INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, .

INC
CALAMBA CAMPUS

MODULE FOR CSS NCII

TUTORIALS

COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NCII

CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCIES

COC1 Install and Configure Computer System

COC2 Set-up Computer Network

COC3 Set-up Computer Server

COC4 Maintain and Repair Computer System

PREPARED AND CREATED BY: MR. VIEN JUN ALTOVEROS

FOR THE IETI SCHOOL SYSTEM

 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY 1

I. PARTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD

 MOTHERBOARD – A motherboard is one of the most essential parts

of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial
components of a computer, including the central processing
unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output
devices.

 PROCESSOR SOCKET – (also called

a CPU socket) is the connector on
the motherboard that houses
a CPU and forms the electrical
interface and contact with
the CPU.

o LAND GRID ARRAY – Is a type

of surface-mount packaging
for integrated circuits
(ICs) that is notable for having the pins on
the socket (when a socket is used) rather than the
integrated circuit. (Search Image at Google)

o PIN GRID ARRAY – Is a type of integrated circuit

packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or
rectangular, and the pins are arranged in a regular array
on the underside of the package. (Search Image at Google)

 PROCESSOR or CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) – Is the electronic

circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions
of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified
by the instructions. (Search Image at Google)

 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY SLOT (RAM Slot) – Is what allows computer

memory (RAM) to be inserted into the computer. Depending on
the motherboard, there may be two to four memory
slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and is what
determines the type of RAM used with the computer. (Search
Image at Google)

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 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) – Is a form of computer data
storage that stores data and machine code currently being
used. A random-access memory device allows data items to
be read or written in almost the same amount of time
irrespective of the physical location of data inside the
memory. (Search Image at Google)

o SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (SDRAM) – is a

generic name for various kinds of dynamic random access
memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed
that the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to
increase the number of instructions that the processor
can perform in a given time. (Search Image at Google)

o DOUBLE DATA RATE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (DDR RAM) –

transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of
the clock signal. This is also known as double
pumped, dual-pumped, and double transition. The
term toggle mode is used in the context of NAND flash
memory. (Search Image at Google)

 NORTHBRIDGE CHIPSET – is one of the two chips in the core

logic chipset architecture on a PC motherboard, the other
being the Southbridge. Unlike the Southbridge, northbridge is
connected directly to the CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) and
is thus responsible for tasks that require the highest
performance. (Search Image at Google)

 SOUTHBRIDGE CHIPSET – is one of the two chips in the core

logic chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the
other being the northbridge. The Southbridge typically
implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a
northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture. (Search
Image at Google)

 COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMI-CONDUCTOR (CMOS) – is the term

usually used to describe the small amount of memory on a
computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings. Some of
these BIOS settings include the system time and date as well
as hardware settings. (Search Image at Google)

o COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMI-CONDUCTOR RANDOM ACCESS

MEMORY (CMOS RAM) – Is sometimes referred to as Real-Time
Clock (RTC), CMOS RAM, Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM), Non-
Volatile BIOS memory, or complementary-symmetry metal-
oxide-semiconductor (COS-MOS). (Search Image at Google)

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 o COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE SEMI-CONDUCTOR BATTERY (CMOS
BATTERY) – battery powered semiconductor chip inside
computers that stores information. This information
ranges from the system time and date to system hardware
settings for your computer. (Search Image at Google)

 PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT EXPRESS (PCI-E) – is a high-

speed serial computer expansion bus standard, designed to
replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has
numerous improvements over the older standards, including
higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and
smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus
devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting
mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER), and native hot-
swap functionality. (Search Image at Google)

 ACCELERATE GRAPHIC PORT (AGP) – was designed as a high-speed

point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to
a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration
of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a
successor to PCI-type connections for video cards. Since 2004,
AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI
Express (PCIe); by mid-2008, PCI Express cards dominated the
market and only a few AGP models were available, with GPU
manufacturers and add-in board partners eventually dropping
support for the interface in favor of PCI Express. (Search
Image at Google)

 PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT EXTENDED (PCI-X) – is

a computer bus and expansion card standard that enhances the
32-bit PCI local bus for higher bandwidth demanded mostly
by servers and workstations. It uses a modified protocol to
support higher clock speeds (up to 133 MHz), but is otherwise
similar in electrical implementation. PCI-X 2.0 added speeds
up to 533 MHz: 23, with a reduction in electrical signal
levels. (Search Image at Google)

 CONVENTIONAL PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT (PCI) – is part

of the PCI Local Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the
functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized
format that is independent of any particular processor's
native bus. (Search Image at Google)

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 SERIAL ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT PORT (SATA PORT) – is
a computer bus interface that connects host bus
adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk
drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA
succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard, offering
several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable
size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80),
native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher
signaling rates, and more efficient transfer through an
(optional) I/O queuing protocol.

 INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS PORT (IDE PORT)

– Also known as Parallel Advance Technology
Attachment Port (PATA Port) is a standard
electronic interface used between a
computer motherboard's data paths or bus and
the computer's disk storage devices. The
IDE interface is based on the IBM PC
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 16-bit
bus standard, but it is also used in
computers that use other bus standards. IDE was adopted as a
standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
in November 1990.

