ABBREVIATION MEANING

2H Second Half
A/S Alongside
AA Always Afloat
AAAA Always Accessible Always Afloat
AAOSA Always Afloat or Safe Aground. Conditi
AARA Amsterdam-Antwerp-Rotterdam Area
ABAFT Toward the rear (stern) of the ship. Behin
ABOARD On or within the ship
ABOVE DECK On the deck (not over it - see ALOFT)
ABT About
ACCEPTANCE Any agreement to purchase goods under
ACT OF GOD It is a natural event, not preventable by a
ADCOM Address Commission
ADDENDUM Additional chartering terms at the end of
ADDENDUM Whenever the terms in a fully signed C/P
ADDRESS COMMISSION Commission payable to the charterer by
ADVANCE FREIGHT Partial payment of the bill of lading freig
AFFREIGHTMENT The hiring of a ship in whole or part
AFRAMAX Tanker of maximum 79,999 dwt on the A
AFSPS Arrival First Sea Pilot Station (Norway)
AFT At or towards the stern or rear of a ship
AGROUND Touching or fast to the bottom
AGW All Going Well
AHL Australian Hold Ladders
AIDS TO NAVIGATION Artificial objects to supplement natural la
AIR DRAFT This term has various meanings the most
AIR WAYBILL A bill of lading that covers both domestic
ALL RISK The broadest form of coverage available,
ALL WORKING TIME SAVED or ALL LAYTIME Both these terms mean the same. Here th
SAVED
ALOFT Above the deck of the ship
ALONGSIDE A phrase referring to the side of a ship.
ALTERNATE HOLDS Iron ore being a very heavy cargo is load
ALWAYS AFLOAT or ALWAYS SAFELY AFLOAT This clause is inserted in a C/P to preven
AMIDSHIPS In or toward the centre of the ship
ANCHORAGE A place suitable for anchorage in relation
ANTHAM Antwerp-Hamburg Range
APPROVED CHARTERPARTY A charterparty which has been agreed up
APS Arrival Pilot Station
ARAG Amsterdam-Rotterdam--Antwerp-Gent R
ARBITRAGE The buying of foreign exchange, securiti
ARBITRATION Method of settling disputes which is usua
ARRIVAL PILOT STATION A point of identification at which a time-
ARRIVED SHIP A vessel is an arrived ship and the laytim
AS FAST AS THE VESSEL CAN Means that the laytime is calculated by re
RECEIVE/DELIVER
ASBA American Shipbrokers Association
ASPW Any Safe Port in the World
ASTERN In the back of the ship, opposite of ahead
ATDNSHINC Any Time Day/Night Sundays and Holid
ATHWARTSHIPS At right angles to the centerline of the sh
ATUTC Actual Times Used to Count
AUSTALIAN HOLD LADDERS All vessels trading with Australia must b
AVERAGE Any loss or damage due to insured perils
AVERAGING LAYTIME To average means to make separate calcu
BACK FREIGHT freight charged for the return of goods w
BACKLETTER Where a seller/shipper issues a 'letter of i
BAF: Bunker Adjustment Factor. A Fuel Surcharge expressed as a percentage added or subtracted fr
BALE CAP. Cubic capacity of a vessel’s holds to carr
BALE CAPACITY The cubic capacity of a ship's holds below
BALLAST Heavy weight, often sea water, necessary
BALLAST BONUS Sum of money paid by a time charterer to
BAR DRAFT This relates to the maximum draft enabli
BAREBOAT /DEMISE CHARTER Lease of a ship wherein the charterer tak
BAREBOAT CHTR: . Bareboat Charter - Owners lease a specif
BBB: Before Breaking Bulk. Refers to freight p
BDI Both Dates Inclusive
BEAM The maximum breadth or the greatest wi
BEAUFORT SCALE A scale of wind force expressed from 0 t
BEFORE BREAKING BULK Refers to the time when freight is paid. In
BELOW Beneath the deck
BELOW BRIDGES If a ship has to pass under a bridge acros
BENDS Both Ends (Load & Discharge Ports)
BENEFICIARY The person in whose favor a draft is issu
BERTH The specific place where ships are ancho
BERTH CHARTER If a vessel chartered for loading on a part
BERTH TERMS Also referred to as "liner terms". The Shi
BI Both Inclusive
BILL OF LADING The document issued on behalf of the car
BIMCO The Baltic and International Maritime Co
BL1 Bale
BL2 (Bill of Lading) A document signed by th
BLACK LIST List of countries published by a governm
BM Beam
BN Booking Note
BOB Bunker on Board
BOFFER Best Offer
BONDED WAREHOUSE A building authorized by Customs autho
BOTH ENDS The term means that the arrangements ag
BOW The forward part of a ship
BRACKISH WATER ARRIVAL DRAFT Brackish is spoken of water in a river wh
BREAK BULK Loose cargo, such as cartons, stowed dire
BREAKING BULK The expression means "to start the discha
BROB Bunkers Remaining on Board
BROKEN STOWAGE The space wasted in a ship's holds when
BROKER (SHIP) A shipbroker acts as a middleman betwe
BROKERAGE Percentage of freight payable to broker (
BROKERAGE Brokerage is a commission paid to the sh
BSS Basis
BSS 1/1 Basis 1 Port to 1 Port
BT Berth Terms
BULK SHIPMENTS Shipments which are not packaged, but a
