider acceptance, which will come over time as
“However, during our time in Arkansas, the founders people will start to embrace a more natural diet. I’d be happy
of Rice Dream (Robert Nissenbaum and Ken Becker) were to assist the regional development of amazake production.
running experiments while they were living at an intentional “The Bridge of Connecticut sells their original amazake
community [Moniteau Farm] north of us in Jamestown, in Whole Foods in the Boston area. Charlie Kendall stopped
Missouri, trying to figure out how to make amazake ice making it as far as I know quite a while ago.”
cream. They were stuck with koji as being an ineffective and Note: Sjon has never learned how to make koji starter,
expensive way of turning this big kettle full of cooked brown so he has always had to buy ready-made koji for his
rice into a sweet base for their rice ice cream. Joel and I amazake. Address: Founder and owner, Rhapsody, 28 Main

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 693

St., Montpelier, Vermont 05062. Phone: 802-229-6112. (Jomi Ganjang) (p. 31) The main ingredient is soy sauce, to
which is added water, garlic, sliced fresh gingerroot, crushed
1789. Hurd, Frank J.; Hurd, Rosalie. 2008. A good cook–Ten black peppercorns, light brown sugar, and wine. Soy scallion
talents. New updated, expanded pictorial ed. Grants Pass, dipping sauce (Yangnyum ganjang) (p. 32). Spicy miso dip
Oregon: Published by the authors. Printed by The College (Ssam jang) (p. 33).
Press, Collegedale, Tennessee 37315. 668 p. Illust. Color
plates. No index. 22 x 15 cm. Spiral bound. [1 ref] 1791. Product Name: So Delicious Dairy Free Minis (Non-
• Summary: A feast for the eyes, the mind, and the palate. dairy Frozen Dessert Made with Coconut Milk) [Banana
Filled with more than 1,300 beautiful color photos; many of Split Sandwich, Coconut Sandwich, Coconut Almond Bar,
them accompany over 1,000 healthful, natural recipes, but Vanilla Bar].
others show the great variety of natural foods, from colorful Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC.
fruits to basic whole grains. Brimming with sound advice on (Manufacturer).
diet, lifestyle, and health. Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
This is the new edition of a very important, pioneering, 97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853.
indeed classic American vegan cookbook. On the front and Date of Introduction: 2008. January.
back covers is an idyllic painting of the Garden of Eden. Ingredients: Coconut Sandwich: Non-dairy frozen dessert:
Author Rosalie Hurd is seated under The Tree, reading the Organic coconut milk, organic agave syrup, chicory root...
Bible–Genesis 1:29, which describes God’s original diet Wafer: Wheat flour, sugar, tapioca syrup...
for men and women. The book uses no animal products Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 37 gm (2.3 fl. oz.) per
(except in one chapter at the end titled “Recipes Using Milk sandwich; 8 sandwiches per box. 52 gm per bar; 4 bars per
and Eggs,” “for those who are in the transitional period. box.
However, we encourage all those who still cling to milk How Stored: Frozen.
and eggs to become acquainted with the facts concerning New Product–Documentation: PDF of leaflet (front and
their use, and become weaned through this process”). Some back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman,
recipes also use honey. founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23.
Contains even more innovative soy recipes than the Copyright 2008. “The number one brand in dairy free dessert
original 1968 edition. A minor point: some of the soy introduces a new line of small treats that are made with
terminology is inconsistent and/or outdated. Address: 1. D.C. Coconut Milk.” Two flavors of Minis sandwiches, and two
[Doctor of Chiropractic], M.D.; 2. B.S. Both: P.O. Box 5209, flavors of Minis bars on a stick. On the rear are Nutrition
Grants Pass, Oregon 97527. Phone: 541-472-1113. Facts and ingredients for each of the four products. The
sandwiches contain 100 calories each. The “decadent” bars
1790. Chung, Taekyung; Samuels, Debra. 2008. The Korean contain 150-170 calories each. Certified vegan logo. www.
table: from barbecue to bibimbap. 100 easy-to-prepare TurtleMountain.com.
recipes. North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing. 159 p.
Illust. (color photos by Heath Robbins). Index. 27 x 24 cm. 1792. Product Name: Purely Decadent Dairy Free (Super
[4 ref] Premium Non-dairy Frozen Dessert) [Blueberry Cheesecake,
• Summary: This stylish book is printed in Singapore Snicker Doodle, Dulce de Leche, Key Lime Pie, Belgium
entirely on glossy paper with many large color photos. Chocolate].
The section titled “The ingredients: Stocking your Korean Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. (Marketer-
pantry.” includes information about: Miso (Korean miso is Distributor).
doenjang). Seaweed (Miyeok). Sesame paste (Chamkkae Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
anggeum). Sesame seeds (Chamkkae anggeum). Soy 97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853.
sauce (Ganjang). Soybean sprouts and mung bean sprouts Date of Introduction: 2008. January.
(Kongnamul and Sookjoo namul). Tofu (Dubu or tubu). Ingredients: Belgian Chocolate: Filtered water, organic
In Chapter 1, “Starters and snacks,” we find Sweet and soymilk (filtered water, organic soybeans), organic
salty glazed soybeans (with edamame) (Kong jorim) (p. 45). dehydrated cane juice, organic tapioca syrup and/or organic
Chapter 6 (p. 121-29) titled “Vegetables & tofu,” brown rice syrup, organic soybean oil and/or organic
includes: Braised tofu (Dubu jorim). Pan-fried tofu with safflower oil, cocoa processed with alkali, Belgian chocolate,
mushrooms (Dubu jeon). Vegetable and miso porridge chicory root extract, carob bean gum, guar gum, algin (kelp
(Kongnamul sigeumchi doenjang jook). Another tofu recipe extract), carrageenan, yucca extract, tapioca sugar, natural
is a dessert: Crusty tofu sherbet (with soymilk) (Yooja dubu flavor.
sherbet). Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml).
Many recipes call for soy-based sauces such as: Soy How Stored: Frozen.
dipping sauce (Cho ganjang) (p. 30). Sweet soy sauce base New Product–Documentation: PDF of leaflet (front and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 694

back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman, Development Agencies (CIDA). Martin soon discovered
founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23. that CIDA had a shipment of prefab housing materials and
Copyright 2008. “The most decadent brand in dairy free ice funds on the way for the reconstruction of Guatemalan towns
cream just got more indulgent.” Five new flavors. On the that had been destroyed in the earthquake. Martin pledged
rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each of the five to CIDA that if they were to grant him funds and these
flavors. Certified vegan logo. materials, Plenty would aid in the reconstruction of the town
Note: These products have been renamed from “Purely of San Andres Itzapa, in the municipality of Chimaltenango,
Decadent Soy Delicious” to “Purely Decadent Dairy Free.” and build thirteen schools. CIDA agreed, and thus began
Plenty’s Guatemalan Project.
1793. Product Name: So Delicious Dairy Free Minis The Clinic Program: With a few months, many
(Non-dairy Frozen Dessert Made with Soymilk) [Vanilla, carpenters from The Farm had volunteered for the
Chocolate, Neopolitan, Mint, Pomegranate]. reconstruction effort, and the Project was quickly underway.
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. (Marketer- However, as they began clearing debris and rubble, a new
Distributor). crisis emerged. They were horrified to find infants, many
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR orphaned, in dire need of medical attention. The Project
97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853. urgently requested volunteers with medical knowledge to
Date of Introduction: 2008. January. come and provide assistance. Mary Louise Perkins and her
Ingredients: Vanilla: Organic soymilk (filtered water, medical and public health crew from The Farm answered
organic soybeans)... that call and soon set up a medical clinic in the Plenty camp,
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 40 gm (2.3 fl. oz.) per which at that time was no more than one kitchen structure, a
sandwich; 8 sandwiches per box. few platformed tents surrounded by a coffee plantation and
How Stored: Frozen. corn field. The clinic was later joined by Thomas Wartinger
New Product–Documentation: PDF of leaflet (front and acting as site physician.
back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman, The Orphanage: The number of infants and children
founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23. orphaned by the earthquake had reached a critical point.
Copyright 2008. “The number one brand in dairy free ice The Farm sent out request to its members for single female
cream just got smaller. Pillow pack–No mess.” Two new volunteers to help establish an orphanage. In June 10,
flavors: Mint and Pomegranate. “Stock them vertically to 1977, I volunteered along with five other women to go
fit 5 per shelf.” Low fat: 90 calories per sandwich. On the to Guatemala and help set up the orphanage. We became
rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each of the five known as the Angel Crew. Our responsibilities involved
flavors. Certified vegan logo. www.TurtleMountain.com. one-on-one parenting of a single infant, collectively caring
for 37 children, and preparing three meals a day for around
1794. Viavant, Suzi Jenkins. 2009. Re: Introducing soyfoods 90 people consisting of orphans, patients at the clinic, and
to the highlands of Guatemala. I. Letter to William Shurtleff volunteers involved in the Project. Along with the orphans,
at Soyinfo Center, Feb. 5. 6 p. 28 cm. many locals joined our team, including several teenagers
• Summary: A cry for help on the ham radio: On February who had been living on the streets of Guatemala, who we
4, 1976, a devastating earthquake hit Guatemala at 3:01 a.m. helped recover from drug addictions. My baby was Maria
local time, while most people were asleep, taking at least Cruz who was severely malnourished. After several months
23,000 lives. Approximately 76,000 were injured, and many of nursing her back to health using primarily diluted soy
thousands left homeless. Some areas went without electricity formula she regained her health and was later adopted by
and communication for days, but a desperate cry for help on Alan and Jane Graf, one of the Plenty couples.
the ham radio managed to reach “The Farm,” a self-sufficient At that time the infant mortality rate was around 50%.
spiritual community in Summertown, Tennessee, founded by Some of the infants came to us extremely malnourished
Stephen Gaskin. In response, Plenty, The Farm’s community and underweight–at an age of eight months some weighed a
outreach program, chose three carpenters to help with the mere eight pounds (the weight of most infants at birth!). We
reconstruction efforts. Dennis Martin, Pedro Grey and fed these babies diluted soy formula through an eyedropper,
Melvyn Stiriss were soon flying to Guatemala armed with but in some cases it was simply too late. The only thing
only their skills, a backpack full of tools and a desire to help that made the heart-breaking experience of losing a child
rebuild. bearable was that we were able to save others. Some returned
Reconstruction Project: Dennis Martin, a natural at home if they had one, and others were adopted. However,
networking, was quick to forge strong connections with many of the children we treated went home only to return
members of the Canadian Embassy, Clive Carruthers, acting to us again in a short time, again malnourished. Most of the
as the Canadian Chargé d’Affaires, and Rick Bronson, children in Guatemala were given only tortillas to eat, and
administrator of funds for the Canadian International it became increasingly clear to me that many Guatemalan

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 695

mothers needed to be educated about how to provide for their neighboring villages, San Jose Poaquil, a Guatemalan agency
children’s basic nutritional needs. named World Neighbors had set-up a cooperative that held
Soy Agriculture & Demonstration Program: Aware of classes in agriculture. While performing a class there, I met
the undernourishment of the people of Itzapa and the high a Latino Guatemalan named Amado del Valle, who was the
nutritional benefits of soybeans and soy products, we forged director of the program. (Note: In this context, “Latino,”
a plan to introduce soybeans as a new crop to the local refers to one whose ancestry is largely Spanish rather than
farmers. Our goal was to supplement the diet of the local indigenous Mayan; for centuries there has been both conflict
villagers with high-quality protein while also providing a and intermarriage between these two groups). With his
source of income to the farmers. Soybeans seemed like a background in agriculture he was very interested in what the
viable solution since the farmers had only small plots of land soybean had to offer for Guatemala’s protein crisis. I realized
and soybeans can yield high amounts of protein per acre. I needed help spreading the word, so he offered 8 women
In October of 1978, Darryl Jordan, a member of the from his cooperative to become teachers.
Plenty team who specialized in agriculture, initiated the soy In August 1979, we wrote a proposal requesting funding
program. He contacted INTSOY at the University of Illinois from CIDA to provide the equipment, supplies and training
and asked if he could conduct one of their international for the cooperative promoters, who would in turn train
soybean variety trials; he was sent 20 soybean varieties, others in the preparation of soyfoods. I donated my salary as
written procedures to follow, and forms showing results to a volunteer and UNICEF donated several thousand dollars
fill out and return to INTSOY. Itzapa sits at an elevation towards the project, the total amount of which would then be
of 5,860 feet, which at that time, was the highest growing matched by CIDA. Previously CIDA was able to contribute
elevation ever tested. Darryl was joined later by Craig matching funds through Plenty USA. However at this time,
Bialick, another team member, who planted and tested the to continue their funding, Plenty needed to obtain a Canadian
different varieties of which Cobb, Bosier & Davis proved to NGO nonprofit status; we did this through our sister Farm in
yield well. As the interest in the new crop increased among Canada and we received $11,000.00 for the program. There
the passing farmers, they wanted to know about the new was good acceptance in Poaquil, especially in the low parts
bean and how could they grow it. Since I had a background of the municipality. Each promoter had about five groups,
in producing tempeh for The Farm, Darryl approached me some of them walked 15 miles and approximately four hours
with the idea of teaching the locals about soy products and to get to their groups. We trained them at their cooperative
how to prepare them. and later went with them to their villages to observe one
I began by writing a proposal which I submitted to class. We left them with soybeans, supplies, and funding to
UNICEF Guatemala requesting $6,000.00 to fund in-home continue teaching on their own, visiting them occasionally
soy cooking classes in the area of Itzapa. They gave me the checking in on their books, and charts, which they kept on all
funds I requested along with a two-gallon stainless steel classes. Continued. Address: Salt Lake City, Utah.
pot and The Soy Demo Project was born. The first classes
were held with the wives of the farmers that were involved 1795. Viavant, Suzi Jenkins. 2009. Re: Introducing soyfoods
in growing the soybeans which had proven to grow well at to the highlands of Guatemala. II. Continued. Letter to
the 5,860 ft. elevation. I taught them using the same utensils William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Feb. 5. 6 p. 28 cm.
that they used themselves, such as a rock grinding stone and • Summary: Continued: In September 1979 the immediate
cooking on a wood fire; this way every woman who took food and housing crisis in the area had been solved, so we
the class would be able to use the same methods in her own began to focus on long-term developments in agriculture
home. and nutrition. As we moved from that area of Guatemala
The class size averaged 6-8 neighborhood women along we began to realize the town had grown accustomed to
with about 15 children. I would teach the class in Spanish our medical assistance and were growing dependent upon
(which I learned informally after arriving in Guatemala), our charity. It became apparent that we needed to develop
and Maria Sal, a local Indian mother of five who joined our a means to allow the indigenous community to help
team, would translate in Cakchiquel (a Mayan dialect). The themselves. We moved our camp from Itzapa to Solola,
children loved eating the soyfoods and news traveled fast; at where we had built a Mayan municipality building and
the end of each class I would find myself surrounded by 20- several schools. Darryl and his wife Leslie returned to
30 children, all waiting eagerly for a sample. Interest among the Farm with their adopted baby named Irma, one of the
the women grew quickly as well. Word spread throughout recovered babies that had been abandoned. Since our project
the area and the requests for classes became overwhelming. focus changed, as we moved to Solola most of the medical
I was soon teaching soy demo classes not only in Itzapa, but crew returned to the USA after adopting (and taking with
in many of the neighboring villages as well. By June 1979 them) most of the rest of the 7-10 children in our orphanage;
approximately 200 women were taught. most of these children grew up in the USA and never
The Soy Promoters Program: In one of Itzapa’s returned to Guatemala to stay.

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The Soy Dairy Project: Although the soyfoods were As of August 31, 1980, there had been 117 promoter
very popular and classes were available, many women in classes and 1,013 men and women were taught how to make
Guatemala did not consistently have time to make their own soymilk and tofu in their homes through the Soy Promoter
soy products at home. To address this need, Plenty wrote program. Small women’s groups had collectively grown
another proposal to CIDA for $31,000.00 to build a soy their own plot of soybeans. This program was similarly
dairy that would operate as a cottage industry. Building the implemented in San Martin Jilotepecque, Chimaltenango,
dairy would enable us to produce soyfoods on a large scale, with another World Neighbors Cooperative. Eight women
create job opportunities, and make soy products available for were approved as soy promoters and taught 307 men and
purchase to the people of Guatemala. Soy ice cream seemed women. Over 100 people in San Martin planted soybeans
to be a good product choice to focus on. Its production that year. Between all the cooperatives, they harvested
required less education and ice cream was very popular approximately 8,000 pounds of soybeans for their own needs
throughout Guatemala. and the remaining amount was sold to the Fabrica de Soya
We decided to build the dairy in the community of (Soy Dairy) in Solola.
San Bartolo, Solola, where we had moved our camp. We In Solola, Laurie and I held cooking classes in the town,
had established a good rapport with the community’s teaching Latino women, how to prepare fancier dishes such
reconstruction committee. We had already built a school and as lasagna, blended tofu dishes, fried and scrambled tofu.
installed a water system for them which featured a water These ladies had electric blenders, ovens, and tofu, which
spigot in every home. The water system had improved the was now available in the local market produced by the
quality of life immensely in San Bartolo, as before they Fabrica de Soya in Solola. We also continued our classes
had to carry water for several miles to their homes. My with the Indigenous people in the surrounding villages of
knowledge of large scale soymilk production was limited Solola.
so Plenty approached Laurie Praskin, the soyfoods expert We also began working with Berhorst Hospital in
who for years was in charge of producing soy milk and tofu Chimaltenango, where we had often taken some of our
on a large scale for The Farm community in Tennessee. patients. They were very enthusiastic about soy technology
Laurie accepted and I returned to the United States to help and asked us if we could get them enough soybeans to supply
her purchase the equipment needed. We traveled across the soymilk and tofu for their patient’s daily consumption. They
country educating people about our cause. We were able to also asked us if we could get them an ice cream machine for
get some of the equipment donated and purchased the rest making soy ice cream for sales to their patients. The current
with the funding we had received–including two 50 gallon practice is for the patients to go to the local store and get
stainless steel pots that Laurie acquired from the Boy Scouts junk food without much nutritional value. They wanted a
of America. high quality protein product such as soy ice cream, to be
In the summer of 1979 we shipped the equipment to available for their patients. We began holding demonstrations
Guatemala along with seven tons of soybeans, and I returned at the hospital with 35 volunteer promoters from the
to Guatemala with Laurie as my partner. Laurie’s husband, surrounding villages of Chimaltenango.
Alan Praskin, was also an agriculture specialist who joined After eight months of training the employees at the soy
with Craig Bialick to continue doing more soybean variety factory, the political climate in Guatemala became violent.
trials at different altitudes. They did one trial with 16 People we worked with on our water projects were put on
different varieties in San Martin Jilotepecque, where they “hit lists,” and since we did not want to jeopardize anyone’s
partnered with Amado del Valle, the director of the World safety we were forced to prematurely leave the soy factory
Neighbors Cooperative where we trained the eight soy project in the hands of people in San Bartolo.
promoters. They also did a trial in the Solola area which at On September 22, 1980 we returned to the U.S. Since
7,200 ft. was the highest elevation ever tested at that time Darryl Jordan returned earlier he had published an article
using INTSOY varieties. about the soy project in a development newsletter titled
On February 19, 1980 the facility was finished, and the League for Food Education (L.I.F.E.). We received responses
Soy Dairy was inaugurated. Our long-term plan was to turn from fifty different countries requesting advice on how
over full operation of the dairy to the people of San Bartolo to set up similar projects. We then published the Plenty
so our first task was to choose and train a local to oversee Agricultural Program: Guatemala booklet (1980, 46 p.) and
the project. We chose Agustin Xoquic. He had been head of the Plenty Integrated Soy Program, Guatemala (1982, 48
the reconstruction committee in San Bartolo at the time we p.) booklet to help educate the many people from whom we
had installed the water system, and we had developed a very had received inquiries, along with those from other interested
strong bond with him and his family. We lived in the Mayan organizations.
community, training Agustin and his wife Elena to oversee After we left Guatemala, Amado Del Valle worked with
the dairy. The Soy Demo Promoter’s project continued while Food for the Hungry in efforts to set up two more soy dairies
also operating the soy factory project. in Zacapa, but the political violence from Guatemala’s civil

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 697

war made it too dangerous to complete. It had also become “green,” we, the people of this planet, should harness this
too dangerous for the Soy Factory in Solola to operate, so it global consciousness and set up more projects of this kind,
closed as well. which has proven to make the most of our world’s resources
On May 27, 1981, Amado left Guatemala and arrived and provide quality nutrition and education to people
at The Farm in Tennessee, to study large scale production of who would otherwise not have them. With more funding,
soyfoods; he later went on to the Canada Farm. In September education and organization of the planet’s resources, there
of 1985, he returned to Guatemala with funding from Plenty would be plenty of protein to go around, and malnutrition
Canada at which time he helped Agustin reopen the soy could be a thing of the past–this is my dream. My experience
factory and become the Director for three years. It was has taught me that small donations, desire, grass roots
reborn as Alimentos San Bartolo, community owned and commitment and organization can change and save lives.
managed, although Agustin and Elena were still in charge of Note: This article is written from the memory of my
production, and remain so to this day. experience setting up the Soy Demonstration Programs in
On March 7, 1991 the soy project land was officially Guatemala. However I would like to acknowledge that the
turned over to the committee of San Bartolo. Chuck Haren success of the soy program involved many Plenty volunteers
and other members of Plenty periodically traveled to and Farm members, who have contributed or supported the
Guatemala to help with funding and equipment upgrades. project directly or indirectly over many years. I apologize if I
In June of 1995 with help from Plenty USA and funding missed mentioning anybody.
from Food for the Hungry, I returned to Guatemala to do Even though I am no longer a member of Plenty, I have
a marketing upgrade which I completed in three months. I still consistently returned to Guatemala to check-up on the
wrote a Spanish-language booklet with local recipes titled project and bring them supplies.
Recetas de Soya (Soyfoods Recipes), had 1,000 copies For more information please contact: Suzi at
printed, and used it at soyfoods classes, some of which were soysolutions@gmail.com or Plenty International, P.O. Box
held at local restaurants. 394, Summertown, Tennessee 38483. Phone: (931) 964-
In August of 2006, each household in San Bartolo was 4323. www.plenty.org. plenty@plenty.org. Address: Salt
bought out for an amount of money equal to their share of Lake City, Utah.
the project. The project was restructured from a community
owned business to an association named Asociacion de 1797. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2009. Tofutti. 2008 annual report.
Desarrollo Integral Belen (ADIBE), but it is still directed by 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm.
the committee of San Bartolo, which is elected every 4 years • Summary: Net sales for 2008 were $19.609 million, down
by the community. Address: Salt Lake City, Utah. 2.4% the previous year. Net income (profit) was $0.217
million, down 53.4% from the previous year. Despite this
1796. Viavant, Suzi Jenkins. 2009. Re: Introducing soyfoods poor performance, the salary + bonus of David Mintz (age
to the highlands of Guatemala. III. Continued. Letter to 77), CEO, stayed at $800,000, the same as the previous
William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Feb. 5. 6 p. 28 cm. year. Think of it this way. The company’s profit is $217,000
• Summary: Continued: In July of 2008 the members of and Mintz’s salary is $800,000. Is this company run for the
ADIBE traveled to Guatemala City to compete and present shareholders or for the management?
all of their products at a National Rural Development On pages 2-3 is a list of the company’s nondairy soy-
contest; they were recognized as one of ten winners and were based products. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-
awarded 46,000 quetzals. 272-2400.
The project has become a model project worldwide.
The soy dairy has operated as a self-sufficient business 1798. Olson, Cathe. 2009. Lick it! Creamy, dreamy vegan ice
for twenty-nine years. It employs seven members of the creams your mouth will love. Summertown, Tennessee: The
Mayan community full-time and perhaps most importantly, Book Publishing Co. vi + 138 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. *
continues to supplement the protein intake of the Mayan • Summary: From the publisher’s description: “Making
children. ice cream at home with a variety of nondairy milks is
As of August 21, 2008: The current items produced and surprisingly easy, and the results taste so much better than
sold weekly are: 40 gallons of soymilk, 110 pounds of tofu, what can be bought in a store. Readers will find all their
15 gallons of soy ice cream, 20 pounds of tempeh, and 20 traditional ice cream flavors in this book, plus a tempting
pounds of soy flour. variety of exotic and gourmet flavors made with herbs,
In October of 2007, Amado del Valle developed several spices, and liquers [liquors]. Information is given about using
new products which the soy factory now produces; shampoo, unrefined sweeteners and adjusting any seasoning to taste.
face cream and hand soap (all made from tofu whey, which This book is particularly appropriate for people with allergies
was previously discarded). to soy, as well as dairy.” Address: Writer and natural foods
As it is becoming increasingly more popular to be cook, California.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 698

we spent a few days with members of the Unidas Para Vivir

1799. Webster, Robin. 2009. Re: Sadly, this month, Mejor (UPAVIM), an association of eighty-four women
WholeSoy stopped selling soy ice cream (Interview). Letter in urban Zona 12, La Esperanza, Guatemala City. In late
(e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Dec. 29. 2003 UPAVIM requested help from Plenty to design a floor
• Summary: “The staff here at WholeSoy agrees that plan and set up a small-scale soy food-processing kitchen
the ice cream was amazing! Sadly, we sold our last pints next to their small bakery. With Plenty’s assistance, the
in December of 2009.” Address: WholeSoy & Co., 49 equipment was installed and, by the end of 2008, more
Stevenson St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105- than twenty women had received instruction in commercial
2975; 660 Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495- food preparation and handling, sanitation procedures, and
2870. adapting soy foods to traditional meals. Soymilk and other
foods were sold in the neighborhood, as well as distributed to
1800. Wartinger, Lisa; Haren, Chuck. 2010. Plenty in children attending UPAVIM’s pre and primary school.
Guatemala. Plenty Bulletin (Summertown, Tennessee) “The years 2008 and 2009 have been very difficult for
25(4):1-2. Winter. UPAVIM. Sales of their artisan items, income that sustains
• Summary: “In early November several Plenty their social service activities, have fallen with the downturn
representatives visited our long time CAFSI (Central of the world economy, and UPAVIM was not able to keep
American Food Security Initiative) project partners in the up with the costs of operating the soy processing room. The
rural Mayan community of Molino Belen, Guatemala, and women decided to stop soy production, and then restart
the women’s association Unidas Para Vivir Mejor (UPAVIM) UPA-SOYA when they could secure the resources needed to
in Guatemala City. make a sustainable venture.”
“Out first destination was Barrio San Bartolo and the Photos show: (1) ADIBE staff and Board representatives
Mayan community of Molinio Belen, home to about 1200 with Plenty representatives. (2) Inside view of the soy
people. This community overlooks world-renowned Lake processing room showing its equipment and visitors.
Atitlan, a timeless source of food, water, and spiritual (3) Amado del Valle demonstrates how to use the new
significance for the Mayan people. soymilk press donated by Plenty. (4) UPAVIM staff and
“How good it was...to visit the Asociacion de Desarollo volunteers pose with Plenty representatives. Address: Plenty
Integral Belen (ADIBE), to see how they are addressing representatives.
these issues.
“ADIBE is a non-profit association dedicated to 1801. National Milk Producers Federation. 2010. FDA
improving the lives of people living in Molino Belen. should stop imitation products from milking dairy terms,
ADIBE manages the soy dairy (Soy Center) that was says NMPF (News release). 2101 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400,
established by the community and Plenty in 1979. The Arlington, VA 22201. 2 p. April 29.
community elects their board of directors every two years. • Summary: “Arlington, VA–A decade after it first asked
meeting with the current “directiva,” we were impressed the federal Food and Drug Administration to crack down on
by their earnest efforts to benefit the residents of Molino the misappropriation of dairy terminology on imitation milk
Belen. Edyn (Eddy) Chalcu, at the age of 21, is ADIBE’s products, the National Milk Producers Federation today sent
current administrator. The Soy Center produces plain and another petition to the FDA, asserting that the practice has
flavored soymilk, tofu, soy ice cream, and flour and sells gotten worse in the past 10 years.
these products in Guatemala City and several large towns, as “In its petition submitted April 29th, the NMPF contends
it has done for 30 years. In July 2008 ADIBE participated in that not only have the terms ‘soy milk’ and ‘soymilk’
a national competition for small rural producers. Out of 180 continued to proliferate, but also other dairy-specific terms
groups, they were one of the final 12 selected, and received like ‘yogurt,’ ‘cheese,’ and ‘ice cream’ are now being used by
an award of 45,000 quetzales or about $6,000. Using the products made out of a wide variety of non-dairy ingredients.
award as an impetus, in November 2008, they made a formal “’The FDA has allowed the meaning of ‘milk’ to be
request to the Agricultural Technical Mission of China watered down to the point where many products that use
(Taiwan) in Guatemala for help to expand their production, the term have never seen the inside of a barn,’ said Jerry
sales, and markets. In January 2009 the Taiwanese agreed to Kozak, President and CEO of NMPF...” Address: Arlington,
provide two years of consistent technical support, which has Virginia. Phone: 703-243-6111.
been a real boost to ADIBE. It has enabled them to expand
their product line to include toasted soy flour, soy coffee, and 1802. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2010. Tofutti. 2009 annual report.
even shampoo and moisturizing cream made from the whey 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 16 p. 28 cm.
remaining from the tofu making process (very nice products, • Summary: Net sales for 2009 were $18.617 million,
as we tested while in the field!). down 5.1% from the previous year. In 2008 the fiscal year
“The UPA-SOYA project: After our visit to ADIBE, ended Dec. 27. Then was changed to end on 2 Jan. 2010.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 699

Net income (profit) was $0.506 million, more than double Edamame holds the number two spot and has surpassed
the previous year. The salary + bonus of David Mintz veggie burgers among the top three most consumed soyfoods
(age 78), CEO, rose slightly to $809,000–still more than for the past two years. In fact, it has more than tripled in
the company’s net income. Is this company run for the popularity since 2005 (then at 4% and now at 13%). Plain
shareholders or for the management? white tofu follows in third place, on par with 2009 at 9%.”
On pages 2-3 is a list of the company’s nondairy soy- A table shows the “Top 20 soy products by awareness.”
based products. Soymilk 90%. Soybean oil 56%. Plain white tofu 56%. Soy
“We intend to continue to devote our energies to solidify veggie burger 54%. Soynuts 40%. Soy protein bars 37%.
our position as a leading provider of nondairy, soy-based Soy infant formula 36%. Soy latte / soymilk in espresso
food products, primarily frozen desserts and soy-cheese coffee drinks [as at Starbucks] 36%. Edamame 34%. Dried
products, to supermarkets and health food stores in the or canned soybeans 33%. Cereal bar / energy bar 32%. Miso
United States and abroad. We believe that our ability to 29%. Soy ice cream / cheese 28%. Soy yogurt 27%. Soy hot
offer a wide range of good tasting nondairy, soy-based dogs 26%. Flavored / marinated tofu 24%. Soy supplements
parve kosher products will continue to provide us with a 21%. Soy flour 21%. Soy breakfast cereal 18%. Textured soy
competitive advantage.” (by David Mintz, p. 1). Address: protein 16%. All others mentioned 14% or less.
Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400. Occasion preferences for consuming soy (in descending
order of preference): dinner 39%, breakfast 30%, lunch 22%,
1803. United Soybean Board (USB). 2010. Consumer mid-afternoon snacking 19%, late evening snacking 13%,
attitudes about nutrition: Insights into nutrition, health, and mid-morning snacking 9%, desserts 5%.
soyfoods. 17th annual national report. Seattle, Washington: “In 2010, 84% of consumers rate soy products as
USB. 12 p. Oct. 28 cm. healthy, down one percentage points from 2009.” A graph
• Summary: Methodology: “This year represents the (p. 6) shows this increase in awareness (82% in 2006, 78%
fifth year we have adopted an online self-administered in 2005, 74% in 2004, 74% in 2003, 74% in 2002, 69% in
survey as our methodology, a significant change from 2001, 76% in 2000, 71% in 1999, 67% in 1998).
random telephone interviews. The survey, conducted by Note: As of Oct. 2010 this full survey is available gratis
an independent research firm [in Seattle, Washington] in in PDF format at www.soyconnection.com /health_nutrition /
February 2010, includes 1,000 random surveys, providing pdf/.
a sample that is consistent with the total U.S. population.
The study’s margin of error remains ± 1.9 to 3.1%, with a 1804. Sharma, Ratan. 2010. Re: Work with soymilk and tofu
confidence interval of 95 percent.” in India and worldwide. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff
Contents: Introduction. Methodology. About USB. at Soyinfo Center, Sept. 26. 2 p.
General nutritional attitudes and concerns. Examining the • Summary: “There are close to 400 soymilk machines
nutritional facts panel. Obesity concerns. Strategies for that I established in India after transferring the SoyaCow
improving overall health. Soyfoods and health perceptions. technology to SSP Ltd. in Faridabad.
Health reasons for seeking soy. Cooking and salad oil “The first SoyaCow machine was sold in 1995 to a
impressions. Soy in the media. FDA-approved health claim. rural entrepreneur who ran this machine in an engineering
Opinions on biotechnology. Spotlight on biotechnology. college’s canteen in Karnal (Haryana state). I kept track on
Trans fat awareness and opinion. Awareness and usage his business for some time but then I lost touch when he
of soy products. Restaurants and soy products. Occasion moved to a new location. His son contacted me for some
preferences for consuming soy. help after four years but since then I have no record of them.
Awareness and usage: “37% percent of Americans I don’t think they are still in this business. Anyway, that was
consume soyfoods or soy beverages once a month or more, the first machine and I could recall that person sitting in front
approximately five percentage points higher than during the of the machine at SSP’s floor and observing the trial of the
period between 2006 and 2008. Conversely, 35% indicate machine before this was dispatched to him. He was amazed
that they never consume soy, which has decreased steadily to see a machine producing milk.
since 2006 (then at 43%). For the seventh year in a row, “A few points for your information:
consumers reported the most familiarity with soymilk, “In 1996 SSP Pvt. Ltd. (India) started to make SoyaCow
soybean oil, tofu and soy veggie burgers. machines.
“Soymilk continues to be the most regularly consumed “Punjab state has the highest number of soymilk
soy product, with nearly one-quarter of Americans reporting machines and are number one in the soymilk and tofu
that they drink it regularly. For comparison, in 1999, 18% of production India.
consumers reported that they had tried soymilk. By 2010, the “About 65% of the total soymilk produced in India is
number of consumers who have tried soymilk has more than converted into tofu.
doubled to 45% of all consumers. “Some of the soymilk producers prepare soy ice-cream,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 700

yogurt, mayonnaise, shrikhand (a local yogurt based sweet), etc. This program is called Mid Day Meal (MDM).
rasogolla (a heat desiccation based Bengali sweet). “Simultaneously GOI feeds approx. 130 million
“On the small scale about 70% of the entrepreneurs women and children by proving them the nutritious diet
make tofu and 30% sell their soymilk as flavoured soymilk. which is mostly soy based. This is called Integrated Child
“Flavoured soymilk is sold in Poly packs [sealed plastic Development Services (ICDS). In both these programs they
bags], sterilised in the glass bottles, and also in cans which have certain norms of protein and calorific requirements.
are distributed to schools for consumption at lunch. “SSP manufactured and promoted the soymilk machine
“What kind of people and organizations use SoyaCows (SoyaCow). They did it for so many years without any
to make soymilk and tofu: Commercial entrepreneurs monetary interest. After everything was established they
approximately 85%. Non-governmental organizations transferred this business [on 9 Sept. 2006] to one of their
(NGOs) 5%. Homes for destitute children and women 4%. fellow associates, Pristine Plants (PPI). SSP is a big
Schools 5%. Cafeterias and business foodservice where Indian Food and pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing
they serve the soymilk on a subsidised price to their factory company. This was a very small business for them and at
employees, hospitals 2%. These commercial entrepreneurs later stage they realised that because they were not earning
serve all the above sectors separately. anything from this machine through their Indian business
“Please let me know if you have any questions about so the interest of the company in after sales service was not
the above. I am attaching the list of some successful up to the mark and they thought that this was not justified,
entrepreneurs. The actual list is long, so I have sent just a so they transferred this business to Pristine Plants (PPI),
few.” which is a full-fledged company involved only this business
Ratan attaches a 4-page table, titled “A few successful including manufacturing, marketing, after sales service etc.
soymilk and tofu entrepreneurs,” showing: (1) Company SSP supplied so many machines to Russia and all over the
name. (2) Contact person, address, and phone number. (3) world through ProSoya. SSP is still into this business and
Products and quantity made per day. For example, for Rubal they manufacture and sell soymilk processing plants above
Soya in Punjab (which owns 3 SoyaCows)–the largest 100 litres per hour capacity. Also, they manufacture and sell
soymilk manufacturer shown: Flavoured soymilk 1,200 L evaporators and driers for making the soymilk powder. They
(liters) per day. Tofu 200 kg. Soy nuts 25 kg. have good collaboration with the ProSoya. Evaporators and
Auroville Soya is run by Mr. Frederic Cordonnier driers are their core competence.” Address: PhD, Manager,
and his wife, Catia. Samara Soy Products in Ludhiana, the SoyaCow Centre, KH-177 Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad 201
Punjab, makes 1,400 L of flavoured soymilk. Address: 002 UP, India.
PhD, Manager, the SoyaCow Centre, KH-177 Kavi Nagar,
Ghaziabad 201 002 UP, India. 1806. Sharma, Ratan. 2010. Re: Statistics on production of
soymilk in India in 2008. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff
1805. Sharma, Ratan. 2010. Re: Work with soymilk and tofu at Soyinfo Center, Oct. 15. 2 p.
in India and worldwide. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff • Summary: As an attachment to an e-mail, Ratan sends
at Soyinfo Center, Sept. 26. 2 p. an Excel spreadsheet titled “Soya milk production in
• Summary: “The present price of the SoyaCow in India is as India,” which he developed in Sept. 2008. The purpose
follows (Indian Rupees): was to estimate the amount of soymilk produced in India
“SC20 without deodoriser–Rs. 175,000 (you really at that time. Most of the companies are small, independent
don’t need a deodoriser if just planning to produce tofu only) commercial producers, however at least 6 Child Haven
but deodoriser is really effective for the flavoured soymilk International (CHI) centers and several university and
business. governmental research centers have been included.
“SC20 with deodoriser–275,000. Moreover, 4 of the producers are in Nepal (an independent
“Tax: 4% on the total value. country just north of India), and the last entry under
“I have worked with the government and have had “Companies” is “Other soymilk producers.” This figure for
very good success in introducing soymilk, tofu and other soymilk includes soymilk that is transformed into tofu or soy
soy products in the government-run residential / boarding yogurt.
schools (600 schools all over India). Although not all of them The spreadsheet has the following columns: (1)
are using the soy products (for many different reasons), they Company name and city. (2-4) Number of batches per day,
all have the advice from their headquarters to use soy in their month and year. (5-7) Soya milk production (in liters) per
school menus. day, month, and year. (8-10) Soyabean utilization per day
“The Government of India (GOI) feeds approximately and month (in kg) and per year (in 1,000 metric tons).
120 million school going children by providing them A total of 167 specific companies are listed, including
lunch and at most of the schools they include soy products two large companies (ProSoya Foods, and Godrej Foods)
depending on its availability, price suitability, product quality that sell their soymilk in aseptic Terabrik cartons.

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The estimated total soymilk production in India (and ship (as in a milk tanker) or store. Today his typical soybase
Nepal) is 63,767 liters per day, 1.91 million liters per month, contains 12½% solids–which is the concentration that has
and 22.95 million liters per year. the highest yield of solids from the soybean in the soybase.
Of this total, ProSoya Foods makes 4.789 million liters From one gallon of soybase one can get about 2½ gallons of
per year, and Godrej Foods makes 5.086 million liters per soymilk (containing 5½% solids). For soy yogurt it is diluted
year. Together, these two large Tetra Pak companies make down to about 8½% solids.
9.875 million liters or 42.6% of the total. SunOpta makes a soybase that contains 13½ to 14%
The “Other soymilk producers” make a total of 810,000 solids. But if one wanted to make a soybase with an even
liters per year, which is 3.5% of the grand total. higher protein content (16-18% solids), there are only two
The total estimated soybean utilization is 255,060 kg ways: Using ultrafiltration (UF) or reverse osmosis (RO).
(255 metric tons) per month, and 3.060 million metric tons Both of these ways are very expensive (they require a large
per year. The single largest non-Tetra Pak soymilk maker on initial investment) and the process can only be run for about
this table is Dr. Pathak (in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, in northern a short period of time (6-8 hours) before the equipment must
India). His company uses 5 SoyaCows to make 255 batches be cleaned–at great expense for chemicals and time (10-12
of soymilk per day. That works out to 3,825 liters per day, hours of cleaning time). Ted will produce soybase for 50-60
and 1.377 million liters per year. hours before he stops to clean the equipment. Ted has never
The #2 largest non-Tetra Pak soymilk maker on this heard of using a vacuum to reduce the water content of
table is Rubal Soya (in Distt. Sangroor, Ludhiana, Punjab); soymilk. And there is another problem–called “the curve.”
contact person Kuldeep Singh Cheema. They use 3 As you reduce the water, and your soybase solids get higher
SoyaCows to make 125 batches per day. That works out to and higher, the protein and oil in your okara also get higher
1,875 liters per day (of flavored soymilk), and 675,000 liters and higher, so you are losing / wasting a lot of nutrients. You
per year. Plus 200 kg of tofu, and 25 kg of soy nuts. soon begin losing money because your water-soluble protein
Letter (e-mail) from Ratan Sharma. 2010. Oct. 27. He and oil, at a certain point, start going down, even though
didn’t mention many of the machines whose production he you are adding more soybeans and less water. Address:
was not very sure about at that time. Also, at the end, under WholeSoy & Co., 49 Stevenson St., Suite 1075, San
“Other soymilk producers,” he estimated and summarised Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 Vischer Ct., Sonoma,
their production of most of the rest, but this gives lower CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870.
number for the total number of soymilk producers. Also:
soymilk that is made into tofu is included in this chart as 1808. Hughes, Holly. ed. 2010. Best food writing 2010.
only as soymilk. Ratan would estimate that about 50% of the Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo; London: Perseus
total soymilk manufactured is immediately transformed into Running (Distributor). xii + 352 p. Recipe index. 21 cm.
tofu. The volume used to make soy yogurt, soy ice cream • Summary: One story (p. 76-80) is titled “Kyoto’s tofu
ice, and soy sweets is minimal and insignificant. Address: obsession,” by Adam Sachs–from Bon Appetit magazine. The
PhD, Manager, the SoyaCow Centre, KH-177 Kavi Nagar, writer strives to understand the heart of fresh tofu. Did he use
Ghaziabad 201 002 UP, India. The Book of Tofu as his guide?
Fresh tofu restaurants in New York City: EN Japanese
1807. Nordquist, Ted. 2010. Making concentrated soymilk Brasserie. In Kyoto: Kinki. Tousuiro (also serves okara,
or soybase–with a high solids content (Interview). SoyaScan yuba, oboro-dofu, and soy-milk ice cream). Okutan. Kichisen
Notes. Dec. 6. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo (yu-dofu). A tofu maker is Morioka. A yuba maker is Yuba-
Center. han.
• Summary: It is not difficult or expensive to make soymilk
with a high solids content; that is exactly what traditional 1809. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2011. Tofutti. 2010 annual report.
Japanese tofu makers did when they made the soymilk to be 50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 39 p. 28 cm.
used for making silken tofu (kinugoshi). To make soybase, • Summary: Net sales for 2010 were $17.713 million,
you simply add less water than when making a more dilute down 5% from the previous year. “We operate on a fiscal
product. There are no special tricks. year ending on the Saturday closest to December 31.” The
Note: Concentrated soymilk was also used traditionally format of this report makes it very hard to understand the
to make yuba in China and Japan. basic financials. For example, what was the company’s net
Ever since he was in Sweden in the 1980s, Ted has used income?
the word “soybase” to refer to this concentrated soymilk. He The long-standing glossy color cover is gone from
first developed soybase in Sweden for use in making soy ice this annual report; in its place is a 1-page message
cream–which is typically made from cream and thus requires from David Mintz, Chairman and CEO, which begins:
a high solids content (11½% solids). Later he continued to “Dear Shareholder: In 2011, we are celebrating our 30th
make it as the base for other products because it cost less to anniversary. We have come a long way from a one product

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company dependent on sales of soft-serve Tofutti. In 1982, Innovating to bring you the very best. So Delicious Dairy
when we first commenced marketing and sales of soft-serve Free. Change your milk. Change your life. P.O. Box 21938,
Tofutti, our total revenues were $23,847. Today we are a Eugene, OR 97402. 3 panels each side. Each panel 8½ x 11
broad-based provider of nondairy, soy-based food products, inches. Front and back.
selling an array of frozen desserts and soy-cheese products to • Summary: Color leaflet sent by Mark Brawerman, founder
supermarkets and health food stores in most major markets and chairman of Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2013. Sept. 23.
in the United States and also abroad.” Copyright 2011. A photo on the cover shows a scoop of
The company’s most recent new product is Better Than coconut milk ice cream making a splash as it lands in cut-off
Ricotta Cheese–which contains no butterfat, cholesterol, or coconut.
dairy products. Address: Cranford, New Jersey. Phone: 908- Page 2. “Delivering taste and variety to 60 million
272-2400. strong.” Shows three lines of soy ice creams, with photos
of two packages illustrating each line: (1) “Organic So
1810. Mangels, Reed; Messina, Virginia; Messina, Mark. Delicious Premium Dairy Free Frozen desserts: Number
2011. The dietitian’s guide to vegetarian diets: Issues and 1 selling ‘premium’ dairy free frozen dessert and still
applications. 3rd ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & growing.” (2) “Purely Decadent Premium Dairy Free Frozen
Bartlett Learning. xi + 596 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. 1st ed. desserts: Number 1 selling ‘super premium’ dairy free frozen
1996. 2nd ed. 2004. [342 soy ref] dessert and still growing.” (3) “It’s Soy Delicious Fruit
• Summary: Chapter 9, “Soyfoods” (p. 249-89) is excellent. Sweetened, Dairy Free Frozen desserts.”
Its contents: Introduction. Isoflavones: Isoflavone content Page 3: “New! Made with coconut milk. The hottest
of soyfoods, isoflavone absorption and metabolism. trend in desserts.” Shows four lines of coconut milk ice
physiologic properties of isoflavones. Asian soy intake. creams, with photos of 2-6 packages illustrating each line.
Nutritional composition of soybeans and soyfoods: Protein, (1) “So Delicious Coconut Milk. Coconut milk based frozen
fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals (iron, zinc, calcium). desserts have surpassed all other dairy free alternatives in
Chronic disease prevention and treatment: Coronary heart natural foods.” (2) “So Delicious Coconut Milk–No Sugar
disease (cholesterol reduction, lipid-independent effects), Added. (3) “Purely Decadent [made with coconut milk] joins
cancer (breast cancer, prostate cancer), osteoporosis, the So Delicious family.” (4) “So Delicious Coconut Water
alleviation of menopausal symptoms, renal function. Sorbet.”
Controversies: Soy infant formula, cognitive function, Page 4: “The largest & most delicious line of dairy
thyroid function, fertility and feminization, breast cancer free frozen dessert novelties.” Shows 5 lines of novelties,
patients, allergy. Intake recommendations. with photos of 2-5 packages illustrating each line. (1) “So
Table 9-1 (p. 251-52), “Chemical and common names Delicious Coconut Milk Minis Sandwiches and Stick Bars.”
and molecular weights (MW) of the 12 isoflavone isomers (2) “So Delicious Coconut Milk ‘No Sugar Added’ Stick
found in soybeans” includes the following foods and USDA Bars. (3) “So Delicious Dairy Free Fruit Pops–Back by
IDN [identification number]: Tofu: Firm, firm #2, regular, popular demand!” (4) “So Delicious Dairy Free Stick Bars.”
silken firm, extra firm, extra firm #2. Natto. Soymilk, Miso, (5) “So Delicious Dairy Free Sandwiches.”
Tempeh. Soybeans, raw, US food grade. Soybeans, cooked. Page 5: “Over 60 million Americans seek dairy free
Soybeans, raw, Japan. Soybeans, raw, Korea. Soybeans, alternatives” We also offer a wide variety of refrigerated
raw, Taiwan. Soybeans, green, cooked. Soybean curd, products [such as coconut milk, cultured coconut milk,
fermented. Soymilk skin (foo jook / yuba, cooked). Soymilk and coconut milk creamers]. “Committed to community
skin (foo jook / yuba, raw). Isolated soy protein. Soy protein involvement. Proud sponsor of Sea Turtle Restoration
concentrate: Water washed, alcohol washed. Soyflour: Full Program. Partner and sponsor of Farm Sanctuary.” www.
fat, defatted. SoDeliciousDairyFree.com. Page 6: “2011 item ranking (by
The Glossary of vegetarian foods (p. 447+) includes: shelf).” Shows the best-selling flavors for each of 11 product
Soyfoods: Edamame, soybeans, soy flour, soymilk, soy nuts, lines. For example: Shelf 6: Purely Decadent pints–soy. 1.
tempeh, textured vegetable protein (TVP, a brand name), Peanut Butter Zig Zag. 2. Chocolate Obsession. 3. Mint
tofu. Meat analogs: Commercial meat substitutes, seitan. Chocolate Chip. 4. Mocha Almond Fudge. 5. Turtle Trails. 6.
Milks and dairy analogs: Nondairy cheese, nondairy frozen Cookie Dough. 7. Purely Vanilla. Address: Eugene, Oregon.
desserts, nondairy milks, sour cream substitute, yogurt. Phone: 1-866-338-7853.
Address: 1. PhD, RD, LDN, The Vegetarian Resource Group,
Maryland; Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.; 2-3. 1812. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2011. So Delicious Dairy Free
Nutrition Matters, Port Townsend, Washington; Loma Linda [Frozen Desserts]. Change your milk. Change your life. So
University, Loma Linda, California. Delicious says it all! Coconut milk pints (Leaflet). P.O. Box
21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 2 panels each side. Each panel
1811. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2011. Frozen desserts 2011: 8½ x 11 inches. Front and back.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 703

• Summary: Color leaflet sent by Mark Brawerman, founder SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 21. Conducted by William Shurtleff of
and chairman of Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2013. Sept. 23. Soyinfo Center.
Copyright 2011. A photo on the cover shows the front panel • Summary: Looking at the U.S. market for all yogurts and
of 17 flavors of coconut ice cream pints. The flavors are kefirs, the nondairy category has remained at about 10%
(left to right, top to bottom): Vanilla Bean. Mocha Almond of the total for the last 5-6 years. Over the past 3 years,
Fudge. Chocolate. Chocolate Peanut Butter Swirl. Coconut. the percentage of soy yogurt in the nondairy category has
Cookie Dough. Turtle Trails. Green Tea. Cherry Amaretto. decreased to 56% from 76%. “The nondairy yogurt that has
Cookies n Cream. German Chocolate. Coconut Almond gained the most is coconut yogurt–which is so delicious.”
Chip. Pomegranate Chip. Passionate Mango. Vanilla Swiss WholeSoy’s percentage of the soy yogurt category has risen
Almond. Chocolate Brownie Almond. Mint Chip. from about 48% to 68%; Ted’s company is getting a bigger
“Coconut milk based frozen dessert items have share of a declining category. The big, big decline has been
surpassed all other dairy free alternatives in natural foods... Silk soy yogurt. “WholeSoy, with our customer base, has
Made with organic coconuts. 17 delicious flavors. Non- been doing very, very well over the last 3 years and we
GMO verified. Rich in medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). continue to do well.” Coconut yogurt, which contains 1%
Certified by Organic Certifiers. Manufactured by Turtle protein and 9% saturated fat, is doing well now, but it is just
Mountain, LLC. Jillian Michaels, America’s health & a matter of time until consumers realize the poor nutritional
wellness expert & So Delicious Spokesperson.” She is properties of the product. “In the end, soy is going to come
shown sitting in a diagonally cut-off coconut as if it were a out on top.”
lounge chair. Ted had a big setback. He was grooming a man named
On panels 2-4 are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for Frank Gasca to take his place in many of the daily matters.
each of the flavors. Address: Eugene, Oregon. Phone: 1-866- He has been with Ted for about 6 years. In late June 2011 he
338-7853. and his wife went to Cancun on vacation. A few days into
their vacation he turned yellow, indicating a serious liver
1813. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2011. So Delicious Dairy Free problem. He died on Friday in Houston, Texas, around the
[Frozen Desserts]. Change your milk. Change your life. The 4th of July. So Ted has moved the people in the Modesto
most delicious brand of dairy-free frozen desserts offers even plant up to take responsibilities that Frank had. Now all the
more options with our Coconut Milk “No Sugar Added” R&D in Visalia is Ted’s responsibility–for a while. Ted has
pints (Leaflet). P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 1 p 8½ been really, really busy.
x 11 inches. Front and back. Thing’s are also going well financially for Ted’s
• Summary: Color leaflet sent by Mark Brawerman, founder business. “There was a point where it was pretty scary, but
and chairman of Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2013. Sept. 23. we are comfortably past that point now.”
Copyright 2011. A photo on the cover shows the front panel Ted is developing a bulk soft serve mix. It just came
of 5 flavors of coconut ice cream “no sugar added” pints. together because WholeSoy produces a highly probiotic
The flavors are (left to right, top to bottom): Chocolate. Mint unsweetened nondairy yogurt. Ted found that they could
Chip. Toasted Almond Chip. Vanilla Bean. Butter Pecan. produce a nondairy sherbet then blend the unsweetened
On the front panel of each flavor: “1 gm sugar per probiotic yogurt into it to produce a soft-serve mix in a bag-
serving. Soy free. Dairy Free.” in-box–which is perfect for the Taylor machines which are
“Builds upon coconut milk growth in milk, ice cream, used to make soft-serve ice cream. Today, the “soft serve
and cultured products... Made with organic coconuts. yogurt boutique” category is absolutely exploding. They are
Verified Non-GMO. All flavors are naturally sweetened popping up everywhere–in coffee shops, malls, etc. They
with only 1 gm of sugar per sugar [erythritol, monk fruit usually have a fat-free and a full-fat dairy yogurt, but there
extract] per serving. Rich in medium chain fatty acids is rarely a nondairy yogurt sold in these boutiques. Each
(MCFAs). Certified made with organic ingredients by customer dispenses the soft-serve yogurt, spoons on his or
Organic Certifiers. www.OrganicCertifiers.com. Distributed her choice of toppings, then pays for it by weight. So Ted
by Turtle Mountain, LLC. Jillian Michaels, America’s health sees this new market as a big opportunity. But he hasn’t
& wellness expert & So Delicious Spokesperson.” She is figured out what his tactics will be. Will he provide each
shown sitting in a diagonally cut-off coconut as if it were a shop with another machine to dispense his product? He is
lounge chair. www.SoDeliciousDairyFree.com. talking with people who know the market. Ted turned 100%
On the rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each vegan on April 12, 2011. He has long been a vegetarian but
of the flavors. Address: Eugene, Oregon. Phone: 1-866-338- now he has given up eggs and dairy. It is pretty easy to do
7853. if you have good-tasting soymilk–the key to making the
transition from a vegetarian diet to a vegan diet.
1814. Nordquist, Ted. 2012. The market for soy yogurt in Ted and his wife are leaving shortly to visit ProSoy
the USA. Developing soft serve soy ice cream (Interview). Santa Fe, Ltda., a women’s co-op that makes soymilk, that he

