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Coping with Stress in the Construction Industry

[Writer Name]

[Institute Name]
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Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to thank God, for having enabled me and for strengthening me every

day in the face of obstacles. I would like to thank my family for the support they have given

over the years. I would like to thank my teacher --------, for the trust deposited in me; and

thank my friends for believing in me, for their advice to me.

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Declaration

I [], make sure that this research and its all content has been personal, unsupported effort and

has not been published or submitted before. Furthermore, it explains my views and takes on

the issue and it does not present the view of my University.

Signature: _________________

Dated: ___________________
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Abstract

Occupational stress has become an increasing problem in the modern world and is today one

of the most prevalent work-related health problems in Europe. It is a growing concern for

many industries, not least for the construction industry. As the construction industry is known

to be challenging and very competitive based, it is important as an employer that one's staff is

able to perform in the best way. Work-related stress has been identified as a significant factor

affecting the success of an organisation, as it adversely affects the organisation's productivity

and efficiency, which in turn is costly to the company. Work-related stress is also considered

to be a major contributing factor to reduced job satisfaction, as well as increased absenteeism

among employees. Given that most individuals spend a lot of time at work, their behavioural,

physical and mental health plays an important role both for the organisation, but also for the

employees. However, the management of work-related stress is a complicated and

challenging task for organisations. Within this industry, there are several different risk factors

that are related to the work. However, the most prominent factor contributing to work-related

stress is a lack of control in one's daily work. This was mainly noticeable among the

individuals who work at the construction site, as they often have to handle unexpected events.

The biggest problem seems to be the lack of recovery in construction personnel. Today, there

are no strategies that are effective enough to address this problem, which requires a change. It

is important to develop and implement feasible strategies that can reduce the occupational

stress level and increase the level of satisfaction of the employees. Above all, considering that

the stress levels and well-being of staff in the construction industry have not improved, but

rather deteriorated.
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 2
Declaration ................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 6
1.1 Aim ............................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Construction a Macho Industry………………………………………………………….…………………………………….6
1.4 Stress ............................................................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Theoretical Models on Stress ........................................................................................................ 8
1.6 Construction Stress ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Coping Strategies ........................................................................................................................ 10
1.8 Work-Family Conflict ................................................................................................................. 11
1.10 Mates in Mind .......................................................................................................................... 13
1.11 Current Method of Tracking Stress using a Mobile Phone App ................................................ 13
1.12 Graham's Connect Plus Health and Well-being Initiative......................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 16
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16
2.2 Research Method ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Population and Sample ............................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Instruments.................................................................................................................................. 17
2.4.1 Description of the Stress Scale............................................................................................. 17
2.4.2 Description of the Coping Scale .......................................................................................... 18
2.4.3 Description of the Quality of Life Scale .............................................................................. 18
2.5 Data Collection Procedure .......................................................................................................... 18
2.6 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 19
2.7 Data Analysis Procedure ............................................................................................................. 19
2.8 Ethical Consideration .................................................................................................................. 20
2.9 Reliability and Validity ............................................................................................................... 21
References ................................................................................................................................ 22
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Aim
The aim of this research is to highlight the issues facing the Construction Industry at present

due to stress and discover possible new resolutions

1.2 Objectives
1. Define stress and identify risk/contributing factors that may lead to elevated levels of stress

2. Identify key stressors within the construction industry and how these may impact upon

operatives

3. Identify and explore how the construction industry operatives cope with stress compared to

other industries

4. Determine the extent to which construction companies manage stress among employees

and provide support and intervention.

5. Provide and justify potential recommendations that will enable positive stress

management.

1.3 Construction a Macho Industry

According to Milner, et al, (2018) 99% of on-site construction labourers are men in the UK.