 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE SOCKET (FDD SOCKET) – is a type of disk

storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic
storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure
lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy disks
are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD). Floppy
disks, initially as 8-inch (200 mm) media and later in 5¼-inch
(133 mm) and 3½-inch (90 mm) sizes, were a ubiquitous form of
data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s into the first
years of the 21st century. (Search Image at Google)

 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED POWER SOCKET (ATX POWER SOCKET) –

ATX power connectors are designed to connect a computer’s
power supply to an ATX motherboard. They are constructed of
metal pins laid throughout a nylon matrix. A female type ATX
power connector extends from the ATX power supply to plug into
the motherboard. The nylon matrix on modern ATX power
connectors can have 20 or 24 pins, depending on the power
necessary for the processor. (Search Image at Google)

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 HEAT SINK - is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the
heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to
a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it
is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing
regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels.
(Search Image at Google)

 BACKPANEL – is the portion of

the motherboard that allows you
to connect external devices
such as your monitor, speakers,
keyboard, and mouse. As can be
seen in the picture below,
the back panel is on the edge
of the motherboard.

 PERSONAL SYSTEM/2 PORTS (PS/2 PORTS) – is a 6-pin mini-DIN

connector used for connecting keyboards and mice to a PC
compatible computer system. Its name comes from the IBM
Personal System/2 series of personal computers, with which it
was introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse connector generally
replaced the older DE-9 RS-232 "serial mouse" connector, while
the PS/2 keyboard connector replaced the larger 5-pin/180° DIN
connector used in the IBM PC/AT design. (Search Image at
Google)

 SERIAL PORT – is a serial communication interface through

which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (in
contrast to a parallel port). Throughout most of the history
of personal computers, data was transferred through serial
ports to devices such as modems, terminals, and various
peripherals. (Search Image at Google)

 PARALLEL PORT – is a type of interface found on

computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals.
The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports
send multiple bits of data at once, in parallel communication,
as opposed to serial interfaces that send bits one at a time.
To do this, parallel ports require multiple data lines in
their cables and port connectors, and tend to be larger than
contemporary serial ports which only require one data line.
(Search Image at Google)

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 VIDEO GRAPHIC ARRAY PORT (VGA PORT) - is a three-row 15-
pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector was provided on
many video cards, computer monitors, laptop computers,
projectors, and high definition television sets. On laptop
computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port was
sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector.
(Search Image at Google)

 HIGH-DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE PORT (HDMI PORT) – is

a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting
uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital
audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as
a display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video
projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI
is a digital replacement for analog video standards. (Search
Image at Google)

 DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE PORT (DVI PORT) - is a video display

interface developed by the Digital Display Working Group
(DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video
source, such as a video display controller, to a display
device, such as a computer monitor. It
was developed with the intention of
creating an industry standard for the
transfer of digital video content. The
interface is designed to
transmit uncompressed digital video and
can be configured to support multiple
modes such as DVI-A (analog only), DVI-D
(digital only) or DVI-I (digital and
analog).

 UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS PORT (USB PORT) - is a standard cable

connection interface for personal computers and consumer
electronics devices. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an
industry standard for short-distance digital data
communications. USB ports allow USB devices to be connected to
each other with and transfer digital data over USB cables.

o UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 (USB 3.0) – is the third major

version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for
interfacing computers and electronic devices. Among other
improvements, USB 3.0 adds the new transfer rate referred
to as SuperSpeed USB (SS) that can transfer data at up to
5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s), which is about 10 times as fast as
the USB 2.0 standard. (Search Image at Google)

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 o UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 2.0 (USB 2.0) – was released in
April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of
480 Mbit/s (High Speed or High Bandwidth), in addition to
the USB 1.x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s. Due
to bus access constraints, the effective throughput of
the High Speed signaling rate is limited to 280 Mbit/s or
35 MB/s. (Search Image at Google)

o UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 1.0 (USB 1.0) – Released in January

1996, USB 1.0 specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low
Bandwidth or Low Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full
Speed).[21] It did not allow for extension cables or
pass-through monitors, due to timing and power
limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until
USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1 was the
earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what
Microsoft designated the "Legacy-free PC".(Search Image
at Google)

 ETHERNET PORT – A family of computer networking technologies

commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area
networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was
commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983
as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support
higher bit rates and longer link distances. (Search Image at
Google)

 AUDIO JACKS – On motherboards with just two audio channels you

will find only the pink, blue and green jacks. On some
motherboards with four or six channels you won’t find the
black and orange jacks. In this case the blue jack is used for
both line in and rear speakers out, and the pink jack is used
for both mic in and center/subwoofer speakers out. Of course
this configuration isn’t the ideal, as whenever you want to
use any of these jacks for another function (for instance,
connect a microphone to talk on Skype) you will have to
manually remove one plug (the speaker plug) and install
another plug (the microphone plug) and switching them again
later (after you finished using Skype). (Search Image at
Google)

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  FIREWIRE PORT - is an interface standard for a serial bus for
high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data
transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s
by Apple, which called it FireWire. The 1394 interface is also
known by the brands I. LINK (Sony), and Lynx. (Search Image at
Google)

 FRONT PANEL – was used on early

electronic computers to display and
allow the alteration of the state of
the machine's internal registers and
memory. The front panel usually
consisted of arrays of indicator
lamps, toggle switches, and push
buttons mounted on a sheet metal face
plate. (Search Image at Google)

II. DISASSEMBLING AND ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT

1. SAFETY FIRST – Safety is top priority, do not get wounded

or electrocuted. Use specific tools and equipment to
reduce time consuming and injuries. Injuries may lead to
fail in CSS NCII.