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mentors in Santa Fe, Bolivia. Address: WholeSoy & Co., 49 2012. “New! You’re SO gonna love this. Introducing the
Stevenson St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105- world’s first dairy & soy free almond milk frozen dessert
2975; 660 Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495- novelties!” A photo shows the front panels of one cartons of
2870. each of the three products. “Almond is Hot!–Rapid growth
to more than 1/3 of category sales. So Delicious Dairy Free
1815. Product Name: So Delicious Dairy Free (Non-dairy is the leading brand in non-dairy frozen desserts!–Winner
Frozen Dessert Made with Almond Milk) [Butter Pecan, of VegNews People’s Choice Awards 9 years running... All
Cherry Amaretto, Chocolate, Cookies N’ Cream, Mint Chip, flavors are gluten free except Vanilla Sandwiches.
Mocha Almond Fudge, Vanilla]. On the rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. of the eight flavors. Certified vegan logo.
(Manufacturer).
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 1817. United Soybean Board (USB). 2012. Consumer
97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853. attitudes about nutrition: Insights into nutrition, health, and
Date of Introduction: 2012. March. soyfoods. 18th annual. 2011 edition. Seattle, Washington:
Ingredients: Vanilla: Almond milk (water, almonds), USB. [12] p. March. 28 cm.
organic tapioca syrup, chicory root extract, organic dried • Summary: Methodology: “This year represents the
cane syrup, vanilla extract, erythritol, pea protein, natural sixth year we have adopted an online self-administered
flavor, carob bean gum, guar gum, monk fruit. survey as our methodology, a significant change from
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 pint (473 ml). random telephone interviews. The survey, conducted by
How Stored: Frozen. an independent research firm [in Seattle, Washington] in
New Product–Documentation: See next page. Leaflet January 2011, includes 1,000 random surveys, providing
(front and back, 8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark a sample that is consistent with the total U.S. population.
Brawerman, founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. The study’s margin of error remains ± 1.9 to 3.1%, with a
Sept. 23. Copyright 2012. “New! You’re SO gonna love confidence interval of 95 percent.”
this. Introducing the world’s first dairy & soy free almond Note about the methodology of this survey from Mark
milk frozen dessert!” A photo shows 7 flavors of almond Messina, PhD, who asked one of the survey’s designers.
ice cream in pint cartons. “Almond is Hot!–Rapid growth 2012. May 29. “The participants in the consumer survey
to more than 1/3 of category sales. So Delicious Dairy Free represent US demographics. The only difference with
is the leading brand in non-dairy frozen desserts!–Winner this survey compared to previous ones is that rather than
of VegNews People’s Choice Awards 9 years running... All interviewing the consumers by phone, once contacted, the
flavors are gluten free except Cookies N’ Cream.” consumers are directed to a web site where they fill out the
On the rear are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for each survey.”
of the eight flavors. Certified vegan logo. Contents: Introduction. Methodology. About USB.
Consumers aim to choose healthier foods. Consumers
1816. Product Name: So Delicious Dairy Free Minis (Non- examine the good and bad of nutrition facts. Effective
dairy Frozen Dessert Made with Almond Milk) [Vanilla Bar, strategies in improving overall health [about choice of
Mocha Almond Fudge Bar, Vanilla Sandwiches]. amounts and types of fats; does not mention exercise]. Who
Manufacturer’s Name: Turtle Mountain, LLC. is to blame for obesity? (Individuals 28%, the fast-food
(Manufacturer). industry 18%). Soyfoods receive healthy rating (In 2011
Manufacturer’s Address: P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 81% of consumers rated soy products as healthy, with only
97402. Phone: 1-866-388-7853. 5% rating them as unhealthy. A graph shows “Awareness
Date of Introduction: 2012. March. of soy as healthy” from 1998 (67%), to a peek of 85% in
Ingredients: Vanilla Bar: Almond milk (water, almonds), 2007 and 2008, falling to 81% in 2011). General nutritional
organic tapioca syrup, chicory root extract, organic dried attitudes and concerns. Examining the nutritional facts panel.
cane syrup, vanilla extract, erythritol, pea protein, natural Obesity concerns. Strategies for improving overall health.
flavor, carob bean gum, guar gum, monk fruit. Chocolate Soyfoods and health perceptions. Health reasons for seeking
coating: Dried cane syrup, coconut oil, cocoa (processed soy. Cooking and salad oil impressions. Soy in the media.
with alkali), chocolate liquor, vanilla. FDA-approved health claim. Opinions on biotechnology.
Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Each bar 52 gm; each sandwich Spotlight on biotechnology. Trans fat awareness and opinion.
38 gm. Awareness and usage of soy products. Restaurants and soy
How Stored: Frozen. products. Occasion preferences for consuming soy.
New Product–Documentation: Leaflet (front and back, Awareness and usage: “37% percent of Americans
8½ x 11 inches, color) sent by Mark Brawerman, founder consume soyfoods or soy beverages once a month or more,
and chairman of Turtle Mountain. 2013. Sept. 23. Copyright approximately five percentage points higher than during the

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period between 2006 and 2008. Conversely, 35% indicate drop in profits, the salary paid to the CEO was unchanged at
that they never consume soy, which has decreased steadily $450,000.
since 2006 (then at 43%). For the seventh year in a row, On page 1 Mintz (now age 80) explains that the
consumers reported the most familiarity with soymilk, company’s largest customer [Trader Joe’s] stopped selling
soybean oil, tofu and soy veggie burgers. branded goods, including Tofutti’s. On the positive
“Soymilk continues to be the most regularly consumed side, sales to foreign distributors in 2011 increased to
soy product, with nearly one-quarter of Americans reporting approximately $2.049 million (13% of sales) compared with
that they drink it regularly. For comparison, in 1999, 18% of $1.652 million (9% of sales) the previous year.
consumers reported that they had tried soymilk. By 2010, the During the first quarter of 2012, the firm introduced
number of consumers who have tried soymilk has more than Tofutti Jumbo and Mini Raviolis made with Better than
doubled to 45% of all consumers. Ricotta, their new non-dairy ricotta cheese product.
Edamame holds the number two spot and has surpassed Tofutti gets its kosher certification from KOF-K, of
veggie burgers among the top three most consumed soyfoods Teaneck, New Jersey.
for the past two years. In fact, it has more than tripled in Sales to health food distributors account for about 52%
popularity since 2005 (then at 4% and now at 13%). “Plain of total sales.
white tofu” follows in third place, on par with 2009 at 9%.” A 13-page “Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders”
A table shows the “Top 20 soy products by awareness.” accompanies the annual report. Address: Cranford, New
Soymilk 90%. Soybean oil 56%. Plain white tofu 56%. Soy Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400.
veggie burger 54%. Soynuts 40%. Soy protein bars 37%.
Soy infant formula 36%. Soy latte / soymilk in espresso 1819. Palmer, Sharon. 2012. The plant-powered diet: The
coffee drinks [as at Starbucks] 36%. Edamame 34%. Dried lifelong eating plan for achieving optimal health, beginning
or canned soybeans 33%. Cereal bar / energy bar 32%. Miso today. New York, NY: The Experiment. xx + 412 p.
29%. Soy ice cream / cheese 28%. Soy yogurt 27%. Soy hot Foreword by David L. Katz, MD, MPH. [228 ref]
dogs 26%. Flavored / marinated tofu 24%. Soy supplements • Summary: A positive attitude toward traditional soyfoods
21%. Soy flour 21%. Soy breakfast cereal 18%. Textured soy is found throughout this excellent book. The traditional
protein 16%. All others mentioned 14% or less. Japanese diet (p. 19-20)–one of the healthiest–leads to an
Occasion preferences for consuming soy (in descending average life expectancy of 80 years for men and 85 years for
order of preference): dinner 39%, breakfast 30%, lunch 22%, women. The Japanese diet is characterized by a “Focus on
mid-afternoon snacking 19%, late evening snacking 13%, soy foods. Whole soyfoods such as edamame, tofu, and miso
mid-morning snacking 9%, desserts 5%. are regular features of the diet.
“In 2010, 84% of consumers rate soy products as The section titled “Soy, the superfood” (p. 58-59)
healthy, down one percentage points from 2009.” A graph describes the basic types of soyfoods and their benefits. The
(p. 6) shows this increase in awareness (82% in 2006, 78% next section is “A word about soy meat alternatives” (p.
in 2005, 74% in 2004, 74% in 2003, 74% in 2002, 69% in 60-61) including veggie burgers, soy meat crumbles, and
2001, 76% in 2000, 71% in 1999, 67% in 1998). vegetarian hot dogs.
Note 1. As of March 2012 this full survey is available The “Plant-based dairy alternatives guide” (p. 72-76)
gratis in PDF format at www.soyconnection.com /health_ includes various types of soy milk, soy milk yogurt, and soy
nutrition /pdf/. ice cream.
Note 2. This survey is hard to cite and to use because it The word “soy” appears on 55 pages of this book, the
has no page numbers. It is hard to read when printed since word “tofu” on 54 pages, “tempeh” on 18 pages, “soy foods”
much of the type is too light / pale. We appreciate the correct on 17 pages, “seitan” on 15 pages, “edamame” on 10 pages,
spelling (as one word) of the words soyfoods and soymilk. “soybeans” on 10 pages, “soy milk” on 8 pages, “soy sauce”
on 6 pages, “miso” on 6 pages “soy milk yogurt,” “soy ice
1818. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2012. Tofutti. 2011 annual report. cream” and “soybean oil” on 2 pages each, and “soy cheese”
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 44 p. 28 cm. and “soy cream cheese” on 1 page each.
• Summary: Tofutti Brands Inc. hit hard times last year as Includes “75 original plant-based recipes for every
reflected by the fact that, for the 2nd year in a row, they meal–all with nutritional data.” “A 14-day meal plan with
stopped putting the unchanging color cover on their annual action alerts to get you started.” “Essential information on
report. This report now consists of a 1-page summary by the healthiest plant food–whole grains, vegetables, fruits,
David Mintz, Chairman and CEO, followed by Form 10-K, nuts, legumes, and even herbs, spices, dark chocolate (rich in
required by the Securities and Exchange Commission. polyphenol antioxidants), coffee (contains many beneficial
Net sales for 2011 were $15.926 million, down 11.1% antioxidants), tea (rich in polyphenol antioxidants, and takes
from the previous year. Net income was $43,000, down the place of high-calorie, high-sugar drinks), and wine.
90.7% from $462,000 the previous year. Despite this 90% Virginia Messina, in her blog The Vegan RD, says this:

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“It’s a book that makes the scientific case for eating fewer started losing enormous market share. Ted thinks it was part
animal products and more plant foods while admitting that of the scheme whereby Silk tried to change from certified
there is no precise definition for ‘plant-based diet.’ The organic ingredients to so-called “natural” ingredients without
information in the book is balanced, honest, and practical, changing the UPC codes; it gave them such a bad name that
and the recipes–which appear to all be vegan–look really they lost a lot of market share, both in their soymilk and in
nice. In the forward to the book, Dr. David Katz, of the their yogurts.
Yale University Prevention Research Center says this about Today WholeSoy has about 75% of the soy yogurt
Sharon’s book: ‘So much of modern health advice is about market (in cups, not liquid in bottles).
marketing a particular perspective that such a balanced In about 2007 when Ted moved his manufacturing plant
and moderate approach is a truly surprising and welcome from SSI in Turlock, northern California, to the Safeway /
departure.’ Lucerne plant at City of Commerce, southern California, he
“I agree, and it’s the thing that made this book stand had to abandon his smoothies because the plant did not have
out for me. Admittedly, I wish the book had included more the necessary filling or bottling equipment. First Ted dropped
perspective on making compassionate food choices. When the smoothies, then he had to drop his frozen yogurt–and
animals are part of the discussion (and I think they should focused on just the soy yogurt, which is where he is now.
always be part of the discussion) a vegan diet is the one Over the past year or so, WholeSoy has invested a lot in
and only best way to eat. When the focus moves away from social media by updating their website (www.wholesoyco.
animals, then diet-related issues become somewhat less com), hiring a woman, Yessica, who does nothing but social
clear. So far, no one has proven that a vegan diet is healthier media (blogging, Facebook, Twitter, etc.). WholeSoy has
than other plant-based ways of eating, and it’s unlikely that gotten a large number of hits on that site. They give people
they ever will. So, this isn’t a book I would use to promote information (such as where they can buy WholeSoy), they
veganism–it presents a vegan option, but not a vegan can fill out a form so if their store doesn’t have it they can
imperative–but, it is one I would use to promote healthy request it, they have free coupons, etc.
plant-based eating for those who are looking for that type of It is absolutely NOT true (and is never true) that the
information.” organisms used to culture yogurt get killed by the acidity of
About the author: “Sharon received her Bachelor of the yogurt. For example, Ted puts 20 billion CFUs (colony
Sciences Degree with Honors from Loma Linda University, forming units, equal to 6-7 quarts of culture) into a 10,000
California. She enjoyed a diverse 16-year dietetics career gallon tank of soymilk. In 9-10 hours those will multiply
with experiences as a clinical dietitian, wellness dietitian, in the soymilk (they like it so much) to where they are 140
chief clinical dietitian, food and nutrition services director, billion CFUs in an 8 oz cup. Even at the end of code, after 30
and consultant dietitian.” Address: RD (Registered Dietitian), days, there are still about 70 billion per 8 oz cup.
P.O. Box 1052, Duarte, California 91009. What is the acidity (pH) of yogurt? In most countries
outside the United States, the pH ranges from 3.5 to 5, where
1820. Nordquist, Ted. 2012. Talking about soy yogurt in the low is more acidic and where plain milk or soymilk is about
USA (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 17. Conducted by 6.8. In the USA the yogurt is less acidic because it is so
William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. sweet. The way to sell yogurt (and) food is to add sugar.
• Summary: Market shares of the U.S. soy yogurt market: Do the organisms that culture yogurt survive in the
WholeSoy (75%), White Wave Silk (12-17%), Wildwood, gastrointestinal tract? Yes. That is what “probiotics” means.
then Stonyfield O-Soy, then Nancy’s Yogurt. A probiotic food benefits the host. Thus the Japanese have
Market shares in the U.S. non-dairy yogurt market: eaten little containers of Yakult since the 1935. In the early
WholeSoy, Almond yogurt, and So Delicious coconut yogurt. 1970s doctors at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm found
The So Delicious plant is located in Junction City, Oregon, that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus
headed by Mark Brawerman, whose office is in Los Angeles; were essential to good digestion of food, especially after
since they got Nestle as a distributor their sales have people went off intravenous feeding. In Sweden one can
increased dramatically. He kind of abandoned soy when his buy A Yogurt (acidophilus) and B Yogurt (bifidus). One is
coconut milk products (beverages, ice creams, yogurts, and most important in the large intestine and the other is most
creamers) went so well. Formerly named Turtle Mountain, important in the small intestine. Yet they stop short of saying
they have long made So Delicious and Purely Decadent that one of these bacteria consumed as food survive and live
soymilk Ice Creams. So Delicious Coconut Yogurt (6 oz cup) in the intestinal tract.
retails for $1.99 compared with $1.19 for WholeSoy; a lot One should be a skeptic about the benefits of probiotics,
less money for a lot less nutrition, plus saturated fat. says Ted. He has been a member of and on the board of
Up until about 3 years ago, Silk Soy Yogurt was the the International Probiotic Association (IPA) since the day
main competitor to WholeSoy Soy Yogurt; they never sold it started. The members are mostly big companies such as
more units than WholeSoy. The about 3 years ago Silk Danone / Dannon, Chr. Hansen (Milwaukee), Yakult, etc.

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They have held three world congresses (once every other 5 weeks of putting the product into Whole Foods, each of the
year), where they invite people to speak. “The science 5 ‘So Delicious’ coconut flavors in pints was selling more
around probiotics is very nebulous.” In Canada and Europe units and more dollars and at a 20% price premium to his
no health claims are allowed for probiotics. WholeSoy makes Ben & Jerry’s-type Purely Decadent soy products, than any
no health claims. Address: WholeSoy & Co., 49 Stevenson single soy ice cream. Each one was selling better than any
St., Suite 1075, San Francisco, California 94105-2975; 660 other product we manufactured. Why? People preferred the
Vischer Ct., Sonoma, CA 95476. Phone: 415-495-2870. taste of the coconut to the soy–that’s all I can tell you.”
Mark thinks his company got into coconut just before
1821. Brawerman, Mark. 2012. Big changes in dairy free the anti-soy publicity on the Web became significant.
products at Turtle Mountain LLC (Interview). SoyaScan His sales of soy products had not yet started to decrease.
Notes. Oct. 4. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo “Coincidence, act of God, whatever it was.” His timing was
Center. incredibly fortunate–almost perfect.
• Summary: Question: When did you realize that you had In April 2008 they first released their coconut ice creams
to make products from other than soy? Ans: “It’s not that to national distribution via UNFI (United Natural Foods); it
we had to make something other than soy. On 15 April 2005 went to their 12-13 national distribution centers. Once they
we signed a national distribution agreement with Dryer’s brought out the first coconut ice creams in Whole Foods,
Ice Cream. This was done with Tom Delaplane, who had from that year on their soy business started to go down
run Dryer’s for 20 years. Shortly thereafter Nestlé went by double digits each year; the sales of all their ice cream
from having 20% ownership of Dryer’s to having 100% competitors were going down even faster. “We went from
ownership. Tom said that he had tested all the non-dairy ice about $27-28 million of net soy sales down to $16-$17
creams worldwide and found that Turtle Mountain’s were million in 3 years.” The coconut went up much, much faster
by far the best. Tom said that he would put Turtle Mountain than the soy went down. Mark’s total sales in 2005 were
products in Walmart and in major supermarkets nationwide. $10-11 million; this year (2012) they will be $85-90 million.
He said that our sales would increase to $40-50 million in “We have been very blessed with consistently growing
2-3 years, but Dryer’s is definitely not going to make any the business double-digit for the past 6-years straight. We
of these products, so you will have to expand production certainly try hard.” The coconut products (especially coconut
rapidly. Everything he said has actually happened. That ice cream and coconut beverage) have been responsible
created a new problem and a new opportunity for us. At for most of the growth. Today Mark’s has more than 70%
that time, Dryer’s carried Mocha Mix, which they stopped of the dairy free frozen dessert market in the USA. Tofutti
distributing once they started distributing our products. is steadily decreasing in size. Rice Dream (developed by
Now up until 2005 Mark had made non-dairy soy Imagine Foods, now owned by Hain) is almost nonexistent.
products–except for a little frozen dairy yogurt in 1989. Over the years, the dairy industry has gotten a bad image
In 2005 Turtle Mountain was strictly a soy company. But for its products, with things such as bovine growth hormone–
Mark was watching this little company named Coconut but of course Mark never mentions that.
Bliss in Eugene, Oregon. They started making their product Mark buys his coconut in the form of dried meat–by
on a Gelato machine in a clean room–it was very icy and the container. He uses it all–even the fiber which makes his
kind of gritty and funky. Yet it started to sell, then sales coconut products a good source of fiber. The fact that the
and distribution increased steadily. In 2007 at a strategic coconut has been dried (is not fresh) has no influence on the
planning session, Mark’s people were talking about new flavor–in Mark’s opinion.
products, including a soy cup yogurt since they thought “the Does Mark get many questions about the saturated
products on the market at that time were all terrible tasting.” fats in coconut products. Yes, but he explains that medium-
Mark starting talking to his people about making a coconut length triglycerides are easier for the body to digest. All of
product. But they had no interest in it. Mark’s products had the polyunsaturated oils (such soy, corn, safflower, etc.),
been in Whole Foods for 15 years. He and his people would which are the predominant edible oils in the United States
meet with Whole Foods in December 2007 and show them are scavengers, looking for electrons, disrupting cells so that
the new products they planned to be shipping in March/May they can become more stable. They have long chains, are
2008. Four weeks before the meeting Mark decided that hard to digest, and they make people fat. Moreover, coconut
he wanted to take 3-5 flavors of coconut ice cream to that meat is an old food; Polynesians have eaten it for thousands
meeting. He normally would never give such a command to of years.
his guys; its not a dictatorship. In the northwest, data showed By the time Mark brought out the coconut ice cream,
that Coconut Bliss was now outselling Mark’s products. The he had also introduced a soy yogurt. Within 6-9 months
coconut flavors got developed and Mark took them to the thereafter the other soy yogurts (such as WholeSoy and Silk)
meeting with Whole Foods in Austin; they liked them and had a dramatic improvement in flavor.
they started appearing in stores the following April. “Within After the coconut ice cream hit the market, they

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launched a “So Delicious” coconut yogurt and then a coconut database, contact Soyinfo Center at 925-283-2991 or www.
milk. Then in March/April 2011 they were showing a Greek- soyinfocenter.com.
style dairy free coconut yogurt very quietly at the Natural Thanks to Akiko for redesigning the front and rear
Products Expo. They were also showing similar Greek-style covers, and for skillfully and artistically integrating all the
almond yogurt. They brought out the coconut yogurt first pieces into this newly revised edition. Address: P.O. Box
and then the almond yogurt in June 2012. In late 2011 they 234, Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 925-283-2991.
decided to make an Almond Plus dairy free beverage with 5
gram of protein per serving. They thought–mistakenly–that 1823. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2012. So Delicious Dairy
consumers would pay a little more for the large increase in Free [Frozen Desserts]. “You’re SO gonna love this,” So
protein at a 10% premium price; the supermarket store and Delicious says it all! Coconut milk pints (Leaflet). P.O. Box
Walmart buyers loved the product but the consumers refused 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 2 panels each side. Each panel
to pay more. The magic price for selling any dairy free 8½ x 11 inches. Front and back.
beverage is $2.99 a half gallon. The almond product is still • Summary: See next page. Color leaflet sent by Mark
selling, but Walmart cut it down to 400 to 500 stores from Brawerman, founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain, LLC.
3,200. It was not the magical home-run product we thought it 2013. Sept. 23. Copyright 2012. A photo on the cover shows
would be. the front panel of 16 flavors of coconut ice cream pints.
Why have sales of dairylike soy products decreased? The flavors are (left to right, top to bottom): Cookie Dough.
Mark thinks a key reason is competition from other non-soy Chocolate. Chocolate Peanut Butter Swirl. Turtle Trails.
products such as coconut and almond. Noise about soy not Cherry Amaretto. Green Tea. Cookies n Cream. Pomegranate
being healthy on the Web is clearly also a reason, even if it is Chip. Coconut. Coconut Almond Chip. Chocolate Brownie
false. Almond. Vanilla Bean. Mocha Almond Fudge. Mint Chip.
The official name of Mark’s company has been changed Passionate Mango. German Chocolate.
to Turtle Mountain LLC from Turtle Mountain Inc., but they Note: Vanilla Swiss Almond, launched in 2011, has been
now answer the phones as “So Delicious Non-Dairy.” discontinued.
Before Mark got involved with soyfoods, he had been “You can have it all, taste & health benefits. Coconut
in the garment business for many years, including 1½ years milk based frozen dessert items have surpassed all other
with Levi-Strauss. Address: Mercer Island, Washington state. dairy free alternatives in natural foods... Made with organic
Phone: 213-469-2255. coconuts. 16 delicious flavors. Non-GMO verified. Rich in
medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). All flavors are gluten
1822. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 2012. The book free except Cookies n Cream & Chocolate Brownie Almond.
of tofu: Protein source of the future–Now! 2nd ed. Revised. Certified by Organic Certifiers. www.OrganicCertifiers.com.
Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center / www.createspace. Manufactured by Turtle Mountain, LLC.
com. 344 p. Dec. 22. Illust. by Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. On panels 2-4 are Nutrition Facts and ingredients for
Index. 28 cm. [321 ref] each of the 16 flavors. Address: Eugene, Oregon.
• Summary: This edition, published as a print-on-demand
book by www.createspace.com, is 8 pages longer than any 1824. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2012. Frozen desserts 2012:
previous edition. The entire Glossary (with all illustrations) You’re SO gonna love this. P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR
from the original 1975 edition is included, as is the updated 97402. 3 panels each side. Each panel 8½ x 11 inches. Front
Preface, the complete “Directory of Tofu Manufacturers” and back.
in the Western world (as of Feb. 2001), and the complete • Summary: See page after next. Color leaflet sent by Mark
bibliography of 321 entries. After the Index is an updated full Brawerman, founder and chairman of Turtle Mountain, LLC.
page of information about Soyinfo Center, then the original 2013. Sept. 23. Copyright 2012. A photo on the cover shows
photo of Shurtleff and Aoyagi in 1975 from the original a white bowl full of scoops of chocolate non-dairy frozen
edition, and updated page “About the Authors,” with new dessert. SoDeliciousDairyFree.com.
photos of Bill and his son Joey at Yosemite in 1994 and Page 2: A photo shows many almond milk frozen
Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff at the Lafayette Reservoir in 1999. desserts and novelties.
Then comes the section “Sending Tofu in the Four Page 3: Shows three lines of frozen desserts, with photos
Directions,” with a new photo of William Shurtleff with of 3-7 packages illustrating each line. (1) “So Delicious
his tofu master’s family at Sangen-ya Tofu Shop during Coconut Milk pints. The hottest trend in frozen desserts. (2)
his apprenticeship period, Tokyo, circa 1974. On the last “So Delicious Coconut Milk pints–’No Sugar Added.’” (3)
page is (1) Information about the book Tofu & Soymilk “Organic So Delicious Soy Quarts and Purely Decadent soy
Production and (2) about the SoyaScan database, which pints.”
now contains more than 90,000 records from 1100 B.C. to Page 4: “Coconut milk novelties plus two Organic Soy
the present. To order a customized search of this remarkable Sandwiches.

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Page 5: “Over 60 million Americans & counting seek introduced 5 flavors of non-dairy coconut ice cream in April.
dairy free alternatives. Only one dairy free brand meets A manufacturer is able to go onto the Whole Foods portal
all their needs, morning, noon and night. Turtle Mountain and see how much of his own product is being sold in every
also offers a wide variety of refrigerated products [such Whole Foods store five or six weeks after they first started
as coconut milk, cultured coconut milk, and coconut milk shipping coconut to Whole Foods, the sales data showed that
creamers]. “So passionate. So pure. So kind. So delicious.” Turtle Mountain was selling more units of each of these 5
Sea Turtle Restoration Program. Farm Sanctuary. flavors than any other product they were selling to Whole
Page 6: “2012 item ranking (by shelf).” Shows the best- Foods–and at a price 20% higher. It was a revelation! After
selling flavors for each of 10 product lines. For example: all these years of building up Soy Delicious. If Mark had
Shelf 6: Purely Decadent pints–soy. 1. Peanut Butter Zig not forced the R&D people to develop these coconut frozen
Zag. 2. Chocolate Obsession. 3. Mint Chocolate Chip. 4. desserts, he believes the company would have gone out of
Mocha Almond Fudge. 5. Turtle Trails. 6. Cookie Dough. 7. business.
Pomegranate Chip. 8. Cookie Avalanche. Address: Eugene, By 2009 sales of Turtle Mountain’s soy frozen desserts
Oregon. Phone: 1-866-338-7853. were decreasing. Turtle Mountain has not introduced any
new soy flavors or products since 2008. Yet the company’s
1825. Tofutti Brands Inc. 2013. Tofutti. 2012 annual report. website shows that they still offer a lot of soy products.
50 Jackson Dr., Cranford, NJ 07016. 46 p. 28 cm. Personally, for his own consumption, Mark prefers the soy to
• Summary: Tofutti Brands Inc. hit even harder times the coconut; he likes the taste better. However Mark prefers
last year as reflected by the fact that, for the 2nd year in a coconut oil to soy oil (which is polyunsaturated). But Mark’s
row, they stopped putting the unchanging color cover on attitude has always been: Give consumers what they want so
their annual report, and if they did mail this report to their long as it is 100% dairy free and natural.
shareholders, Soyinfo Center (which is a shareholder and Turtle Mountain has an elaborate system of allergen
which has received a copy each May for more than ten control to ensure that a person who is allergic to dairy
years), did not receive a copy this year (until we phoned and products can enjoy these products with peace of mind.
asked for it in September), and there is no 1-page summary All of Turtle Mountain’s frozen desserts belong to the
by David Mintz, Chairman and CEO (as there was last year), Code of Federal Regulations category “non-dairy frozen
followed by Form 10-K, required by the Securities and desserts” but their brand is “Dairy Free.”
Exchange Commission. Starting in the last quarter of 2013 all Turtle Mountain
Net sales for 2012 were $14.343 million, down 10.0% brands will changed to be So Delicious; for example “Purely
from the previous year. Net income was a loss of $824,000 Decadent” will be dropped. The process is expected to take
compared with a small profit of $43,000 the previous year. 6-9 months. Why change? There are two sets of reasons. (1)
Despite this large loss and large drop in profits, the salary In April 2005 Mark signed a national distribution agreement
paid to the CEO (now age 81) was unchanged at $450,000. with what was then Dreyer’s Ice Cream. At that point
Tofutti gets its kosher certification from KOF-K, of Turtle Mountain needed to build a plant; their existing co-
Teaneck, New Jersey. packers couldn’t make enough product. To raise the money
Sales to health food distributors account for about 49% for this plant, Mark had to bring in an investor. He chose
of total sales (p. 6). Wasserstein & Co. (of New York City). Like all investors,
A 15-page “Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders” this investor wanted to have the greatest possible return on
accompanies the annual report. Address: Cranford, New their investment. They will eventually want to sell Turtle
Jersey. Phone: 908-272-2400. Mountain to some strategic food buyer, some big corporate
entity. That is the pact with the Devil that you end up having
1826. Brawerman, Mark. 2013. Recent history of Turtle to make when you don’t have enough money. Mark needed
Mountain LLC (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 10. $10 million which he didn’t have. The strategic buyer wants
Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. a company with one big, well-known brand–such as So
• Summary: In 2007 Turtle Mountain, Inc. launched its first Delicious. Hence the need to change all Turtle Mountain
product that was not a soy ice cream–a soy yogurt. It was brands to this one. Here is how the realization came about:
named So Delicious Cultured Soy. Turtle Mountain bought a big motor home and put a
In the 2nd quarter of 2008 they launched a dairy free trailer behind it that would hold 10,000 little cups in a frozen
coconut yogurt named So Delicious Dairy Free Cultured environment. They were looking for someone to drive that
Coconut Milk. Within 18 months it became America’s #1 vehicle around the United States and do demos. Tom Lawlor,
dairy free yogurt–as it is still today. who had done all of Turtle Mountain’s label design since
2008 April–Turtle Mountain’s first non-soy frozen 1998 (and who was married with a baby daughter) asked
dessert, made with coconut milk instead of soymilk, is first if he could have the job. He is very expressive, outgoing,
shipped to stores–Whole Foods and UNFI. Turtle Mountain fun-loving, amiable person–and she is too. Besides being a

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graphic artist and a photographer, he’s a superb marketing At about the same time Turtle Mountain moved its offices
person. Tom and his family left California in Feb. 2005 and from Eugene to an industrial park in Springfield, where they
returned that November. As he recalls “It was an amazing also have large warehouse space.
experience.” He found great consumer interest and insight. 2011–They brought out the no sugar added pints and
About 80% of the people to whom he offered a sample tasted novelties. This is very significant, in part because they
it and were very pleasantly surprised. But roughly 20% of are natural ingredients. They use monk fruit (Siraitia
the people to whom he offered a sample would not even try grosvenorii; luo han guo; the extract is nearly 300 times
it. They pushed it back saying, “I’m sure its good for you, sweeter than sugar) and stevia. This product is also high
but I know I wouldn’t like it because its made with soy.” in fiber, because Turtle Mountain uses all of the coconut,
Their attitude had nothing to do with health issues with soy; including the dietary fiber. Turtle Mountain’s coconut
it was only about taste. Because of that, Tom told Mark, “We products are the only ones in the USA that are a significant
should change the brand, because if we don’t have the word source of fiber. This is a remarkable innovation.
“soy” screaming on the front of the package, maybe people 2012 first quarter–Turtle Mountain introduced its
would be more willing to try it.” Mark agreed. almond ice creams–no soy and no coconut. Hain-Celestial
So shortly before Mark signed the contract with has a similar non-dairy product (Almond Dream) which
Dreyer’s in April 2005, he went to Tom Delaplane (who is selling better because Turtle Mountain’s product is too
was with Dreyer’s for at least 20 years and who built it into expensive.
the Dreyer’s we know) and explained that he had both good Also in 2012 Turtle Mountain discontinued all its brands
news and bad news. The bad news was that Mark wanted with relatively small sales–such as Sweet Nothings, It’s Soy
to change the brand of the product Tom thought so much Delicious, etc.
of (Soy Delicious) to “So Delicious.” Mark explained, 2013 April–Mark stepped down as CEO in April; he is
the soy and taste issue, then added a second point. “And still chairman of the board. The new CEO is Chuck Marcy,
what happens in the future if we want to sell a product that who now runs the company.
contains no soy? What are we going to do?” Tom thought for For the first 7-8 years of Mark’s company’s existence,
a moment, smiled and said “OK.” So that’s how the name Turtle Mountain’s net sales were about $2 million a year.
change was decided. On 15 April 2005 Turtle Mountain In 2013 the company’s net sales will exceed $100 million.
signed the national distribution contract with Dreyer’s. By Since 2006 net sales have increased by more than 30% a
late 2005 Turtle Mountain had started to make the actual year–and much of this is during the “Great Recession.”
change to So Delicious from Soy Delicious on its labels and The company now employs 175 people. Of this $100
sales sheets. million, about 38% are non-dairy frozen desserts, followed
Back to the year 2005. Mark needed $10 million because by beverages, cultured products (mostly like yogurt), and
he realized he would have to build a plant to manufacture non-dairy creamers (the smallest segment). They make the
non-dairy frozen desserts. During the previous 2-3 years beverages and the creamers as both aseptic / shelf-stable and
Mark had been contacted by many people who wanted refrigerated products. Address: Mercer Island, Washington
to buy the company or buy into the company or invest in state.
the company. So in 2005 he chose Wasserstein & Co. (in
New York) as the investor and financial partner who would 1827. Brawerman, Mark. 2013. Re: Important dates in
provide the $10 million. They have since invested even the history of Turtle Mountain. Letter (e-mail) to William
more. Mark was able to retain operational control until 2013. Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Sept. 17. 1 p.
Mark got a used warehouse in Springfield, Oregon, hired • Summary: 1980 July–Mark starts to distribute and sell
a plant manager, and built an entire plant to manufacture his first product, Jolly Licks Ice-C-Bean, in six flavors.
frozen desserts–but to the more stringent dairy specifications. A non-dairy frozen dessert, it is made for him by an ice
The key part is the mix room. cream manufacturer: Richmaid Ice Cream Company, Lodi,
In May/June 2008 Turtle Mountain opened its plant California (Myron and Brigette Brockmeyer).
in Springfield; it was the world’s first dairy free ice cream Mark is one of the first, if not the first, of a new kind
plant. There they manufactured mix, froze pints and quarts of soyfoods company–the marketer-distributor. He is soon
and tubs, and had an extruded stick bar machine. Turtle joined by Legume, Inc., Brightsong Light Foods, and a host
Mountain started to make its own extruded novelties. Before of others.
that they were doing it with co-packer Oregon Ice Cream in 1980 July (later in the month)–Mark changes the name
Eugene–which owned cows and made dairy ice cream. They of his company to Pacific Trading Co. and the name of his
created Turtle Mountain LLC (prior to 2005 the company product to simply Jolly Licks.
was named Turtle Mountain, Inc.). Turtle Mountain, Inc. 1982 Feb.–Pacific Trading Co. introduces its Living
still exists; Mark owns 100% of it. That entity holds Mark’s Lightly line of products, including six frozen entrees, soft
common and preferred and profit unit interests of the LLC. and firm tofu, two flavors of Tofu No-Cheese Cake, etc.

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1984 end–Pacific Trading, Living Lightly and Jolly distribution agreement with Dryer’s Ice Cream. Tom
Licks completely cease operations at approximately the Delaplane, who had run Dryer’s for 20 years, predicts that
end of 1984. Mark stops distributing products. Mark makes Turtle Mountain’s sales would increase to $40-50 in 2-3
suggestions to the manufactures for which he had distributed years. Everything he predicted actually happened. Shortly
as to whom of his prior competitors they might approach to after April 2005 Nestlé went from having 20% ownership of
distribute on their behalf. Dryer’s to having 100% ownership.
1987 May–Turtle Mountain, Inc. is incorporated to 2005 July–Turtle Mountain LLC is established when
provide protection of Mark’s personal assets from his Wasserstein and Co. provided the financing to build the first
business assets. non-dairy ice cream plant in the world for Turtle Mountain.
1989 early–Mark Brawerman moves his company 2007 March–Turtle Mountain begins to manufacture
from San Francisco to Junction City, Oregon, to be near his a mini wafer sandwich (similar to Tofutti Cuties) in
frozen yogurt co-packer, Jock Gibson of Lochmead Dairy, in Springfield, Oregon, but at a different location from our their
Junction City, Oregon. future non-dairy ice cream plant. They had their mix made at
1994–Mark changes his brand from Living Lightly to Lochmead, they bought the wafers, and they made the wafer
Living Rightly. sandwiches.
1996 March–Mark changes his brand from Living 2008 June–Turtle Mountain begins production of non-
Rightly to “It’s Soy Delicious” by Sweet Nothings. dairy frozen dessert mix, extruded, chocolate enrobed stick
1998 March–Turtle Mountain, Inc. introduces two bars, and other products at its plant in Springfield, Oregon.
flavors of its new Soy Delicious line of non-dairy frozen Pints, quarts, etc. were also filled.
desserts. 2009 late–Turtle Mountain moves its offices from
1999 March–At the Natural Products Expo at Anaheim, Eugene, to Springfield, Oregon.
California, Trader Joe’s buyer, Richard Baltierra, comes Note: The frame of their extruded stick bar equipment
to Mark’s booth (while Mark was away briefly) and left is the same frame originally used by the Haagen-Dazs Ice
three purchase orders. Each order was for a full truckload Cream Company to manufacture in Bronx, New York,
of product–roughly $200,000 worth of Soy Delicious ice their ice cream stick bars on a glacier extruded line which
cream–under Mark’s brand (they switched to private label contained this frame. When Turtle Mountain ordered their
years later). Without this order, Mark would probably have new machine to be built, they were able to save a few
decided to close his business. His sales has been stuck at $2 hundred thousand dollars by “recycling” the old Haagen-
million for 5 years and he was either breaking even or losing Dazs frame.
$20,000 a year and taking no money out of the business. 2011 May–Mark makes John Tucker president of Turtle
My father of blessed memory was furious with me: ‘You are Mountain LLC; he continued to report to Mark, the CEO.
newly married and just blowing your mother’s inheritance John left Turtle Mountain in May 2013 and became CEO
and for what purpose?’” Mark had decided to go to the of Dave’s Killer Bread based in Portland, Oregon. Address:
show and to introduce three new flavors of Soy Delicious, Founder and Chairman of the Board, Turtle Island LLC,
for a total of 5 to make a shelf. “If things don’t change at Springfield, Oregon.
this show, then I’m going to fire all my employees, sell my
inventory of finished goods, and walk away. Richard / Trader 1827a. Brawerman, Mark. 2013. Re: More history of work
Joe’s changed our luck!! Our sales increased to over $5 with foods. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff of Soyinfo
million during 1999. I am grateful to Trader Joe’s because of Center. Sept. 30. 2 p.
their business over many years; this single handedly funded • Summary: Shurtleff e-mailed Mark Brawerman a series of
the growth of our business such that by 2006 we did $16 questions which he answered by e-mail:
million net sales. It allowed us to hire experienced personnel Q: When and why in 1984 did Pacific Trading Co. go
and experiment with new soy based non-dairy frozen dessert out of business?
products. It is an open miracle from God.” MB: I made an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors
That volume, concentrated in a small number of flavors, through the Board of Trade in San Francisco which is an act
enabled Mark to get his pricing down for his packaging, to of Bankruptcy. Why? Because in order to access the Alta
get better pricing on ingredients, and to actually make some Dena Milk line which every natural/health food store had to
serious money. With that money Mark hired John Tucker–the carry I merged my Pacific Trading Company with NuVita
first really professional person, who had worked for a large Distributors based in Portland. Oregon. Alta Dena sales VP
company, he had ever hired. John had run R&D for a $500 went nuts. They had Dharma Distribution in Sacramento,
million ice cream company in New Zealand. John became Landstrom Distribution in South San Francisco and, I
VP Technology and Marketing, but in many ways he worked think, Rock Island Distributors in Marin County as their
together with Mark on the same level. third distributor. But he said: “I’ve got three distributors
2005 April 15–Turtle Mountain signs a national splitting up our business and no one is making any money;

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so I do not want four.” He told NuVita Distributors that if fruit juice sweetened ice cream which was followed by
they did not stop selling Alta Dena products within ten days Stars® non-fat frozen yogurt. All of these products were
then he would cut them off. Since Nuvita was distributing being sold across the USA to all of the different natural/
to Safeway and had a very significant business, I said let’s health food distributors. But these products which enabled
stop, separate our businesses, let me limp along for 90 days me to sell about $2 million/year came under competition
and then go out of business otherwise you are risking your from Cascadian Foods who started selling the first organic
successful business. dairy frozen desserts around 1992. They had a lock on the
P.S. Shortly thereafter I exited Dharma and Landstrom available organic cream which I needed for ice cream and
failed also. frozen yogurt. Thousand Stars, Inc.’s business started to
Q: How many employees did you have at the time? fail because I could not source organic cream/milk. So I re-
MB: Pacific Trading had about ten to twelve people. introduced under Turtle Mountain, Inc. my non-dairy frozen
Q: Did you declare bankruptcy? If not, how did you dessert recipe from the Jolly Licks days and stated again;
shut down the business, dispose of assets, and deal with except I had learned ONE HUGE LESSON! Let others
employees. do your distribution. Had I understood how the business
MB: the assets went to the Board of Trade. worked or someone had taken me under their wing and just
Q: In Feb. 1982 your Pacific Trading Co. introduced said: “Mark, you can shop all day in the stores; you can wine
its Living Lightly line of products, “Distributed by Living and dine the buyers; and, you do not need to distribute your
Lightly” – I find this confusing. Was Living Lightly a brand own products because someone else can do that for you.”
or a distribution company. I thought Pacific Trading Co. was This kindness, which never happened, could have saved me
the distribution company. 10 years. I just didn’t understand the business.
MB: I was not incorporated so Mark Brawerman Q: Please give me a better idea, with key dates, year by
was doing business as Living Lightly which had various year, of what you were doing from 1984 until early 1989.
products manufactured under the Living Lightly brand. So Did your marriage or your mother’s passing away happen
Mark Brawerman was selling products correctly labeled: during these years?
“Distributed by Living Lightly”. Even though there was MB: Neither. My mother of blessed memory died in
another business of Mark Brawerman’s i.e. DBA [doing 1993, and I was married in 1994.
business as] Pacific Trading which purchased foods from
various manufactures and distributed these foods plus my 1828. Brawerman, Mark. 2013. Re: Origin of the names
Living Lightly products and Jolly Licks non-dairy frozen “Turtle Mountain,” “Living Lightly,” and “Living Rightly.”
desserts to various natural food and health food stores north Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Sept.
to Santa Rosa; east to Sacramento and South to Carmel. 22. 2 p.
Q: What did you do and where from the time in 1984 • Summary: Shurtleff e-mailed Mark Brawerman a series of
when you closed Pacific Trading Co, until you started to questions which he answered by e-mail:
work full time with Turtle Mountain, Inc. Q: What was the origin of the company name Turtle
MB: I wound down Pacific Trading Company for the Mountain? Ans: “In May, 1987, I was ready to incorporate
Board of Trade, assisted my manufactures to obtain other my company and wanted ‘Turtles’ to be in my company’s
distributors. Then my Uncle Lee, of blessed memory, died name. Why, because I have always been fond of Turtles.
and I helped my mother run and then liquidate his fur So I went to the futon shop in Berkeley, California, called
business in Los Angeles. Then I got a call from my prior Thousand Cranes. I had been a long-term regular customer
co-packer for Jolly Licks (Richmaid Ice Cream, Lodi, and since the owner was originally from Japan, I asked her
California) who was trying to develop a dairy frozen how to say Thousand Turtles. I was copying the format of
yogurt soft serve product for J. Higby’s Yogurt Franchising her store’s name–i.e., Thousand Cranes. She answered in
Company out of Sacramento, California. This lead to me Japanese, sen kame, and then asked why. I said that I wanted
establishing Turtle Mountain, Inc. in May, 1987, which to give my American company a Japanese name, but spelled
initially was having J. Higby’s soft serve honey sweetened in English. She inquired: ‘Are you selling to the Japanese; is
dairy frozen yogurt mix manufactured weekly as 6 half that why the name is in Japanese?’ I said: ‘No; rather I was a
gallons to a case at the rate of 18,000 gallons every week or little embarrassed to have ‘Turtle’ in my company name and
two. They had over 50 yogurt stores. wanted to hide it.’ She then said very firm and direct, which
Q: What year and month did you start to make Stars® is usually uncommon for Japanese, and with great kindness:
frozen dairy yogurt? ‘You should be proud of your name!’ And if you are selling
MB: My first packaged product for retail sale to stores the Japanese, they will think it peculiar that a Caucasian
[natural and health food] was Stars® Fruit Juice Sweetened has his USA American company spelled in English with a
Frozen Yogurt which was first made in late 1988 and first Japanese name.’
sold to retailers in early 1989. I then brought out Stars® “I left her store and walked down the street to the Nature

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Conservancy Retail Store. I knew the name would be there. moved to Junction City, Oregon? I think it was Turtle
Upon entering, I noticed there was only one book shelf. I Mountain, Inc.–right? Ans: “The operating name of the
walked over and saw a book by Archie Carr, ‘Turtles.’ In company was Turtle Mountain, Inc. from May, 1987 until
the list of chapters was ‘Turtle Mountain.’ I said to myself: July, 2005 when Turtle Mountain, LLC was established.
‘That’s it; but why? What does Turtle Mountain mean?’ I Q: What was the origin of the name “Living Lightly”?
read the short chapter; it said that in Nicaragua where the sea When did it originate and why? Ans: “I think it was 1981,
turtles come to lay their eggs every year in, what a worldly when I wanted to sell soy foods other than soy based non-
traveled person would call hills, but the indigenous Indians dairy frozen desserts. But our frozen dessert name, “Jolly
call ‘Turtle Mountain,’ they have a saying that ‘all is right Licks” (TM) was not conductive to tofu, tempeh, soy milk,
in the world as long as the sea turtles come to lay their eggs etc. Reading about environment and world poverty issues
every year.’ We know that sea turtles are endangered; all is lead me to: `Living Lightly–upon the earth such that others
not right in the world.” too may live.’ Shortened to ‘Living Lightly.’
Q: How did it relate to your interest in saving sea Q: What was the origin of the name “Living Rightly”?
turtles? Ans: “I have had an interest in Turtles–fresh water, From when to when did you use it? Was it a company name
sea water and land–since I was a kid growing up in an or brand? Ans: “In 1994 the FDA started enforcement of its
apartment and couldn’t have a dog. But my mother of ‘Light’ foods labeling provisions. Since non-dairy frozen
blessed memory let me have turtles and tortoises. I read desserts are by their very nature non-standardized foods, it
about turtles and learned of their environmental challenges.” was not possible to offer a fat reduced version which would
Q: When and how did you get involved with saving sea meet the requirements of the FDA’s Light Foods Label Laws.
turtles? Ans: “I think it was 1992 when my company started So to minimize the brand name change, in 1994 we changed
making annual donations to the Sea Turtle Restoration Living Lightly to Living Rightly. Sales immediately started
Project (Director Todd Steiner, in Forest Knolls, California).” to decline; ‘Living Rightly’ was perhaps a little too righteous
Q: When did Turtle Mountain, Inc (TMI) make its first and maybe a little arrogant for some people. My wife, Judy,
donation to saving sea turtles? Ans: “About 1992.” came up with the name ‘Soy Delicious.’ So I stuck the name
Q: Please estimate how much your company donated in a list of thirty other possibilities and sent the list out to
total to present? Do you have any formula, such as 1% of our sales people, etc. The only name included in everyone’s
profits? (if not confidential). Ans: “I do not know the exact top three choices was ‘Soy Delicious.’” Address: Founder
number; but, I’d guess one to two hundred thousand dollars; and Chairman of the Board, Turtle Island LLC, Springfield,
you might call Todd Steiner at the Sea Turtle Restoration Oregon.
Project; he might know.”
Q: Is the company still makings donations to turtles or 1829. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2013. Sustainability report,
to any charity? Ans: “Just the Sea Turtles Restoration Project fiscal year 2012. P.O. Box 21938, Eugene, OR 97402. 14 p.
and the Drew and Brittany Brees Dream Foundation.” • Summary: On the front cover is the So Delicious Dairy
Q: What was the name of your company when you Free logo. Contents: Dear friends, from John V. Tucker,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 717

President (“Sustainability is very much a part of our Neapolitan (2.3 fl. oz. each).
culture. From using 100% recycled paperboard cartons It also has coconut milk frozen desserts (p. 4-7) and
for our frozen dessert bars and sandwiches to reducing almond milk frozen desserts (p. 8-9).
our water consumption and restoring 10 million gallons Beverages: Coconut milk beverages (p. 14-15).
of water annually to Oregon’s critically dewatered Middle AlmondPlus Beverages (p. 16-17). Coconut milk seasonal
Deschutes River, we’re using less energy, saving forests, beverages (p. 18).
and proactively working to minimize our CO2 footprint. Creamers: Coconut milk creamers (p. 19).
We’re committed to being kinder and gentler to our planet, Cultured products (like yogurt): Cultured coconut milk
and we’re passionate about creating dairy-free options that (p. 20-22). Cultured almond milk (p. 23).
are pure and delicious”) (p. 2). Our values: Four pillars. A company motto on the front cover and on many pages
Food: Organic ingredients, supplier stories (the company is “You’re SO gonna love this” (TM). Address: Eugene,
now uses organic cane sugar), the coconut. Planet: Life cycle Oregon.
assessment, carbon footprint (“All of our products are plant
based, but that doesn’t mean we don’t like cows. It’s just that 1831. Spots: Soy ice cream. 2013.
milking them, feeding them, and caring for them has some • Summary: (a) Ice Bean label. (b) Tofutti: The real treat.
consequences that negatively impact our environment. What (c) Lite Licks from New Zealand. (d) Soy Delicious–Green
kind of consequences? Well, there’s the energy wasted in the Tea. (e) Purely Decadent Coconut Milk ice cream. (f) Rice
production of cattle feed, the tons of fresh water required Dream–Mint Carob Chip. (g) So Delicious Dairy Free–
to maintain livestock, and the nasty business of methane Minis. (h) Tofutti Cuties–Mint Chocolate Chip. (i) Tofutti
waste produced by cows in the form of belching and things Forest Maple (1984). (j) Tofutti 3 gallon bulk cans. (k) Jolly
like ‘manure management’”), annualized energy savings, Licks label. (l) Tofutti on a silver tray.
water consumption (“Conserve what you can and work to
restore what you can’t. That sums up our approach to water 1832. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. Soyfoods success stories in
conservation... we’ve been purchasing Water Restoration developing countries (Overview). Compiled by William
Certificates (WRCs) from the Bonneville Environmental Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center.
Foundation since 2010”), People: Green Office Program, • Summary: Public sector with outside funding: 1. Sri
Alternative Commuting Program (offers incentives for Lanka, Thriposha program (Cereal-soy blends, started 1976.
employees to ride bikes), Green home upgrades, volunteer Thriposha itself started in 1973). 2. Mexico (Chihuahua)
day off, community engagement. Our products (p. 19-20, program selling PADSA, Soyaven / Soyavena, Albachisa,
incl. almond milk frozen desserts, coconut milk frozen and Almesa (Cereal-soy blends, 1978-80). 3. Thailand,
desserts, almond milk frozen desserts, soy milk frozen ASEAN full-fat soy flour project (1978). 4. Guatemala,
desserts). Memberships (p. 21-22). Partnerships (p. 23-24). Plenty Soy Dairy (Tofu, soymilk, soy ice cream, 1980)
In 2012 the company sold So Delicious Dairy Free Private sector, largely self sufficient: 1. Uganda, Africa
Cashew Milk (in shelf-stable quarts; Unsweetened and Basic Foods (Dr. D.W. Harrison. Roasted whole soy flour,
Unsweetened Vanilla), and in 2013 Coconut Milk Creamer cereal soy blends, 1966-69). 2. India. Ruchi’s Products (TVP,
(in shelf-stable quarts; Barista style Original and French 1980).
Vanilla). Address: Eugene, Oregon.
1833. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. The kosher dietary laws,
1830. Turtle Mountain, LLC. 2013. Product catalog: Frozen kashruth, and pareve/parve (Overview). Compiled by
desserts, beverages, creamers, cultured products. P.O. Box William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center.
21938 Eugene, OR 97402. 24 p. • Summary: Historically there has been a strong interest
• Summary: As shown on pages 10-13, Turtle Mountains has in soyfoods (especially soy ice creams, yogurts, cheeses,
in its catalog the following “soymilk frozen desserts,” with soymilk, and tofu) from Jews who follow the laws of kosher.
a photo of the carton, Nutrition Facts, and ingredients for Webster’s Dictionary defines kosher (a Yiddish word derived
each (p. 10-12): Organic So Delicious Dairy Free: Chocolate from the Hebrew kasher meaning fit or proper, and first used
Peanut Butter, Chocolate Velvet, Creamy Vanilla, Mint in 1851) as “1: sanctioned by Jewish law; esp. ritually fit
Marble Fudge, Mocha Fudge, Neapolitan (Quarts). for use (kosher meat). b: selling or serving food ritually fit
Purely Decadent Dairy Free: Chocolate Obsession, according to Jewish law (a kosher restaurant). The verb “to
Cookie Avalanche, Cookie Dough, Mint Chocolate Chip, kosher” (first used in 1871) means “to make kosher.”
Mocha Almond Fudge, Peanut Butter Zig Zag, Pomegranate “The kosher laws are derived from the ‘Book of
Chip, Purely Vanilla, Turtle Trails (Pints). Leviticus’ in the Torah, and are expounded upon in the
So Delicious Dairy Free Stick Bars: Creamy Fudge, volume of the Talmud (Oral Law) titled Chulin. Yet the
chocolate enrobed (3 fl. oz. each). teaching of kosher is touched upon in all 60 volumes of the
So Delicious Dairy Free Minis (Sandwiches): Vanilla, Talmud.