BULKHEAD A vertical partition separating compartm
BUNDLING This is the assembly of pieces of cargo, s
BUNDLING This is the assembly of pieces of cargo, s
BUNKER ADJUSTMENT FACTOR A Fuel Surcharge expressed as a percent
BUNKERS Name given for vessels Fuel and Diesel O
BUNKERS Name given for vessels Fuel and Diesel O
BUOY An anchored float used for marking a po
BWAD Brackish Water Arrival Draft
C/SNEE: CONSIGNEE. Name of agent, company
CAF Currency Adjustment Factor
CALCULABLE LAYTIME By doing certain tonnage and hatch calcu
CALENDAR MONTH A month according to a calendar, e.g., if
CANCELLING DATE The date, mutually agreed upon between
CAPESIZE Vessels too large for the Panama and/or t
CARGO Goods, merchandise or commodities of e
CARNET A customs document permitting the hold
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT (C.O.G.S.A.) 1936 U.S. Statute that governs the acts th
CARRIER Usually means Steamship Company, but
CBFT (or CFT) Cubic Feet
CBM Cubic Metres
CENTISTOKES Describes viscosity of fuel oils—380 c/s
CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION A document often required with shipmen
CERTIFICATE OF MANUFACTURE A statement sometimes notarized by a pr
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN A specified document, required by certai
CFR - Cost & Freight (named port of destination) The seller must pay the cost and freight necessary
CFR (or C&F) Cost and Freight
CHART A map used by navigators
CHART DATUM Water level calculated on the lowest tide
CHARTER PARTY A written contract between the owner of
CHARTERING AGENTS They are specially appointed by large im
CHOPT Charterers Option
CHTRS Charterers
CIF - Cost, Insurance & Freight (named port of destination) The seller has the same obligations as un
CIF: Cost, Insurance & Freight. Seller pays al
CIP Carriage and Insurance paid to...
CIP - Carriage & Insurance Paid To (named port of destination) The seller has the same obligations
CKD Completely knocked down
CLEAN BALLAST TANKS Water carried in a tanker or tanks which
CLEAR DAY/S Means that the day on which the notice i
COA Contract of Affreightment - Owners agre
COACP Contract of Affreightment Charter Party
COB Closing of Business
COBLDN Closing of Business London
COD Cash On Delivery
COGSA Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
COLLECT FREIGHT Freight payable at destination provided th
COMBI A ship specifically designed to carry both
COMBIDOC Combined transport document issued by
COMMENCEMNT OF LAYTIME Laytime is said to commence once a vess
COMMERCIAL INVOICE A statement of transaction between a sell
COMMERCIAL SET Set of four "negotiable" documents that r
COMMISSION PAST US Implies that the quote does not include th
COMMON CARRIER Transporter who holds himself out to the
CONGESTION Port/berth delays
CONGESTION In order to avoid loss to owners due to no
CONS Consumption
CONSECUTIVE VOYAGES A named vessel may be employed on a s
CONSIGNEE Party who is to receive the good; usually
CONSIGNMENT Merchandise shipped to a foreign agent o
CONSOLIDATION The Consolidation Endorsement may be
CONSULAR DOCUMENTS Bills of lading, certificates of origin or sp
CONSULAR INVOICE A detailed statement of goods shipped ce
CONTAINERIZATION Shipping systems based on large cargo-c
CONTRABAND During the time of war, materials carried
CONTRACT OF AFFREIGTMENT In chartering this terms refers to a shipow
COP Custom Of Port
COST & FREIGHT (Cost and Freight) Seller owns goods unt
COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT Seller owns goods until they are loaded o
CP (or C/P) Charter Party
CPD Charterers Pay Dues
CPT Carriage Paid To
CPT - Carriage Paid To (named port of destination) The seller pays the freight for carriage of the go
CQD Customary Quick Despatch
CR Current Rate
CRN Crane
CROB Cargo Remaining on Board
CROSS TRADE To trade a ship wherever suitable cargoe
CRT Cargo Retention Clauses, introduced by
CST Centistoke
CTR Container Fitted
CURRENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR This takes account of the rate of exchang
CUSTOMARY DESPATH or CUSTOMARY QUICK
DESPATCH The charter is required to discharge and/o
CUSTOME OF THE PORT This term relates to customs and practice
CUSTOMS BROKER Licensed by U.S. Customs to clear shipm
D/A-DOCUMENTS AGAINST ACCEPTANCE Instructions from a shipper to his bank th
D/P-DOCUMENTS AGAINST PAYMENT Instructions a shipper gives to his bank th
DA Disbursement Account
DAF Deliver At Frontier
DAF - Delivered at Frontier (named place) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the good
DAILY RUNNING COST Cost per day of operating a ship.
