SCHOOL FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE

PREPARATION OF A MSc TREATISE

Compiled by Prof C H Klopper

Revised by Prof C E Cloete

Third Edition
March 2006
© University of Pretoria 2 Guidelines for MSc Treatise
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL 5

PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT 7

1 The parts of the treatise

1.1 Preliminaries 7
1.1.1 Front cover and spine 8
1.1.1.1 Title of the treatise 8
1.1.1.2 Name of author 9
1.1.2 Title page 9
1.1.3 Declaration 9
1.1.4 Acknowledgements 10
1.1.5 Abstract 10
1.1.6 Table of contents 11
1.1.7 List of figures and list of tables 11
1.2 Corpus of the treatise 12
1.2.1 Main text 12
1.2.1.1 Chapter 1 : The problem and its setting 13
1.2.1.2 Chapter 2 : Review of the related literature 16
1.2.1.3 Chapter ?: Summary, conclusions and recommendations 17
1.2.2 List of sources consulted (Bibliography) 18
1.3 Annexures 18

2 Overall guidelines 19
2.1 Structure of the treatise 19
2.2 Numbering of divisions and subdivisions 19
2.3 Presentation and layout of text 19
2.3.1 Language usage 19
2.3.2 Layout of text and margins 20
2.3.3 Equations and formulae 21
2.4 Illustrations 21
2.5 Tables 22
2.6 Pagination 23

© University of Pretoria 3 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 2.7 Size of pages 23
2.8 Number of copies required and binding 24
Additional sources 24

Annexure 1: Reference style 26

1 The use of references 26
2 Citations 27
3 The use of quotations 28
4 Secondary referencing 29
5 Examples of reference variants in text 30
6 Tables and diagrams 31
7 The list of sources (list of references) 32
8 Tips on getting started 43

Annexure 2: Formatting headings and subheadings 44

Annexure 3: Example of title page 46

Annexure 4: Example of abstract information 47

Annexure 5: Guidelines for the examination of a treatise 48

Annexure 6: Confidential report of external examiner 49

Annexure 7: Typical structure of treatise 52

Annexure 8: Declaration by student 57

Annexure 9 Plagiarism 58

Annexure 10: Research ethics 60

Annexure 11: Critical (latest) dates for MSc treatises 61

Annexure 12: Guidelines for writing a publication based on a MSc treatise 63

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GENERAL

1. The aim with a treatise is to give a student an opportunity to demonstrate his/her

ability to:

1.1 do independent research;

1.2 use scientific research methods in a scientific investigation; and

1.3 communicate in writing according to scientific standards and requirements

2. In the treatise a student is required to undertake empirical research of limited scope

which may be of a qualitative or quantitative nature

3. Certain requirements pertaining to scientific research will be relaxed or dispensed

with in the case of a treatise. In contrast to a thesis, a treatise does not have to
make an original contribution to the knowledge or insight of an area of science and
does not need to indicate exceptional depth, while the actuality of a treatise topic is
not of great importance.

4. The following is not acceptable as a treatise:

4.1 The mere writing down of theory from the existing literature

4.2 The mere reporting of a case study

4.3 Purely descriptive work of any kind, for example of systems, policy, strategy or
any aspect along those lines

5. A treatise is acceptable and can be passed (awarded 50% +) if it indicates that the
candidate:

5.1 is familiar with the nature and aim of the investigation;

© University of Pretoria 5 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 5.2 shows satisfactory knowledge of the relevant literature and can interpret what
is read;

5.3 has mastered the techniques being used in the investigation;

5.4 has a sound theoretical basis of, and knows how to apply scientific methods;

5.5 is able to evaluate findings and to formulate. synthesize and communicate in a

scientific manner the insights gained;

5.6 can structure the research report in a scientifically substantiated manner

List of sources consulted

University of Pretoria: Graduate School of Management: External examiners: Guidelines

for the examination of a script

Malan, SPT, Coetzee, WJC en van Breda, P. 1992. Magister- en doktorale studie :
Riglyne vir studieleiers, promotors en studente. Tweede uitgawe. Pretoria: Universiteit
van Pretoria, Buro vir Akademiese Steundienste

© University of Pretoria 6 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT

1 THE PARTS OF THE TREATISE

The treatise is a document describing the state of a specific problem, the method
selected to solve that problem, and the results of the research. It comprises the
preliminaries, the corpus and annexures

These parts are composed as follows:

Preliminaries front cover and spine

title page
declaration
acknowledgements (optional)
abstract
table of contents
list of figures
list of tables
list of abbreviations
Corpus main text
list of sources consulted
Annexures section of supplementary information

Not every treatise includes all these components, but if included, they should be
arranged in the indicated sequence

1.1 Preliminaries

The preliminaries are the part preceding the main text. It consists of the following, in
the order given:

front cover and spine

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 title page
declaration
acknowledgements
abstract
table of contents
list of figures
list of tables
list of abbrevations

1 .1.1 Front cover and spine

The outside front cover with the title introduces the treatise to the reader. It
must therefore appear professional, distinctive and informative

The following information should appear on the outside front cover:

Title, as indicated on the title page .

Full name of author, as indicated on the title page (or, if space is
limited, at least initials and surname)
Date (year only)

The information on the outside front cover should in no way conflict with
the information given on the title page

If the spine of the treatise is thick enough to carry information, it should

give the name of the author and the title, abbreviated if necessary. This
information is printed either horizontally or from top to bottom, but never
from the bottom to the top

1.1.1.1 Title of the treatise

The title is a very brief abstract of the contents of the treatise. It

describes the subject and therefore identifies the reader audience

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 The wording of the title is important for descriptive as well as for
information retrieval purposes as the key concepts in the title are
also used for compiling the entry in indexing and abstracting
journals

The title has to be

explicit and indicative of the subject

concise: eight words or less are normally sufficient;
longer titles are cumbersome and difficult to include on the
spine (see 1.1)

Do not

use a subtitle, it hardly ever adds any meaning

start the title with an article (the, a, an)

1.1.1.2 Name of author

The author is the person who undertook the research and is

compiling the treatise and the name must be presented in full

To facilitate information retrieval, the author is encouraged to

elect only one version of his or her name, and to use it
consistently for all publications

1.1.2 Title page

The title page should give, in the order shown, the following information:

title of the treatise

full name of the author
name(s) of study leader(s)
date submitted (month and year)

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 An example of a typical title page is appended (Annexure 3)

1.1.3 Declaration

A declaration that the treatise is the work of the student and that all
sources have been acknowledged and listed should be inserted (see
Annexure 10)

1.1.4 Acknowledgements

Although the research for a treatise is the sole responsibility of the

candidate, some assistance is sometimes received. This can be
acknowledged, but advice or minor assistance received is not

List acknowledgements as a separate section, if many, preferably on a

separate page

The use of published tables or illustrations requires permission from the

publisher and acknowledgement of copyright

Acknowledgement of the use of information contained in publications is

adequately catered for by acknowledging these sources in the appropriate
place in the text and in the list of sources consulted at the end of the
treatise

1.1.5 Abstract

Every treatise should contain an abstract (in Afrikaans and English for
treatises in Afrikaans) which has to be as informative as possible of the
contents so that the reader gets the gist of the essential matter covered.
The abstract is not a description of the project, but a condensed statement
of the most important aspects and information in the treatise

