Nutrition and Diet Therapy
Pre-school group
To be submitted to:
Daphnelyn G. Tomas
Submitted by:
BSN 2-2
Leader:
Magtanong, Kathleen Joy
Members:
Concepcion, Dianne Angel
Cortez, Christine Nicole
Humiwat, Shaine
Pascasio, Preciouslove
Ramos, Angel
Sales, Jayferson
BSN 2-2
Pre-School
Also known as Nursery school, pre- primary school, playschool or kindergarten (Ages 3-
5). Is an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to
children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.
Nutritional Problems and Intervention
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
The food consumption habits of the children changed during the last few decades, and
they now consume too much fat, especially saturated fats, and sweetened beverages. They do not
eat enough fruits or vegetables and consequently do not consume enough fiber.
Most schoolchildren of low socioeconomic families consume less milk, cheese, meet,
vegetables and fruits.
CALCIUM AND IRON intake among children is also low. One of the main reasons for
the pediatric pandemic of obesity is the consumption of large amounts of soft drinks rich in
sugar, accompanied by a lack of physical activity.
CHRONIC LONG TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS INDICATED WITH NUTRIENTS
DEFICIENCIES
-Obesity -coronary heart disease -type 2 diabetes -stroke -cancer -osteoporosis
Most common nutrient deficiencies among school children are: -calcium -fiber -folate -
iron -magnesium -potassium and vitamin E.
2 most common deficiencies seen in generally healthy children are: -iron and vitamin D
deficiencies
*Classical nutrient deficiencies lead to stunting (energy, protein and zinc), rickets (vitamin D)
and other bone abnormalities (copper, zinc, vitamin C)
Nutritional Deficiencies (Malnutrition) -The body requires many different vitamins and minerals
that are crucial for both body development and preventing disease. These vitamins and minerals
are often referred to as micronutrients. They aren’t produced naturally in the body, so you have
to get them from your diet. -A nutritional deficiency occurs when the body doesn’t absorb or get
from food the necessary amount of a nutrient. Deficiencies can lead to a variety of health
problems. These can include digestion problems, skin disorders, stunted or defective bone
growth, and even dementia.
1. Iron deficiency
The most widespread nutritional deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency. Iron deficiency
can lead to anemia. This is a blood disorder that causes fatigue, weakness, and a variety of other
symptoms.
2. Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A is a group of nutrients crucial for eye health and functioning and reproductive
health in men and women. It also plays a part in strengthening the immune system against
infections -According to WHO Trusted Source, a lack of vitamin A is the leading cause of
preventable blindness in children.
3. Thiamine (vitamin B-1) deficiency
Thiamine is an important part of your nervous system. It also helps your body turn
carbohydrates into energy as part of your metabolism. Thiamine deficiency can also lead to
nerve and muscle damage and can affect the heart. A lack of thiamine can result in: weight loss
fatigue confusion short-term memory loss
4. Niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency
Niacin is another mineral that helps the body convert food into energy. A severe
deficiency in niacin is often referred to as pellagra.
5. Folate (vitamin B-9) deficiency
Vitamin B-9 helps the body create red blood cells and produce DNA. It’s often referred
to as folate. Folate also helps brain development and nervous system functioning Folate
deficiency can lead to severe birth defects, growth problems, or anemia.
CONSTIPATION
Constipation means that bowel movements are hard and dry, difficult of painful to pass
and less frequent than usual.
• CAUSE:
• Lack of fiber
• Liquids
• Exercise
• SYMPTOMS:
- No bowel movement for several days
- Cramping and abdominal pain
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Weight Loss
- Liquid or solid, clay like stool
• TREATMENT:
1. Eating more fiber (fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereal)
2. Drinking more liquid
3. Exercise
DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN
-Routine ailments, including teething, ear and urinary tract infection. Excessive fruit juice
consumption. Some cases of diarrhea can be caused by viruses or bacteria.
-It can last between 3 to 7 days and becomes a concern because it increases the risk for
dehydration.
SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION
1. Poor Appetite
2. Weight loss
3. Irritability
4. No wet diapers of urinating
5. Dry mouth
6. Dark urine
7. Sunken eyes
8. No tears when cry
9. Skin loses its usual springiness
CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC DIARRHEA
The most frequent form of persistent diarrhea. The typical patient is 1 to 3 years of age, and has
2 to 5 loose, mucous like-stools most days of the week.
INTERVENTIONS:
1. Avoid prune, pear, cherry or apple juice because of their higher sorbitol content
2. Limit total juice 4 to 8 oz. per day
3. Avoid milk only if it makes diarrhea worse
4. Offer your child regular schedule meals; try to stay flexible, but stabilize a 3 meal and a 2
to 3 snack routine
FOOD ALLERGY
-Occurs when the body’s own immune system perceives a protein as foreign and make
antibodies to fight.