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“Kashruth, the Hebrew term meaning ‘fitness,’ itself 1972 Dec. 22–Meet Nahum Stiskin of Autumn Press.
derives from the term ‘kosher.’ Kashruth refers to the Jewish Start to write tofu booklet.
dietary laws; most Orthodox Jews observe kashruth. 1973 Jan. 13–Sign contract for Book of Tofu with
“The kosher dietary laws divide all foods into three Autumn Press.
types: from the flesh (fleshig / fleishig), from milk (milchig), 1973 March 2–Visit Sasa-no-yuki tofu restaurant in
and neither flesh / meat nor milk (parev). From this latter Tokyo.
Yiddish term ‘parev’ derive the terms pareve and parve, 1975 Dec. 12–The Book of Tofu* published by Autumn
both pronounced ‘parv,’ and used interchangeably. They are Press.
Jewish cookery or dietary terms meaning (1) ‘neutral’ or (2) * = Book illustrated by Akiko Aoyagi.
made without milk or meat or their derivatives. Eggs and 1978 Dec. 22–The Book of Tofu* published by
seafood are both pareve. A pareve food can be eaten with Ballantine Books in a mass-market pocketbook edition that
either milk or meat. Many soy ice creams are labeled ‘kosher retails for $2.95.
and parve’ or ‘kosher parve.’ The Book of Miso
“The laws of kosher state, among other things, that 1974 Feb/March–Study miso and shoyu in Japan on trip
one cannot consume meat and milk products at the same with Bob Gerner, head of Westbrae Natural Foods.
meal. Hence, orthodox Jews do not consume ice cream 1974 May 7–Start to write The Book of Miso, table of
after a meal that contains meat.” Perhaps the most widely contents.
observed kosher law is not to eat pig/pork. After eating meat, 1975 April–Autumn Press accepts idea of publishing
according to Jewish dietary laws, one should wait for 6 hours The Book of Miso. Contract signed Aug. 18.
before consuming dairy (milchig) products. But one can 1976 Sept. 23–The Book of Miso* published by Autumn
consume dairy products and then have meat products after Press.
30 minutes. The difference is based on the fact that meat 1976 Sept. 29–1977 Feb. 3–Tofu & Miso America Tour.
takes longer to digest. For this reason, at least in Israel, more We do 70 public programs, many TV and radio interviews,
emphasis is placed on developing meatlike products than on drive our van 15,000 miles in 17 weeks.
dairylike, to bypass the 6-hour restriction. Meat substitutes The Book of Tempeh
are much more popular in Israel than dairylike products. 1977 May–To Indonesia for one month of tempeh
The government has encouraged development of meatlike research.
products. Yet there seem to be many opportunities for 1978 Feb. 27–Sign contract with Harper & Row.
production of dairylike products on kibbutzim or moshavim. 1979 July 14–The Book of Tempeh* published by Harper
In the USA, major kosher certifiers include: (1) Union & Row.
of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, Kashruth 2. Working to build a soyfoods industry in the Western
Div., 45 West 36th St., New York, NY 10018. Tel. 212-564- world (1977 April–present)
8330. Rabbi Reese and Rabbi Menach. Members: 3100. 1977 April 5–Establish Takai Tofu and Soymilk
Publications: Keeping Posted: Bimonthly, Kosher Directory Equipment Co.
of Products and Services. Highly respected. O-U mark. (2) 1977 Aug. 16–First Takai catalog of tofu and soymilk
Kosher Supervision Services, 354 Fifth St., Hackensack, equipment published.
New Jersey 07601. Tel. 201-342-7400. Chuff K mark. (3) 1977 Aug. 16–Miso Production* published by Soyfoods
OK Laboratories, P.O. Box 218, Brooklyn, NY 11204. Tel. Center–the first book we self-published.
718-851-6428. Rabbi Bernard Levy. Circle K mark. 1978 July 28-30–The Soycrafters’ Association of
Several important Hebrew or Yiddish words related to North America is founded in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
kosher: A “heksher” (pronounced HEK-shur) is the kosher William Shurtleff helps to organize the inaugural meeting,
mark. “OU is the most highly respected kosher heksher.” A is a founding member, and a member of the first board of
“mashghiach” (pronounced mush-JEE-ak) is the person who directors.
inspects a food facility before giving approval. 1978–Soyfoods Center starts to develop a mailing list
(typed so as to fit on pressure sensitive labels) of all people
1834. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. Chronology of Soyfoods who have purchased books or contacted us.
Center: The work of William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. 1979 July 15–Tofu and Soymilk Production* published
Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. by Soyfoods Center.
• Summary: 1. Introducing soyfoods to the West: Popular 1979 July–The first issue of Soycraft magazine is
books (1972 Oct.–1979 July). published by Richard Leviton, director of Soycrafters’
The Book of Tofu: Association in Massachusetts. Each mailing is based on the
1972 Oct. 22–First visit to San-gen-ya tofu shop in use of Soyfood Center’s mailing list–free of charge.
Tokyo. Mr. Toshio Arai begins to teach William Shurtleff the 1980 March 10–Tempeh Production* published by
traditional art of making tofu. Soyfoods Center.

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1980 Sept.-Dec.–Our mailing list of about 5,000 1988 Nov.–New German pocketbook editions of Das
names and addresses, divided into 70 coded categories, is Tofu Buch and Das Miso Buch (paperback) published by
computerized by Parallel Procedures in San Francisco. This Goldmann Verlag.
was done primarily to help Richard Leviton of Soycraft 6. Developing a computerized information center (1980
magazine. Dec.–present).
1981 Dec.–There are now 10,900 names on our 1980 Dec. 12–Mailing lists of Soyfoods Center and
computerized Soyfoods mailing list, rising to 13,800 names Soyfoods magazine merged and computerized by Parallel
by May 1982. Procedures in San Francisco. 5,500 names in 50 categories.
3. Documenting the history of soybeans and soyfoods 1983 Sept. 28–Install first computer at Soyfoods
(1980 Oct.–present) Center, IBM-PC with 20 MB hard disk and word processing
1980 Sept. 10–Start to build what we hope will become software to use for writing our book on History of Soybeans
a large library at Soyfoods Center with regular trips to the and Soyfoods.
University of California at Berkeley library system. 1985 May 9–Install Revelation database manager
1980 Oct. 22–Start writing History of Soybeans and software for developing a computerized bibliographic
Soyfoods. database on soya.
1984 June 1–History book manuscript is now 1985 July 31–Finish keying all 6,677 file cards (3x5
completely in our word processor: 2,500+ pages, 70+ inch) into our computerized database. Our library is now
chapters. computerized.
1984 June 21–Soyfood Center’s annual summer intern 1985 Aug. 30–Our computerized database, containing
program begins. Irene Yen, a Stanford student starting her 9,500 bibliographic records, is now available for use by the
senior year, is our first summer intern. public.
1984 July 17–History of Tempeh published–our first 1986 Sept. 1-16–The first of many trips to do library
history book. research at the USDA National Agricultural Library, Library
4. Studying the burgeoning soyfoods industry and of Congress, and National Library of Medicine–America’s
market (1982 Sept.–1985 Feb.) three national libraries, all located in and about Washington,
1982 May 16–Soyfoods Directory and Databook (1st DC.
edition) published. Renamed Soyfoods Industry and Market: 1987 July 6–Start entering Commercial Soy Products
Directory and Databook on 26 Feb. 1983. 3rd edition. into our database.
1982 Sept. 10–Soyfoods Labels, Posters, and Other 1987 Oct. 11–Bibliography of Soymilk, from 1578
Graphics published. But there is a much larger significance. to 1987: With 1,584 References published–our first
We have now started a “Graphics Collection,” separate bibliography.
from the documents in our library. The graphics are mostly 1987 Oct. 19–Coin the name SoyaScan, start using it to
for soyfood products, and they are filed alphabetically by refer to our computerized database, and apply for a registered
product. These graphics will much later (starting March trademark, which we are issued on 19 July 1988.
2008) become the “face” of our digital book series published 1993 Feb.–Install a Novell 5-user network to link our
online. various computers.
1984 Feb. 25–Soymilk Industry and Market published. 1995 Feb. 11–We enter the 50,000th record into our
1985 Feb. 22–Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams SoyaScan database.
published. 1997 Nov. 24–We enter the 55,000th record into our
1990 May 8–Tofu Industry and Market in Europe SoyaScan database.
published. 1997 Nov. 24–We enter the 55,000th record into our
1990 July 17–Soymilk Industry and Market in Europe SoyaScan database.
published. 2000 May 9–We enter the 60,000th record into our
1994 Jan.–Soyfoods Industry and Market: Bibliography SoyaScan database.
and Sourcebook published. 2004 Oct. 3–We enter the 70,000th record into our
5. Foreign language editions of our books are published SoyaScan database.
(1980 -) 2008 Aug. 31–We enter the 80,000th record into our
1980 July–Das Miso Buch* (hardcover and paperback) SoyaScan database.
published by Ahorn Verlag (Wolfgang and Gabriella Furth- 2013 July 29–We enter the 90,000th record into our
Kuby) in Germany. SoyaScan database.
1981 Aug.–Das Tofu Buch* (hardcover) published by 7. Current status of computerized information–2013
Ahorn Verlag in Germany. January 1
1988 Nov.–Das Tempeh Buch* (hardcover) published by SoyaScan database now contains 90,799 records
Ahorn Verlag in Germany–6 years after the project started. from 1100 B.C. to the present, including 76,165 published

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 720

documents, 15,760 commercial soy products, 6,044 original books, History of Tofu and Tofu Products, published on 20
interviews and overviews, and 6,866 unpublished archival May 2013, contains 4,004 pages (8½ x 11 inches), 13,302
documents. references in chronological order, and 538 photographs and
More than 83.6% of all SoyaScan records have a illustrations. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 925-283-
summary/abstract averaging 161 words in length. 2991.
More than 43,000 records (47% of the total) are for
documents published before 1970. 1835. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. Nations, overseas
Thirty five major books in the series Bibliographies dependencies, and Canadian provinces in which we have
and Sourcebooks on Soya, produced from the SoyaScan no record of the soybean ever having been cultivated
database, are now available, published by Soyfoods Center. (Overview). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo
Soyfoods Center Library owns about 75,000 documents, Center.
almost all of which have a record in the SoyaScan database. • Summary: In most of the following countries or overseas
SoyaScan Directory now contains the name, address, dependencies, no record has been seen concerning soybeans
and phone number of 20,300 people and organizations or soy products. In countries followed by an asterisk (*),
worldwide actively involved with soyfoods and soybeans. soybeans or soy products have been reported or wild
Each entry is coded to show the type of activity, e.g. 2A = perennial ancestors of the soybean are growing, although no
Tofu manufacturers. record has been seen of soybeans having been cultivated.
8. Collecting and Publishing Information on Africa: Cape Verde*, Djibouti*, Eritrea*, Mauritania*,
Vegetarianism and Other Non-Soy Food Products that can Namibia.
Replace Animal Products. Asia: Bahrain; Kuwait*, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Oman,
1984 Oct. 31–Create our first vegetarian keyword Qatar, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen*.
(subject heading) VegeAnim = Vegetarian Diets and Animal Canada: Northwest Territories.
Rights. Europe–Western: Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein,
1988 Feb. 21–Amazake and Amazake Frozen Desserts: Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City.
Industry and Market in North America published. Updated Latin America: Netherlands Dependencies in the
bibliographic supplement published in March 1995. Caribbean–Netherlands Antilles and Aruba*.
1992 Oct.–Start actively collecting information Oceania: French Territories in the Indian Ocean,
specifically on vegetarianism and veganism, and entering it Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru (Republic of), St. Pierre
into our new VegeScan database. and Miquelon, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna Islands (French
1992 March 4–Bibliography of Vegetarianism: 1,755 Territory).
References from A.D. 1170 to 1992, Extensively Annotated
published (360 p. large format, preliminary edition). 1836. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. The visionary work of Henry
1992 June 12–Sourcebook on Wheat Gluten Foods and Ford and his researchers with soyfoods–then and now:
Seitan published. Expanded edition published in Jan. 1994. Pioneered soy ice cream (Overview). Compiled by William
2013 Jan. 1–VegeScan database now contains 8,800 Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center.
bibliographic records on vegetarianism and veganism from • Summary: Starting in the mid-1970s, soy ice cream has
238 B.C. to the present. become quite popular and widely available in America.
Best selling books from Soyfoods Center (English- Ice Bean, made by The Farm Food Co. in San Rafael,
language editions only, as of Jan. 2013). California, was launched in 1976, soon achieved nationwide
The Book of Tofu–600,000 copies sold. distribution at natural- and health food stores, and is till
The Book of Miso–140,000 copies sold. on the market. Tofutti–the best-selling soy ice cream of
The Book of Tempeh–47,950 copies sold. all time–was introduced by David Mintz at his Kosher
Tofu & Soymilk Production–5,020 copies sold. Jewish Deli, Mintz’s Buffet, in 1981. By 1982 it was sold
Other–9,200 copies sold. throughout New York City, and in 1983 Mintz established a
Total–820,070 copies sold. corporation named Tofu Time Inc. to sell stock to the public
2007 Dec. 29.–We start to publish digital soy history and market Tofutti nationwide. Sales of Tofutti skyrocketed
books in PDF format on our website (www.soyinfocenter. to $9 million in 1984, then to a record $17.1 million in 1985.
com), free of charge. Each book contains many color By the summer of 1985 at least 26 brands of soy ice cream
photographs, illustrations, and sometimes maps. Our first (many with “Tofu” on the label) were on the market in
book is “History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in the Middle America. Today soy ice creams are sold throughout America
East.” On 20 Jan. 2010 we also publish the first of these at virtually all natural- and health food stores and at many
books on Google Books; soon we publish all past books supermarkets. By early 1993 at least 208 commercial soy ice
in this series on Google Books as well. By Sept. 2013 we cream products had been launched worldwide, including 127
have published 48 books in this series. The largest of these in the USA. Henry Ford was a pioneer in developing soy ice

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 721

cream. In the early 1930s Ford researchers Robert Boyer and 1945–Rich Products Corp. (Buffalo, New York), during
Edsel Ruddiman developed an experimental soy ice cream World War II when whipping cream is unavailable, launches
at Greenfield Village. It was based on fresh tofu curds and Whip Topping, made from “Soy Cream,” based on ISP. It is
soy protein isolates. Chef Jan Willemse claimed (in 1992) also soon sold frozen, and is a smash success.
to have served vanilla and honey flavored soy ice cream to 1946–Borden Co., Whitson Products Div., launches
Henry Ford in his private dining room in late 1934. By Aug. Soyco–a “soy albumen whipping agent.”
1935 Ford was serving soy ice cream for dessert at VIP and 1947–Vegetable Products Corp. (Saline, Michigan)
press luncheons held at the Ford Engineering Laboratory. launches Wonder Whip–a soy-based non-dairy whip topping.
By Sept. 1942 a soymilk plant at Ford’s George Washington 1948–Rich Products Corp. launches Whip Topping,
Carver Laboratory in Dearborn was producing 150 gallons of based on isolated soy protein, in a pressurized aerosol metal
soymilk a day. Soon part of this soymilk was being used to can.
make soy ice cream, which was served at the Ford cafeterias 1950–Presto Food Products (Industry, California)
and the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. In 1951 launches Mocha-Mix Coffee Creamer (later renamed Mocha
Bob Rich of Rich Products in Buffalo, New York, launched Mix Non-Dairy Creamer)–based on ISP.
Chil-Zert, America’s first commercial soy ice cream. He got 1951–Rich Products Corp. launches Chil-Zert, the first
the idea from Henry Ford’s Carver Laboratory and, like the non-dairy frozen dessert (ice cream)–based on ISP.
Lab, made his ice cream from isolated soy proteins. 1951–Hoffman Products (York, Pennsylvania),
Subsidiary of York Barbell Co., launches Bob Hoffman’s Hi-
1837. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. When soy-related terms Proteen (powder)–based on ISP.
first appear in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature 1952–Rich Products Corp. launches Sundi Whip, a non-
(Overview). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo dairy fountain topping in a pressurized can- based on ISP.
Center. 1952–Rich Products Corp. launches Rich’s Chocolate
• Summary: The Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature Eclairs (non-dairy and frozen), filled with Rich’s Whip
began publication in 1894. Soybeans first appear as a subject Topping.
heading in the April 1949–March 1952 issue. Information 1959–Central Soya Co. (Chicago, Illinois) launches
on soybeans and soyfoods is found under the following Promine–food-grade ISP in two types; D is dispersible, R is
subject headings: Central Soya Company. Coffee substitutes. regular.
Cookery–soybeans. Cookery–vegetables. Diesel fuels 1962–Ralston Purina launches Edi-Pro–spray-dried ISP.
(from 1979-1980). Food substitutes. Lecithin. Soybeans Observations:
(divided into: Cost, cultivation, diseases and pests, drying, 1. Using plant proteins to replace animal proteins is
export-import trade, harvesting, hybrids, marketing, prices, generally a good thing for many reasons, and is definitely a
seed, seeding (planting), yield; with See also: cookery– long term green trend.
vegetables). Multipurpose Food (from 1949). Plant proteins. 2. Many people who are unable (allergies, lactose
Root tubercles. Soybean industry. Soybean products (with intolerance, heart condition, etc.) or unwilling (vegan,
See also: okara, tempeh, tofu). Tempeh (from 1976-1977). kosher) to use dairy products are extremely grateful for non-
Tofu (from 1977-1978). Tofutti/Tofutti Brands Inc. (from dairy alternatives made from soy protein.
1984-1985). Vegetarianism. 3. One of the Buddhist precepts is not to find fault with
others... which may be interpreted to include other things.
1838. SoyaScan Notes. 2013. Chronology of early isolated There is a place for just about everything if it is used wisely.
soy protein (soy protein isolate) developed for food use. 5 The few groups criticizing isolated soy proteins are those
June 2011. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. promoting animal products (meat, dairy and eggs); they are
• Summary: 1911–Beltzer develops isolated soy protein therefore criticizing the competition–soyfoods and edible soy
(ISP) for food use in France. products.
1921–Satow develops ISP for food use in Japan.
1935–First U.S. patent for ISP issued to Buruss & Ruth. An asterisk (*) at the end of the record means that
1932–The Glidden Co. (Chicago) first develops ISP SOYFOODS CENTER does not own that document.
for food use in the USA but did not yet make a commercial A plus after eng (eng+) means that SOYFOODS CENTER
product. has done a partial or complete translation into English of
1939–Albusoy, made by The Glidden Co. in Chicago, is that document.
launched. It takes the place of egg albumen (egg whites) in a An asterisk in a listing of number of references [23* ref]
wide variety of products, especially confections. means that most of these references are not about soybeans
1942–Central Soya Co. launches a similar whipping or soyfoods.
compound named Soy Whip–also meant to replace an animal
product–egg whites.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 722

SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECORD West Africa from 1895-1959). 978, 1567

NUMBERS
Africa–Djibouti (Also Jibuti; French Somaliland–Côte Française
Aburagé. See Tofu, Fried des Somalis–from 1892 to 1967. French Territory of the Afars and
Issas from 1967 to 1977). 1835
Acid-base balance in diet and health. See Nutrition–Acid-Base
Balance Africa–Egypt. Named United Arab Republic (UAR) from 1958-
1971. 1504, 1567, 1610
Acidophilus soymilk or soy acidophilus milk. See Soymilk,
Fermented Africa–Eritrea (Part of Ethiopia PDR from 1952 to May 1993).
1835
Actimonde S.A. (Agrolactor system). 1387, 1567
Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of Soybeans
Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, Building from. Other or general information and leads concerning Africa.
Materials, Etc.–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins (Including Soy 1835
Flour). 19, 20, 27, 34, 36, 38, 52, 77, 177, 1306, 1331, 1470
Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen
Adhesives, Asphalt Preservation Agents, Caulking Compounds, concerning soybeans in a certain African country. 1567
Artificial Leather, Polyols, and Other Minor or General–Industrial
Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 1306, 1470 Africa–Lesotho (Basutoland before 1966). Constitutional Monarchy
Surrounded by South Africa. 310, 422, 465, 494, 623, 718, 862,
Adjuvants, Carriers, and Surfactants for Pesticides, Herbicides, and 1629
Other Agricultural Chemicals–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-
Drying Oil. 57 Africa–Liberia. 1629

ADM Agri-Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada). Formerly Africa–Libya (Including Tripoli, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica; Also
named Maple Leaf Monarch, and before that Maple Leaf Mills Ltd. Spelled Libia). 342, 343, 344, 345, 346
(Including Maple Leaf Milling). Toronto Elevators Ltd. Merged
with Maple Leaf Milling in 1962. 1593, 1618 Africa–Madagascar (Malagasy Republic or Republique Malgache
before 1975). 1163
ADM. See Archer Daniels Midland Co.
Africa–Malawi (Nyasaland from 1891-1964). 1590
Adventists, Seventh-day. See Seventh-day Adventists
Africa–Mauritania, Islamic Republic of (Part of French West Africa
Adzuki bean. See Azuki Bean from 1904-1960). 1835

Aflatoxins. See Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Aflatoxins Africa–Mozambique (Moçambique; Portuguese East Africa before
1975). 286, 862
Africa (General). 130, 193, 394, 515, 516, 528, 687, 895, 1210,
1397, 1446, 1567, 1771 Africa–Namibia (German South-West Africa from 1885 to 1915,
and South-West Africa from 1919 to 1966 as a mandate of the
Africa–Burundi (Part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda- Union of South Africa. Namibia came into popular use in 1966 and
Urundi or Belgian East Africa until 1962). 1567 became official in March 1990). 1835

Africa–Cape Verde or Cape Verde Islands (Ilhas do Cabo Verde. Africa–Nigeria, Federal Republic of. 516, 1352, 1387, 1397, 1490,
República de Cabo Verde). 1567, 1835 1512, 1563, 1567

Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Officially Democratic Republic Africa–Senegal (Part of French West Africa from 1895-1959.
of the Congo (DRC). Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Named Sénégal & Sudanese Republic from June 20 to August 20, 1960.
Zaire from Oct. 1971 to May 1997. Named Congo Free State from Includes Senegambia). 645, 978
1855-1908, Belgian Congo (Congo Belge in French) from 1908-
1960, Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1964, then Democratic Africa–South Africa, Republic of (Including four former
Republic of the Congo from 1964-1971. 64, 159, 978 Homelands–Bophuthatswana, Transkei, Venda, and Ciskei). Named
Union of South Africa from May 1910 to May 1961. 215, 286, 516,
Africa–Congo Republic (Officially Republic of the Congo or 528, 1210, 1426
People’s Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.
Called Middle Congo {Moyen-Congo} from about 1880 to 1960. Africa–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends,
Part of French Equatorial Africa from 1910 to 1958). 1567 and Analyses. 978

Africa–Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast until Oct. 1985; Part of French Africa–Tanzania, United Republic of (Formed the Bulk of German

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 723

East Africa 1895-1946. Tanganyika existed 1920-1961. Created in All-India Research Project on Soyabean (ICAR). See Asia, South–
1964 by Merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar). 303, 1362 India. Work of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Africa–Tunisia. 645 Allergies. See Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals–

Allergens
Africa–Uganda. 1832
Allied Mills, Inc. Including (by July 1929) American Milling
Africa–Zambia (Northern Rhodesia from 1899-1964). 1288 Co. (Peoria, Illinois) and Wayne Feed Mills (Chicago, Peoria, or
Taylorville, Illinois). 60, 95
Africa–Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia from 1923-1970, Rhodesia
from 1970-79). 978, 1590 Almond Butter or Almond Paste. 14, 160, 298, 1337, 1459, 1572,
1722
Africa Basic Foods. See Harrison, D.W. (M.D.), and Africa Basic
Foods (Uganda) Almond Milk and Cream. See also: Almonds Used to Flavor
Soymilk, Rice Milk, etc. 1, 2, 14, 17, 62, 85, 140, 158, 217, 1410,
Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering, Bureau. See United States 1541, 1543, 1699, 1784, 1820, 1821, 1824, 1829, 1830
Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural and
Industrial Chemistry Almond Oil. 2

Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. 3, 5, 10, 20, Almonds Used to Flavor Commercial Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream,
38, 44, 64, 145, 226, 512, 516, 944, 1488 Soy Cheese, Amazake, Rice Milk, or Other Commercial Non-Dairy
Products. 224, 318, 320, 333, 336, 373, 396, 411, 461, 474, 520,
Agricultural Marketing Service of USDA. See United States 561, 564, 573, 574, 596, 634, 666, 671, 686, 688, 711, 721, 723,
Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Marketing Service 725, 736, 738, 759, 760, 773, 778, 796, 804, 816, 881, 941, 942,
(AMS) 982, 1016, 1101, 1143, 1247, 1282, 1299, 1302, 1312, 1432, 1630,
1646, 1663, 1666, 1667, 1692
Agricultural Research Service of USDA. See United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service Almonds (Prunus dulcis syn. P. amygdalus)–Especially Origin and
(ARS) Early History of the Almond. Including Almond Bread, Almond
Meal, and Almonds Seasoned with Soy Sauce / Tamari. 11, 14, 41,
Agronomy, soybean. See Soybean Production 130, 428, 1700, 1733, 1776, 1815, 1816, 1823, 1826

Aihara, Herman and Cornellia–Their Life and Work with Alpro (Wevelgem, Belgium), Including the Provamel and Belsoy
Macrobiotics. 226, 1220 Brands Sold in Health Foods Stores. 528, 692, 923, 1020, 1031,
1210, 1343, 1351, 1356, 1358, 1362, 1363, 1383, 1408, 1438, 1491,
Akwarius Almere. See Manna Natural Foods (Amsterdam, The 1620, 1661
Netherlands)
Alternative medicine. See Medicine–Alternative
Albert’s Tofuhaus (Lautersheim, Germany). Formerly named Albert
Hess Tofuhaus Rittersheim, Tofuhaus Tiefenthal, and Das Tofuhaus. Aluminum in the Diet and Cooking Utensils–Problems. Soy Is Not
1349 Mentioned. 30, 51, 1283

Alcohol and vegetarianism. See Vegetarianism and the Temperance Amaranth, Grown for Grain / Seed (Amaranthus hypochondriacus,
Movement A. caudatus, and A. cruentus. Genus formerly spelled Amarantus).
277, 1171, 1287, 1454, 1459, 1572, 1722
Alfa-Laval (Lund, Sweden). 399, 468, 528, 560, 632, 1007, 1067,
1107, 1163, 1210, 1250, 1307, 1343, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1491, 1575, Amazake. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)
1654, 1661, 1714
American Lecithin Corp. (Incorporated 1930), American Lecithin
Alfalfa Sprouts (Medicago sativa). 268 Company (Re-incorporated 1934-35), and Joseph Eichberg,
President of Both. 60
Alfalfa or Lucerne / Lucern (Medicago sativa)–Other Uses for
Human Food or Drink, Including Tea, Flour, Tablets, and Leaf American Milling Co. See Allied Mills, Inc.
Protein Concentrate (LPC). See Also Alfalfa Sprouts. 130
American Miso Co. (Rutherfordton, North Carolina). 1454
Alfalfa or Lucerne / Lucern (Medicago sativa). 268, 1320, 1593
American Natural Snacks (St. Augustine, Florida). 1183, 1454,
Alkaline food, ash, reaction, or balance in diet and health. See 1540, 1543, 1589
Nutrition–Acid-Base Balance
American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia). See Franklin,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 724

Benjamin American Soybean Association (ASA)–United Soybean Board

(USB, Established 1991, Chesterfield, Missouri). 1566, 1633, 1678,
American Soy Products (Michigan). See Natural Foods Distributors 1768, 1779, 1803, 1817
and Manufacturers in the USA–Eden Foods
American Soybean Association (ASA) or United Soybean Board–
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities in the United Activities Related to Food Uses of Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy
States and Canada, and General Information (Headquarters in Nutrition, Outside the United States (Not Including Soy Oil). 501,
St. Louis, Missouri. Established 3 Sept. 1920. Named National 692, 950, 1154, 1375, 1439
Soybean Growers’ Association until 1925). 51, 117, 147, 226, 324,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 635, 687, 1168, 1338 Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition and Content. See also
Nutrition–Protein Quality; Soy Sauce, HVP Type. 130, 132, 135,
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and 191, 192, 198, 306, 748, 862, 1168, 1305, 1330, 1555, 1598, 1745
Influence Worldwide (General). 1168
Anderson International Corp. (Cleveland, Ohio). Manufacturer of
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Expellers for Soybean Crushing and Extrusion Cooking Equipment.
Influence in Asia. 488, 501, 744, 950, 1154, 1190, 1375 Formerly V.D. Anderson Co. and Anderson IBEC. 29

American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offices, and Andreas Family of Minnesota and Iowa–Incl. Reuben Peter
Influence in Latin America. 1592 Andreas, and his sons Albert, Glenn, Dwayne (1918- ), and Lowell
Andreas (1922- ). 1408, 1495, 1640
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs
(Legislated / Mandatory Funding. State Programs Starting in North Animal Rights / Liberation. Avoidance of Exploitation of Animals
Carolina in Sept. 1966, National Programs–SPARC–Starting in by Humans. 1200, 1774
1989-1991), and State Promotion Boards (Research & Promotion
Councils). 1128, 1168 Antinutritional Factors (General). See also: Allergens, Estrogens,
Goitrogens, Hemagglutinins (Lectins), Trypsin / Protease Inhibitors.
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Meetings / Conventions See also: Phytic Acid. 192, 1168
(Annual) and Meeting Sites. 15, 48, 83, 127, 147, 485, 486
Antioxidants and Antioxidant / Antioxidative Activity (Especially
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Members and Membership in Soybeans and Soyfoods). 45, 106, 122, 123, 1589, 1593, 1598,
Statistics. 1338 1640, 1678

American Soybean Association (ASA)–New State Soybean Appliances. See Blender, Juicer
Associations (Starting with Minnesota in 1962). 889
APV Systems, Soya Technology Division. Named Danish Turnkey
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Periodicals, Including Dairies Ltd., Soya Technology Division until 1987 (Aarhus,
Soybean Digest, Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc., Denmark; DTD / STS). 464, 468, 488, 528, 632, 875, 1067, 1085,
Soybean Blue Book, Soya Bluebook, Late News, etc. 127, 137, 1163, 1298, 1305, 1341, 1343, 1408
978, 1331
Aquaculture. See Fish or Crustaceans (e.g. Shrimp) Fed Soybean
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Soybean Council of Meal Using Aquaculture or Mariculture
America (June 1956-1969). Replaced by American Soybean
Institute (Est. 11 July 1969). 1030 Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) (Decatur, Illinois;
Minneapolis, Minnesota until 1969). 34, 56, 60, 63, 83, 119, 128,
American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Associations 154, 155, 168, 191, 201, 205, 226, 230, 266, 267, 375, 393, 415,
and Boards (Starting with Minnesota in 1962). 816, 889, 976, 986, 441, 519, 525, 554, 643, 644, 672, 681, 683, 684, 687, 714, 715,
1052, 1128, 1242, 1265, 1266, 1268, 1338, 1536, 1550, 1600, 1602, 726, 747, 756, 809, 893, 898, 923, 937, 941, 970, 982, 989, 1027,
1626, 1628, 1665, 1755 1039, 1121, 1136, 1137, 1163, 1221, 1303, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1326,
1340, 1343, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1350, 1356, 1360, 1362, 1363, 1364,
American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Associations 1371, 1373, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1388, 1408, 1409, 1413, 1419, 1424,
and United Soybean Board–Activities Related to Food Uses of 1429, 1437, 1446, 1465, 1473, 1479, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495,
Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy Nutrition, in the United States (Not 1496, 1526, 1540, 1541, 1555, 1593, 1618, 1634, 1640, 1643, 1661,
Including Soy Oil or Edible Oil Products). 15, 45, 48, 83, 127, 491, 1685
856, 976, 986, 1006, 1128, 1129, 1242, 1259, 1265, 1266, 1335,
1338, 1536, 1550, 1566, 1600, 1602, 1626, 1628, 1633, 1665, 1678, Argentina. See Latin America, South America–Argentina
1768, 1779, 1803, 1817
Arkady, British. See British Arkady Co. Ltd.
American Soybean Association (ASA)–Strayer. See Strayer Family
of Iowa Arlington Experimental Farm. See United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA)–Arlington Experimental Farm

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 725

1244, 1252, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1278, 1280, 1304, 1313, 1318, 1326,
Arrowhead Mills (Hereford, Deaf Smith County, Texas). 1338, 1359, 1380, 1381, 1385, 1392, 1397, 1426, 1442, 1488, 1491,
Established in Aug. 1960 by Frank Ford. Including Arrowhead 1517, 1524, 1560, 1618, 1640, 1642, 1645, 1648, 1661, 1671, 1674,
Distributing. 217 1687, 1688, 1696, 1759, 1771, 1781, 1808, 1822, 1834, 1838

Asahimatsu Shokuhin (Japan). 488 Asia, East–Japanese overseas. See Japanese Overseas, Especially
Work with Soy
Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa). Incl. Associated Seed Growers,
Inc. Acquired in Feb. 1997 by Monsanto Co. from Empresas La Asia, East–Korea (North and South; Formerly Also Spelled Corea
Moderna, S.A. (ELM). 1661 and Called “Chosen” by the Japanese [1907-1945]). 29, 213, 214,
243, 303, 335, 343, 386, 394, 439, 495, 501, 528, 672, 703, 807,
Asia (General, Including East, Southeast, South, Middle East, and 936, 963, 1176, 1210, 1244, 1380, 1533, 1696, 1781
Central). 1446, 1482
Asia, East–Korea–Korean Restaurants Outside Korea, or Soy
Asia, Central–Kyrgyzstan (Formerly Kirghiz SSR, a Central Asian Ingredients Used in Korean-Style Recipes, Food Products, or
Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991; Also formerly Called Dishes outside Korea. 213, 214, 495, 1781, 1790
Kirghizia, Kirghiz- or Kirgiz Republic). 1835
Asia, East–Koreans overseas. See Koreans Overseas, Especially
Asia, Central–Tajikistan (Formerly Tadzhik SSR, a Central Work with Soy
Asian Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991. Also spelled
Tadzhikistan). 1835 Asia, East–Manchuria (Called Manchukuo by Japanese 1932-45;
The Provinces of Heilongjiang [Heilungkiang], Jilin [Kirin], and
Asia, East (General). 90, 155, 201, 394, 399, 515, 692, 895, 1478 Liaoning Were Called Northeast China after 1950). 20, 27, 29, 77,
106, 488, 1397
Asia, East–China (People’s Republic of China; Including Tibet.
Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo). 2, 4, 9, 11, 17, 20, 21, 31, 32, 41, Asia, East–Taiwan (Republic of China. Widely called by its
47, 79, 83, 91, 105, 106, 128, 131, 133, 172, 193, 213, 214, 274, Portuguese name, Formosa, from the 1870s until about 1945). 213,
287, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359, 391, 394, 439, 464, 467, 214, 274, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 394, 439, 456, 489, 528,
468, 475, 488, 489, 495, 504, 516, 528, 645, 906, 1161, 1168, 1210, 703, 744, 790, 1195, 1210, 1226, 1256, 1362, 1375, 1642, 1645,
1221, 1250, 1256, 1298, 1318, 1338, 1352, 1380, 1385, 1397, 1488, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822
1518, 1642, 1674, 1688, 1696, 1759, 1781, 1822
Asia, Middle East–Bahrain, State of (Also spelled Bahrein). 1835
Asia, East–China–Shennong / Shên Nung / Shen Nung–The
Heavenly Husbandman and Mythical Early Emperor of China. 36 Asia, Middle East–Cyprus. 1392

Asia, East–China–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Asia, Middle East–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of
Trends, and Analyses. 468 Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning
the Middle East. 1835
Asia, East–Chinese overseas. See Chinese Overseas, Especially
Work with Soy (Including Chinese from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Asia, Middle East–Iraq (al Jumhouriya al ‘Iraqia). 1748
Singapore, etc.)
Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism (State of Israel, Medinat
Asia, East–Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) Israel; Established May 1948; Including West Bank, Gaza Strip, and
(British Colony until 1 July 1997, then returned to China). 53, 91, Golan Heights Since 1967). 156, 639, 886, 895, 1269, 1365, 1389,
167, 172, 394, 488, 528, 560, 794, 963, 1038, 1067, 1086, 1127, 1402, 1426, 1461, 1500, 1510, 1571, 1603, 1658, 1833
1202, 1210, 1226, 1240, 1244, 1618, 1661
Asia, Middle East–Kuwait (Dowlat al-Kuwait). 1835
Asia, East–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of
Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning Asia, Middle East–Oman, Sultanate of (Saltanat ‘Uman). 1835
East Asia. 1835
Asia, Middle East–Qatar, State of (Dawlet al-Qatar; Also called
Asia, East–Japan (Nihon or Nippon). 2, 3, 11, 29, 45, 83, 91, 106, Katar). 1835
133, 136, 137, 143, 171, 172, 178, 192, 202, 213, 214, 228, 240,
246, 274, 275, 287, 295, 296, 304, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, Asia, Middle East–Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (al-Mamlaka al-
352, 361, 369, 372, 381, 389, 391, 394, 399, 406, 409, 427, 432, `Arabiya as-Sa`udiya). 1392
435, 439, 473, 482, 488, 489, 495, 504, 508, 518, 528, 529, 563,
632, 645, 647, 684, 687, 703, 704, 710, 717, 726, 727, 764, 774, Asia, Middle East–Turkey (Including Anatolia or Asia Minor). 124,
822, 830, 832, 847, 850, 853, 864, 866, 874, 875, 881, 901, 915, 978, 1392
917, 921, 944, 951, 962, 978, 993, 1031, 1049, 1062, 1073, 1130,
1156, 1168, 1177, 1189, 1194, 1204, 1210, 1224, 1230, 1232, 1235, Asia, Middle East–United Arab Emirates (Formerly Trucial States

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 726

or Trucial Oman; Also Dubai). 1426, 1835 Asia, Southeast–Malaysia, Federation of (Including East Malaysia
Composed of Sarawak and Sabah. British Borneo or North Borneo
Asia, Middle East–Yemen (Formed in May 1990 by the Merger of from about 1881 to 1963). Federation of Malaya before 1963. 394,
Pro-Soviet South Yemen [People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, 528, 978, 1210, 1352
Including Aden] and Pro-Western North Yemen [Yemen Arab
Republic]). 1392, 1835 Asia, Southeast–Philippines, Republic of the. 21, 49, 58, 91, 133,
172, 183, 303, 394, 528, 978, 1210, 1286, 1582
Asia, Middle East, Mideast, or Near East (General). 703, 1397
Asia, Southeast–Singapore (Part of the Straits Settlements [British]
Asia, South (Indian Subcontinent). 515, 1397 from 1826 to 1946). 394, 399, 488, 528, 786, 906, 950, 1006, 1007,
1085, 1086, 1163, 1210, 1352, 1392, 1426
Asia, South–Bangladesh, People’s Republic of (East Bengal [See
India] from 1700s-1947, and East Pakistan [See Pakistan] from Asia, Southeast–Thailand, Kingdom of (Siam before 1939). 89,
1947-1971). 978, 1590 133, 303, 394, 399, 406, 467, 528, 930, 950, 1210, 1352, 1392,
1583, 1624, 1699, 1754, 1832
Asia, South–India (Bharat, Including Sikkim, and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands). 76, 128, 179, 180, 193, 197, 198, 206, 220, 236, Asia, Southeast–Vietnam / Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of
253, 259, 272, 286, 303, 394, 437, 438, 452, 516, 528, 660, 834, (North and South) (Divided by French into Tonkin, Annam, and
895, 904, 920, 923, 943, 978, 1104, 1107, 1125, 1154, 1163, 1168, Cochinchine from 1887-1945). 178, 394, 528, 1210, 1518
1190, 1210, 1260, 1263, 1298, 1305, 1352, 1392, 1439, 1447, 1488,
1567, 1641, 1647, 1753, 1754, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1832 Asia, Southeast–Vietnamese overseas. See Vietnamese Overseas,
Especially Work with Soy
Asia, South–India. Work of the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), the All-India Research Project on Soyabean Aspergillus oryzae. See Koji, Miso, or Soy Sauce
(ICAR, Uttar Pradesh), and the National Research Centre for
Soybean (ICAR, Madhya Pradesh)–with Soyabeans in India. 904, Associated Seed Growers, Inc. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa)
920, 1647
Australia. See Oceania–Australia
Asia, South–India. Work of the Indian Institute of Science
(Bangalore) with Soyabeans in India. 76 Azuki Bean. Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi. Also
called Adzuki, Aduki, Adsuki, Adzinki, Red Bean, Chinese Red
Asia, South–Maldives (Divehi Jumhuriya; Formerly Maldive Bean, Red Mung Bean, Small Red Bean. Japanese–Kintoki,
Islands). 1835 Komame, Shôzu. Chinese–Xiaodou, Chixiaodou, Hsiao Tou [Small
Bean], Ch’ih Hsiao Tou [Red Small Bean]. Former scientific names:
Asia, South–Nepal, Kingdom of. 272, 406, 1352, 1806 Phaseolus radiatus (L.), Dolichos angularis (Willd.), Phaseolus
angularis (Willd.) Wight, or Azukia angularis (Willd.) Ohwi. 178,
Asia, South–Pakistan, Islamic Republic of (Part of British India 217, 892, 894, 1166, 1271, 1406, 1442, 1458, 1459, 1572, 1722
until 1947. Divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan 1947-
1971, when East Pakistan Became Independent as Bangladesh). Azumaya, Inc. (Started Making Tofu in 1930 in San Francisco,
137, 895, 1392 California). Acquired by Vitasoy on 27 May 1993. 406, 522, 544,
726, 944, 1031, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1234, 1293, 1416, 1628, 1661
Asia, South–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics,
Trends, and Analyses. 978 Bacon or bacon bits, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless
Bacon, Ham, Chorizo and Other Pork-related Products
Asia, South–Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of (Ceylon
before 22 May 1972. Serendib was the ancient Arabic name). 179, Bacteria causing toxicity. See Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and
303, 370, 394, 426, 431, 458, 462, 465, 528, 623, 660, 777, 1145, Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria, and that Cause Food
1198, 1210, 1288, 1342, 1400, 1403, 1832 Poisoning

Asia, Southeast (General). 1067, 1397 Bacteria in intestines–beneficial. See Intestinal Flora / Bacteria

Asia, Southeast–Indonesia (Netherland(s) Indies, Netherlands East Balanced Foods, Inc. (New York City, and North Bergen, New
Indies, or Dutch East Indies before 1945) (Including Islands of Jersey). Wholesale Distributor of Health Foods and Natural Foods.
Java, Borneo, Celebes, Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, New Guinea [West Founded in 1939 by Maurice “Doc” Shefferman, Sam and Will
Irian], and Sumatra). 29, 133, 167, 205, 275, 303, 342, 343, 344, Reiser. Purchased in Dec. 1986 by Tree of Life. 151, 601
345, 346, 394, 495, 528, 950, 978, 1168, 1210, 1488, 1696, 1834
Barges used to transport soybeans. See Transportation of Soybeans
Asia, Southeast–Indonesians overseas. See Indonesians Overseas, or Soy Products to Market by Water Using Barges, Junks, etc
Especially Work with Soy
Barricini Foods (Mountain Lakes, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream

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Company. Acquired Farm Foods and Ice Bean on 31 May 1985. Waring Mixer, Whiz-Mix, Vitamix–Early Records Only. 77, 85,
Sold Farm Foods to 21st Century in 1993. 686, 688, 698, 703, 711, 124, 140, 151, 160, 227, 361, 372, 389, 1789
718, 722, 736, 754, 769, 771, 775, 785, 791, 798, 817, 819, 821,
824, 833, 842, 849, 852, 859, 875, 876, 924, 925, 935, 961, 969, Boca Burger Inc. Founded 1993. Acquired Feb. 2000 by Kraft
971, 1003, 1028, 1031, 1050, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1090, 1093, 1097, Foods Inc. 1540, 1541, 1560
1111, 1113, 1119, 1132, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1164, 1165, 1180, 1181,
1197, 1212, 1234, 1245, 1246, 1264, 1299, 1302, 1326, 1379, 1484, Boca Burger. See Kraft Foods Inc.
1499, 1562, 1661
Borden, Inc. (Columbus, Ohio; New York City, New York;
Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with Soy (Not Including Waterloo, Iowa; Elgin and Kankakee, Illinois). 60, 68, 78, 79, 81,
Frozen Dessert Bars). 1173, 1475, 1762 98, 113, 1301, 1429, 1838

Battle Creek Food Co. See Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) Botany–Soybean. 1306, 1331, 1470

Bean curd skin. See Yuba Boyer, Robert. See Ford, Henry

Bean curd sticks, dried. See Yuba–Dried Yuba Sticks Brady Crop Cooker. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low
Cost–Brady Crop Cooker
Bean curd. See Tofu
Bragg Liquid Aminos–Made from Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein
Bean paste. See Miso (HVP). 1459

Beef alternatives. See Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, Bragg, Paul Chappius (1895-1975) Author and Health Foods
Including Beef Jerky, etc. See also Meatless Burgers Advocate. 1459, 1572, 1722

Belleme, John. See American Miso Co. (Rutherfordton, North Bran, soy. See Fiber, Soy
Carolina)
Brassica napus (L.) var. napus. See Canola
Benni, Benne, Benniseed. See Sesame Seed
Brassica napus. See Rapeseed
Berczeller, Laszlo. 11, 17, 26, 29, 463
Brazil. See Latin America, South America–Brazil
Bibliographies and / or Reviews of the Literature (Contains More
Than 50 References or Citations). 29, 44, 105, 106, 130, 132, 174, Breeding of Soybeans and Classical Genetics. 174
191, 192, 213, 214, 259, 264, 274, 287, 307, 391, 489, 495, 504,
515, 528, 544, 595, 703, 726, 1083, 1210, 1224, 1238, 1280, 1308, Breeding of soybeans. See Genetic Engineering, Transgenics,
1330, 1370, 1383, 1385, 1429, 1491, 1499, 1642, 1674, 1688, 1691, Transgenic Plants and Biotechnology / Biotech, Variety
1696, 1759, 1781, 1822 Development and Breeding

Binder for Sand Foundry Cores–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Breeding or Evaluation of Soybeans for Seed Quality, such as Low
Drying Oil. 19, 34, 36, 38, 57, 164, 687 in Trypsin Inhibitors, Lipoxygenase, Linolenic Acid, etc. 1338

Biographies, Biographical Sketches, and Autobiographies–See also: Breeding soybeans for food uses. See Soybean Production–Variety
Obituaries. 64, 128, 141, 142, 161, 213, 214, 218, 324, 359, 489, Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or
495, 512, 687, 837, 895, 1154, 1208, 1216, 1439, 1459, 1467, 1483, Handling of Soybeans for Food Uses
1572, 1642, 1672, 1688, 1696, 1722, 1759, 1781, 1822
Brew flakes, soybean. See Soy Flour or Flakes–Use in Brewing
Biotechnology applied to soybeans. See Genetic Engineering,
Transgenics, Transgenic Plants and Biotechnology / Biotech British Arkady Company Ltd. and British Arkady Holdings Ltd.
(Manchester, England). Subsidiary of ADM of the USA. Including
Black soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Black, Soybean Seeds–Black the Haldane Foods Group. 441, 1221, 1326, 1373, 1383, 1408,
in Color 1409, 1446, 1465, 1495, 1496, 1661

Black-eyed pea. See Cowpea–Vigna unguiculata British Columbia. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–British
Columbia
Blaw-Knox Co. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Maker of Soybean
Crushing Equipment, Especially the Rotocel. 192 Brown rice. See Rice, Brown

Blender, Electric (Kitchen Appliance)–Including Liquefier, Bruno Fischer GmbH (Aetorf, Germany). Sold to DE-VAU-GE on
Liquidizer, Liquifier, Osterizer, Waring Blender, Waring Blendor, 31 Dec. 1998. 1661

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 728

Canadian Provinces and Territories–Alberta. 33, 72, 759, 762, 1618,

Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. See Procter & Gamble Co. 1621

Building materials. See Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Canadian Provinces and Territories–British Columbia. 33, 336,
Woods, Wallpaper, or Building Materials 423, 456, 696, 703, 968, 1034, 1186, 1282, 1390, 1549, 1579, 1611,
1618, 1620, 1621, 1648, 1649, 1654
Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York). Including Lauhoff Grain
Co. (Danville, Illinois) since 1979. 176, 184, 987, 1295, 1326 Canadian Provinces and Territories–Manitoba. 33, 68, 930, 945,
994, 1195, 1618, 1621
Burgers, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and
Patties Canadian Provinces and Territories–Northwest Territories. 1835

Burke, Armand. See Soya Corporation of America and Dr. Armand Canadian Provinces and Territories–Nova Scotia. 33, 68, 1621
Burke
Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario. 33, 68, 72, 331, 357,
Burlison, William Leonidas (1882-1958, Univ. of Illinois). 19, 20, 378, 384, 397, 494, 505, 528, 703, 728, 746, 758, 762, 770, 777,
36, 38, 127 786, 787, 788, 799, 801, 828, 922, 1010, 1042, 1151, 1199, 1210,
1325, 1400, 1401, 1440, 1447, 1471, 1498, 1514, 1515, 1523, 1524,
Butter made from nuts or seeds. See Nut Butters 1528, 1529, 1530, 1532, 1539, 1545, 1577, 1593, 1618, 1621, 1641,
1648, 1649, 1656, 1661, 1685, 1708, 1786
Butter-beans. See Lima Bean
Canadian Provinces and Territories–Québec (Quebec). 4, 33, 410,
Cacoja (France). See Sojinal / Biosoja 796, 1339, 1391, 1471, 1515, 1601, 1618, 1621, 1781

Cake or meal, soybean. See Soybean Meal Canadian Provinces and Territories–Saskatchewan. 33, 68, 992,
1325, 1466, 1618, 1648
Calf, Lamb, or Pig Milk Replacers. 815, 1352
Cancer Preventing Substances in Soybeans and Soyfoods (Such as
California. See United States–States–California the Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein) and Cancer Prevention.
294, 1482, 1598, 1678
Canada–Child Haven International. See Child Haven International
(Maxville, Ontario, Canada) Cancer, breast, prevention and diet. See Diet and Breast Cancer
Prevention
Canada–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of Soybeans
from. Other or general information and leads concerning Canada. Cancer, prostate, prevention and diet. See Diet and Prostate Cancer
1835 Prevention

Canada–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, Candles, Crayons, and Soybean Wax–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as
and Analyses. 137, 978, 1618 an Hydrogenated Oil. 57, 1512, 1699

Canada, soyfoods associations in. See Soyfoods Associations in Cannabis sativa. See Hemp
Canada
Canola (Brassica napus (L.) var. napus)–An Improved Variety of
Canada. 4, 7, 9, 19, 20, 33, 36, 38, 48, 68, 72, 77, 137, 178, 223, the Rape Plant or Rapeseed Having Seeds with Little or No Erucic
277, 289, 296, 325, 331, 336, 357, 378, 384, 387, 397, 410, 422, Acid. 1593
423, 435, 446, 447, 456, 494, 505, 528, 543, 582, 584, 616, 620,
623, 632, 642, 656, 696, 703, 715, 726, 728, 746, 758, 759, 762, Cape Verde. See Africa–Cape Verde or Cape Verde Islands (Ilhas do
770, 777, 786, 787, 788, 796, 799, 801, 828, 861, 862, 908, 922, Cabo Verde. República de Cabo Verde)
930, 945, 963, 964, 968, 978, 992, 994, 1009, 1010, 1034, 1042,
1086, 1112, 1123, 1135, 1145, 1151, 1155, 1160, 1162, 1186, 1195, Carbohydrates (General). See also: Starch, Dietary Fiber, and
1198, 1199, 1210, 1244, 1249, 1282, 1325, 1339, 1342, 1390, 1391, Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars). 17, 128, 134, 142, 161, 162,
1392, 1400, 1401, 1403, 1409, 1415, 1426, 1440, 1447, 1466, 1471, 1219
1473, 1474, 1488, 1491, 1498, 1514, 1515, 1523, 1524, 1528, 1529,
1530, 1532, 1533, 1539, 1541, 1545, 1549, 1559, 1560, 1575, 1577, Carbohydrates–Dietary Fiber (Including Complex Carbohydrates,
1579, 1593, 1601, 1611, 1618, 1620, 1621, 1625, 1629, 1641, 1648, Bran, Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Fiber). 1619
1649, 1654, 1656, 1661, 1685, 1690, 1708, 1732, 1781, 1786, 1794,
1795, 1796, 1820, 1835 Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis). 726, 1429

Canada. See Ontario Soybean Growers (Marketing Board) Caribbean. See Latin America–Caribbean

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 729

Cartoons or Cartoon Characters. 874, 1020, 1148, 1485, 1633 Humans)). 1, 2, 3, 29, 38, 47, 106, 128

Carver, George Washington (ca. 1864-1943, Tuskegee Inst., Chemistry and Soils, Bureau. See United States Department
Alabama)–Work with Soybeans, Soyfoods, Peanuts, or Chemurgy, of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial
and the Carver Laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan. 5, 8, 10, 64, 120, Chemistry
159, 193, 280, 485, 486, 512, 516, 699, 700, 701, 702, 705, 1216,
1329, 1483, 1566, 1836 Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Movement, and the Farm
Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to 1950s, Including Wheeler
Casein or Caseinates–Problems in So-Called Non-Dairy Products. McMillen, William J. Hale, and Francis P. Garvan). 27, 33, 64, 77,
1031, 1213, 1330, 1376 159, 485, 486, 512, 525, 687, 1329, 1467

Catering. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering Chenopodium quinoa Willd. See Quinoa

Catsup or Catchup. See Ketchup, Catsup, Catchup, Ketchop, Chicken, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken,
Ketchap, Katchup, etc. Word Mentioned in Document Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless
Turkey
Catsup. See Ketchup, Mushroom (Mushroom Ketchup, Western-
Style), Ketchup, Oyster (Oyster Ketchup, Western-Style), Ketchup, Chickens (esp. Layers & Broilers) Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage,
Tomato (Tomato Ketchup, Western-Style), Ketchup, Walnut or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed. 19, 36, 192
(Walnut Ketchup, Western-Style)
Chickpea / Chickpeas / Chick-Peas, Garbanzo / Garbanza Beans.
Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Bristol, England). Owned by Rayner Burgess Cicer arietinum L. Including Hummus / Hummous. 62, 160, 216,
Ltd. Member of the Hero Group. 1221, 1364, 1386, 1408, 1553 327, 1637, 1677, 1753, 1789

Celebrities–vegetarians. See Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted Chico-San Inc. (Chico, California). Maker of Macrobiotic and
Personalities and Famous People Natural Foods. Founded in March 1962. 522, 561, 576, 663, 666,
706, 1130, 1220, 1366, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1788
Central America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Movement
in Mexico and Central America Child Haven International (Headquarters: Maxville, Ontario,
Canada). Founded by Fred and Bonnie Cappuccino in 1985. Homes
Central America. See Latin America–Central America in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Tibet. 1806

Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana; Acquired in Oct. 1987 by China. See Asia, East–China
the Ferruzzi Group in Ravenna, Italy. In 1991 became part of CSY
Agri-Processing, Inc. [a holding company], operating as a member Chinese Overseas, Especially Work with Soy (Including Chinese
of the Eridania / Beghin-Say agro-industrial group, within Ferruzzi- from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.). 4, 58, 60, 128, 142, 161,
Montedison). Acquired in Oct. 2002 by Bunge. 60, 67, 74, 81, 130, 162, 178, 211, 232, 233, 282, 331, 456, 591, 592, 608, 922, 992,
134, 154, 155, 168, 175, 176, 181, 192, 195, 246, 518, 659, 672, 1042, 1186, 1325, 1414
680, 681, 683, 687, 704, 726, 989, 1268, 1326, 1381, 1429, 1661,
1837 Chocolate substitute made from roasted peanuts. See Peanut
Chocolate
Cereol. See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy)
Chocolate substitute made from roasted soybeans. See Soy
Ceylon. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka Chocolate

Checkoff programs (state and national). See American Soybean Cholesterol. See Lipids–Effects on Blood Lipids, Protein–Effects on
Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs Blood Lipids

Cheese–Non-Soy Non-Dairy Cheeses Made from Plants (Such as Chronology / Timeline. 40, 177, 202, 228, 296, 381, 435, 439, 508,
Peanut / Groundnut Cheese, Almond Cheese, etc.). 2, 5, 8, 30, 51, 632, 647, 875, 883, 944, 967, 1021, 1031, 1194, 1613, 1834, 1838
193, 516, 1534
Chufa / Chufas (Cyperus esculentus). Also Called Earth Almond,
Cheese, cream. See Soy Cream Cheese Tiger Nuts/Tigernut, Nut Grass, Ground Almond, Hognut, Earth
Nut, Rush Nut, Zulu Nut. French: Voandzou, Souchet. German:
Cheese. See Soy Cheese, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives Erdmandel. Italian: Cipero comestible. 1

Cheesecake or cream pie. See Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie Chun King. 1293

Chemical / Nutritional Composition or Analysis (Of Seeds, Cicer arietinum. See Chickpeas or Garbanzo Beans
Plants, Foods, Feeds, Nutritional Components, for Animals (Incl.