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 The abstract should be self-contained, and should not exceed 150 words

The abstract must state

the title of the treatise, the name of the author, the name(s) of the
study leader(s), the institution under whose auspices the study was
carried out and the date (month and year) (See Annexure 4 for a
typical example)
the primary objectives and scope of the project
the methods used
the factual findings and achievements as concisely and
informatively as possible

The abstract is presented immediately after the acknowledgements, on

a separate page, and is listed in the table of contents

1.1.6 Table of contents

A table of contents is essential for every treatise. It is a complete list of the

numbered headings and subheadings, the list of sources consulted and of
any annexures, together with the respective page numbers. Its purpose is
to provide a sequential overview of the treatise and to facilitate the easy
location of a particular section

The table of contents is not listed in the table of contents. It is not visibly
paginated

1.1.7 List of figures, tables and abbreviations

Graphs, illustrations, line drawings, maps, diagrams, plates and

photographs contained in the report are referred to and numbered as
"figures' (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc)

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 All figures and tables should be numbered and listed. Compile separate
lists for figures and for tables if there are more than five figures or tables,
otherwise list them together under one heading "list of figures and tables"

The list of figures and the list of tables contain the number and the caption
of each figure or table, and indicate the number of the page on which that
figure or table appears in the test

The list of figures and the list of tables follow directly after the table of
Contents

All abbreviations used in the treatise should be listed separately for ease
of reference and inserted as a list of abbreviations after the list of figures
and list of tables. By “abbreviations” is meant abbreviations for institutions
(e.g. SABS) or acronyms (e.g. SASOL) or abbreviations which may have a
specific meaning in the relevant industry but are not necessarily in
common use (e.g. PPP, which could mean “Public-private Partnerships” or
“Public Participation Process”, depending on context). Common
grammatical abbreviations need not be included.

1.2 Corpus of the treatise

The corpus is the largest and most important part of the treatise. It consists of the
following two sections:

main text
list of sources consulted (bibliography)

1.2.1 Main text

The main text of the treatise has a relatively simple format. In general, it
should achieve three objectives:

© University of Pretoria 12 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 (a) It should acquaint readers with the problem that has been researched
and explain its implications adequately enough so that they have a
clear orientation to the problem

(b) It should present the data fully and adequately. The data within the
treatise should substantiate all the interpretations and conclusions that
the treatise contains

(c) It should interpret the data for the reader and demonstrate exactly how
the data resolve the problem that has been researched. A report that
merely presents raw data and uninterpreted fact (in the form of tables,
graphs, histograms, and other data-summary devices) is of little help
to the reader in deriving meaning from those data

The following is a typical outline of the main text:

Chapter 1 : The problem and its setting

Chapter 2 : Review of the related literature
Chapter 3 to ?

A logical division is to devote one chapter to each subproblem and its

pertinent data. Present the subproblem, present the data germane to it,
analyze and interpret those data, and present conclusions warranted
by the data. Each chapter usually ends with a summary section in
which the findings of the particular chapter are shown in relationship to
the general problem and the previous subproblems. In this way, a
tightly woven web of communication is established throughout the
report

Chapter? : Summary, conclusions and recommendations

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 1.2.1.1 Chapter 1 : The problem and its setting

The first chapter of the treatise should have but one purpose: to
create between the writer and the reader of the treatise a meeting
of minds. The reader should be able to comprehend from this
description alone what the problem is and what its ramifications
are

The following are subheadings, which should appear in the first

chapter, amplified by brief notes under each subheading

Introduction (if necessary)

An introduction is not essential for all treatises. If, however, it

is found necessary to describe the rationale, background,
context or other information surrounding the problem being
researched in order to understand the relevant problem
comprehensively, it should preferably be not more than a few
paragraphs. The idea is to acquaint the reader with the
problem at the outset of the report

The problem

The problem is at the heart of every research project. The

problem should be stated in precise and unmistakable terms -
this is the first requirement in the research process. "The
statement of the research problem must imply that, for the
resolution of the problem, thinking on the part of the
researcher will be required. Such analytical thinking, which
squeezes meaning out of the mere accumulation of facts, is
what is called the interpretation of the data. Those who read
the statement of the research problem must explicitly
understand that at the summit of the research you will

© University of Pretoria 14 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 dispassionately analyze the accumulated facts to discern
what those facts say in terms of the resolution of the problem

There is a basic directive for the statement of the problem:

Always state the problem in a complete grammatically correct
sentence in as few words as possible. Your problem should
be so clearly stated that anyone anywhere in the world (who
reads English) may read it, understand it, and react to it
without help

You need not write an orientation essay in order to state a

problem. In most cases no background build-up is necessary
- just a straightforward plunge into the depths of the business
at hand e.g. "The purpose of this study is to "

The subproblems

If the problem has been divided into subproblems, these should

be stated following the statement of the problem. The statements
should comply with the guidelines set out above for the main
problem statement. Subproblems are commonly stated in the
form of questions

Hypotheses

Having stated the problem and, where applicable, its attendant

subproblems, an appropriate hypothesis (an intuitive feeling, a
hunch, a supposition, or an educated guess with respect to the
outcome of the problem) in respect of the main problem and also
in the case of each subproblem, where applicable, shall be set
forth. Hypotheses are necessary in order to give the researcher
a sense of orientation, a direction in which to look for facts and
verifying whether the facts support the conjecture

© University of Pretoria 15 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Delimitations

Any delimitations should also be set forth. All who read the
research report should know precisely how far the research effort
extended and where the limits were set. Into what relevant areas
did the research effort not inquire? What aspects of the problem
have not been studied?

Definitions of terms
Terms that may be ambiguous or that may be used in a
specialized sense must be defined. For a meeting of minds, it is
imperative that reader and researcher be concerned with
precisely the same orientations to the problem, the same
concepts, the same ideas. This is accomplished by careful
definition of any terms that may be open to different
interpretations

Assumptions

Assumptions (self-evident truths) provide the foundation upon

which the entire research structure rests and it is therefore
essential that the critical assumptions which underlie the problem
being researched be set forth [For example of such assumptions
see Leedy (1997) page 7]

Importance of / need for the study

The importance of/need for the study both to the academic

audience and the practical reader should be indicated

Research methodology

The research methodology adopted should not only be stated but

should be justified .

© University of Pretoria 16 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 1.2.1.2 Chapter 2 : Review of the related literature

Get the proper psychological orientation. Be clear in your own

thinking. Know precisely what you are attempting to do. The review of
the related literature section is a discussion of the studies, research
reports, and scholarly or broad-spectrum writings that bear directly on
your own effort. Consider the review of related. literature in your
document to be a discussion with a friend about what others have
written in relation to what you plan to do. Viewing the literature section
in this way will help you develop the proper psychological perspective
and will help you see your own effort in relation to the efforts of other
researchers. A conscientious and thorough review of the literature
related to the problem can open up new possibilities and new ways of
looking at the problem that may otherwise be totally missed

Have a plan. Before beginning to write the review of the related

literature, therefore, outline what you plan to say Always consider first
the classic studies, the historically oriented writings that have
prepared the way for your research effort, as well as those of others
Begin your discussion of the related literature from a comprehensive
perspective, like an inverted pyramid – broad end fist. Then, you can
deal with more and more specific or more localized studies that focus
more and more on your specific problem

Review the literature; Don't reproduce it! Quoting passages from the
literature and citing the words or ideas of others is important, but more
important is what you say about the study, rather than what the author
says in the study Do not adopt the format of summarizing each source
consecutively, e.g. .Smith (1998) said" " and Jones (1999) said" ", but
integrate the present status of knowledge

Summarize what you have said. Every discussion of literature and

associated research relating to the problem under consideration
should end with a brief summary section in which you gather up all

© University of Pretoria 17 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 that has been said and set forth its importance in terms of the
research problem. Perhaps the most important question that any
researcher can ask and should ask continually throughout the
progress of the research study -is, What does it all mean?