2. REMOVE ALL UNECESSARY THINGS – Things like watches,

bracelets, bags or even necklace, because these things
could cause electrocution even though the CSU is
unplugged, or this may lead to injuries like wounds
because of interruption due to a certain thing.

3. USE ANTI-STATIC EQUIPMENT – Equipment like Anti-static

wrist strap may help you proceed to disassemble and
assemble because the static current may still be on the
metal part of the CSU.

4. USE GLOVES – Using gloves isn’t necessary; some person

may have wet hands or sweaty palms that may lead to
electrocution. So always be aware.

5. CHOOSE THE BEST – On disassembling and assembling always

choose the best from removing a component onto assembling
it. Disassembling and assembling doesn’t need a step by
step, the person doing it is the one who should know.

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6. AVOID MISTAKES – In some cases, a certain time you might
lose some screw due to its size. So avoid them in many
ways. Some assessment center for CSS NCII, they might
give you a failing grade for that. So be aware.

7. ORGANIZE ALL COMPONENTS – In disassembling the parts,

always keep in mind that organizing is crucial because it
isn’t proper seeing your workplace messy. Even if it’s
small organize them properly.

8. ANALYZE EACH COMPONENTS – Analyzing is the best, why?

Because each component doesn’t match, meaning that every
component has their different appearance. Be aware of
that because in locating each part you may end up
guessing the wrong component.

9. HANDLE THEM WITH CARE – Every component has their

specific function, what if you drop a component? So
always handle them with care. Like for example, the HDD.
This component has a platter that might break or an arm
that might misalign.

10. AVOID FOOD AND DRINKS – Avoid eating or drinking while

you are at your workplace, because some cases that your
food may litter the component in a cause that may damage
or create an issue that will stop that component from
working.

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III. BASIC PERIPHERALS AND COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

 INPUT DEVICES – is any hardware device that sends data to a

computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.

o COMPUTER MOUSE – Is a hand-held pointing device that

detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This
motion is typically translated into the motion of
a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of
the graphical user interface.

o COMPUTER KEYBOARD – Is a typewriter-style device which uses

an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Following the decline
of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-
style keyboards became the main input method for computers.

o SCANNER – Is a device that optically scans images, printed

text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital
image.

o TOUCHPAD – is a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor,

a specialized surface that can translate the motion and
position of a user's fingers to a relative position on the
operating system that is made output to the screen.

o COMPUTER MICROPHONE – is a transducer that converts sound

into an electrical signal.

o WEB CAMERA – Is a video camera that feeds or streams its

image in real time to or through a computer to a computer
network. When "captured" by the computer, the video stream
may be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks travelling
through systems such as the internet, and e-mailed as an
attachment.

o JOYSTICK – Is an input device consisting of a stick that

pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the
device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as
the control column, is the principal control device in
the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either
as a center stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary
switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's
flight.

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 OUTPUT DEVICES – Is any device used to send data from a computer
to another device or user. Most computer data output that is
meant for humans is in the form of audio or video.

o COMPUTER MONITOR – is an output device which displays

information in pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises
the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The
display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film
transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) with LED
backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent
lamp (CCFL) backlighting.

o PROJECTORS – is an optical device that projects an image (or

moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen.
Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a
small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors
can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual
retinal display, or retinal projector, is a projector that
projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an
external projection screen.

o COMPUTER SPEAKERS – are speakers sold for use with

computers, although usually capable of other audio uses,
e.g. for an MP3 player. Most such speakers have an internal
amplifier and consequently require a power source, which may
be by a mains power supply often via an AC adapter,
batteries, or a USB port (able to supply no more than 2.5W
DC, 500mA at 5V).

o HEADPHONES – are a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on

or around the head over a user's ears. They
are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical
signal to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single
user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to
a loudspeaker, which emits sound into the open air for
anyone nearby to hear.

o PRINTER – Is a peripheral device which makes a persistent

human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.

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 STORAGE DEVICES – Is any hardware capable of holding information
either temporarily or permanently.

o PRIMARY STORAGE – also known as main storage or memory, is

the area in a computer in which data is stored for quick
access by the computer's processor. The terms random access
memory (RAM) and memory are often as synonyms for primary or
main storage.

o SECONDARY STORAGE – refers to any non-volatile storage

device that is internal or external to the computer. It can
be any storage device beyond the primary storage that
enables permanent data storage. A secondary storage
device is also known as an auxiliary storage device or
external storage.

 INTERNAL STORAGE DEVICES – Can mean several different

things, but most often refers to a computer's internal
hard drive. This is the primary storage device used to
store a user's files and applications. If a computer
has multiple internal hard drives, they are all
considered part of the computer's internal storage.

 HARD DISK DRIVES (HDD) – Is an electro-

mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic
storage to store and retrieve digital information
using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material. The
platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually
arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and
write data to the platter surfaces. Data is
accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that
individual blocks of data can be stored or
retrieved in any order and not only sequentially.
HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage,
retaining stored data even when powered off.