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Civil War in USA (1861-1865). 17, 193 1787, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1815, 1816

Claim or Claims of Health Benefits–Usually Authorized by the U.S. Commercial miso. See Miso Production–How to Make Miso on a
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1619, 1654, 1662 Commercial Scale

Cleaning soybean seeds. See Seed Cleaning–Especially for Food or Commercial soy products–earliest. See Historical–Earliest
Seed Uses Commercial Product

Coconut Milk and Cream. Or Coconuts Used to Flavor Soymilk, Commercial soy sauce. See Soy Sauce Production–How to Make
Rice Milk, etc. 62, 140, 158, 287, 336, 388, 391, 492, 503, 504, Soy Sauce on a Commercial Scale
671, 696, 906, 1048, 1084, 1169, 1186, 1204, 1307, 1385, 1410,
1576, 1674, 1717 Commercial soymilk. See Soymilk Production–How to Make
Soymilk on a Commercial Scale
Coffee–Problems with or Prohibitions against the Consumption
of Coffee, Initially Because it Was Considered a Stimulant, Later Commercial tempeh. See Tempeh Production–How to Make
Because of the Harmful Effects of Caffeine. 263 Tempeh on a Commercial Scale

Coffee Creamer, Whitener or Lightener (Non-Dairy–Usually Commercial tofu. See Tofu Production–How to Make Tofu on a
Contains Soy). 75, 78, 146, 148, 149, 166, 167, 168, 191, 195, 212, Commercial Scale
271, 661, 704, 705, 809, 918, 963, 1020, 1104, 1330, 1406, 1415,
1444, 1530, 1542, 1580, 1653, 1655, 1699 Commercial yuba. See Yuba Production–How to Make Yuba on a
Commercial Scale
Coffee Creamer, Whitener or Lightener–Etymology of These Terms
and Their Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 78, 704 Component / value-based pricing of soybeans. See Seed Quality

Coffee Substitutes or Adulterants, Non-Soy–Usually Made from Composition of soybeans, soyfoods, or feeds. See Chemical /
Roasted Cereals, Chicory, and / or Other Legumes. 1, 8, 10, 14, 51, Nutritional Composition or Analysis
805, 1406, 1519
Computer Software and Modeling / Simulation Related to Soy.
Coffee, soy. See Soy Coffee 1341

Coix lachryma-jobi. See Job’s Tears Computerized Databases and Information Services, Information or
Publications About Those Concerning Soya. 174, 550, 1032, 1214,
Color of soybean seeds. See Soybean Seeds (of different colors) 1338, 1488, 1642, 1696, 1822, 1834

Commercial Soy Products–New Products, Mostly Foods. 16, 26, Concentrated soymilk. See Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed
31, 46, 84, 92, 97, 104, 123, 150, 170, 171, 185, 187, 189, 207, 224, (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk)
229, 242, 254, 260, 262, 276, 283, 299, 302, 309, 311, 318, 320,
321, 323, 328, 333, 336, 339, 352, 353, 358, 363, 373, 377, 382, Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefits of Soy in
383, 384, 385, 386, 396, 402, 411, 428, 436, 440, 441, 461, 466, Human Diets. 1659, 1767
469, 470, 473, 474, 482, 492, 503, 505, 506, 510, 520, 554, 561,
564, 573, 574, 578, 589, 596, 600, 633, 634, 638, 639, 640, 642, Condensed soymilk. See Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed
643, 652, 665, 666, 670, 671, 686, 688, 696, 710, 711, 712, 714, (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk)
721, 723, 724, 725, 732, 736, 737, 738, 740, 756, 757, 758, 759,
760, 773, 774, 778, 796, 801, 803, 804, 811, 814, 816, 827, 828, Cookbooks, macrobiotic. See Macrobiotic Cookbooks
841, 843, 844, 846, 876, 881, 885, 887, 890, 896, 899, 906, 910,
911, 922, 932, 938, 941, 942, 945, 946, 953, 955, 958, 966, 968, Cookbooks, vegan. See Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan Cookbooks
970, 977, 980, 982, 992, 1000, 1005, 1010, 1016, 1022, 1034, 1035,
1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1049, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1062, 1065, Cookbooks, vegetarian. See Vegetarian Cookbooks
1066, 1084, 1096, 1101, 1105, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1114, 1119,
1120, 1139, 1140, 1143, 1145, 1157, 1158, 1172, 1186, 1187, 1201, Cookery, Cookbooks, and Recipes–Mostly Using Soy, Mostly
1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1211, 1246, 1247, 1252, 1253, 1282, 1294, Vegetarian. See also: the Subcategories–Vegetarian Cookbooks,
1299, 1302, 1303, 1307, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1322, 1327, 1328, 1334, Vegan Cookbooks. 1, 2, 3, 10, 14, 21, 26, 28, 30, 37, 39, 41, 51, 54,
1347, 1348, 1353, 1354, 1369, 1371, 1382, 1384, 1386, 1387, 1391, 55, 62, 66, 68, 77, 79, 85, 99, 116, 124, 128, 132, 140, 142, 147,
1407, 1412, 1419, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1427, 1428, 1430, 1432, 1433, 151, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 178, 179, 180, 199, 200, 204, 205,
1466, 1468, 1477, 1487, 1498, 1500, 1506, 1508, 1544, 1551, 1552, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 223, 230, 236, 241, 245, 247,
1556, 1557, 1558, 1569, 1570, 1573, 1581, 1585, 1596, 1597, 1601, 248, 253, 262, 264, 266, 268, 274, 287, 288, 303, 312, 347, 361,
1630, 1646, 1652, 1663, 1666, 1667, 1669, 1675, 1680, 1681, 1682, 362, 371, 372, 387, 389, 391, 395, 400, 401, 422, 424, 425, 427,
1683, 1684, 1692, 1706, 1707, 1712, 1718, 1719, 1727, 1729, 1733, 444, 445, 447, 449, 460, 481, 489, 493, 495, 504, 563, 580, 604,
1737, 1742, 1743, 1747, 1750, 1752, 1764, 1769, 1770, 1776, 1783, 621, 646, 651, 753, 794, 861, 865, 891, 894, 1027, 1043, 1044,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 731

1048, 1130, 1142, 1154, 1206, 1207, 1237, 1248, 1256, 1270, 1271,
1279, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1306, 1331, 1385, 1390, 1393, 1394, Creamer or soy cream for coffee. See Coffee Creamer / Whitener
1402, 1406, 1410, 1420, 1439, 1457, 1459, 1460, 1470, 1483, 1486,
1488, 1490, 1572, 1580, 1587, 1598, 1600, 1605, 1613, 1616, 1622, Crop Rotation Using Soybean Plants for Soil Improvement. 77
1623, 1625, 1626, 1636, 1637, 1642, 1644, 1658, 1660, 1665, 1672,
1673, 1674, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1688, 1691, 1696, 1699, 1700, 1717, Crushing, soybean–equipment manufacturers. See Anderson
1721, 1722, 1723, 1726, 1739, 1759, 1760, 1773, 1781, 1789, 1790, International Corp., Blaw-Knox Co. and Rotocel, French Oil Mill
1819, 1822, 1837 Machinery Co.

Cooperative Enterprises, Ventures, Research, or Experiments, and CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne,
Cooperatives / Co-ops, Worldwide. See also: Soybean Crushers Indiana)
(USA)–Cooperative Crushers. 17, 68, 226, 281, 303, 331, 397, 446,
497, 610, 687, 767, 818, 914, 1001, 1091, 1095, 1155, 1221, 1316, Cultures of nitrogen fixing bacteria for soybeans. See Nitrogen
1338, 1342, 1352, 1362, 1383, 1425, 1473, 1498, 1561, 1568, 1600, Fixing Cultures
1713, 1715
Curds Made from Soymilk (Soft, Unpressed Tofu) as an End
Cooperative soybean crushers. See Soybean Crushers (USA), Product or Food Ingredient. In Japanese: Oboro. In Chinese:
Cooperative Daufu-fa, Doufu-hua, Doufu-hwa, Douhua, Toufu-hwa, Tow-foo-
fah (“Bean Curd Flowers”) or Doufu-nao, Fu-nao (“Bean Curd
Corn / Maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays)–Including Corn Oil, Corn Brains”). In Filipino: Taho (Often Served as a Dessert with a Sugary
Germ Oil, Meal, Starch, and Gluten. 1, 3, 4, 5, 30, 41, 51, 62, 68, Syrup). 21, 58, 213, 214, 240, 274, 287, 391, 426, 489, 504, 661,
77, 93, 100, 133, 140, 151, 154, 155, 192, 196, 229, 249, 280, 375, 1256, 1286, 1385, 1642, 1671, 1674, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1808, 1822,
393, 509, 517, 519, 522, 542, 543, 603, 673, 687, 688, 695, 699, 1836
700, 701, 702, 745, 784, 796, 854, 863, 872, 937, 978, 990, 1182,
1183, 1219, 1241, 1266, 1319, 1329, 1359, 1381, 1406, 1410, 1554, Cyperus esculentus. See Chufa. Also Called Earth Almond, Tiger
1593, 1594, 1637 Nuts, etc.

Cornell University (Ithaca, New York), and New York State DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, Germany).
Agric. Experiment Station (Geneva, NY)–Soyfoods Research & 1163, 1298, 1341, 1343, 1351, 1356, 1383, 1408, 1437, 1495, 1661
Development. 79, 90, 128, 140, 142, 147, 161, 162, 183, 226, 861,
1168, 1513 Dairy alternative, rice based. See Rice Milk Products–Ice Creams

Cornucopia Natural Foods (Massachusetts). Founded in 1976. 528 Dairy alternatives (soy based). See Coffee Creamer / Whitener
or Cream Alternative, Sour Cream Alternatives, Soy Cheese–
Cottage cheese. See Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Products Fermented, Soy Cheese–Non-Fermented, Soy Cheese or Cheese
Alternatives, Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie, Soy Cream Cheese,
Cotton Cloth, Fabric, Textile, Fibers or Raw Cotton in Bales, All Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse, Soy Yogurt, Soymilk,
from the Boll of the Cotton Plant (Gossypium sp. L.). 34, 863 Soymilk, Fermented, Soymilk, Fermented–Soy Kefir, Tofu (Soy
Cheese), Whip Topping
Cottonseed Flour. Previously Spelled Cotton-Seed Flour. 303
Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Products, Other (Cottage Cheese,
Cottonseed Meal and Cake (Defatted). Previously Spelled Cotton- Sour Cream, and Icing). See also Non-dairy Whip Topping, Soy Ice
Seed Cake. 19, 130 Cream, Soy Yogurt, Soy Cheese, Cream Cheese or Cheesecakes,
Coffee Creamer / Whitener or Cream, and Sour Cream. 22, 23, 51,
Cottonseed Oil. Previously Spelled Cotton-Seed Oil or Cotton Oil. 82, 149, 213, 214, 355, 487, 587, 783, 809, 886, 1043, 1315, 1393,
110, 113, 121, 1406 1494, 1700, 1781

Cowpea or Black-Eyed Pea. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Formerly Daitokuji / Daitoku-ji natto. See Daitokuji Fermented Black
spelled Cow Pea. Also called Blackeye Pea, Pea Bean, Yardlong Soybeans–from Japan
Cowpea. Chinese: Jiangdou. Previous scientific names: Vigna
sinensis (L.) (1890s-1970s), Vigna catjang (1898-1920), Vigna Daitokuji Fermented Black Soybeans–from Japan. In Japan called
Katiang (1889). 2, 64, 159, 892, 920 Daitokuji Natto or Daitoku-ji Natto. 213, 406, 1781

Crayons. See Candles, Crayons, and Soybean Wax Dawa-dawa. See Natto–Soybean Dawa-dawa

Cream Cheese. See Soy Cream Cheese Deceptive or misleading labeling or products. See Unfair Practices–
Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading Labeling, Advertising,
Cream, sour, alternative. See Sour Cream Alternatives etc. See also: Adulteration

Cream, soymilk. See Soymilk Cream Delsoy Products, Inc. (Dearborn, Michigan). Soy Protein Company.

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Renamed Whitehouse Products in 1963. Purchased by C.J. Christoff 944, 978, 1020, 1027, 1112, 1163, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1183,
& Sons in 1983 (Lowell, Michigan). Renamed Chadalee Farms, 1210, 1256, 1287, 1291, 1293, 1306, 1326, 1331, 1337, 1338, 1343,
Inc. 72, 73, 94, 280, 485, 486, 512, 661, 683, 699, 700, 701, 702, 1344, 1352, 1355, 1356, 1362, 1363, 1373, 1383, 1385, 1392, 1397,
1216, 1449, 1450, 1451 1406, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1416, 1426, 1429, 1442, 1446, 1454, 1459,
1467, 1470, 1473, 1482, 1483, 1488, 1490, 1491, 1494, 1513, 1519,
Demos, Steve. See White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado) 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1550, 1555, 1560, 1566, 1567, 1572, 1580,
1589, 1593, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1613, 1618, 1621, 1623, 1625, 1626,
Detection of soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Detection 1628, 1633, 1637, 1640, 1642, 1644, 1648, 1654, 1661, 1665, 1674,
1677, 1678, 1688, 1691, 1696, 1699, 1700, 1722, 1723, 1759, 1781,
Detergents or soaps made from soy oil. See Soaps or Detergents 1788, 1789, 1822, 1834, 1835

Developing nations. See Third World Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets / Companion Animals Fed Soybeans,
Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed / Pet Food /
Development, sustainable. See World Problems–Sustainable Petfood. 19, 36
Development and Growth
Dorsett, Palemon Howard (1862-1943, USDA). 324
Diabetes and Diabetic Diets. 19, 20, 22, 27, 32, 36, 38, 39, 57, 60,
77, 89, 153, 179, 815, 816, 1402, 1519 Dorsett-Morse Expedition to East Asia (1929-1931). 324

Diamond, Holton W. “Rex”. 71, 75, 78, 81, 82, 93, 94, 100, 110, Douchi or doushi or dow see or dowsi. See Fermented Black
149, 163, 661, 677, 683, 699, 700, 701, 702, 705, 1449, 1450, 1451 Soybeans

Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, Biodiesel, or Artificial Petroleum (Made Drackett Co. (The) (Cincinnati and Sharonville [or Evendale],
from Methyl Esters of Soybean Oil). 1653, 1837 Ohio). 83, 201, 525, 687, 1467

Dried yuba sticks. See Yuba–Dried Yuba Sticks

Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention (Soy May Not Be Mentioned). Dried-frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen, Dried-frozen, or Dried Whole
294, 1482, 1623, 1637, 1639
Drying of soybeans. See Storage of Seeds
Diet and Prostate Cancer Prevention (Soy May Not Be Mentioned).
1623, 1637, 1639 DTD–Danish Turnkey Dairies. See APV Systems, Soya Technology
Division
Directories–Soybean Processors (Including Soyfoods
Manufacturers), Researchers, Conference Attendees, and Other DuPont (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) and DuPont
Names and Addresses Related to Soyfoods, Vegetarianism, Agricultural Enterprise / Products (Wilmington, Delaware).
Macrobiotics, etc. See also Directories–Japanese American in USA. Formerly spelled Du Pont. 34, 687, 1661
60, 68, 137, 151, 213, 214, 274, 356, 406, 489, 495, 528, 544, 703,
726, 805, 978, 1210, 1224, 1256, 1280, 1397, 1491, 1550, 1600, Dust Suppressants and Dust Control–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a
1618, 1621, 1626, 1628, 1642, 1688, 1696, 1759, 1781, 1822, 1833, Non-Drying Oil. 1168, 1268
1834
Earliest articles on soy in major magazines and newspapers. See
Diseases of Soybeans (Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral / Virus). See Media–Earliest Articles on Soy
also: Nematode Disease Control. 64, 77, 1306, 1331, 1470, 1472,
1490, 1837 Earliest commercial soy products. See Historical–Earliest
Commercial Product
Diseases, plant protection from. See Soybean Rust
Earliest document seen... See Historical–Earliest Document Seen
District of Columbia. See United States–States–District of
Columbia Eastern Foods, Inc. See Mainland Express (Spring Park, Minnesota)

Documents with More Than 20 Keywords. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 14, 19, 20, Ecology (“The Mother of All the Sciences”) and Ecosystems. 199,
21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 41, 44, 49, 51, 56, 57, 60, 62, 64, 226, 1048, 1337, 1459, 1473, 1485, 1513, 1540, 1572, 1722, 1784
68, 77, 78, 83, 105, 106, 124, 128, 130, 133, 137, 140, 142, 147,
149, 151, 154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 174, 178, 191, 192, Economics of soybean production and hedging. See Marketing
193, 199, 200, 201, 205, 213, 214, 217, 225, 226, 240, 249, 266, Soybeans
268, 274, 275, 287, 303, 331, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 356, 360,
361, 372, 387, 389, 391, 394, 397, 406, 407, 444, 445, 448, 477, Edamamé. See Green Vegetable Soybeans, Green Vegetable
488, 489, 495, 497, 504, 516, 522, 525, 528, 543, 544, 550, 591, Soybeans–Edamamé
647, 683, 687, 692, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 726, 861, 862,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 733

Eden Foods, Inc. (Clinton, Michigan; Founded 4 Nov. 1969) and Equipment for Soybean Processing (Not Including Farm
American Soy Products (Saline, Michigan; Founded Aug. 1986). Machinery). 251, 764, 990, 1218, 1252
226, 522, 528, 591, 824, 1112, 1210, 1216, 1368, 1491, 1526, 1540,
1541, 1543, 1560, 1589, 1618, 1619, 1639 Equipment for making soymilk. See Soymilk Equipment

Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts (Hudson, Iowa). See Equipment for making tofu. See Tofu Equipment
Solnuts B.V.
Equipment for soybean crushing–manufacturers. See Anderson
Edible or food-grade soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– International Corp., Blaw-Knox Co. and Rotocel, French Oil Mill
Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible Soybeans Machinery Co.

Efficiency of animals in converting feeds into human foods. See Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts). Founded April 1966 by Aveline
Feeds–Efficiency and Michio Kushi in Boston. Merged with U.S. Mills in 1986. 226,
522, 1359, 1426, 1442
Egypt. See Africa–Egypt
Estrogens in plants. See Phytoestrogens
Eichberg, Joseph. See American Lecithin Corp.
Etymology (General) of Soybean Products or Closely Related
El Molino Mills (Los Angeles Area. Founded by Edward Allen Terms (Such as “Protein”). 1306, 1470
Vandercook. Began Operations on 1 March 1926 in Alhambra,
California). 60 Etymology of the Word “Soy” and its Cognates / Relatives in
English. 80, 1533, 1565
Embargoes, tariffs, duties. See Trade Policies (International)
Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, Etymology of the Word “Soyfoods” and its Cognates / Relatives in
Embargoes, Moratoriums Various Languages. 11, 91, 249, 250, 726

Energy bars. See Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with Etymology of the Words “Soya,” “Soy,” and “Soybean” and their
Soy Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 4, 11, 17, 58, 61, 64, 77,
406, 1338
Energy, renewable, from soybeans. See Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel,
Biodiesel, or Artificial Petroleum Etymology. See the specific product concerned (e.g. soybeans, tofu,
soybean meal, etc.)
England. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom
Euronature (Paris, France). See Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-
Environmental Issues, Concerns, and Protection (General, Including Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France)
Deep Ecology, Pollution of the Environment, Renewable Energy,
etc.). See also Global Warming / Climate Change, and Water Use. Europe–European Union (EU) or European Economic Community
1541 (EEC; also known as the Common Market), renamed the European
Community (Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium). 463, 645, 692,
Environmental issues, concerns, and protection. See Vegetarianism, 1020, 1121, 1316, 1343, 1349, 1367, 1392, 1409, 1496, 1555, 1618
the Environment, and Ecology
Europe, Eastern (General). 1343
Enzyme active soy flour. See Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Enzyme
Active Europe, Eastern–Bulgaria. 703

Enzymes–Commercial Enzyme Preparations Used in Europe, Eastern–Czechoslovakia (From 1918 until 1 Jan. 1993;
Making Soyfoods by Hydrolyzing or Modifying Soy Protein, then divided into The Czech Republic [formerly Bohemia and
Carbohydrates, or Lipids (Including Phosphatides). 188, 191, 1184, Moravia], and Slovakia [officially “The Slovak Republic”]). 1409,
1258, 1315, 1429 1426

Enzymes Produced During Fermentations Involving Koji or Europe, Eastern–Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság). 11, 1426
Aspergillus Oryzae (Including Enzymes in Miso and Fermented Soy
Sauce). 1219, 1220, 1366, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521 Europe, Eastern–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of
Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning
Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Lipoxygenase (Formerly Called Eastern Europe. 1835
Lipoxidase) and Its Inactivation. 107, 191, 211, 232, 294, 354, 463,
687, 1007, 1168, 1250, 1338 Europe, Eastern–Poland. 1426, 1524

Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Other. 29, 219, 463, 1352, 1482 Europe, Eastern–Russia (Russian Federation; Formerly Russian
SFSR, a Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991). 11, 61, 1373,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 734

1515, 1529, 1641, 1650, 1656 141, 231, 404, 1257, 1351, 1356, 1392, 1426, 1524, 1732, 1835

Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro (Named Yugoslavia Europe, Western–Introduction of Soy Products to. Earliest
before 13 March 2002). Composed of Serbia and Montenegro (Plus document seen concerning soybean products in a certain western
Autonomous Provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) since 17 April European country. Soybeans as such have not yet been reported in
1992. 379 this country. 231

Europe, Eastern–Slovenia (Slovenija; Declared Independence from Europe, Western–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of
Yugoslavia on 21 June 1991). 1237 Soybeans from. Other or general information and leads concerning
Western Europe. 1835
Europe, Eastern–USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or
Soviet Union; called Russia before 1917. Ceased to exist in Dec. Europe, Western–Ireland, Republic of (Éire; Also Called Irish
1991). 11, 28, 61, 77, 105, 645, 997, 1011, 1075, 1086, 1160, 1373, Republic). 1020, 1223, 1356, 1363, 1426, 1446, 1494, 1524, 1555
1409, 1620
Europe, Western–Italy (Repubblica Italiana). 77, 141, 444, 748,
Europe, Eastern–Ukraine (Ukrayina; Formerly Ukranian SSR, a 814, 815, 1020, 1168, 1326, 1343, 1355, 1356, 1363, 1392, 1426,
Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991). 997, 1075 1471, 1494, 1518, 1567, 1573

Europe, Eastern–Yugoslavia. Composed of Serbia and Montenegro Europe, Western–Liechtenstein, Principality of. 1835
from 17 April 1992 to 13 March 2002. From 1918-1991
included the 6 Republics of Serbia / Servia, Croatia, Bosnia and Europe, Western–Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of (Occasionally
Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro. Included spelled Luxemburg). 1020, 1356, 1835
Carnaro, Fiume / Rijeka / Rieka 1947-1992; Formerly Also Spelled
Jugoslavia. See also Serbia and Montenegro. 379, 703, 1237, 1426 Europe, Western–Malta. 1356, 1835

Europe, Western–Andorra, Principality of. 1426, 1835 Europe, Western–Monaco, Principality of. 1835

Europe, Western–Austria (Österreich). 11, 506, 1355, 1356, 1392, Europe, Western–Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Koninkrijk der
1426 Nederlanden), Including Holland. 28, 29, 77, 188, 246, 463, 687,
692, 703, 890, 978, 1020, 1105, 1168, 1257, 1276, 1312, 1355,
Europe, Western–Belgium, Kingdom of. 77, 206, 528, 734, 923, 1356, 1363, 1383, 1409, 1483, 1491, 1555, 1593, 1661, 1788, 1835
1020, 1127, 1210, 1326, 1343, 1351, 1355, 1356, 1363, 1426, 1491,
1553, 1567, 1568, 1661 Europe, Western–Norway, Kingdom of (Kongeriket Norge). 77,
106, 231, 404, 1351, 1356, 1372, 1392, 1426, 1443, 1494, 1524,
Europe, Western–Denmark (Danmark; Including the Province of 1732, 1835
Greenland [Kalaallit Nunaat]). 34, 77, 106, 231, 528, 1020, 1210,
1298, 1305, 1341, 1343, 1351, 1355, 1356, 1405, 1443, 1524, 1661 Europe, Western–Portugal (República Portuguesa; Including Macao
/ Macau {Until 1999} and the Azores). 286, 1356, 1363, 1426, 1494
Europe, Western–Finland (Suomen Tasavalta). 231, 404, 997, 1162,
1350, 1351, 1353, 1354, 1356, 1372, 1392, 1409, 1426, 1443, 1494, Europe, Western–San Marino, Most Serene Republic of. 1835
1524, 1612
Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United Kingdom since 1707).
Europe, Western–France (République Française). 2, 9, 174, 206, 1285, 1411, 1457, 1488, 1553, 1620, 1641, 1649, 1656, 1732
448, 528, 645, 692, 734, 978, 1020, 1058, 1064, 1163, 1168, 1189,
1210, 1211, 1250, 1278, 1305, 1326, 1343, 1349, 1352, 1355, 1356, Europe, Western–Spain, Kingdom of (Reino de España). 77, 159,
1363, 1374, 1377, 1383, 1392, 1411, 1426, 1436, 1446, 1488, 1491, 1168, 1291, 1343, 1355, 1356, 1392, 1426, 1494, 1629
1518, 1567, 1620, 1661, 1781, 1784, 1835
Europe, Western–Sweden, Kingdom of (Konungariket Sverige). 77,
Europe, Western–Germany (Deutschland; Including East and West 141, 231, 404, 528, 560, 1067, 1163, 1210, 1250, 1257, 1316, 1343,
Germany, Oct. 1949–July 1990). 11, 34, 77, 83, 106, 119, 122, 123, 1350, 1351, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1372, 1392, 1405, 1426, 1433,
128, 141, 164, 286, 442, 444, 645, 687, 734, 978, 1020, 1160, 1163, 1434, 1443, 1480, 1493, 1494, 1524, 1553, 1611, 1612, 1638, 1654
1168, 1256, 1298, 1307, 1319, 1326, 1334, 1343, 1349, 1351, 1352,
1355, 1356, 1381, 1392, 1406, 1446, 1485, 1488, 1491, 1494, 1495, Europe, Western–Switzerland (Swiss Confederation). 2, 141, 528,
1553, 1555, 1593, 1608, 1615, 1622, 1640, 1661, 1834 914, 1001, 1064, 1091, 1210, 1257, 1326, 1343, 1352, 1355, 1356,
1392, 1426, 1491, 1518, 1567, 1610, 1661, 1715, 1753, 1781
Europe, Western–Greece (Hellenic Republic–Elliniki Dimokratia–
Hellas. Including Crete, Kríte, Kriti, or Creta, and Epirus or Europe, Western–United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Epeiros). 77, 178, 1201, 1356 Ireland (UK–Including England, Scotland, Wales, Channel Islands,
Isle of Man, Gibraltar). 11, 24, 61, 77, 84, 92, 97, 101, 105, 106,
Europe, Western–Iceland (Lydhveldidh or Lyoveldio Island). 102, 107, 113, 119, 143, 191, 203, 210, 222, 230, 253, 292, 441, 449,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 735

463, 528, 554, 562, 643, 703, 714, 715, 734, 756, 767, 778, 797, FAO. See United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP,
818, 825, 834, 857, 873, 891, 893, 894, 923, 941, 954, 970, 977, UNESCO, and UNRRA) Work with Soy
982, 1020, 1036, 1039, 1044, 1048, 1095, 1121, 1125, 1136, 1137,
1163, 1172, 1200, 1210, 1221, 1229, 1271, 1285, 1303, 1309, 1310, Family history. See Genealogy and Family History
1312, 1321, 1326, 1328, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1350, 1355,
1356, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1367, 1371, 1373, 1382, 1384, Fantastic Foods, Inc. (Petaluma, California). 522, 848, 1541, 1560
1386, 1388, 1392, 1408, 1409, 1411, 1413, 1419, 1422, 1423, 1424,
1425, 1426, 1433, 1434, 1437, 1438, 1443, 1446, 1456, 1457, 1465, Far-Mar-Co, Inc. (A Cooperative; Hutchinson, Kansas). Created
1467, 1473, 1479, 1480, 1488, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, on 1 June 1968 by the merger of four regional grain cooperatives
1500, 1525, 1553, 1555, 1620, 1640, 1641, 1643, 1649, 1656, 1661, including Farmers Union Cooperative Marketing Assn., which had
1679, 1739 owned the former Dannen soybean crushing plant in St. Joseph,
Missouri, since Sept. 1963. Parts later sold to PMS Foods, Inc. 687
Europe, Western–Vatican City (Officially The Holy See). 1835
Farm (The) (Lanark, ONT, Canada). See Plenty Canada
Europe, Western. 20, 29, 394, 515, 528, 794, 895, 1210, 1224,
1280, 1308, 1370, 1397, 1614, 1631 Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee). See also Soyfoods
Companies (USA)–Farm Food Co. 200, 204, 205, 223, 224, 225,
Europe, soyfoods associations in. See Soyfoods Associations in 226, 241, 245, 249, 255, 258, 262, 265, 266, 267, 268, 282, 289,
Europe 291, 293, 300, 301, 317, 326, 333, 334, 340, 348, 380, 382, 384,
395, 397, 398, 403, 410, 411, 412, 416, 420, 421, 422, 425, 444,
Europe, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Movement in Europe 445, 457, 469, 470, 471, 476, 477, 491, 494, 497, 500, 522, 530,
536, 545, 546, 555, 566, 597, 598, 611, 620, 628, 629, 653, 654,
Exercise. See Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, and Exercise 656, 679, 686, 688, 689, 692, 703, 704, 711, 718, 722, 726, 736,
754, 771, 798, 818, 819, 821, 828, 849, 861, 862, 863, 864, 887,
Expellers. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and 888, 924, 925, 935, 1003, 1095, 1180, 1181, 1248, 1279, 1326,
Expellers 1394, 1410, 1561, 1580, 1625, 1664, 1700, 1786

Experiment Stations, Office of. See United States Department of Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then San Francisco, California), Farm
Agriculture (USDA)–Office of Experiment Stations Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy (Summertown, Tennessee). Div. of
Hain Food Group (Uniondale, New York). Merged with Barricini
Experiment stations (state) in USA. See Agricultural Experiment Foods on 31 May 1985. Acquired by 21st Century Foods from
Stations in the United States Barracini Foods in mid-1993. 224, 225, 226, 228, 249, 262, 265,
266, 267, 268, 282, 291, 293, 296, 300, 301, 317, 326, 333, 334,
Explosives Made from Soy Oil or Glycerine–Industrial Uses of Soy 340, 348, 380, 382, 395, 398, 403, 410, 411, 412, 416, 420, 421,
Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 463 422, 435, 442, 444, 457, 469, 470, 471, 476, 477, 491, 497, 500,
508, 522, 530, 536, 545, 546, 555, 566, 593, 597, 598, 611, 628,
Exports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual 629, 653, 654, 679, 686, 688, 689, 692, 703, 704, 711, 718, 722,
Soyfoods Exported 736, 742, 754, 771, 797, 798, 819, 821, 828, 849, 861, 862, 864,
875, 887, 888, 924, 925, 935, 969, 971, 1003, 1050, 1078, 1090,
Extru-Tech, Inc. See Extruder / Extrusion Cooker Manufacturers– 1093, 1097, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1119, 1132, 1140, 1141, 1164, 1165,
Wenger International, Inc. 1180, 1181, 1212, 1213, 1246, 1248, 1255, 1264, 1299, 1326, 1379,
1476, 1484, 1499, 1543, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1578, 1619, 1661, 1836
Extruder / Extrusion Cooker Manufacturers–Wenger International,
Inc. (Kansas City, Missouri; Sabetha, Kansas), Incl. Extru-Tech, Fasting–Abstaining from All Food and Nourishment, Consuming
Inc. 246, 681 Only Water. 51, 157, 1283

Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–Brady Crop Cooker, Fearn, Dr. Charles E. (-1949), and Fearn Soya Foods / Fearn
Thriposha, etc. 285, 303, 1832 Natural Foods. 26, 60, 199, 463, 861, 1498

Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–Including Triple “F” Feeds–Efficiency of Animals in Converting Feeds into Human
Inc., Insta-Pro International, Soy Innovations International, and Foods. 213, 214, 489, 1642, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822
Heartland Agri Partners, LLC. 990, 1504, 1568
Feeds–Soybeans, soybean forage, or soy products fed to various
Extruders and Extrusion Cooking: Low Cost Extrusion Cookers types of animals. See The type of animal–chickens, pigs, cows,
(LECs). 261, 356, 635, 1288 horses, etc.

Extruders, Extrusion Cooking, and Extrusion Cookers. See also Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Hay (Whole Dried Soybean
Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LEC / LECs). 174, 186, 191, 196, Plants, Foliage and Immature Seed Included). 4
681, 1397, 1424, 1512, 1513, 1563, 1574, 1606
Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Foraging.

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20
Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, from Making Soymilk or Tofu–Value
Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-Fat Seeds (Including Added Uses (Not Including Livestock Feeds) and Solutions to
Forage, Fodder {Green Plants}, or Ground Seeds). 19, 20 Disposal Problems. 213, 214, 282, 715, 1350, 1472, 1514, 1529,
1568, 1584, 1671, 1781
Feeds Made from Soybean Meal (Defatted). 38, 1306, 1331, 1470,
1512 Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, the Residue Left from Making Soymilk
or Tofu. Also called Bean Curd Residue, Soybean Curd Residue,
Feeds, Other Types (Okara, Calf Milk Replacers, Soybean Hulls, Dou-fu-zha (Pinyin). 3, 4, 41, 51, 68, 128, 140, 142, 151, 158, 160,
etc.). 815 161, 162, 200, 202, 205, 209, 213, 214, 217, 223, 236, 240, 241,
266, 268, 270, 273, 274, 282, 287, 296, 298, 313, 327, 331, 341,
Fermented Black Soybean Extract (Shizhi / Shih Chih), and 343, 344, 356, 371, 380, 391, 392, 406, 407, 412, 431, 435, 444,
Fermented Black Soybean Sauce (Mandarin: Shiyou / Shih-yu. 445, 447, 448, 456, 462, 465, 477, 489, 504, 539, 616, 646, 715,
Cantonese: Shi-yau / Si-yau / Seow. Japanese: Kuki-jiru). See also 728, 748, 767, 788, 818, 863, 864, 892, 908, 923, 979, 1007, 1009,
Black Bean Sauce. 406 1027, 1052, 1095, 1124, 1132, 1155, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1250, 1256,
1258, 1288, 1319, 1350, 1383, 1385, 1410, 1425, 1440, 1454, 1459,
Fermented Black Soybeans–Whole Soybeans Fermented with 1472, 1474, 1490, 1502, 1513, 1514, 1523, 1529, 1540, 1550, 1563,
Salt–Also called Fermented Black Beans, Salted Black Beans, 1568, 1572, 1580, 1584, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1609, 1610, 1621, 1622,
Salty Black Beans, Black Fermented Beans, Black Beans, Black 1625, 1626, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1658, 1665, 1671, 1674, 1688, 1713,
Bean Sauce, Black Bean and Ginger Sauce, Chinese Black Beans, 1714, 1715, 1721, 1722, 1753, 1754, 1758, 1759, 1771, 1781, 1789,
Preserved Black Beans or Preserved Chinese Black Beans. In 1807, 1808, 1822, 1837
Chinese (Mandarin): Shi, Doushi, or Douchi (pinyin), Tou-shih,
Toushih, or Tou-ch’ih (Wade-Giles). Cantonese: Dow see, Dow si, Fiber–Seventh-day Adventist Writings or Products (Especially
Dow-si, Dowsi, or Do shih. In Japan: Hamanatto, Daitokuji Natto, Early) Related to Dietary Fiber. 14, 1283, 1660
Shiokara Natto, or Tera Natto. In the Philippines: Tausi or Taosi /
Tao-si. In Malaysia or Thailand: Tao si. In Indonesia: Tao dji, Tao- Fiber–Soy Cotyledon Fiber / Polysaccharides (from Making Soy
dji, or Tao-djie. 21, 105, 174, 192, 213, 214, 274, 406, 407, 448, Protein Isolates). 415
467, 489, 1237, 1256, 1286, 1459, 1572, 1594, 1642, 1677, 1688,
1722, 1759, 1781, 1822 Fiber, Soy–Bran (Pulverized Soybean Hulls / Seed Coats) and Other
Uses of Soybean Hulls. 1116, 1594
Fermented Black Soybeans–from The Philippines–Tau-si, Tausi,
Tao-si, Taosi. 406, 1286 Fiber, Soy–General, for Food Use (Specific Type Unknown). 1344

Fermented Soyfoods and Their Fermentation (General). See also: Fiber. See Carbohydrates–Dietary Fiber
Microbiology and Bacteriology–History of Early Discoveries. 192
Fibers (Artificial Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein
Fermented Specialty Soyfoods–Soy Wine, Cantonese Wine Starter Fiber, Including Azlon, Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk)–Industrial
(Kiu-Tsee / Tsée), Soy Fermentation Pellicle or Bean Ferment (Tou Uses of Soy Proteins. 56, 83, 201, 687, 1467
Huang), Soyidli / Idli, Dosa / Dosai, Dhokla, and Soy Ogi. 90, 206,
1263, 1512, 1563 Fish or Crustaceans (e.g., Shrimp) Fed Soybean Meal or Oil as Feed
Using Aquaculture or Mariculture. 1168
Fermented tofu. See Tofu, Fermented
Fish or Crustaceans raised by Aquaculture / Fish Culture /
Fermented whole soybeans. See Natto, Dawa-dawa, Kinema, Thua- Pisiculture–Early–Soy Is Not Mentioned. 1732
nao
Fish, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellfish, and
Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy). Purchased Central Soya Co. (USA) in Other Seafood-like Products
Oct. 1987. European crushing operations renamed Cereol on 1 Jan.
1990. Cereol acquired by Bunge in April 2003. 1326 Fitness. See Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, and Exercise

Fertilizer, soybean meal used as. See Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber Five-spice pressed tofu. See Tofu, Five-Spice Pressed (Wu-hsiang
(as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as a Fertilizer or Manure for Toufukan / Wuxiang Doufugan)
the Soil
Flakes, from whole soybeans. See Whole Soy Flakes
Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates
/ Relatives in Various Languages. 3, 51, 151, 200, 213, 236, 748, Flatulence or Intestinal Gas–Caused by Complex Sugars (As the
1490 Oligosaccharides Raffinose and Stachyose in Soybeans), by Fiber,
or by Lactose in Milk. 404, 1352, 1377, 1458, 1531, 1716
Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, Used as an Ingredient in Commercial
Soyfood Products. 505, 642, 811, 1421, 1506, 1584 Flavor Problems and Ways of Solving Them (Especially Beany

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 737

Off-Flavors in Soy Oil, Soymilk, Tofu, Whole Dry Soybeans, or

Soy Protein Products, and Ways of Masking or Eliminating Them). Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790; American Statesman and
4, 29, 32, 47, 52, 83, 107, 128, 191, 192, 198, 206, 211, 243, 326, Philosopher), Charles Thomson, and the American Philosophical
335, 354, 404, 439, 651, 1007, 1062, 1250, 1348, 1352, 1353, 1354, Society (APS–Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). 1318
1372, 1380, 1466, 1471, 1574, 1576, 1610, 1648, 1654, 1656
French Oil Mill Machinery Co. (Piqua, Ohio). Maker of Soybean
Flax plant or flaxseed. See Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, or the Crushing Equipment. Also Named French Oil Machinery Co. 137
Flax / Flaxseed Plant
Frozen desserts, non-dairy. See Soy Ice Cream
Flour, cottonseed. See Cottonseed Flour
Frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen, Dried-Frozen, or Dried Whole
Flour, soy. See Soy Flour
Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), Incl. Fuji Purina Protein Ltd. 246
Fodder, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-
Fat Seeds Fuller Life Inc. (Maryville, Tennessee). Formerly Sovex Natural
Foods of Collegedale, Tennessee; a Division of McKee Foods Corp.
Food Production and Distribution Administration of USDA. See Name Changed to Blue Planet Foods in 2004. 1294, 1407, 1454,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food 1652
Administration (WFA)
Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals / Nutriceuticals, Designer Foods,
Food and Drug Administration (FDA, U.S. Dept. of Health and or Medicinal Foods. 1593, 1640
Human Services). 104, 108, 109, 111, 168, 234, 296, 381, 498, 508,
875, 944, 1031, 1330, 1540, 1619, 1654, 1662, 1665, 1801, 1803, Funk Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois). Founded in 1901
1817 by Eugene D. Funk, Sr. (1867-1944). Started selling soybeans in
1903. Started Crushing Soybeans in 1924. Renamed Funk Seeds
Food uses of soybeans, breeding for. See Variety Development, International by 1983. 34, 60, 128
Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or Handling of Soybeans
for Food Uses Galactina S.A. (Belp, Switzerland). 528, 632, 914, 1001, 1064,
1091, 1343, 1383
Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering, Including
Quantity or Bulk Recipes. 168, 365, 369, 401, 705, 812, 830, 855, Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando,
1090, 1170, 1193, 1221, 1229, 1245, 1262, 1325, 1330, 1340, 1431, Florida). 1228, 1543, 1560, 1589, 1618, 1685
1469, 1540, 1541, 1584
Gandhi, Mohandas K. (“Mahatma”) (1869-1948). Vegetarian
Foodservice and institutional feeding or catering. See School Lunch Pioneer Worldwide, and in India and England. 434
Program
Ganmodoki. See Tofu, Fried
Forage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-
Fat Seeds Gardenburger Inc. Named Wholesome and Hearty Foods, Inc. until
24 Oct. 1997 (Portland, Oregon). 1475, 1541, 1543
Ford, Henry (1863-1947), and His Researchers–Work with Soy–
Robert Boyer, Frank Calvert, William Atkinson, Edsel Ruddiman, Gas, intestinal. See Flatulence or Intestinal Gas
Bob Smith, Holton W. “Rex” Diamond, and Jan Willemse. 8, 25,
27, 33, 34, 38, 49, 56, 64, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 93, Gene banks. See Germplasm Collections and Resources, and Gene
94, 100, 110, 130, 131, 139, 143, 147, 149, 155, 177, 201, 280, 485, Banks
486, 496, 512, 525, 618, 661, 677, 683, 687, 699, 700, 701, 702,
705, 1216, 1231, 1241, 1276, 1329, 1429, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, Genealogy and Family History. See Also: Obituaries, Biographies.
1452, 1453, 1455, 1467, 1483, 1540, 1602, 1655, 1836 2, 64, 141, 159, 213, 214, 324, 359, 489, 495, 512, 837, 895, 1154,
1216, 1439, 1467, 1483, 1642, 1688, 1696, 1759, 1781, 1822
Foundry cores, binder. See Binder for Sand Foundry Cores
General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis). 83, 137, 155, 168,
Fouts Family of Indiana–Incl. Taylor Fouts (1880-1952), His 192, 198, 681, 687, 1293, 1315, 1416, 1429, 1451, 1467
Brothers Noah Fouts (1864-1938) and Finis Fouts (1866-1943),
Their Soyland Farm (1918-1928), and Their Father Solomon Fouts Genetic Engineering, Transgenics, Transgenic Plants and
(1826-1907). 77 Biotechnology / Biotech. 1168, 1604, 1614, 1643, 1659

France. See Europe, Western–France Genetics, soybean. See Breeding of Soybeans and Classical
Genetics
Frankfurters, hot dogs, or wieners–meatless. See Meat Alternatives–
Meatless Sausages GeniSoy Products Co. (Fairfield, California). Including MLO and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 738

Mus-L-On. 1639, 1760 / Under a Crop of Immature / Green Soybean Plants for Soil
Improvement. 20
Germany. See Europe, Western–Germany
Green Vegetable Soybeans–Etymology of This Term and Its
Germplasm Collections and Resources, Gene Banks, and Seed Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 44, 160
Stores. 1397
Green Vegetable Soybeans–Horticulture–How to Grow as a Garden
Glidden Co. (The) (Chicago, Illinois, and Cleveland, Ohio). See Vegetable or Commercially. 68, 128, 142, 161, 162
also: Julian, Percy. 34, 38, 60, 77, 81, 82, 105, 130, 132, 147, 299,
518, 683, 699, 700, 701, 702, 1450 Green Vegetable Soybeans–The Word Edamame (Japanese-Style,
in the Pods), Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type Soybeans–
Gluten. See Wheat Gluten Appearance in European-Language Documents. 213, 214, 1397,
1513, 1550, 1598, 1600, 1621, 1626, 1637, 1645, 1653, 1665, 1677,
Glycerine, explosives made from. See Explosives Made from 1691, 1745, 1768, 1771, 1779, 1781, 1803, 1817
Glycerine
Green Vegetable Soybeans–Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or
Glycine species, wild perennial. See Wild, Perennial Relatives of Edible of Food-Grade Soybeans, General Information About,
the Soybean Including Use As Green Vegetable Soybeans. 68, 128, 142, 161

Goitrogens / Goitrogenic Substances (Which Can Affect Thyroid Green Vegetable Soybeans Industry and Market Statistics, Trends,
Function and Cause Goiter). 1659, 1749 and Analyses–By Geographical Region. 49, 56

Golbitz, Peter. See Soyatech (Bar Harbor, Maine) Green Vegetable Soybeans, Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type
Soybeans. 3, 4, 21, 25, 44, 49, 56, 58, 60, 65, 68, 77, 85, 86, 128,
Government policies and programs effecting soybeans. See Policies 133, 139, 140, 142, 147, 158, 160, 161, 162, 174, 179, 180, 194,
and programs 199, 201, 213, 214, 274, 407, 448, 489, 974, 1256, 1286, 1287,
1288, 1397, 1453, 1483, 1513, 1550, 1580, 1598, 1600, 1621, 1625,
Grades and grading of soybeans. See Seed Quality of Soybeans– 1626, 1628, 1633, 1637, 1642, 1645, 1653, 1665, 1676, 1677, 1678,
Condition, Grading, and Grades (Moisture, Foreign Material, 1687, 1688, 1691, 1721, 1723, 1745, 1759, 1768, 1771, 1779, 1781,
Damage, etc.) 1789, 1790, 1803, 1810, 1817, 1822

Graham, Sylvester (1794-1851). American Health Reformer and Green soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Green
Vegetarian (Actually Vegan) (New York). 1, 14, 958
Griffith Laboratories (Chicago and Alsip, Illinois). 60, 168, 176,
Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO). See Ontario Soybean Growers 683, 989, 1295, 1429
(Canada)
Grilled tofu. See Tofu, Grilled. Japanese-Style
Grain Processing Corporation (GPC–Muscatine, Iowa). 673, 680,
712, 750, 854, 989, 990 Grits, roasted soy. See Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark
Roasted with Dry Heat, Full-Fat) and Grits
Grainaissance, Inc. (Emeryville, California). 1219
Groundnuts. See Peanut, Peanuts
Granose Foods Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire [Bucks.],
England). Founded in 1899 under the name The International Gunther Products, Inc. (Galesburg, Illinois. Founded by J.K.
Health Association Ltd. Renamed Granose Foods Ltd. in 1926. Gunter in 1949. Started in 1950. Acquired in April 1995 by Quest
Acquired by Haldane Foods Group in Jan. 1991. 715, 1163, 1303, International, a Unit of Unilever). 176, 235, 237, 683, 953, 1203,
1321, 1343, 1362, 1363, 1383, 1388, 1494 1315, 1661

Granules, from whole soybeans. See Whole Soy Flakes HVP–Bragg Liquid Aminos. See Bragg Liquid Aminos

Granum. See Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors in HVP type soy sauce. See Soy Sauce, HVP Type (Non-Fermented or
the USA–Janus Semi-Fermented)

Grazing green soybean plants. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean HVP. See Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (Non-Soy), or Soy
Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Foraging Protein–Hydrolyzed (General)

Great Eastern Sun and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Hackleman, Jay C. (1888-1970, Extension Agronomist, Univ. of
Carolina). 1426, 1454 Illinois). 127

Green Manure, Use of Soybeans as, by Plowing / Turning In Hain Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York). Hain Food

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Group, Inc. before 30 May 2000. Hain Pure Food Co. since Nov. (Started in the 1890s by Seventh-day Adventists). 30, 151, 349,
1931. Founded in Oct. 1926 by Harold Hain as Hain Health Foods. 387, 1562, 1641, 1673
224, 225, 268, 282, 291, 293, 300, 301, 317, 326, 327, 333, 340,
380, 381, 382, 395, 398, 403, 410, 411, 416, 420, 421, 444, 457, Health Foods Restaurants, Cafeterias, and Cafés / Cafes (1890s to
469, 470, 476, 491, 497, 536, 598, 611, 628, 629, 654, 686, 688, 1960s). 35
692, 703, 704, 711, 736, 754, 771, 819, 821, 849, 888, 935, 969,
971, 1050, 1078, 1093, 1111, 1113, 1119, 1140, 1164, 1165, 1212, Health Foods Stores / Shops (mostly USA)–Early (1877 to 1970s).
1246, 1255, 1264, 1299, 1476, 1484, 1541, 1543, 1560, 1561, 1562, 39, 60, 77, 147, 182, 221, 1626
1578, 1619, 1638, 1661, 1724, 1728, 1821, 1834, 1836
Health Valley (Los Angeles, then Montebello, California). Acquired
Haldane Foods Group Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, by Natural Nutrition Group. Acquired by Hain Food Group of
England). Including Regular Tofu Co., Realeat Foods, Direct Foods, Uniondale, New York, on 18 May 1999. 622, 1112, 1484
Haldane Foods, Vegetarian Feasts, Vegetarian Cuisine, Genice,
Unisoy, and Granose Foods Ltd. Acquired by The Hain Celestial Health and Dietary / Food Reform Movements, especially from
Group in fall 2006. 230, 554, 643, 714, 715, 756, 809, 893, 923, 1830 to the 1930s. 133, 172, 493
941, 970, 982, 1039, 1121, 1136, 1137, 1163, 1221, 1303, 1309,
1310, 1312, 1321, 1326, 1340, 1343, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1350, 1356, Health claims. See Claim or Claims of Health Benefits–Usually
1360, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1371, 1373, 1382, 1384, 1388, 1408, 1409, Authorized by the FDA
1413, 1419, 1424, 1437, 1446, 1465, 1473, 1479, 1491, 1492, 1493,
1494, 1495, 1496, 1499, 1555, 1593, 1640, 1643, 1661 Health foods distributors and wholesalers. See Balanced Foods, Inc.
(New York City, and New Jersey), Kahan & Lessin Co. (California)
Hamanatto / Hamananatto. See Hamanatto Fermented Black
Soybeans–from Japan Health foods manufacturers. See El Molino Mills

Hamanatto Fermented Black Soybeans–from Japan. In Japan called Health foods movement in Los Angeles, California. See Bragg, Paul
Hamanatto or (formerly) Hamananatto. 21, 105, 174, 192, 213, 406, Chappius, El Molino Mills, Hauser, Gayelord
1594, 1781
Hemp (Cannabis sativa)–Used as a Source of Fiber for Textiles or
Hansa Muehle AG. See Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, Paper, Protein (Edestin), or Seeds (Asanomi). Includes Marijuana
Germany) / Marihuana. See Also Hemp Oil or Hempseed Oil. Does NOT
include Wild Hemp (Sesbania macrocarpa) or Sunn Hemp
Harrison, D.W. (M.D.), and Africa Basic Foods (Uganda). 1832 (Crotolaria juncea) or Manila hemp (Musa textilis, a species of
plantain). 130, 687, 1534
Hartz (Jacob) Seed Co. (Stuttgart, Arkansas). Founded by Jacob
Hartz, Sr. (1888-1963) in 1942. Continued by Jake Hartz, Jr. Heuschen-Schrouff B.V. (Landgraaf, Netherlands), Including Its
(1920- ). Acquired by Monsanto in April 1983. Headquarters at Des Subsidiary SoFine Foods (The Latter Acquired by Vandemoortele
Moines, Iowa, since Jan. 1998. 1326 Group on 23 June 2006). 1349, 1383

Harvesting and Threshing Soybeans (Including Use of Chemical Hexane. See Solvents
Defoliation and Defoliants to Facilitate Harvesting). 4, 77, 1329,
1490, 1837 Hinoichi / Hinode, House Foods & Yamauchi Inc. See House Foods
America Corporation (Los Angeles, California)
Hauser, Gayelord (1895-1984). Health foods pioneer, author, and
lecturer in Los Angeles, California. 85 Historical–Documents on Soybeans or Soyfoods Published from
1900 to 1923. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13
Hawaii. See United States–States–Hawaii
Historical–Earliest Commercial Product Seen of a Particular Type
Hay, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Hay or Made in a Particular Geographic Area. 16, 92, 224, 311, 633,
634, 642, 1327, 1506
Healing arts, alternative. See Medicine–Alternative
Historical–Earliest Document Seen Containing a Particular Word,
Health Foods–Manufacturers. 60, 77, 1623, 1660 Term, or Phrase. 3, 4, 15, 21, 22, 32, 44, 49, 68, 77, 78, 116, 124,
151, 160, 167, 179, 192, 199, 200, 204, 205, 213, 214, 224, 229,
Health Foods Distributors and Wholesalers–General and Other 236, 250, 287, 391, 434, 444, 447, 494, 504, 557, 616, 617, 633,
(1890s to 1960s). 151 692, 704, 748, 1287, 1385, 1674, 1781, 1789

Health Foods Movement and Industry in United Kingdom. 734, Historical–Earliest Document Seen of a Particular Type. 908
825, 1036, 1321, 1361, 1525
Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Geographical
Health Foods Movement and Industry in the United States–General Area–a Nation / Country, U.S. State, Canadian Province, or

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 740

Continent. 16, 231, 642, 1327, 1506, 1567 Homemade soy sauce (including shoyu). See Soy Sauce (Including
Shoyu), Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory
Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject. 3, 22, Scale, by Hand
23, 32, 41, 42, 53, 60, 61, 62, 71, 75, 78, 117, 140, 168, 200, 224,
225, 226, 277, 287, 318, 319, 322, 360, 391, 494, 504, 543, 698, Homemade soy sprouts. See Soy Sprouts, Homemade–How to
703, 732, 893, 1385, 1577, 1674 Grow at Home or on a Laboratory Scale, by Hand

Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject. 63, 65, Homemade soymilk. See Soymilk, Homemade–How to Make at
157, 446 Home or on a Laboratory or Community Scale

Historically Important Events, Trends, or Publications. 24, 41, 64, Homemade tempeh. See Tempeh, Homemade–How to Make at
130, 202, 228, 266, 275, 296, 381, 435, 508, 528, 576, 626, 632, Home or on a Laboratory Scale, by Hand
703, 875, 1021, 1028, 1031, 1194, 1210, 1320, 1408, 1517, 1685
Homemade tofu. See Tofu, Homemade–How to Make at Home or
History–Chronology. See Chronology / Timeline on a Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand

History of medicine. See Medicine–History Homemade yuba. See Yuba, Homemade–How to Make at Home or
on a Laboratory Scale, by Hand
History. See also Historical–Earliest..., Biography, Chronology /
Timeline, and Obituaries. 1, 20, 38, 40, 51, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78, 88, Honeymead (Mankato, Minnesota)–Cooperative. 1429
105, 119, 120, 126, 127, 133, 159, 160, 171, 172, 177, 191, 201,
205, 212, 213, 214, 226, 230, 231, 239, 246, 257, 270, 274, 275, Hong Kong. See Asia, East–Hong Kong
280, 324, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 354, 380, 394, 399,
439, 446, 453, 461, 463, 481, 487, 489, 495, 496, 512, 515, 516, Horvath, Artemy / Arthemy Alexis (1886-1979) and Horvath
528, 534, 544, 560, 592, 629, 647, 654, 655, 664, 673, 679, 681, Laboratories. See also Soya Corporation of America and Dr.
687, 697, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 715, 718, Armand Burke. 17, 22, 28, 44, 60, 77, 105
726, 792, 807, 837, 861, 862, 863, 864, 883, 914, 917, 936, 944,
951, 984, 1001, 1013, 1021, 1077, 1091, 1095, 1136, 1161, 1165, House Foods America Corporation (Los Angeles, California).
1169, 1170, 1171, 1182, 1210, 1217, 1218, 1220, 1224, 1226, 1238, Formerly Hinoichi / Hinode, House Foods & Yamauchi Inc. 322,
1240, 1241, 1251, 1256, 1280, 1291, 1293, 1296, 1304, 1306, 1308, 360, 406, 476, 477, 497, 508, 522, 544, 550, 591, 726, 1169, 1170,
1313, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1319, 1323, 1325, 1329, 1337, 1339, 1340, 1171, 1293, 1326, 1358, 1416, 1473, 1613, 1635, 1661, 1756
1349, 1352, 1359, 1360, 1362, 1364, 1366, 1369, 1370, 1379, 1389,
1396, 1405, 1408, 1414, 1416, 1425, 1426, 1429, 1434, 1435, 1443, Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland), Yamato
1448, 1449, 1452, 1467, 1470, 1474, 1483, 1485, 1488, 1491, 1492, Tofuhaus Sojaprodukte GmbH (Tuebingen-Hirschau, Germany),
1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1499, 1505, 1510, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, Horst Heirler (Gauting bei Muenchen, Germany), Soyastern
1524, 1531, 1540, 1549, 1553, 1561, 1565, 1571, 1574, 1575, 1576, Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH (Dorsten,
1584, 1604, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1638, 1642, 1648, Germany), and KMK (Kurhessische Molkerei Kassel). 508, 1326,
1649, 1664, 1688, 1695, 1696, 1701, 1710, 1716, 1753, 1759, 1781, 1334, 1349, 1383, 1491, 1661
1789, 1799, 1822, 1827, 1828, 1834, 1836
Hulls, soybean, uses. See Fiber, Soy
Hoisin / Haisien Sauce. 726, 1237, 1677
Human Nutrition–Clinical Trials. 32, 294, 1222, 1257
Holland. See Europe, Western–Netherlands
Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality
Holmberg, Sven A. (1894-1982, Fiskeby, Norrköping, Sweden). Worldwide. 53, 172, 198, 213, 214, 221, 291, 489, 495, 1106, 1305,
Soybean Breeder for the Far North. 1524 1642, 1688, 1696, 1759, 1781, 1822