1.2.1.3 Chapter ? : Summary, conclusions and recommendations

The conclusions are a clear and orderly presentation of the findings

and deductions made from the research reported The conclusions
reached should be based only on substantiated evidence presented,
and not on unsupported evidence. The conclusions must be
interpreted within the framework of the original problem The
recommendations statement contains concise statements of justified
further action or suggested research emanating from the conclusions
reached

1.2.2 List of sources consulted (Bibliography)

Every treatise should list and acknowledge all literature and other sources
of information used by including full details in the list of sources consulted.
(See Annexure "1" for the method of reference)

1.3 Annexures

Supplementary information to the main text, or information which is either bulky or

breaks up the flow of the text, should be placed in annexures. Typical annexures
are sections of illustrations, questionnaires, extensive statistical data, description of
equipment and techniques, or computer programmes Each annexure must be
identified by consecutive numbers (Annexure 1, Annexure 2, etc) and a descriptive
title. These numbers and titles are used for reference purposes in the text and in
the table of contents. A single annexure is not numbered

© University of Pretoria 18 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Each annexure starts on a new page. Annexures follow the list of sources consulted
at the end of the treatise,' The pagination of the annexures should be consecutive
and should continue the pagination of the text and the list of sources consulted

In the table of contents, the entry for the list of annexures follows the entry for the
list of sources consulted, but precedes the entry for the list of figures and the list of
tables

2 OVERALL GUIDELINES

2.1 Structure of the treatise

The writing of a treatise should not commence before the full framework of
headings with a fairly detailed indication of their contents has been drawn up. This
helps to keep the different sections in logical order, importance and proportion

The order and underlying structure of the treatise and the status of the various
divisions within each chapter are indicated by numbering and the use of different
types and size of heading. Bold and larger headings are used for chapter headings,
smaller headings for divisions and further subdivisions. Do not use capital letters,
underscoring or italics in headings to indicate structure

Guidelines

Headings of divisions should relate to the text covered

All headings should be concise and as informative as possible

2.2 Numbering of divisions and subdivisions -

Numbering is essential because it:

clarifies the sequence, importance and interrelation of individual divisions and

subdivisions

© University of Pretoria 19 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 simplifies search and retrieval and the citation of single parts of test
facilitates references within the treatise
(See Annexure "2" for method of numbering)

2.3 Presentation and layout of text

2.3.1 Language usage

Use British and not American spelling

Keep sentences short and concise; use the simplest word which
conveys the correct meaning
Do not use the personal form (I, we, the author)
Synthesize numerical information in tables, graphs or charts
The text should not include abbreviations not generally recognized
Define abbreviations and symbols when they first occur in the text
Display calculations separately and prominently and do not include
in text
Write out numbers lower than ten, except if these are followed by
a recognized abbreviation (2,5km, etc) or when indicating
proportions (1 : 4, etc)

2.3.2 Layout of text and margins

The International Organization of Standardization (ISO) recommends the

following layout for text

Except for the first letter, the title of the treatise, the name of the
author, headings of chapters, sections and subsections are printed in
lower case
Do not indent the first word of a paragraph
Underscoring or italics is not to be used in headings
Leave a blank line between paragraphs
Do not use footnotes with additional information at the bottom of the
page and do not add sections with notes at the end of chapters.

© University of Pretoria 20 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Information vital to the report must be worked into the text,
supplementary information is included as annexures
The text should be typed in double spacing, on one side of the page,
on A4 size paper (210mm x 297mm)
Margins should be as follows:
top margin 25mm, left and bottom margins 40mm

2.3.3 Equations and formulae

If the equation or formula is very short, place it in the text,

preceded and followed by an extra space
Indent longer equations and formulae from the margins and separate
them from the preceding and the following text by a blank line
If there are clusters of equations and formulae in the text, identify
them by consecutive numbers placed in parentheses at the end of the
line
Refer to equations or formulae in the text as equation (4) or formula
(4)
If the equation or formula is too long for a line, break before an equal
sign, or after a plus, minus, multiplication or division sign
Where it is necessary to include fractions in solid text, reduce them
where possible to a single level by using a solidus (/) or, where
applicable, the negative index

2.4 Illustrations

The term illustration includes graphs, drawings, photographs, maps, diagrams and
computer printouts. They are used to supplement the text and to state points clearly
and effectively

Illustrations should be placed in the text to which they relate. Illustrations not
essential to the understanding of the text, or collections of many illustrations which
break up the flow of the text, should be presented as an annexure Illustrations

© University of Pretoria 21 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 should be numbered consecutively as "figures" in Arabic numerals, beginning with
Figure 1, without distinguishing between the different types of illustrations

Each illustration should have a legend which makes it intelligible without reference
to the text. The legend follows the figure number and is placed below the
illustration. Legends should not be in upper case letters, but can be bold typeface.
The numbering of illustrations is independent of the numbering of tables, and
should be continued in the annexures

Guidelines for compiling a graph

Place the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent
variable on the vertical axis
Use scales on both axes that will fill the graph
Starting from zero, label the horizontal axis from left to right and the vertical
axis from bottom up, unless dealing with negative numbers
If parts of a scale are omitted, indicate this by a double hatch (#) mark between
zero and the starting scale number
label the axes comprehensively and indicate the units of measurements

2.5 Tables

Use tables to summarize or provide an overview of numerical data in columns.

Tables are most useful to synthesize important data concisely and to show up
relationships. Being self explanatory, they reduce the amount of discussion needed
in the text. It is unnecessary to describe in the text what can be clearly
communicated in a table

Each table should be numbered consecutively throughout the treatise, including the
tables in the annexures. Do not number tables by chapter. A single table in a
treatise is not numbered. The numbering of tables is independent of the numbering
of illustrations

© University of Pretoria 22 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Each table must have a legend (title), which unlike illustrations, is placed above the
table. Legends should not be in upper case letters, but can be bold typeface

Guidelines for compiling a table

.
Arrange tables so that inferences are evident
Distinguish clearly in column headings which are percentage columns and
which are numerical data columns, and indicate the units of measurement
Make the meaning of a table so clear that it is not necessary to refer to the text
Present the same kind of information in a column
Arrange data to facilitate comparison within and among labels
To facilitate comparisons, present the most significant data in adjacent columns
Standardize formats and terminology of tables that will be compared with each
other
Number tables sequentially in Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, etc} throughout the
report
The legend of the table should be concise and describe the subject covered
clearly, not repeating the wording contained in row and column headings

2.6 Pagination

The treatise must be printed only on one side of the sheet

Beginning with the title page, which will be page 1 and a recto page (right-hand
side), the numbering of pages of the treatise should run consecutively and
include plates, fold-outs, the list of sources consulted and annexures
The title page, verso of title page, and the table of contents page are counted
but not visibly numbered .
Numbering is in Arabic numerals only. ISO does not advocate the numbering of
the front matter in small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc)
Page numbers should be placed in the same prominent position, preferably
below the text in the centre of the page
Blank pages are counted but not visibly numbered