 SOLID STATE DRIVES (SSD) – is a solid-state

storage device that uses integrated circuit
assemblies as memory to store data persistently.
It is also sometimes called solid-state
disk;[1] the word "disk" is inappropriate since
SSDs do not have physical disks. SSDs primarily
use traditional hard disk drive (HDD) interfaces,
such as SATA and SAS, greatly simplifying usage
of SSDs in computers.

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  EXTERNAL STORAGE DEVICES – comprises devices that
store information outside a computer. Such devices may
be permanently attached to the computer, may
be removable or may use removable media.

 USB FLASH DRIVES – is a data storage device that

includes flash memory with an
integrated USB interface. It is typically
removable, rewritable and much smaller than
an optical disc.

 OPTICAL DISCS – an information storage device for

a computer in the shape of a round flat plate
that can be rotated to give access to all parts
of the surface. The data may be stored either
magnetically (in a magnetic disk ) or optically
(in an optical disk such as a CD-ROM).

 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVES – is a portable storage

device that can be attached to a computer through
a USB or FireWire connection, or wirelessly.
External hard drives typically have high storage
capacities and are often used to back up
computers or serve as a network drive.

 CYCLE OF THE INPUT, OUTPUT AND STORAGE DEVICES

STORAGE
Temporary memory (RAM), Hard disks

Input Processing Output Communicati

Data Working with Showing on
Collected information, results on Sending
capture changing, screen, results,
calculating, printouts, collecting
manipulating email data,
feedback

People
Users, clients, customers, operators, technicians,
governments, companies

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IV. OPERATING SYSTEM

 OPERATING SYSTEM – the software that supports a computer's basic

functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and
controlling peripherals.

o SINGLE AND MULTI-TASKING OS – A single-tasking system can

only run one program at a time, while a multi-
tasking operating system allows more than one program to be
running in concurrency. This is achieved by time-sharing,
where the available processor time is divided between
multiple processes.

o SINGLE AND MULTI-USER OS – Single-user operating systems

have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow
multiple programs to run in tandem. A multi-user operating
system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with
facilities that identify processes and resources, such as
disk space, belonging to multiple users, and the system
permits multiple users to interact with the system at the
same time.

o DISTRIBUTED OS – A distributed operating system manages a

group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a
single computer. The development of networked computers that
could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to
distributed computing.

o REAL-TIME OS – is an operating system that guarantees to

process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-
time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but
when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms
so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved.

o NETWORK OS – A Network Operating System runs on a server and

provides the server the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. The primary purpose of the network operating
system is to allow shared file and printer access among
multiple computers in a network, typically a local area
network (LAN), and a private network or to other networks.

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 o 32 AND 64 BIT OS – refer to the way a computer's processor
(also called a CPU), handles information. The64-bit version
of Windows handles large amounts of random access memory
(RAM) more effectively than a 32-bit system.

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

o MICROSOFT WINDOWS – The Windows operating system (Windows

OS) for desktop PCs are more formally called Microsoft
Windows and is actually a family of operating systems for
personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer
world, running, by some estimates, more than 90 percent of
all personal computers – the remainder running Linux and
Mac operating systems. Windows provides a graphical user
interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking,
and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to
Windows operating systems for personal computers, Microsoft
also offers operating systems for servers and mobile
devices.

 WINDOWS XP – Is a personal computer operating system

that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows
NT family of operating systems. It was released to
manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and broadly released
for retail sale on October 25, 2001.

 WINDOWS VISTA – Microsoft's primary stated objective

with Windows Vista was to improve the state of
security in the Windows operating system.[8] One
common criticism of Windows XP and its predecessors
was their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities
and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses and
buffer overflows.

 WINDOWS 7 – Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an

incremental upgrade to Microsoft Windows, intended to
address Windows Vista's poor critical reception while
maintaining hardware and software compatibility.
Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows
Aero (the user interface introduced in Windows Vista)
with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows
applications to be "pinned" to it, and new window
management features.

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  WINDOWS 8 – Windows 8 introduced major changes to the
operating system's platform and user interface to
improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows
was now competing with mobile operating systems,
including Android and iOS.

 WINDOWS 10 – Is a series of personal computer

operating systems produced by Microsoft as part of
the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was
released on July 29, 2015. Windows 10 receives new
releases on an ongoing basis, which are available at
no additional cost to users. Devices in enterprise
environments can receive these updates at a slower
pace, or use long-term support milestones that only
receive critical updates, such as security patches,
over their ten-year lifespan of extended support.

 WINDOWS SERVER – Is a group of operating systems

designed by Microsoft that supports enterprise-level
management, data storage, applications, and
communications. Previous versions of Windows
Server have focused on stability, security,
networking, and various improvements to the file
system.

o LINUX OS - Is a family of free and open-source software

operating systems built around the Linux kernel. Typically,
Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux
distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and
server use. The defining component of a Linux distribution
is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first
released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.

o MAC OS – The family of Macintosh operating systems developed

by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-
based operating systems it has designed for use with
its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984, as
well as the related system software it once created for
compatible third-party systems.