Home Economics, Bureau of. See United States Department of Hydraulic presses. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Hydraulic
Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Presses
Economics
Hydrogenated Products (Margarine, Shortening, Soy Oil) Industry
Homemade frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen, Homemade–How to and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical
Make at Home or on a Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand Region. 19, 20, 168, 263

Homemade miso. See Miso, Homemade–How to Make at Home or Hydrogenation–General, Early History, and the Process. Soy is Not
on a Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand Mentioned. 230, 1306

Homemade peanut butter. See Peanut Butter, Homemade–How to Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil, Soy Fatty Acids, or Soy Lecithin.
Make at Home or on a Laboratory Scale, by Hand 27, 71, 77, 110, 113, 192, 280, 393, 920, 1241, 1453

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 741

Hydrogenation. See Margarine, Margarine, Shortening, Trans Fatty

Acids, Vanaspati, also Margarine and Shortening Implements, agricultural. See Machinery (Agricultural),
Implements, Equipment and Mechanization
Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP)–Not Made from Soybeans.
See also: Soy Proteins–Hydrolyzed and Hydrolysates (General). Important Documents #1–The Very Most Important. 3, 15, 19, 20,
264 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 36, 41, 42, 44, 49, 60, 61, 62, 65, 71, 75, 77,
78, 116, 117, 127, 140, 157, 160, 167, 168, 174, 192, 200, 205, 211,
Hydrolyzed soy protein–Bragg Liquid Aminos. See Bragg Liquid 213, 214, 224, 225, 226, 231, 236, 266, 275, 277, 287, 318, 319,
Aminos 322, 335, 360, 391, 439, 494, 495, 504, 516, 543, 698, 703, 732,
893, 957, 1032, 1308, 1385, 1482, 1499, 1563, 1567, 1577, 1674,
Hydrolyzed soy protein. See Soy Protein–Hydrolyzed and 1696, 1774, 1789, 1835
Hydrolysates (General)
Important Documents #2–The Next Most Important. 4, 14, 17, 33,
Ice cream, non-soy, non-dairy. See Soy Ice Cream–Non-Soy Non- 38, 68, 79, 106, 128, 130, 131, 142, 151, 158, 161, 162, 199, 201,
Dairy Relatives 204, 229, 274, 406, 434, 444, 446, 447, 489, 493, 522, 528, 550,
557, 591, 616, 617, 633, 692, 704, 726, 748, 861, 935, 949, 974,
Ice cream, soy, homemade. See Soy Ice Cream, Homemade–How to 1113, 1168, 1210, 1214, 1224, 1280, 1343, 1355, 1362, 1363, 1429,
Make at Home or on a Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand 1491, 1642, 1644, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822

Ice cream, soy. See Soy Ice Cream, Soy Ice Cream (Frozen or Dry Imports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual
Mix)–Imports, Exports, International Trade Soyfoods Imported

Ice creams (non-dairy). See Rice Milk Products–Ice Creams (Non- INARI, Ltd. See Sycamore Creek Co.
Dairy)
India. See Asia, South–India
Identity Preserved / Preservation. 1643
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). See Asia, South–
IITA (Nigeria). See International Institute of Tropical Agriculture India. Work of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
(IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria)
Indian Institute of Science. See Asia, South–India. Work of the
Illinois, University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore) with Soyabeans in India
Research & Development. 127, 186, 196, 198, 206, 209, 211, 226,
227, 232, 233, 238, 330, 974, 1124, 1473 Indiana Soy Pioneers. See Central Soya Co., Fouts Family, Meharry

Illinois. See United States–States–Illinois Indiana. See United States–States–Indiana

Illustrations Published after 1923. See also Photographs. 70, 72, 74, Indonesia. See Asia, Southeast–Indonesia
120, 172, 192, 199, 205, 213, 214, 216, 241, 251, 273, 274, 287,
300, 378, 387, 391, 443, 444, 445, 480, 504, 521, 523, 576, 657, Indonesian-style fermented soybean paste. See Tauco–Indonesian-
691, 692, 729, 817, 855, 874, 908, 929, 992, 1005, 1020, 1027, Style Fermented Soybean Paste
1047, 1114, 1133, 1148, 1172, 1211, 1240, 1283, 1286, 1334, 1353,
1354, 1382, 1385, 1386, 1393, 1412, 1419, 1451, 1458, 1466, 1485, Indonesian-style soy sauce. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style or
1505, 1551, 1566, 1571, 1593, 1601, 1616, 1633, 1640, 1648, 1674, from the Dutch East Indies (Kecap, Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap, Kétjap)
1696, 1706, 1781 Ketchup / Catsup

Illustrations, Not About Soy, Published after 1923. See also Photos. Indonesians Overseas, Especially Work with Soy. 226, 354
40
Industrial Uses of Soy Oil (General). 56, 192
Illustrations, Not About Soy, Published before 1924. See also
Photos. 8 Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins–General and Minor Uses–Galalith,
Sojalith, Cosmetics (Lotions and Soaps), Rubber Substitutes,
Imagine Foods, Inc. (Palo Alto & San Carlos, California). Rice Insecticides, etc. See also Culture Media as for Antibiotics Industry.
Dream / Beverage Manufactured by California Natural Products 57, 177
(CNP, Manteca, California). 311, 461, 561, 576, 614, 615, 663, 666,
703, 706, 739, 754, 821, 868, 880, 931, 942, 971, 981, 983, 1005, Industrial Uses of Soybeans (General Non-Food, Non-Feed). 920,
1015, 1040, 1130, 1134, 1175, 1219, 1220, 1247, 1253, 1255, 1337, 1231, 1429
1359, 1366, 1379, 1393, 1411, 1412, 1420, 1427, 1428, 1475, 1476,
1503, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1540, 1541, 1543, 1578, 1585, Industrial Uses of Soybeans (Non-Food, Non-Feed)–Industry and
1586, 1589, 1619, 1632, 1654, 1675, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region.
1686, 1695, 1697, 1703, 1704, 1724, 1728 19, 20, 34, 1168

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 742

27, 34, 36, 38, 57, 106, 164, 1168, 1268

Industrial Uses of Soybeans (Non-Food, Non-Feed)–Industry and
Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger Companies (Ford Innoval / Sojalpe (Affiliate of Les Silos de Valence–Valence,
Motor Co., I.F. Laucks, O’Brien Varnish Co., The Drackett Co., France). 1211, 1352, 1383, 1491
ADM, General Mills, etc.). 77, 485, 486
Inoculum / inocula of nitrogen fixing bacteria for soybeans. See
Industrial uses of soy oil as a drying oil. See Adhesives, Asphalt Nitrogen Fixing Cultures
Preservation Agents, Caulking Compounds, Artificial Leather, and
Other Minor or General Uses, Ink for Printing, Paints, Varnishes, Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated Pest Management. 77,
Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective / Decorative Coatings, 512, 1306, 1331, 1470, 1472, 1490, 1837
Rubber Substitutes or Artificial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice)
Institutional feeding. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or
Industrial uses of soy oil as a non-drying oil. See Dust Suppressants Catering
and Dust Control, Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease
for Carts International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan,
Nigeria). 1397, 1512, 1563
Industrial uses of soy proteins (including soy flour). See Adhesives
or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, or Building International Nutrition Laboratory. See Miller, Harry W. (M.D.)
Materials (1879-1977)

Industrial uses of soy proteins. See Fibers (Artificial Wool or International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British
Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including Azlon, Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union, founded 1889), and
Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk), Paints (Especially Water-Based Other International Vegetarian Societies, Conferences, Congresses,
Latex Paints), Paper Coatings or Sizings, or Textile Sizing, Plastics and Unions. 253
(Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Film, Disposable Eating
Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Plates, and Packaging International soybean programs. See INTSOY–International
Materials) Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois), International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria), United
Industrial uses of soybeans. See Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and
Movement, and the Farm Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to UNRRA) Work with Soy
1950s) Including, Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses, New Uses
Movement (USA, starting 1987), Successor to the Farm Chemurgic Internet. See Websites or Information on the World Wide Web
Movement (1930s to 1950s), Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from
Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil Intestinal Flora / Bacteria and Toxemia–Incl. Changing and
Reforming (L. Acidophilus, Bifidus, L. Bulgaricus etc.). 32, 37,
Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics–Market Studies. 106, 1494, 1583, 1640
145, 168, 406, 528, 544, 703, 726, 878, 1032, 1113, 1210, 1224,
1280, 1293, 1383, 1416, 1491, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1546, 1547, Introduction of Soybeans (as to a Nation, State, or Region, with P.I.
1618, 1690 Numbers for the USA) and Selection. 64

Infant Foods and Infant Feeding, Soy-based. See Also Infant INTSOY–International Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana,
Formulas, Soy-based. 20, 38, 56, 60, 64, 287, 303, 391, 463, 504, Illinois). Founded July 1973. 196, 206, 277, 1124, 1168, 1288,
815, 1044, 1104, 1295, 1385, 1512, 1674 1397, 1403, 1504, 1590, 1627

Infant Formula / Formulas, Soy-based, Including Effects on Infant Iodine number. See Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number
Health (Alternatives to Milk. Usually Fortified and Regulated.
Since 1963 Usually Made from Soy Protein Isolates). 32, 91, 171, Iowa State University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa
271, 306, 525, 528, 809, 895, 1027, 1210, 1289, 1383, 1415, 1555, (Iowa City). 990, 1429, 1619
1589, 1600, 1604, 1626, 1659, 1678
Iowa. See United States–States–Iowa
Information, computerized. See Computerized Databases and
Information Services, and Websites, Websites or Information on the Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington). 226, 228, 254, 279, 296,
World Wide Web or Internet 319, 340, 341, 356, 364, 374, 381, 392, 406, 435, 544, 550, 703,
724, 726, 768, 773, 1026, 1031, 1143, 1163, 1293, 1416, 1491
Information. See Computer Software and Modeling / Simulation
Related to Soya, Libraries with a Significant Interest in Soy, Library Isoflavone or Phytoestrogen Content of Soyfoods, Soy-based
Science and Services Related to Soy, Reference Books and Other Products, Soy Ingredients, and Soybean Varieties (Esp. Genistein,
Reference Resources Daidzein, and Glycitein). 1482

Ink for Printing–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 19, 21, Isoflavones (Soy) Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 743

Analyses–Individual Companies. 1593, 1640 Kecap, Kechap, Ketjap, Ketchup. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style
or from the Dutch East Indies (Kecap, Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap,
Isoflavones in soybeans and soyfoods. See Estrogens, Incl. Kétjap)
Genistein, Daidzein, etc.
Kefir, soy. See Soymilk, Fermented–Soy Kefir
Isoflavones. See Estrogens (in Plants–Phytoestrogens, Especially
in Soybeans and Soyfoods), Including Isoflavones (Including Kellogg Co. (breakfast cereals; Battle Creek, Michigan). See
Genistein, Daidzein, Glycetein, Coumestrol, Genistin, and Daidzin) Kellogg, Will Keith,... Kellogg Company

Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Isolates Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) (1852-1943), Sanitas Nut Food Co.
and Battle Creek Food Co. (Battle Creek, Michigan). Battle Creek
Israel. See Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism Foods Was Acquired by Worthington Foods in 1960. 14, 15, 37, 60,
193, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 387, 516, 687, 1321, 1540
Itona (Wigan, Lancashire, England). Maker of Soymilk, Soymilk
Products, Soynuts, and Meat Alternatives. 1363, 1383 Kellogg, Will Keith, Kellogg’s Toasted Corn Flake Co. Later
Kellogg Company (of breakfast cereal fame; Battle Creek,
Ivory Coast. See Africa–Côte d’Ivoire Michigan). 687, 1661

Jang–Korean-Style Fermented Soybean Paste. Includes Doenjang Ketchup, Catsup, Catchup, Ketchop, Ketchap, Katchup, Kitjap, etc.
/ Toenjang / Doen Jang / Daen Chang (Soybean Miso), and Word Mentioned in Document. 247, 1286, 1723
Kochujang / Koch’ujang / Gochujang / Kochu Jang / Ko Chu Jang /
Kochu Chang (Red-Pepper and Soybean Paste). 213, 495, 1696 Ketchup, Mushroom (Mushroom Ketchup, Western-Style), or
Ketchup in which Mushrooms are the Main Ingredient. 247
Janus Natural Foods (Seattle, Washington). And Granum. 226, 1426
Ketchup, Oyster (Oyster Ketchup, Western-Style), or Ketchup in
Japan. See Asia, East–Japan which Oysters are the Main Ingredient. 247

Japanese Overseas, Especially Work with Soy or Macrobiotics. Ketchup, Tomato (Tomato / Tomata Ketchup, Western-Style), or
11, 58, 173, 406, 423, 456, 522, 544, 550, 613, 631, 726, 892, 972, Ketchup in which Tomatoes are the Main Ingredient. 247
1378, 1396, 1410, 1426, 1442, 1491, 1613, 1635, 1636, 1693, 1705,
1753, 1756, 1788 Ketchup, Walnut (Walnut Ketchup, Western-Style), or Ketchup in
which Walnuts are the Main Ingredient. 247
Jerky, Soy. Including Jerky-Flavored Soy Products. See also: Tofu,
Flavored / Seasoned and Baked, Grilled, Braised or Roasted. 287, Ketjap manis. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Sweet, Kecap Manis /
350, 355, 391, 445, 504, 1385, 1653, 1674 Ketjap Manis

Jerky, tofu. See Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned and Baked, Broiled, Kibun. See Soymilk Companies (Asia)
Grilled, Braised or Roasted
Kikkoman Corporation (Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and
Job’s Tears (Coix lachryma-jobi; formerly Coix lacryma). Called Worldwide). Incl. Noda Shoyu Co. and Kikkoman International
Hatomugi or Hato Mugi in Japanese, and Adlay in South Asia. Inc., and Kikkoman Shoyu Co. 226, 406, 488, 807, 1232, 1293,
Sometimes mistakenly called “Pearl Barley” (Since it is unrelated 1416, 1491, 1618
to Barley). 1459, 1572, 1722
Kinako. See Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with
Jonathan P.V.B.A. (Kapellen, Belgium). 1326, 1383, 1661 Dry Heat, Full-Fat) and Grits

Juicer, Electric or Manual (Kitchen Appliance / Utensil)–Early Kinema (Whole Soybeans Fermented with Bacillus subtilis strains
Records Only. 451 from Eastern Nepal, Darjeeling Hills, Sikkim, and South Bhutan).
Occasionally spelled Kenima. Close relatives are from Northeast
Kahan & Lessin Co. (Los Angeles then Compton, California). India are: Aakhone, Akhoni, Akhuni (Nagaland), Bekang (Mizoram),
Wholesale Distributor of Health Foods and Natural Foods. Formed Hawaijar (Manipur), Peruyyan (Arunachal Pradesh), Tungrymbai
in 1945 by Merger of Two Companies Founded in 1932 and 1935 (Meghalaya). 174, 406, 407, 448
Respectively. 151
Kiribati. See Oceania
Kanjang / Ganjang–Korean-Style Fermented Soy Sauce. Also
spelled Kan Jang / Gan Jang. 495, 1696, 1790 Kloss, Jethro (1863-1946) and his Book Back to Eden. 16, 22, 23,
30, 51, 218, 387, 417, 445, 837, 851, 1161, 1248, 1283
Kecap manis. See Soy Sauce, Indonesian Sweet, Kecap Manis /
Ketjap Manis Kloss, Jethro. See Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks and Their
Authors

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 744

Theodore A., and La Sierra Industries

Koji (Cereal Grains {Especially Rice or Barley} and / or Soybeans
Fermented with a Mold, Especially Aspergillus oryzae) or Koji Lactose Intolerance or Lactase Deficiency. 622, 722, 895, 1223,
Starter. Chinese Qu / Pinyin or Ch’ü / Wade-Giles. 3, 128, 174, 495, 1527, 1540, 1545
638, 663, 706, 1130, 1156, 1219, 1220, 1359, 1442, 1459, 1517,
1519, 1520, 1572, 1575, 1696, 1722, 1788 Lager, Mildred (Los Angeles, California). 39, 41, 77, 147

Korea. See Asia, East–Korea Latin America (General). 20, 394, 515, 528, 1210, 1637

Korean-style fermented soy sauce. See Kanjang–Korean-Style Latin America–Caribbean–Antigua and Barbuda (Including
Fermented Soy Sauce Redonda). 454, 728

Korean-style fermented soybean paste. See Jang–Korean-Style Latin America–Caribbean–Cuba. 728, 1533, 1535, 1548, 1574,
Fermented Soybean Paste 1575, 1576, 1577, 1599

Korean-style miso, etymology of. See Miso, Korean-Style Latin America–Caribbean–Dominica. 616, 620, 623, 642, 656, 718,
728, 862, 1132, 1155, 1421, 1490
Korean-style recipes, soyfoods used in. See Asia, East–Korea–Soy
Ingredients Used in Korean-Style Recipes Latin America–Caribbean–Haiti. 422, 454, 516

Koreans Overseas, Especially Work with Soy. 319, 341, 807, 816, Latin America–Caribbean–Jamaica. 454, 608, 609, 623, 680, 728,
936, 976, 986, 1101, 1128, 1176, 1293, 1320, 1416, 1444, 1612 811, 862, 908, 1009, 1132, 1155, 1490, 1584, 1594

Kosher / Kashrus, Pareve / Parve / Parevine–Regulations or Laws. Latin America–Caribbean–Lesser Antilles–Virgin Islands
See also: Kosher Products (Commercial). 165, 169, 190, 244, 305, (Including British Virgin Islands and Virgin Islands of the United
316, 322, 326, 331, 338, 357, 360, 361, 365, 369, 372, 389, 397, States–St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas), Leeward Islands
408, 414, 421, 443, 480, 577, 585, 664, 704, 705, 761, 767, 886, (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda [Including Redonda], Dominica,
952, 996, 1021, 1086, 1097, 1100, 1102, 1162, 1235, 1244, 1277, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Saint Kitts [formerly Saint Christopher]
1291, 1296, 1325, 1365, 1381, 1389, 1461, 1484, 1493, 1507, 1527, and Nevis), Windward Islands (Barbados, Grenada, Martinique, St.
1562, 1571, 1603, 1833, 1836 Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), and
Netherlands Dependencies (Including Aruba, Curaçao or Curacao,
Kosher Products (Commercial). 229, 242, 353, 396, 402, 520, 564, and Bonaire off Venezuela, and Saba, St. Eustatius, and southern
573, 589, 666, 721, 816, 846, 885, 896, 922, 946, 958, 1065, 1066, St. Martin / Maarten in the Lesser Antilles). Note–Guadeloupe and
1110, 1187, 1247, 1382, 1384, 1422, 1423, 1427, 1428, 1430, 1468, Martinique and the five dependencies of Guadeloupe, which are
1477, 1487, 1498, 1500, 1544, 1551, 1552, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1585, French Overseas Departments in the Lesser Antilles, are also called
1601, 1675, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1747 the French West Indies, French Antilles, or Antilles françaises. 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 454, 519, 616, 620, 623, 642, 718, 728, 862,
Kraft Foods Inc. (Work with Soy). Including Anderson Clayton, 908, 963, 1155, 1244, 1327, 1421, 1490
Boca Burger, and Balance Bar. 278, 527, 549, 566, 605, 611, 621,
670, 681, 691, 693, 703, 749, 757, 790, 792, 813, 844, 855, 910, Latin America–Caribbean–Netherlands Dependencies–Netherlands
926, 1150, 1293 Antilles, and Aruba–Curaçao (Curacao), Bonaire, Saba, St.
Eustatius, and St. Maarten (Shared with France as St.-Martin).
Kudzu or Kuzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata. Formerly Pueraria Aruba was part of Netherlands Antilles until 1986. 1835
lobata, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pachyrhizus thunbergianus,
Dolichos lobatus). For Rhodesian Kudzu Vine see Neonotonia Latin America–Caribbean–Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of (A Self-
wightii. See also Tropical Kudzu or Puero (Pueraria phaseoloides). Governing Part of the USA; Named Porto Rico until 1932). 601
178, 226, 1459, 1572, 1722
Latin America–Caribbean–Saint Lucia. 454, 623, 728, 862, 908,
Kushi, Michio and Aveline–Their Life and Work with Macrobiotics, 1132, 1327, 1490
and Organizations They Founded or Inspired. 226, 972, 1426, 1442,
1753, 1788 Latin America–Caribbean–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 454,
1490
Kuzu. See Kudzu or Kuzu (Pueraria...)
Latin America–Caribbean–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–
Kyoto Food Corp. USA (Terre Haute, Indiana). 1378 Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 1548

La Choy Food Products, Inc.–LaChoy Brand–Purchased in Sept. Latin America–Caribbean–Trinidad and Tobago. 342, 343, 344,
1943 by Beatrice Creamery Co. 19, 20, 36, 1293 345, 346, 519, 616

La Sierra Industries (La Sierra, California). See Van Gundy, Latin America–Caribbean–Virgin Islands of the United States–St.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 745

Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix (Danish West Indies before Jan.
1917). 963, 1244 Latin America–South America–Guyana (British Guiana before
1966). 303
Latin America–Caribbean or West Indies (General). 454, 494, 514,
656, 1426 Latin America–South America–Paraguay. 645

Latin America–Central America (General). Includes Mexico and Latin America–South America–Peru. 193, 516, 1319
Mesoamerica. 1397
Latin America–South America–Suriname (Also Surinam before
Latin America–Central America–Belize (Named British Honduras 1978; Dutch Guiana before 1975). 388
from 1840 to about 1975, Belize before 1840). 1106, 1185, 1595,
1664 Latin America–South America–Venezuela. 1168, 1313, 1435, 1462,
1590
Latin America–Central America–Costa Rica. 303, 1426, 1693
Laucks (I.F.) Co. (Seattle, Washington). 19, 34, 36, 38, 77, 177
Latin America–Central America–El Salvador. 1514, 1523
Lauhoff Grain Co. See Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York)
Latin America–Central America–Guatemala. 277, 286, 289, 303,
308, 309, 310, 325, 378, 422, 429, 446, 447, 494, 514, 728, 862, Lauhoff Grain Co. (Danville, Illinois). Affiliate of Bunge Corp.
864, 1009, 1109, 1123, 1135, 1182, 1249, 1395, 1401, 1472, 1474, since June 1979. 1326
1490, 1511, 1537, 1559, 1561, 1564, 1565, 1595, 1629, 1748, 1758,
1765, 1786, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1800, 1832 Laurelbrook Natural Foods (Bel Air, Maryland). 226

Latin America–Central America–Honduras. 303 Lea & Perrins. See Worcestershire Sauce

Latin America–Central America–Mexico–Soy Ingredients Used in Leaf Proteins and Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) As Alternative
Mexican-Style Recipes, Food Products, or Dishes Worldwide. 200, Protein Sources. 198, 1425
225, 261, 266, 310, 332, 392, 401, 477, 722, 1457, 1472
Lecithin Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Latin America–Central America–Mexico. 77, 116, 213, 261, 283, Geographical Region. 106
285, 303, 356, 388, 407, 429, 680, 683, 895, 978, 1168, 1291, 1392,
1409, 1541, 1568, 1574, 1590, 1592, 1599, 1748, 1758, 1832 Lecithin Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
Individual Companies. 1373
Latin America–Central America–Nicaragua. 1319, 1506, 1509,
1568, 1748, 1758 Lecithin companies. See American Lecithin Corp., Ross & Rowe
(Yelkin Lecithin, New York City)
Latin America–Central America–Trade (Imports or Exports) of
Soybeans, Soy Oil, and / or Soybean Meal–Statistics. See also Lecithin, Non-Soy References, Usually Early or Medical, Often
Trade (International). 978 Concerning Egg Yolk or the Brain. 1837

Latin America–South America (General). 159, 895, 1409 Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses. 34, 57, 77, 106, 119

Latin America–South America–Argentina (Argentine Republic). Lecithin, Soy. 17, 28, 29, 34, 36, 38, 45, 49, 57, 59, 60, 77, 106,
645, 978, 1168, 1291, 1352 119, 128, 137, 142, 151, 160, 161, 162, 176, 192, 224, 229, 264,
272, 402, 407, 448, 517, 561, 663, 666, 706, 937, 978, 1040, 1306,
Latin America–South America–Bolivia. 303, 1508, 1531, 1590, 1373, 1397, 1406, 1470, 1550, 1566, 1580, 1593, 1594, 1598, 1600,
1713, 1715, 1716 1621, 1625, 1626, 1640, 1665, 1678, 1691, 1699, 1789, 1837

Latin America–South America–Brazil, Federative Republic of. 157, Legume, Inc. (Fairfield, New Jersey). 381, 412, 435, 477, 508, 522,
176, 184, 193, 213, 286, 388, 399, 516, 645, 815, 978, 1168, 1295, 591, 593, 597, 612, 617, 622, 632, 682, 729, 754, 797, 824, 852,
1338, 1402, 1533, 1568, 1574, 1575, 1590, 1640, 1781 868, 875, 1079, 1112, 1164, 1170, 1213, 1225, 1234, 1336, 1485,
1541
Latin America–South America–Chile (Including Easter Island).
1392 Lend-Lease (Program and Administration). U.S. Program to Send
Key Supplies to Overseas Allies During World War II. 61, 77, 105,
Latin America–South America–Colombia. 1781 699, 700, 701, 702

Latin America–South America–Ecuador (Including the Galapagos Lens culinaris or L. esculenta. See Lentils
Islands. Formerly also called Equator, the English translation of the
Spanish “Ecuador”). 70, 356, 1291 Lentils. Lens culinaris. Formerly: Lens esculenta and Ervum lens.

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11, 29, 30, 41, 51, 140, 180, 1439, 1454, 1613, 1657, 1753 Lipolytic enzymes in the soybean. See Enzymes in the Soybean–
Lipoxygenase and Its Inactivation
Lever Brothers Co. See Unilever Corp.
Lipoxygenase. See Enzymes in the Soybean–Lipoxygenase and Its
Leviton, Richard. See Soyfoods Association of North America Inactivation
(SANA)
Llama Toucan & Crow. See Stow Mills, Inc.
Li Yü-ying (Li Yu-ying; Courtesy Name: Li Shizeng (pinyin), Li
Shih-tseng (W.-G.); Chinese Soyfoods Pioneer in France; born Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, California). Named La Loma Foods
1881 in Peking, died 1973 in Taipei, Taiwan) and Usine de la from Feb. 1989 to Jan. 1990. Acquired by Worthington Foods in
Caséo-Sojaïne (Les Vallées, Colombes (near Asnières), a few miles Jan. 1990. 30, 60, 77, 133, 153, 168, 172, 326, 333, 335, 439, 525,
northwest of Paris, and China). 2, 128 824, 861, 1326, 1429, 1491, 1661

Libraries with a Significant Interest in Soy. 1331, 1834 Loma Linda University (Loma Linda, California). Including Loma
Linda Hospital (Formerly named Loma Linda Sanitarium and
Libraries. See National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, College of Medical Evangelists). 613, 631, 1200
Maryland)
Los Angeles–City and County–Work with Soyfoods, Natural /
Library Science and Services Related to Soy. 1331 Health Foods, and / or Vegetarianism. 39, 41, 60, 62, 99, 151, 221,
253, 323, 340, 348, 350, 355, 360, 373, 377, 385, 409, 466, 476,
Life Food GmbH / Taifun-Tofuprodukte (Freiburg, Germany). 497, 503, 517, 550, 629, 654, 663, 704, 725, 794, 812, 813, 833,
1608, 1615 923, 952, 1021, 1175, 1179, 1214, 1326, 1337, 1475, 1571, 1611,
1613, 1619, 1620, 1633, 1635, 1636, 1655, 1693, 1756
Lightlife Foods, Inc. (Turners Falls, Massachusetts). Started as
The Tempeh Works in Sept. 1979 by Michael Cohen in Greenfield, Low cost extrusion cookers. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking:
Massachusetts. Then renamed Tempehworks, Inc. in Sept. 1985. Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LECs)
Acquired by ConAgra, Inc. (Omaha, Nebraska) on 14 July 2000.
249, 255, 522, 591, 593, 761, 797, 800, 1112, 1454, 1526, 1540, Low-cost extrusion cookers. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking,
1541, 1560 Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost

Lima Bean or Limas. Phaseolus limensis. Formerly: Phaseolus Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts–
lunatus. Also called Butter Bean. 4, 21, 62, 128 Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 34, 57, 164

Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Lucerne / lucern. See Alfalfa or Lucerne
Mezin, France). Owns Jonathan P.V.B.A. Owned by Euronature of
Paris, France, since 1989. Owned by the Hain-Celestial Group since Lukoskie, Luke. See Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington)
10 Dec. 2001. 528, 1189, 1210, 1326, 1383, 1426, 1661
Lupins or Lupin (Also spelled Lupine, Lupines, Lupinseed; Lupinus
Linolenic Acid–Omega-3 (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) Fatty Acid albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. mutabilis). 1459, 1572, 1722
Content of Soybeans and Soybean Products. 1168, 1598
MSG (Monosodium Glutamate, the Sodium Salt of Glutamic Acid).
Linolenic Acid and Linolenate Content of Soybeans and Soybean 45, 83, 105, 128, 246, 859, 1555
Products. See also Omega-3 Fatty Acids. 1168
Machinery (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and
Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods– Mechanization (Binders, Cultivators, Cutters, Harvesters, Mowers,
Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 19, 20, 27, 32, 34, 36, Pickers, Planters, Reapers, Separators, Thrashers, or Threshers). See
57, 164 also: Combines and Tractors. 4, 201

Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, or the Flax / Flaxseed Plant Macrobiotic Cookbooks. 178, 213, 214, 274, 489, 1130, 1256,
(Linum usitatissimum L.). 4, 19, 119, 151, 687, 1660 1459, 1488, 1572, 1642, 1688, 1722, 1759, 1781, 1822

Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Soybeans (Seeds or Plant), or Macrobiotics. See Aihara, Herman and Cornellia–Their Life and
Soybean Products (Including Soy Oil). 1117, 1174 Work, Kushi, Michio and Aveline–Their Life and Work, Muramoto,
Noboru–His Life and Work, Ohsawa, George and Lima
Lipids–Effects of Dietary Lipids (Especially Soy Oil and Lecithin)
on Blood Lipids (Especially Cholesterol). 192 Macrobiotics. See also: George Ohsawa, Michio and Aveline Kushi,
Herman and Cornellia Aihara. 178, 213, 214, 274, 304, 356, 377,
Lipids. See Linolenic Acid–Omega-3, Linolenic Acid and 461, 466, 489, 528, 663, 800, 805, 892, 931, 972, 1130, 1166, 1189,
Linolenate 1210, 1220, 1223, 1256, 1287, 1295, 1326, 1359, 1366, 1426, 1442,
1454, 1459, 1488, 1510, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1568, 1572, 1642,

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1661, 1688, 1701, 1722, 1753, 1759, 1781, 1788, 1822 1004, 1013, 1024, 1025, 1028, 1029, 1050, 1053, 1054, 1056, 1063,
1069, 1073, 1076, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1126, 1142, 1150, 1215, 1217,
Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee). 1358
Madison Foods (Then a Subsidiary of Nutritional Corp.) Was
Acquired by Worthington Foods in Aug. 1964. 18, 42, 48, 60, 77, Marketing Association, Soybean. See Soybean Marketing
128, 142, 161, 162, 171, 613, 630, 631 Association (1929-1932)

Mainland Express (Spring Park, Minnesota). Div. of Goods, Inc. Marketing Soybeans, Market Development, and Economics
Named Tofu, Inc. and Eastern Foods, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, (Including Futures Markets, Hedging, and Mathematical Models).
from 1978 to March 1989. 807, 816, 842, 856, 875, 889, 936, 961, 20, 154, 182, 920, 1168, 1338
976, 986, 1037, 1061, 1101, 1113, 1128, 1168, 1176, 1242, 1259,
1268, 1320, 1322 Marketing of soyfoods. See Individual foods, e.g., Tofu–Marketing
of
Maize. See Corn / Maize
Marshall Islands. See Oceania–Marshall Islands
Malnutrition Matters (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Non-Profit
Organization. Founded in 2000 by Frank Daller and Brian Herrigan. Marusan-Ai. See Soymilk Companies (Asia)
1577
Massachusetts. See United States–States–Massachusetts
Malnutrition, hunger, famine, and food shortages. See Hunger,
Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality McCay, Clive M. and Jeanette (Cornell Univ.). 140, 147

Mame-maki. See Roasted / Parched Soybeans (Irimame) Meal or cake, soybean. See Soybean Meal

Manchu soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu Meals for Millions Foundation (Los Angeles, California), Multi-
Purpose Food (MPF), and Freedom from Hunger. 128, 142, 161,
Manchuria. See Asia, East–Manchuria 1837

Manna Foods, Inc. (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada). 1473 Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, Including Meatless Beef
Jerky, Chili Con Carne, Goulash, Lasagna, Meat Balls, Mince,
Manna Natural Foods (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Named Mincemeat, Sloppy Joes, Spaghetti Sauce, Steak, Veal, etc. See
Stichting Natuurvoeding Amsterdam until 1982. Absorbed by also Meatless Burgers. 1, 182, 287, 355, 391, 445, 504, 1385, 1653,
Akwarius Almere in 1987. 1383 1674

Map / Maps. 20, 121, 226, 454, 978, 1613, 1640 Meat Alternatives–Commercial Products (Meatlike Meatless Meat,
Poultry, or Fish / Seafood Analogs. See Also Meat Extenders). 642
Maple Leaf Monarch or Maple Leaf Mills. See ADM Agri-
Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada) Meat Alternatives–Documents About (Meatlike Meatless Meat,
Poultry, or Fish / Seafood Analogs. See Also Meat Extenders). 4,
Margarine Made with Soy Oil. 4, 21, 34, 36, 54, 57, 192, 330, 872, 18, 41, 77, 221, 322, 973, 989, 1100, 1161, 1164, 1166, 1198, 1221,
978, 1112, 1458, 1566, 1625, 1672, 1717, 1723 1230, 1292, 1319, 1398, 1479, 1510, 1541, 1542

Margarine Made without Soy Oil. 10 Meat Alternatives–General and Other Meatless Meatlike Products.
See Also Meat Extenders. 1690, 1762
Margarine. 3, 19, 20, 25, 38, 45, 49, 56, 60, 73, 77, 78, 91, 106,
128, 134, 142, 151, 161, 162, 164, 168, 176, 186, 194, 196, 206, Meat Alternatives–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and
230, 231, 232, 233, 263, 264, 417, 882, 1020, 1048, 1104, 1222, Analyses–By Geographical Region. 168, 1289, 1479, 1540, 1541,
1248, 1291, 1306, 1325, 1408, 1415, 1446, 1453, 1465, 1470, 1483, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1662, 1762
1494, 1495, 1496, 1526, 1542, 1548, 1571, 1593, 1678
Meat Alternatives–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and
Market statistics on soybean production. See Soybean Production Analyses–Individual Companies. 1221, 1475, 1541, 1542
and Trade–Industry and Market Statistics,
Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Bacon Bits, Ham, Chorizo, and
Market statistics. See the specific product concerned, e.g. Tofu Other Pork-related Products. See also Meatless Sausages. 85, 155,
Industry and Market Statistics 167, 182, 198, 213, 214, 217, 761, 1112, 1410, 1454, 1475, 1546,
1547, 1560, 1580, 1653, 1781
Market studies. See Industry and Market Analyses
Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Patties. See Also Meat
Marketing–Soyfoods and Soyfood Products. 129, 356, 388, 455, Extenders. 14, 41, 42, 51, 62, 128, 140, 160, 182, 199, 200, 205,
478, 641, 737, 747, 780, 783, 826, 838, 869, 909, 917, 926, 991, 213, 214, 216, 217, 225, 240, 262, 264, 266, 274, 275, 287, 291,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 748

312, 313, 316, 327, 332, 361, 368, 372, 389, 391, 392, 397, 413, 729, 730, 761, 791, 802, 830, 832, 848, 852, 902, 903, 985, 1011,
449, 450, 472, 477, 496, 497, 504, 506, 524, 539, 566, 593, 608, 1055, 1147, 1175, 1231
618, 627, 715, 722, 727, 761, 767, 768, 783, 811, 825, 893, 923,
951, 973, 1009, 1026, 1036, 1043, 1095, 1107, 1112, 1129, 1171, Medical aspects of soybeans. See Diabetes and Diabetic Diets,
1173, 1183, 1189, 1261, 1333, 1362, 1373, 1375, 1383, 1385, 1409, Menopause–Relief of Its Unpleasant Symptoms, Osteoporosis,
1410, 1418, 1425, 1437, 1446, 1454, 1475, 1478, 1479, 1496, 1525, Bone and Skeletal Health
1534, 1535, 1536, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1555, 1560, 1567, 1580, 1582,
1584, 1593, 1605, 1613, 1626, 1633, 1634, 1637, 1653, 1658, 1668, Medical aspects of vegetarian diets. See Vegetarian Diets–Medical
1674, 1678, 1703, 1713, 1715, 1749, 1753, 1754, 1768, 1779, 1781, Aspects
1789, 1803, 1817
Medicine–Alternative–Incl. Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Drugless
Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken, Goose, Duck, and Related Doctors, Herbal Therapy, Holistic / Wholistic Medicine,
Poultry Products. See also Meatless Turkey. 64, 154, 168, 182, 198, Homeopathy, Natural Hygiene, Natural Medicine, Naturopathy,
217, 327, 1289, 1540 Preventive / Preventative Medicine,. 62, 160, 1789

Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellfish, and Other Seafood-like Medicine–History. 51

Products. 168, 213, 214, 217, 287, 327, 331, 391, 504, 1385, 1540,
1674, 1781 Meharry, Charles Leo (1885-1937), the A.P. Meharry Farms (One
Near Tolono, Champaign County, Illinois, and Three in Indiana),
Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages (Including Frankfurters, Hot and William E. Riegel, Meharry Farm Manager and Independent
Dogs, Wieners, Salami, Pepperoni, Breakfast Pork Sausage, etc.). Soybean Grower in Tolono, Illinois. 20
See Also Meat Extenders. 41, 107, 132, 133, 154, 172, 200, 205,
217, 225, 231, 266, 268, 270, 273, 298, 313, 327, 331, 361, 372, Mei Dou Za / Mei-Tou-Cha / Meitauza. See Tempeh, Okara
389, 392, 445, 477, 539, 715, 818, 868, 979, 1044, 1090, 1095,
1112, 1127, 1129, 1155, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1173, 1183, 1235, 1254, Membrane Technology Processes–Microfiltration (MF),
1293, 1297, 1323, 1358, 1377, 1406, 1421, 1437, 1446, 1454, 1459, Ultrafiltration (UF, including Diafiltration), Reverse Osmosis
1478, 1496, 1502, 1546, 1547, 1560, 1572, 1580, 1605, 1617, 1633, (RO–also known as hyperfiltration, HF), Electrodialysis (ED), and
1637, 1639, 1653, 1678, 1722 Nanofiltration (NF). 307, 1007, 1085, 1163, 1290, 1298, 1349,
1352, 1377, 1640
Meat Alternatives–Meatless Turkey. 1, 155, 167, 1410, 1475, 1560,
1605, 1699 Menopause–Relief of Its Unpleasant Symptoms, Such as “Hot
Flashes” and “Night Sweats”. 1560, 1580, 1598, 1623, 1625, 1626,
Meat Alternatives or Substitutes, Meatless or Meatlike Products– 1633, 1639, 1640, 1660, 1678, 1679
Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various
Languages. 21, 160, 167, 1789 Mesoamerica. See Latin America–Central America

Meat Products Extended with Soy Protein, or Meat Extenders Messina, Mark (PhD) and Virginia (MPH, RD) (Nutrition Matters,
(Marketed as Such). 19, 20, 28, 29, 33, 36, 44, 125, 155, 167, 243, Inc., Port Townsend, Washington state). World’s leading expert on
246, 401, 809, 989, 1258, 1266, 1268, 1289, 1338, 1574 soy nutrition. 1454, 1580

Meat alternatives companies. See Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood Mexican-style recipes, soyfoods used in. See Latin America, Central
River, Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh), Yves Veggie America–Mexico
Cuisine (Vancouver, BC, Canada)
Mexico and Central America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods
Meat alternatives makers. See Tivall (Tivol) Movement in Mexico and Central America

Meatless burgers. See Vegetarian / Meatless Burgers Mexico. See Latin America, Central America–Mexico

Media–Earliest Articles on Soy in Major Magazines and Michigan. See United States–States–Michigan
Newspapers. 249, 524
MicroSoy Corporation (Jefferson, Iowa; Osaka, Japan). Formerly
Media, Popular Articles on Soyfoods in Europe, or Related to Nichii Co. and MYCAL Corp. 1396, 1454, 1705
Europeans in Asia. 562, 767, 825, 857, 954
Microalgae. See Single Cell Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic)
Media, Popular Articles on Soyfoods in the USA, Canada, or
Related to North Americans in Asia. 11, 22, 52, 154, 198, 221, 249, Microbiological Problems (Food Spoilage, Sanitation, and
252, 253, 255, 270, 275, 286, 294, 297, 312, 322, 331, 332, 349, Contamination). See also: Nutrition–Toxins and Toxicity in Foods
360, 361, 362, 365, 366, 367, 372, 389, 397, 398, 400, 408, 418, and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria, as Causal Agents.
419, 424, 430, 460, 472, 480, 481, 483, 484, 490, 497, 507, 524, 287, 391, 504, 1385, 1674
531, 548, 557, 566, 571, 577, 588, 603, 605, 611, 612, 617, 682,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 749

Microbiology and fermentation. See Fermented Soyfoods and Their Miso (Japanese-style Soybean Paste). See also: Jiang–for Chinese-
Fermentation style Miso. Jang–for Korean-style Miso. And Taucho, Tauceo, Tau
Chiow, Taoco, Tao-Tjo, Taotjo, Taocho, or Taoetjo for Indonesian-
Microscopic analysis and microscopy. See Soybean–Morphology, style Miso (Soybean Chiang, or Jiang [pinyin]). 2, 3, 21, 105, 174,
Structure, and Anatomy of the Plant and Its Seeds as Determined by 178, 192, 213, 214, 217, 226, 246, 250, 252, 264, 268, 270, 273,
Microscopy or Microscopic Examination 274, 275, 298, 304, 347, 349, 371, 406, 407, 412, 423, 444, 445,
448, 450, 456, 472, 488, 489, 493, 495, 497, 513, 515, 522, 544,
Middle America. See Latin America–Central America; and Latin 591, 593, 646, 647, 692, 706, 726, 797, 800, 805, 823, 878, 892,
America–Caribbean or West Indies, Latin America, Central 894, 912, 931, 1008, 1015, 1027, 1044, 1048, 1079, 1092, 1112,
America, and Latin America, Caribbean or West Indies 1144, 1164, 1166, 1169, 1170, 1183, 1188, 1196, 1220, 1222, 1237,
1256, 1258, 1271, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1292, 1306, 1313, 1327,
Migros & Conserves Estavayer (Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland). 1331, 1337, 1344, 1359, 1368, 1398, 1404, 1406, 1410, 1425, 1426,
914, 1001, 1091, 1383 1442, 1445, 1454, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1470, 1482, 1488, 1491, 1517,
1546, 1547, 1550, 1560, 1566, 1572, 1580, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1613,
Miles Laboratories. See Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, 1619, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1644, 1657,
Ohio) 1659, 1665, 1677, 1678, 1688, 1691, 1696, 1700, 1701, 1721, 1722,
1723, 1739, 1759, 1768, 1771, 1779, 1781, 1788, 1790, 1803, 1817,
Milk–Problems with Cow’s Milk as a Food, Incl. Use of Bovine 1819, 1822, 1834
Growth Hormone, Price Regulation, etc. (See also: Soymilk). 1,
622, 895, 1223, 1540, 1545, 1589 Miso–Indonesian-style. See Tauco–Indonesian-Style Fermented
Soybean Paste
Milk, Non-Dairy, Non-Soy Milks and Creams Made from Nuts,
Grains, Seeds, or Legumes, Such as Brazil Nuts, Cashews, Miso Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Coconuts, Filberts, Hazelnuts, Hemp Seeds, Pecans, Pine Nuts, Geographical Region. 406, 472, 544, 647, 726, 823, 1008, 1079,
Pumpkin Seeds, Sunflower Seeds, Walnuts, etc. See also: Almond 1144, 1196, 1331, 1344, 1368, 1445, 1491
Milk, Amazake / Rice Milk, Peanut / Groundnut Milk, Sesame
Milk. 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 30, 41, 51, 64, 75, 85, 89, 159, 160, Miso Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
183, 193, 199, 216, 217, 256, 431, 516, 1104, 1321, 1410, 1534, Individual Companies. 406, 456, 726, 1491
1541, 1543, 1699, 1700, 1784, 1789, 1820, 1821, 1826, 1829, 1830
Miso Production–How to Make Miso on a Commercial Scale. 495,
Milk, almond. See Almond Milk and Cream. Also–Almonds Used 1696
to Flavor Soymilk, Rice Milk, etc.
Miso Soup–Mainly Japanese. 178, 304, 647, 1271, 1482, 1547,
Milk, coconut / cocoanut. See Coconut Milk and Cream 1580, 1613, 1659

Milk, peanut. See Peanut Milk Miso companies (USA). See American Miso Co. (Rutherfordton,
North Carolina), Miyako Oriental Foods (Baldwin Park,
Milk, rice. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy) California), South River Miso Co. (Conway, Massachusetts)

Milk, sesame. See Sesame Milk Miso, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory or
Community Scale, by Hand. 495, 1696
Milk, soy. See Soymilk
Miso, Korean-Style–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates /
Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) (1879-1977) and International Nutrition Relatives in Various Languages. 213
Laboratory (Mt. Vernon, Ohio). 31, 32, 60, 69, 77, 83, 91, 128, 133,
136, 142, 144, 147, 161, 171, 172, 213, 214, 274, 287, 326, 335, Miso, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Modern Chickpea Miso, Oat
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359, 391, 439, 489, 504, 528, 529, 861, Miso, Etc.). 495, 1696
883, 1030, 1114, 1161, 1210, 1385, 1429, 1642, 1674, 1688, 1759,
1781, 1822 Miso, Used as an Ingredient in Commercial Products. 339

Minerals (General). 128, 142, 161, 162, 798 Miso, soybean–Korean-style. See Jang–Korean-Style Fermented
Soybean Paste
Minerals in a vegetarian diet. See Vegetarian Diets–Nutrition /
Nutritional Aspects–Minerals Missouri. See United States–States–Missouri

Minerals. See Aluminum in the Diet and Cooking Utensils– Mitchell Foods, Inc. (Fredonia, New York; and North Abington,
Problems. Soy Is Not Mentioned Massachusetts). 120

Minnesota. See United States–States–Minnesota Mitoku–Natural Foods Exporter and Distributor (Tokyo, Japan).
1426, 1788

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 750

1834
Miyako Oriental Foods (Baldwin Park, California). 663, 1156,
1359, 1788 National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR)
(USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois). Named Northern Regional
Mizono family. See Azumaya, Inc. (San Francisco, California) Research Laboratory prior to July 1976. Named Northern Regional
Research Center prior to 28 Dec. 1991. 83, 95, 125, 130, 131, 176,
Mochi. See Rice-Based Foods–Mochi 177, 182, 184, 191, 192, 226, 356, 367, 404, 861, 1362

Monosodium glutamate. See MSG National Oilseed Processors Assoc. (NOPA) (National Soybean
Oil Manufacturers Association from May 1930 to 1935; National
Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri) and its HybriTech Seed Soybean Processors Assoc. [NSPA] from June 1936 to Aug. 1989.
International subsidiary. Acquired Jacob Hartz Seed Co. in April Washington, DC. Including Soy Flour Assoc. [1936-1949], Soya
1983. Acquired Asgrow in April Feb. 1997. Merged with Pharmacia Food Research Council [1936], and Soybean Nutritional Research
& Upjohn on 31 March 2000 and was renamed Pharmacia Corp. Council [1937]). 20, 77, 127, 192, 978, 1338
167, 1219, 1228, 1326, 1589, 1604, 1661
Natto (Whole Soybeans Fermented with Bacillus natto). 2, 3, 21,
Moorman Manufacturing Co. See Quincy Soybean Products Co. 105, 174, 178, 192, 213, 214, 274, 406, 407, 448, 488, 489, 495,
(Quincy, Illinois) 647, 726, 797, 892, 1027, 1237, 1256, 1287, 1306, 1331, 1338,
1426, 1459, 1470, 1491, 1550, 1572, 1580, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1621,
Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., and Morinaga Nyûgyô (Torrance, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1665, 1688, 1691, 1696, 1721, 1722,
California, and Tokyo, Japan). 228, 356, 381, 477, 488, 692, 875, 1723, 1759, 1771, 1781, 1822
1031, 1043, 1193, 1213, 1234, 1293, 1390, 1416, 1454, 1482, 1491,
1526, 1618 Natto–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in
Various Languages. 213, 214, 1781
Morphology, soybean. See Soybean–Morphology, Structure,
Anatomy Natto–Soybean Dawadawa (From West Africa). Also called Dawa-
dawa, Dadawa, Daddawa, Iru, Local Maggi, Ogiri, Soumbala /
Morse, W.J., on expedition to East Asia. See Tofu Dorsett-Morse Soumbara / Sumbala, or Tonou. 174
Expedition to East Asia (1929-1931)
Natto Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Morse, William Joseph (1884-1959, USDA Soybean Expert). 48, Geographical Region. 647, 726, 1491
90, 128, 142, 147, 161, 324, 359, 515, 687, 1241
Natto from Nepal. See Kinema
Mucuna pruriens. See Velvet Bean
Natto from Thailand. See Thua-nao
Mull-Soy. See Borden Inc.
Natto, Daitokuji / Daitoku-ji natto. See Daitokuji Fermented Black
Mung Bean / Mungbean and Mung Bean Sprouts. Vigna radiata Soybeans–from Japan
L. Formerly Phaseolus aureus. Also called Green Gram. Chinese
(Mandarin)–Lüdou. Chinese (Cantonese)–Dau Ngah / Dow Ngaah. Natto, Hamana. See Hamanatto Fermented Black Soybeans–from
Japanese–Moyashi. Indonesian: Kacang / katjang + hijau / ijo / Japan
hidjau. German–Buschbohne. French–Haricot Mungo. 62, 124, 268,
381, 892, 920, 1679, 1790 Natural / Health Foods Industry and Market–Statistics, Trends, and
Analyses. 591
Muramoto, Noboru–His Life and Work with Macrobiotics,
Organizations He Founded, and Commercial Products He Made or Natural / Vegetarian Food Products Companies. See American
Inspired. 311, 461 Natural Snacks, Boca Burger, Fantastic Foods, Gardenburger

Mushroom ketchup. See Ketchup, Mushroom (Mushroom Ketchup, Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors (Canada). See
Western-Style) Manna Foods, Inc. (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada)

Names for soybeans–Fanciful. See Soybean Terminology and Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors (USA).
Nomenclature–Fanciful Terms and Names See Arrowhead Mills (Hereford, Deaf Smith County, Texas),
Cornucopia Natural Foods, Eden Foods, Inc. (Clinton, Michigan).
Nasoya Foods, Inc. (Leominster, Massachusetts). Subsidiary of Founded 4 Nov. 1969, Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts), Great
Vitasoy Since Aug. 1990. 319, 381, 406, 435, 522, 544, 591, 593, Eastern Sun and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Carolina),
617, 726, 797, 848, 989, 1031, 1112, 1164, 1213, 1220, 1293, 1336, Health Valley (Los Angeles, then Montebello, California), Janus
1341, 1416, 1618, 1628, 1661, 1788 Natural Foods (Seattle, Washington), Laurelbrook Natural Foods
(Bel Air, Maryland), Stow Mills, Inc. (Brattleboro, Vermont) Lama
National Agricultural Library (USDA, NAL, Beltsville, Maryland). Trading Co., Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida), United Natural

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Foods, Inc. (UNFI), Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, Nitrogen Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and Nodulation by
California) Rhizobium Bacteria. 77, 128, 137, 1837

Natural Foods Exporter and Distributor (Japan). See Mitoku Nitrogen Fixing Cultures / Inoculants (Commercial and
(Tokyo, Japan) Noncommercial from government), of Rhizobium Bacteria for
Soybeans (Culture / Inoculant / Inoculum / Inocula). 128
Natural Foods Movement and Industry in the United States (Started
in the Mid-1950s). 124, 140, 158, 202, 204, 205, 213, 214, 228, Noble Bean (Ontario, Canada). Founded by Susan and Allan Brown
264, 296, 381, 435, 508, 537, 632, 646, 805, 848, 875, 931, 1031, in June 1980. 728
1055, 1166, 1189, 1194, 1264, 1331, 1781
Nodulation. See Nitrogen Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and
Natural and Health Foods Retail Chains or Supermarkets: Bread & Nodulation by Rhizobium Bacteria
Circus (Tony Harnett, MA), Frazier Farms (Bill Frazier, Southern
Calif.), Fresh Fields (Rockville, MD), GNC = General Nutrition Non-Dairy milks. See Rice Milk, Almond Milk, Coconut Milk,
Corp. (Pittsburgh, PA), Mrs. Gooch’s (Los Angeles, CA), Nature Sesame Milk, etc
Foods Centres (Wilmington, MA; Ronald Rossetti), Trader Joe’s,
Whole Foods Market (Austin, TX), Wild Oats. 476, 497, 591, 1485, Non-dairy products (so-called) made from casein or caseinates. See
1578, 1613, 1635, 1655 Casein or Caseinates–Problems in So-Called Non-Dairy Products

Nauru. See Oceania Non-dairy, non-soy milk. See Milk, Non-Dairy, Non-Soy Milks and
Creams Made from Nuts, Grains, Seeds, or Legumes
Near East. See Asia, Middle East
Nordquist, Ted. See WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN
Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) or Transmittance (NIT) Analysis. Industries, Inc., California)
See Seed, Food or Feed Composition–High-Speed Measurement
Techniques, such as Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) Anlysis and North America. See United States of America, and Canada. For
Spectrophotometry Mexico, see Latin America, Central America

Nematodes–Disease Control (Nematodes). Early Called Eelworms North Carolina. See United States–States–North Carolina
/ Eel-Worms or Gallworms / Gall-Worms that Caused Root-Knot or
Root-Gall. 1306, 1470 Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC) (Peoria, Illinois). See
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR)
Nestlé (Nestle–The World’s Biggest Food Group). 528, 692, 1210, (USDA-ARS)
1293, 1295, 1563, 1575, 1655
Northern Soy, Inc. (Rochester, New York). 226, 249, 287, 312, 331,
Netherlands. See Europe, Western–Netherlands 361, 391, 397, 405, 406, 474, 504, 544, 550, 703, 726, 792, 1164,
1293, 1385, 1416, 1618, 1639, 1674
New England Soy Dairy. See Tomsun Foods, Inc.
Noted personalities–vegetarians. See Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted
New Uses Movement (USA, starting 1987)–Industrial Uses of Personalities and Famous People
Soybeans. Successor to the Farm Chemurgic Movement (1930s
to 1950s). And Value-Added Industrial Applications. See also: Nuclear Power, Weapons, War, Fallout, or Radioactivity Worldwide.
Research & Development Centers–USDA-ARS National Center for 997
Agricultural Utilization Research (Peoria, Illinois). 974, 1168
Nut Butters, Non-Soy. Including Butter Made from Nuts or Seeds,
New York State Agric. Experiment Station (Geneva, NY). See Such as Brazil Nuts, Cashews, Coconuts, Filberts, Hazelnuts,
Cornell University (Ithaca, New York) Hickory Nuts, Hemp Seeds, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, Pignolias,
Pine Nuts, Pistachios, Pumpkin Seeds, Sunflower Seeds, Walnuts,
New York. See United States–States–New York etc. See also: Almond Butter (from 1373), Peanut Butter (from
1896), Sesame Butter, Soynut Butter. 1, 2, 10, 14, 140, 160, 298,
New Zealand. See Oceania–New Zealand 1169, 1171, 1337, 1789

Nichii Company. See Whole Dry Soybean Flakes Nut milk or cream. See Milk–Non-Dairy Milks and Creams Made
from Nuts
Nigeria. See Africa–Nigeria
Nutraceuticals. See Functional Foods or Nutraceuticals
Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). 335, 439
Nutrition (General). 11, 22, 44, 45, 47, 58, 70, 113, 180, 183, 200,
Nitragin Inoculant and The Nitragin Company. 128 211, 213, 214, 236, 245, 261, 263, 266, 268, 274, 303, 349, 393,
489, 493, 495, 511, 515, 636, 692, 731, 1061, 1078, 1147, 1154,

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1174, 1183, 1250, 1256, 1279, 1295, 1305, 1306, 1331, 1337, 1458, Trials, Intestinal Flora / Bacteria, Isoflavone or Phytoestrogen
1470, 1488, 1633, 1642, 1645, 1678, 1688, 1696, 1723, 1751, 1759, Content of Soyfoods, Soy-based Products,, Lactose Intolerance,
1781, 1810, 1822 Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Soy, Lipids–Effects on Blood
Lipids, Microbiological Problems (Food Spoilage, Sanitation, and
Nutrition–Acid-Base Balance in Diet and Health, or Individual Contamination), Minerals (General), Protein–Effects on Blood
Foods, or Acid-Alkaline Ash in Diet, or Acid-Forming and Base- Lipids, Protein Quality, and Supplementation, Protein Resources
Forming Elements in Foods. 22, 23, 41, 44, 51, 62, 77, 128, 179 and Shortages, and the “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of
1950-1979, Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds, Toxins and
Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals–Allergens, Allergy Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–General, Toxins and Toxicity in Foods
/ Allergies, and Allergic Reactions Caused (or Remedied) by and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria that Cause Food
Soybeans, Soyfoods, Peanuts, or Animal Milks. 32, 810, 1376, Poisoning, Vitamins (General), Vitamins B-12 (Cyanocobalamin,
1546, 1589, 1665 Cobalamins), Vitamins E (Tocopherols), Vitamins K (Coagulant)

Nutrition–Biologically active phytochemicals. See Antioxidants, Nutritional aspects of vegetarian diets. See Vegetarian and Vegan
Phytic Acid, Phytates, and Phytin, Saponins, Trypsin / Protease Diets–Nutrition / Nutritional Aspects
Inhibitors
Nuts made from roasted soybeans. See Soynuts
Nutrition–Biologically active substances. See Antinutritional
Factors (General), Goitrogens and Thyroid Function Oceania–Atlantic Ocean Islands that are Part of France–St.-Pierre
and Miquelon (two groups of 8 craggy islands located near the
Nutrition–Carbohydrates. See Oligosaccharides southwest coast of Newfoundland)–A French Overseas Territorial
Collective. 1835
Nutrition–Lipids. See Linolenic Acid and Linolenate
Oceania–Australia, Commonwealth of (Including Tasmania, Cocos
Nutrition–Medical Aspects. See Cancer Preventing Substances (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, Coral Sea Islands Territory,
in Soy, Diabetes and Diabetic Diets, Menopause–Relief of Its Norfolk Island, Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and
Unpleasant Symptoms, Osteoporosis, Bone and Skeletal Health Australian Antarctic Territory). 46, 313, 354, 383, 560, 684, 685,
687, 703, 743, 794, 919, 963, 964, 978, 1036, 1067, 1086, 1096,
Nutrition–Minerals. See Aluminum in the Diet and Cooking 1159, 1162, 1199, 1244, 1352, 1408, 1426, 1604, 1623, 1654, 1660,
Utensils–Problems. Soy Is Not Mentioned 1723, 1753, 1777

Nutrition–Protein–Early and basic research. See Protein–Early and Oceania–Introduction of Soybeans to or Dissemination of Soybeans
Basic Research from. Other or general information and leads concerning Oceania.
1835
Nutrition–Protein. See Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition
and Content Oceania–Kiribati (Gilbert Islands until 1979). 1835

Nutrition Education (Or Lack Thereof in Medical Schools), Food Oceania–Marshall Islands, Republic of the. 1835
Groups, and Food Pyramids. 1106, 1185, 1337, 1595, 1626, 1644
Oceania–Nauru (Naoero; Named Pleasant Island from 1798 to
Nutrition bars. See Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with 1888). 1835
Soy
Oceania–New Zealand–Including Stewart Island, Chatham Islands,
Nutrition et Nature (Revel near Toulouse, France). Founded in June Snares Islands, Bounty Islands, and Tokelau (formerly Union
1982 as Société SOY (Cerny, France). Named Nutrition et Soja, Islands). 964, 979, 980, 1016, 1036, 1414, 1426, 1460, 1502, 1505,
Div. of Nutrition et Santé from 1 Aug. 1994 until 1 Jan. 2011. 1020, 1604, 1609, 1616, 1617, 1777
1064, 1349, 1383, 1436, 1491, 1661
Oceania–Tuvalu (The Ellice Islands part of the Gilbert and Ellice
Nutrition, human, USDA bureau of. See United States Department Islands Colony before 1976). 1835
of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home
Economics Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, Germany). Founded in 1965
by incorporating Stettiner Oelwerke AG (founded 1910), Toeppfer’s
Nutrition. See Carbohydrates (General). See also Starch, Dietary Oelwerke GmbH (founded 1915), and Hansa-Muehle AG (founded
Fiber, and Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars), Carbohydrates– 1916 as Hanseatische Muehlenwerke AG). 106, 1640
Dietary Fiber, Chemical / Nutritional Composition or Analysis,
Claim or Claims of Health Benefits–Usually Authorized by the Off flavors. See Flavor Problems
FDA, Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefits of
Soy in Human Diets, Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention, Diet Ohio Miso Co. (Founded in 1979 by Thom Leonard and Richard
and Prostate Cancer Prevention, Flatulence or Intestinal Gas, Kluding). See South River Miso Co. (Conway, Massachusetts)
Functional Foods or Nutraceuticals, Human Nutrition–Clinical

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Ohio. See United States–States–Ohio 1646, 1666, 1667, 1669, 1692, 1698, 1706, 1707, 1712, 1718, 1720,
1727, 1729, 1730, 1734, 1735, 1742, 1744, 1750, 1775, 1811, 1812,
Ohsawa, George and Lima–Their Life and Work with Macrobiotics 1813, 1823, 1824
(Also Sakurazawa Nyoichi, or Georges Ohsawa). 1517
Organoleptic evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or
Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Binder for Sand Sensory / Organoleptic Evaluation
Foundry Cores, Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, Linoleum, Floor
Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods, Resins, Plastics, and Oriental Show-You Company. Purchased in 1963 by Beatrice / La
Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil–ESO), Rubber Substitutes Choy. 60
or Artificial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice)
Origins, Evolution, Domestication, and Dissemination of Soybeans
Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a hydrogenated oil. See Candles, (General). 64
Crayons, and Soybean Wax
Osteoporosis, Bone and Skeletal Health. 1598, 1621, 1623, 1625,
Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a non-drying oil. See Adjuvants, 1626, 1633, 1637, 1640, 1665
Carriers, and Surfactants for Pesticides, Herbicides, and Other
Agricultural Chemicals, Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, Biodiesel or Ota Family Tofu (Portland, Oregon. Founded in 1911). Before 1987
Artificial Petroleum, Dust Suppressants and Dust Control, Ota Tofu Co. 550
Explosives Made from Glycerine, Lubricants, Lubricating Agents,
and Axle Grease for Carts, Release or Curing Agents for Concrete Oyster ketchup. See Ketchup, Oyster (Oyster Ketchup, Western-
or Asphalt, Industrial Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Minor Style)
or General Uses, Soaps or Detergents
P.I. numbers of soybeans. See Introduction of Soybeans (as to
Oil, soy–industrial uses of. See Industrial Uses of Soy Oil a Nation, State, or Region, with P.I. Numbers for the USA) and
Selection
Oil, soy, industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Industrial Uses of
Soy Oil PMS Foods, Inc. See Far-Mar-Co., Inc.

