 Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.

” – Psalm 118:25
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BACTERIOSTATIC Chemical that prevents CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE
the multiplication but
CAUSE: Infectious agent or it’s toxic products. does not kill all forms of BASED ON OCCURRENCE
Transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person microbes. SPORADIC ENDEMIC
through an agency, vector or inanimate object. ASEPSIS Absence of disease- Intermittent occurrence Continuous occurrence
Endogenous or exogenous. producing. of few isolated throughout a period of
TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Absence of infection. unrelated cases is given time, of usual number of
SEPSIS Presence of infection. locality. cases in a given locality.
CONTAGIOUS INFECTIOUS
MEDICAL Practices to reduce the Disease occurs Constantly present in
Spread by direct contact Not only by ordinary occasionally, population, community
ASEPSIS number and transfer of
with infectious agents contact it requires direct microorganisms. irregularly, no specific or country.
causing the disease. inoculation of organism Clean technique. pattern. Examples: STD,
Easily transmitted from 1 through a break on the
SURGICAL Practices that render Examples: cancers, diarrheal disease, PTB,
person to another skin or mucous degenerative disease. Influenza, Pneumonia.
ASEPSIS and keep objects and
through direct or indirect membrane. areas free from EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC
means. pathogens. Occurrence is of Epidemic disease that
DEFINITION OF TERMS Sterile technique, unusually large occurs worldwide.
INFECTION Invasion of the body tissue ETIOLOGY The study of causes. number of cases in a Simultaneously
VIRULENCE The vigor with which the relatively short period occurrence of epidemic
by microorganisms and their
organism can grow and of time. of same disease in
proliferation.
multiply. Examples: Dengue several countries.
CARRIER A person who without
Refers to the degree or fever, leptospirosis, Examples: HIV-AIDS,
apparent symptoms of a
intensity of disease mumps, chicken pox, MERS-COV, SARS
disease, harbors and spread
produced. measles.
the specific with
microorganisms. NOSOCOMIAL Infections associated BASED ON SEVERITY/DURATION
CONTACT Any person or animal known INFECTION with the delivery of ACUTE CHRONIC
to have been in such health care services in a Develops rapidly (rapid Develops more slowly
association an infected health care facility. onset) but lasts only a but lasts for a long
person or animal exposed to OPPORTUNISTIC Causes disease in a short time. period.
infection. PATHOGEN susceptible person. Ex: measles, mumps, Ex: TB, Leprosy
COMMUNICABLE The period which etiologic RESIDENT FLORA Microorganisms that are influenza
PERIOD agent may be transferred always present in SUB-ACUTE LATENT
directly or indirectly from the specific areas of the Intermediate between Causative agent
body of the infected person body. acute and chronic. remains inactive for a
to the body of another Normally lives on a Develops rapidly and time but then becomes
person. person’s skin. has long duration. active to produce
STERILIZATION Destruction of pathogens TRANSIENT Microorganisms picked Ex: bacterial symptoms of the
even the spores. FLORA up by the skin as a endocarditis. disease and infection
CONTAMINATION Invasion of surface (wound) normal activities that can held in check by the
or article (handkerchief) or be removed easily. defensive forces of the
matter (water and milk) PATHOGENS A disease producing- body but activated when
implies the presence of microorganisms. the body resistance is
undesirable substance which PATHOGENECITY The ability to produce a reduced.
may contain pathogenic disease. Ex: chicken pox –
microorganisms. The ability of microbes shingles zoster
DISINFECTION Destruction of the vitality of to overcome the TYPES OF INFECTION
pathogens microorganisms defensive powers of the
by chemical or physical host induce disease. RECURRENT RE-INFECTION
means directly applied. REAPPEARANCE of After an initial infectious
QUARANTINE Limitation of freedom of
CONCURRENT Ongoing practices that are movement of such symptoms after agent has been
DISINFECTION observed in the care of the susceptible persons or infectious disease has eliminated, a NEW
client, his supplies, animals as have been been treated or infection occurs caused
environment and control of exposed to subsided. by same organism or by
microorganisms. communicable diseases. Renewed presence of ANOTHER STRAIN of
“May tao pa.” SAME infectious agent. same species.
ISOLATION Separation for the period
TERMINAL Practices to remove of communicability of SUPER-INFECTION AUTO-INFECTION
DISINFECTION pathogens from the client’s infected persons. During the illness The infected person is
belongings and environment COLONIZATION A process by which ADDITIONAL his OWN DIRECT
after his illness is no longer strains of INFECTION occurs by SOURCE of re-
communicable. microorganisms become another infectious agent. exposure.
No longer the source of resident flora, but their PATTERNS OF INFECTION
infection. presence does not
“Discharge/ expired na ang INCUBATION PRODROMAL
cause disease.
patient.” Extends from entry of Extends from the onset
FUMIGATION Any process by which
DISINFECTANT Substance for inanimate microorganism to body of non-specific s/s to the
destruction of insects,
objects that destroys to onset of non-specific appearance of specific
fleas, bugs and is
pathogens and not the signs and symptoms. s/s
accomplished by the
spores. employment of gaseous ILLNESS CONVALESCENT
ANTISEPTIC Substance intended for the agents. Host experiences Manifestations subside.
persons that inhibit the maximum impact of s/s start to abate until
growth of pathogens but not infectious process. the client returns to
necessarily destroy them. Specific s/s develop and normal state of health.
BACTERICIDAL Chemical that kills become evident.
microorganisms.
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 1 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
CHAIN OF INFECTION Standard precaution go beyond universal c. BASOPHILES
precaution regardless of diagnosis. Not usually affected by infection.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Any microbe capable of producing disease. CONCEPT OF IMMUNOLOGY AGRANULOCYTES
BACTERIA: DEFINITION OF TERMS a. MONOCYTES (Macrophages)
Simple, one celled microbes with double cell IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNITY Are phagocytic cells engulfing, ingesting and
membranes that protect them from harm. A division of biology Refers to the body’s destroying greater numbers and quantities of foreign
Aerobic, anaerobic. concerned with the specific protective bodies or toxins.
SPIROCHETE: study of living response to an b. LYMPHOCYTES
Bacterium with flexible, slender, undulating spiral organisms exemption invading foreign agent Consisting of B-cells and T-cells that play major role
rods that possess cell wall. from harmful agents. or organism. in Humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
VIRUSES:
SUSCEPTIBILITY Increased in CHRONIC bacterial and viral infections.
Smallest known microbes.
RICKETTSIA: The reverse of immunity and the result of the ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (Specific)
Small, gram negative bacteria microbes. suppression of factors that produces immunity. Specific immunity develops after birth.
CHLAMYDIA: TYPES OF IMMUNITY Acquired during life but not present at birth.
Smaller than rickettsia but larger than viruses. Natural/ innate Acquired immunity Occurs after exposure to an antigen life infectious
FUNGI: immunity (Non- (specific) agent.
Found almost everywhere on earth. specific) ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
PROTOZOA: NATURAL IMMUNITY The host produces its Antibodies are
Much larger than bacteria. own antibodies in produced by another
They provide non-specific to any foreign invader,
PARASITES: response to natural source, animal or
regardless of the invader’s composition.
Live on or inside other organisms. antigen. human.
ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC NATURAL NATURAL
RESERVOIR
Refers to the environment and objects on which an DEFENSES Recovery from a Transplacental transfer
organism survives and multiplies. INTACT Body first line of defense. disease. (mumps, of antibodies.