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V. CREATING A BOOTABLE DEVICE

 BOOTABLE DEVICE – is any piece of hardware that can read or

contains the files required for a computer to start.

o REQUIREMENTS FOR CREATING A BOOTABLE DEVICE

 USB FLASHDRIVE (8 GIGABYTE ABOVE)

 IMAGE FILE (WITH ANY KIND OF OS)

 SOFTWARE TOOL (LIKE RUFUS)

 COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT

o USB FLASHDRIVE (8GB ABOVE) – Image file have a lot of files,

so 8 Gigabyte (GB) is required because some image file may
have more than 4 Gigabyte (GB).

o ISO IMAGE FILE (WITH ANY KIND OF OS) – is a single file

that's a perfect representation of an entire CD, DVD, or BD.
The entire contents of a disc can be precisely duplicated in
a single ISO file.

o SOFTWARE TOOL (LIKE RUFUS) – Utility tool that helps format

and create bootable USB flash drives, such as USB keys/pen
drives, memory sticks, etc.

o COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT (CSU) – Is where you will execute the

flash drive into making a bootable device.

 FILES SYSTEMS

o NEW TECHNOLOGY FILE SYSTEM (NTFS) – is a proprietary file

system developed by Microsoft.[1]Starting with Windows NT
3.1, it is the default file system of the Windows NT family.
NTFS has several technical improvements over the file
systems that it superseded – File Allocation Table (FAT)
and High Performance File System (HPFS) – such as improved
support for meta data and advanced data structures to
improve performance, reliability, and disk space use.
Additional extensions are a more elaborate security system
based on access control lists (ACLs) and file system
journaling.

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 o EXTENDED FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (EXFAT) – is a Microsoft file
system introduced in 2006 optimized for flash memory such
as USB flash drives and SD cards. It is proprietary and
Microsoft owns patents on several elements of its design.
ExFAT can be used where the NTFS file system is not a
feasible solution (due to data structure overhead), yet
the file size limit of the standard FAT32 file system (i.e.
4 GiB) remains in those scenarios. ExFAT has been adopted by
the SD Card Association as the default file system
for SDXC cards larger than 32 GiB.

o FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT32) – is a computer file

system architecture and a family of industry-standard file
systems utilizing it. The FAT file system is a continuing
standard which borrows source code from the
original, legacy file system and proves to be simple and
robust. It offers useful performance even in lightweight
implementations, but cannot deliver the same performance,
reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It
is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly
all currently developed operating systems for personal
computers and many mobile devices and embedded systems, and
thus is a well-suited format for data exchange between
computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981
up to the present.

 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE CREATING A BOOTABLE FLASHDRIVE

o If you intend to create a bootable device on your flash

drive, back-up your files first because once you started the
process, your files will be deleted permanently known as
formatting.

o RUFUS is a great tool, though its size is small and it is

even portable.

o If your ISO Image file is not corrupted or missing a file,

rufus won’t complain about it.

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 STEP BY STEP ON CREATING AN IMAGE FILE

1. Some Operating system can be downloaded on

some websites or bought on stores; some
will give you folders of files but not an
ISO image file.

2. Download “POWER ISO” in some specific websites to convert it

to an ISO Image file.

 POWER ISO – is a powerful CD / DVD / BD image file

processing tool, which allows you to open, extract,
burn, create, edit, compress, encrypt, split and
convert ISO files, and mount ISO files with internal
virtual drive. It can process almost all CD / DVD / BD
image files including ISO and BIN files. PowerISO
provides an all-in-one solution. You can do everything
with your ISO files and disc image files.

3. Right-click the folder and you will see a name called Power
ISO. Click it then select “Add to image file”.

4. Then Pick .ISO so it can be recognized as ISO Image file and

you can change the destination address whether it is onto
the desktop or documents. You choose!

5. Then wait for a couple of minutes then it’s done.

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  CREATING A BOOTABLE DEVICE

1. Insert your flash drive onto your

Computer system unit. I will recommend
you to insert it at the back panel.

2. When done inserting. Open “Rufus”, and

then if you have multiple flashdrive
inserted, pick the one you want to make
a bootable device.

3. Then Click the small disk near

“FreeDOS”. Highlighted.

4. Then locate your ISO image file then

start, wait for a couple of minutes
then it’s done.

VI. INSTALLATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 OBJECTIVES

o FORMAT A SYSTEM UNIT – When installing an OS, you can either

format or just mount an OS with a new OS.

o SPLIT HDD SPACE – When installing an OS, you can split your
storage on what you want, like for example 500 Gigabyte in a
half.

 NOTE: 1024 Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte,

Terabyte is equal to 1.

o Sample: 1024MB x 40 = 40960, then 40960 =

40GB.

o TO USE A NEW COMPUTER – With your own bought Pc without OS,

it is good to have knowledge in installing a OS than having
a technician for servicing.

o TO KNOW WHAT ARE THE SAMPLE OS – Like knowing whether you

want 32 bit OS or 64 bit, or maybe you want to know what
it’s like to have a Windows 10 Pro.

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 BASIC INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)

o BASIC INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS) – is non-volatile

firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the
booting process (power-on startup), and to provide runtime
services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS
firmware comes pre-installed on a personal computer's system
board, and it is the first software to run when powered on.
The name originates from the Basic Input/output System used
in the CP/M operating system in 1975. Originally proprietary
to the IBM PC, the BIOS has been reverse engineered by
companies looking to create compatible systems. The
interface of that original system serves as a de facto
standard.

 NOTE: Be reminded that the every motherboard has a

BIOS, but they have different interfaces.

o ENTERING THE BIOS

 Once you opened your computer, you can either read the
text by pushing the “Pause/Break Key” to stop from
booting fast or you can press F2, F5, F7, or DEL Key.