Within other areas of this sector, the figures are same, with just 11% of the entire

construction business being female. There is a long-lasting view that the construction

business is male-dominated. There is a feeling that construction is more suited to men, with

women stressed that they might be managed in a different way as they are female, or that they

must keep their head down and made-up to be "one of the guys" to be effective. Whether or
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not this is supported by real experiences, several individuals’ natural anticipation is that their

construction project will be managed by a male manager (Zolina, 2017). This is not

essentially down to a sexist context but supported by assessments that this sector, as it stands,

is mainly male. According to Hutchins, Penney, and Sublett, (2018), people explained that

the construction sector has a male-dominated, macho image symbolised through ‘the builders

bum’ or ‘Stratford smile’. The construction business shows a macho tradition where

relationships are made by conflict, argument, and crisis. As a consequence, workers (male

and female) observe that they are revealed to an extremely hostile situation. From a young

age, construction works are marketed in a male-centric manner that focuses on young male

labourers as their major target. It can be suggested in a manner that encourages construction

as a system into a "masculine" and "strong" career that will make individuality and purpose

as a man. On the other hand, it can be explained as a route for people who have tried in

school or in a society that is focusing to turn their life around and apply their power

effectively (Milner, et al, 2018). These images are normally focused on male beneficiaries,

which refers that some young women feel drawn into working in the construction business

than young men.

1.4 Stress
Man, from ancient times, shows some concern in seeking justifications for existing diseases.

Campbell, (2006) reports that the disease was long considered to be an event provoked by

construction spirits, demons or even a punishment from God, and in order to cure these evils,

various methods of treatment were used, such as spells, dances, bleeding, flagellations, drug

ingestion. The word stress originated in Latin and from the 17th century on, it was popularly

used as "fatigue", “tight" or "painful". Sutton, Allinson, and Williams, (2013) explained that

at the end of the eighteenth century, its use evolved to denote strength, effort and tension. It is

an ancient biochemical mechanism of man's survival, perfected throughout his own bio
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physiological evolution (Nelson, and Quick, 2013). Studies on stress became recognised from

Lingard, Francis, and Turner, (2012) research. He observed that stress generated defence and

adaptation reactions to the stressor. He then described what he called the General Adaptive

Syndrome (SAG) or biological stress, in 1956, a model to represent stress and classified it

into three phases: alarm phase, resistance phase and the last phase of exhaustion (Lingard,

Francis, and Turner, 2012).

1.5 Theoretical Models on Stress

Nelson, and Quick, (2013) report that in the first approach of individuals' reactions, stress is

understood as the individual's response to the stressor. This model according to Lingard, and

Francis, (2009) is considered reductionist because it focuses on physiological reactions

covering only the physical, psychological, or psychosomatic manifestations and does not

make it possible to ascertain the causes of the stress or sources of it. The second mechanistic

approach according to Cooper, and Quick, (2017) refer to stress as a harmful external

stimulus, which is triggered by physical, emotional or sensory reactions. These events are

considered to be harmful or threatening to the individual's balance or preservation, be they

positive or negative and are called stressing or stressing agents. This second model presented

progress but is still considered a simplifier. According to Cooper, Dewe, and O'DRISCOLL,

(2001), stress also presents a complex process, called a transactional process, which arises

from the interaction between the individual and the external environment and depends on the

perception and interpretation of the situations experienced by him. This approach differs from

the previous one because it takes into account the complexity and interaction of the factors

involved in stress. This work was based on the transactional model. The transactional model

differs from the mechanistic model because of the approach taken in each approach.

According to Bowen, Edwards, and Cattell, (2014) the stress response approach focuses on
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physical responses (eg excessive sweating, palpitation), psychological responses (eg anxiety,

depression) and responses accompanied by biological changes (eg psychosomatic, gastritis).

In the approach of stress with a focus on the stimulus occurs in the physical stimulus,

emotional or sensory order. In the transactional approach, the focus is on the perception and

interpretation of the situations experienced.

1.6 Construction Stress

According to Beehr, (2014) construction differs from other sectors of industrial production,

since the decentralisation of productive activities is one of the main characteristics. Bowen,

Edwards, and Govender, (2014) argue that in the area of construction the set of tasks

performed by manual labour constitutes the master spring of the productive process, even

where the technological development was more incisive and gave more dynamism to the

production rhythm. The current competitiveness requires dynamic and organised companies,

allowing the work environment to evolve over time. However, this competitiveness requires

that employees respond to the demands of organisations, enabling the triggering of some

factors that can generate stress. Brannon and Feist, (2009) emphasise that: Construction

Industry, by itself, is a stressful industry to work due to its characterisation and the work

process itself. The discontinuity of productive activities, the poorer male labour force coupled

with the sector's low salaries and the overtime work often generate demotivation and

disinterest in work. The product is unique, nomadic, and dependent on a transient workforce;

the product is produced outdoors, without any protection; design changes occur frequently.