DAMAGES FOR DETENTION Penalty if cargo is not ready when ship a
DAMFORDET: Damages for Detention. Penalty if cargo
DAPS Days all Purposes (Total days for loading
DATE ON CHARTER PARTY The actual date on which the fixture nego
DAY Means a continuous period of 24 hours w
DAYS ALL PURPOSES total time for both loading and dischargin
DDP Delivered Duty Paid.
DDP - Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver w
DDU Delivered Duty unpaid.
DDU - Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliv
DEAD FREIGHT Where a charterer or shipper fails to fulfi
DEADWEIGHT CARGO CAPACITY Weight of the cargo only which a ship ca
DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE Signifies the carrying capacity of a vesse
DECK A permanent covering over a compartme
DECK CARGO Cargo carried outside rather than within
DECK LINE 12" (or 300mm) line painted amidships on bo
DEFINITE LAYTIME One of the three forms of laytime (the ot
DELAY Even under All Risk coverage, damage d
DELIVERY & RE-DELIVERY A time charter commences with the deliv
DEM :Demurrage (Quay Rent). Money paid by
DEMURRAGE Money (compensation) payable to the sh
DEQ Delivered Ex Quay
DEQ - Delivered EX Quay (named port of destination) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver wh
DES Delivered Ex Ship
DES - Delivered EX Ship (named port of destination) The seller satisfies his obligation to deliver wh
DESP: Despatch. Time saved, reward for quick
DESPATCH / DESPATCH MONEY The money (bonus) payable by the shipo
DET Detention (See DAMFORDET)
DETENTION & DEMAGES FOR DETENTION If demurrage has not been agreed in the c
DEV Deviation. Vessel departure from specifi
DEVIATION CLAUSE Deviation is an intentional departure from
DFRT Deadfreight. Space booked by shipper or
DHDATSBE Despatch Half Demurrage on All Time S
DHDWTSBE Despatch Half Demurrage on Working T
DISBURSEMENTS Sums paid out by the ship's agent on beh
DISCH Discharge
DISPLACEMENT LIGHT Weight of the vessel without bunkers, fre
DISPLACEMENT LOADED Weight of the vessel plus bunkers, fresh
DISPONENT OWNER A charterer who has control of the vessel
DISTANCE FREIGHT The expression is used in connection wit
DISTRESS FREIGHT When a chartered vessel is being loaded
DK Deck
DLOSP Dropping Last Outwards Sea Pilot (Norw
DNRCAOSLONL Discountless and Non-Returnable Cargo
DO Diesel Oil
DOCK RECEIPT Receipt issued by an ocean carrier or its
DOCUMENTARY CREDIT A commercial letter of credit providing f
DOCUMENTS Papers customarily attached to foreign dr
DOLSP Dropping Off Last Sea Pilot (Norway)
DOP Dropping Outward Pilot
DOT Department of Transport
DOWN TO HER MARKS When a vessel is immersed to the approp
DRAFT Buyer's payment for goods.