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2.7 Size of pages

The treatise should be of ISO A4 size (210mm x 297mm)

2.8 Number of copies required and binding

Two copies of the treatise are required for examination purposes and should be
submitted after having received approval from the study leader(s). These copies
should preferably be spiral-bound with plastic material or other similar binding
system

The treatise must be properly bound in a hard cover after having been awarded a
pass-mark and having incorporated all the alterations and additions required by the
examiners. Three copies are required by the Department where only one external
examiner is used. Where more than one external examiner or study leader is used
extra copies shall be supplied

List of sources consulted

Haag, DE. 1996. Guidelines for writing a dissertation or thesis. Vanderbijlpark: Vaal
Triangle Technikon

Leedy, Paul D and Ormrod, JE. 2001. Practical research: planning and design. 7th ed.
Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice-HaIl Inc

ADDITIONAL SOURCES

Very useful additional South African sources include the following:

Behrens, S J. 2000. Bibliographic Control and Information Sources. 3r ed. Pretoria:

Unisa Press.

Mouton, J. 2001. How to Succeed in your Master’s and Doctoral Studies. A South
African Guide and Resource Book. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

© University of Pretoria 24 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

Struwig, F W & Stead, G B. 2001. Planning, designing and reporting research. Cape
Town: Pearson Education South Africa (Masker Miller Longman).

Welman, J C & Kruger, S J 2001. Research Methodology. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford
University Press.

Yenza 2006. “Learn how to use the Internet” and “Start your research”.
http://www.nrf.ac.za/yenza/

You may need to hone your reading and writing skills. A very good, professional guide
to reading and writing is the following (it also includes chapters on the writing of essays
and on research):

Hodges, J C; Miller, R K; Webb, S S and Horner, W B 2001. The Writer’s Harbrace

Handbook. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers.

An excellent guide to study skills is

Cottrell, S. 2003. The Study Skills Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
(It includes chapters on research skills and writing for university).

A good guide on research design is

Page, C & Meyer, D. 2003. Applied Research Design for Business and Management.
Macquarie Park: McGraw-Hill Australia.

A more popular, but extremely useful guide to research sources is

Metter, E 1999. Facts in a Flash. A Research Guide for Writers. Cincinatti, Ohio:
Writer’s Digest Books.

© University of Pretoria 25 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 1

REFERENCE STYLE

1. THE USE OF REFERENCES

When you prepare a treatise, you need to acknowledge all the sources you used.
This serves four purposes: It demonstrates that you have read the relevant
literature, it substantiates your arguments, it allows the reader to find and check the
sources you used, and by acknowledging sources you avoid the problem of
plagiarism (i.e. presenting the ideas or discoveries of another as one's own).

British Standards BS 1629:1976 and BS 5605:1990 define a bibliographical

reference as:

" a set of data or elements describing a document, or part of a document, and

sufficiently precise and detailed to enable a potential reader to identify and locate
it".

The term citing refers to the identification within your text of the document from
which you have obtained your information, whereas a reference is the detailed
description of the document from which you have obtained your information.

There are a variety of accepted conventions for citing bibliographic references.

Several of these are set out in the British Standards BS 1629:1989 and BS
5605:1990.

The method of recognition or reference chosen by our Department is the so called

Harvard Method contained in the standard ISO 690: Documentation -bibliographic
references – content, form structure. with minor modifications. (In the standard it is
called the First Element and Date Method)

© University of Pretoria 26 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

2. CITATIONS (SOURCES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT)

The Harvard Method implies that items are referred to in a list of sources by stating
it in an abbreviated form - author and year of publication - in brackets in the text:

Maltha (1997, p. 3) purports that half a century ago the researchers in a particular
field, all knew each other

OR

Half a century ago all researchers in a particular field knew each other (Maltha.
1977, p. 3)

If multiple pages are referred to, the abbreviation pp. should be used.

ALTERNATIVELY the colon sign : can be used in stead of the abbreviation for page
p. or pages pp. AS FOLLOWS:

Maltha (1997:3) purports that half a century ago the researchers in a particular field,
all knew each other

OR

Half a century ago all researchers in a particular field knew each other (Maltha.
1977:3)

The references in brackets appear on page 3 in the work of Maltha which appear on
the list of sources as follows:

Maltha, DJ. 1977. Literatuuronderzoek en schriflijkrapporten. Wageningen: Pudoc

If the citation refers to two authors, both names are mentioned, e.g.

© University of Pretoria 27 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Wurtzebach and Miles (1994:23) claim that ………………

If the citation refers to a source with three or more authors, the name of the first
author only is mentioned, followed by et al.

According to Pyhrr et al. (1989) …………

3 THE USE OF QUOTATIONS

You may wish to quote the words of another author directly. Such a quotation can
range from a single word to a longer paragraph(s) and should be an exact quotation
the of original, including any italics or errors of spelling or punctuation.

If the original quotation does contain an error the word sic enclosed in brackets
should be included directly after the original. For example:

Smith (2006:3) stated that “…Nelson Mandela became State President of South
Africa in 1992 (sic)”.

If you wish to emphasize something in the original quotation, you should indicate
that it is your and not the original author’s emphasis, for example

“So the implication is that the market will only compensate the investor for
systematic (my emphasis) risk” (Jaffe & Sirmans, 1995:406)

If the quotation is less than one sentence you should use quotation marks (“…”),
followed by the author’s surname, year of publication and page number, for
example:

Jones (1998:42) claims that “solar cycles have a determining effect on the
personality of a person”.

OR

© University of Pretoria 28 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 It has been claimed that “solar cycles have a determining effect on the personality
of a person” (Jones, 1998:42)

If the quotation is longer than a sentence, the quote should be indented left and
right without the use of quotation marks:

The theory suggests that a competitive market will not pay a premium for
any diversifiable risk that could be eliminated by adding less than
perfectly correlated investment to the portfolio. So the implication is that
the market will only compensate the investor for systematic risk

(Jaffe & Sirmans, 1995:406)

If part of the original text is omitted, indicate this with three full stops in brackets (…)
in the body of the quotation, or four full stops (….) at the end.

The theory suggests that a … market will not pay a premium for any
diversifiable risk that could be eliminated ….

(Jaffe & Sirmans, 1995:406)

Be careful, however, not to change the meaning of the original author.

4 SECONDARY REFERENCING

If you wish to quote a source that has been referred to in another source, you
should cite the primary source and the source you have read.

Examples:

Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) who developed the
McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill
Archaeology questionnaire.

© University of Pretoria 29 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGill Archaeology
questionnaire.

In the list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.

N.B. Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.

5 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE VARIANTS IN THE TEXT

(a) Reference to an author who published more than once in a year

Brown (1976 a) inferred that …………. but later modified his conclusion (1976
b) by ………….

(b) Reference to an author who published in various years

Shera repeatedly (1960, 1961a, 1961b, 1965) warned that …………….

(c) References to authors with the same surname

A White (1972, p. 14) independently came to the same conclusion as B. White

(1970, p. 3), who stated that ………………….