Oil, soy. See Soy Oil Pacific Foods of Oregon, Inc. (Tualatin, Oregon). 1298, 1432, 1473,
1543, 1630, 1646, 1654, 1666, 1667
Oil, sweet. See Sweet oil
Packaging Equipment. 250, 1169, 1305
Okara tempeh. See Tempeh, Okara
Packaging Innovations and Problems. 287, 381, 391, 504, 1351,
Okara. See Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp 1362, 1385, 1392, 1473, 1674

Oligosaccharides (The Complex Sugars Raffinose, Stachyose, and Paints (Especially Water-Based Latex Paints)–Industrial Uses of
Verbascose). 404, 1352, 1377, 1531, 1640, 1716 Soy Proteins. 19, 77, 683, 1451

Olive / Olives (Olea europea). See also Olive Oil. 41, 62, 160, Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective /
1048, 1170, 1754, 1789 Decorative Coatings–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 4,
19, 20, 21, 27, 34, 36, 38, 57, 59, 77, 137, 164, 272, 485, 486, 1329,
Omega-3 fatty acids. See Linolenic Acid–Omega-3 Fatty Acid 1467
Content of Soybeans and Soybean Products
Pakistan. See Asia, South–Pakistan
Ontario Soybean Growers (Canada: Name Changes–Ontario
Soybean Growers Association, Nov. 1946 to 1949. Ontario Soya- Paper Coatings or Sizings, or Textile Sizing–Industrial Uses of Soy
Bean Growers’ Marketing Board, 1949 to 1989. Ontario Soybean Proteins. 77, 661, 683, 687, 1330, 1373
Growers’ Marketing Board, 1989 to 1 Dec. 1999). Merged into
Grain Farmers of Ontario 2010 Jan 1. 1618, 1621, 1685 Pasture from green soybean plants. See Feeds / Forage from
Soybean Plants–Pasture, Grazing or Foraging
Ontario. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario
Patents–References to a Patent in Non-Patent Documents. 11, 29,
Organic Soybean Production (Commercial). See also: Soybean 78, 82, 94, 100, 106, 120, 149, 155, 163, 170, 176, 206, 211, 280,
Production: Organically Grown Soybeans or Soybean Products in 326, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 439, 651, 666, 681, 687, 699,
Commercial Food Products. 1020, 1169, 1434, 1473 700, 701, 702, 814, 815, 1164, 1168, 1175, 1179, 1204, 1219, 1289,
1308, 1412, 1424, 1450, 1451, 1467, 1475, 1519, 1574, 1654, 1656
Organically Grown Soybeans or Organic Soybean Products in
Commercial Food Products. 321, 323, 339, 436, 503, 573, 1110, Patents. 13, 50, 87, 110, 173, 188, 208, 209, 210, 238, 251
1143, 1303, 1309, 1310, 1353, 1354, 1369, 1384, 1432, 1433, 1630,

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Patties, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Soy

Patties
Phaseolus limensis or P. lunatus. See Lima Bean
Peanut / Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea or A. hypogæa)–Also Called
Groundnut, Earthnut, Monkey Nut, Goober / Gouber Pea, Ground Philippines. See Asia, Southeast–Philippines
Pea, or Pindar Pea / Pindars. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 30, 33, 51, 55,
62, 64, 75, 106, 124, 128, 130, 137, 140, 151, 155, 159, 160, 179, Photographs Published after 1923. See also Illustrations. 20, 22, 27,
180, 193, 213, 219, 220, 224, 225, 270, 282, 298, 307, 333, 343, 36, 46, 56, 64, 66, 72, 73, 78, 90, 96, 107, 117, 119, 120, 124, 127,
351, 353, 363, 407, 448, 460, 469, 493, 512, 516, 523, 539, 543, 128, 142, 153, 160, 172, 180, 182, 186, 192, 199, 204, 205, 212,
574, 577, 586, 600, 633, 645, 671, 686, 687, 688, 711, 721, 728, 213, 214, 218, 220, 221, 226, 252, 253, 255, 262, 269, 275, 277,
736, 737, 745, 749, 768, 773, 803, 816, 826, 829, 844, 863, 872, 278, 279, 281, 282, 294, 297, 305, 310, 313, 319, 323, 324, 331,
920, 938, 966, 978, 990, 1005, 1040, 1059, 1081, 1104, 1119, 1140, 332, 335, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 355, 357, 359, 361, 362,
1143, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1226, 1301, 1427, 1432, 1459, 1499, 1555, 364, 365, 372, 378, 382, 387, 389, 400, 412, 413, 416, 426, 429,
1566, 1572, 1585, 1593, 1605, 1630, 1631, 1646, 1648, 1660, 1666, 431, 443, 444, 446, 447, 458, 462, 465, 473, 477, 484, 487, 489,
1667, 1692, 1700, 1702, 1722, 1789 494, 502, 509, 523, 536, 549, 557, 566, 571, 573, 576, 577, 585,
586, 592, 593, 597, 598, 606, 610, 611, 616, 617, 620, 622, 623,
Peanut Brittle–A Brittle Toffee Containing Roasted Peanuts. 10, 41 656, 688, 692, 695, 715, 716, 719, 737, 751, 755, 760, 761, 762,
767, 771, 775, 778, 784, 790, 792, 795, 797, 807, 809, 824, 825,
Peanut Butter–Seventh-day Adventist Writings or Products 850, 852, 855, 857, 860, 863, 872, 876, 879, 881, 884, 888, 908,
(Especially Early) Related to Peanut Butter. 1, 14, 30, 51 909, 910, 916, 919, 934, 935, 941, 954, 974, 975, 978, 982, 993,
1004, 1009, 1023, 1026, 1062, 1063, 1111, 1121, 1122, 1128, 1134,
Peanut Butter, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a 1143, 1150, 1156, 1169, 1172, 1211, 1225, 1250, 1271, 1276, 1283,
Laboratory Scale, by Hand. 140 1297, 1303, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1321, 1334, 1341, 1342, 1354, 1361,
1369, 1371, 1373, 1378, 1384, 1386, 1388, 1390, 1393, 1394, 1395,
Peanut Butter. 1, 2, 10, 14, 30, 51, 62, 124, 128, 140, 155, 159, 160, 1400, 1401, 1403, 1409, 1410, 1412, 1433, 1439, 1444, 1448, 1450,
193, 213, 224, 225, 270, 282, 298, 333, 351, 353, 363, 460, 469, 1454, 1459, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1474, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1483,
493, 516, 539, 543, 574, 577, 586, 600, 633, 686, 688, 711, 721, 1485, 1487, 1504, 1507, 1511, 1514, 1526, 1533, 1539, 1548, 1553,
736, 737, 745, 749, 768, 773, 803, 816, 826, 844, 938, 966, 990, 1554, 1555, 1560, 1564, 1565, 1572, 1579, 1587, 1590, 1593, 1595,
1005, 1040, 1059, 1081, 1119, 1140, 1143, 1169, 1171, 1301, 1432, 1601, 1602, 1623, 1625, 1634, 1636, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1645, 1646,
1459, 1566, 1572, 1630, 1631, 1646, 1648, 1660, 1666, 1667, 1692, 1666, 1667, 1672, 1675, 1677, 1678, 1687, 1692, 1696, 1697, 1703,
1700, 1702, 1722, 1789 1706, 1711, 1712, 1722, 1723, 1727, 1749, 1753, 1755, 1758, 1759,
1765, 1781, 1786, 1789, 1790, 1800, 1822
Peanut Chocolate (Roasted Ground Peanuts Used as a Chocolate
Substitute). 8 Photographs Published before 1924. See also Illustrations. 4

Peanut Flour (Usually Defatted). 10 Photographs, Not About Soy, Published before 1924. See also
Illustrations. 1
Peanut Meal or Cake (Defatted). 1, 130
Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, Exercise, Endurance, Athletics,
Peanut Milk. 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 30, 64, 75, 140, 159, 160, 193, 516 and Bodybuilding. 1699

Peanut Oil. 2, 10, 106, 193, 516, 1555, 1593 Phytic Acid (Inositol Hexaphosphate), Phytates / Phytate, and
Phytin. 106, 1352, 1598, 1678
Peanuts–Historical Documents Published before 1900. 1
Phytochemicals in soybeans and soyfoods. See Cancer Preventing
Peoria Plan of 1928-29 for Growing, Selling, and Processing Substances in Soybeans and Soyfoods
Soybeans. Initiated in Illinois by American Milling Co., Funk Bros.
Co., and Grange League Federation (GLF) Exchange, New York. 20 Phytoestrogen content. See Isoflavone or Phytoestrogen Content of
Soyfoods, Soy Ingredients, and Soybean Varieties
Periodicals–American Soybean Association. See American Soybean
Association (ASA)–Periodicals Phytoestrogens (Estrogens in Plants, Especially in Soybeans and
Soyfoods), Including Isoflavones (Including Genistein, Daidzein,
Periodicals–Soyfoods Movement. See Soyfoods Movement– Glycetein, Coumestrol, Genistin, and Daidzin), Lignans, and
Periodicals Coumestans. 1482, 1560, 1580, 1593, 1598, 1604, 1623, 1626,
1633, 1634, 1637, 1639, 1640, 1659, 1660, 1665, 1678, 1679, 1699,
Pesticide carriers and adjuvants. See Adjuvants, Carriers, and 1723, 1745, 1749, 1771
Surfactants for Pesticides, Herbicides, and Other Agricultural
Chemicals Pigs, Hogs, Swine, Sows, Boars, Gilts, or Shoats / Shotes Fed
Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed to
Pet food. See Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets / Companion Animals Fed Make Pork. 608

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 755

Problems (Including Poverty)

Piima. See Soymilk, Fermented
Price of Soy Sauce, Worcestershire Sauce, or Early So-Called
Pillsbury Feed Mills and Pillsbury Co. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Ketchup (Which Was Usually Indonesian Soy Sauce). 298
167, 683, 1228, 1277, 1293, 1416, 1540, 1541, 1555
Price of Soybeans, Soybean Seeds, and Soybean Products–Except
Piper, Charles Vancouver (1867-1926, USDA). 1241 Sauces (Which See). 137, 978

Plamil Foods Ltd. (Folkestone, Kent, England) and The Plantmilk ProSoya–Including ProSoya Inc. (Ontario, Canada), and ProSoya
Society. Named Plantmilk Ltd. until 1972. 199, 230, 528, 692, 891, Corporation (Heuvelton, New York. No longer in Business),
894, 1363, 1383, 1408, 1437, 1553 ProSoya UK Ltd. (ProSoya PLC) (Livingston, Scotland). Pacific
ProSoya Foods, International ProSoya Corp. (IPC–British
Plant Industry, Bureau of. See United States Department of Columbia). 1296, 1440, 1447, 1466, 1471, 1498, 1513, 1514, 1515,
Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Plant Industry 1523, 1528, 1529, 1532, 1539, 1549, 1577, 1579, 1611, 1620, 1641,
1648, 1649, 1650, 1654, 1656, 1804, 1805, 1806
Plantmilk Ltd. See Plamil Foods Ltd.
Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye
Plastics (Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Film, Disposable Cotton Oil Co. 34, 75, 525, 683, 687
Eating Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Plates, and
Packaging Materials)–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins. 27, 33, 34, Production of soybeans. See Soybean Production
36, 38, 49, 52, 61, 77, 201, 280, 512, 525, 687, 1329, 1467
Products, soy, commercial (mostly foods). See Commercial Soy
Plastics, plasticizers and resins. See Resins, Plastics, and Products–New Products
Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil–ESO)
Protease inhibitors. See Trypsin / Protease Inhibitors
Plenty (The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee). After Sept. 1983 see
Plenty Canada and Plenty USA. 200, 266, 277, 286, 289, 308, 309, Protection of soybeans from diseases. See Diseases of soybeans
310, 325, 380, 412, 422, 429, 447, 454, 494, 514, 862, 1561, 1786,
1794, 1795, 1796 Protection of soybeans. See Insects–Pest Control. See also:
Integrated Pest Management, Nematodes–Disease Control
Plenty Canada and The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Canada).
277, 289, 309, 325, 378, 384, 422, 446, 447, 494, 616, 623, 642, Protein–Early and Basic Research. 322, 375
656, 728, 777, 862, 908, 1009, 1109, 1123, 1135, 1145, 1155, 1182,
1198, 1249, 1319, 1342, 1400, 1401, 1403, 1514, 1523, 1559, 1629, Protein–Effects of Dietary Protein (Especially Soy Protein) on
1786, 1794, 1795 Blood Lipids (Especially Cholesterol). 1560

Plenty International (Summertown, Tennessee). Starting 1981. Also Protein Quality, and Supplementation / Complementarity to
called Plenty USA 1983-1997. 446, 494, 609, 656, 718, 728, 862, Increase Protein Quality of Mixed Foods or Feeds. See also
1106, 1132, 1155, 1182, 1185, 1395, 1472, 1490, 1511, 1537, 1559, Nutrition–Protein Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition. 130,
1564, 1565, 1568, 1595, 1629, 1664, 1748, 1758, 1765, 1800, 1832 200, 1104, 1305

Plums (salted / pickled), plum products, and the Japanese plum tree Protein Resources and Shortages, and the “World Protein Crisis /
(Prunus mumé).. See Umeboshi Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979. 198

Policies and Programs, Government, Effecting Soybean Production, Protein Technologies International (PTI) (St. Louis, Missouri.
Marketing, Prices, Subsidies, Support Prices, or Trade. 1409 Established on 1 July 1987 as a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of
Ralston Purina Co.) Sold to DuPont on 3 Dec. 1997. 1222, 1363,
Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including 1429, 1491, 1492, 1604, 1634, 1661
Poverty) Worldwide. 1373
Protein products, soy. See Soy Protein Products
Pork, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Ham,
Chorizo and Other Pork-related Products Protein sources, alternative, from plants. See Amaranth, Azuki
Bean, Chufa (Cyperus esculentus) or Earth Almonds, Leaf Proteins,
Poultry fed soybeans. See Chickens, or Turkeys, or Geese & Ducks Lupins or Lupin, Peanut & Peanut Butter, Peanuts & Peanut Butter,
Quinoa, Single Cell Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic), Sunflower
Poultry, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–- Meatless Chicken, Seeds, Wheat Gluten & Seitan, Winged Bean
Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless
Turkey Protein supplementation / complementarity to increase protein
quality. See Nutrition–Protein Quality
Poverty, world. See Population Growth (Human) and Related

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 756

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. See Winged Bean See U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana,
Illinois). Founded April 1936)
Public Law 480 (Food for Peace Program. Formally–Agricultural
Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954). 137, 172, 197, Regulations or Laws Concerning Foods (Use, Processing, or
272, 303, 645, 660, 978, 1555 Labeling), Especially Soyfoods and Food Uses of Soybeans. 80, 96,
112, 234, 459, 703, 759, 799, 1020, 1291, 1344, 1545
Pudding–Non-Soy Non-Dairy Puddings (As Made from Almond
Milk, Rice Milk, etc.). 1703 Regulations or laws concerning foods (Use, processing, or
labeling). See Kosher / Kashrus, Pareve / Parve / Parevine
Pudding. See Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse (Usually Regulations Products (Commercial), Kosher Products (Commercial)
made from Soymilk or Tofu)
Release or Curing Agents for Concrete or Asphalt, Industrial
Pueraria. See Kudzu or Kuzu Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, Asphalt Sealants, and Other Minor or
General–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil. 463, 1837
Quality and grades of soybean seed. See Seed Quality of Soybeans–
Condition, Grading, and Grades (Moisture, Foreign Material, Religious aspects of vegetarianism. See Vegetarianism–Religious
Damage, etc.) Aspects

Quincy Soybean Products Co. (Quincy, Illinois). Purchased by Rella Good Cheese Co. (Santa Rosa, California). Named
Moorman Manufacturing Co. in 1961 and Renamed Quincy Brightsong Tofu from June 1978 to June 1980; Redwood Valley
Soybean Company. Purchased by ADM in 1998. 1640 Soyfoods Unlimited from June 1980 to June 1982; Brightsong
Light Foods from June 1982 to June 1987; Rose International until
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Also spelled Quinua. 1171, 1990; Sharon’s Finest until Oct. 1997. 327, 332, 337, 392, 397, 445,
1287, 1459, 1572, 1644, 1677, 1722 459, 573, 610, 640, 703, 720, 732, 810, 813, 849, 877, 879, 938,
953, 999, 1000, 1060, 1082, 1094, 1099, 1112, 1113, 1120, 1157,
Quong Hop & Co. (San Francisco, California). 291, 296, 321, 340, 1158, 1164, 1179, 1193, 1213, 1234, 1240, 1379, 1454, 1491, 1534,
381, 406, 413, 435, 442, 477, 497, 528, 544, 592, 593, 610, 726, 1541, 1543, 1560, 1589, 1618
1210, 1293, 1318, 1368, 1416, 1454
Republic of China (ROC). See Asia, East–Taiwan
Québec. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–Québec
Research & Development Centers. See Cornell University (Ithaca,
Railroad / railway / rail used to transport soybeans. See New York), and New York State Agric. Exp. Station, Illinois,
Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Railroad University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods, Iowa State
University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa (Iowa City),
Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or Exhibit Cars Used National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR)
to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production. 77 (USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois), U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial
Products Laboratory (Urbana, Illinois). Founded April 1936)
Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). Including Protein
Technologies International, a Wholly Owned Subsidiary from 1 Resins, Plastics, and Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil–
July 1987 to 3 Dec. 1997. 34, 154, 155, 168, 201, 246, 271, 306, ESO)–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 1653
525, 661, 672, 681, 683, 687, 726, 744, 988, 989, 1222, 1363, 1429,
1467, 1491, 1492, 1604, 1661 Restaurants or cafeterias, vegetarian or vegan. See Vegetarian or
Vegan Restaurants
Rapeseed Meal. 130
Restaurants or delis, new, soyfoods. See Soyfoods Restaurants, New
Rapeseed Oil. 106, 978
Restaurants or delis, soyfoods. See Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods
Rapeseed or the rape plant. See Canola Restaurants

Rapeseed, the Rape Plant (Brassica napus), or Colza. See also Restaurants, cafeterias, and cafés, health food. See Health Foods
Canola. 978 Restaurants, Cafeterias, and Cafés / Cafes (1890s to 1960s)

Raw / uncooked / unfired food foods and diet. See Vegetarianism– Reverse osmosis. See Membrane Technology Processes
Raw / Uncooked / Unfired Foods and Diet
Reviews of the literature. See Bibliographies and / or Reviews of
Recipes. See Cookery the Literature

Reference Books and Other Reference Resources. 1306, 1470, 1486 Rhizobium bacteria. See Soybean Production–Nitrogen Fixation

Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana, Illinois). Rice Milk (Including Amazake) and Related Rice-Based Products

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 757

(Some Made from Koji)–Etymology of These Terms and Their 496, 661, 677, 683, 699, 700, 701, 702, 704, 705, 809, 1291, 1429,
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 311 1449, 1450, 1451, 1836

Rice Milk (Non-Dairy / Nondairy). 12, 1219, 1366, 1420, 1442, Riegel, William E. See Meharry, Charles Leo (1885-1937)
1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1587, 1589, 1619,
1657, 1699, 1700, 1724, 1773, 1784 Roasted / Parched Soybeans (Irimame) Used in the Bean-Scattering
(Mame-Maki) Ceremony at Setsubun (Lunar New Year) in Japan.
Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Amazake, Made with Rice Koji in the 213, 1781
Traditional Way (Without Adding Commercial Enzymes). Also
called Rice Milk or Rice Drink. 311, 377, 638, 1130, 1134, 1220, Roasted Soy Flour–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates /
1224, 1280, 1366, 1426, 1442, 1459, 1475, 1517, 1519, 1575, 1788, Relatives in Various Languages. 3, 157, 179
1834
Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with Dry Heat,
Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Made with Commercial Enzymes, or a Full-Fat) and Grits. 3, 41, 51, 77, 89, 140, 147, 157, 158, 174, 179,
Mixture of Commercial Enzymes and Rice Koji. 1219, 1224, 1280, 191, 213, 214, 218, 274, 387, 406, 407, 448, 488, 489, 1256, 1283,
1366, 1420, 1485, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1575, 1559, 1642, 1688, 1701, 1726, 1759, 1781, 1800, 1822, 1832
1589
Roberts, F.G. See Soy Products of Australia Pty. Ltd.
Rice Milk (Non-Dairy). See also Amazake, which Resembles a
Thick Fermented Rice Milk. 1700 Rodale Press (Emmaus, Pennsylvania). 226, 294, 349, 646, 1398

Rice Milk Companies. See Grainaissance, Inc. (Emeryville, Rosewood Products Inc. and Tofu International Ltd. (Ann Arbor,
California) Michigan, from 1987). Founded as The Soy Plant in Ann Arbor.
Started in Jan. 1977. An Early Tofu Cooperative, Worker Owned
Rice Milk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By and Operated. 249, 260, 270, 273, 275, 331, 356, 381, 397, 872
Geographical Region. 1224, 1255, 1280
Ross & Rowe (Yelkin Lecithin, New York City). 1373
Rice Milk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
Individual Companies. 1224, 1280, 1522 Royal Wessanen NV Co. See Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida)

Rice Milk Products–Ice Creams (Non-Dairy). 12, 311, 377, 385, Rubber Substitutes or Artificial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice)–
461, 466, 510, 561, 576, 614, 638, 663, 666, 703, 706, 739, 754, Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 19, 27, 34, 36, 38, 57,
821, 868, 880, 931, 942, 971, 983, 1005, 1015, 1040, 1105, 1134, 61, 77, 164
1156, 1175, 1219, 1220, 1224, 1247, 1253, 1255, 1280, 1333, 1337,
1359, 1366, 1369, 1379, 1393, 1411, 1412, 1420, 1427, 1428, 1432, Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd. (RSIL; Indore, Madhya Pradesh, and
1475, 1476, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1578, 1585, 1586, 1630, 1632, 1646, Mumbai, India). 1563, 1832
1666, 1667
Russia. See Europe, Eastern–Russia
Rice Syrup and Yinnies (Called Mizuamé or Amé in Japan). 561,
576, 663, 666, 706, 1015, 1130, 1219, 1220, 1359, 1369, 1406, Rust, soybean. See Rust, Soybean
1412, 1430, 1432, 1442, 1476, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1630,
1638, 1646, 1666, 1667 Safety concerns about soy in human diets. See Concerns about the
Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefits of Soy in Human Diets
Rice koji. See Koji
Saishikomi. See Soy Sauce–Saishikomi
Rice, Brown. Also Called Whole Grain Rice or Hulled But
Unpolished Rice. 51, 213, 287, 332, 385, 405, 466, 522, 561, 576, San Jirushi Corp., and San-J International (Kuwana, Japan;
614, 666, 739, 1015, 1220, 1247, 1337, 1359, 1406, 1432, 1476, and Richmond, Virginia). Purchased in Nov. 2005 by Yamasa
1517, 1519, 1638, 1700, 1754, 1781, 1788 Corporation. 477, 522, 528, 1210, 1290

Rice-Based Foods–Mochi (Cakes of Pounded, Steamed Glutinous Sandoz AG (Basel, Switzerland). Merged with Ciba-Geigy in
Rice {Mochigome}). 213, 214, 327, 329, 1015, 1442, 1459, 1572, March 1996 to Become Novartis. 230, 1020, 1349, 1436, 1491,
1722 1661

Rice-Based Foods–Rice Cakes (Round Western-Style Cakes of Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, NSW, Australia). In
Puffed Rice, About 4 Inches in Diameter and ½ Inch Thick). 1015, 2002 they acquired SoyaWorld of British Columbia, Canada. 354,
1442, 1459, 1517, 1519, 1572, 1722, 1788 1352, 1408, 1604, 1623, 1654, 1660, 1777

Rich Products Corporation (Buffalo, New York). 73, 78, 81, 94, Sanitation and spoilage of food. See Microbiological Problems
104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 120, 146, 148, 149, 163, 212, 487, (Food Spoilage, Sanitation, and Contamination)

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 758

Seitan. See Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan

Saponins (Bitter Carbohydrates / Glucosides That Cause Foaming).
1598 Sensory evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory /
Organoleptic Evaluation
Sauce, soy nugget. See Fermented Black Soybean Extract
Serbia and Montenegro. See Europe, Eastern–Serbia and
Sausages, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages Montenegro

School Lunch Program. 61, 91, 277, 281, 286, 325, 360, 460, 519, Sesame / Sesamum / Benné or Benne / Gingelly or Gingili / Til or
618, 944, 1009, 1293, 1429 Teel–Etymology of These Terms and Their Cognates/Relatives in
Various Languages. 124
Scotland. See Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United Kingdom)
Sesame Butter, Tahini / Tahina / Tahin, Sesame Halva / Halwa, or
Screw presses. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses Sesame Paste. 124, 160, 178, 199, 216, 270, 273, 298, 339, 347,
and Expellers 576, 639, 886, 1048, 1169, 1337, 1406, 1459, 1502, 1572, 1609,
1637, 1644, 1677, 1700, 1717, 1722, 1754, 1789
Sea Vegetables or Edible Seaweeds, Often Used with Soyfoods. 2,
14, 51, 62, 85, 151, 160, 199, 213, 214, 217, 219, 224, 226, 240, Sesame Meal or Cake (Defatted). 130, 220
254, 282, 287, 391, 440, 504, 522, 614, 739, 805, 823, 851, 1008,
1163, 1166, 1170, 1223, 1248, 1271, 1385, 1406, 1410, 1442, 1445, Sesame Milk. 199
1459, 1502, 1572, 1645, 1674, 1677, 1692, 1700, 1722, 1754, 1781,
1789 Sesame Oil. 2, 21, 339, 347, 1459, 1572, 1677, 1722, 1754

Seafood, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellfish, Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum, formerly Sesamum orientale).
and Other Seafood-like Products (Also Called Ajonjoli, Benne, Benni, Benniseed, Gingelly, Gingely,
Gingelie, Jinjili, Sesamum, Simsim, Teel, Til). Including Sesame
Seaweeds, edible. See Sea Vegetables as an Oilseed, Sesame Flour, and Sesame Salt / Gomashio. See also
Sesame Butter / Tahini, Sesame Cake or Meal, Sesame Milk, and
Second Generation Soyfood Products. 287, 391, 477, 504, 1064, Sesame Oil. 2, 21, 124, 199, 213, 214, 298, 304, 339, 347, 1169,
1095, 1385, 1674 1170, 1171, 1459, 1572, 1613, 1671, 1677, 1679, 1700, 1722, 1754

Seed Cleaning–Especially for Food or Seed Planting Uses. 49, Sesamum indicum. See Sesame Seed
1250, 1383
Setsubun. See Roasted / Parched Soybeans (Irimame)
Seed Quality of Soybeans–Condition, Grading, and Grades
(Moisture, Foreign Material, Damage, etc.). 20, 77, 1168 Seventh-day Adventist work with vegetarianism. See
Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with
Seed Quality, Composition, and Component / Value-Based Pricing
(Percentage and Quality of Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, etc.). 1116, Seventh-day Adventist writings or products (especially early)
1168, 1338 related to dietary fiber. See Fiber–Seventh-day Adventist Writings
or Products
Seed companies–Thompson. See Thompson (W.G.) & Sons
Limited, Blenheim, Ontario, Canada Seventh-day Adventist writings or products (especially early)
related to peanut butter. See Peanut Butter–Seventh-day Adventist
Seed companies, soybean. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa), DuPont Writings or Products
(E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) (Wilmington, Delaware),
Funk Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois), Hartz (Jacob) Seed Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks and Their Authors, Dietitians
Co. (Stuttgart, Arkansas), Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri) and Nutritionists–Ella E.A. Kellogg (1852-1920), Anna L. Colcord
(1860?-1940?), Jethro Kloss (1863-1946), Almeda Lambert (1864-
Seed quality development in soybeans. See Breeding or Evaluation 1921), Lenna Frances Cooper (1875-1961), Julius G. White (1878-
of Soybeans for Seed Quality, such as Low in Trypsin Inhibitors, 1955), Frances Dittes (1891-1979), Edyth Cottrell (1900-1995),
Lipoxygenase, Linolenic Acid, etc. Dorothea Van Gundy Jones (1903-1979), Philip S. Chen (1903-
1978), Frank & Rosalie Hurd (1936- ), etc. 1, 14, 30, 41, 51, 77,
Seed, Food or Feed Composition–High-Speed Measurement 128, 142, 147, 160, 161, 162, 218, 256, 387, 417, 445, 837, 1248,
Techniques, such as Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) or 1283, 1623, 1789
Transmitance (NIT) Anlysis and Spectrophotometry. 1168
Seventh-day Adventists–Influence Today of Seventh-day Adventist
Seeds, soybean–Variety development and breeding of soybeans. See Affiliated Organizations in the Fields of Vegetarianism, Health, and
Variety Development and Breeding Soyfoods (Not Including Original Medical Research on Adventists).
493, 908, 1126, 1161, 1182, 1200, 1571

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 759

Brother Ike Sinaiko of Illinois Soy Products Co. (1897-1977), and

Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods His Brothers-in-Law Max Albert of Galesburg Soy Products Co.
(Europe). See DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, (1893-1966) and Irving Rosen of Quincy Soybean Products Co.
Germany), Granose Foods Ltd. (Bucks., England) (1907-1964). 1640

Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods Single Cell Proteins (Photosynthetic, Including Algae / Microalgae
(Europe, Asia, and Latin America). Other, Including Alimentos Such as Spirulina, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus). 198, 327, 332,
Colpac, Nutana, Saniku / San-iku Foods, Spicer Memorial College, 335, 439
Superbom. 46, 136, 171, 231, 1161, 1350, 1351, 1354, 1380, 1405,
1426, 1443 Sizings for paper or textiles. See Paper Coatings or Sizings, or
Textile Sizing
Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods
(Oceania). See Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, Smoked tofu. See Tofu, Smoked
Australia)
Smoothie–Made with Dairy Milk, Ice Cream, or Dairy Ingredients.
Seventh-day Adventists. See Fuller Life Inc., Harrison, D.W. Also spelled Smoothies or Smoothees. 140
(M.D.), and Africa Basic Foods (Uganda), Kellogg, John Harvey
(M.D.) (1852-1943), Sanitas Nut Food Co. and Battle Creek Food Smoothie–Made with Soymilk, Tofu, Soy Yogurt, Soy Protein
Co., Kellogg, Will Keith,... Kellogg Co., Kloss, Jethro (1863- Isolate, Rice Milk, or Other Non-Dairy Smoothie Ingredients. Also
1946) and his Book Back to Eden, Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, spelled Smoothies or Smoothees. 140, 313, 327, 401, 1333, 1636,
California), Loma Linda University (Loma Linda, California), 1755, 1820
Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee), Miller,
Harry W. (M.D.) (1879-1977), Van Gundy, Theodore A., and La Soaps or Detergents–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying
Sierra Industries (La Sierra, California), Worthington Foods, Inc. Oil–Soap, Detergent. 4, 19, 20, 27, 34, 36, 38, 164
(Worthington, Ohio)
Societe Soy (Saint-Chamond, France). See Soyfoods Companies
Shakes–Made with Soymilk, Tofu, Amazake, Soy Protein, etc.– (Europe)–Nutrition et Soja
Etymology of These Terms and Their Cognates / Relatives in
Various Languages. 41, 186, 213, 214, 311, 394, 1781 Sojadoc (Clermond-Ferrand, France). 1020, 1058, 1064, 1383

Shakes–Made with Soymilk, Tofu, Amazake, Soy Protein, etc. Sojarei Vollwertkost GmbH (Traiskirchen, near Vienna, Austria).
Usually non-dairy. 41, 77, 140, 160, 186, 213, 214, 225, 274, 282, Formerly Sojarei Ebner-Prosl. 506
287, 311, 327, 361, 372, 389, 391, 394, 395, 450, 461, 472, 504,
625, 763, 1107, 1173, 1385, 1674, 1700, 1781, 1789 Sojinal / Biosoja (Formerly Cacoja; Affiliate of Coopérative
Agricole de Colmar–Issenheim & Colmar, France). Acquired by
Sharon’s Finest. See Rella Good Cheese Co. B & K Holdings, of Switzerland, in mid-1993. Acquired by Alpro
(Belgium) on 22 April 1996. 1189, 1250, 1343, 1349, 1352, 1377,
Shennong / Shen Nung. See Asia, East–China–Shennong / Shên 1383, 1436, 1620, 1661
Nung / Shen Nung
Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa).
Shiro shoyu. See Soy Sauce, Pale (Shiro Shoyu) Including Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts, founded
in 1970. Acquired by Specialty Food Ingredients Europe BV in
Shortening–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Dec. 1991. Acquired by the Kerry Group in Jan. 2000 and Name
Various Languages. 19 Changed to Nutriant (Jan. 2002 to 2006). 890, 1031, 1661

Shortening. 3, 10, 19, 20, 21, 27, 36, 38, 45, 56, 57, 59, 60, 112, Solvent extraction equipment. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–
164, 192, 263, 699, 700, 701, 702, 974, 978, 1306, 1331, 1470, Solvent extraction
1566
Solvents–Hexane–Used Mainly for Soy Oil Extraction. 50, 75, 83,
Showa Sangyo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). 764 119, 192, 687, 1482

Shoyu. See Soy Sauce Solvents Used for Extraction of the Oil from Soybeans (General,
Type of Solvent, Unspecified, or Other). See also Ethanol, Hexane,
Shurtleff, William. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California) and Trichloroethylene Solvents. 20, 29, 36, 38, 43, 44, 191

Simply Natural, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Founded by Solvents, industrial. See Release or Curing Agents for Concrete or
Christine Pirello. 875, 1164 Asphalt, Industrial Solvents, Hydraulic Fluids, and Other Minor or
General Uses
Sinaiko Family of Madison, Wisconsin–Incl. Joe Sinaiko of Iowa
Milling Co. and Decatur Soy Products Co. (1891-1988), His Solvents. See Soybean Crushing–Solvents

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 760

Soy Chocolate (Toasted Soy Flour) (Also includes use of non-

Soup, miso. See Miso Soup roasted Soy Flour or Soymilk in Making Chocolate). 28, 33, 36, 38,
39, 44, 62
Sour Cream Alternatives (Non-Dairy–Usually Contains Soy). 134,
160, 194, 204, 213, 214, 268, 287, 306, 317, 360, 391, 395, 401, Soy Coffee–Made from Roasted Soy Flour or Ground Roasted
404, 450, 484, 504, 577, 585, 603, 937, 975, 1048, 1104, 1291, Soybeans. 3, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 32, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 51,
1385, 1406, 1410, 1431, 1454, 1464, 1469, 1507, 1526, 1527, 1554, 56, 60, 64, 65, 77, 86, 89, 139, 147, 159, 160, 179, 200, 205, 241,
1589, 1607, 1674, 1781, 1789 266, 268, 344, 406, 407, 417, 444, 448, 837, 851, 1123, 1237, 1241,
1248, 1279, 1284, 1286, 1453, 1483, 1490, 1590, 1594, 1622, 1789,
Sour cream. See Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Products 1800, 1837

South Africa. See Africa–South Africa Soy Cream Cheese–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates /
Relatives in Various Languages. 22, 51, 73
South America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Movement in
South America Soy Cream Cheese, Usually Made of Tofu or Soy Yogurt. 22, 23,
30, 51, 73, 75, 82, 93, 132, 134, 191, 194, 205, 230, 252, 257, 268,
South America. See Latin America–South America 274, 287, 338, 391, 450, 489, 504, 1018, 1170, 1191, 1245, 1251,
1256, 1291, 1308, 1370, 1385, 1399, 1410, 1425, 1431, 1444, 1454,
South River Miso Co. (Conway, Massachusetts). Including Ohio 1464, 1469, 1501, 1507, 1526, 1527, 1535, 1538, 1554, 1574, 1575,
Miso Co. 226 1576, 1588, 1589, 1607, 1610, 1642, 1672, 1674, 1688, 1699, 1700,
1723, 1731, 1746, 1754, 1757, 1759, 1766, 1778, 1785, 1797, 1802,
Sovex Natural Foods (Collegedale, Tennessee). See Fuller Life Inc. 1809, 1818, 1822, 1825

Soy Cheese–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat. 11, 17, 19, 20, 26, 28, 29, 92, 105,
in Various Languages. 71, 75, 134, 213, 214, 266, 1781 107, 123, 124, 147, 179, 196, 206, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220, 230,
251, 261, 272, 285, 303, 344, 354, 407, 448, 463, 777, 861, 862,
Soy Cheese–Fermented, Western Style, That Melts. May Contain 894, 1116, 1295, 1446, 1512, 1513, 1594, 1771, 1781, 1832
Casein (Cow’s Milk Protein). 71, 75, 194, 200, 205, 266, 287, 344,
1370, 1450, 1606 Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Geographical Region. 61, 105, 107, 726, 1344, 1491
Soy Cheese–Non-Fermented, Western Style, That Melts. Typically
Made with Tofu or Isolated Soy Proteins. Usually Contains Casein Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
(A Protein from Cow’s Milk). 394, 894, 1228, 1240, 1484, 1553 Individual Companies or Products. 285, 463, 1491

Soy Cheese Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soy Flour or Defatted Soybean Meal in Cereal-Soy Blends, with
By Geographical Region. 1020, 1193, 1223, 1355, 1540, 1543 Emphasis on Dry Products Used in Third World Countries (such as
CSM, WSB, etc.). 46, 105, 303, 726, 990, 1288, 1429, 1491, 1594,
Soy Cheese Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 1832
Individual Companies. 1228, 1240
Soy Flour, Defatted or Partially Defatted, Used as an Ingredient in
Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives–General, Western Style, That Second Generation Commercial Products Such as Baked Goods,
Melts. Often Contains Casein (Cow’s Milk Protein). 22, 81, 127, Pasta, etc. 436
134, 174, 194, 195, 226, 288, 306, 525, 528, 814, 815, 898, 1020,
1027, 1045, 1046, 1082, 1085, 1104, 1112, 1183, 1193, 1210, 1223, Soy Flour, Grits and Flakes (Usually Defatted)–Etymology of These
1232, 1238, 1287, 1292, 1293, 1304, 1308, 1330, 1344, 1355, 1368, Terms and Their Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 77
1370, 1406, 1415, 1416, 1437, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1478, 1482, 1485,
1525, 1530, 1533, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1550, Soy Flour, Grits, Meal, Powder, or Flakes–For Food Use (Usually
1553, 1560, 1562, 1571, 1580, 1582, 1594, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1605, Defatted or Low-Fat). See also Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat. 3, 4,
1618, 1619, 1621, 1623, 1625, 1626, 1633, 1637, 1639, 1644, 1653, 6, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47,
1665, 1676, 1678, 1691, 1699, 1700, 1721, 1763, 1772, 1774, 1780, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 77, 80,
1801, 1833 83, 84, 85, 89, 97, 101, 105, 116, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132,
133, 137, 139, 140, 142, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 168, 174, 178,
Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie, Usually Made with Tofu. 62, 200, 180, 182, 191, 192, 194, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 208, 213,
205, 213, 214, 225, 248, 266, 268, 279, 287, 291, 312, 313, 317, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 241, 245, 247, 261, 266, 268, 269,
322, 327, 331, 332, 355, 361, 365, 372, 389, 391, 392, 395, 401, 274, 282, 306, 307, 324, 349, 359, 387, 406, 407, 444, 448, 467,
403, 445, 450, 477, 504, 563, 722, 862, 886, 975, 1043, 1048, 1087, 489, 515, 544, 646, 651, 656, 726, 728, 797, 834, 891, 892, 904,
1100, 1138, 1162, 1170, 1191, 1207, 1245, 1251, 1262, 1275, 1291, 908, 920, 943, 978, 990, 1027, 1048, 1116, 1123, 1154, 1168, 1183,
1300, 1301, 1311, 1383, 1385, 1406, 1410, 1425, 1442, 1454, 1613, 1190, 1237, 1241, 1256, 1263, 1265, 1279, 1283, 1284, 1286, 1288,
1636, 1651, 1672, 1674, 1679, 1699, 1781 1295, 1296, 1306, 1330, 1331, 1344, 1395, 1403, 1429, 1446, 1452,
1459, 1470, 1472, 1482, 1483, 1488, 1490, 1491, 1504, 1511, 1512,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 761

1526, 1536, 1546, 1547, 1550, 1560, 1563, 1566, 1572, 1574, 1580, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485,
1584, 1593, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1605, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1625, 1626, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
1628, 1633, 1637, 1642, 1647, 1650, 1665, 1672, 1677, 1678, 1688, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512,
1691, 1700, 1701, 1717, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1759, 1768, 1779, 1781, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526,
1789, 1796, 1800, 1803, 1810, 1817, 1822 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539,
540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Enzyme Active (Whole / Full-Fat, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566,
Unheated). 107, 191, 354, 463 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 577, 578, 579, 580,
581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593,
Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Use in Brewing Beer, Such as ADM 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
Pro-zyme Flakes and Soybean Brew Flakes. 105, 191 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621,
622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634,
Soy Flour, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable Protein). 635, 636, 637, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,
180, 205, 225, 230, 245, 265, 267, 268, 355, 401, 444, 562, 681, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661,
800, 834, 891, 898, 943, 1027, 1214, 1221, 1271, 1279, 1287, 1295, 662, 664, 665, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676,
1373, 1409, 1424, 1429, 1446, 1456, 1479, 1483, 1512, 1560, 1574, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689,
1832 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702,
703, 704, 705, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716,
Soy Flour, Whole or Full-fat, Used as an Ingredient in Second 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729,
Generation Commercial Products Such as Baked Goods, Pasta, etc. 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 740, 741, 742, 743,
283 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756,
757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769,
Soy Ice Cream (Frozen or Dry Mix)–Imports, Exports, International 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782,
Trade. 543, 584, 601, 786, 794, 822, 830, 832, 847, 874, 875, 901, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795,
915, 917, 921, 963, 993, 997, 1031, 1073, 1075, 1086, 1235, 1244, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808,
1618, 1631 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821,
822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834,
Soy Ice Cream (General–Usually Non-Dairy). 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873,
53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913,
107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926,
121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 927, 928, 929, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940,
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 941, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954,
149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967,
164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 982, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 995, 996,
191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1006, 1007, 1008,
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020,
218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031,
232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1041, 1042, 1043,
245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054,
259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065,
272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076,
285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098,
312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121,
338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1133,
351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145,
364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1157,
378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168,
392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 1180,
406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191,
419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202,
432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226,
458, 459, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1237,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 762

1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1248, 1249, 14, 40, 41, 46, 64, 124, 159, 160, 163, 169, 193, 256, 311, 377, 385,
1250, 1251, 1252, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 461, 466, 510, 516, 561, 573, 576, 614, 615, 638, 663, 666, 703,
1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 706, 739, 754, 821, 868, 880, 930, 931, 942, 971, 981, 983, 994,
1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1005, 1015, 1040, 1105, 1130, 1134, 1156, 1175, 1219, 1220, 1224,
1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1234, 1247, 1253, 1255, 1280, 1332, 1333, 1337, 1359, 1366, 1369,
1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1379, 1393, 1411, 1412, 1420, 1424, 1427, 1428, 1442, 1475, 1476,
1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1485, 1499, 1503, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1534, 1543, 1569,
1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1570, 1578, 1585, 1586, 1589, 1597, 1632, 1657, 1676, 1695, 1703,
1329, 1330, 1331, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1737, 1788, 1789
1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1354,
1355, 1357, 1358, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365, 1367, 1368, Soy Ice Cream Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and
1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, Analyses–By Geographical Region. 117, 129, 138, 145, 152, 582,
1380, 1381, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 583, 622, 703, 821, 833, 849, 868, 879, 964, 1017, 1032, 1079,
1391, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1092, 1093, 1113, 1231, 1255, 1331, 1355, 1379, 1438, 1441, 1491,
1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1413, 1414, 1493, 1540, 1543, 1578, 1662, 1741, 1821, 1826
1415, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1425, 1429, 1430,
1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, Soy Ice Cream Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and
1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, Analyses–Individual Companies. 109, 283, 336, 351, 360, 402, 420,
1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 421, 456, 457, 476, 502, 509, 524, 540, 550, 551, 559, 566, 571,
1465, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 572, 577, 581, 587, 607, 611, 628, 629, 672, 703, 704, 718, 730,
1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1486, 1487, 759, 765, 820, 822, 830, 832, 836, 849, 855, 858, 869, 879, 884,
1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 923, 936, 952, 975, 984, 995, 1002, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018, 1019,
1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1028, 1029, 1033, 1053, 1054, 1073, 1074, 1075,
1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1518, 1523, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1077, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1113, 1115, 1118, 1121, 1123, 1138, 1142,
1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1533, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1150, 1151, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1167, 1176, 1178, 1179, 1191, 1195,
1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1199, 1215, 1227, 1235, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1251, 1262, 1267, 1272,
1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1274, 1275, 1277, 1300, 1307, 1317, 1320, 1350, 1353, 1354, 1372,
1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1379, 1399, 1431, 1443, 1464, 1469, 1472, 1484, 1491, 1494, 1497,
1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1587, 1501, 1508, 1538, 1588, 1607, 1631, 1651, 1668, 1689, 1709, 1731,
1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1598, 1599, 1746, 1757, 1766, 1778, 1785, 1797, 1802, 1809, 1818, 1825
1600, 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610,
1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, Soy Ice Cream, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a
1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1633, Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand. 580, 1462, 1694
1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644,
1645, 1646, 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, Soy Oil–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in
1656, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, Various Languages. 1338
1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680,
1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number / Value. 192
1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702,
1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, Soy Oil as a Commodity, Product, or Ingredient for Food Use (in
1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, Cookery or Foods). Its Manufacture, Refining, Trade, and Use. See
1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, Also: Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, and Nutrition: Lipids. 3, 4, 19, 20,
1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 29, 36, 38, 39, 41, 45, 51, 56, 64, 77, 96, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121,
1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 128, 130, 138, 142, 152, 154, 159, 161, 162, 164, 192, 213, 214,
1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 224, 232, 246, 263, 272, 274, 306, 357, 365, 380, 402, 485, 486,
1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 488, 489, 511, 512, 525, 542, 543, 612, 645, 646, 647, 726, 834,
1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 904, 912, 920, 986, 987, 1009, 1027, 1168, 1183, 1188, 1222, 1256,
1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1287, 1288, 1306, 1329, 1331, 1338, 1344, 1458, 1470, 1488, 1512,
1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1513, 1550, 1563, 1566, 1600, 1618, 1642, 1678, 1688, 1759, 1771,
1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1781, 1822
1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1836, 1837, 1838
Soy Plant (The) (Ann Arbor, Michigan). See Rosewood Products
Soy Ice Cream–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Inc. (Ann Arbor)
Relatives in Various Languages. 3, 13, 15, 37, 47, 65, 72, 73, 75,
77, 78, 80, 96, 103, 108, 114, 116, 157, 165, 169, 213, 236, 311, Soy Products of Australia Pty. Ltd. (Bayswater, Victoria, Australia).
365, 409, 414, 433, 444, 473, 517, 523, 557, 634, 691, 692, 703, Formerly F.G. Roberts Health Food Products (Melbourne). 46, 354
729, 748, 1255, 1393
Soy Protein Concentrates, Textured. 1330, 1373, 1409, 1479
Soy Ice Cream–Non-Soy Non-Dairy Relatives (As Made from
Amazake, Fruit Juices, Peanuts, Field Peas, etc.). 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, Soy Protein Council (Food Protein Council from 1971 to Dec.