DRAFT OR DRAUGHT Depth to which a ship is immersed in wa
DRAFT SURVEY Survey undertaken to determine the quan
DRAUGHT: (or DRAFT) Depth to which a ship is immersed in wa
DRK Derrick
DROPPING LAST OUTWARD SEA PILOT Some ports require the service of more th
DROPPING OUTWARD PILOT A point of delivery on to and re-delivery
DUNNAGE Materials of various types, often timber o
DUNNAGE Materials of various types, often timber o
DUTY (a) ad valorem duty means an assessed am
DWAT (or DWT): Deadweight. Weight of cargo, stores and
EBB A receeding current
EC East Coast
ECONOMIC SPEED Speed of a ship which is lower than its no
EIU Even If Used
ELVENT Electric Ventilation
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
ETC Estimated Time of Completion
ETD Estimated Time of Departure
ETS Estimated Time of Sailing
EVEN IF USED Time spent in carrying out loading and/o
EX (POINT OF ORIGIN) From the point where the shipment begin
EXCEPTED Refers to laytime. Means that the specifie
EXCEPTION CLAUSES Clauses in a C/P or B/L which relieve the
EXCEPTIONS TO LAYTIME The happening of events agreed upon in
EX-DOCK (From dock.) Seller owns goods until the
EX-FACTORY Seller owns goods until they are picked u
EXPRESS CLAUSE In case what has actually been agreed is n
EXW Ex Works
EXW - Ex Works (named place) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when he has made the go
F.O.B./F.A.S. ENDORSEMENT If a merchant sells on F.O.B., F.A.S., C&
FAC Fast as can
FAS Free Alongside Ship. Seller delivers goo
FAS - Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment) The seller satisfies his obligation to deliver the
FAST AS CAN The term appears in a C/P when laytime
FCA Free to Carrier. A modern equivalent of F
FD (FDIS) Free Discharge
FDC - Free Carrier (named place) The seller satisfies his obligation to deliver when he has handed o
FDD Freight Demurrage Deadfreight
FDEDANRSAOCLONL Freight Deemed Earned, Discountless An
FDESP Free Despatch
FENDER A cushion, placed between ships, or betw
FEU Standard 40’ Container
FHEX Fridays/Holidays Excluded
FHINC Fridays/Holidays Included
FILO: Free In/Liner Out. Seafreight with which
FIO Free In/Out. Freight booked FIO include
FIOS Free In/Out Stowed. As per FIO, but exc
FIOST: Free In/Out and Trimmed. Charterer pay
FIOT: Free In/Out and Trimmed. As per FIOS b
FIRM OFFER Used by the owner's shipbroker in negoti
FIRST CLASS CHARTERER When the name of the charterer is not rev
FIRST OPEN WATER The first date when a port is free from ice
FIT Free In Trimmed
FIW Free In Wagon
FIXING Chartering a Vessel
FIXING Chartering a Vessel
FIXTURE Conclusion of shipbrokers negotiations t
FIXTURE Conclusion of a shipbroker's negotiations
FLATPACKING Cargo to be presented stacked and secure
FLATPACKING Cargo to be presented stacked and secure
FLT Full Liner Terms
FMC Federal Maritime Commission
FME: Force Majeure Excepted
FMS Fathoms
1
FO For Orders
FO2 (IFO) Fuel Oil/Intermediate FO
3
FO Free Out
FOB Free on Board. Seller sees the goods "ov
FOB- Freight on Board (named port of shipment) Means the seller completes his obligation to delive
FOFFER Firm Offer
FOG For Our Guidance
FOQ Free On Quay
FOR Free On Rail
FORCE MAJEURE :Clause limiting responsibilities of the ch
FORCE MAJEURE The title of a standard clause in marine c
FORCE MAJEURE Circumstances beyond the control of one
FORE-AND-AFT In a line parallel to the keel
FORWARD Toward the bow of the ship
FOT Free On Truck
1
FOW First Open Water
2
FOW Free On Wharf
FP :Free Pratique. Clearance by the Health A
FR :First Refusal. First attempt at best offer
FREE (OF) TURN Time lost (if any) by a vessel for waiting
FREE ALONGSIDE Seller delivers goods to appropriate dock
FREE ALONGSIDE STEAMER Seller owns goods until they are delivere
FREE DESPATCH If loading/discharging achieved sooner th
FREE DESPATCH If loading/discharging achieved sooner th
FREE DISCHARGE The charterer contracts to discharge the v
FREE EXINS Free of any Extra Insurance (Owners)