(d) Reference to a contribution by an author in a work edited by another

Technical reports are generally not printed (Rowland, 1975, p. 383), but…..
(The abovementioned statement refers to the example under A12)

(e) Reference to more than one author in one particular place

It corresponds with the views of various other authors (Blake, 1965; Doyle,
1965; Smith, 1966; Zuary, 1967) and it can …………..

© University of Pretoria 30 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 (f) Reference to a source of which the first description element is not an
author

In the critical biography Modern Historians… , p. 22 it is purported that ….

(The abovementioned portion refers to the example under A4)

(h) Reference to a source which does not contain date of publication

The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote “no date”

Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated…………..

or indirectly

(Smith n.d.)

(i) Page numbers

Page numbers from where a reference is made should be indicated, especially
in the case of quotations, to help the reader trace your sources.

Prinsloo (2004, p.169)

or indirectly

(Prinsloo, 2004, p.169)

6 TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

If you reproduce data from a diagram or table, or copy the entire table or diagram,
reference should be made to the source to enable the reader to verify the data

© University of Pretoria 31 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 If an entire table or diagram is reproduced the citation should appear as a footnote
to the table. Fuller details should be included in the reference list at the end of the
essay.

7. THE LIST OF SOURCES (LIST OF REFERENCES)

All references used (cited) in the main body of the treatise need to be included in
the list of sources (reference list). Include all books, journals and other media in the
same list.

The list of sources is arranged alphabetically according to the first element of the
description thereof (e.g. the author)

A bibliography, if requested by the study leader, at the end of your treatise will
include all your cited works together with references to background reading that you
have undertaken. This should also be in the Harvard style.

The way in which the element in such a bibliographic description is to be

reproduced and in what order is specified hereunder. After each specification
various examples are provided

A BOOKS

The information for each entry of a book on the list of sources is given in the
following order:

author (surname and initials, divided by a comma)

year of publication
title (italics, bolt or underlined)
edition (except first)
location of publication
publisher

A1 A book by one author

© University of Pretoria 32 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Galtung, J. 1976. Theory and Methods of Social Research. New York:
Columbia University Press

(a) A book with a sub-title:

Smal, C. 1992. The time value of money: a practical method. Durban:

Butterworth

(b) A later edition:

Johnson, D. 1970. History of libraries in the Western World. 2nd ed.

Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow.

Note that the first or only edition is not indicated as such.

A2 A book by two authors

Where the name of more than one author appears on a source, the name
which is most prominently displayed, is entered first according to the
standard. Where equal prominence is given to the names, the name which
appears first is to be entered first:

Wurtzebach, C H & Miles, M E. 1994. Modern Real Estate. 5th ed. New
York: Wiley.

Note that:
- the ampersand (&) is used before the last name
- you should not use “et al” in your reference list.

A3 A book by more than two authors

© University of Pretoria 33 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Pyhrr, S A, Cooper, J R, Wofford L E, Kapplin S D & Lapides, P D. 1989.
Real Estate Investment. Strategy, Analysis, Decisions. 2nd ed. New York:
Wiley.

Note that:
- the ampersand (&) is used before the last name
- although the citation would read: (Pyhrr et al., 1989), you should not
use “et al” in your reference list.

A4 A book of which the author is not mentioned

Modern historians on British history: 1485-1945: a critical bibliography.

1970. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press

A5 A book with an institution, organisation, association, etc as author

Medical Research Council ….

British Museum ….
Academia Scientiarum Fennica ….
Association of South African Quantity Surveyors ….

In the case of the "subordinate" body, that body is stated after a full stop:

University of Pretoria. Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and

Information Technology ……
Imperial Chemical Industries. Paint Division ….
Englise Reformee. Synode National …..

A6 A publication by the State or Local Authority

South Africa. Department of Information. 1976. South Africa 1976: Official

year book of the Republic of South Africa. 3rd edition. Pretoria: The
Department

© University of Pretoria 34 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Transvaal. 1958. Ordinances. Pretoria: Government Printer

Pretoria. Sport and Recreation Section. 1995. Annual Report for the period
1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995. Pretoria: The Municipality

A7 Proceedings of conferences etc

International Conference on Scientific Information (1958 : Washington DC).

1959. Proceedings. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences,
National Research Council

The Dewey Decimal Classification System: outlines and papers. Edited by

M.F. Tauber, CJ Frarey and C Batts. 1968. New York: Columbia University
School of library Services

Conference of British Teachers of Marketing at Advanced level (3rd : 1968

: Harrogate). 1969. Proceedings. Lancaster: University of Lancaster

A8 A book with an editor or compiler as author

This is identical to a book by an author, except that the abbreviations ed.

or eds. follows the name of the editor(s), that is:

Author(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds.

Year of publication of edition referred to (not printing or impression)
Full title of book/thesis/dissertation (including subtitle) in italics
Edition of book (if not first edition)
Place of publication
Name of publisher

For example:

© University of Pretoria 35 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Cloete, C E. ed. 2001. Risk Management in Property. Sandton: SA
Property Education Trust.

Collins, M W and Brebbia, C A. eds. 2004. Design and Nature II.

Comparing Design in Nature with Science and Engineering.
Southampton: WIT Press.

A9 A book by an author translated by another

Lissner, I. 1957. The living past. Translated by J Maxwell Brownjoh. New

York: Putnam

A10 A book of which the author is not mentioned and is translated

The Song of Roland. Translated by FB Lanquins. 1960. New York:

Macmillan

A11 A book which forms part of either a series, or a publication with a

name under which books are published as separate titles

Durand. W. 1942. The story of civilisation. Vol. 1: Our oriental heritage.

New York: Simon & Schuster

Chemical kinetics, 1969. Vol. 2 : The theory of kinetics. Edited by CH

Bamford and CFH Tipper. Amsterdam: Elseviers

(a) Part or a series:

Clapp, VW. 1964. The future of the research library. Urban, III. :
University of Illinois Press. (Phineas W Windsor Series in librarianship,
No.8)

(b) Part of a publication under a common name:

© University of Pretoria 36 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Pascal, B. 1941, Pensees and The Provincial Letters. New York:
Random House (The Modern Library)

Pascal, B. 1919. Gedachten. Vertaald door F de Meyer. Amsterdam:

Mij voor Goede en Goedekoope Lectuur. (Wereldbibliotheek)

A12 A contribution of an author in a work edited by another

Quote the author of the chapter (not the editor/s of the book) and the date
of the book. In the reference list you quote the author and date of the
chapter first, followed by a reference to the book. Include the relevant
page numbers to identify the chapter. For example:

Campbell D T. 1974. Downward Causation. In Ayala F J and

Dobhzansky T. eds. Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction
and Related Problems. Berkeley: University of California Press,
pp.193-225.

Rowland, JFB. 1975. Chemical Structure Retrieval. In Batten, WE.

Handbook of Special Librarianship and Information Work . 4th ed.
London: Aslib, pp. 376-387

A13 Academic dissertations and theses

These publications are generally not published in the normal sense of the
word. The standard does not give any specific examples of, or directions
for this type. The principles of the standard and other existing conventions
are made applicable here

© University of Pretoria 37 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Jambo, E.K. Factors Contributing to the Increase of Informal Settlements
in the City of Blantyre. Unpublished MSc treatise. Pretoria: University of
Pretoria, 2002.

