Kata kata kuta kutambu humn hjmgj jantang airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is
a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet
engine, propeller or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing
configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes
includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research.
Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually
on airliners[1] and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometres[2] of cargo annually,
which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.[3] Most airplanes are flown by a pilot
on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled such as
drones.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first
sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".[4] They built on the works
of George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane
(and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders).[5] Between
1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-
than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to
develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet
aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland
Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet,
was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.
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Etymology and usage
First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered
flight), the word airplane, like aeroplane, derives from the French aéroplane, which comes
from the Greek ἀήρ (aēr), "air"[6] and either Latin planus, "level",[7] or Greek πλάνος
(planos), "wandering".[8][9] "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is
a plane moving through the air.[10] In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing
came to refer to the entire aircraft.
In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing
aircraft. In the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane"
(/ˈɛərəpleɪn/[10]) is usually applied to these aircraft.
History
Main articles: Aviation history and First flying machine
Le Bris and his glider, Albatros II, photographed by Nadar, 1868
Otto Lilienthal in mid-flight, c. 1895
Antecedents
Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus,
and the Vimana in ancient Indian epics. Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas was reputed to
have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model
propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m
(660 ft).[11][12] This machine may have been suspended for its flight.[13][14]
tau kalau kamu itu cinta sama aku A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within
the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the
common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Related creatures
outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are
native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are
highly social and intelligent animals.[2]
Pig
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent
Bornean bearded pig at the London Zoo.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Suidae
Subfamily: Suinae
Genus: Sus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text
With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most
populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide
range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for
human medical research.[6]
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Etymology
The Online Etymology Dictionary provides anecdotal evidence as well as linguistic, saying
that the term derives
probably from Old English *picg, found in compounds, ultimate origin unknown.
Originally "young pig" (the word for adults was swine). Apparently related to Low
German bigge, Dutch big ("but the phonology is difficult" -- OED). ... Another Old
English word for "pig" was fearh, related to furh "furrow," from PIE *perk- "dig,
furrow" (source also of Latin porc-us "pig," see pork). "This reflects a
widespread IE tendency to name animals from typical attributes or activities"
[Roger Lass]. Synonyms grunter, oinker are from sailors' and fishermen's
euphemistic avoidance of uttering the word pig at sea, a superstition perhaps based
on the fate of the Gadarene swine, who drowned.[7]
The Online Etymology Dictionary also traces the evolution of sow, the term for a female pig,
through various historical languages:
Old English sugu, su "female of the swine," from Proto-Germanic *su- (cognates: Old
Saxon, Old High German su, German Sau, Dutch zeug, Old Norse syr), from PIE root
*su- (cognates: Sanskrit sukarah "wild boar, swine;" Avestan hu "wild
boar;" Greek hys "swine;" Latin sus "swine", suinus "pertaining to swine"; Old Church
Slavonic svinija "swine;" Lettish sivens "young
pig;" Welsh hucc, Irish suig "swine; Old Irish socc "snout, plowshare"), possibly
imitative of pig noise; note that Sanskrit sukharah means "maker of (the
sound) su.[7]
It is entirely likely that the word to call pigs, "soo-ie," is similarly derived.
An adjectival form is porcine. Another adjectival form (technically for the subfamily rather
than genus name) is suine (comparable to bovine, canine, etc.); for the family, it is suid (as
with bovid, canid).
Description and behaviour
Skull of domestic pig.
(Sus scrofa domesticus).
A typical pig has a large head with a long snout that is strengthened by a special prenasal
bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip.[8] The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food
and is a very acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each foot, with the two
larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft
ground.[9]
The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.33.1.4.3 , giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are
adapted for crushing. In the male, the canine teeth form tusks, which grow continuously
and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other.[8]
Occasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become
severely stressed.[10] Some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal. Others may cause
the death of the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat the piglets. It is estimated that
50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the
newborn pre-weaned animals.[11]
Distribution and evolution
With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is one of the most
numerous large mammals on the planet.[3][4]
The ancestor of the domestic pig is the wild boar, which is one of the most numerous and
widespread large mammals. Its many subspecies are native to all but the harshest climates
of continental Eurasia and its islands and Africa as well, from Ireland and India to Japan
and north to Siberia.
Long isolated from other pigs on the many islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the
Philippines, pigs have evolved into many different species, including wild boar, bearded
pigs, and warty pigs. Humans have introduced pigs into Australia, North and South
America, and numerous islands, either accidentally as escaped domestic pigs which have
gone feral, or as wild boar.