 When you’re formatting or installing a OS, make

sure that you inserted your flash drive or
Optical Disc. If not you will need to restart
your Computer System Unit.

 Once you enter the BIOS you will the instructions

on how you will control the BIOS, because some
BIOS control only use keyboard as control. Please
be aware of that.

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o KNOWING WHAT TO SEARCH IN THE BIOS

 Like I told you, BIOS comes in different interfaces.

But in installing an Operating System, all you have to
find is the Boot Manager also called as Boot, Boot
Priority, etc. why? Because the Boot Manager is where
you will prioritize your flash drive not the Hard disk
drive, though it is regular that HDD is the Main Slave
but in case of installing a OS, a bootable device is
needed to be prioritized. In some other way you may
want to explore you
CSU’s BIOS to enhance
your knowledge on the
BIOS.

 Once you’re done

always save the
progress you’ve done.

o CONTINUATION OF THE INSTALLATION.

 Once you’re done with the BIOS and your Computer has
totally restart, you will see a dialog saying “Press
any key to continue”, Just do what it says. Though
some other boards just needs to push the keys like F11
or F12.

 Then you will proceed to

the Set-up.

 If you’re from a different

country you can change the
language, date and time and
location.

 Just click next to

continue.

 Then just click “Install now” to continue the

installation.

 Then Check the checkbox saying “I accept the license

term”, and then you can either read the terms or just
click next to continue.

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  Select whether you want any of those windows features.
Either it is 64 bit or 32 bit.

 Then Click the “Custom

Advanced” for further options.

 UPGRADE – A new version

of a software or
hardware product
designed to replace an
older version of the
same product.

 On the next step, this will be the part where you can
split the storage sizes in to two, three or even four
or more.

 UNALLOCATED SPACE
– sometimes called
“free space”, is
logical space on a
hard drive that
the operating
system, e.g.
Windows, can write
to.

 PARTITION – divide into parts.

 Depending on the users choice whether where you want

to put the OS, either partition 2 or 3 or so on.

 Drive options include New, Format, and Delete.

 NEW – meaning that you want to create a new space

on an allocated space.

 FORMAT – meaning that you want to format the

volume though the partition won’t be destroyed
but the files inside will be.

 DELETE – meaning that you would delete the whole

partition even the files inside of it.

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  Once you’re done with the partitioning you may
continue by highlighting the partition you want to put
the OS and then Next.

 NOTE: 1024 Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte,

Terabyte is equal to 1.

o Sample: 1024MB x 40 = 40960, then 40960 =

40GB.

 Then wait for the installation to

finish. It may take about 30 – 20
minutes depends upon your HDD or
Flash Drive/Optical Disk.

 Once it’s done, be wary about

changing the prioritization of
HDD from Flash drive/Optical Disk, because you may
proceed to a loop if not changed.

 If the Starting of Windows is done you can now

continue using the installed OS but there is one other
problem. Some motherboard needs device drivers to use
a certain component, commonly the Ethernet Port.

VII. DEVICE DRIVERS INSTALLATION

 DEVICE DRIVERS – is a computer program that operates or

controls a particular type of device that is attached to a
computer. Drivers are hardware dependent and operating-
system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling
required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent
hardware interface.

 UNDERSTANDING DRIVERS

A. Those with caution signs

are the one that don’t
have a specific device
driver.

B. Drivers are related to

the hardware component of
your system unit. If not
installed, you cannot use
it.

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 C. Commonly are the Ethernet Port, Sound Cards, Video
Cards, Wi-Fi Cards and etc.

 INSTALLATION OF DRIVERS

Installing drivers can be manually, automatically or by

Packs/Bundle.

 MANUALLY – Installing manually can be tough

because searching for a certain device drivers
though you don’t even know if your device drivers
are updated.

 AUTOMATICALLY – Installing automatically can be

easy but purchasing a certain software tool can
cost too much though it is worth it. Some tools
can automatically find your missing or undated
drivers then all you need to do is download and
install it on the same software tool.

 PACKS/BUNDLE – Installing device drivers on packs

is easier but you need to update your Pack on the
latest pack but as a bundle unlike the other.

 OPENING DEVICE MANAGER

o First, Open “Computer”.

o Then, Right-Click the White Background.

o Then, you would find the Device Manager at the Left-

side of the screen.

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 REVIEW FOR CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY 1

 SAFETY REMINDERS AND TIPS

 DISASSEMBLE AND ASSEMBLE COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT

 IDENTIFY EACH PART OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT

 IDENTIFY INPUT, OUTPUT AND STORAGE DEVICES

 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT OPERATING SYSTEM

 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR BOOTABLE DEVICE

 CREATING A BOOTABLE DEVICE

 INSTALL AND CONFIGURE AN OPERATING SYSTEM

 MANUALLY OR AUTOMATICALLY INSTALL MISSING DRIVERS

ONLY FOR CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY 1

PREPARED BY: MR. VIEN JUN ALTOVEROS

PROCEED DOWNPAGE FOR COC2

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 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY 2

I. UNDERSTANDING THE IP ADDRESS

 INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS (IP ADDRESS) – Is a numerical label

assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two
principal functions: host or network interface identification and
location addressing.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4 (IPv4) – defines an IP address as
a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet
and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses,
 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPv6) – is the successor to the
first addressing infrastructure of the Internet, Internet
Protocol version 4 (IPv4). In contrast to IPv4, which defined
an IP address as a 32-bit value, IPv6 addresses have a size of
128 bits. Therefore, IPv6 has a vastly enlarged address space
compared to IPv4.
o LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) – is a group of computers and
associated devices that share a common communications line
or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN encompasses
computers and peripherals connected to a server within a
distinct geographic area such as an office or a commercial
establishment.
o WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) – Is a telecommunications network or
computer network that extends over a large geographical
distance /place. Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits.
o METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK – is a computer network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large
local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered
by a wide area network (WAN).

