Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Rapid development of our transportation systems has brought us much convenience in
daily life, allowing both passengers and goods to be transported domestically and
internationally in a quicker fashion. It is estimated that more than one billion motor vehicles
are owned by people over the globe, and this number will be even doubled within one or two
decades. A series of issues related to our transportation systems are generated by such a huge
number of motor vehicles. Both connectivity and automation are integrated in CAVs, making
them capable to not only drive by themselves with on-board sensing sensors, but also
communicate with each other by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) only.
Co-operative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems have the potential to increase
traffic throughput by allowing smaller headway between vehicles and moving vehicles safely
in a platoon at a harmonized speed. CACC systems have been attracting significant attention
from both academia and industry since connectivity between vehicles will become mandatory
for new vehicles in the USA in the near future. The Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
(CACC) is to investigate extension of Adaptive Cruise Control systems for longitudinal control
using vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to signal or infrastructure communication to coordinate a
string of vehicles to improve traffic flow. The feasibility of implementing CACC using
Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and to frame the future research work needed
to move the concept toward potential implementation is examined .In vehicle to signal
communication the vehicle responses to signal signs placed on the sides of road. This is done
through WNS, that is wireless network sensing.
Road-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-vehicle communications are the key technologies to
establish intelligent transportation systems (ITS). A vehicle can be prevented from getting into
traffic accident by getting its position, speed, and acceleration of the nearby vehicles through
road to-vehicle and vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems. In order to achieve the vehicle
to-road communication networks using the conventional multi-hop packet relay systems, the
dynamic network routing function is required to adapt itself with the dynamically changing
relative positions of vehicles. However, it is difficult to establish the dynamic routing for
vehicle-to-vehicle communication networks, because it requires huge amount of calculations
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and bandwidth to re-configure the network routing and also the hardware complexity of the
system on each vehicle and the system bandwidth is strictly limited.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] D. Jia, K. Lu, J. Wang, X. Zhang, and X. Shen, “A survey on platoon based vehicular
cyber-physical systems,” IEEE Communications Surveys &Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 1, pp.
263–284, 2015.
Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) is one of the most promising technologies
for CAVs, which extends adaptive cruise control (ACC) with cooperative maneuvers by CAVs.
In CACC systems, CAVs share their own parameters with other CAVs in the network by V2V
communications, which is realized in autonomous manner without central management . Given
the fact that the communication bandwidth might become insufficient when the number of
CAVs increases in a CACC system, short ranged wireless technologies are more accepted for
V2V communications. So far, the most dominant V2V communication protocol is Dedicated
Short Range Communications (DSRC), and other advanced communication protocols have also
been proposed and developed for V2V communications, such as LTE and 5G. California
Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) have achieved improved vehicle
following performance, by using vehicle to vehicle cooperation in eight absolutely machine
controlled cars by making use of wireless communication. The Safe Road Trains for the
environment (SARTRE) European Union project has developed virtual trains of vehicles in that
a leading vehicle with a skilled driver takes responsibility for every platoon.
[2]USDOT, Traffic Safety Facts—Research Note, August 2016,
https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812318.
The extension of the commercially offered adaptive cruise control (ACC) system
toward the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) system ends up in a high potential to
boost traffic flow capability and smoothness, reducing congestion on highways. The CACC
system uses wireless communication as a result of that potential risk conditions could be
detected earlier, to assist avoid crashes and additionally a additional in depth and reliable data
regarding alternative vehicles’ motions is gathered to improve vehicle management
performance. A vehicle controller will mechanically monitor the vehicle dynamics associate
degreed activate the collision warning communication module once it enters an abnormal state.
Command primarily based intelligent systems with onboard perception/detection devices have
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contributed greatly to up road safety. CACC systems from perspectives of high-level system
architectures, low-level control methodologies, and overall system applications.
Although many theoretical and/or experimental results have been already provided in
these papers, there are still some open questions that need to be addressed in future work. Based
on the topics of our paper, we can briefly name a few of the issues. How to build a more reliable
architecture for CACC systems. Unlike most proposed CACC systems that assume a rather
fixed environment, the realistic traffic network will introduce highly dynamic environment,
including changing information flow topologies, varying workload distribution between
different CAVs, and packet loss of Vehicle to road communications. In our paper we introduce
display unit which shows indication about traffic signal, no horn zone, school zone and hump.