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 763

1981). 269 912, 931, 932, 937, 941, 943, 944, 946, 958, 970, 978, 982, 986,
988, 989, 1000, 1016, 1034, 1050, 1059, 1062, 1065, 1066, 1101,
Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein 1104, 1108, 1157, 1183, 1184, 1187, 1194, 1196, 1210, 1214, 1241,
Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By 1263, 1268, 1282, 1284, 1287, 1291, 1295, 1330, 1362, 1363, 1373,
Geographical Region. 168, 269, 692, 726, 1196, 1289, 1293, 1295, 1374, 1381, 1397, 1409, 1422, 1423, 1429, 1430, 1468, 1482, 1487,
1491, 1540, 1661 1488, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1515, 1518, 1540, 1544,
1550, 1551, 1552, 1555, 1566, 1580, 1593, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1604,
Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein 1621, 1622, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1639, 1650, 1654, 1661, 1665, 1691,
Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 1700, 1701, 1721, 1736, 1747, 1751, 1771, 1810, 1836, 1838
Individual Companies. 155, 167, 176, 231, 672, 726, 1373, 1409,
1424, 1479, 1491, 1495, 1555, 1593, 1604 Soy Proteins–Isolates, for Industrial (Non-Food) Use. See also:
Isolates, for Food Use. 525, 661, 683, 1373
Soy Protein Isolates, Textured (For Food Use Only, Including Spun
Soy Protein Fibers or Soy Isolate Gels). See also: Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins–Properties (Including Types {Globulins, Glycinin,
Soy Proteins–Fibers (Artificial Wool Made from Spun Soy Protein Beta- and Gamma-Conglycinin} Protein Fractions and Subunits,
Fibers). 154, 155, 167, 191, 192, 198, 201, 202, 213, 214, 246, 269, Sedimentation Coefficients, Nitrogen Solubility, and Rheology). 59,
406, 407, 448, 632, 687, 797, 1429, 1467, 1606, 1781 191, 441, 1429

Soy Protein Products (General, or Modern Products). See also: Soy Proteins–Used as an Ingredient in or for Early Second
Nutrition–Protein, Protein Quality, and Amino Acid Composition. Generation Commercial Food or Beverage Products. 104, 150
87, 130, 143, 166, 174, 177, 191, 195, 220, 269, 306, 388, 406, 519,
544, 553, 605, 726, 797, 841, 1052, 1092, 1222, 1266, 1289, 1338, Soy Proteins, Textured (General). 167, 168, 898, 1183, 1196, 1289,
1491, 1566, 1634 1293, 1295, 1330, 1340, 1416, 1418, 1618, 1678

Soy Protein and Proteins–Etymology of These Terms and Their Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse (Usually made from
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 95 Soymilk. Non-Dairy Milk, or Tofu). See also Soy Yogurt–Not
Fermented. 4, 11, 21, 29, 32, 41, 44, 51, 60, 62, 65, 77, 79, 85, 89,
Soy Proteins–Concentrates. 168, 176, 180, 192, 194, 201, 213, 214, 95, 132, 137, 151, 186, 198, 206, 213, 214, 236, 248, 250, 257, 258,
269, 306, 406, 407, 441, 448, 468, 501, 544, 659, 681, 683, 692, 287, 379, 391, 394, 405, 415, 427, 445, 504, 563, 604, 651, 703,
797, 834, 898, 912, 943, 978, 989, 1031, 1183, 1194, 1214, 1263, 783, 886, 953, 1048, 1060, 1107, 1163, 1184, 1213, 1237, 1286,
1295, 1330, 1374, 1397, 1409, 1429, 1482, 1515, 1540, 1550, 1580, 1293, 1315, 1355, 1383, 1385, 1425, 1512, 1541, 1549, 1563, 1589,
1593, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1621, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1665, 1691, 1771, 1610, 1611, 1621, 1636, 1644, 1671, 1672, 1674, 1699, 1717, 1755,
1781, 1810 1781

Soy Proteins–Detection When Added to Other Food Products (Such Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu), Homemade–How to Make at Home
as Meat or Dairy Products, Wheat Flour or Baked Goods). 191, 295 or on a Laboratory Scale, by Hand. 495

Soy Proteins–Hydrolyzed and Hydrolysates (General), as in Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu). See Also Tamari, Teriyaki Sauce, and
Flavourings, HVP, Cosmetics, Personal Care Products, Predigested Traditional Worcestershire Sauce. 2, 3, 4, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25,
Milk Replacers, etc. 814, 815, 1295 36, 38, 41, 45, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 77, 85, 86, 105,
124, 128, 137, 142, 147, 161, 162, 164, 174, 178, 182, 192, 213,
Soy Proteins–Isolates–Enzyme-Modified Soy Protein with 214, 216, 217, 226, 246, 264, 272, 287, 291, 298, 304, 349, 361,
Whipping / Foaming Properties Used to Replace Egg Albumen, and 372, 389, 391, 406, 407, 445, 448, 449, 488, 493, 495, 504, 522,
Early Related Whipping / Aerating Agents or Products. 43, 52, 77, 544, 591, 635, 646, 647, 692, 726, 797, 800, 805, 872, 892, 919,
105, 132, 135, 188, 191, 235, 237, 953, 1184, 1203, 1315 978, 1027, 1046, 1067, 1092, 1166, 1183, 1188, 1222, 1232, 1237,
1286, 1287, 1292, 1293, 1306, 1313, 1331, 1337, 1344, 1368, 1385,
Soy Proteins–Isolates–Etymology of These Terms and Their 1406, 1410, 1416, 1426, 1445, 1454, 1457, 1459, 1470, 1482, 1488,
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 77 1491, 1517, 1550, 1566, 1572, 1580, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1613, 1618,
1621, 1622, 1623, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1633, 1637, 1644, 1665, 1674,
Soy Proteins–Isolates, for Food Use. See also: Isolates, for 1677, 1678, 1679, 1691, 1696, 1700, 1722, 1723, 1754, 1771, 1790,
Industrial (Non-Food) Use. 81, 95, 104, 105, 110, 120, 125, 128, 1834
130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 144, 147, 150, 153, 168, 175, 176, 180,
181, 184, 185, 187, 189, 191, 192, 194, 201, 207, 212, 220, 242, Soy Sauce–Saishikomi Shoyu (Twice-Brewed). 406
243, 246, 269, 271, 278, 280, 306, 307, 321, 373, 375, 379, 393,
402, 407, 415, 435, 441, 448, 467, 468, 487, 496, 498, 508, 509, Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
517, 518, 519, 525, 528, 542, 543, 544, 564, 573, 574, 578, 589, Geographical Region. 647, 726, 1293, 1331, 1344, 1368, 1445,
634, 644, 659, 661, 670, 671, 672, 673, 677, 681, 682, 683, 684, 1491
686, 688, 690, 692, 695, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 712,
721, 725, 732, 737, 744, 745, 750, 759, 760, 774, 776, 778, 784, Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
800, 804, 806, 812, 834, 835, 854, 857, 860, 885, 896, 898, 904, Individual Companies. 726, 1232, 1491

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1194, 1270, 1279, 1285, 1309, 1339, 1370, 1372, 1383, 1385, 1387,
Soy Sauce Production–How to Make Soy Sauce on a Commercial 1393, 1411, 1437, 1440, 1447, 1459, 1466, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1501,
Scale. 105 1512, 1513, 1518, 1533, 1548, 1567, 1572, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1579,
1580, 1583, 1589, 1606, 1610, 1624, 1627, 1643, 1670, 1673, 1674,
Soy Sauce and Shoyu–Etymology of These Terms and Their 1677, 1712, 1714, 1715, 1717, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1727, 1728, 1739,
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 59, 298 1749, 1751, 1755, 1760, 1762, 1767, 1768, 1771, 1773, 1779, 1781,
1789, 1803, 1804, 1806, 1807, 1814, 1817, 1820
Soy Sauce, HVP Type (Non-Fermented or Semi-Fermented, Made
with Acid-Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein; an Amino Acid Seasoning Soy Yogurt–Not Fermented. Typically Made with Tofu (Includes
Solution Rich in Glutamic Acid). Also Called Pejoratively Chemical varieties “with active cultures” that are not actually cultured /
Soy Sauce. 41, 45, 213, 407, 1459, 1572, 1665, 1691, 1722 fermented). 807, 1031, 1079, 1094, 1097, 1164, 1193, 1225, 1293,
1416, 1638
Soy Sauce, Indonesian Style or from the Dutch East Indies (Kecap,
Kécap, Kechap, Ketjap, Kétjap). See also Ketchup / Catsup. 1723 Soy Yogurt Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
By Geographical Region. 1092, 1355, 1491, 1494, 1535, 1574,
Soy Sauce, Indonesian Sweet, Kecap Manis / Ketjap Manis. 1575
Indonesian Sweet Thick Spicy Soy Sauce / Indonesian Thick Sweet
Soy Sauce. 1723 Soy Yogurt Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
Individual Companies. 1372, 1491, 1567, 1814, 1820
Soy Sauce, Non-Soy Relatives. 8
Soy cotyledon fiber / polysaccharides (from making soy protein
Soy Sauce, Pale (Shiro Shoyu). Made in the Mikawa region of isolates). See Fiber
Central Japan near Nagoya. Shiro Means White in Japanese. 406
Soy fiber. See Fiber
Soy Sprouts (Sprouted or Germinated Soybeans) for Food Use. 3, 4,
19, 21, 22, 30, 32, 36, 38, 41, 45, 51, 56, 57, 65, 68, 77, 85, 86, 128, Soy flour companies (Europe). See Spillers Premier Products Ltd.
133, 137, 140, 141, 142, 147, 151, 158, 160, 161, 162, 174, 191, (Puckeridge, Ware, Hertfordshire, England)
194, 199, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 268, 274, 349, 359, 387, 406,
407, 445, 448, 488, 489, 493, 544, 646, 797, 894, 1048, 1154, 1237, Soy flour companies (Oceania). See Soy Products of Australia Pty.
1256, 1271, 1283, 1284, 1458, 1483, 1513, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1621, Ltd
1622, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1665, 1677, 1678, 1688, 1691,
1723, 1759, 1771, 1781, 1789, 1790, 1822 Soy flour, roasted. See Roasted soy flour

Soy Sprouts–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives Soy ice cream companies (USA). See Barricini Foods (Mountain
in Various Languages. 4, 65 Lakes, New Jersey), Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey),
Turtle Mountain LLC
Soy Sprouts, Homemade–How to Grow at Home or on a Laboratory
Scale, by Hand. 30, 68 Soy infant formula. See Infant Formula, Soy-based

Soy Yogurt (Generally Non-Dairy). 134, 173, 174, 191, 196, 198, Soy is NOT Mentioned in the Document. 1, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 40, 88,
211, 220, 252, 257, 267, 271, 279, 288, 305, 306, 330, 399, 431, 102, 103, 126, 166, 169, 193, 516, 930, 955, 994, 1120, 1130, 1158,
440, 472, 528, 586, 611, 722, 727, 734, 814, 815, 886, 914, 923, 1257, 1427, 1428, 1441, 1585, 1586, 1632, 1835
937, 951, 973, 1007, 1027, 1045, 1060, 1092, 1104, 1116, 1120,
1158, 1171, 1210, 1223, 1238, 1250, 1263, 1287, 1288, 1291, 1301, Soy lecithin. See Lecithin, Soy
1308, 1323, 1341, 1343, 1344, 1355, 1362, 1368, 1370, 1400, 1403,
1408, 1409, 1410, 1413, 1414, 1438, 1439, 1446, 1454, 1456, 1457, Soy oil–industry and market statistics. See Soybean Crushing
1465, 1479, 1491, 1495, 1496, 1501, 1504, 1507, 1525, 1526, 1527,
1529, 1531, 1535, 1541, 1549, 1550, 1555, 1560, 1563, 1589, 1592, Soy protein companies (USA). See Borden, Inc., Delsoy Products,
1594, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1605, 1611, 1620, 1621, 1623, 1625, 1626, Inc., Drackett Co. (The), Glidden Co. (The), Grain Processing
1633, 1644, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1653, 1654, 1656, 1660, 1665, 1672, Corporation, Griffith Laboratories, Gunther Products, Inc., Laucks
1678, 1691, 1699, 1714, 1716, 1728, 1801, 1819, 1829, 1830, 1833 (I.F.) Co., Mitchell Foods, Inc., Protein Technologies International
(PTI), Rich Products Corporation
Soy Yogurt–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in
Various Languages. 213, 233, 287, 406, 825, 886, 919 Soy sauce–Korean-style. See Kanjang–Korean-Style Fermented
Soy Sauce
Soy Yogurt–Fermented / Cultured. 151, 160, 174, 194, 200, 202,
204, 205, 206, 213, 214, 217, 223, 225, 227, 228, 233, 238, 240, Soy sauce companies (Asia & USA). See San Jirushi Corp., and
241, 266, 268, 274, 287, 324, 359, 371, 391, 406, 444, 445, 458, San-J International (Kuwana, Japan; and Richmond, Virginia)
464, 467, 504, 676, 715, 718, 767, 783, 825, 861, 862, 863, 864,
875, 892, 919, 943, 974, 1044, 1048, 1082, 1124, 1154, 1165, 1183, Soy sauce companies (international). See Kikkoman Corporation

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(Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and Worldwide)

Soybean–Morphology, Structure, and Anatomy of the Plant and Its
Soy sauce companies or brands (USA). See Chun King, La Choy, Seeds as Determined by Microscopy or Microscopic Examination.
Oriental Show-You Co 404

Soy sauce used in Worcestershire sauce. See Worcestershire Sauce– Soybean–Terminology and Nomenclature–Fanciful Terms and
With Soy Sauce Used as an Ingredient Names. 77

Soy sauce, price of. See Price of Soy Sauce, Worcestershire Sauce, Soybean Council of America. See American Soybean Association
or Early So-Called Ketchup (Which Was Usually Indonesian Soy (ASA)–Soybean Council of America
Sauce)
Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers
Soy sauce. See Hoisin / Haisien Sauce, Tamari, Teriyaki Sauce and Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands)
Teriyaki (Soy Sauce is the Main Sauce Ingredient), Worcestershire
Sauce Soybean Crushers (USA). See Seed Companies, Soybean–Funk
Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois)–After 1924, Sinaiko
Soy whip topping. See Whip Topping Family and Iowa Milling Co. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)

Soy wine. See Fermented Specialty Soyfoods Soybean Crushing (General: Soy / Soybean Oil and Soybean Meal).
49, 75, 106, 119, 149, 191, 280, 406, 687, 1241
Soy, etymology of the word. See Etymology of the Word “Soy” and
its Cognates / Relatives in English Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Hydraulic Presses. 20, 36, 38, 119

Soya–Soybean Production and Soy Products. 645 Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Expellers
(Continuous, Mechanical). 20, 29, 36, 38, 83, 106, 119, 191, 1513,
Soya Corporation of America and Dr. Armand Burke. See Also Dr. 1563
Artemy A. Horvath. 60, 105
Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Solvent Extraction. 119, 687
Soya Foods Ltd [Named Soya Flour Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (1929-
42), and Soya Foods Ltd. (1933)]. See Spillers Premier Products Soybean Crushing, Including Production and Trade of Soybean
Ltd. Oil, Meal or Cake, Margarine, or Shortening–Industry and Market
Statistics, Trends, and Analyses -. 19, 57, 106, 137, 192, 272, 726,
Soya Health Foods Ltd. (Manchester, England). Including Michael 809, 978, 1168, 1306, 1331, 1373, 1446, 1470, 1491
Cole and his Soya International Ltd. 715, 734, 767, 778, 825, 857,
873, 923, 941, 954, 970, 1036, 1121, 1136, 1137, 1172, 1210, 1309, Soybean Marketing Association (1929-1932). Organized at Decatur,
1312, 1343, 1362, 1363, 1371, 1383, 1492, 1493, 1499, 1525 Illinois on 16 Oct. 1929. 20

Soya Kaas Inc. See Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. Soybean Meal (SBM) (Defatted). Formerly Called Bean Cake,
Beancake, Soybean Cake, Oilmeal, or Presscake. 19, 20, 38, 56, 98,
SoyaWorld Inc. See ProSoya 125, 130, 132, 137, 154, 192, 246, 335, 439, 463, 647, 920, 978,
1168, 1291, 1306, 1331, 1338, 1344, 1467, 1470, 1488, 1504, 1512,
SoyaWorld, Inc. (Near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). 1535, 1550, 1555, 1566, 1575, 1600, 1618, 1622
Started 1997. Acquired in 2002 by Sanitarium Foods of Australia.
1654, 1655, 1685 Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as
a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil–Industrial Uses. 38
Soyana (Zurich, Switzerland). 914, 1343, 1352, 1383
Soybean Production–General, and Amount Produced. 19, 20, 56,
Soyanews: Monthly Newsletter Published by CARE in Colombo, 57, 128, 142, 161, 162, 406, 468, 485, 486, 515, 726, 1116, 1155,
Sri Lanka (1978-1990). 370, 426, 431, 458, 462, 465, 623, 1198, 1241, 1319, 1372, 1488, 1491, 1582
1342
Soybean Production–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and
Soyastern Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH Analyses. 406, 726, 950, 1231, 1242, 1306, 1331, 1470, 1491
(Dorsten, Germany). Acquired by Huegli in April 1991. 1326, 1349,
1383, 1661 Soybean Rust (Fungal Disease). 1306

Soyatech (Publisher of Soya Bluebook and Soya Newsletter, Bar Soybean Seeds–Black in Color. Food Use is Not Mentioned. 920
Harbor, Maine. Note: In March 1980 Peter Golbitz and Sharyn
Kingma started Island Tofu Works, a tofu manufacturing company, Soybean Seeds–Black in Color. Used as Food (Including in
in Bar Harbor, Maine). 1045, 1113, 1127, 1196, 1218, 1251, 1261, Fermented Black Soybeans and Inyu), Beverage, Feed, or
1297, 1378, 1513, 1543, 1547, 1625 Medicine, or Their Nutritional Value. 178, 213, 214, 489, 892,

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1237, 1287, 1459, 1572, 1642, 1671, 1677, 1688, 1722, 1759, 1760, Type. 68, 128
1781, 1822
Soybean crushers (Asia). See Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), Incl.
Soybean Seeds–Green in Color. Food Use is Not Mentioned. Early Fuji Purina Protein Ltd., Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan),
Named Varieties Include Aoda, Columbia, Giant Green, Guelph or Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd. (India), Showa Sangyo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo,
Medium Green, Medium Early Green, Medium Green, Samarow, Japan)
Sonoma, and Tashing. 83
Soybean crushers (Canada). See ADM Agri-Industries Ltd.
Soybean Varieties USA–Bansei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- (Windsor, Ontario, Canada)
Type. 68, 128, 1453
Soybean crushers (Europe). See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy),
Soybean Varieties USA–Easycook / Easy Cook–Early Introduction. Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, Germany), Vandemoortele
Large-Seeded and/or Vegetable-Type. 359 N.V. (Izegem, Netherlands)

Soybean Varieties USA–Emperor–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean crushers (USA), Cooperative. See Far-Mar-Co, Inc.,
Type. 128 Honeymead (Mankato, Minnesota)

Soybean Varieties USA–Fuji–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean crushers (USA). See Allied Mills, Inc., Archer Daniels
Type. 68, 128 Midland Co. (ADM) (Decatur, Illinois), Bunge Corp. (White Plains,
New York), Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis), Central Soya
Soybean Varieties USA–Funk Delicious–Large-Seeded and / or Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana), Lauhoff Grain Co. (Danville, Illinois),
Vegetable-Type. 128 Pillsbury Feed Mills and Pillsbury Co. (Minneapolis, Minnesota),
Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye
Soybean Varieties USA–Giant Green–Large-Seeded and / or Cotton Oil Co., Quincy Soybean Products Co. (Quincy, Illinois),
Vegetable-Type. 68, 128 Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri), Spencer Kellogg &
Sons, Inc. (Buffalo, New York), Staley (A.E.) Manufacturing Co.
Soybean Varieties USA–Hahto–Early Introduction. Large-Seeded (Decatur,, Swift & Co. (Illinois)
and / or Vegetable-Type. 359
Soybean crushing–solvents. See Solvents
Soybean Varieties USA–Higan–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-
Type. 128 Soybean oil. See Soy Oil

Soybean Varieties USA–Hokkaido–Large-Seeded and / or Soybean paste. See Miso

Vegetable-Type. 128
Soybean processing. See Soybean Crushing
Soybean Varieties USA–Hurrelbrink–Early Introduction. 20
Soybean production–Farm equipment. See Machinery
Soybean Varieties USA–Illington–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and Mechanization
Type. 128
Soybean production–Marketing. See Marketing Soybeans,
Soybean Varieties USA–Imperial–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or Exhibit Cars Used
Type. 128 to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production, Soybean Marketing
Association (1929-1932)
Soybean Varieties USA–Jogun–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-
Type. 128 Soybean production–Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation. See
Nitragin Inoculant and The Nitragin Company, Urbana Laboratories
Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu–Early Introduction. 68, 127
Soybean production–Plant protection. See Diseases (Bacterial,
Soybean Varieties USA–Mandarin–Early Introduction. 33 Fungal, and Viral / Virus), Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated
Pest Management, Nematodes–Disease Control
Soybean Varieties USA–Prize–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-
Type. 239, 249 Soybean production, organic. See Organic Soybean Production

Soybean Varieties USA–Tastee–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean production. See Crop Rotation of Soybean Plants for Soil
Type. 60 Improvement, Green Manure, Harvesting and Threshing, Identity
Preserved / Preservation, Organically Grown Soybeans, Peoria Plan
Soybean Varieties USA–Vinton–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- of 1928-29 for Growing, Selling, and Processing Soybeans, Policies
Type. 748 and Programs, Government, Price of Soybeans, Soybean Seeds and
Soybean Products–Except Sauces (Which See), Seed Quality, Yield
Soybean Varieties USA–Willomi–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Statistics, Soybean

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 767

861, 862, 863, 864

Soybeans, black. See Soybean Seeds–Black in Color
Soyfoods Movement in South America. 356, 1313, 1435, 1462
Soybeans, ground (used as food). See Whole Dry Soybeans
Soyfoods Restaurants or Delis, New. 225, 316, 317, 450, 1230,
Soybeans, whole dry (used unprocessed as food). See Whole Dry 1333
Soybeans
Soyfoods Unlimited, Inc. (San Leandro, California). Founded by
Soyco Foods. See Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. (Orlando, Florida) John, Valerie, and Gary Robertson. Began Making Tempeh on 15
Feb. 1981. Acquired by White Wave on 1 Dec. 1987. 364, 392, 593,
Soyfood products, commercial. See Commercial Soy Products–New 1171, 1326
Products
Soyfoods companies (Canada). See Yves Veggie Cuisine
Soyfoods (General Food Uses of Soybeans). 60, 66, 68, 82, 137, (Vancouver, BC, Canada)
202, 228, 296, 381, 400, 407, 435, 448, 508, 593, 632, 635, 668,
726, 872, 875, 878, 978, 1031, 1112, 1194, 1225, 1260, 1306, 1436, Soyfoods companies (England). See Itona
1437, 1439, 1444, 1470, 1482, 1536, 1580, 1594, 1598, 1606, 1625,
1664, 1665, 1672, 1685, 1691, 1717, 1723, 1745, 1760, 1771, 1810 Soyfoods companies (Europe). See , Albert’s Tofuhaus
(Lautersheim, Germany), British Arkady Company Ltd.
Soyfoods Association of North America (SANA). Founded 29 June (Manchester, England), Bruno Fischer GmbH (Aetorf, Germany),
1978. 275, 291, 356, 364, 374, 498, 522, 538, 635, 682, 713, 729, Galactina S.A. (Belp, Switzerland), Haldane Foods Group Ltd.
784, 845, 853, 944, 1099, 1164, 1169, 1234, 1240, 1292, 1349, (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, England), Huegli Naehrmittel
1454, 1526, 1546, 1547, 1762 A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland), Innoval / Sojalpe, Jonathan
P.V.B.A. (Kapellen, Belgium), Life Food GmbH (Freiburg,
Soyfoods Associations in Canada (Soyfoods Canada). 1685, 1690, Germany). Taifun brand, Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-Martens-
1708 Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France), Manna Natural Foods
(Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Migros & Conserves Estavayer
Soyfoods Associations in Europe. 1064, 1067, 1091, 1095, 1436 (Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland), Sojinal / Biosoja (Formerly
Cacoja), Soya Health Foods Ltd. (Manchester, England), Soyana
Soyfoods Center. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California) (Zurich, Switzerland), Triballat (Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France). Makers
of Sojasun, Valsoia S.p.A. (Bologna, Italy)
Soyfoods Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Geographical Region. Includes per capita consumption of soybeans. Soyfoods companies (USA). See Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then
406, 472, 497, 544, 550, 591, 635, 823, 878, 950, 1008, 1009, 1079, San Francisco, California), Farm Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy,
1092, 1144, 1164, 1193, 1196, 1214, 1292, 1306, 1398, 1403, 1445, Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando,
1470, 1488, 1546, 1547, 1662, 1762 Florida), GeniSoy Products Co. (Fairfield, California), Hain
Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York), Lightlife Foods,
Soyfoods Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Inc. (Turners Falls, Massachusetts), Rella Good Cheese Co. (Santa
Individual Companies. 231, 1240, 1340, 1424, 1465, 1496 Rosa, California). Previously Brightsong Tofu, SunRich Food
Group (Hope, Minnesota), White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado)
Soyfoods Movement–Periodicals, Including Soycraft, Soyfoods,
Soya Foods, Soya Newsletter, Soya International, Soyfoods Canada Soyfoods movement. See Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee),
Newsletter, etc. 249, 294, 1834 Plenty (The Farm, Summertown, Tennessee), Plenty Canada
and The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Canada), Plenty
Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods Restaurants or Delis. 225, 282, 316, International (Summertown, Tennessee), Rodale Press (Emmaus,
317, 327, 331, 332, 338, 357, 368, 376, 395, 397, 405, 406, 412, Pennsylvania), Soyatech (Bar Harbor, Maine), Soyfoods
413, 450, 497, 610, 726, 951, 1230, 1333, 1491, 1754 Association of North America (SANA), Soyfoods Restaurants or
Delis, New
Soyfoods Movement in Europe. 444, 528, 923, 1001, 1036, 1091,
1137, 1210, 1316, 1349, 1408 Soyfoods restaurants or delis. See Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods
Restaurants or Delis
Soyfoods Movement in Mexico and Central America. 277, 286,
289, 308, 309, 310, 325, 356, 378, 407, 422, 429, 446, 447, 494, Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California). Named Soyfoods Center
514, 728, 862, 864, 1009, 1106, 1109, 1123, 1182, 1185, 1249, until 1 Jan. 2007. Founded by William and Akiko Shurtleff. 213,
1395, 1401, 1472, 1490, 1506, 1511, 1537, 1559, 1561, 1564, 1565, 214, 221, 226, 239, 240, 249, 250, 258, 274, 275, 287, 288, 291,
1568, 1595, 1629, 1664, 1748, 1758, 1765, 1786, 1794, 1795, 1796, 312, 322, 329, 332, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 359, 361, 362, 364,
1832 366, 371, 372, 389, 391, 394, 404, 406, 462, 464, 467, 468, 472,
475, 477, 481, 488, 489, 495, 498, 504, 515, 528, 538, 544, 561,
Soyfoods Movement in North America (USA & Canada, General). 595, 617, 635, 703, 706, 713, 726, 755, 821, 845, 864, 878, 883,
225, 226, 255, 275, 337, 348, 350, 412, 416, 423, 477, 591, 800, 912, 944, 1021, 1083, 1166, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1210, 1214, 1217,

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1224, 1225, 1231, 1238, 1256, 1280, 1284, 1297, 1306, 1308, 1370, Soymilk companies (Europe and Africa). See Actimonde S.A.
1381, 1383, 1385, 1444, 1454, 1455, 1470, 1474, 1478, 1491, 1499, (Agrolactor system)
1574, 1576, 1584, 1605, 1612, 1613, 1642, 1674, 1688, 1696, 1740,
1759, 1781, 1782, 1822, 1834 Soymilk companies (Europe). See Alpro (Wevelgem, Belgium),
Plamil Foods Ltd. (Folkestone, Kent, England) and The Plantmilk
Soyland Farm. See Fouts Family of Indiana Society, Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products (Stockport, Cheshire,
England)
Soymilk–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in
Various Languages. 3, 32, 78, 198, 211, 252, 394, 528, 1020, 1210, Soymilk companies (USA). See Pacific Foods of Oregon, Inc.
1306, 1470 (Tualatin, Oregon), Vitasoy, WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN
Industries, Inc., California)
Soymilk–Imports, Exports, International Trade. 133
Soymilk curds. See Curds Made from Soymilk
Soymilk–Marketing of. 388, 522, 1292
Soymilk in Second Generation Products, Documents About. 278,
Soymilk Companies (Asia)–Kibun, Marusan-Ai, Mitsubishi, Meiji, 375, 394, 648, 676, 764, 1125, 1156
and Saniku Shokuhin in Japan. 171, 228, 335, 346, 352, 399, 432,
435, 439, 473, 477, 488, 528, 529, 632, 764, 1031, 1049, 1107, Soymilk shakes. See Shakes
1163, 1210, 1380
Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk).
Soymilk Cream (Rich, Thick Soymilk to Be Used Like Cream). See Also Called Soybase or Soy Base. 3, 21, 47, 56, 79, 151, 206, 209,
also: Non-Dairy Creamer. 16, 20, 41, 51, 75, 136, 151, 212, 217, 211, 213, 233, 240, 274, 287, 391, 504, 676, 814, 891, 1007, 1085,
345, 394, 699, 700, 701, 702, 705, 851, 1241, 1271, 1410, 1425, 1163, 1250, 1298, 1307, 1316, 1350, 1352, 1377, 1383, 1385, 1443,
1437, 1446, 1462, 1494, 1699, 1721 1579, 1638, 1649, 1654, 1674, 1714, 1715, 1728, 1807

Soymilk Equipment Companies (Europe). See APV Systems, Soya Soymilk, Fermented–Soy Kefir. 240, 274, 287, 305, 391, 406, 504,
Technology Division. Formerly named Danish Turnkey Dairies 676, 1385, 1589, 1674
Ltd., Alfa-Laval (Lund, Sweden), Tetra Pak International (Lund,
Sweden) Soymilk, Fermented–Unusual Fermented Dairy Products (Such as
Viili or Piima) that Can Also Be Made from Soymilk. See also: Soy
Soymilk Equipment. 528, 1085, 1163, 1210, 1471, 1514, 1515, Yogurt–Fermented and Soy Cheese–Fermented. 404
1528, 1529, 1804, 1805
Soymilk, Fermented, in Liquid or Viscous Form (Basic Research,
Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Acidophilus Soymilk or Soy Acidophilus Milk, Soy Viili,
Geographical Region. 406, 501, 528, 529, 544, 622, 647, 726, 800, Buttermilk, Koumiss, Lassi, Piima, etc.). See also: Soy Yogurt, Soy
882, 1008, 1020, 1079, 1092, 1127, 1144, 1163, 1173, 1196, 1210, Cheese, and Soy Kefir. 3, 30, 32, 37, 44, 51, 160, 200, 202, 204,
1223, 1226, 1343, 1344, 1351, 1355, 1356, 1362, 1363, 1368, 1392, 205, 209, 213, 214, 218, 228, 238, 266, 271, 287, 324, 335, 342,
1408, 1438, 1491, 1535, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1546, 1547, 1619, 343, 344, 345, 346, 387, 391, 404, 406, 407, 439, 448, 489, 504,
1638, 1648, 1649, 1655, 1662, 1762, 1806 861, 883, 892, 919, 1027, 1031, 1104, 1256, 1283, 1298, 1306,
1383, 1385, 1470, 1576, 1606, 1642, 1674, 1688, 1713, 1714, 1759,
Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 1781, 1784, 1789, 1822
Larger Companies. 167, 388, 406, 501, 528, 715, 726, 734, 767,
923, 939, 1036, 1163, 1210, 1226, 1250, 1298, 1316, 1326, 1350, Soymilk, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory or
1352, 1362, 1368, 1372, 1408, 1424, 1491, 1532, 1541, 1542, 1567, Community Scale, by Hand or with a Soymilk Maker / Machine. 3,
1611, 1620, 1648, 1649, 1654, 1655, 1661 140, 179, 213, 214, 274, 489, 513, 1256, 1642, 1688, 1699, 1759,
1781, 1822
Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
Smaller Companies. 204, 718, 990, 1123, 1155, 1296 Soymilk, Soy Drinks / Beverages, Soy-Based Infant Formulas, and
Nogs (Liquid, Non-Fermented). Note–For Soymilk Products See
Soymilk Production–How to Make Soymilk on a Commercial Tofu, Yuba, Shakes, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Yogurt, and Soy Cheese
Scale. 240, 287, 391, 504, 864, 1385, 1674 or Cheese Alternatives. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 25, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,
Soymilk and tofu in India. See Child Haven International (Maxville, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77,
Ontario, Canada) 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 105, 116, 124, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136,
137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156,
Soymilk companies (Canada). See Malnutrition Matters, ProSoya, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
SoyaWorld, Inc. (Near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) 179, 180, 182, 183, 186, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,
200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218,
Soymilk companies (England). See Itona 223, 225, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 245,
249, 250, 252, 255, 258, 259, 261, 263, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271,

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272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, Soymilk. See Calf, Lamb, or Pig Milk Replacers
288, 289, 290, 293, 296, 297, 305, 306, 308, 310, 313, 317, 319,
324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 335, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, Soynut Butter (Soynuts / Roasted Soybeans Ground to a Paste
349, 351, 354, 356, 357, 359, 361, 365, 368, 370, 372, 380, 381, Resembling Peanut Butter; May Also Be Made from (Roasted) Soy
387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 395, 399, 405, 406, 407, 412, 415, 417, Flour Mixed with a Little Oil). 22, 41, 54, 55, 68, 77, 140, 147, 158,
422, 431, 432, 435, 439, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 450, 458, 459, 160, 186, 191, 195, 196, 205, 206, 216, 227, 232, 406, 407, 448,
462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 472, 475, 477, 485, 486, 488, 489, 990, 1270, 1453, 1590, 1594, 1600, 1625, 1626, 1633, 1661, 1665,
491, 496, 497, 501, 504, 508, 511, 512, 514, 515, 517, 519, 522, 1677, 1678, 1691, 1717, 1721, 1745, 1789
525, 528, 529, 541, 544, 560, 562, 592, 608, 609, 613, 616, 618,
620, 622, 630, 631, 632, 635, 636, 642, 644, 646, 647, 656, 661, Soynut Butter–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives
684, 685, 687, 690, 692, 699, 700, 701, 702, 705, 715, 718, 722, in Various Languages. 68
726, 727, 728, 734, 743, 748, 754, 767, 777, 783, 797, 800, 809,
814, 818, 824, 834, 837, 848, 851, 861, 862, 863, 864, 872, 873, Soynut companies (Europe & USA). See Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The
875, 878, 882, 891, 892, 894, 898, 901, 904, 908, 912, 914, 919, Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa). Including Edible Soy Products
920, 923, 931, 939, 943, 968, 974, 978, 979, 990, 1007, 1008, 1020,
1026, 1027, 1031, 1036, 1044, 1045, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1064, Soynut companies (USA). See Sycamore Creek Co. (Mason,
1067, 1079, 1082, 1092, 1102, 1104, 1106, 1107, 1112, 1123, 1124, Michigan). Before 1993, INARI, Ltd.
1127, 1132, 1144, 1154, 1155, 1161, 1164, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171,
1173, 1182, 1183, 1185, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1193, 1194, 1196, 1210, Soynuts (Oil Roasted or Dry Roasted / Toasted). See Also Irimame
1213, 1214, 1219, 1220, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1226, 1234, 1237, 1241, Used in Bean-Scattering (Mame-Maki) Ceremony at Setsubun
1248, 1250, 1256, 1260, 1271, 1276, 1279, 1280, 1283, 1284, 1285, (Lunar New Year) in Japan and Parched Soybeans. 3, 21, 25, 41, 48,
1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1291, 1292, 1296, 1298, 1305, 1306, 1313, 49, 54, 55, 66, 68, 77, 85, 128, 140, 160, 174, 194, 195, 196, 199,
1316, 1321, 1325, 1327, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 200, 205, 206, 213, 214, 227, 232, 245, 266, 268, 274, 349, 370,
1350, 1351, 1352, 1355, 1356, 1358, 1360, 1362, 1363, 1367, 1368, 406, 407, 444, 448, 462, 488, 489, 525, 544, 646, 726, 978, 990,
1372, 1373, 1376, 1377, 1380, 1383, 1385, 1387, 1390, 1392, 1395, 1027, 1031, 1154, 1183, 1194, 1196, 1222, 1270, 1279, 1287, 1338,
1397, 1398, 1401, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1413, 1393, 1400, 1439, 1453, 1458, 1473, 1482, 1483, 1490, 1491, 1550,
1415, 1421, 1424, 1429, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1444, 1445, 1566, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1621, 1622, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1657, 1665,
1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1677, 1678, 1688, 1701, 1717, 1721, 1723, 1726, 1745, 1759, 1760,
1458, 1460, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1479, 1768, 1771, 1779, 1781, 1789, 1803, 1804, 1806, 1810, 1817, 1822
1482, 1483, 1486, 1488, 1490, 1491, 1493, 1495, 1496, 1502, 1504,
1505, 1506, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1523, 1526, 1528, 1529, Soynuts–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in
1530, 1531, 1533, 1535, 1536, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1546, Various Languages. 49, 68
1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1563, 1565, 1566, 1567,
1568, 1574, 1575, 1579, 1580, 1582, 1584, 1589, 1592, 1593, 1594, Soynuts Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
1598, 1599, 1600, 1604, 1605, 1607, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1616, 1617, Geographical Region. 726, 1491
1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628,
1631, 1633, 1634, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, Soynuts Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–
1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656, 1658, 1664, Individual Companies. 726, 1491
1665, 1670, 1672, 1674, 1678, 1679, 1685, 1688, 1690, 1691, 1700,
1701, 1703, 1705, 1710, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717, 1721, 1723, Space Travel or NASA Bioregenerative Life Support Systems. 1513
1724, 1726, 1728, 1748, 1749, 1751, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1758,
1759, 1760, 1768, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1779, 1781, 1784, 1788, 1789, Spectrophotometry. See Seed Composition–High-Speed
1794, 1795, 1796, 1800, 1801, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1810, Measurement Techniques, such as Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR)
1817, 1819, 1820, 1822, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1833, 1834 Anlysis and Spectrophotometry

Soymilk, Spray-Dried or Powdered, Used as an Ingredient in Non- Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. (Buffalo, New York). 60, 119, 120,
Beverage Commercial Products Such as Ice Creams, Yogurts, 137, 683
Cheeses, Desserts, or Entrees. 333, 382, 941, 970, 1492
Spillers Premier Products Ltd. (Puckeridge, Ware, Hertfordshire,
Soymilk, Spray-Dried or Powdered. 21, 32, 39, 44, 69, 90, 91, 92, England). Including Soya Foods Ltd [Named Soya Flour
133, 153, 160, 167, 191, 213, 217, 224, 251, 253, 264, 326, 335, Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (1929-42), and Soya Foods Ltd. (1933)].
344, 345, 346, 354, 438, 439, 457, 508, 681, 814, 815, 882, 939, And incorporating British Soya Products (1932). 19, 20, 38, 84, 92,
954, 1030, 1045, 1104, 1114, 1171, 1295, 1298, 1374, 1383, 1393, 97, 107, 230, 463, 891, 894
1454, 1493, 1494, 1525, 1549, 1555, 1567, 1575, 1580, 1614, 1652,
1789, 1805 Sprouts, Non-Soy. See also Soy Sprouts. 268

Soymilk, Used as an Ingredient in Non-Beverage Commercial Sprouts. See Soy Sprouts

Products Such as Ice Creams, Yogurts, Cheeses, Desserts, or
Entrees. 1694 Spun soy protein fibers. See Soy Proteins–Textured Soy Protein
Isolates

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Sunflower Seeds and Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus)–Including

Sri Lanka. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka Sunflowerseed Oil, Cake, and Meal. Once called the Heliotrope,
Heliotropion, and Heliotropium. 77, 124, 140, 160, 298, 340, 493,
St.-Pierre and Miquelon. See Oceania–Atlantic Ocean Islands that 978, 1169, 1170, 1242, 1593, 1789
are Part of France–St.-Pierre and Miquelon
Sunrise Markets Inc. (Vancouver, BC, Canada). 1186, 1390, 1685
Staley (A.E.) Manufacturing Co. (Decatur, Illinois; Acquired by
Tate & Lyle PLC in June 1988). 34, 59, 60, 81, 83, 176, 226, 235, Sustainable Development and Growth, Including Low-Input
237, 681, 726, 731, 989, 1203, 1241, 1315, 1429, 1661 Sustainable Agriculture (LISA), Renewable Energy Resources
(Solar, Wind), Steady State Economics, and Voluntary Simplicity
Standards for soyfoods. See Individual foods, e.g., Tofu Standards Worldwide. 1576

Standards, Applied to Soybeans or Soy Products. 220, 234, 406, Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. (St. Ignatius, Montana;
544, 648, 707, 726, 826, 1491 Atlanta, Georgia). Founded by Richard and Jocelyn McIntyre. 381,
1031, 1112, 1183, 1213, 1234, 1454, 1540, 1541, 1543, 1589
Starter culture for tempeh. See Tempeh Starter Culture, Spores, or
Inoculum Sweet Oil. 21

Statistics on soybean production, area and stocks. See individual Swift & Co. (Chicago, Champaign, and Oak Brook, Illinois). 60,
geographic regions (such as Asia, Europe, Latin America, United 167, 168, 170, 192, 680, 681, 687, 704, 1295, 1467
States, etc.) and nations within each region
Sycamore Creek Co. (Mason, Michigan). Before 1993, INARI,
Statistics on soybean production. See Soybean Production and Ltd.–International Nutrition and Resources Inc. Purchased by W.G.
Trade–Industry and Market Statistics, Thompson & Sons Ltd. of Canada, Jan. 1999. 508, 990, 1326, 1661

Statistics on soybean yields. See Yield Statistics, Soybean Tahini or tahina or tahin. See Sesame Butter

Statistics. See Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics, the Taifun-Produkte (Freiburg, Germany). See Life Food GmbH
specific product concerned, e.g. Tofu Industry and Market Statistics
Taiwan. See Asia, East–Taiwan
Storage of Seeds, Viability and Life-Span During Storage or
Storability, and Drying of Soybeans. 1490, 1837 Tamari, Including Real Tamari (Soy Sauce Which Contains Little
or No Wheat) or the Macrobiotic Word Tamari Meaning Traditional
Stow Mills, Inc. Including Llama Toucan & Crow (Brattleboro, Shoyu. 192, 216, 217, 248, 264, 298, 304, 349, 406, 407, 448, 449,
Vermont), and Lama Trading Co. 226, 250, 255 477, 495, 513, 646, 800, 805, 1166, 1169, 1170, 1287, 1290, 1368,
1406, 1410, 1445, 1459, 1550, 1572, 1600, 1626, 1628, 1644, 1665,
Strayer Family of Iowa–Incl. George Strayer (1910-1981; executive 1696, 1700, 1722, 1723, 1773
officer of the American Soybean Association 1940-1967), His
Father Bert Strayer (1880-1941), and His Nephew Dennis Strayer Taosi or tao-si or tausi or tau-si. See Fermented Black Soybeans–
(born 1938). 77, 128, 226 from The Philippines

Sufu. See Tofu, Fermented Tariffs, duties, embargoes. See Trade Policies (International)
Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties,
Sugars, complex, such as raffinose, stachyose, and verbacose. See Embargoes, Moratoriums, and Other Trade Barriers or Subsidies
Oligosaccharides
Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory / Organoleptic
Sukiyaki–Famous Japanese Recipe and Dish. Its Basic Ingredients Evaluation of the Quality of Foods and Beverages. 107, 191, 236,
Include Tofu (Usually Grilled) and Soy Sauce. 124, 151, 213, 214 307, 1560

SunOpta, Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Formerly SunRich Tauco–Indonesian-Style Fermented Soybean Paste. Also Spelled
Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). Formerly Minnesota Waxy Corn Taucho, Tauceo, Tau Chiow, Taoco, Tao-Tjo, Taotjo, Taocho,
Growers Export Inc., Minnesota Edamame, Jameson-Williams Co. Taoetjo. 495, 1696
Acquired by Stake Technology Ltd. (Norval, Ontario, Canada) in
July 1999, Stake changes its name to SunOpta on 31 Oct. 2003. Tempeh (Spelled Témpé in Malay-Indonesian). 164, 174, 192, 205,
1654 213, 214, 223, 225, 226, 239, 241, 249, 250, 252, 255, 258, 265,
268, 270, 273, 274, 275, 279, 294, 298, 317, 319, 327, 329, 332,
SunRich Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). See SunOpta, Inc. 341, 349, 354, 356, 361, 364, 368, 370, 371, 372, 380, 389, 390,
392, 395, 400, 405, 406, 407, 412, 413, 423, 444, 445, 448, 456,
Sunflower Oil / Sunflowerseed Oil / Sunoil. 130, 978 457, 458, 472, 477, 488, 489, 493, 497, 522, 539, 544, 562, 591,
592, 608, 616, 620, 642, 646, 656, 692, 706, 718, 726, 754, 761,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 771

777, 788, 797, 800, 805, 861, 862, 863, 864, 868, 878, 908, 950,
978, 979, 1027, 1046, 1076, 1079, 1092, 1112, 1135, 1155, 1166, Tetra Pak International (Lund, Sweden). 228, 296, 381, 388, 406,
1169, 1170, 1171, 1173, 1182, 1183, 1188, 1196, 1198, 1214, 1218, 435, 528, 529, 692, 815, 873, 919, 923, 1031, 1163, 1219, 1220,
1223, 1237, 1256, 1271, 1285, 1287, 1306, 1313, 1327, 1331, 1333, 1291, 1343, 1351, 1392, 1473, 1491, 1522, 1617, 1661, 1806
1344, 1368, 1395, 1398, 1400, 1403, 1404, 1406, 1410, 1414, 1425,
1437, 1445, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1470, 1472, 1482, 1485, Textiles made from spun soy protein fibers. See Fibers (Artificial
1488, 1490, 1491, 1502, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1513, 1534, 1540, Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including
1541, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1550, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1564, 1568, 1572, Azlon, Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk)
1580, 1587, 1594, 1598, 1600, 1609, 1613, 1616, 1618, 1621, 1622,
1623, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1637, 1639, 1642, 1665, 1676, Textured soy flours. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP,
1677, 1678, 1679, 1688, 1691, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1717, 1722, 1723, Textured Vegetable Protein)
1739, 1748, 1753, 1754, 1758, 1759, 1771, 1773, 1781, 1794, 1795,
1796, 1819, 1822, 1834, 1837 Textured soy protein concentrates. See Soy Protein Concentrates,
Textured
Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By
Geographical Region. 406, 472, 544, 726, 800, 1079, 1223, 1331, Textured soy protein isolates. See Soy Protein Isolates, Textured
1491 (For Food Use Only). Including Spun Fibers

Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Textured soy proteins. See Soy Proteins, Textured
Larger Companies. 456, 544, 726, 788, 800, 1155, 1171, 1218, 1491
Third World / Developing Nations. 220, 1288, 1832
Tempeh Production–How to Make Tempeh on a Commercial Scale.
223 Thompsons Limited. Before Jan. 2004 named Thompson (W.G.)
& Sons Limited, Blenheim, Ontario, Canada. Before 1963 W.G.
Tempeh Starter Culture, Spores, or Inoculum (Called Ragi Tempe or Thompson. Founded in 1924 by Wesley G. “Tommy” Thompson.
Usar in Indonesia). 268 1661, 1685

Tempeh companies (Canada). See Noble Bean (Ontario, Canada) Thua-nao / Tua Nao (Whole Fermented Soybeans From Thailand).
174, 406, 407, 448
Tempeh companies (USA). See Soyfoods Unlimited, Inc. (San
Leandro, California) Thyroid function. See Goitrogens and Thyroid Function

Tempeh companies. See Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood River, Timeline. See Chronology / Timeline
Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh)
Tivall (Tivol), Maker of Meat Alternatives (Ashrat, Israel). 1510
Tempeh in Second Generation Products, Documents About. 413,
593 Tocopherols. See Vitamins E (Tocopherols)

Tempeh, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory Tofu (Also Called Soybean Curd or Bean Curd until about 1975-
Scale, by Hand. 223 1985). See also Tofu–Fermented, Soy Ice Creams, Soy Yogurts, and
Cheesecake, Which Often Use Tofu as a Major Ingredient. 2, 3, 4,
Tempeh, Non-Soy Relatives–Tempeh Bongkrek–A Cake of 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 56, 58, 60, 62,
Fermented Coconut Presscake or Grated Coconut. 1306, 1470 68, 72, 76, 77, 85, 89, 91, 105, 116, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136,
137, 140, 142, 143, 147, 151, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 173, 174,
Tempeh, Okara (Okara Tempeh), Incl. Mei Dou Za, Mei-Tou- 179, 180, 191, 192, 197, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 213, 214, 217,
Cha, Meitauza from China, and Tempe Gembus (from Central and 218, 221, 225, 226, 228, 239, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252,
Eastern Java). 223, 863, 1425 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 272, 273, 274,
275, 277, 279, 281, 282, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 294, 296, 297,
Tempehworks. See Lightlife Foods, Inc. 298, 304, 305, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 317, 319, 322, 324, 325,
327, 329, 331, 332, 335, 337, 338, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346,
Temperance movement (abstaining from alcohol) and 349, 351, 354, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 366, 367,
vegetarianism. See Vegetarianism and the Temperance Movement 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 378, 381, 387, 389, 391, 395, 399, 400,
Worldwide 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409, 413, 415, 416, 417, 423, 424, 425,
426, 427, 429, 431, 435, 439, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449,
Teriyaki Sauce and Teriyaki (Soy Sauce is the Main Sauce 450, 455, 456, 459, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 478, 484, 488, 489,
Ingredient). 274, 287, 291, 391, 504, 522, 868, 1171, 1385, 1454, 493, 495, 498, 502, 504, 508, 514, 515, 517, 524, 525, 527, 532,
1550, 1600, 1613, 1626, 1628, 1658, 1665, 1674 537, 538, 539, 541, 542, 543, 544, 548, 549, 550, 553, 556, 557,
562, 563, 566, 571, 574, 604, 606, 608, 609, 610, 613, 616, 620,
Terminology for soybeans–Fanciful. See Soybean–Terminology and 621, 622, 625, 626, 632, 635, 636, 640, 641, 642, 644, 646, 647,
Nomenclature–Fanciful Terms and Names 656, 657, 662, 668, 669, 682, 685, 692, 698, 703, 713, 718, 720,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 772

722, 726, 727, 728, 729, 731, 742, 748, 751, 761, 764, 777, 781, 1510, 1561
783, 785, 788, 792, 794, 797, 800, 802, 805, 807, 808, 810, 811,
818, 819, 823, 826, 831, 845, 847, 849, 850, 852, 853, 854, 859, Tofu Kit or Press (Kits or Presses Used for Making Tofu at Home).
861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 872, 875, 878, 879, 882, 883, 886, 226, 416, 1325
891, 892, 894, 898, 904, 907, 908, 912, 914, 915, 916, 920, 931,
936, 943, 944, 950, 951, 952, 956, 963, 965, 968, 973, 975, 978, Tofu Production–How to Make Tofu on a Commercial Scale. 214,
986, 987, 989, 990, 991, 998, 1001, 1004, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1020, 226, 426, 864
1021, 1025, 1027, 1031, 1036, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1048, 1050,
1051, 1052, 1055, 1061, 1064, 1072, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1085, Tofu Shop (The) (Telluride, Colorado, and Arcata, California) and
1091, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1097, 1100, 1102, 1107, 1112, 1115, 1118, Tofu Shop Specialty Foods Inc. Founded by Matthew Schmit. 331,
1123, 1129, 1132, 1144, 1148, 1150, 1154, 1156, 1161, 1163, 1164, 332, 397
1166, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1176, 1182, 1183, 1185, 1188, 1189, 1190,
1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1198, 1206, 1207, 1213, 1214, 1218, 1221, Tofu Standards or Standard of Identity. 538, 703, 713, 729, 845,
1222, 1223, 1225, 1228, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1234, 1235, 1239, 1240, 853, 944, 1072
1244, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1254, 1256, 1258, 1262, 1263, 1265, 1271,
1277, 1279, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1292, 1293, 1297, 1301, Tofu companies (Asia). See Asahimatsu Shokuhin (Japan)
1304, 1305, 1306, 1313, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1330,
1331, 1333, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1340, 1341, 1343, 1344, 1349, 1352, Tofu companies (Canada). See Sunrise Markets Inc. (Vancouver,
1358, 1364, 1367, 1368, 1373, 1375, 1376, 1378, 1383, 1385, 1390, BC, Canada), Victor Food Products, Ltd. (Scarborough, Ontario,
1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1404, 1405, 1406, Canada)
1408, 1410, 1411, 1414, 1416, 1421, 1425, 1426, 1437, 1439, 1440,
1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1447, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1454, 1456, Tofu companies (Europe). See Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Bristol,
1457, 1458, 1459, 1466, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1478, 1482, 1485, 1486, England), Heuschen-Schrouff B.V. (Landgraaf, Netherlands),
1488, 1490, 1491, 1493, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1513, Sojadoc (Clermond-Ferrand, France), Sojarei Vollwertkost GmbH
1515, 1526, 1529, 1536, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1550, 1559, 1560, 1563, (Traiskirchen, near Vienna, Austria). Formerly Sojarei Ebner-Prosl,
1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1572, 1580, 1582, 1584, 1587, 1594, Soyastern Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH
1595, 1598, 1600, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1608, 1609, 1612, 1613, 1615, (Dorsten, Germany)
1616, 1617, 1618, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629,
1633, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1639, 1641, 1642, 1644, 1647, 1648, 1656, Tofu companies (USA). See Azumaya, Inc. (San Francisco,
1657, 1658, 1664, 1665, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1676, 1677, 1678, California), House Foods America Corporation (Los Angeles,
1679, 1685, 1688, 1690, 1691, 1693, 1696, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1717, California), Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington), Kyoto Food
1721, 1722, 1723, 1726, 1739, 1745, 1748, 1749, 1753, 1754, 1756, Corp. USA (Terre Haute, Indiana), Legume, Inc. (Fairfield, New
1758, 1759, 1768, 1771, 1773, 1774, 1777, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1784, Jersey), Mainland Express (Spring Park, Minnesota), Morinaga
1789, 1790, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1800, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1808, Nutritional Foods, Inc., and Morinaga Nyûgyô (Torrance,
1810, 1817, 1819, 1822, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1837 California, and Tokyo, Japan), Nasoya Foods, Inc. (Leominster,
Massachusetts). Subsidiary of Vitasoy, Northern Soy, Inc.
Tofu–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in (Rochester, New York), Ota Tofu Co. (Portland, Oregon. Founded
Various Languages. 21, 179, 213, 287, 1781 in 1911), Quong Hop & Co. (San Francisco, California), Rosewood
Products Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan), Simply Natural, Inc.
Tofu–Marketing of. 319, 413, 476, 498, 522, 617, 776, 1001, 1032, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas
1060, 1091, 1173, 1292, 1358, 1454, 1526, 1635 Inc. (Atlanta, Georgia), Tofu Shop (The) (Telluride, Colorado, and
Arcata, California) and Tofu Shop Specialty Foods Inc., Tomsun
Tofu Equipment. 240, 287, 391, 504, 937, 1085, 1163, 1380, 1385, Foods, Inc. (Greenfield, Massachusetts; Port Washington, New
1515, 1529, 1674, 1804, 1805 York, Wildwood Harvest, Inc.

Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Tofu curds. See Curds Made from Soymilk
Geographical Region. 213, 214, 226, 360, 366, 406, 425, 472, 544,
553, 647, 726, 800, 823, 868, 990, 1001, 1008, 1032, 1079, 1092, Tofu in Second Generation Products, Documents About. 213, 214,
1127, 1144, 1173, 1196, 1221, 1223, 1293, 1297, 1331, 1344, 1349, 257, 291, 313, 348, 350, 355, 390, 392, 412, 453, 476, 477, 497,
1414, 1416, 1445, 1491, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1662, 1671, 522, 591, 592, 593, 597, 612, 617, 727, 768, 824, 848, 855, 860,
1762, 1781 868, 962, 979, 1026, 1032, 1047, 1060, 1127, 1155, 1169, 1170,
1171, 1173, 1261, 1460, 1502, 1781
Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger
Companies. 239, 249, 250, 252, 257, 281, 290, 297, 314, 319, 341, Tofu, Criticism of, Making Fun of, or Image Problems. 275, 557,
360, 412, 544, 550, 610, 726, 768, 788, 807, 939, 1060, 1076, 1091, 1031, 1127, 1148, 1194, 1213, 1605, 1673, 1745, 1760
1169, 1170, 1171, 1176, 1221, 1240, 1304, 1320, 1325, 1326, 1349,
1364, 1378, 1408, 1485, 1491, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1661 Tofu, Fermented (Also Called Doufu-ru, Toufu-ru, Furu, Fuyu,
Tahuri, Tahuli, Tajure, Tao-hu-yi, or Sufu). See also Tofu-yo. 2, 21,
Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Smaller 58, 174, 192, 194, 213, 214, 240, 274, 287, 391, 406, 407, 448, 459,
Companies. 456, 718, 811, 968, 1051, 1123, 1155, 1195, 1327, 467, 489, 504, 604, 692, 726, 883, 892, 1237, 1256, 1383, 1385,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 773

1491, 1642, 1674, 1677, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822

Tofu, Pressed, Chinese-Style (Toufukan / Doufugan / Dougan). 128,
Tofu, Fermented–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / 214, 267, 287, 862, 1213, 1271, 1410
Relatives in Various Languages. 240, 274
Tofu, Silken (Kinugoshi)–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates
Tofu, Fermented–Imports, Exports, International Trade. 21 / Relatives in Various Languages. 213, 240, 274, 1781

Tofu, Firm (Chinese-Style). 240, 274, 287, 296, 305, 392, 407, 448, Tofu, Silken (Kinugoshi). Made without Separation of Curds and
718, 892, 1026, 1271, 1460, 1677, 1721, 1726, 1739 Whey. 213, 214, 240, 274, 287, 391, 406, 407, 448, 504, 692, 875,
891, 1031, 1043, 1112, 1206, 1213, 1293, 1385, 1390, 1404, 1406,
Tofu, Five-Spice Pressed (Wu-hsiang Toufukan / Wuxiang 1587, 1589, 1644, 1674, 1677, 1717, 1721, 1726, 1739, 1770, 1773,
Doufugan). 213, 214, 287, 391, 504, 1271, 1385, 1674, 1781 1781, 1807, 1810

Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned / Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Grilled, Tofu, Smoked–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates /
Braised, or Roasted. Including Tofu Jerky and Savory Baked Tofu. Relatives in Various Languages. 213, 287
287, 298, 332, 391, 504, 539, 1051, 1170, 1385, 1421, 1454, 1580,
1639, 1644, 1674 Tofu, Smoked. 2, 44, 213, 287, 391, 504, 1271, 1285, 1383, 1385,
1410, 1580, 1674, 1677, 1739, 1781
Tofu, Flavored, Seasoned, or Marinated, but not Baked, Broiled,
Grilled, Braised, or Roasted. Including most Five-Spice Pressed Tofu, Spray-dried or Powdered, Used as an Ingredient in Second
Tofu (wu-hsiang toufukan / wuxiang doufugan). 213, 214, 506, Generation Commercial Products Such as Ice Creams, Beverages,
1001, 1045, 1232, 1271, 1541, 1781 etc. 732, 843, 932, 938, 1000, 1157, 1205, 1294, 1369, 1407

Tofu, Fried (Especially Deep-Fried Tofu Pouches, Puffs, Cutlets, or Tofu, Spray-dried or Powdered. 251, 538, 667, 690, 713, 731, 735,
Burgers; Agé or Aburagé, Aburaagé, Usu-agé, Atsu-agé or Nama- 750, 776, 845, 854, 935, 939, 957, 989, 1082, 1116, 1296, 1379,
agé, Ganmodoki or Ganmo, Hiryôzu / Hiryozu). 2, 3, 4, 21, 178, 1486
191, 213, 214, 225, 228, 239, 240, 241, 250, 252, 255, 257, 274,
275, 287, 290, 291, 296, 305, 312, 313, 316, 361, 372, 389, 391, Tofu, Used as an Ingredient in Second Generation Commercial
392, 397, 406, 407, 413, 448, 449, 450, 464, 472, 489, 504, 506, Products Such as Dressings, Entrees, Ice Creams, etc. 353, 358,
524, 566, 647, 722, 727, 768, 783, 863, 892, 893, 1026, 1107, 1173, 396, 402, 436, 440, 474, 492, 506, 520, 564, 573, 589, 633, 634,
1235, 1256, 1271, 1286, 1293, 1373, 1383, 1385, 1390, 1406, 1416, 670, 671, 686, 688, 696, 711, 714, 721, 723, 724, 737, 738, 757,
1425, 1454, 1474, 1608, 1613, 1642, 1671, 1674, 1677, 1688, 1723, 760, 773, 796, 803, 804, 827, 828, 844, 881, 885, 890, 910, 911,
1739, 1756, 1759, 1781, 1822 945, 946, 955, 958, 977, 1010, 1022, 1035, 1057, 1058, 1065, 1066,
1096, 1101, 1143, 1187, 1302, 1347, 1348, 1382, 1384, 1386, 1391,
Tofu, Fried or Deep-Fried–Etymology of This Term and Its 1419, 1430, 1468, 1487, 1544, 1551, 1552, 1694, 1747
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 213, 214, 274
Tofu, baked or broiled at flavored / seasoned/marinated. See Tofu,
Tofu, Frozen or Dried-Frozen–Etymology of This Term and Its Flavored/Seasoned/Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Grilled, Braised,
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 213 or Roasted

Tofu, Frozen, Dried-frozen, or Dried Whole (Not Powdered). 2, 3, Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream
21, 44, 173, 191, 213, 214, 240, 274, 287, 356, 361, 371, 372, 389, Company. Mintz’s Buffet Until Jan. 1982. 284, 296, 316, 322, 326,
391, 406, 407, 448, 489, 504, 647, 892, 1183, 1256, 1285, 1318, 331, 338, 351, 353, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, 365, 366, 367, 368,
1385, 1410, 1486, 1580, 1605, 1642, 1674, 1677, 1688, 1721, 1726, 369, 372, 376, 381, 389, 396, 397, 402, 408, 414, 418, 419, 424,
1739, 1759, 1781, 1822 430, 434, 443, 451, 453, 455, 478, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 490,
492, 498, 499, 507, 508, 509, 517, 520, 522, 523, 524, 526, 531,
Tofu, Frozen, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a 532, 533, 534, 535, 540, 541, 542, 543, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550,
Laboratory or Community Scale, by Hand. 213 551, 552, 557, 558, 559, 564, 565, 566, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573,
575, 577, 579, 581, 584, 585, 586, 587, 589, 590, 591, 593, 594,
Tofu, Grilled, Braised, Broiled, or Roasted (Yaki-dôfu in Japanese). 597, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 607, 610, 611, 617, 618, 619, 622,
A Japanese-Style Commercial Product. 213, 214, 221, 240, 274, 624, 625, 626, 627, 632, 635, 637, 641, 649, 655, 658, 663, 669,
287, 391, 406, 407, 448, 504, 522, 1385, 1425, 1437, 1587, 1674, 672, 675, 682, 685, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 697, 700, 703, 704,
1781, 1790 708, 730, 733, 742, 746, 747, 748, 752, 753, 754, 755, 761, 763,
765, 766, 769, 775, 779, 780, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 789,
Tofu, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory or 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 799, 800, 808, 809, 813, 817, 820, 821,
Community Scale, by Hand. 3, 140, 160, 179, 213, 214, 226, 274, 822, 824, 829, 830, 831, 832, 836, 838, 839, 840, 842, 846, 847,
416, 449, 513, 1325, 1699 849, 850, 852, 855, 858, 865, 866, 867, 869, 872, 874, 875, 878,
879, 884, 895, 896, 897, 900, 901, 902, 903, 905, 909, 912, 913,
Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Winged Bean Tofu or Peanut 915, 917, 918, 919, 921, 926, 927, 928, 931, 933, 934, 936, 940,
Tofu). 5, 10, 930, 994, 1534 944, 946, 947, 948, 949, 952, 956, 958, 959, 960, 961, 963, 971,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 774

973, 975, 984, 985, 991, 993, 995, 996, 997, 998, 1002, 1004, 1011, America–Trade (Imports or Exports) of Soybeans, Soy Oil, and / or
1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1025, Soybean Meal–Statistics
1027, 1029, 1031, 1033, 1037, 1047, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1056,
1063, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1069, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 1078, 1079, Trains, special. See Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or
1080, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1098, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1112, 1113, Exhibit Cars Used to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production
1117, 1122, 1126, 1131, 1132, 1138, 1142, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149,
1151, 1152, 1153, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1167, 1174, 1178, 1179, 1187, Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Railroad
1191, 1193, 1199, 1200, 1202, 1208, 1209, 1213, 1215, 1222, 1225, / Railway / Rail within a Particular Country or Region. See also
1227, 1231, 1235, 1236, 1239, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1248, 1251, 1254, Railroads / Railways and Special Trains Used to Promote Soybeans
1262, 1267, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1277, 1281, 1284, 1293, 1296, 1300, and Soybean Production. 1640
1311, 1314, 1317, 1318, 1336, 1343, 1358, 1378, 1379, 1393, 1396,
1399, 1402, 1411, 1416, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1444, 1454, 1462, 1463, Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Water
1464, 1468, 1469, 1476, 1477, 1481, 1482, 1484, 1487, 1489, 1493, (Rivers, Lakes) Using Junks, Barges, etc. within a Particular
1497, 1499, 1501, 1507, 1526, 1527, 1538, 1540, 1541, 1543, 1544, Country or Region. 1640
1551, 1552, 1554, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1578, 1588, 1589, 1591, 1596,
1607, 1613, 1618, 1631, 1635, 1636, 1651, 1659, 1668, 1673, 1685, Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida). Purchased in Dec. 1985 by
1689, 1693, 1695, 1699, 1701, 1708, 1709, 1725, 1731, 1738, 1746, Netherlands-based Royal Wessanen NV Co. 476, 497, 1426, 1482,
1747, 1757, 1760, 1763, 1766, 1772, 1778, 1780, 1785, 1797, 1802, 1540, 1543
1809, 1818, 1821, 1825, 1834, 1836, 1837
Triballat (Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France). Makers of Sojasun; and its
Tomato ketchup. See Ketchup, Tomato (Tomato Ketchup, Western- Affiliate Bonneterre (Rungis Cedex, France). 1383, 1411, 1437,
Style) 1518

Tomsun Foods, Inc. (Greenfield, Massachusetts; Port Washington, Triple “F” and Insta-Pro. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking,
New York. Named New England Soy Dairy from 1978-1983). 226, Low Cost–Including Triple “F”
239, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 257, 281, 290, 294, 296, 297, 305,
314, 319, 322, 360, 381, 406, 435, 476, 497, 508, 544, 591, 593, Trypsin / Protease / Proteinase Inhibitors. 294, 1007, 1598, 1678
597, 635, 691, 726, 875, 944, 1031, 1079, 1094, 1097, 1164, 1169,
1193, 1213, 1225, 1293, 1416 Turkey, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Turkey

Touchi or tou ch’i. See Fermented Black Soybeans Turkey. See Asia, Middle East–Turkey

Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds (General). 30, 51 Turtle Island Foods, Inc. (Hood River, Oregon. Maker of Tofurky
and Tempeh). 1444, 1454, 1541, 1618
Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Aflatoxins (Caused by
certain strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus molds). 516 Turtle Mountain LLC (Springfield, Oregon)–Non-Dairy Frozen
Desserts, Beverages, and Cultured Products Company. 318, 320,
Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, 337, 340, 364, 390, 392, 428, 502, 674, 1332, 1432, 1444, 1543,
Especially Bacteria (Such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, 1569, 1570, 1578, 1581, 1630, 1646, 1666, 1667, 1692, 1695, 1698,
Clostridium botulinum), that Cause Food Poisoning. See also: 1702, 1706, 1707, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1729, 1730, 1733, 1734, 1735,
Aflatoxins (produced by molds) and Bongkrek Poisoning (produced 1737, 1740, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1750, 1755, 1764, 1769, 1775, 1776,
in coconut by bacteria). 944 1782, 1783, 1787, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1815, 1816,
1820, 1821, 1823, 1824, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830
Trade (International–Imports, Exports) of Soybeans, Soy Oil, and
/ or Soybean Meal. See also Trade–Tariffs and Duties. 19, 20, 36, Tuvalu. See Oceania
38, 154, 272, 645, 978, 1168, 1231, 1232, 1338, 1409, 1473, 1488,
1574, 1640 TVP. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable
Protein)
Trade Policies (International) Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products,
or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, Embargoes, Moratoriums, and Other Ultrafiltration. See Membrane Technology Processes
Trade Barriers or Subsidies. 19, 20, 64, 645, 1316, 1574, 1577
Umeboshi or ume-boshi (Japanese salt plums / pickled plums),
Trade of Soyfoods (Import and Export, not Including Soy Oil or Plum Products, and the Japanese Plum Tree (Prunus mumé) from
Soybean Meal, but Including Lecithin and Margarine) or Soyfoods whose fruit they are made. 178, 1166, 1442, 1459, 1572, 1722
Manufacturing Equipment. See also: Soy Sauce–Imports, Exports.
Miso–Imports, Exports. 105, 528, 734, 778, 822, 832, 847, 941, Unfair Practices–Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading
997, 1011, 1073, 1075, 1127, 1176, 1210, 1224, 1235, 1280, 1295, Labeling, Advertising, etc. See also: Adulteration. 498, 517, 541,
1339, 1350, 1351, 1359, 1373, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1495 626, 669, 675, 682, 695, 721, 796, 841, 885, 944, 956, 963, 973,
975, 1102
Trade statistics, Central America. See Latin America–Central

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 775

Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands), 1603, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1619, 1620, 1628, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635,
and Margarine Union. 78, 155, 210, 687, 1409, 1467, 1495, 1496, 1636, 1638, 1642, 1654, 1655, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1665, 1669, 1670,
1661 1672, 1674, 1675, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1693,
1695, 1696, 1697, 1701, 1703, 1704, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715,
Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products (Stockport, Cheshire, England). 893, 1727, 1728, 1740, 1755, 1756, 1759, 1767, 1781, 1786, 1799, 1807,
1310, 1350, 1356, 1360, 1362, 1363, 1408, 1413, 1424, 1465, 1493, 1814, 1820, 1822, 1834
1494, 1495, 1496, 1661
United States–States–Colorado. 68, 151, 276, 298, 319, 331, 340,
United Kingdom, health foods movement and industry. See Health 356, 461, 537, 539, 576, 600, 650, 652, 671, 703, 804, 1076, 1108,
Foods Movement and Industry in United Kingdom 1150, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1218, 1272, 1287, 1304, 1323, 1485, 1510,
1610, 1655, 1710
United Kingdom. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom
United States–States–Connecticut. 34, 66, 209, 217, 226, 412, 687,
United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and 862, 1012, 1088, 1092, 1184, 1289, 1392, 1464, 1469, 1614, 1788
UNRRA) Work with Soy. 105, 277, 286, 325, 422, 1104, 1574
United States–States–Delaware. 28, 34, 44, 60, 1464, 1469, 1603
United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI, Auburn, Washington state).
Formed in 1995. Includes Mountain People’s Warehouse (Nevada United States–States–District of Columbia (Washington, DC). 16,
City, California), Cornucopia Natural Foods (Connecticut) and 30, 40, 51, 56, 57, 60, 72, 226, 253, 263, 269, 342, 343, 344, 345,
Stow Mills (Vermont and New Hampshire), Rainbow Natural 346, 360, 387, 480, 485, 486, 511, 543, 651, 687, 699, 700, 701,
Foods, Albert’s Organics, and Hershey Imports Co. 226, 250, 255, 702, 737, 837, 851, 944, 1200, 1248, 1306, 1321, 1344, 1357, 1464,
461, 576 1469, 1470, 1486, 1659, 1762, 1834

United Soybean Board. See American Soybean Association (ASA)– United States–States–Florida. 22, 23, 164, 187, 216, 226, 387, 417,
United Soybean Board 454, 485, 486, 497, 510, 514, 543, 565, 575, 601, 661, 687, 765,
820, 831, 1276, 1291, 1301, 1337, 1467, 1475, 1603, 1678
United States–States–Alabama. 5, 8, 10, 64, 117, 129, 159, 280,
485, 486, 512, 1482, 1561 United States–States–Georgia. 149, 159, 193, 226, 280, 299, 388,
516, 568, 596, 703, 1277, 1519, 1555, 1703
United States–States–Alaska. 20
United States–States–Hawaii. 20, 77, 360, 460, 479, 480, 493, 499,
United States–States–Arizona. 68, 117, 450, 543, 638, 681, 703, 543, 550, 601, 835, 1074, 1084, 1113, 1167, 1192, 1333, 1337,
704 1426, 1475, 1635, 1636

United States–States–Arkansas. 117, 129, 137, 217, 226, 614, 615, United States–States–Idaho. 68, 492, 543, 703
663, 703, 706, 739, 978, 1326, 1359, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1606, 1640,
1661, 1788 United States–States–Illinois. 15, 19, 20, 26, 33, 34, 36, 38, 49, 54,
55, 56, 59, 60, 72, 77, 83, 88, 95, 105, 106, 114, 117, 118, 119, 125,
United States–States–California. 12, 30, 35, 39, 41, 48, 52, 54, 60, 127, 129, 132, 135, 137, 147, 151, 154, 155, 168, 170, 176, 177,
62, 68, 77, 85, 88, 99, 105, 117, 129, 133, 136, 144, 147, 151, 153, 182, 184, 186, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 206, 208, 209,
168, 172, 173, 175, 205, 207, 213, 214, 217, 218, 221, 224, 225, 211, 227, 232, 233, 238, 269, 278, 280, 330, 356, 357, 359, 367,
226, 240, 249, 251, 253, 264, 274, 287, 288, 291, 293, 300, 301, 376, 397, 481, 516, 518, 519, 525, 550, 633, 644, 659, 660, 672,
302, 312, 318, 320, 321, 323, 326, 327, 329, 332, 334, 337, 340, 676, 681, 683, 687, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 705, 723, 735, 747,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 350, 355, 359, 360, 364, 366, 371, 755, 776, 789, 807, 809, 813, 841, 859, 861, 898, 932, 937, 957,
373, 377, 380, 385, 387, 390, 391, 392, 394, 397, 403, 404, 406, 961, 974, 978, 1022, 1110, 1124, 1160, 1162, 1168, 1203, 1216,
409, 413, 416, 417, 428, 442, 445, 457, 459, 466, 472, 476, 477, 1265, 1266, 1268, 1288, 1291, 1315, 1326, 1330, 1338, 1369, 1373,
480, 488, 489, 495, 497, 498, 502, 503, 504, 515, 517, 528, 533, 1381, 1397, 1409, 1446, 1453, 1467, 1473, 1479, 1483, 1488, 1495,
538, 543, 544, 550, 567, 568, 573, 580, 592, 595, 601, 608, 609, 1504, 1513, 1547, 1555, 1590, 1593, 1603, 1624, 1627, 1640, 1643,
610, 629, 634, 640, 648, 653, 654, 663, 665, 666, 674, 689, 703, 1661, 1751, 1752, 1794, 1838
704, 706, 713, 718, 720, 725, 726, 732, 741, 802, 806, 810, 812,
813, 837, 845, 848, 849, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 870, 877, 883, United States–States–Indiana. 13, 20, 60, 67, 74, 77, 100, 110, 137,
923, 924, 925, 931, 938, 942, 944, 953, 981, 983, 999, 1000, 1003, 149, 181, 226, 381, 427, 518, 978, 989, 1168, 1268, 1291, 1326,
1005, 1021, 1040, 1060, 1079, 1082, 1083, 1090, 1099, 1106, 1115, 1378, 1451, 1499, 1550, 1600, 1626, 1628, 1665, 1678
1120, 1130, 1134, 1157, 1158, 1164, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1175, 1179,
1180, 1182, 1193, 1206, 1207, 1210, 1214, 1217, 1219, 1220, 1224, United States–States–Iowa. 12, 48, 60, 64, 77, 137, 226, 359, 512,
1226, 1238, 1240, 1247, 1253, 1256, 1280, 1283, 1297, 1304, 1308, 550, 632, 673, 712, 807, 854, 883, 978, 990, 1030, 1031, 1068,
1319, 1323, 1326, 1337, 1365, 1366, 1368, 1370, 1379, 1385, 1396, 1070, 1114, 1161, 1169, 1338, 1396, 1429, 1602, 1619, 1661, 1705,
1410, 1412, 1420, 1427, 1428, 1458, 1475, 1478, 1485, 1488, 1490, 1755, 1760
1491, 1499, 1513, 1517, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1526, 1533, 1534,
1537, 1546, 1548, 1550, 1561, 1571, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1589, 1600, United States–States–Kansas. 96, 114, 118, 137, 148, 149, 1495,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 776

1624 1126, 1131, 1138, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1147, 1149, 1151, 1159, 1160,
1162, 1165, 1167, 1174, 1178, 1180, 1181, 1187, 1191, 1197, 1199,
United States–States–Kentucky. 525, 661, 687, 1168, 1296, 1449, 1212, 1215, 1220, 1225, 1227, 1236, 1239, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246,
1738 1251, 1254, 1262, 1264, 1267, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1281, 1296, 1299,
1300, 1302, 1311, 1314, 1317, 1399, 1430, 1431, 1464, 1468, 1469,
United States–States–Louisiana. 121, 129, 130, 137, 149 1477, 1481, 1484, 1487, 1489, 1497, 1501, 1507, 1527, 1538, 1544,
1551, 1552, 1554, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1588, 1591, 1596, 1598, 1603,
United States–States–Maine. 226, 1045, 1261, 1385, 1625, 1771 1607, 1613, 1631, 1651, 1662, 1668, 1689, 1709, 1731, 1746, 1747,
1757, 1763, 1766, 1778, 1785, 1797, 1802, 1809, 1818, 1825, 1833
United States–States–Maryland. 40, 51, 60, 90, 169, 190, 226, 244,
510, 627, 737, 772, 837, 871, 1324, 1464, 1469, 1603, 1699 United States–States–New Mexico. 68, 172, 226, 311, 461, 543

United States–States–Massachusetts. 3, 60, 128, 131, 142, 151, 161, United States–States–New York. 6, 17, 20, 50, 51, 60, 73, 78, 79,
162, 201, 217, 219, 226, 239, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 257, 281, 104, 108, 109, 111, 115, 120, 128, 133, 140, 142, 146, 147, 148,
290, 294, 297, 305, 314, 322, 340, 406, 476, 480, 544, 550, 574, 149, 151, 161, 162, 163, 165, 178, 182, 183, 185, 210, 212, 226,
591, 597, 617, 635, 687, 703, 721, 726, 803, 813, 1094, 1097, 1154, 229, 242, 247, 249, 253, 284, 294, 296, 312, 315, 316, 322, 324,
1169, 1170, 1359, 1426, 1439, 1442, 1467, 1488, 1491, 1603, 1661, 326, 331, 338, 340, 351, 353, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, 365, 366,
1788, 1834 368, 369, 372, 376, 381, 389, 396, 397, 402, 405, 408, 414, 418,
419, 420, 421, 430, 434, 435, 436, 443, 451, 453, 455, 457, 460,
United States–States–Michigan. 1, 14, 15, 25, 27, 33, 34, 37, 49, 60, 474, 478, 480, 483, 484, 487, 490, 496, 498, 499, 507, 508, 509,
65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 81, 82, 93, 94, 126, 128, 139, 142, 146, 149, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526, 527, 531, 532, 534, 535, 540, 541, 542,
151, 161, 193, 201, 226, 249, 256, 260, 270, 273, 275, 280, 282, 543, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 557, 558, 559, 564, 565, 566,
331, 387, 397, 485, 486, 496, 512, 516, 525, 591, 618, 661, 687, 569, 570, 571, 572, 577, 579, 581, 584, 586, 588, 589, 590, 594,
699, 700, 701, 702, 705, 807, 872, 895, 916, 965, 966, 1169, 1216, 597, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 607, 611, 619, 621, 624, 625, 626,
1241, 1276, 1301, 1321, 1326, 1329, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 632, 641, 649, 655, 657, 658, 661, 664, 669, 670, 677, 686, 687,
1453, 1455, 1467, 1473, 1483, 1488, 1522, 1602, 1661, 1834, 1836, 691, 693, 694, 695, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 705, 707, 722,
1838 736, 738, 740, 746, 757, 760, 769, 775, 780, 781, 783, 784, 785,
786, 787, 791, 792, 793, 798, 808, 813, 817, 819, 820, 822, 839,
United States–States–Minnesota. 60, 63, 119, 137, 160, 168, 218, 844, 855, 861, 866, 876, 885, 907, 909, 910, 911, 921, 924, 925,
226, 339, 340, 683, 807, 816, 842, 856, 935, 936, 939, 961, 976, 933, 944, 947, 948, 969, 973, 975, 993, 1003, 1012, 1018, 1021,
978, 986, 1037, 1061, 1101, 1116, 1128, 1168, 1176, 1242, 1268, 1023, 1024, 1028, 1031, 1050, 1081, 1088, 1090, 1093, 1103, 1111,
1320, 1322, 1338, 1429, 1541, 1597, 1654, 1717, 1789 1119, 1139, 1152, 1160, 1183, 1194, 1235, 1236, 1277, 1292, 1293,
1318, 1359, 1389, 1416, 1417, 1451, 1459, 1463, 1464, 1469, 1488,
United States–States–Missouri. 4, 20, 34, 60, 64, 83, 114, 117, 118, 1493, 1494, 1562, 1571, 1572, 1598, 1603, 1607, 1637, 1673, 1722,
129, 137, 150, 193, 201, 226, 361, 372, 389, 516, 525, 561, 576, 1741, 1773, 1788, 1808, 1833, 1836, 1838
661, 677, 704, 706, 827, 978, 988, 1134, 1222, 1291, 1338, 1467,
1517, 1519, 1520, 1566, 1594, 1703, 1788 United States–States–North Carolina. 4, 20, 60, 193, 226, 412, 516,
580, 1335, 1338, 1639, 1736
United States–States–Montana. 68, 117, 129, 397
United States–States–North Dakota. 889, 1242, 1259
United States–States–Nebraska. 703, 1041, 1169
United States–States–Ohio. 17, 34, 45, 60, 69, 83, 91, 119, 133,
United States–States–Nevada. 129, 543 137, 144, 168, 172, 271, 326, 331, 359, 397, 412, 550, 613, 631,
677, 687, 704, 978, 987, 1169, 1326, 1418, 1449, 1467, 1473, 1482,
United States–States–New Hampshire. 140, 158, 1169, 1788 1488, 1661, 1770

United States–States–New Jersey. 34, 60, 199, 226, 228, 253, 381, United States–States–Oklahoma. 114, 117, 118, 129, 151, 1043
402, 412, 490, 508, 549, 581, 585, 586, 587, 597, 601, 603, 606,
610, 611, 612, 617, 626, 637, 658, 669, 675, 682, 685, 687, 691, United States–States–Oregon. 117, 129, 151, 160, 226, 249, 543,
693, 695, 697, 703, 704, 708, 730, 731, 733, 737, 746, 747, 748, 550, 1051, 1057, 1332, 1432, 1473, 1543, 1569, 1570, 1581, 1630,
751, 752, 753, 760, 763, 766, 769, 775, 779, 780, 782, 783, 784, 1646, 1654, 1666, 1667, 1692, 1695, 1698, 1702, 1706, 1707, 1718,
786, 789, 791, 794, 795, 799, 805, 808, 813, 817, 820, 822, 829, 1719, 1720, 1729, 1730, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1737, 1740, 1742, 1743,
830, 832, 836, 838, 840, 846, 847, 850, 852, 858, 860, 865, 866, 1744, 1750, 1755, 1764, 1769, 1775, 1776, 1782, 1783, 1787, 1789,
867, 869, 874, 884, 896, 897, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 905, 909, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1815, 1816, 1823, 1824, 1827,
913, 915, 917, 918, 919, 921, 926, 927, 928, 931, 934, 940, 946, 1828, 1829, 1830
947, 948, 949, 952, 956, 958, 959, 960, 961, 963, 973, 975, 984,
985, 991, 993, 995, 996, 997, 998, 1002, 1004, 1011, 1012, 1013, United States–States–Pennsylvania. 2, 34, 51, 60, 217, 226, 294,
1014, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1029, 1033, 1035, 1047, 349, 397, 412, 513, 550, 576, 586, 646, 691, 735, 740, 796, 813,
1053, 1054, 1056, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1069, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1077, 843, 869, 957, 995, 1018, 1059, 1155, 1167, 1169, 1179, 1228,
1078, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1098, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1117, 1122, 1233, 1398, 1521, 1554, 1603, 1644, 1665, 1838

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 777

in the Office of Experiment Stations (1894-1915). Transferred to the

United States–States–Rhode Island. 226 Agricultural Research Service in 1953. 77

United States–States–South Carolina. 129, 1052 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of
Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering (1943-1953).
United States–States–South Dakota. 117, 1338 Including Bureau of Plant Industry (1901-1943), Office of Plant
Industry (1900-1901), and Division of Agrostology (1895-1901).
United States–States–Tennessee. 18, 30, 42, 48, 51, 60, 77, 121, Transferred to Agricultural Research Service in 1953. 60, 90, 128,
151, 189, 200, 204, 205, 214, 218, 223, 224, 226, 241, 262, 265, 147, 324, 359, 515, 687, 1241
266, 267, 268, 277, 282, 286, 289, 308, 310, 317, 325, 326, 333,
334, 380, 382, 387, 395, 397, 398, 403, 411, 412, 417, 421, 422, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Office of
425, 429, 442, 444, 445, 446, 447, 454, 469, 470, 471, 491, 494, Experiment Stations (1888-1955). Transferred to the Cooperative
500, 514, 530, 536, 545, 546, 555, 598, 609, 613, 628, 630, 631, State Experiment Station Service in 1961. 1
653, 656, 679, 686, 688, 689, 692, 703, 711, 718, 728, 771, 798,
819, 861, 862, 863, 864, 887, 888, 924, 988, 1093, 1095, 1248, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food
1279, 1283, 1294, 1326, 1393, 1394, 1407, 1484, 1490, 1537, 1561, Administration (WFA), Including the Food Production and
1580, 1587, 1595, 1629, 1652, 1661, 1664, 1748, 1786, 1794, 1795, Distribution Administration. 72, 73, 120, 496, 699, 700, 701, 702,
1796, 1800 705

United States–States–Texas. 12, 103, 113, 114, 117, 118, 129, 194, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA; Including Federal
217, 226, 307, 543, 1277, 1568, 1701 Grain Inspection Service [FGIS], and War Food Administration
[WFA]). See also: Agricultural Marketing Service, Agricultural
United States–States–Utah. 68, 401, 543, 1205, 1655 Research Service (ARS), Bureau of Plant Industry, Economic
Research Service, Food and Nutrition Service, Foreign Agricultural
United States–States–Vermont. 226, 1788 Service, and Section of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction. 29,
64, 95, 130, 133, 137, 155, 168, 177, 303, 360, 468, 647, 944, 978,
United States–States–Virginia. 20, 30, 34, 40, 51, 137, 149, 193, 1338, 1376, 1429, 1488, 1513, 1834
226, 255, 359, 387, 417, 516, 737, 955, 1046, 1464, 1469, 1801
United States of America (USA). 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13,
United States–States–Washington state. 19, 34, 149, 151, 178, 226, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35,
253, 254, 279, 319, 328, 340, 341, 374, 423, 550, 578, 703, 724, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56,
768, 773, 1026, 1056, 1115, 1143, 1163, 1167, 1277, 1369, 1418, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77,
1655, 1691, 1768, 1779, 1803, 1817 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98,
99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
United States–States–Wisconsin. 34, 60, 78, 149, 160, 200, 387, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
427, 440, 807, 1248, 1515, 1528, 1789 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
United States–States–Wyoming. 68 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204,
Marketing Service (AMS). 129 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 234,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
Research Service (ARS, Established 1953). Including Agricultural 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 264,
Research Administration (1942-1953). 128, 182, 1168 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,
279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Arlington 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 310, 311,
Experimental Farm at Arlington, Virginia (1900-1942). 359 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, 338, 339,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353,
Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry (1943-1953). Including 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367,
Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering (1938-1943), 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 385,
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils (1927-1938), and Bureau of 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400,
Chemistry (1901-1927). Transferred to the Agricultural Research 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415,
Service (ARS) in 1953. 83 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 428, 429,
430, 433, 434, 435, 436, 440, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 450,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 466, 469, 470, 471,
Human Nutrition and Home Economics (1943-1953). Including 472, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487,
Bureau of Home Economics (1923-1943), Office of Home 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500,
Economics (1915-1923), and Nutrition and Home Economics Work 502, 503, 504, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 778

517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1463,
531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 1464, 1467, 1468, 1469, 1470, 1473, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479,
544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491,
558, 559, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 1493, 1497, 1499, 1501, 1503, 1507, 1513, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1519,
572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1526, 1527, 1533, 1534, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1540,
585, 586, 587, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1546, 1547, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1554, 1555,
599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1566, 1569, 1570, 1571,
612, 613, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 624, 625, 626, 627, 1572, 1578, 1580, 1581, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591,
628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 640, 641, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1600, 1602, 1603, 1605, 1606,
644, 645, 646, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 1607, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1619, 1620, 1624, 1625, 1626,
658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637,
671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1642, 1644, 1646, 1648, 1649, 1651, 1652, 1653,
685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 693, 694, 695, 697, 698, 699, 1654, 1655, 1657, 1659, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667,
700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 711, 712, 713, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679,
716, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 728, 729, 730, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1689, 1691, 1692, 1693,
731, 732, 733, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 745, 746, 1694, 1695, 1696, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704,
747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 757, 760, 761, 763, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1717,
765, 766, 768, 769, 771, 772, 773, 775, 776, 779, 780, 781, 782, 1718, 1719, 1720, 1722, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731,
783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 789, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 798, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743,
799, 800, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 812, 813, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1755,
816, 817, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 826, 827, 829, 830, 831, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1767, 1768,
832, 833, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1778, 1779, 1780,
846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 858, 859, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792,
860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803,
874, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 882, 883, 884, 885, 887, 888, 889, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818,
892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 905, 907, 909, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829,
910, 911, 912, 913, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 921, 924, 925, 926, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1836, 1837, 1838
927, 928, 929, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940,
942, 944, 946, 947, 948, 949, 952, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, United States of America–Activities and Influence Overseas /
960, 961, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 969, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, Abroad. 53, 89, 197, 308, 431, 616, 692, 923, 950, 982, 1020, 1154,
976, 978, 981, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 993, 1190, 1349, 1375, 1408, 1424, 1504, 1548, 1568, 1574, 1577, 1592
995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1008,
1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1023, United States of America–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–
1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1035, Statistics, Trends, and Analyses. 19, 20, 57, 137, 154, 978
1037, 1040, 1041, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053,
1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1063, 1065, 1066, 1067, United States of America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods
1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, Movement in North America
1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090,
1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, Urbana Laboratories (Urbana, Illinois), Maker of Legume
1106, 1108, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, Inoculants. Founded by Albert Lemuel Whiting in 1919. 15
1119, 1120, 1122, 1124, 1126, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1133, 1134,
1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1147, U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana,
1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, Illinois). Founded April 1936. 33, 34, 77, 83, 127, 177
1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170,
1171, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, USA. See United States of America
1184, 1185, 1187, 1188, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1196, 1197, 1199,
1200, 1203, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1215, 1216, USDA National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, Maryland).
1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1222, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, See National Agricultural Library (NAL, Beltsville, Maryland)
1231, 1232, 1233, 1235, 1236, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243,
1244, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 1251, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture
1259, 1261, 1262, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1270, 1272, 1273,
1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1287, USSR. See Europe, Eastern–USSR
1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299,
1300, 1301, 1302, 1304, 1306, 1308, 1311, 1314, 1315, 1317, 1318, Valsoia S.p.A. (Bologna, Italy). 1573
1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332,
1333, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1344, 1345, 1357, 1358, 1359, Van Gundy, Dorothea. See Seventh-day Adventists–Cookbooks and
1365, 1366, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1373, 1376, 1378, 1379, 1381, 1385, Their Authors
1392, 1393, 1394, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1404, 1406, 1407, 1409,
1410, 1411, 1412, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1420, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, Van Gundy, Theodore A., and La Sierra Industries (La Sierra,
1430, 1431, 1432, 1434, 1439, 1441, 1442, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1448, California). 41, 48, 147

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 779

Vanaspati (Vegetable Shortening, Vegetable Ghee, or Vanaspati Vegetarian Diets–Nutrition / Nutritional Aspects–Minerals. 30
Ghee). 272, 1306
Vegetarian Diets–Nutrition / Nutritional Aspects–Vitamins. 77, 162
Vandemoortele N.V. (Izegem, Netherlands). Including Alpro (Early
Years Only) and Vamo. 528, 923, 1020, 1210, 1343 Vegetarian Federal Union (Britain). See Vegetarianism–
International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British
Varieties, soybean. See Soybean Varieties, Soybean Varieties USA– Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union
Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type
Vegetarian and Vegan Diets–Nutrition / Nutritional Aspects–
Variety Development and Breeding of Soybeans (General, Children and Teenagers. 62, 128, 157, 219, 861, 1044, 1580
Including Varieties and Seeds). 33, 77, 272, 485, 486, 512, 525,
1123, 1241, 1524, 1647 Vegetarian or Vegan Restaurants or Cafeterias. 35, 213, 214, 225,
317, 332, 395, 397, 1170, 1333, 1613, 1648, 1658, 1700, 1781
Variety Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or
Handling of Soybeans for Food Uses. 249, 748, 1168, 1338 Vegetarian pioneers. See Gandhi, Mohandas K. (“Mahatma”)
(1869-1948), Graham, Sylvester (1794-1851)
Variety development of soybeans. See Breeding of Soybeans and
Classical Genetics, Breeding or Evaluation of Soybeans for Seed Vegetarianism–Concerning a Diet and Lifestyle Free of Flesh
Quality, such as Low in Trypsin Inhibitors, Lipoxygenase, Linolenic Foods, But Which May Include Dairy Products or Eggs. See also:
Acid, etc., Germplasm Collections and Resources, and Gene Banks, Veganism. 4, 41, 44, 77, 99, 102, 128, 133, 141, 142, 147, 154, 161,
Introduction of Soybeans (as to a Nation, State, or Region, with P.I. 162, 167, 168, 179, 213, 214, 219, 221, 226, 241, 256, 274, 282,
Numbers for the USA) and Selection 300, 317, 332, 347, 395, 397, 398, 480, 485, 486, 488, 489, 495,
513, 562, 585, 608, 627, 715, 810, 825, 861, 908, 1001, 1009, 1027,
Vegan cookbooks. See Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan Cookbooks 1044, 1046, 1091, 1097, 1169, 1170, 1182, 1221, 1223, 1248, 1256,
1269, 1285, 1295, 1296, 1340, 1373, 1404, 1411, 1418, 1424, 1437,
Veganism. See Vegetarianism–Veganism 1442, 1456, 1461, 1465, 1467, 1605, 1613, 1622, 1642, 1643, 1648,
1649, 1688, 1696, 1699, 1701, 1753, 1754, 1759, 1774, 1781, 1810,
Vegetable oils. See Specific Oilseeds such as Peanut Oil, Sesame 1822
Oil, Sunflower Oil, etc
Vegetarianism–Evidence from Comparative Anatomy and
Vegetable soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans Physiology. 2

Vegetable-type soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– Vegetarianism–International Vegetarian Union. See Vegetarianism–
Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible or Food-Grade Soybeans International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British
Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union
Vegetarian / Meatless Burgers–Etymology of This Term and Its
Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages. 42, 62 Vegetarianism–Raw / Uncooked / Unfired Foods and Diet. 35, 62,
219
Vegetarian / Natural Foods Products Companies. See Imagine
Foods, Inc. (California) Vegetarianism–Religious Aspects–Judeo-Christian Tradition
(Including Trappists, Mormons). See also: Seventh-Day Adventists.
Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted or Prominent Personalities and 30, 387, 480, 585, 1097, 1461
Famous People. 1699
Vegetarianism–Religious Aspects–Religions of Indian Origin–
Vegetarian Cookbooks–Vegan / Plant-Based Cookbooks–Do Not Buddhism (Including Zen), Hinduism, Jainism, Yoga, and
Use Dairy Products or Eggs. 1, 30, 41, 51, 62, 160, 199, 200, 205, Ayurveda. 157, 1410, 1439
216, 218, 230, 245, 266, 268, 387, 425, 444, 493, 891, 894, 1048,
1279, 1283, 1394, 1406, 1410, 1420, 1459, 1572, 1580, 1587, 1622, Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with. 1, 14, 16, 30, 41,
1699, 1700, 1722, 1726, 1773, 1789 51, 77, 128, 133, 142, 147, 154, 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, 213, 214,
218, 226, 264, 274, 387, 417, 489, 493, 715, 837, 851, 861, 908,
Vegetarian Cookbooks. See also: Vegan Cookbooks. 2, 14, 157, 1182, 1200, 1248, 1283, 1363, 1467, 1494, 1541, 1623, 1642, 1688,
217, 264, 1271, 1439, 1623, 1625, 1637, 1677, 1721 1759, 1781, 1789, 1822

Vegetarian Diets–Medical Aspects–Cardiovascular System, Vegetarianism–Statistics and Analyses on the Number of

Especially Heart Disease and Stroke, But Including Hypertension Vegetarians or the Size of the Vegetarian Products Market. 253,
(High Blood Pressure). 1337, 1580 608, 1373

Vegetarian Diets–Medical Aspects–Skeletal System Including Vegetarianism–Veganism–Concerning a Plant-Based or Vegan

Calcium, Teeth and Osteoporosis. 1623, 1637 Diet and Lifestyle Free of All Animal Products, Including Dairy

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Products, Eggs, and in Some Cases Honey and Leather. 16, 204, 522, 528, 591, 622, 800, 883, 1031, 1112, 1210, 1213, 1226, 1234,
205, 223, 225, 226, 253, 267, 293, 300, 417, 445, 493, 767, 818, 1256, 1326, 1368, 1385, 1429, 1437, 1454, 1491, 1541, 1543, 1589,
837, 851, 1200, 1248, 1333, 1337, 1363, 1425, 1494, 1496, 1541, 1618, 1619, 1628, 1635, 1642, 1661, 1674, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822
1542, 1553, 1561, 1625, 1644, 1658, 1699, 1701, 1773, 1798, 1819
Walnut Acres (Penns Creek, Pensylvania). Grower of Organic
Vegetarianism and the Temperance Movement (Abstaining from Foods. Miller of Stone-Ground Flours and Cereals. Seller (in Store
Alcohol / Alcoholic Beverages) Worldwide. Incl. Teetotalism. 1, and by Mail Order) of Natural Foods. Founded about 1946-1949 by
398 Paul and Betty Keene. 217

Vegetarianism for Children and Teenagers. 1561 Walnut ketchup. See Ketchup, Walnut (Walnut Ketchup, Western-
Style)
Vegetarianism, Athletics / Sports, and Athletes. 1676, 1699, 1774
War Food Administration of USDA. See United States Department
Vegetarianism, the Environment, and Ecology. 199, 1048, 1337, of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food Administration (WFA)
1406, 1425, 1542, 1644, 1701
War, Civil, USA. See Civil War in USA (1861-1865)
Vegetarianism: Meat / Flesh Food Consumption–Statistics,
Problems (Such as Diseases in or Caused by Flesh Foods), War, world. See World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods, World War
or Trends in Documents Not About Vegetarianism. See Also: II–Soybeans and Soyfoods
Vegetarianism–Spongiform Encephalopathies /Diseases. 263
Waterproof goods or cloth. See Linoleum, Floor Coverings,
Velvet Bean. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Formerly: Mucuna utilis. Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods
Formerly called Banana Bean (Rarely) or Velvetbean. 64
Websites or Information on the World Wide Web or Internet. 1550,
Vestro Foods, Inc. See Westbrae Natural Foods 1589, 1593, 1600, 1621, 1626, 1664, 1665, 1678, 1699, 1703, 1713,
1723, 1762, 1770
Viability and life-span of soybean seeds. See Storage of Seeds
Wenger International Inc. See Extruder / Extrusion Cooker
Victor Food Products, Ltd. (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada). Manufacturers–Wenger International Inc.
Founded by Stephen Yu in 1978. 528, 922, 992, 1042, 1325
Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, California). Founded in
Videotapes or References to Video Tapes. 62, 1656, 1660 Feb. 1971 by Bob Gerner. Later in Carson. Subsidiary of Vestro
Foods, Inc. Acquired by the Hain Food Group of Uniondale, New
Vietnamese Overseas, Especially Work with Soy. 354 York, 14 Oct. 1997. 477, 522, 848, 1226, 1326, 1368, 1426, 1444,
1473, 1491, 1522, 1541, 1543, 1560, 1589, 1618, 1619, 1638, 1661
Vigna unguiculata or V. sinensis. See Cowpea or Black-Eyed Pea
Wheat Gluten–Historical Documents Published before 1900. 1
Viili. See Soymilk, Fermented
Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan (Including Wheatmeat, Tan Pups,
Vitamins (General). 53, 77, 128, 142, 161, 162, 815, 859, 1044, and Tan Pops). 178, 304, 1112, 1166, 1271, 1333, 1406, 1442, 1459,
1301, 1350, 1360, 1363, 1495 1475, 1485, 1540, 1541, 1572, 1644, 1658, 1699, 1700, 1722, 1753,
1754, 1788, 1834
Vitamins B-12 (Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamins). 200, 230, 266, 1555
Wheat Gluten. Chinese–Pinyin: Mianjin / Mian-jin. Wade-Giles:
Vitamins E (Tocopherols, Natural Powerful Antioxidant). 1555, Mienchin / Mien-chin. 1, 11, 14, 19, 30, 36, 38, 39, 41, 45, 51, 62,
1593, 1598 77, 85, 128, 133, 140, 151, 158, 160, 188, 204, 205, 217, 231, 268,
387, 444, 687, 1112, 1161, 1279, 1330, 1410, 1446, 1479, 1513,
Vitamins K (Coagulant, Needed for Normal Clotting of the Blood; 1789, 1834
Fat Soluble). 1458
Whip Topping (Non-Dairy–Resembles Whipped Cream but
Vitamins in a vegetarian diet. See Vegetarian Diets–Nutrition / Contains No Soy Protein). 78, 149, 166, 168, 487, 677, 699, 700,
Nutritional Aspects–Vitamins 701, 702, 1415, 1530, 1589

Vitasoy International Holdings Ltd. (Hong Kong Soya Bean Whip Topping (Non-Dairy–Resembles Whipped Cream or
Products Co. Ltd. before 24 Sept. 1990), and Vitasoy (USA) Inc., Whipping Cream and Contains Soy Protein). 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 81,
(Brisbane, California–south of San Francisco). Including Nasoya 82, 93, 94, 100, 105, 120, 132, 134, 149, 151, 160, 163, 167, 191,
Foods (from Aug. 1990) and Azumaya Inc. (from May 1993). 194, 195, 204, 205, 212, 213, 214, 225, 252, 271, 280, 287, 391,
Founded by K.S. Lo (Lived 1910 to 1995), in Hong Kong. Started 394, 485, 486, 487, 496, 504, 512, 618, 661, 683, 699, 700, 701,
in March 1940. 53, 91, 167, 213, 214, 240, 274, 287, 296, 342, 343, 702, 704, 705, 1044, 1104, 1216, 1329, 1330, 1385, 1415, 1429,
344, 345, 346, 381, 391, 394, 435, 467, 475, 488, 489, 504, 508, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1483, 1542, 1600, 1628, 1665, 1674, 1781, 1789

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 781

tomentella) (Former Names and Synonyms Include G. sericea, and

Whipping or foaming in soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Isolates– G. tomentosa). 1835
Enzyme-Modified Soy Protein Isolates with Whipping / Foaming
Properties Used to Replace Egg Albumen Wildwood Harvest Foods, Inc. Formed on 24 Aug. 2001 by the
merger of Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. (Santa Cruz and Fairfax,
White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado). Founded in Sept. 1977 by California; started Nov. 1977) and Midwest Harvest, Inc. (Grinnell,
Steve Demos. Including Soyfoods Unlimited. Owned by Dean Iowa; started Jan. 1999). 381, 1304, 1368, 1638, 1820
Foods Co. since 8 May 2002. 276, 287, 298, 311, 319, 331, 340,
356, 364, 381, 391, 392, 406, 413, 435, 504, 522, 537, 539, 544, Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. See Wildwood Harvest, Inc.
591, 600, 650, 652, 671, 703, 726, 797, 804, 1031, 1076, 1108,
1150, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1218, 1234, 1293, 1304, 1323, 1326, 1358, Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (Also Called Four-
1385, 1416, 1444, 1454, 1485, 1491, 1540, 1541, 1560, 1589, 1605, Angled Bean, Goa Bean, Goabean, Asparagus Bean, Asparagus
1611, 1638, 1639, 1649, 1654, 1655, 1661, 1670, 1674, 1710, 1772, Pea, Segidilla, Seguidilla or Seguidillas Bean, Square Podded Pea,
1820 Square Podded Crimson Pea, Botor tetragonoloba, Dolichos-, or
Lotus tetragonolobus, Pois Carré, Kecipir or Ketjeper, Calamismis
Whitehouse Products, Inc. See Delsoy Products, Inc. or Kalamismis). 1459, 1572, 1722

Whiting, Albert Lemuel. See Urbana Laboratories Worcestershire Sauce (Soy Sauce Was the Main Ingredient before
the 1940s). Including Lea & Perrins. 4, 182, 217, 1183, 1344, 1677
Whole Dry Soybean Flakes. See Microsoy Corp., Formerly Nichii
Company Worcestershire Sauce–With Soy Sauce Used as an Ingredient. 4,
1677
Whole Dry Soybeans (Used Unprocessed as Food). 3, 19, 20, 21,
36, 37, 39, 41, 51, 54, 55, 56, 65, 66, 68, 70, 77, 85, 86, 116, 128, World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods. Also known as the “First
140, 142, 151, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 178, 179, 180, 186, 196, World War” and “The Great War”. 12, 687
199, 200, 205, 206, 213, 214, 217, 227, 232, 241, 245, 262, 264,
266, 268, 274, 317, 324, 344, 354, 359, 395, 406, 407, 448, 457, World War II–Soybeans and Soyfoods. Also Called the “Second
488, 489, 646, 861, 892, 894, 912, 1044, 1154, 1237, 1256, 1260, World War”. 53, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 72, 73, 77, 78, 83, 91, 105, 107,
1279, 1284, 1286, 1288, 1406, 1456, 1483, 1490, 1512, 1550, 1560, 113, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 139, 143, 145, 149, 154, 280,
1600, 1621, 1625, 1626, 1628, 1637, 1642, 1665, 1678, 1688, 1691, 463, 496, 645, 661, 687, 699, 700, 701, 702, 704, 705, 775, 1426,
1721, 1759, 1768, 1779, 1781, 1789, 1803, 1817, 1822 1450, 1524

Whole Dry Soybeans–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / World problems–Environmental issues & concerns. See
Relatives in Various Languages. 213 Environmental Issues, Concerns, and Protection (General, Including
Deep Ecology, Pollution of the Environment, Global Warming, etc.)
Whole Dry Soybeans, Ground or Mashed to a Paste After Boiling,
or Ground Raw with Water to a Fresh Puree or Slurry (Including World problems. See Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food
Japanese Gô). 25, 54, 55, 62, 68, 124, 213, 214, 274, 407, 448, 489, Shortages, and Mortality, Nuclear Power, Weapons, War, Fallout, or
1319, 1642, 1688, 1759, 1781, 1822 Radioactivity, Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems
(Including Poverty), Protein Resources and Shortages, and the
Whole Soy Flakes (Flaked Soybeans), Grits, Granules, or Textured “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979, Sustainable
Products, Made from Whole Dry Soybeans (Not Defatted). See Development and Growth
Also: Soy Flour: Whole or Full-fat. 196, 206, 227, 1396, 1705
World. 198, 292, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 528, 582, 645, 1163,
WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN Industries, Inc.), Modesto 1168, 1210
WholeSoy Co. (California), and Aros Sojaprodukter (Örsundsbro,
then Enkoeping, Sweden; Founded by Ted Nordquist. Started Feb. Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio). Including Battle
1981). 356, 381, 1316, 1350, 1351, 1353, 1354, 1372, 1383, 1405, Creek Foods (Michigan) from 1960, and Madison Foods
1433, 1434, 1443, 1611, 1612, 1620, 1638, 1649, 1654, 1655, 1669, (Tennessee) from 1964. A subsidiary of Miles Laboratories from
1670, 1695, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1727, 1728, 1799, 1807, March 1970 to Oct. 1982. Including Loma Linda Foods from Jan.
1814, 1820, 1821 1990. 60, 154, 155, 167, 168, 264, 477, 525, 528, 687, 824, 895,
931, 1210, 1326, 1429, 1454, 1467, 1491, 1526, 1540, 1541, 1661
Wholesome and Hearty Foods, Inc. See Gardenburger, Inc.
Yamato Tofuhaus Sojaprodukte GmbH. See Huegli Naehrmittel
Wild, Perennial Relatives of the Soybean–Glycine Species (Glycine A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland)
albicans, G. aphyonota, G. arenaria, G. argyrea, G. canescens,
G. clandestina, G. curvata, G. cyrtoloba, G. falcata, G. gracei, Yield Statistics, Soybean. 9, 33, 83, 277, 647, 920
G. hirticaulis, G. lactovirens, G. latifolia, G. latrobeana, G.
montis-douglas, G. mycrophylla, G. peratosa, G. pindanica, G. G. Yogurt (From Dairy / Cow’s Milk)–Its Market or the Product
rubiginosa, G. stenophita, G. syndetika, G. tabacina, G. pullenii Compared with the Market for Tofu or Other Soyfoods, or the

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 HISTORY OF SOY ICE CREAM 782

Soyfoods Themselves. 319, 360, 366

Yogurt–Non-Soy Non-Dairy Yogurts Made from Plants (Such as

Peanut / Groundnut Yogurt, Cashew Nut Yogurt, Lupin Yogurt,
etc.). 217, 516, 1534

Yogurt, etymology. See Soy Yogurt

Yogurt, soy. See Soy Yogurt

Yuba (The Film That Forms Atop Soymilk When It Is Heated). In

Chinese (Mandarin): Doufu Pi (“Tofu Skin”) or Doufu Yi (“Tofu
Robes,” pinyin), Toufu P’i or Toufu I (Wade-Giles). English-
Language Chinese Cookbooks and Restaurants: “Bean Curd Skin”.
3, 21, 83, 105, 128, 133, 134, 174, 191, 194, 213, 214, 240, 268,
274, 287, 342, 391, 406, 407, 435, 444, 448, 464, 489, 504, 687,
892, 1156, 1161, 1256, 1279, 1285, 1383, 1385, 1457, 1580, 1594,
1598, 1600, 1621, 1626, 1642, 1665, 1674, 1678, 1688, 1691, 1721,
1723, 1726, 1739, 1759, 1781, 1807, 1808, 1810, 1822

Yuba–Dried Yuba Sticks or Rolls, and Sweet Dried Yuba–Chinese-

Style. In Chinese (Mandarin): Fuzhu (pinyin; zhu = “bamboo”). Fu
Chu (Wade-Giles). In Cantonese Chinese Foo Jook / Fu Jook / Joke
or Tiem Jook / Tim Jook / Tiem Joke. Also: Bean Curd Sticks, Bean
Curd Bamboo. 448, 464, 1739

Yuba Production–How to Make Yuba on a Commercial Scale. 240,

287, 391, 504, 1385, 1674

Yuba, Homemade–How to Make at Home or on a Laboratory Scale,

by Hand. 3, 213, 214, 274

Yugoslavia. See Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro

Yves Fine Foods (Founded by Yves Potvin, Feb. 1985, Vancouver,

BC, Canada). Renamed Yves Veggie Cuisine in 1992. Acquired by
Hain Celestial Group in June 2001. 1112, 1541, 1560, 1648

Zaire. See Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Officially Democratic

Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo-Kinshasa

Zea mays. See Corn / Maize

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