Smithers, RHN. 1970. The Mammals of Botswana. Unpublished DSc

thesis. Pretoria. University of Pretoria

B ARTICLES IN ENCYCLOPAEDIAS

An article in an encyclopaedia is described in the following order of particulars:

author(s)
year of publication
title of the article
name of the encyclopaedia (italics, underlined or bold)
page(sl on which the article appears

B1 An article by one author

Hasselhoff, A. 1975. Illuminated manuscripts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.

12, p.95-100

Poortmann, JJ. 1940. Jazz. Encyclopaedisch Handboek van her Moderne

Denken geredigeerd deur W Banning et al 3de, geheel herziene druk, p. 258-
359

B2 An article by two authors

Varley, DH. and Immelman, RFM. Libraries. Standard Encyclopaedia of

Southern Africa, vol. 6, p. 618

B3 An article by more than two authors

Here et al can also be made use of as indicated under A3

© University of Pretoria 38 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 B4 An article of which the author is not mentioned

Phoenicia. 1958. Encyclopaedia Americana, vol. 6, p.28

C ARTICLES IN JOURNALS

An article in a journal is described in the following order of particulars:

author(s)
year of publication
title of the article
name of the journal (italics, underlined or bold; it may be abbreviated)
volume
number
page(s) on which the article appears

C1 An article by one author

Platt, J. 1971. How men can shape their future. Futures, April 1971, vol. 12,
No. 4, p. 27-38

OR

Platt, J. 1971. How men can shape their future. Futures, April 1971, 12(4), p.
27-38

C2 An article by two authors

Latteux, M. and Thierrion, G. 1938. Semi-discrete context free languages.

International journal of computer mathematics, vol. 8, No.3, p.3

C3 An article by more than two authors

© University of Pretoria 39 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 See note under B3

Cocklin, C., Gray, EA & Smit, B. 1983. Future urban growth and agricultural
land in Ontario. Applied geography, April 1983, vol. 3, No.2, p. 91

C4 An article of which the author is not mentioned

Administration of technical information groups. 1959. Canadian journal of

chemistry, January 1959, vol. 30, No.1, p. 7-14

C5 An article in a periodical or journal with a seasonal date

The general sequence is: Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume
or number of issue: page reference, Season.

Example:

McDonald, P R. 2005. Corporate strategies. Management, 76:104-287,

Spring.

Note that the season “Spring” follows the page reference

C6 An article in a periodical or journal which has been reprinted in a book

Everett, H. 1957. `Relative-state' formulation of quantum mechanics. Reprinted

in J. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, eds. 1983. Quantum Theory and
Measurement, Princeton University Press.

D NEWSPAPER REPORTS / ARTICLES

An item in a newspaper is treated in the same manner as an article in a journal. The

particulars are given in the following order:

© University of Pretoria 40 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 author(s) (in the case of an article) / headline of the report
year
title of the article
Title of the newspaper (italics, underlined or bold)
date
page(s)

D1 An article / report under the name of an author

Peterson, C. 1987. Falklanders fear weakening of UK resolve. Pretoria News,

21 January 1987, p. 12

D2 A report

Anonymous. 1987. OR Anon. 1987. Red-light row: Council split over call to set
up legalised brothels. 1987. Sunday Times Metro, 11 January 1987, p. 1

E OTHER SOURCES

The standard does not cover manuscripts and other unpublished material and in
this case the principles of the standard in accordance with other existing
conventions have been applied

E1 A photostatic copy

Basson, GAJ 1999. Comments on the MSc(Project Management) sillabus.

Photocopy. Pretoria, October 1999

E2 A letter

Jones, J. 1997. Letter from Prof J Jones, University of Carolina, 15 January

1997

© University of Pretoria 41 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 E3 A microform

Chu, GC and Schramm, W. 1967. Learning from television. Bethesda, Md. :

ERIC Document Reproduction Services, ED 014 900

E4 A sound-recording

Diederichs, N. 1963. Interview with dr N Diederichs, Minister of Finance, 6

January 1963

E5 Internet sources

Referencing a website is similar to referencing a book or journal - you should

include the author, date and title. For web pages you must include the full
address of the page, not just the address of the site. This can be copied from
the address bar which normally appears at the top of the browser. In addition,
you need to include the date of access, because webpages can be modified.

Example - in the text:

“The University of Pretoria strives to be -

• a leader in higher education that is recognised internationally

for academic excellence and a focus on quality
• a university that is known for international competitiveness
and local relevance through continuous innovation
• the university of choice for students, staff, employers of
graduates and those requiring research solutions
• a university with an inclusive and enabling, value-driven
organisational culture, that provides an intellectual home for
the rich diversity of South African academic talent
• the premier university in South Africa that acknowledges its
prominent role in Africa, is a symbol of national aspiration and
hope, reconciliation and pride, and is committed to
discharging its social responsibilities. “

© University of Pretoria 42 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 (University of Pretoria 2006)

Example - in the reference list:

UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA. University of Pretoria [online]. Available from:

http://www.up.ac.za/up/web/en/up/about/ [Accessed 29 March 2006].

8 TIPS ON GETTING STARTED

It is important to record all the documents you read. Many fruitless hours can be
lost in trying to trace a source which you may have referred to but for which you
neglected to jot down all the necessary information.

The following should be noted:

Author of the document [personal author / organisation / editor(s)]
Date of publication (for electronic documents, date made available)
If a book - the title of the book, place of publication and publisher
If an article - article title, journal title and volume and page numbers
If a chapter - the chapter title and book title
If a website - identify what part of the site you are looking at. If in doubt, use
the home page address and give the route to the page
For electronic sources, note the date accessed and take a printed copy of the
front page

Sources

Botha, WM. 1988. Die Harvard.. Outeur -Datum -Plek, ofte wel Eerste Element en
Datum - metode van die maak van literatuurverwysings volgens ISO 690. UP -dosent,
vol. 9, no. 2, p. 70-80

© University of Pretoria 43 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 2

FORMATTING HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS

(Source: Klopper, C H. 2003. Dissertations and Theses : Guidelines for students, study
leaders and supervisors. Pretoria: Department of Construction Economics, University of
Pretoria, p50.

Level 1 heads, the most important ones, are in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS in bold
typescript and centred on the page. These are headings of the largest units of
writing; for instance, they may be the titles of the various chapters in a proposal or
research report. They correspond with Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, and so on, in an
outline

Level 2 heads are also in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS in bold typescript and are
not indented. They correspond with Arabic numerals 1.1, 2.1, 3.1 and so on, in an
outline

Level 3 heads have a Single capital letter followed by lowercase letters in bold
typescript and indented. They correspond with Arabic numerals 1.1.1, 2.1.1, 3.1.1
and so on, in an outline

Level 4 heads have a Single capital letter followed by lowercase letters in italics
and are indented. They correspond with Arabic numerals 1.1.1.1, 2.1.1.1, 3.1.1.1
and so on, in an outline

Level 5 heads have a Single capital letter followed by lowercase letters in italics,
indented and are followed on the same line by the first paragraph in the section.
They correspond with lowercase letters in brackets (a), (b), (c) and so on, or bullets,
in an outline. If you use this format, your various headings would look like this on
the page:

© University of Pretoria 44 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 1.0 FIRST LEVEL HEAD

1.1 SECOND LEVEL HEAD

1.1.1 Third level head
1.1.1.1 Fourth level head
Fifth level head. The next paragraph begins here . . . . .
OR
(a) Fifth level head. The next paragraph begins here . . . . .

