INTERNET OF THINGS

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

BALAMURUGAN.G(162IT109)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

SATHYAMANGALAM-638401

NOVEMBER 2018
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this technical seminar report “INTERNET OF THINGS” is the bonafide

work of “BALAMURUGAN.G (162IT109)” who carried out the seminar under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

DR.A.BHARATHI MS.V.SRI VINITHA

Head Of The Department Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology Department of Information Technology
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Sathyamangalam Sathyamangalam

Submitted for Viva Voce examination held on ………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 5

3.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 5

3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 5

3.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 6

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 7

3.5 BENEFITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 8

3.6 COMPONENTS 8

4 FLOW DIAGRAM 9

4.1 DIAGRAMS 9

5 CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCE 16
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

4.1.1 FLOW CHART 10

4.1.2 ARDUINO UNO 11

4.1.3 GSM MODULE 12

4.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 13

4.1.5 TIMING DIAGRAM 14

 ABSTRACT

Liquid wastage during transmission has been identified as a major problem, in order to prevent

the wastage, the level of liquid is measured by using the ultrasonic sensor. The system deals with IoT

(Internet of Things) framework for effective management and maintenance of liquid tanks in industries,

organizations, institutions which is one of the most important parameter to save resources. The manual

readings may sometime mislead, to overcome this an automatic measurement of liquid level is taken

accurately by using ultrasonic sensor. To measure liquid level, ultrasonic sensor module is used, which

is placed at a particular position in the container at the remote station. The values collected from the

sensor sends an alert message to the user. The use of this framework is to inform the user about the

level of liquid and to avoid wastage of liquid. The application of the embedded system in various fields

in automation has been widely increased in order to decrease the human intervention and time to

complete the process

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances,

and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which

enables these things to connect and exchange data, it creates opportunities for more direct integration

of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic

benefits, and reduced human exertions. The Internet of Things is not a single technology, but it is a

mixture of different hardware & software technology. It provides solutions based on the integration of

information technology, which refers to hardware and software used to store, retrieve, and process data

and communications technology which includes electronic systems used for communication between

individuals or groups.

Liquid is measured by using the ultrasonic sensor. The system deals with IoT (Internet of Things)

framework for effective management and maintenance of liquid tanks in industries, organizations,

institutions which is one of the most important parameters to save resources. The manual readings may

sometime mislead, to overcome this an automatic measurement of liquid level is taken accurately by

using ultrasonic sensor. To measure liquid level, ultrasonic sensor module is used, which is placed at a

particular position in the container at the remote station. The values collected from the sensor sends an

alert message to the user. The use of this framework is to inform the user about the level of liquid and to

avoid wastage of liquid. The application of the embedded system in various fields in automation has been

widely increased in order to decrease the human intervention.

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Paper objectives
• An ultrasonic sensor, which is typically mounted at the top of a container,

sends out an ultrasonic pulse.

• This pulse hits the surface of the liquid, and gets reflected.

• The sensor assesses fill level depending upon the time between the sent and

the received signal.

• As the speed of sound can vary based on the gas mixtures present, it is significant

to note what gases are present in the tank while using ultrasonic fill level

measurement technology.

Paper goals

 Planned approach towards working: It can measure level without making

any physical contact with the substance being measured.

 Accuracy: The precision of the reading remains unchanged even after alterations in
the chemical composition.

 Reliability: The reliability of the application system will be high due to the above reasons. 

The storage of the information will be in a proper manner due to the increased reliability.

 Eliminating manual operations with a timer switch, the frustrations of manual monitoring
water tanks is minimized. Water levels are maintained at the appropriate levels thanks to
the automatic operations of these devices.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Measurement of level in a storage tank for a conducting liquid is very important in a process

plant specially in chemical industry. In these industries various conducting liquids like tap water, acid

solution, alkali solution etc. are stored in a storage tank as a product liquid or process liquid. For

stabilized and efficient operation of the process, accurate measurement of levels of these conducting

liquids in different storage tanks is essential. The conventional level measurement methods may be

classified as contact method and noncontact method. Of these, contact method such as float type,

displacer type, capacitance type etc. may suffer from measurement errors On the other hand non contact

capacitance type, ultrasonic type, nucleonic type etc. have much longer life period but may also suffer

from measurement errors due to stray capacitive effect, atmospheric effect, perpendicular plate

capacitance effect, parasitic effect etc. The accuracy of liquid-level detection is a key aspect for many

applications, such as oil, chemical, meteorological industry, and so on. A variety of principles have

been existed, including mechanical, optical, electrical, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic methods. These

methods have achieved certain progress on the liquid-level measurement. The ultrasonic method is

widely applied to liquid-level detection because of its higher cost performance.