FREE IN & OUT Distance measured amidships from the w
FREE IN & OUT AND SPOUT TRIMMED Charterer bears the expenses of the cargo
FREE IN & OUT AND STOWED Charterer bears the expenses of loading,
FREE IN & OUT AND TRIMMED Same as FIO plus that the cargo has also
FREE IN & OUT STOWED AND TRIMMED Charterer bears the expenses of the cargo
FREE IN LINER OUT Charterer pays expenses at load port(s), w
FREE OF CAPTURE & SEIZURE Free of Capture & Seizure - Clause exclu
FREE ON BOARD Seller sees the goods _over the ship_s r
FREE ON BOARD TRUCK Seller owns goods until they are loaded o
FREE ON BOARD VESSEL Seller owns goods until they are loaded o
FREE ON BOARD WAREHOUSE (Free on board warehouse.) Seller owns g
FREE OUT Free of discharge costs to owners. Includ
FREE OUT Free of discharge costs to owners. Includ
FREE PRATIQUE This expression means that the vessel has
FREE TO CARRIER A modern equivalent of FAS used in inte
FREE TRADE ZONE A port designated by the government of a
FREEBOARD The minimum vertical distance from the
FREEBOARD Distance measured amidships from the w
FREIGHT The money charged by the carrier for tra
FREIGHT AT DESTINATION Freight payable at destination upon deliv
FREIGHT TON Unit of cargo on which freight rate is bas
FRESH WATER ALLOWANCE Loadline regulations permit extra draft w
FRESH WATER ARRIVAL DRAFT Fresh water draft of a ship on arrival at a
FRIDASYS & HOLIDAYS EXCEPTED or FRIDAYS Fhex applies to Muslim countries where
& HOLIDAYS INCLUDED
FRT: Freight. Money payable on delivery of ca
FRUSTRATION Charterers when cancelling agreement so
FRUSTRATION There is a question of frustration when th
FULL & COMPLETE CARGO Cargo required to fill a ship to capacity e
FWAD Fresh Water Arrival Draft
FWDD Fresh Water Departure Draft
FYG For Your Guidance
FYI For Your Information
GA General Average
GEAR A general term for ropes, blocks, tackle a
GENERAL AVERAGE (G.A.) Ancient principle of equity in which all p
GENERAL AVERAGE SECURITY Documents the cargo owner presents to t
GLS (GLESS) Gearless
GN (or GR) Grain (Capacity)
GNCN Gencon (GENERAL CONDITIONS)
GO Gas Oil
GOODS Cargo shipped by sea or air.
GP Grain Capacity. Cubic capacity in 'grain'
GR Geographical Rotation. Ports in order of
GRAB / GRAB DAMAGE Grab is a unit of cargo handling, consisti
GRAIN CAPACITY The capacity in cubic feet of the cargo ho
GRD Geared
GROSS TERMS (GROSS CHARTER) Type of voyage charter in which the ship
GROSS TONNAGE The vessel's internal space measured in u
GRT Gross Registered Tonnage
GSB Good, Safe Berth
GSP Good, Safe Port
GTEE Guarantee
GUARANTEED FREIGHT Freight payable whether the goods are de
GUNWALE The upper edge of a ship's sides
HA Hatch
HAGUE RULES Code of minimum conditions for the carr
HANDY SIZE / MAX Bulk carriers in the range of 20,000-50,0
HARMONIZED SYSTEM An international commodity classificatio
HATCH An opening in a ship's deck fitted with a
HATCH COAMING Steel parapet surrounding a hatchway wh
HBF Harmless Bulk Fertilizer
HDLTSBENDS Half Despatch Lay Time Saved Both End
HDWTS Half Despatch Working (or Weather) Tim
HEAD CHARTERER Most C/Ps allow the charterer to sub-let o
HEAVY GRAINS, SOYA BEANS & SORGHUMS What [SF44-49], soyabeans [SF48-52] an
HEAVY HANDY DEADWEIGHT SCRAP A type of scrap metal cargo. It is neither
HHDW Handy Heavy d.w. (Scrap)
HIRE T/C Remuneration
HIRE The payment for hiring a vessel on a tim
HMS Heavy Metal Scraps
HO Hold
HOLD A compartment below deck in a large ve
HOLIDAY Means a day of week (or part thereof) on
HULL The main body of a ship
HW High Water
ICE CLAUSE To safeguard the shipowner that the vess
ICW Inter coastal Water way : bays, rivers, an
IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods
IMO International Maritime Organization
IN &/OR OVER Goods carried below and/or on deck
IN BOND A term applied to the status of merchand
IN GEOGRAPHICAL ROTAION If an option is given to the charterers to l
IN REGULAR (USUAL) TURN / TURN TIME Turn refers to the sequence in which a ve
IN TRANSITU On the passage.