NB The format suggested here is not the only one you might use. However, approval
must be obtained from the leader / supervisor for utilising other schemes

© University of Pretoria 45 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 3

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAN

ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES

by

Paul Lloyd Muntingh

treatise submitted in fulfilment of a part of the requirements for the

MASTER OF SCIENCE (PROJECT MANAGEMENT)

in the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology

University of Pretoria

Study leader: Mr A R Monteith

December 2005

© University of Pretoria 46 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 4

ABSTRACT

Title of treatise : The Major Contracts Building Contract: A critical analysis

Name of author : DJ Rouse
Name of study leader: Prof GK Ie Roux
Institution : Department of Quantity Surveying
Faculty of Economic Sciences
University of Port Elizabeth
Date : January 1989

The Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Major Contracts Building Contracts was
first introduced into the South African building arena in May 1986 as a recognised form
of contract documentation, agreed between the South African Property Owners'
Association and the Building Industries Federation (South Africa), applicable to projects
exceeding R 12m in value and which have an average monthly turnover of not less than
R1 m

This critical analysis provides a valuable and topical guide to the members of the
construction industry and its allied professions. as it compares the Major Contracts
Building Contract with the existing well-known "Standard white form" 1981/1988 Edition,
offers critical comment on the differences between these two forms of contract,
suggests how several supplementary documents may need to be devised or amended
when used in conjunction with the innovative Major Contracts Building Contract, offers
recommendations on defining the choices to be made between the "MCC" and the
"white" forms of contract in South Africa and prognosticates on the new Joint Building
Contracts Committee future document which will possibly be published in 1990

© University of Pretoria 47 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 5

UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS

GUIDELINES FOR THE EXAMINATION OF A TREATISE

1. Definition of a treatise

A treatise is a written research report of limited scope which demonstrates in terms of

language, style, documentation and argumentation that the student is acquainted with
the methodology of research and is submitted in partial compliance with the
requirements of the acquisition of a master’s degree in accordance with prescribed
regulations.

2. Aim

The aim with a treatise is to provide students an opportunity to demonstrate their ability
to:

• Do independent research;
• Use scientific research methods in a scientific investigation; and
• Communicate in writing according to scientific standards and requirements.

3. Research methods

It is mandatory that students do empirical research of limited scope which may be of a

qualitative or quantitative nature.

4. Weighting

The weights of core aspects in the examination of a treatise as expected by the

Department are shown on the marking sheet (see “Confidential report of the external
examiner”). Candidates have to obtain a sub-minimum of 40% in each section (a to g)
with an average of 50% (minimum) to pass.

5. Report

The examiner is required to submit a written report on the Department’s standard form
titled “Confidential report of the external examiner”, together with the completed mark
sheet.

© University of Pretoria 48 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 6

UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS

CONFIDENTIAL REPORT OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Course:

Candidate:

Student number:

External examiner:

Study leader:

Title of treatise:

I have examined the abovementioned research report and my recommendation is

indicated hereunder:

• That the treatise be accepted Yes / No

• That the treatise be accepted but that certain editorial and/or

minor amendments be made (see attached comments) Yes / No

• That the treatise be rejected (see attached comments) Yes / No

Mark awarded (see mark sheet): …………%

Signature: …………………………………….. Date:…………………….

© University of Pretoria 49 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

Candidate:

Student number:

Comments of external examiner:

General:

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Technical aspects:

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Linguistic care:

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Further comments:

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Signed:……………………………………. Date:……………………….

© University of Pretoria 50 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

Candidate:

Student number:

Mark sheet (mark to be carried to Confidential Report)

Section Weight Mark

a Subject, objective, hypothesis and presentation of the problem 10

Research method, scientific processing and justification of

b 15
statements

c Source study 15

d Contents 40

e Summary, conclusions and recommendations 10

f Contribution to science 0

g Language, style, technical composition, care and finish 10

Total 100

Signed:……………………………………. Date:……………………….

© University of Pretoria 51 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 7

TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF TREATISE

Chapter/section Descriptions

1 Introduction A precise explanation of what the research is about and

why it is important and interesting, the research
questions or hypotheses should also be stated

2 Literature review A critical analysis of what other researchers have said

on the subject and where your project fits in

3 Methodology An explanation of why you collected certain data, what

data you collected, from where you collected it, when
you collected it, how you collected it and how you
analysed it

4 Results A presentation of your research results

5 Analysis and An analysis of your results showing the contribution to

discussion knowledge and pointing out any weaknesses / limitations

6 Conclusions A description of the main lessons to be learnt from your

(may form part of study (are the hypotheses supported or not?) and what
Ch 5) future research should be conducted

References A detailed, alphabetical or numerical list of the sources

from which information has been obtained and which
have been cited in the text

Appendices Detailed data referred to but not shown elsewhere

© University of Pretoria 52 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

THE EMPOWERMENT OF SMALL, MEDIUM AND MICRO ENTERPRISES IN
FACILITIES MANAGEMENT: REALITY OR FALLACY?

by

Phumelele Paula Msweli

treatise submitted in fulfilment of a part of the requirements for the

MASTER OF SCIENCE (REAL ESTATE)

In the Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment and Information Technology

University of Pretoria

Study leader: Prof. C. E. Cloete

May 2002

© University of Pretoria 53 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

ABSTRACT

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..….…8

1.2 Definition of the main problem……………………...…………………………9

1.3 Sub-problems……………….………………………..………………….…...…9

1.4 Hypothesis………………………………………………….………………….10

1.5 Delimitations………………………………………………..………..….…….10

1.6 Definition of terms ………………………………………....…………………11

1.7 Abbreviations…..……………………………………………...………………14

1.8 Assumptions…….…………………………………………………………….14

1.9 Importance of study…………………………………………….……………..15

1.10 Summary ………………………………………….………………..…………16

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….17

2.2 Government initiatives………………………………………………………..19

2.3 Facilities Management………………………………………………………..22

2.4 Outsourcing…………………………………………………………………….25

2.5 Summary……………………………………………………………………….27

© University of Pretoria 54 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

CHAPTER 3: THE DATA AND THE TREATMENT OF THE DATA

3.1 The data………………………………………….…………………..……28

3.2 The criteria for the admissibility of the study…………………….……..28

3.3 Research methodology…………………………………………….……..29

3.4 Structure of the study……………………………………………….….…30

3.5 Specific treatment of the data for each subproblem…………………..31

3.6 Summary …………………………………………………………….…….33

CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS (FOR EXAMPLE)

4.1 ………………

4.2 ……………

4.3 ……………

4.4 ……………

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary and conclusions…………………………………………...….. 71

5.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………..….74

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..……76

TABLES

Table 1: SMME responses……………………………………………………….35

Table 2: Facilities Management companies responses……………………….53

© University of Pretoria 55 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

Table 3: LBSC and training institutions’ responses..…………………………..61

Table 4: Labour unions responses………………………………………………65

ANNEXURES

Annexure 1 Schedule for the definition of small business

Annexure 2 Guiding questions for labour movement interviews

Annexure 3 Guiding questions for SMME interviews

Annexure 4 Guiding questions for facilities managers and main contractors

© University of Pretoria 56 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 8

DECLARATION

The following declaration must appear after the cover page of the treatise submitted
by a student and be signed by him / her:

I declare that this research is entirely my own, unaided work, except where otherwise
stated. All sources referred to are adequately acknowledged in the text and listed.