Ultrasonic level measurement method is based on the transmission of sonic pulses which are

reflected from the surfaces of the materials being measured [l]. The time delay between the pulse and

echo is converted into a measuring value proportional to level. They offer advantage over other methods

since the instrument does not come into contact with the product being measured.

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 The advantage of ultrasonic transmitters is that they are easy to install (even if the tank has liquid

in it). Set up is simple and devices with onboard programming ability can be configured in a matter of

minutes. As it is a non contacting device, the measurement is unaffected by changes in liquid density,

dielectric or viscosity and performs well in aqueous liquids and many chemicals[2]. Ultrasonic transmitters

rely on the pulse being unaffected during its time of flight, therefore liquids with heavy vapours, steam or

vapour layers should be avoided. Vacuum applications are not possible as the pulse needs to travel through

air. The condition of the liquid surface is important. Some turbulence can be tolerated, but foaming will

often `damp out’ the return echo. Obstructions in tanks can cause false echoes, but most transmitters have

sophisticated software algorithms to mask or ignore these.

There is a specific relationship between the height of inlet water and the flow rate for every

open channel that is free flowing through a specific controlled metering structure. For any given inlet

height, there is a corresponding flow. Flow therefore can be determined by accurately measuring the

water level. Ultrasonic level transmitters can be considered for these applications, March April 2016

49 Water & Wastewater Asia typically, with a system transmitter mounted over the liquid, upstream of

a flume or weir. The accuracy can also be affected by variations in surface level caused by surface

turbulence or a sudden variation in flow that cause wave effects. In order to take account of these

changing conditions, a rapid ultrasonic pulse rate is required. For example, an ultrasonic pulse rate of

one per second enables changing flow profiles to be tracked as they occur

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 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

 Liquid wastage during transmission has been identified as a major problem

 Measurement of level in a storage tank for a conducting liquid is very important

in a process plant specially in chemical industry.

 In now a days no accurate and readability liquid measuring level.

 Liquid tanks in industries, organizations, institutions which is one of

the most important parameters to save resources.

3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

For stabilized and efficient operation of the process, accurate measurement of levels of

these conducting liquids in different storage tanks is essential. The conventional level measurement

methods may be classified as contact method and noncontact method. Of these, contact method such as

float type, displacer type, capacitance type etc. may suffer from measurement errors On the other hand

non- contact capacitance type, ultrasonic type, nucleonic type etc. have much longer life period but may

also suffer from measurement errors due to stray capacitive effect, atmospheric effect, perpendicular

plate capacitance effect, parasitic effect etc. The accuracy of liquid-level detection is a key aspect for

many applications, such as oil, chemical, meteorological industry, and so on.

5
 3.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

● Managing and keeping entire records manually.

● It is implemented only in meteorological industry.

● There is no specification about the proper liquid level.

● So, there is a less exposure for people in the world of technology.

● Records are maintained manually so there are chances of damage and loss of data.

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Ultrasonic level measurement method is based on the transmission of sonic pulses which

are reflected from the surfaces of the materials being measured. The time delay between the pulse and

echo is converted into a measuring value proportional to level. They offer advantage over other methods

since the instrument does not come into contact with the product being measure. The reflected signals

from the surface eliminates the unwanted multiple echoes. However, in dynamic situations, such as solid

level measurements, the operating conditions often change making hard for the device to differentiate

the true signal from the echoes thus requiring continues intervention and calibrations. The ultrasonic

wave front, emitted by the transmitter reflects back from the surface to be picked-up by the sensors. In a

simulation method a set of vectors have been defined to represent the ultrasonic beam which originates

from the transmitter at a given half power beam width (divergence angle). The length of the vectors

depend upon the time from transmission and the velocity of sound in the propagation medium. The

coordinates of the wave front are calculated to find the shapes and the locations of the wave fronts in

incremental times after transmission.

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 The propagation medium is visualised in segments to be described in geometrical shapes and

surfaces. Then Huygen's principle, Snell's law and Descate's law are applied when a vector representing the

wave front interacts with an object or the surface on its paths. Any vector originating from the source

intersecting with these objects or surfaces produces a reflecting vector. The reflected vector is then

considered to be the incident vector until it interacts with other objects on its path to be reflected again or

to be picked up by the receiver. The lengths of all the reflected sub vectors are calculated and added for a

given time from transmission of the pulse. Then another single vector is assumed to originate from the

transmitter going through the same process as described above. The procedure is repeated until enough

number of vectors are processed to represent an entire beam. As a result of these operations a set of points

are obtained, forming the simulated wave front in three dimensions.

