o FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) - Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to
long term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves
participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and
expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and
outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or
negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative
number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through
purchase of shares
o GDP (Gross Domestic Product) -
o NSE
o BSE
o World Bank – Robert B. Zoellick; World Bank is a term used to describe an
international financial institution that provides leveraged loans[2] to developing
countries for capital programs. The World Bank has a stated goal of reducing
poverty. By law, all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to
promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment.
[3] The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the World
Bank comprises only two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association
(IDA), whereas the latter incorporates these two in addition to three more:[4]
International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID).
o IMF (International Monetary Fund) - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is
the intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system by
following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular
those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance of payments. It is an
organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange
rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of liberalising
economic policies[1][2] on other countries as a condition for loans,
restructuring or aid.[3] It also offers highly leveraged loans, mainly to poorer
countries. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States. The IMF's
relatively high influence in world affairs and development has drawn heavy
criticism from some sources.
o SDR (Special Drawing Rights) - Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are
international foreign exchange reserve assets.[1] Allocated to nations by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), a SDR represents a claim to foreign
currencies for which it may be exchanged in times of need.[1] Today, the US
Dollar is the world's primary foreign exchange reserve asset,[2][3][4] and SDRs
may be little used.[5] Some nations, notably China and Russia (as well as the
UN[2]), favor increasing the substance and function of the SDR.[6][7] Although
denominated in US dollars, the nominal value of an SDR is derived from a
basket of currencies; specifically, a fixed amount of Japanese Yen, US Dollars,
British Pounds and Euros.[1] SDRs are the International Monetary Fund's unit
of account[1] and are denoted with the ISO 4217 currency code XDR.
o ADR (American Depositary Receipt) - An American Depositary Receipt
(abbreviated ADR) represents ownership in the shares of a non-U.S. company
that trades in U.S. financial markets. The stock of many non-US companies
trade on US stock exchanges through the use of ADRs. ADRs enable U.S.
investors to buy shares in foreign companies without the hazards or
inconveniences of cross-border & cross-currency transactions. ADRs carry
prices in US dollars, pay dividends in US dollars, and can be traded like the
shares of US-based companies. Each ADR is issued by a U.S. depository bank
and can represent a fraction of a share, a single share, or multiple shares of the
foreign stock. An owner of an ADR has the right to obtain the foreign stock it
represents, but US investors usually find it more convenient simply to own the
ADR. The price of an ADR often tracks the price of the foreign stock in its
home market, adjusted for the ratio of ADRs to foreign company shares. In the
case of companies incorporated in the United Kingdom, creation of ADRs
attracts a 1.5% stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) charge by the UK government.
Depositary banks have various responsibilities to an ADR shareholder and to
the non-US company the ADR represents. The first ADR was introduced by
JPMorgan in 1927, for the British retailer Selfridges&Co. There are currently
four major commercial banks that provide depositary bank services - JPMorgan,
Citibank, Deutsche Bank and the Bank of New York Mellon. Individual shares
of a foreign corporation represented by an ADR are called American
Depositary Shares (ADS).
o WTO (World Trade Organization) –
o Market Capitalization –
o IMF (International Monetary Fund) –