These factors are clearly observed in the work environment, especially in periods that precede

salary and end-of-construction (Anbazhagan, and Soundar, 2013). In addition to the above

considerations, those in charge of the works: engineers, technicians and labour masters most

of the time have to deal with reduced work periods, poorly defined and incompatible projects,
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as well as constant changes in projects, low profit margin, a reduced number of skilled

workers and even inadequate workplaces, all these factors result in enormous pressure and

stress.

1.7 Coping Strategies

Aldwin, and Werner, (2012) reports that every individual experiences adverse situations

every day, and can be perceived as more threatening or destabilizing than others, being real

or imaginary, which implies that each individual will react in a more or less effective way,

depending on his environment, his social environment, his history and his personal resources.

For Ahmad and Darzi, (2008), confrontation, also known as coping, refers to cognitive and

behavioural efforts, which are in constant change, once the person starts to administer

external or internal requirements specifically. According to Zolina, (2017) coping is the set of

control efforts, without taking into account the consequences, is a response to stress in order

to decrease aversive qualities. Coping is a response that aims to expand, build or maintain the

perception of personal control, and this sense can be illusory. People can notice stress

consistently and how to fight it, but that consistency depends on systematic variations of

situations or style. Choosing a coping strategy will depend on the individual. Hutchins,

Penney, and Sublett, (2018) conceptualize coping as the set of strategies people use to adapt

to adverse circumstances.

According to Zoni, and Lucchini, (2012) in situations of stress the individual changes the

behaviour, and may also alter their environment to seek suitable conditions. Coping depends

on a context formed by experiences, skills, self-assessment, and other aspects. Milner, et al,

(2018) stresses that the responses to face these stressful events will depend on how the person

reacts to them, whether they be effective or not. For Lingard and Francis, (2005) the study of

coping strategies refers to situational factors, through thoughts or behaviours with the

purpose of reducing or modifying the stressful effect of the fact itself. Leung, Skitmore, and
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Chan, (2007) state that the secret of health and happiness resists the successful adjustment to

the conditions of this world, perpetually in the process of modification. It can be concluded

that the coping strategies are characterised by the process by which the individual manages

the stressful situations/emotions that they generate, aiming to respond by solving or softening

them. The coping strategies have been the object of study of researchers of social, clinical

and personality psychology (Patching, and Best, 2014).

1.8 Work-Family Conflict

A challenge for people management professionals in organisations is to implement strategic

planning that innovates the way to look at the interaction between the various factors that

permeate the relationship between the worker and the organisation. The new demands of the

globalized market make necessary new ways of planning the productive system and daily life

of the workers. It is also important to consider that, according to Hutchins, Penney, and

Sublett, (2018), in countries, families with double employment exceed the number of single-

employment families, explaining the need to reconcile the professional interests of the subject

with the dedication of this family. Another important issue revealed by Leung, Skitmore, and

Chan, (2007) is the fact that in UK own business is growing and one of the reasons for the

individual wanting to be his own boss is the flexibility of schedules, which converge to an

attempt to achieve a more balanced work-family relationship. With this, people management

policies and practices in work organisations need to reinvent themselves in order to deal with

a worker who is more prone to autonomy.

Another factor to be highlighted in the man-work relationship, and which is more relevant

today when it comes to people management in the organisational context, is the commitment

of the worker to his professional tasks and to the organisation itself; the worker's commitment

is directly related to his working conditions and his level of satisfaction with the organisation
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where he works. Commitment and satisfaction with work are components that have a

significant impact on the success of contemporary work organisations (Lingard, and Francis,

2005).

1.9 Reviews on Risk Evaluation

According to Milner, et al, (2018), the theme of risk is addressed since the 1970s and 1980s,

where researchers have studied risk intensively and from various perspectives. The field of

risk analysis grew rapidly, focusing on risk assessment and risk management. Some

researchers’ associate risk only with situations of loss or danger and others argue for the

possibility of something beneficial associated with risk situations. They argue that there is

much more to their definition than simply the implication of the concepts of danger or loss.