Human reservoir. SKIN & measles, chicken pox) Breastfeeding –
Animals Lifetime protection. colostrum.
MUCOUS
Non-living things Antibodies are formed in Transfer IgA.
MEMBRANES the presence of active 6 mos. – 1 year
PORTAL OF EXIT
Respiratory system RESIDENT Prevent other bacteria from infection (disease) in the protection.
FLORA multiplying and use up body.
Genitourinary tract (GUT)
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
available nourishment, the ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL
end product of metabolism Antigens (vaccines or
Immune serum
Skin and mucous membrane.
os found to inhibit other toxoids) are usually
(antibody) from an
MODE OF TRANSMISSION bacteria. administered to the
animal or another
Most common mode of transmission. NASAL Moist mucous membrane person to stimulate
human is injected.
Ex: feces, secretions and cilia traps
DIRECT: PASSAGES antibody production.
Tetanus Ig, Gamma
microorganisms, dust, All kinds of immunization.
globulin antitoxin,
Person to person transfer. foreign materials. Many years but notantiserum
INDIRECT:
LUNGS Have alveolar macrophages lifelong protection.
administration.
Susceptible person comes in contact with (large phagocytes) which are 2 – 3 wks. protection.
contaminated object. else that are responsible to
DROPLET: COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
ingest microorganisms and
Transmission through contact with respiratory B-CELLS T-CELLS
foreign bodies.
secretions when the infected person cough, sneezes Antibody-mediated Cell-mediated defenses.
ORAL Sheds mucosal epithelium to
or talks. rid the mouth of colonizers. defenses. Also known as cellular
AIRBORNE: CAVITY Also known as humoral immunity, occurs
Saliva contains microbial
Infectious disease is spread by air current and is inhibitors such as lactoferin, (circulating immunity) through the T-cell
inhaled by a susceptible host. lysozymes and secretory IgA. because the defenses system.
VEHICLE: reside ultimately in the B- On exposure to antigen,
Transmission of infectious disease through articles EYES Protected from infection by
cells. the lymphoid tissues
tears which continually wash
or substances that harbor the organism until it is microorganisms away. Defend primarily against release large numbers
ingested by or inoculated in the host. the extracellular phases of activated T-cells into
VECTOR BORNE: GI TRACT Highly acidity of the stomach.
of bacterial and viral the lymph system.
Resident flora of the large
Occurs when intermediate carriers, such as fleas, infections. These T-cells pass into
intestine.
flies and mosquitoes, transfer the microbes to general circulation.
another living organism. VAGINA Lactobacilli (ferment sugar in
When cell-mediated
the vaginal secretions
PORTAL OF ENTRY creating a pH. 3.4 – 4.5).
immunity is lost, as
Usually this path is the same as portal of exit. occurs with HIV
URETHRA Urine (flushing infection, an individual
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST antibacteriostatic action is “defenseless” against
Final and most important link in chain of infection. keeps bacteria from most viral, bacterial and
CONTROL MEASURES IN THE ascending). fungal infection.
WBC (LEUKOCYTES)
SPREAD OF INFECTION Participates both on the natural and acquired MAIN GROUPS OF T-CELLS
UNIVERSAL/ STANDARD PRECAUTION immune response.
CYTOTOXIC Killing cells.
Refers to the practice of: TYPES OF WBC
Avoiding contact with the patient’s bodily fluids by HELPER Help in the function of the
GRANULOCYTES (Granular leukocytes) immune system by secreting
wearing gloves, googles, face mask, gown and shoe
cover. a. NEUTROPHILES cytokines that attract and active
Medical instruments should be handled carefully and Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) are the first cells B-cells.
disposed properly in a sharps container. to arrive at the site of inflammation. SUPPRESSOR Suppresses.
Proper handwashing. Increased in ACUTE bacterial infection. MEMORY Recognizing antigens from
Considering all patients are infectious. b. EOSINOPHILES previous exposure.
Increased during allergic and parasitic infection.
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 2 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS MEASLES *> 12mos – 5 yrs: 200k
(G-A-M-E-D) IU
21 strains *Blue – pambata
Ig G Ig A FRANCIS HOME A Scottish physician, *Red – pang-matanda
The most abundant It is the CHIEF Ig in (1757) first discovered
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
immunoglobulin in external secretions like measles.
VACCINE
serum (about 80% of the breastmilk, saliva, tears MAURICE First discovered
measles vaccine. Live attenuated measles vaccine: 9 mos.
total serum and mucus of the HILLEMAN MMR
immunoglobulin) and bronchial, genitourinary 1963 first available.
1968 improved vaccine. *1st dose: 12 – 15 mos.
relatively abundant and digestive tract.
OTHER NAMES ETIOLOGIC AGENT *Booster dose: 11 – 12 yrs
extravascularly Plays a major role in
Exposed: Measles Immune Serum Globulin within 1
(interstitial fluid). secretory immune Rubeola Morbilli Virus week after exposure.
Crosses placenta response. 7-day Measles (Paramyxovirus) –
(hence responsible for Has a protective function Morbilli Disease sensitive to heat, light GERMAN MEASLES
natural passive immunity on mucosal surfaces Hard measles and extreme acidity and OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
of newborn because it exposed to environment Little Red Disease alkalinity. Rubella Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
crosses placenta transported across MOT INCUBATION PERIOD 3 day measles Togavirus – with an
barrier). mucous membrane with
Assumes major roles in secretions. AIRBORNE 10-12 days (8-20 days) envelop
Direct contact with PERIOD OF MOT INCUBATION PERIOD
blood-borne and tissue
infections. Respi. Secretions COMMUNICABILITY Direct contact with 2 – 3 wks.
Enhance phagocytosis. coming from infected 4 days before and 5 respiratory secretions PERIOD OF
patients. coming from infected COMMUNICABILITY
Ig M Ig E days after the
Indirect contact with appearance of rashes. patients.
The LARGEST of the Mediates the immediate
objects Indirect contact with
7 days before and 5
immunoglobulins and hypersensitivity days after the
contaminated with objects contaminated
appears mostly in the reactions that are appearance of rashes.
secretions. with secretions.
responsible for the
intravascular serum. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION TRANSPLACENTAL
Provides a rapid symptoms of fever,
asthma and PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
protection because it is
the first antibody noted anaphylactic shock. Highly contagious stage. PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE
after antigen injection in Takes part in HIGH grade fever. LOW grade fever
an adult (1st Ig class ALLERGIC and 3 C’s and 1 P Headache
produced in primary combats parasitic - Coryza Malaise
response to bacterial infections. - Cough Anorexia
and viral infection). - Conjunctivitis Sorethroat
FIRST Ig to be - Photophobia Coryza
synthesized by the ENANTHEMA – inside Conjunctivitis
Lymphadenopathy
neonate. - KOPLIK’S SPOT – pathognomonic sign;
Ig D *Postcervical
a bluish-whitish spot with a red halo margin
*Postauricular
Appears is small amount in serum with it biologic usually located in the inner cheek opposite
*Suboccipital
function UNKNOWN. the 2nd molar.
ERUPTIVE STAGE CONVALESCENT STAGE
It is located on the surface of B-lymphocytes that - STIMSON’S LINE – line of inflammation
serves as surface receptors-reaction with antigen along the margin of lower eyelid. EXANTHEMA Rashes disappear in the
Maculopapular rash same manner as they
influences lymphocyte activity. Sore throat
*Reddish in color; warm appear on the body.