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 o WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) – is a wireless
distribution method for two or more devices that use high-
frequency radio waves and often include an access point to
the Internet. A WLAN allows users to move around the
coverage area, often a home or small office, while
maintaining a network connection.

o STORAGE AREA NETWORK – is block-based storage, leveraging a

high-speed architecture that connects servers to their
logical disk units (LUNs). A LUN is a range of blocks
provisioned from a pool of shared storage and presented to
the server as a logical disk.

II. NETWORK CONNECTIONS

 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL ADDRESS (MAC ADDRESS) – of a device is a
unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller
(NIC) for communications at the data link layer of a network
segment. MAC addresses are used as a network address for most
IEEE 802 network technologies, including Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
o KNOWING YOUR COMPUTER’S MAC ADDRESS
 Windows Key + R to open “RUN”.
 Then type “CMD”.
 After that cmd.exe has been executed and then type
“ipconfig /all”.
 Then you will see your MAC address also called as
“Physical Address” (##-##-##-##-##-##).
 That will be you MAC Address.
o KNOWING YOUR COMPUTER’S IP ADDRESS
 Note that you have to be connected to a router or your
IP Address must be Static.
 Windows Key + R to open “RUN”
 Then type “CMD”
 After that cmd.exe has been executed and then type
“ipconfig”.
 IPv4 will be your IP Address (###-###-###-###)
 Also your router’s IP Address will be the Default
Gateway.

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 TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) – which
is a set of networking protocols that allows two or more
computers to communicate. The Defense Data Network, part of the
Department of Defense, developed TCP/IP, and it has been widely
adopted as a networking standard.

 CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS – defines five classes of IP addresses:

class A, B, C, D, and E. Each class has a range of valid IP
addresses. The value of the first octet determines the class. IP
addresses from the first three classes (A, B and C) can be used
for host addresses.
o CLASS A – 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254, Supports 16 million
hosts on each of 127 networks.
o CLASS B – 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254, Supports 65,000
hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
o CLASS C – 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254, Supports 254 hosts
on each of 2 million networks.
o CLASS D – 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255, Reserved for
multicast groups.
o CLASS E – 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254, Reserved for future
use, or Research and Development Purposes.

 STATIC VS DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS – IP addresses are assigned in two

different ways. They may be dynamically assigned (they can change
automatically) or statically assigned (they're intended not to
change, and must be changed manually). Most home networks
use dynamic allocation. Your router uses DHCP to temporarily
assign, or "lease", an IP address to your device. After a period
of time, this lease "expires", and the router renews your old
address or assigns you a new one, depending on the needs of the
network and the configuration of the router.
o DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL – a network management
protocol used on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server
dynamically assigns an IP address and other network
configuration parameters to each device on a network so they
can communicate with other IP networks.

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 EQUIPMENT & TOOLS FOR CABLING

o UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (UTP CABLE) – is a 100 ohm

copper cable that consists of 2 to 1800 unshielded twisted
pairs surrounded by an outer jacket. They have no metallic
shield. This makes the cable small in diameter but
unprotected against electrical interference.

o REGISTERED JACK 45 (RJ45) – is a standardized

telecommunication network interface for connecting voice and
data equipment to a service provided by a local exchange
carrier or long distance carrier. Registration interfaces
were first defined in the Universal Service Ordering Code
(USOC) system of the Bell System in the United States for
complying with the registration program for customer-
supplied telephone equipment mandated by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in the 1970s.

o CRIMPING TOOL – is a device used to conjoin two pieces of

metal by deforming one or both of them in a way that causes
them to hold each other. The result of the tool's work is
called a crimp. A good example of crimping is the process of
affixing a connector to the end of a cable.

o LAN CABLE TESTER – is an electronic device used to verify

the electrical connections in a signal cable ... of such a
tester will have connectors compatible with the application,
for example, modular connectors for Ethernet local
area network cables.

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 STANDARD COLOR CODING FOR UTP CABLE

T568-A OR EUROPEAN STANDARD T568-B OR AMERICAN STANDARD

WHITE GREEN WHITE ORANGE

GREEN ORANGE
WHITE ORANGE WHITE GREEN
BLUE BLUE
WHITE BLUE WHITE BLUE
ORANGE GREEN
WHITE BROWN WHITE BROWN
BROWN BROWN

 THREE TYPES OF CABLING

o STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLING – This cabling is for different
devices, uses T568-A or B at the end of each cable.
o CROSS OVER CABLING – This cabling is for same devices, uses
T568-A and B at the different ends of cables.
o ROLL OVER CABLING – This cabling is for Console types, like
for example configuring a CISCO Router.
 FILE SHARING – the practice of or ability to transmit files from
one computer to another over a network or the Internet.