When risk situations can translate into a benefit for society, for example in the case of life-

saving, the risk has a positive connotation. In the same decade, and according to Milner, et al,

(2018), the concept of risk is defined as the degree of uncertainty that exists in relation to an

event, and where there will be uncertainty, there will always be an associated risk.

Risk assessment is a tool used in risk management. According to Hutchins, Penney, and

Sublett, (2018) risk assessment can be defined as the process of assessing risks arising from a

hazard, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls on whether or not the risk is

acceptable. Risk assessment is the process that identifies the hazards present in a given task

or activity (risk analysis) and estimates the extent of the consequences resulting from such

risks, damages or injuries (risk estimation), taking into account any precautions or which

have already been put into operation. According to Anbazhagan, and Soundar, (2013) the

main purpose of risk assessment is to reduce the risk profiles posed by a given situation. The

risk profile is the distribution pattern of a given probability-occurrence pair. Risk

management proposes alternatives, calculates the risk profile for each alternative, makes
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safety decisions, selects risk control alternatives and rehearses corrective actions. Risk

profiles are almost always associated with uncertainties that hinder risk analysis and

subsequent management. The uncertainties are related to the severity levels of accidents and

their frequencies. The subjectivity of the human dimension is, nevertheless, the basis of risk

analysis and management. Usually, different people select different base events to conduct a

risk analysis.

1.10 Mates in Mind

Mates in Mind has been established by the Health in Construction Leadership Group

(HCLG) with the assistance of the British Safety Council and is a charitable programme

that focuses to enhance knowledge and consideration of poor mental health in the

construction industry. Along with its main partners which include Mind, Mental Health

First Aid England and Samaritans, this plan comprises three training modules. Its aim is to

bring the business together to openly discuss and focus the stigma related to mental ill

health (Cooper, and Quick, 2017). Originally based on the Mates in Construction model,

which started in 2008, it focuses to assist companies in focusing on this issue of poor

mental health and signpost them to particular information sources. Mates in Construction

has concentrated mostly on the high suicide rates in the business.

1.11 Current Method of Tracking Stress using a Mobile Phone App

Self-tracking stress could facilitate gaining knowledge and awareness of one’s mood patterns

and thus help maintain emotional well-being. Researchers have employed various

technologies to help individuals to record, analyse, and regulate mood. For example,

MobiMood allows users to register their stress by selecting colours, and Aurora supports self-
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tracking by allowing users to select photos that best represent their stress. CopeSmart users

log their mood by selecting a corresponding value on a scale (Nelson, and Quick, 2013).

Other mobile apps have elicited users’ mood using emojis. Besides self-tracking, apps such

as Aurora and MobiMood also encourage users to share self-tracked stress data in their social

networks to seek emotional support. Study results suggest that users are willing to share their

mood with their friends in social networks. In addition to designing self-tracking technologies

for the general population, researchers have also investigated the use of mood tracking to

help patients with mental diseases self-manage their conditions. The above studies mainly

investigate one particular app in research settings (Sutton, Allinson, and Williams, 2013).

Since the use of mobile apps for promoting health has grown exponentially in recent years,

researchers have started to systematically review apps to identify features, opportunities, and

challenges for healthcare practices. However, Lingard, Francis, and Turner, (2012) have also

called for more rigorous research and design guidelines for the functionalities and interfaces

of apps available for the smartphone. Other researchers have provided comprehensive

analyses of the literature on mobile apps for specific health conditions, such as mental

illnesses and weight loss. These studies pointed out the limitations of evaluating mobile apps

for health intervention within a limited number of participants using one specific app.

Systematic reviews of health apps have identified a gap between the standards in scientific

and clinical research, and the actual features in consumer products.