IN WRITING Writing means in relation to a notice of r
INCOTERMS (Refer to comments in covering statemen
IND Indication
INDEFINITE LAYTIME This arises in cases where the shipowner
INHERENT VICE A loss caused by the inherent nature of th
INLAND BILL OF LADING A bill of lading used in transporting good
INSTITUTE WARRANTY LIMITS In insurance, a set of warranties (i.e. sam
INTERCLUB AGREEMENT An agreement by 14 mutual associations
INTERMODAL Carriage of a commodity by different mo
INTERMODAL Carriage of a commodity by different mo
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT WORKERS' Organisation which looks after the welfa
FEDERATION
IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT A letter of credit in which the specified p
ITF International Transport Workers Federati
ITINERARY Route.Schedule
IU If Used
IUHTAUTC If Used, Half Time Actually To Count
IWL Institute Warranty Limits
JETTISON CLAUSE Clause in a B/L or C/P setting out the cir
KEEL The centreline of a ship running fore and
KEEL CLEARANCE Minimum distance between the bottom o
KNOT A measurement of speed equal to one na
L/C Letter of Credit
LANE METER A method of measuring the space capaci
LANE METER A method of measuring the space capaci
LASH To hold goods in position by use of Rope
LAT Latitude. The distance north or south of t
LAYCAN Laycan (Layday Cancelling Date)
LAYCAN Stands for "laydays commencing / layday
LAYDAYS The correct interpretation of this is the ea
LAYTIME Time at Charterers disposal for purpose o
LAYTIME Means the period of time agreed between
LAY-UP To stop trading a ship temporarily due to
LCR Lowest Current Rate
LEE The side sheltered from the wind
LEEWARD The direction away from the wind. Oppo
LEEWAY The sideways movement of the ship caus
LENGTH OVERALL Maximum length between the extreme en
LETTER OF CREDIT - COMMERCIAL A letter addressed by a bank, at the insur
LETTER OF INDEMINITY A written statement in which one party (s
LF Load Factor. Percentage of cargo or pass
LIEN Retention of property until outstanding d
LIEN The right to retain control of cargo until
LIGHT CARGO Goods which fill the ship cubically but d
LIGHTENNING (OR LIGHTERAGE) To reduce the draft of the vessel so as to
LINER IN FREE OUT The shipowner bears all costs for loading
LINER TERMS A rate that includes freight plus handling
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LOA Length Overall of the vessel
LOAD LINE SEE PLIMSOLL LINE
LOAD LINE An internationally recognised line painte
LOAN RECEIPT Document signed by the Assured where
LOF Lloyds Open Form
LOG A record of courses or operation. Also, a
LOI Letter of Indemnity
LONGITUDE The distance in degrees east or west of th
LOSS OF MARKET A situation in which, for one reason or an
LOW Last Open Water
LOWEST ASTRONOMICAL TIDE It pre-supposes that at the very wors ther
LS (or LUMPS) Lumpsum Freight. Money paid to Shippe
LSD Lashed Secured Dunnaged
LT1 Liner Terms
LT2 Long Ton = 1,016.05 kilogram (2,240 lb
LTHH Liner Terms Hook/Hook
LUMPSUM FREIGHT A fixed sum is paid to the shipowner reg
LW Low Water
LYCN Laycan (Layday Cancelling Date)
M/V Motor Vessel / Merchant Vessel
MANIFEST Inventory of cargo on board
MANIFEST An itemized list by Bill of Lading numbe
MB Merchant Broker
MDO (DO) Marine Diesel Oil
MEAN DRAFT Average of forward and aft draft of a ves
MIDSHIP Approximately in the location equally di
MIN/ MAX Minimum and maximum cargo; a fixed q
MIN/MAX Minimum/Maximum (cargo quantity)
MOA Memorandum of Agreement
MOLCHOPT More or Less Charterers Option
MOLOO More or Less Owners Option
MOORING An arrangement for securing a ship to a m