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 3.5 BENEFITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

In order to prevent the wastage, the level of liquid is measured by using the ultrasonic sensor.

The system deals with IoT (Internet of Things) framework for effective management and maintenance

of liquid tanks in industries, organizations, institutions which is one of the most important parameter to

save resources. The manual readings may sometime mislead, to overcome this an automatic

measurement of liquid level is taken accurately by using ultrasonic sensor. To measure liquid level,

ultrasonic sensor module is used, which is placed at a particular position in the container at the remote

station. The values collected from the sensor sends an alert message to the user. The use of this

framework is to inform the user about the level of liquid and to avoid wastage of liquid. The application

of the embedded system in various fields in automation has been widely increased in order to decrease

the human intervention and time to complete the process

3.6 COMPONENTS

 Ardunio uno Board

 Ultrasonic Sensor

 Serial Monitor

 Connecting Wires

 GSM(Global System for Mobile) Module

 12V Adapter

 Mobile

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 CHAPTER 4

CALCULATION DIAGRAM

4.1 DIAGRAMS

DISTANCE CALCULATION

For example, if the object is 10 cm away from the sensor, and the speed of the sound is 340 m/s or

0.34 cm/µs the sound wave will need to travel about 294 u seconds. But what you will get from the Echo

pin will be double that number because the sound wave needs to travel forward and bounce backward.

So in order to get the distance in cm we need to multiply the received travel time value from the echo

pin by 0.034 and divide it by 2.

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FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig 4.1.1 FLOW DIAGRAM

 At the top of the tank cap ultrasonic sensor has been placed.

 Ultrasonic sensor connected to the arduino uno.

 Ardunio uno connected between ultrasonic senor and serial monitor.

 Ardunio uno used for Transmit and receive the data between serial monitor and sensor.

 Output display on Monitor and alert message can be received to current

Mobile (Connected with GSM).

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 MATERIAL REPRESENTATION

Fig 4.1.2 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital

input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP

header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and reset button. This contains all the

required support needed for microcontroller. In order to get started, they are simply connected to a

computer with a USB cable or with a AC-DC adapter or battery. Arduino Uno Board varies from all

other boards and they will not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip in them. It is featured by the

Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-Serial Converter.

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 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

 SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S

core Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm ”

 SMT type suit for customer application

 An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack

 Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support

service, from definition to design and production

Fig 4.1.3 GSM MODULE

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 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Fig 4.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an

ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic sensors measure the

distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and reception. An optical sensor

has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both

emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives

ultrasonic waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head.

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 TIMING DIAGRAM

Fig 4.1.5 TIMING DIAGRAM

 We need to transmit trigger pulse of at least 10 us to the HC-SR04 Trig Pin.

 Then the HC-SR04 automatically sends Eight 40 kHz sound wave and wait
forrising edge output at Echo pin.

 When the rising edge capture occurs at Echo pin, start theTimer and wait for falling
edge on Echo pin.

 As soon as the falling edge is captured at the Echo pin, read the count of the Timer. Thistime
count is the time required by the sensor to detect an object and return back from an object.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The application of the embedded system in various fields in automation has been widely

increased in order to decrease the human intervention and time to complete the process. As we have

already discussed that improper level measurement of hazardous tank can create harmful effects to both

the system and the environment. The main objective of our project is not only to attain the accurate

measurement of level but also to have a safety control over it. Finally from this project we conclude

that level measurement in industries using the concept of embedded system can acquire very low cost,

very less man power also the installation of the system is easy and makes it more compatible for

different environments

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[3] B. Barshan, R. Kuc. Differentiating sonar reflections from corners and planes by employing an
intelligent sensor. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol. 12, pp. 560-
569, 2018

[4] P. P. Smith, K. Zografos. Sonar for recognizing the texture of pathways. Robotics
and Autonomous Systems, vol. 51, pp. 17-28, 2017

[5] Y. Han, H Hahn. Localization and classification of target surfaces using two pairs
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[6] A. M. Sabatini, O. Di Benedetto. Towards a Robust Methodology for Mobile Robot Localisation
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3142- 3147, 2015

Web Links:

● www.google.com
● www.wikipedia.com
● www.arduino-uno.com
● www. IOT real world application.com
● www.IEEE EXPLORE LIBRARY.in

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