We can also implement more application by upgrading the microcontroller
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 3
INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM
3.1 INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM
This system is based on Co-operative adaptive cruise control system. This system
provides communication between vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to signal post on road. our
project is based on vehicle to signal communication using wireless network sensing .The system
has two parts-one is module in the vehicle and other is in the signals placed on the road sides.
The system is designed by using a 8051 microcontroller. The communication is done by
transmitting and receiving RF signals.
3.2 COMPONENTS
3.2.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit .Here we will be using the AT89S52. The AT89S52 is
a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system
programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non
volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction
set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8bit CPU
with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a 1powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
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Intelligent transportation system
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset
3.2.2 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state
relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no
moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
3.2.3 Relay Driver
A Relay driver IC is an electromagnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to
use a low voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains
supply. The required current to run the relay coil is more than can be supplied by various
integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc. Relays have unique properties and are replaced with solid
state switches that are strong than solid-state devices. High current capacities, capability to
stand ESD and drive circuit isolation are the unique properties of Relays. There are various
ways to drive relays.
3.2.4 Input Output Port
Alternatively referred to as I/O address, I/O port, and I/O port address, the input/output
port is a memory address used by software to communicate with hardware on your computer.
In your computer there are 65,535 memory ports that are numbered from 0000h to FFFFh.
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Intelligent transportation system
The I/O port assignment can be made either manually using DIP switches or
automatically using PnP. When configuring the I/O port of any device in your computer, it is
important that it does not share the same I/O port as another device or you will encounter a
hardware conflict.
3.2.5 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 4
WORKING AND BLOCK DIAGRAM
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4.1.1 Vehicle part
Fig 4.1 Block diagram for the vehicle part
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Intelligent transportation system
4.1.2 Signal post part
Fig 4.2 Block diagram for the signal post part
4.2 Working
The signal is assigned with a four bit numbers which are encoded by a 12-bit encoder
and are transmitted through RF signal. RF signal is captured by the receiver in the vehicle
module .This signal is decoded by the 12-bit decoder. This decoded signal is processed by
the 8051 microcontrollers. The output from 8051 is given to the corresponding devices
connected to it accordingly. The alert is given through a buzzer and displayed on a 8-bit LCD
display .
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS
5.1 Traffic signal Indicator
When vehicle reaches traffic signal 100m ahead alert system give indications to the
driver indicating the colour of signal light in the traffic signal.
5.2 No Horn area
When vehicle reaches no horn area the relay connection in between vehicle horn and
sound emerge is cut off so that the horn won’t operate until and unless it gets the no horn area
cleared.
5.3 Hump indicator
When vehicle reaches hump indication signal 100m ahead alert system give indications
to the driver indicating the hump ahead .
5.4 School zone detection
When vehicle enters the school zone display placed in the vehicle shows indication
(More applications can be implemented in the proposed project by updating both software
part and hardware part)
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 6
EXPECTED OUTCOME
• To reduce traffic accidents.
• To impart safety in roads and to the public.
• To develop Automatic Cruise control mechanism stage for the future development of
driverless cars.
• For the better communication between road signals and vehicle intelligent system.
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
CACC must be distinguished from close-formation platooning systems, which impose
more daunting technical challenges and are likely to be harder to operate in close proximity to
unequipped vehicles on general-purpose highway lanes. Vehicle to signal communication
ensures safety and precautions to the people. CACC is prone to communication impairments
like packet loss, during which case it might effectively degrade to traditional adaptive Cruise
control (ACC), which needs considerably larger time headway, thereby increasing the minimal
inter-vehicle distance required for string-stable behaviour. System provides an automotive
feature that enables a vehicle’s controller system to adapt the vehicle’s speed to the traffic
Conditions, therefore helping to reduced traffic accidents, we need to do better traffic flow.
This system has more possibility in the near future in the field of safe transportation around the
world.
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Intelligent transportation system
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
[1] D. Jia, K. Lu, J. Wang, X. Zhang, and X. Shen, “A survey on platoon based vehicular
cyber-physical systems,” IEEE Communications Surveys &Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 1, pp.
263–284, 2015.
[2] USDOT, Traffic Safety Facts—Research Note, August 2016,
https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812318.
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