1.12 Graham's Connect Plus Health and Well-being Initiative

Graham has been named as a global leader in people management practice having won the

inaugural Excellence in Health and Wellbeing Award at the recent Investors in People

Awards in London. The prestigious award, which was an international award across all

industries, was in recognition of GRAHAM’s pioneering employee health and wellbeing

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initiative, Connect Plus. Connect Plus focuses on individualised plans that develop

employees to have the right skills, behaviours and physical and mental wellbeing which will

support them to flourish in all aspects of their lives, whilst delivering real results for the

business in terms of engagement, retention and productivity (Hutchins, Penney, and Sublett,

2018). Based on cutting-edge research across performance, health and wellbeing, the

initiative has already produced fantastic results. Staff engagement has increased by 20%

whilst turnover is 33% lower than the industry average. The firm has also witnessed a 100%

decrease in absenteeism, which is now 400% lower than the UK average (Hutchins, Penney,

and Sublett, 2018). It has formulated a ‘Wellness High Achievement Model’ focused on

manager understanding, supporting an employee to develop resilience, enhancing skills and

seeking to influence the way they do the job; and supporting individuals to be physically and

mentally fit. This has an expression in a most comprehensive, innovative programme

(probably unmatched) of individualised plans and support.

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CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

This research has as an objective of identifying the stress, coping and quality of life in the

work of its employees. It is descriptive research, with a quantitative approach and that was

developed through the design of a survey. According to Milner, Law, and LaMontagne,

(2018) the descriptive searches have an as main objective to describe the characteristics of a

specific population or phenomenon or to establish the relation between the variables. One of

the significant characteristics of this research can be considered the use of standard

techniques of data collection. In relation to the quantitative method, it can be said that it is

directed to measurable data, through the use of resources and standardized techniques such as

questionnaires, forms and scales (Lingard, Francis, and Turner, 2012).

2.2 Research Method

Qualitative research is mainly known as exploratory research. This is used to gain an

understanding of fundamental reasons and opinions (Zoni, and Lucchini, 2012). This

provides understandings into the difficulty or supports to develop hypotheses or ideas for

quantitative research. On the other hand, quantitative research method is used to measure the

problem in terms of generating the numerical data which can be transformed into statistical

tables. This is used to measure opinions, behaviours, attitudes, and other variables and also

generalize findings from the larger sample populations. The quantitative method has been

used in this research because this method uses quantifiable data in order to formulate the facts

and expose the patterns in the study. The data collection techniques in quantitative studies are

usually more structured as compared to data collection method in qualitative studies. The data

collection method in quantitative research include questionnaires, observation, and different

forms of surveys such as paper surveys, online surveys, mobile surveys and face-to-face or
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telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, systematic observations etc. Thus, considering the

aspect of this study survey method has been used in this study in order to collect the data

(Nelson, and Quick, 2013). Survey method has been used in this study because the researcher

aimed at finding the views of people about the issues facing the Construction Industry at

present due to stress and discover possible new resolutions.

2.3 Population and Sample

The study population was formed by professionals who work in different companies (RM

Steel Ltd, Tracey Brothers and BHC Ltd). This research used 30 site workers from each

company so total there were 90 participants. The subjects studied in the quantitative stage

were different professionals in particular positions that are related to construction,

regardless of the time of experience in the area.

2.4 Instruments
The following instruments were used for data collection: Stress Scale, Coping Scale, Job

Quality of Life Questionnaire based on the Job Diagnostic model Survey, and Questionnaire

for surveying the sociodemographic profile. These will be described below:

2.4.1 Description of the Stress Scale

The level of stress was determined by the Stress Scale. The scale consists of different items

distributed in four dimensions: physical manifestations, psychological disturbances,

psychophysiological disorders and temporality, according to the conversion scale (Nelson,

and Quick, 2013). These items are presented by statements that are distributed on a Likert
 18

scale (from one to five), progressively from "almost never" (value equal to one) to "almost

always" (value equal to five).

2.4.2 Description of the Coping Scale

The coping strategies were determined by the Coping Scale, developed by the same team on

the Stress Scale. This is composed of different affirmations, also on a Likert scale in five

points (from one to five) in which the respondent indicates that the proposed approaches are

almost never used (Zoni, and Lucchini, 2012). The control strategy determines the

regularisation of behavioural, mental and emotional reactions. The subject tries to dominate

the situation through prudence, that is, he avoids making hasty decisions without reflecting

(regulating activities), through planning (cognitive control) or even through control of

panic/fear, or even disguising emotions).