MORE OR LESS CHARTERER'S OPTION Gives the option to the charterer to increa
MORE OR LESS OWNER'S OPTION Gives the option to the shipowner to incr
MT Mertic Tonne (i.e. 1,000 kilos)
NAABSA Not Always Afloat But Safely Aground
NAMED PERILS POLICY Any marine policy limiting coverage to p
NAVIGATION The art and science of conducting a ship
NCB National Cargo Bureau
NESTING Implies that cargo is presented stacked in
NESTING Implies that cargo is presented stacked in
NET CHARTER After delivery of the vessel in the first po
NET TONNAGE The figure represents the total revenue ea
NM Nautical Mile. One minute of latitude; ap
NON-DEMISE CHARTERS Time and voyage charters fall under this
NON-REVERSIBLE (Detention). If loading completed sooner
NON-REVERSIBLE / NORMAL LAYTIME Means notice by the master or his agent t
NOR Notice of Readiness
NRT Net Restricted Tonnage
NYPE New York Produce Exchange
OBO Ore/Bulk/Oil Vessel
OCEAN BILL OF LADING Bill of lading indicating that the exporter
OFF-HIRE CLAUSE In a time C/P it specifies the circumstanc
ON DEMURRAGE Means that the laytime has expired. Unle
ONCE ON DEMURRAGE ALWAYS ON Time on demurrage is continuous unless
DEMURRAGE
OO Owners Option
OPEN Said of a ship, which is available at a par
OPEN CHARTER A C/P in which neither the ports of destin
OPEN POLICY A cargo policy with no expiration date th
OPEN PORT A port that is free of ice.
OSH Open Shelter Deck
OVERBOARD Over the side or out of the ship
OWS Owners
P & I BUNKERING CLAUSE The ship is permitted to deviate without b
P&I Protection and Indemnity Insurance
PALLET A low portable platform, usually wooden
PANAMAX A bulk carrier of about 65,000 tonnes de
PASTUS Past Us
PC Period of Charter
PCGO Part Cargo
PCT Percent
PDPR Per Day Pro Rata
PER HATCH PER DAY The expressionis used to calculate laytim
PER SE By Itself
PER WORKING HATCH PER DAY or PER This expression is more in charterer's fav
WORKABLE HATCH PER DAY
PERDIEM By the Day
PERILS OF THE SEA Fortuitous accidents or casualties, peculi
PHPD Per Hatch Per Day
PHYTOSANITARY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE A certificate, issued by the US Departme
PILFERAGE The theft of part of the contents of a ship
PLIMSOLL LINE
PLIMSOLL MARK
POLITICAL RISK In export financing the risk of loss due to
PORT The left side of a ship looking forward. A
PORT Means an area within which ships are loa
PORT / PORTSIDE The left side of a vessel when viewed for
PRATIQUE Licence or permission to use a port
PRATIQUE License or permission to use a port
PREAMBLE Introduction to a charter party
PRO FORMA INVOICE An invoice provided by a supplier prior t
PROFORMA Estimated Account
PROMPT SHIP Vessel that can be ready to load at short n
PUS Plus Us
PWWD Per Weather Working Day
RCVR Receiver
REACHABLE ON ARRIVAL or ALWAYS The charterer undertakes that when the s
ACCESSIBLE
RECAP Recapitulation of the terms and condition
REVENUE TONNE Revenue Tonne (i.e. 1.0 metric Tonne or
REVERSIBLE (Detention). If loading completed sooner
REVERSIBLE LAYTIME An option given to the charterer to add to
RIDER CLAUSES A set of additional clauses which substitu
ROB Remaining On Board
ROUND VOYAGE Voyage involving two legs, the second o
RT Revenue Tonne (i.e. 1.0 metric tonne or
RUNNING DAYS / CONSECUTIVE DAYS Days which follow one immediately afte
SAFE BERTH A berth which, during the relevant period
SAFE PORT A port which, during the relevant period
SAFE WORKING LOAD Maximum load which can safely be carri
SALE & PURCHASE BROKER Person who negotiates the terms for the s
SALT WATER ARRIVAL DRAFT Vessel's draft on arrival in salt water whe
SATPM Saturday P.M.