SYMPTOMS:
1. Hives or difficulty in breathing (Anaphylaxis)
CHRONIC SYMPTOMS:
1. Asthma
2. Skin Rash
3. Diarrhea or stomachaches
Food most likely to cause a food allergy in children:
• Milk
• Egg
• Peanuts
• Soy
• Wheat
• Tree nuts
• Fish and shellfish
Treatment for a food allergy is elimination of identified food; this is not easy and in fact
can be quite tricky. Once a food allergy is diagnosed, treatment must be initiated. Individuals
needing to eliminate multiple foods needs to speak with a dietitian to find alternative foods.
Read all labels, including medicines and topical lotion.
Malnourished versus the Well-Nourished Child
Normal Malnourished
Hair: Shiny, firm in the scalp Dull, brittle, dry, loose and falls out
Face: Good complexion Off color, scaly,flaky,cracked skin
Glands: No lumps Swollen at front of neck, cheeks
Skin: Smooth , firm, good color Dry, rough sandpaper feel, spotty, or
sore: lack of fat under the skin
Nails: firm, pink Spoon-shaped , brittle, ridged
Eyes: Bright,clear,pink membranes, adjust Pale membrane, spots, redness, adjust
easily to darkness slowly to darkness
Lips: Smooth, good color Red, Swollen, cracks at corner of the
mouth
Tongue: Red, rough, bumpy Sore, smooth,purplish, swollen
Teeth and Gums: No pain or cavities, gums Missing,discolored, decayed teeth, gums
firm,teeth bright bleed easily, swollen, spongy
Behavior: Alert, Attentive, Cheerful Irritable, apathetic, inattentive, hyperactive
Internal systems: Heart rate rhythm, and blood Hear rate rhythm and blood pressure
pressure normal, normal digestive function, normal, liver, spleen enlarged, abnormal
reflexes, psychological development normal digestion;mental irritability, confusion;
burning, tingling of hands feet, loss of
balance, coordination
Guidelines in feeding
Age 4 to 6 years
• Milk and Dairy: ½ to ¾ cup 3 to 4 times per day for a total of24 to 32 oz.
• Meat, Fish, Poultry, or Equivalent: 1 to 2 oz , twice a day for a total of 2 to 4 oz.
• Vegetable and Fruit: 4 to 5 servings per day. A serving is 3 to 4 tablespoons vegetables,
½ to 1 small piece of fruit, 4 to 6 tablespoons canned fruit, or 4 oz juice.
• Grain Products: 3 to 4 servings per day. A serving equals 1 slice of bread, ½ cup cooked
cereal, rice, pasta, or 1 cup dry cereal.
The parents should:
• Offer a range of healthy foods
• Don’t expect children to clean their plates
• Offer regular meal and sit together
• Limit processed food and sugary drinks
• The best drinks are water and milk
• Small portions for small children
• Turn off TV especially at meal times
• Teach table manners
Recommended Diet
• Age 4 - at this age serving of meat, fruits and vegetables would be 4 tbsp. (3/4) cup
• Note: child must have 3 meals a day and snack a day
• Don’t skip breakfast because nutrients missed from skipped breakfast won’t be made up
at lunch and dinner and completely left out that day
• Candy, cola and other concentrated sweet must be in a child’s diet if the needed nutrients
is not supplied
• High calorie foods may be only included only in addition to the required serving of
nutritious foods, and then only in small portion.
RDA for 5 Years Old This Day’s Meals Provided
Protein 30g 78 g 259 % of RDA- higher than
necessary
Vitamin A 500 RE 159 RE 32%- too low
Thiamin 0.9 mg 1.1 mg 120%- adequate
Riboflavin 1.0 mg 1.53 mg 150%- adequate
Folacin 200 ug 119 ug 60%- too low
Vitamin C 45mg 23.5 mg 52%- too low
Calcium 800 mg 644 mg 81%- marginal
Iron 10 mg 9.3 mg 93%- marginal
Zinc 10 mg 8.6 mg 88%- marginal
Children Daily Food Pattern of Nutrition
Food Group Servings per day Average size of
serving(4-5 Years)
Milk and cheese(1 oz of cheese=1 milk) 4 ¾c
Protein Foods 3 or more
Eggs 1
Lean meat, fish poultry, legumes( liver 2-4 oz
once a week)
Peanut butter 2 tbsp
Fruits and vegetables 4; more recommended
Vitamin C 1 or more ½c
Vitamin A 1 or more 4 tbsp
Other vegetables( including potatoes) 2 4tbsp.
Other fruits 1/2c
Cereals 4; more recommended
Bread, buns, pizza 1 ½ slices
Ready to eat cereals 1 oz
Cooked grains ½-¾c
Fats and sugars optional
Butter, margarine,oils, mayonnaise 1 1 tbsp.
Deserts and sweets 1 1 ½ portions