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ERUPTIVE STAGE CONVALESCENT STAGE
DOES NOT LEAVE
to touch.
INFLAMMATION CHARACTERISTICS EXANTHEMA Rashes disappear in the
same manner as they
*Cephalocaudal in BRANNY
Local and non-specific Pain (Dolor) Maculopapular rash
appear in the body.
distribution. DESQUAMATION.
defensive response of Swelling (Tumor) *Reddish in color; FORSCHEIMER SPOT
tissue to an injurious Redness (Rubor) warm to touch. LEAVES A BRANNY
*Pathognomonic sign.
and infectious agent. Heat (Calor) *Cephalocaudal in DESQUAMATION. *Red, petechial macule
STAGES OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE distribution. on the surface of the soft
Pruritus
VASCULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSE palate.
Irritability Testicular pain
2 process involved in mobilization of leukocytes. Lethargy especially in younger
MARGINATION Leukocytes aggregate along anorexia
inner surface of blood vessels. adults.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST COMPLICATIONS Polyarthralgia &
EMIGRATION Leukocytes move through the
blood vessels wall into the
Nose and throat Bronchopneumonia polyarthritis
swab. – most common and
affected tissue spaces.
Urinalysis dreaded complication. DIAGNOSTIC TEST COMPLICATIONS
DIPARESIS Actual passage of blood Blood exam
corpuscles through the blood Otitis media Viral isolation from Encephalitis – most
Viral serology Nephritis nasopharyngeal
vessels. *Complete fixation common
Encephalitis secretions.
CHEMOTAXIS Process through which *Hemagglutinin blindness
Otitis media
leukocytes are attracted to the Viral serology Rubella syndrome
inhibition test *Complete fixation
injured cells. *Neutralization test *IUGR (Intrauterine
EXUDATE REPARATIVE PHASE *Hemagglutinin inhibition
MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT Growth Retardation).
test
PRODUCTION Pen G – to prevent Isolation *Mental retardation
*Neutralization test
Interlacing network to Regeneration. secondary bacterial Antipyretic and TSB *Cardiac arrest
make barrier, fibrinogen, Fibrous tissue formation. complication. Increase oral fluid intake *Eye defects: glaucoma
thromboplastin, Antiviral: Bed rest & cataract
platelets. *Ear defects: hearing
Isoprenosine Nasal and oral care
loss
Vitamin A: Eye care
*6 – 12 mos: 100k IU Skin care

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 3 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT ANTIPYRETIC: PREVENTIVE MEASURES CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Symptomatic and Isolation NO NSAIDS – VACCINE: Intense pruritus, leads to secondary excoriation.
supportive. Antipyretic and TSB strong link with Live attenuated varicella Eggs (nits) attached to the hair shaft.
Antipyretic Increase oral fluid intake Reye’s syndrome. vaccine – 2 doses at 1 PARASITIC INFECTIONS
Analgesic Bed rest FOR PRURITUS:
SCABIES
month apart.
Nasal and oral care *Antihistamine MMRV
Eye care *Calamine lotion Scabies – an infestation of the skin by Sarcoptes
Skin care *Soda bath scabei mites
PREVENTIVE MEASURES MANIFESTATIONS ETIOLOGIC AGENT
LEPROSY Intense itching. Sarcoptes scabei mites
Live attenuated rubella vaccine
MMR Chronic disease of the skin, peripheral nerves Superficial burrows
Exposed: Measles Immune Serum Globulin within 1 and nasal mucosa. especially between
week after exposure (especially for pregnant “Living dead” was perceived to be caused by fingers, surface of the
women). sin. wrist and in axilla.
OTHER NAMES ETIOLOGIC AGENT Redness, swelling may
CHICKEN POX be noted
Hansen’s disease Mycobacterium leprae
GIOVANNI FILIPPO First discovered chicken MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
pox. MOT TYPES
(1550) Pediculosis & Scabies
DROPLET MULTIBACILLARY
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT PEDICULOSIS SCABIES
Intimate skin (MB)
Varicella Varicella – Zoster virus Permethrin 1% (Nix) Permethrin 5% cream
*Infectious, malignant,
Herpesvirus varicellae Pyrethrine compounds (Elimate)
numerous macules,
*Only pathogenic to (Rid)
papules and nodules.
humans. NURSING MANAGEMENT
PAUCIBACILLARY
MOT INCUBATION PERIOD Pediculosis & Scabies
(PB)
AIRBORNE 10 – 21 days
HOME CARE:
*Hypopigmented
Direct contact with PERIOD OF All family members and close contacts need to be
macule
Respi. Secretions COMMUNICABILITY
MANIFESTATION DIAGNOSTIC TEST treated.
coming from infected 2 days before the rashes Concurrent disinfection
patients. Lagophthalmos – Slit skin smear:
appear until all vesicles *Daily washing of recently worn clothes, towels and
Indirect contact with have encrusted. inability to close *To demonstrate M. bedding.
objects contaminated eyelids. Leprae *Areas such as shared toilet and shared commode
with secretions. Madarosis – loss of *(-) in all site = chair seats need to be thoroughly wiped after each
TRANSPLACENTAL eyebrows. Paucibacillary use.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Sinking of the bridge *(+) in all sites =
PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE Multibacillary INFLUENZA
of the nose.
Number of lesions: OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Fever Leonine face
Headache Contractures
*2-5 PB “La Grippe” Influenza Virus
Sore throat *>5 MB Flu A: Epidemic and
(clawing of fingers
Malaise pandemic cases.
and toes).
ERUPTIVE STAGE CONVALESCENT STAGE *H (Hemagglutinin) – 16
Gynecomastia
EXANTHEMA Rashes disappear strains
MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT
*Vesiculopapular rash *N (Neuraminidase) – 9
MULTI DRUG Health education:
*Centrifugal in strains
THERAPY (MDT) RA *Dapsone: cutaneous
distribution 4073 eruptions, also iritis,
*Extremely pruritic Paucibacillary: B: Epidemic cases
Orchitis.
5 stages of rashes: *Rifampicin 600mg *Lamprine: Brownish C: Sporadic cases
*Macule – “flat” once a month. black skin discoloration, MOT INCUBATION PERIOD
*Papule – “elevated” *Dapsone 100mg dryness and flakiness. DROPLET 1-4 days’ average 2
*Vesicle – “fluid-filled” OD 6-9 mos. Skin care: Prevent injury days
Direct contact with
*Pustule – “pus-filled” Multibacillary: Nursing diagnosis: 24-48 hrs
nasopharyngeal
*Crust/scab – dry Altered body image
*Rifampicin secretions. PERIOD OF
Celestial map: *Dapsone Social stigma Indirect contact with COMMUNICABILITY
*Pathognomonic sign *Lamprine PREVENTIVE MEASURES objects contaminated
*a condition wherein all Adult: until the 5th day
(Clofazimine) BCG at birth with secretions.
the stages of chicken of illness up to 7 days.
*Day1: Rifampicin
pox rash are Children: up to 10
600 mg; Dapsone
simultaneously present. 100mg; Lamprine days
DIAGNOSTIC TEST COMPLICATIONS 300 mg once a mo. MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Determination of V-Z Skin infections: *DAY2-28: Chills Nose and throat swab
virus through: *Erysipelas Dapsone 100 OD; Hyperpyrexia Viral culture
*Viral isolation *Cellulitis Lamprine 300mg Malaise Viral serology
*Microscopic *Impetigo Coryza RTPCR (Real time
examination of vesicular PARASITIC INFECTIONS Headache polymerase chain
fluid. PEDICULOSIS Myalgia reaction) – confirmatory
*Viral serology TYPES MOT Sore throat test.
MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT GI: Nausea and vomiting
Pediculosis Capitis – Direct contact
ANTIVIRALS: Symptomatic and Beddings COMPLICATIONS PREVENTIVE MEASURES
head lice.
*To slow down vesicle supportive. Towel Atypical Pneumonia Live attenuated
Pediculosis Corporis influenza vaccine
formation. Clothes
– body lice *Single dose
*Acyclovir Hairbrush
*Zoverax Phthirus pubis – *Annual vaccination to
pubic or crabs lice people at risk like elderly

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 4 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT MEDICAL MANAGEMENT CLASSIFICATION ACCDG TO WHERE & HOW
Influenza A: Symptomatic and R-I-P-E-S CLIENT IS EXPOSED
supportive. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED
*Amantadine HCl Rifampicin (RIF)
(Symmetrel) – Respiratory isolations Acquired in the course Nosocomial pneumonia.
Bed rest: Limit Isoniazid (INH)
prevention and of one’s daily life, at Develops while client is
treatment of RTI caused strenuous activity. Pyrazinamide (PZA) work at school or at in the hospital, reflects
by virus. WOF complications. Ethambutol (EMB) gym. the kind of nursing care
Antibiotics: Instruct patient to avoid Streptomycin Hospitalized patient is given to the patient.
crowded areas and Category Cases Intensive Maintenance developed PNM in >36hrs of hospital stay.
secondary infection.
close contact with phase phase
AH1N1: infected persons. New smear (+)
<3ghrs during his stay in ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
*Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) hospital. When foreign matter is
PTB
*Zanamivir (Relenza) Mew smear (-) Streptococcus inhaled (aspirated) into
pneumoniae – most
Vaporizer PTB with the lungs.
extensive common bacterial cause Most commonly when
*reduce irritation to parenchymal RIPE RI
respiratory mucosa. I lesions on CXR (2 mos) (4 mos)
of CAP. gastric content enters
lung after vomiting.
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Extrapulmonary
TB ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Tuberculosis is considered as the world’s deadliest Severe
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA LOBAR PNEUMONIA
concomitant
disease and remains as a major public health HIV dse. Lobular or Catarrhal Croupous Pneumonia.
problem in the Philippines. Treatment PNM. Consolidation of entire
RIPES
Is a chronic bacterial infection characterized by failure
(2 mos) Most common type. lobe.
granuloma formation, necrosis and calcification of TB relapses RIE
II Return after (5 mos) Infection usually start As disease progresses,
involved tissues. RIPE from bronchus & prune juice color of
default
ROBERT KOCH A German physician and Others (1 mo.)
bronchioles & spread to sputum replaced by
(1882) scientist, discovered of New smear (-) alveoli of periphery. thinner or yellowish
Mycobacterium PTB with
Lobules inflamed & color.
minimal RIPE RI
Tuberculosis, the bacterium III parenchymal (2mos) (4mos) consolidated. PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNM
that causes tuberculosis damage on Caused by:
(TB) Virus pneumonia.
CXR Pneumococcus, Solidification of lung that
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT Chronic (still (+) Referral to Klebsiella pneumoniae,
smear after specialized comes in patches.
Koch’s disease Mycobacterium H. Influenzae.
IV supervised facility or
Consumption tuberculosis – most retreatment) DOTS plus GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA
phthisis
common center PRIMARY SECONDARY
Mycobacterium NURSING MNGMT PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Direct result of inhalation Develops as
africanum Provide patient with AVOID MOT. or aspiration of complication to a
Mycobacterium bovis adequate rest Immunization: BCG pathogen or noxious disease.
CLASSIFICATION INCUBATION PERIOD periods. Modalities of treatment. substances.
Class 0: no infection, 2-10 wks. Promote adequate Elements of DOTS MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
nutrition.
no exposure MOT Chills with rising fever. CXR – confirmatory/
Advise to cover nose Chest pain (stabbing).
Class 1: (+) exposure, AIRBORNE and mouth when Cough (paroxysmal &
diagnostic exam
(-) infection Sputum analysis, smear
Direct invasion through sneezing and choking)
and culture
Class 2: (+) infection, breaks in the skin but coughing. Rusty or purine juice
(-) disease extremely RARE Provide frequent oral sputum – pathognomonic

Class 3: (+) symptoms, Bovine hygiene and sign.

handwashing. Abdominal pain.
PTB active Tuberculosis – Malaise
exposure to tuberculosis Monitor drug
Class 4: disease, not compliance. Labored respiration
cattle (unpasteurized Respiratory grunting
clinically active milk/ dairy products). PNEUMONIA Tachycardia (rapid and
Class 5: diagnosis Inflammation of the lung parenchyma with the bounding pulse)
pending; suspect Diaphoresis
production of alveolar exudates resulting to Convulsion & vomiting in
MANIFESTATIONS consolidation of the air sacs. children
LOW grade fever (late afternoon/ early evening) EDWIN KLEBS First to observe in the Fast breathing – most
Chronic cough - > 2wks airways of persons having important symptoms.
Anorexia died of pneumonia in MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT
Weight loss 1875. ANTIBIOTICS: Isolation
Nocturnal sweating ETIOLOGIC AGENT MOT *Pen G – DOC Increase oral fluid intake
*Alternative: Clotrimoxazole, may help liquefy secretions
Fatigue Streptococcus DROPLET
Tetracycline & Erythromycin in order to help expectorate
Chest & back pain pneumoniae Indirect contact easily.
Humidified O2 for hypoxia.
Dyspnea & hemoptysis Haemophilus contamination objects. Mechanical ventilation – Chest physiotherapy.
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS influenzae Systemic infection Respi. Failure. Deep breathing coughing
Mantoux Test/ PPD/ Tuberculin test Staphylococcus through inhalation of High calorie diet, adequate and turning exercise.
aureus caustic or toxic fluid intake unless Elevate head and shoulder
*Intradermal injection of PPD of patient by means of pillow
Klebsiella chemicals, aspiration of contraindicated.
*Results are read after 48-72hrs of injection. Absolute bed rest. to relieve labored breathing
pneumoniae food, fluid and vomitus.
*(+) for not immunocompromised is 10 mm or more Bronchodilators – & lessen coughing.
(Friedlander’s bacilli) INCUBATION PERIOD Suction secretion.
induration Aminophylline, Salbutamol;
Mycoplasma
*(+) for immunocompromised is 5 mm or more 1-3 days expectorants PREVENTIVE MEASURES
pneumonia Pain relievers for pleuritic
induration. Increase resistance to
pain.
Direct sputum smear microscopy (DSSM) – infection.
Vaccination:
Primary
*Pneumococcal vaccine
CXR *HIB vaccine
Sputum culture – confirmatory test
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 5 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
DIPHTHERIA MOT INCUBATION PERIOD COMPLICATIONS MEDICAL MNGMT
An acute febrile infection of the tonsil, throat, nose, DROPLET 7-14 days Chronic hepatitis ANTIVIRALS:
larynx or a wound marked by a patch or patches of Indirect contact with Liver cirrhosis (For chronic Hepa B)
grayish membrane from which diphtheria bacillus is contaminated Lamivudine
readily cultured. objects. interferon
EMIL ADOLF Was a German physiologist CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS NURSING MNGMT PREVENTION
who first discovered a CATARRHAL PAROXYSMAL
BEHRING Bed rest. Hepa B vaccination at 0,
diphtheria antitoxin. Most communicable Most fatal. SFF, High CHO 6, 14 wks. 0.5cc IM
stage. Intermittent episodes of Avoid alcohol and OTC
ETIOLOGIC AGENT MOT Frequent sneezing paroxysmal cough drugs.