I accept the rules of assessment of the University of Pretoria and the consequences
of transgressing them.

This treatise is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of MSc (Project Management / Real Estate) [delete whatever is inapplicable] at the
University of Pretoria.

It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other
university.

_____________________
Signature of Student

© University of Pretoria 57 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 9

PLAGIARISM
(Source: EBIT Faculty 2003 Circular)

The Merriam Webster dictionary defines plagiarism as:

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use
(another's production) without crediting the source

to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived
from an
http://www.m-w.com/ existing source
[Accessed 03 September 2002]

The Encyclopædia Britannica defines plagiarism as:

the act of taking the writings of another person and passing them off as
one's own.

The fraudulence is closely related to forgery and piracy—practices

generally in violation of copyright laws.

"plagiarism" Encyclopædia Britannica

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=61807 [Accessed September 3, 2002].

Plagiarism is illegal and you can be expelled from the university if you
plagiarise.

With all information available on the World Wide Web, it is probably very
tempting to cut and paste parts of articles for assignments and so on, but
remember that this is illegal and that the lecturers can find the sites very easily
themselves.

How to avoid plagiarism:

There are a number of sites on the World Wide Web that deal with issues around
plagiarism:

• Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It

http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html

• Avoiding Plagiarism
http://sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm#mexamples

© University of Pretoria 58 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 You may use material written by other people, but then the thing to do is to
cite the material:

Guide to Citation Style Guides

http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html

CITATION STYLES, PLAGIARISM & STYLE MANUALS

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Citations.html

Harvard Style:
Harvard Referencing
http://lisweb.curtin.edu.au/guides/handouts/harvard.html

References/Bibliography HARVARD STYLE

http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard.html

© University of Pretoria 59 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 10

RESEARCH ETHICS

The University requires that all research studies conducted within the Faculty that
include people or animals as either informants or subjects has to be cleared by the
Faculty Committee for Research Ethics and Integrity of the Faculty of EBIT.

Clearance must be obtained for applicable studies of personnel as well as students

(undergraduate or postgraduate) before the study commences.

The objective of the EBIT ethics committee is to ensure that all research in the
Faculty abide by ethical principles, specifically where animals or humans form part of
research studies, or where research is conducted that could influence or pollute the
environment. The committee considers submissions by students and personnel of
the University of Pretoria that conduct their research in the Faculty of EBIT. Note
that the EBIT ethics committee considers whether the research to be conducted
complies with ethical guidelines, not whether the research or research methodology
is correct or appropriate. The latter function is performed by the various departmental
research committees.

Application forms and further information is available on the Faculty website at

http://www.up.ac.za/ebit/r_ethics.html

Prof Johan Hanekom

Chair: Faculty Committee for Research Ethics and Integrity

© University of Pretoria 60 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 11

CRITICAL (LATEST) DATES FOR MSC TREATISES

Degree in April :

• Final draft to be submitted end October, together with draft of article Final
revisions to be done during December
• Two ring-bound copies to be submitted during the first week of January
for assessment by study leader and external examiner
• Marks must be in end of January
• Final corrections to be done early February
• Three final, vinyl-bound copies plus the final article, together with
electronic copies of both in MSWord format and PDF format, (on CD), to
be submitted four days before the end of February for the study leader to
confirm compliance with all the conditions of the degree before the end of
February. No degree will be awarded without the above
• Degree awarded in April
• Fees may not be payable for the new year if the treatise was substantially
completed in the previous year (treatise dated December of previous
year)

Degree in September :

• Final draft to be submitted end April, together with draft of article (latest
date)
• Final revisions to be done during May
• Two ring-bound copies to be submitted during the 1st week of June for
marks by study leader and external examiner
• Marks must be in end of June (date prescribed by Admin)
• Final corrections to be done early July

© University of Pretoria 61 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 • 3 Final, vinyl bound copies + final article, together with electronic copies of
both in MSWord format (on CD), to be submitted 4 days before the end of
July for the study leader to confirm compliance with all the conditions of
the degree before the end of July. No degree will be awarded without the
above, including the article
• Degree awarded in September.
• Fees payable for this year

© University of Pretoria 62 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 ANNEXURE 12

GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A PUBLICATION BASED

ON A MSc TREATISE

INTRODUCTION

It is compulsory that every student, as part of the completing of his/her MSc treatise,
submit a publication based on the treatise (or part thereof). The problem encountered
by students is that very few of them have ever submitted a research paper for
publication. Furthermore, they do not know which publication’s requirements to
follow, as there are subtle differences in the requirements for publication between
different journals.

GUIDELINES

In order to assist students in this regard, and to make it easier for the department to
actually submit a paper for publication in an accredited journal, the department has
drawn up the following guidelines which should be adhered to by students when
preparing a paper for submission with their final treatise:

• The paper must have a title. It should not necessarily be the same as that of
the treatise, especially if the paper covers only a part of the treatise.
• The names of the author and study leader, and “University of Pretoria” must
follow the title.
• A short summary/abstract (not more than 100 words) must be provided before
the text. If the paper is in Afrikaans, the summary/abstract must be in both
Afrikaans and English.
• A list of five or six keywords, providing background of the topic, must be
provided.
• The text should follow the same principles as those used in the treatise, i.e.
introduction, headings and sub-headings, source references according to the

© University of Pretoria 63 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

 Harvard style, summary and conclusion, etc. with all pages numbered
consecutively at the bottom of the page.
• The bibliography/reference list (Harvard style) should be listed alphabetically
according to the names of the authors, after the text.
• Manuscripts must be in double line spacing with 25mm wide margins and a
font size of 10 or 12 points.
• The length of the paper should be between 4 000 and 6 000 words.
• The paper should be submitted electronically (CD or stiffy disk) in an
accepted format like MS Word.
• Any numbering should be in Arabic numbers with full stops in between (some
journals prefer no numbering).

PUBLICATION
The department reserves the right to publish a paper with alterations and/or additions
that might be required, in any publication of the department’s choice, with the person
who acted as study leader mentioned as co-author of the paper. If a substantial
amount of work is needed in order to get the paper ready for publication, or if
additional work need to be done to adhere to international accepted standards, then
the study leader or person responsible for such additional work shall be named as
sole author of the paper, with the student’s treatise mentioned as one of the sources,
or the student can be mentioned as co-author.

HINTS
Prof. TE Cloete, department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of
Pretoria, gave the following hints in a presentation: “Writing a research paper”:

Avoid phrases in the title such as:

• Observations on ……….
• Investigations on ………
• Aspects of ……………..
• A study of ………………
• The effect of ………….

© University of Pretoria 64 Guidelines for MSc Treatise

Discussion
• The discussion answers the question: “so what?”
• Point out exceptions
• Show agreement with the work of others
• Discuss the theoretical as well as practical implications
• Show relationship amongst observed facts

Results

The whole paper will stand or fall by the results, therefore:

• Use tables and figures with discretion
• Be concise and precise
• Avoid redundancy – do not describe the obvious
• Avoid such phrases such as: “It is clearly shown in Fig. 1 that….”

EXAMPLE

Attached hereto is a copy of a paper published in a journal as an example of the

required standard and format, as well as the requirements of the journal in order to
act as further guidelines for writing a research paper.

© University of Pretoria 65 Guidelines for MSc Treatise