 FILE SHARING USING CROSS OVER CABLE

o First, connect both end of the cable at two different CSU’s

Ethernet port, because Cross over cabling is for same
devices like PC to PC.
o Next, notice that you’re PC doesn’t have an IP address
because it isn’t connected to a router, so you have to make
your IP address in Static, and create an IP Address
manually, like for example: 192.168.1.10 for PC1 and
192.168.1.20 for PC2.
o Once you are connect, the icon below that presents a network
must be in caution sign, and see if you are connected to a
network.

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o If done, check if you can locate the other PC by the same
method “cmd” to open command prompt, then type “ping (the ip
address you want to locate if you are connected).
 If cmd shows reply to the IP address, then you are
connected.
 If cmd shows request time out, then you might not be
at the same IP Address.
o The folder that you want to share must be at the desktop,
then right-click it, click properties, click the sharing
tab, then click “Share…”, click the open down arrow beside
the add, then pick everyone, next on the permission level,
change it to read and write then click share.
o If it is not still working click advanced sharing, check the
share this folder checkbox, then permissions check the full
control and change.
o If still not working, Change the setting by click the
highlighted word “Network and Sharing Center”, then Turn-on
network discovery, Turn-on File and printer sharing, turn-
off password for sharing, the save changes.
o If done, turn-off firewall if necessary, then on the PC,
Windows + R then double backslash (\\) then the IP Address
of the network that has a shared folder, Example
\\192.168.1.1

o Then you will enter the files of the other PC,

SAME DEVICES
CROSS-OVER CABLE
DIAGRAM

PC 1 PC 2

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 FILES SHARING USING STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE

o First connect the first cable to a switch, then connect a

second cable at the switch using straight-through cable.

Switch

o
o
PC 1
o PC 2

o Same as a cross-over cable, I just added a switch so that

we can use the straight-through cable.
o Then go to “FILE SHARING USING CROSS-OVER CABLE STEP 2”, so
that you can do file sharing.

 FILE SHARING USING STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE WITH ROUTER

o First of all, you will be needing 3pcs UTP cable (measure

the meters needed), 6 RJ45.
o Next, connect the first cable to the PC1 to Switch, then the
next cable is PC2 to Switch and lastly the Switch to Router.

 ROUTER – is a networking device that forwards data

packets between computer networks. Routers perform the
traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent
through the internet, such as a web page or email, is
in the form of data packets. A packet is
typically forwarded from one router to another router
through the networks that constitute
an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.

o Now for the configuration, first know what the IP address of

our computer is, though you are connect to a router check
first if your computer’s IP is in Static or Dynamic.

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o To know whether your IP configuration is in Static or
Dynamic, go to Control panel then Network and internet and
then Network and Sharing Center, Click the “Local Area
Network”, after that click properties, then double click
Internet protocol version 4, then there will you see if your
IP configuration is in static or dynamic.
o Or you can click the Monitor Logo at
the right-side of your computer
screen (near the Date/Time).
o If your IP Configuration is in Static, turn it to Dynamic
because you are using a router. If the router doesn’t lease
you an IP Address, Reset the router.
o Then know what IP Address is given to you by the Router
using “IPCONFIG” on “CMD” on both PC1 and PC2.
o Then Ping them so that you can know whether both computers
are connected to each other.
o If it is done, go back to the “FILE SHARING USING CROSS-OVER
CABLE PART 5”, to proceed to file sharing, because they are
same in method, here I just added the router for the Dynamic
Configuration Purposes.

Router Possible Diagram

Switch

PC 1
PC 2

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 UNDERSTANDING FILE SHARING

o Why do we need to learn this?

 Learning file sharing is needed, to understand
completely the use of IP Address.
 If you become a Computer Technician, you will need
this for multi-sharing.
o What is a Network?
 is defined as a group of two or more computer systems
linked together. There are many types of
computer networks, including the following: local-
area networks (LANs): The computers are geographically
close together (that is, in the same building).
o Can I use this for Business purpose?
 Yes, example is Computer Shop. You can configure each
computer’s IP Address so that you can access all the
files in every computer.

 CONFIGURING THE ROUTER’S WI-FI

o WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI) – is technology for radio wireless

local area networking of devices based on the IEEE 802.11
standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which
restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products
that successfully complete interoperability certification
testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include
desktops and laptops, video game consoles, smartphones
and tablets, smart TVs, digital audio players and modern
printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the
Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an
access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66
feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage
can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio
waves, or as large as many square kilometers achieved by
using multiple overlapping access points.

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 o ROUTER – is a networking device that forwards data packets
between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic
directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the
internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of
data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one
router to another router through the networks that
constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination
node.
o WIRELESS ACCESS POINT (WAP) – is a networking hardware
device that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wired
network. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired
network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an
integral component of the router itself. An AP is
differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical
location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.

 HOW TO CONFIGURE A ROUTER

o First you must know whether you are connected to the router.
Using “command prompt”, you must see if you have a default
gateway so you can access your router, if you don’t know the
router’s IP Address then just reset the router.
 DEFAULT GATEWAY – is the node in a computer network
using the Internet Protocol Suite that serves as the
forwarding host (router) to other networks when no
other route specification matches the destination IP
address of a packet.
o Then configure your ip configuration to dynamic, so that you
can see whether you are renting an IP address from the
router.
o Then to check if you are really connected to the router,
ping the ip address of the router, the default gateway is
the ip address of the router, note that.

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