Corynebacterium DROPLET Watery secretions followed by an explosive Implement standard
diphtheriae (Klebs- Indirect contact with Coryza expiration ending in an precaution.
Löffler bacillus) Dry and hacking inspiratory “whoop” and
contaminated objects.
cough increasing in ending in vomiting (5- MUMPS
INCUBATION PERIOD PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
intensity at night. 10x in succession OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
2 – 5 days, occasionally Usually 2 wks. and
longer. seldom more than 4 CONVALESCENT repeated 20-40x in a Viral Parotitis Paramyxovirus
wks. Frequency of attacks
day). Epidemic Parotitis Saliva – source of
Cough worsen. Infectious Parotitis infection.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS is reduced.
Force of coughing may MOT INCUBATION PERIOD
RESPIRATORY TYPE Incidence: Infants is
cause involuntary
highly susceptible. Direct contact with 14-25 days
NASAL PHARYNGEAL/ FAUCIAL micturition/ defection,
Single attack usually respiratory secretions PERIOD OF
Localized in the nares. Pharynx (tonsillar, uvular, intracerebral coming from infected
Excoriation of the upper
produces lifetime COMMUNICABILITY
palatar) hemorrhage and patients.
immunity.
lip with serosanguineous LOW grade fever abdominal hernia. Indirect contact with
7 days before and 9
secretions which later Malaise Popping of eyeball. contaminated objects
days after the onset of
becomes bloody and Headache and sore throat. Protrusion of tongue. parotid swelling.
with secretions.
foul smelling. Pseudomembrane very Vomiting signals end of MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
LARYNGOTRACHAEL visible within 24 hrs. attack.
LOW grade fever. Viral isolation
*Pseudomembrane – false DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICAL MNGMT
More common in infants. Headache Blood exam
membrane, a grayish white
Laryngeal stridor. color and leathery in
Cough plate or agar ANTIBIOTICS: Earache Viral serology
Hoarseness of voice. consistency and irregular in
plate. Ampicillin Malaise Serum amylase
Signs of respiratory shape, usually inflamed Bordet – Gengou Erythromycin DOC – Myalgia determination test
distress. which decreases the test given for 5 – 7 days. Anorexia
opening of the nasopharynx. ANTITUSSIVES: Dysphagia
Bull neck appearance.
Sinecod – for extremely Pain and swelling in
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICAL MNGMT dry cough. front and below the ear
Nose and throat culture. ANTIBIOTICS: NURSING MNGMT COMPLICATIONS MEDICAL MNGMT
Schick’s test – Pen G – DOC Bed rest. ORCHITIS – most Analgesic
determines Erythromycin – NPO in attacks (paroxysmal and catarrhal stage dreaded complication in Antipyretic
susceptibility and alternative. - aspiration). males. Moist heat and cold
immunity to diphtheria. Diphtheria antitoxin. Positioning: application.
OOPHORITIS – in
Moloney test – Tracheostomy – *Prone for infants. females. PREVENTION
determines laryngeal. *Upright for older persons.
Mastitis MMR
hypersensitivity to Isolate the patient. Pancreatitis Avoid MOT.
diphtheria toxoid. Provide a quiet, non-stimulating environment.
Myocarditis
NURSING MNGMT PREVENTIVE MEASURES Keep patient warm and out of wind.
Isolate the patient. Immunization DPT Small frequent feedings. CHOLERA
Provide liquid and soft Proper disposal of Adequate ventilation. WALDEMAR Russian-Jewish
diet. nasopharyngeal PREVENTIVE MEASURES HAFFKINE bacteriologist developed that
Maintain good oral secretions. Avoid MOT first cholera vaccine in July
hygiene and proper Immunization: DPT 1892.
FILIPPO Vibrio cholorae was first
airway.
HEPATITIS isolated as the cause of
Complete bed rest. PACININ (1854)
Ice collar. HEPA A HEPA B HEPA C cholera by Italian anatomist.
Monitor for respiratory Infectious Serum hepatitis. Post transfusion KIYOSHI SHIGA A Japanese scientist
distress. hepatitis, hepatitis.
(1897) discovered Shigella bacteria
Catarrhal – MOT causing dysentery.
PERTUSIS Jaundice MOT OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
hepatitis Percutaneous,
An acute contagious disease characterized by sexual contact, Percutaneous, El tor Vibrio coma
intermittent episodes of paroxysmal cough followed MOT mother to child. sexual Vibrio cholera
by an explosive expiration ending in an inspiratory Fecal-oral intercourse
MOT INCUBATION PERIOD
“whoop” and ending in vomiting (5-10 x in Oral-anal sex
Fecal-oral From a few hours to 5
succession repeated 20-40x in a day). CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
days (ave. 3 days).
JULES BORDET Discovered pertussis. PRE-ICTERIC ICTERIC POST-ICTERIC
PERIOD OF
(1906) Anorexia Dark urine Malaise
Nausea (increase Fatigue COMMUNICABILITY
RUQ pain bilirubin) Hepatomegaly As long as
OCTAVE Developed the first serology Malaise Pruritus for several microorganisms are
GENGOU and vaccine of pertussis. Headache Clay colored weeks.
present in the bowel
LOW grade stools
Jaundice excreta.
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT fever.
Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Entrance of air in Gram (-) coccobacilli Hepatitis profile Liver UTZ
epiglottis Liver function test

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 6 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
MANIFESTATIONS DEFICITS MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT MOT: Skin Penetration
Mild diarrhea that 3 Deficits during ANTIBIOTICS: Enteric isolation. Hookworm (Ancyclostomiasis)
becomes voluminous. Chloramphenicol – Vital signs must be
Cholera: Threadworm (Strongyloidiasis)
Rice-watery stool recorded accurately.
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Severe dehydration and DOC
(pathognomonic sign) IVF to correct Intake and output must
ECF volume deficit.
Washer woman’s hands.
Hypokalemia dehydration or fluid be accurately OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Effortless vomiting. imbalance. measured. Weil’s disease A spirochete of genus
Metabolic acidosis
Cramping of the Paracetamol for the Concurrent disinfection. Canicola fever Leptospira (Leptospira
extremities fever. Increase oral fluid Mud fever Interrogans)
(hypokalemia). Oral therapy intake. Hemorrhagic Jaundice
Signs of severe rehydration (Oresol Swineherd’s disease
dehydration. hydrites) MOT INCUBATION PERIOD
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICAL MNGMT
SCHISTOSOMIASIS Ingestion or contact with 6-15 days
Stool or vomitus culture. Correction of the skin and mucous PERIOD OF
Is an endemic protozoan infection that affects
Serum electrolytes dehydration and fluid
the liver and GIT. membrane of the COMMUNICABILITY
Dark field or phase imbalance. infected urine or
Capable of producing obstructive jaundice and Leptospira if found in the
microscopy ANTIBIOTICS: carcasses of wild and
liver cirrhosis. urine between 10 – 20
Tetracycline DOC domestic animals.
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT days after the onset.