2.4.3 Description of the Quality of Life Scale

Data collection was based on the Job Diagnostic Survey, to measure the quality of life at

work, and a questionnaire to obtain data on the sociodemographic profile of the subjects that

were part of the sample studied.

2.5 Data Collection Procedure

The data collection was initiated after the approval of the Project by the Research Ethics

Committee. The participants that participated in the research signed the authorisation in the

Term of Free and Informed Consent. Each participant also signed a free and informed

consent form, authorizing the use of the data provided by him in this research. The

instruments were applied at the construction sites, usually in the refectory for the better

accommodation of the workers (Milner, Law, and LaMontagne, 2018). They were applied
 19

individually or in a group, according to the authorisation of the master, seeking not to hinder

the progress of work.

2.6 Procedure
Following fully-informed consent wherein the participants have acquired a participant

information sheet and signed a participant consent form, the participants were requested to

complete the questionnaire. It was expected that the questionnaire was taken from 5 to 10

minutes to complete. The participants were needed to respond to the questionnaire on their own

without support or help from anyone else. After the completion of the questionnaire, the

participants were given with the participant debrief sheet, thanked for their contribution in

research, and given the opportunity to ask any questions that they may have had about the

research. Afterwards, the raw data from the questionnaires were moved from the paper

questionnaires to a computer-based database for analysis (Lingard, Francis, and Turner, 2012).

2.7 Data Analysis Procedure

Sociodemographic, stress, coping strategies and quality of life at work were tabulated and

treated separately by scale. It contains important statistical tests and tools for analysing texts,

assisting teachers, students and researchers in conducting research and statistical analysis of

data in academic papers (Nelson, and Quick, 2013). In relation to the classification of the

level of stress was used, which uses the global category of stress, through the sum of the

indices of the scales: physical, psychological, psychophysiological and temporality. The

coping strategies were identified through the coping scale, which considered the strategies in

isolation: control, social support, isolation and refusal. Strategies can be considered positive

or negative, making a global index impossible for this instrument. Quality of life analysis was

performed through a questionnaire based on the quality scale model. It considered the

following variables: Basic Task Dimensions, Critical Psychological States, Personal and
 20

Work Results, and Individual Growth Needs. For the analysis of data resulting from the

application of stress scales, coping and quality of life at work, Excel and SPSS software for

Windows were used.

The t-test was selected to verify the existence of significant differences between the means of

two different conditions. Since in this research the participants take part in only one of the

conditions, researchers opted for the independent t-test. However, in order to apply the t-test,

it is necessary to know if there is the homogeneity of variances and this was done using the

Chi-square test, automatically associated with the t-test by the SPSS. In cases where there

were three or more conditions to be compared, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was

performed, the results of which indicate whether there is variation among some or all of the

conditions. The t-test was selected to complement the ANOVA since it allows multiple

comparisons and points out which group averages differ from the means of other groups or

conditions (Sutton, Allinson, and Williams, 2013).

2.8 Ethical Consideration

The researcher has maintained ethical consideration in this study. Participants have provided

the consent form in which all the information about the study has been described for them.

Any kind of misleading has been avoided to mislead the participants (Lingard, Francis, and

Turner, 2012). Moreover, participants have given the opportunity to withdraw the survey or

any questions which they do not want to respond. The confidentiality and privacy of

participants have been maintained in the study. As confidentiality is important so all

questionnaires were anonymous, but these were kept in a locked cupboard until the raw data

is moved to a computer database. After this, the hard copies of the questionnaires were

destroyed, and the raw data in the computer were kept in a password-protected computer.

Furthermore, any data pertaining to the respondents from the recruitment procedure, like
 21

names and contact information, were similarly kept on the same computer and destroyed

when no longer required.

2.9 Reliability and Validity

In order to maintain validity and reliability of the study, the research has made a

questionnaire to find the authentic views of people about the issues facing the Construction

Industry at present due to stress and discover possible new resolutions (Milner, Law, and

LaMontagne, 2018). The questions in the survey questionnaires have been designed by

considering the research objectives, thus it can be said that the findings of the research are

valid and reliable.

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