NURSING MNGMT Through the mucous
Bilharziasis Schistosoma Japonicum
Assess patient for signs of dehydration and – most common in PH. membrane of the eyes,
complications. Schistosoma Mansoni nose and mouth and
Observe enteric precautions. Schistosoma through a break on the
Increase oral fluid intake. Haematobium skin.
.VIOLENT BACILLARY AMOEBIC STAGES INTERMEDIATE HOST Direct human to human
DYSENTERY DYSENTERY DYSENTERY Adult female and Oncomelania Quadrasi transmission is rare.
Cholera Shigellosis Amoebiasis male parasites. – Snail CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Vibrio cholera Shigella Entamoeba Ova About 2 – 6 wks. from SEPTIC IMMUNE/ TOXIC
dysenteriae histollitica Miracidium – skin penetration. This stage is marked Iritis
Rice watery +/- fever +/- fever infective stage in MOT with febrile lasting for 4- Headache
stool +/- vomiting +/- vomiting snails.
Skin penetration by 7 days. Meningeal s/s:
Signs of Abdominal Abdominal pain Cercaria – infective Abrupt onset of remittent
severe pain (colicky Diarrhea with Cercaria. *Disorientation
stage in man and fever.
dehydration: or cramping) Tenesmus *Convulsions
animals. Chills *With CSF findings of
sunken Diarrhea with Muco-purulent MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Headache aseptic meningitis.
eyeball, Tenesmus. blood streaked Abdominal pain. KATO-KATZ – Anorexia Oliguria and anuria with
Washer- Mucus and stool Diarrhea with bloody Abdominal pain
woman’s blood streaked specimen stool progressive renal failure.
stools. COPT (Circumoval Severe prostration Shock, coma and
hand, stool. Tx: Portal hypertension Respiratory distress and
metabolic Metronidazole precipitin test) – congestive heart failure
and signs of liver fever subsides by lysis. are also seen in severe
acidosis, Tx: specimen blood
cirrhosis. cases.
shock. Cotrimoxazole HBT – UTZ
Anemia. CONVALESCENT
Liver function test
Tx: Tetracycline At this stage, relapse may occur during the 4th to 5th
MEDICAL MNGMT PREVENTION week.
TYPHOID FEVER Praziquantel Travelers to endemic COMPLICATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
“Typhoid Mary” (Biltricide) – DOC areas should avoid
Meningitis BUN
ETIOLOGIC AGENT INCUBATION PERIOD Oxamniquine exposure to fresh water
Respiratory distress Enzyme link immune-
Salmonella Typhi Variable (Vansil) that is likely to be
Renal interstitial tubular sorbent assay (ELISA)
Usually 1-3 wks. Metrifonate contaminated.
necrosis that result to Leptospira Antigen
Average 2 wks. No accepted
renal failure (Weil’s antibody test (LAAT)
prophylactic regimens
PERIOD OF disease). Leptospira antibody test
have been developed
COMMUNICABILITY Cardiovascular
(LAT)
and no vaccines are
As long as the bacilli Liver function test.
currently available. problems.
appears in the excreta. Eradication of snails. MEDICAL MNGMT NURSING MNGMT
MOT MANIFESTATIONS
HELMINTHES Suppressing the Isolate the patient, urine
FECAL-ORAL Gradual onset causative agent. must be properly
Ingestion of contaminated Anorexia & abdominal MOT: Ingestion disposed of.
Fighting possible
food and water. pain. PINWORM: complications.
Darken patient’s room.
7 F’s: Bradycardia Observe meticulous skin
Enterobius, seatworm
Constipation PEN G – DOC
Fingers
Diarrhea, develop skin S/S: Nocturnal itchiness of anus (female care.
Feces Ampicillin Keep clients under close
eruptions on the pinworm lays eggs on the anal sphincter). Amoxicillin
Flies surveillance.
Food
abdomen, back and chest GIANT ROUNDWORM (Ascariasis) – Potbelly Doxycycline – Prophylaxis For home care, clean
Fomites (ROSE SPOTS) WHIPWORM (Trichuriasis) PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
near dirty places, pools
Enlarged spleen
Fluids TAPEWORM: Administration of fluid and stagnant water.
Fields Fever & chills and electrolyte and
Generalized body Taenia saginata – raw beef Facilitate health
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Taenia solium – raw pork blood as indicated. education on the MOT of
weakness
CBC Headache Diphyllobotrium latum – raw fish the disease.
Widal test
PYREXIAL STAGE MOT: Raw mountain crab Encourage oral fluid
Typhidot exam intake.
Blood culture Enlarged spleen Lung flake – Paragonimiasis
Urine and stool culture Fever & chills
Generalized body
weakness
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 7 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
PREVENTION RABIES CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Sanitation in homes, workplaces, and farms is a
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT NEONATES ADULT
must. Malaise Trismus – lock jaw
There is a need for proper drainage system and Lyssa RHABDOVIRUS – a
Hydrophobia High fever Risus sardonicus
control of rodents (40 – 60 percent infected). bullet shaped virus with Difficulty in sucking
strong affinity to CNS (Sardonic smile) –
Animals must be vaccinated (cattle, dogs, cats and Excessive of crying pathognomonic sign
pigs). tissues. Stiffness of jaw Opisthotonus
MOT SOURCE OF INFECTION
POLIOMYELTIS Muscular spasm
BITE of an infected Saliva of infected Low grade fever
ETIOLOGIC AGENT INCUBATION PERIOD animals or human.
animal. diaphoresis
LEGIO DEBILITANS: 7 – 35 days
INCUBATION PERIOD
Licking of open DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICAL MNGMT
Type I – BRUNHILDE: PERIOD OF wounds by a rabid 10-14 days (dogs) Clinical manifestations ATS, TAT, TIG
COMMUNICABILITY animal.
Permanent immunity; 1 day – 5 yrs (human) History of wound Pen G
most paralytogenic. Not accurately known. Scratch of a rabid Metronidazole
animal.
Type II – LANSING: Polio virus can be found Diazepam
Man to man 10% Muscle relaxant
Temporary immunity. in throat secretions as
early as 36 hrs and in CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS NURSING MNGMT
Type III – LEON:
the feces 72 hrs after RABID ANIMAL Keep room dim and quiet.
Temporary immunity.
exposure to infection. DUMB STAGE FURIOUS STAGE Avoid stimuli of spasm.
Risk of spreading the Quiet, stays in Agitated, hydrophobia. Avoid necessary handling.
microorganism is corner with copious Close monitoring of V/S and muscle tone.
highest during the salivation. Provide adequate airway.
prodromal period. RABID MAN NURSING DX PREVENTION
MOT DIAGNOSTIC TESTS PRODROMAL/ Ineffective breathing Immunization with
EXCITEMENT
FECAL-ORAL – Blood and throat culture. INVASION pattern r/t muscle spasm tetanus toxoid for adults.
through saliva, vomiting Lumbar tap (Pandy’s Mental depression Restless and neurologic DPT for babies and
impairment. children.
and feces. test). Headache Irritable
Direct contact from one Sore throat Hydrophobic Risk for injury r/t muscle
EMG
person to another. Low grade fever Aerophobic spasms.
Stool exam
Ingestion through of Copious salivation Drooling of saliva MENINGITIS
contaminated food. Quiet
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS PARALYTIC
Cerebrospinal fever Neisseria meningitides
INAPPARENT MAJOR ILLNESS Flaccid ascending symmetric paralysis. Strep. Pneumonia
Subclinical stage. NON-PARALYTIC: Coma Haemophilus influenza
Asymptomatic stage Death Strep. Agalactae
Pre-paralytic or
(90-95%) meningitic type. DIAGNOSTIC TEST MEDICAL MNGMT Listeria monocytogenes
ABORTIVE Recurrence of fever. FRA (Fluorescent No specific treatment. INCUBATION PERIOD COMPLICATIONS
Poker spine (stiffness of rabies antibody) – Prevention is the best 3 – 6 days Bronchitis
Minor illness stage. confirmatory. treatment.
Fever the back). PERIOD OF Pneumonia
Tightness and spasm of Brain biopsy of the Anti-rabies vaccination Otitis media/ Mastoiditis
Sore throat animal (Presence of of animal and exposed COMMUNICABILITY
GI symptoms hamstring. Blindness
Hypersensitivities of the Negri bodies). individual. As long as the
Low lumbar backache/ Hydrocephalus
skin. 14 days observation microorganism is
cervical stiffness on of the animal. present in the
ante-flexion of spine. Deep reflexes are
exaggerated. NURSING MNGMT discharges.
Paresis. Provide a dim, quiet and non-stimulating room CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
PARALYTIC: for the patient. Fever
With paralysis Wear gown, mask and goggles. Petechial/ purpuric phase
depending on the part All noises no matter how minor should be SIGNS OF INCREASE SIGNS OF MENINGEAL
affected. avoided. ICP IRRITATION
(+) HOYNE’S SIGN: Restrain the patient when needed. Severe frontal headache Kernig’s sign
Head drop. Stimulation of any senses by fluids must be Altered LOC Nuchal rigidity –
(+) KERNIG’S & avoided. Restlessness pathognomonic sign
BRUDZINKI signs. Anti-rabies vaccine. Projectile vomiting Opisthotonus
Paralysis PREVENTION Blurring of vision, Brudzinski’s sign.
TYPES OF PARALYSIS NURSING MNGMT Immunization. papilledema; diplopia
Bulging fontanel in LATE SIGNS
BULBAR: Respiratory Strict isolation, enteric Keep away from stray animal.
Decerebration
paralysis. precaution. TETANUS infants.
Decortication
SPINAL: Paralysis of CBR/ firm and non-
OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT DIAGNOSTIC TEST MEICAL MNGMT
sagging bed.
the upper and lower CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
ROM exercises. Lockjaw Spinal tap/ lumbar tap – ANTIBIOTIC:
extremities and TYPES:
Analgesics/ Hot moist cerebrospinal fluid Pen G – DOC
intercostal muscles. *Tetanospasmin drawn from between two Alternative:
compress.
BULBOSPINAL: Protective devices. *Tetanolysin vertebrae. Chloramphenicol
Involvement of neurons *Hand roll – claw hand INCUBATION PERIOD SOURCE OF INFECTION Mannitol
PREVENTION
both in brainstem and *Trochanter roll – outer 3 days – 3 wks. in Soil Pyrentinol/ Encephabol –
the spinal cord. adult. Street dust Vaccination: HIB – for CNS stimulant.
rotation of the femur.
*Footboard 3 – 30 days in new Animal and human feces children. ANTICONVULSANT:
Rusty materials Avoid MOT.
born. Diazepam
RIFAMPICIN – Phenytoin (Dilantin)
MOT
prophylactic treatment. CORTICOSTEROID:
Through breaks in Alternative: Prednisone
the skin & mucous. Ciprofloxacin Dexamethasone
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 8 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
DENGUE MALARIA Lymphangitis CHRONIC STAGE:
Funiculitis Hydrocele
OTHER NAMES ETIOLOGIC AGENT OTHER NAME ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Orchitis Elephantiasis
Breakbone fever Group B Arbovirus (I, II, “AGUE” Plasmodium Epididymitis Lymphedema
Dandy fever III, IV) King of topical disease falciparum
DIAGNOSTIC TEST MEICAL MNGMT
Infectious Flaviviruses Plasmodium Vivax
thrombocytopenic VECTOR: Female Plasmodium Malariae Nocturnal blood exam Diethycarbamazine
purpura. Aedes Aegypti Plasmodium Ovale Immunochromatographic citrate (Hetrazan)
test (ICT)
H-fever. MOT VECTOR
MOT INCUBATION PERIOD Bite of infected female Female Anopheles AIDS
Bite if infected female 6 – 7 days. ANOPHELES mosquito RED RIBBON – is a symbol of solidarity with HIV
Aedes Aegypti mosquito. positive people and those living with aids.
mosquito. Through BT. AIDS – is a disease of the human immune system
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Contaminated needles caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
GRADE I GRADE II and syringes. HIV – Refers to human immunodeficiency virus
Congenital which causes AIDS.
Symptomatic & Manifestations of grade
transmission (Rare)
supportive. 1 plus spontaneous ORIGIN:
Fever bleeding – BED REST. MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSTIC TEST HIV is brought to have originated in non-human
Headache Epistaxis COLD STAGE: Malarial smear: primates in sub-Saharan Africa and transferred to
Malaise Gingival bleeding Severe recurrent chills. Confirmatory test humans early in the 20th century.
Anorexia Petechiae or HOT STAGE: Fever Detects malaria The first paper recognizing a pattern of opportunistic
Chills ecchymosis. 4-6hrs. parasite. infections was published on 4 June 1981.
Pain (Abdominal, bone GI Bleeding: WET STAGE: Best done during the HIV primarily infects vital cell in the human immune
and joint and ocular). Coffee ground colored height of fever. system such as:
Profuse sweating 2-
Rashes vomitus Quantitative Helper T-cells (specifically CD4+ T cells).
4hrs.
(+) Herman’s sign: Hematemesis
Flushing the skin. EARLY SIGNS OF Buffy Coat (QBC)/ Macrophages
Melena Dendritic cell
(+) Tourniquet test ANEMIA: Rapid diagnostic
Hematochezia ETIOLOGIC AGENT MOT
(Rumple lead test) Repeated chronic test (RDT):
VIRUS CLASSIFICATION: Blood transfusion
GRADE III GRADE IV symptoms Detects malarial
Pallor GROUP: VI ssRNA-RT Breastfeeding
Hypotension and Manifestations of Grade antigen.
Easy fatigability FAMILY: Retroviridae Perinatal transmission
narrowing of pulse III plus shock – proper Taken anytime
Dizziness The faster test. GENUS: Lentivirus Homosexual relationship
pressure. positioning. Sexual contact
Malaise
Weak and thready Undetectable BP and COMPLICATIONS Contaminated syringes
pulse. pulse Splenomegaly
hepatomegaly Cerebral Malaria INCUBATION PERIOD DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Cold clammy skin.
Blackwater fever VARIABLE: ELISA (Enzyme Linked
Restlessness.
MEDICAL MNGMT Immuno-Sorbent Assay)
DIAGNOSTIC TEST COMPLICATIONS Time from infection to
FIRST LINE: For complicated the development of Western Blot
Tourniquet test – Shock  Death
Artemether – Malaria: detectable antibodies is
Presumptive diagnosis; 4S generally 1-3 months,
detects capillary fragility. Lumefantrine Multi drug resistant
Search and destroy. combination tablet. the time from HIV
Platelet count – Falciparum:
Self-protection infection to diagnosis of
SECOND LINE: Artemether 20mg
confirmatory test  measures. AIDS has been
<100,000 cells/mm3 Seek early consultation. Chloroquine Lumefantrine 120mg observed range of less
Say no to indiscriminate Primaquine (Co-Artem) than 1 year – 15 years
Hemoconcentration
– increase in 20%
fogging. Pyrimethamine Erythrocyte exchange CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
hematocrit count. Sulfadoxine transfusion MINOR SIGNS MAJOR SIGNS
Dengue NS1 Ag PREVENTION Persistent cough for 1 Loos of weight – 10% of
Dengue duo CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS ZOOPROPHYLAXIS month. body weight.
MEDCAL MNGMT *Doxycycline: 1 day Typing of domestic Generalized pruritic Chronic diarrhea for
dermatitis. more than one month.
ANTIPYRETIC/ ANALGESICS: Do not before going and 4 animals to divert
weeks after leaving attention of Recurrent herpes zoster. Prolonged fever for one
administer NSAID for fever. Oropharyngeal month.
malaria endemic area. mosquitoes.
INTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY: *Chloroquine: 1 week No vaccine yet. candidiasis. Adult: 2 major &1 minor.
a. Protocol for fluid correction with NO SCHOCK before going and 4 Chemically treated Chronic disseminated Child: 2 major & 2 minor.
*IVF CRYSTALLOIDS – D5LR or D5 0.9 NaCl or weeks after leaving mosquito nets. herpes simplex.
PLR at 5-7 ml/kg/hr. malaria endemic area. Larvae-eating fish. Generalized
b. Protocol for fluid correction with SHOCK *Mefloquine: 2-3 Environmental lymphadenopathy.
*IVF CRYSTALLOIDS – PLR or Plain 0.9 NSS at 20 weeks before going sanitation. COMMON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
ml/KBW IV bolus in <20 mins. and 4 weeks after Anti-mosquito soap. Pneumocystitis carinii Cancer:
c. If no improvement leaving malaria Natural anti-mosquito pneumonia. Kaposi’s sarcoma
*Colloids – Dextran, Haemacel, Haesteril at 10ml/ kg endemic area. plants. Oral candidiasis. Cervical dysplasia and
bolus in <10mins. FILARIASIS Toxoplasmosis of the cancer.
CNS. Non-Hodgkin’s
d. Still no improvement ETIOLOGIC AGENT MOT Pulmonary/ extra –
*Fresh FROZEN PLASMA at 15cc/kg in 2hrs and lymphoma
Wuchereria bancrofti Bite of Aedes pulmonary tuberculosis.
start inotropes Dopamine 7-15 ug/kg/m Brugia malayi poecilius. MEDICAL MNGMT
Brugia timori INCUBATION PERIOD
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR
Loa Loa 8-16 months. Zedovudine (ZDV) – Lamivudine – epivir
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Retrivir Nevirapine – viramune
ACUTE STAGE: Zalcitabine – Havid Didanosine – videx
Lymphadenitis Stavudine – zerit

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 9 | 10
  Leslie S. Anicete  CA2: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE NURSING “O Lord grant us success.” – Psalm 118:25
PROTEASE NON-REVERSE MEDICAL MNGMT
SYPHILIS
INHIBITOR TRANSCRIPTASE Pen G Benzathine IM:
ETIOLOGIC AGENT INCUBATION PERIOD
Saquinavir – invarase Efavirenz First choice treatment for all manifestations of
Ritonavir – norvir Delavirdine Treponema pallidum – 10-90 days ave. 3-6
syphilis.
a gram (-) motile weeks.
Indinavir – crixivan Oral Tetracycline/ Doxycycline:
spirochete.
Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly Given to non-pregnant patients who develop allergy
active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART. MOT DIAGNOSTIC TEST
to penicillin.
Current HAART options are combinations (or Sexual contact Dark field illumination
cocktails) consisting of at least 3 drugs belonging to Direct contact with set.
at least 2 types or classes of antiretroviral agents. articles freshly soiled Venereal disease
NURSING MNGMT PREVENTION with discharges or research laboratory
blood containing the test (VDRL).
HEALTH EDUCATION: Safe sex.
organism. Fluorescent
Know the patient. Condoms
Congenitally through treponemal antibody
Avoid fear tactics. Circumcision
the placenta of a absorption (FTA-ABS)
Avoid judgmental and Monogamous
syphilitic mother.
moralistic messages. relationship
Accidentally from a
Be considered and 4Cs syphillic baby to a wet
concise. nurse or to anyone
Compliance
Use positive statement. carelessly handling
Counseling/ education
Practice universal
Contact tracing diapers.
precaution.
condoms CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
GONORRHEA PRIMARY SYPHILIS SECONDARY SYPHILIS

ETIOLOGIC AGENT MOT Typically, via direct Occurs approximately 1-

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sexual contact sexual contact with 6 months after the
(GC) Direct contact with the infectious lesions primary infection.
contaminated vaginal of a syphilitic person. Development of
INCUBATION PERIOD
secretions of the mother 10-90 days after the mucocutaneous lesions
2-3 days with most initial exposure, a and generalized
as the baby passes
symptoms occurring skin lesion appears lymphadenopathy.
comes out of the birth
between 4-6 days.
canal. at the site of contact RASHES:
Fomites. usually the genitalia. Symmetrical, reddish-
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS CHANCRE: pink, non-itchy.
IN WOMEN IN MEN A firm, painless skin Usually on the trunk
30-60% are Yellowish discharge ulceration localized and extremities and can
asymptomatic. from the penis. at the point of initial involve the palms of the
Red swollen vulva. Epididymitis exposure to the hands and soles of the
Erythema of the cervix. Dysuria and discharges. spirochete. feet.
Abnormal menstrual Urethritis Often on the penis, Mucous patches may
bleeding. Infection may affect vagina or rectum. also appear on the
Dysuria and the: May persist up to 4-6 genitals or in the mouth.
dyspareunia. Prostate weeks and usually Flu-like symptoms.
Yellowish-green purulent Seminal vesicles heals without
discharge. Epididymis treatment. CONDYLOMA LATA:
Less advance Testicles Chancre associated Highly contaminated
symptoms: COMPLICATIONS with pink or grayish-white
Infection can affect the: lymphadenopathy. lesions.
In new born:
*Uterus Common seen on the
Opthalmia neonatorum
*Fallopian tubes moist areas of the body,
*Ovary DIAGNOSTIC TEST like the perineum, vulva,
Development of Pelvic FEMALE: Thayer Martin rolls of fats in the
Inflammatory Disease Medium scrotum.
(PID): MALE: Gram staining LATENT SYPHILIS LATE TERTIARY
*Cramps and pain No clinical Late benign 
Bleeding between symptoms, but cardiosyphilis 
menstrual period serologic test proves neurosyphilis
Vomiting to be reactive.
Fever LATE BENIGN CARDISYPHILIS
MEDICAL MNGMT Develops 1 -10 Aorta is the most
CEFTRIAXONE (Rocephin): DOXYCYCLINE years after infection. affected part.
For uncomplicated gonorrhea in non-pregnant May appear on the Aoritis and aortic
patients. skin, bones, mucous regurgitation
CEFTRIAXONE (Rocephin): membranes, upper Aneurysm
respiratory tract, liver
ERYTHROMYCIN
or stomach.
For pregnant women with gonorrhea.
GUMMA:
CEFTRIAXONE with DOXYCYCLINE OR A chronic, superficial
AZITRHROMYCIN nodule or deep
In areas with coinfection with chlamydia. granulomatous
PREVENTION lesion that is solitary,
Sex education asymmetric, painless
Case finding and endurated.
Contact tracing
“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” – Philippians 4:13 10 | 10