SAVAGE Action taken to save a ship or her cargo f
SB Safe Berth
SCALE RATES Rates set by organizations which publish
SD (or SID) Single Decker
SEAFREIGHT Costs charged for transporting goods ove
SEAFREIGHT Costs charged for transporting goods ove
SEAWORTHINESS: Statement of condition of the vessel (vali
SEGREGATED BALLAST TANK Tank which is used for water ballast only
SELFD Self Discharging
SELF-TRIMMING SHIP Ship whose holds are shaped in such a w
SEMI-TRAILERS Are usually 12.0 meter flat bed road trail
SF: Stowage Factor. Cubic space (measurem
SHEX Sundays/Holidays Excluded
SHIFTING Time spent shifting between berths is gen
SHINC Sundays/Holidays Included
SHIPPER'S EXPORT DECLARATION A form required for all shipments by the
SHIPPER'S LOAD AND COUNT Note on bill of lading indication that the
SKIDS Are bearers (timber or steel) positioned u
SKIDS Are bearers (timber or steel) positioned u
SN Satellite Navigation - A form of position
SOC Shipper Owned Container
SOF Statement of Facts
SP Safe Port
SPECIAL POLICY OF INSURANCE Document issued on behalf of the Under
SPECIFIC GRAVITY Ratio of the weight of a liquid to its cubi
SPIDERING Is the strengthening of circular tanks for
SPIDERING Is the internal strengthening of circular ta
SPOT A vessel which can commence loading im
SRBL Signing and Releasing Bill of Lading
SS OR SUBSTITUTE Such a condition in a C/P entitles the ow
SSHEX Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays Excluded
SSHINC (or SATSHINC) Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays Included
STABILITY It is paramount that a vessel is stable in a
STABILITY It is paramount that a vessel is stable in a
STANDARD INTERNATIONAL TRADE
CLASSIFICATION (SITC) A standard numerical code system develo
STARBOARD :Right side of a ship when facing the fron
STARBOARD The right side of a ship when looking for
STATEMENT OF FACTS Statement prepared by an agent showing
STEM Subject to Enough Merchandise (Availab
STERN The aformost or after part of a ship
STOWAGE FACTOR The space occupied by a ton (or tonne) o
STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING A non-negotiable bill of lading in which
STRIKES Some C/Ps state that delays due to strike
SUB Subject (to). Depending upon as a condit
SUBJECT STEM Implies that the vessel is fixed subject to
SUBJECTS Means that the acceptance of the terms o
SUBROGATION The operation by which the insurance co
SUEZMAX bulk carriers of about 150,000 tonnes dw
SUNDAYS & HOLIDAYS EXDEPTED / INCLUDED Under this expression Sundays and holid
SUPERCARGO Person employed by a ship owner, shippi
SUPERCARGO A person on board representing the chart
SURVEYOR A marine specialist who examines damag
SWAD Salt Water Arrival Draft
SWDD Salt Water Departure Draft
TAKING INWARD PILOT A point of delivery on to a time charter. T
TARE WEIGHT The weight of a container and packing m
TBN To Be Named / To Be Nominated
TC Time Charter - Owners agree to hire a pa
TCP Time Charter Party
TEN PERCENT BAGS FOR SAFE STOWAGE Some C/Ps stipulate that if a charterer loa
TENOR The term fixed for payment of a draft.
TERMS OF SALE The invoice is the sales contract between
TEU Standard 20' Container
THROUGH BILL OF LADING A single bill of lading converting both th
THWARTSHIPS At right angles to the centreline of the sh
TIDE The periodic rise and fall of water level i
TIME BAR Time after which legal claims will not be
TIME CHARTER Employment of a vessel for a specific pe
TIME LOST WAITING FOR BERTH TO COUNT AS If the main reason why NOR can not be g
LOADING / DISCHARDING TIME or AS LAYTIME

TIME SHEET In order to calculate the time used for loa

TON PER INCH / CENTIMETRE The weight which must be added to, or ta
TONNAGE Gross Tonnage - Total internal carrying c
TOPSIDES The sides of a ship between the waterline
TOTAL COMMISSION Total of (a) address commission [adcom]
TRADING LIMITS Limits or restrictions imposed by the ship
TRANSIT SHIPMENT A term designating a shipment destined f
TRANSSHIPMENT To transfer from one ship or conveyance
TRIM Fore and aft balance of a ship
TRIMMING The operation of shoveling grain, coal an
TRIP-TIME CHARTER A vessel chartered on time charter terms
TTL Total
TURN ROUND TIME Time taken to discharge and/or load a sh
TW Tween Decker
ULLAGE Historically quantity a cask or drum lack
ULTRA LARGE CRUDE CARRIERS Tankers above 320,000 tonnes dwt.
UNLESS SOONER COMMENCED Time actually used before commenceme
UNLESS USED This refers to the counting of laytime and
USC Unless Sooner Commenced
UU Unless Used
UUIWCTAUTC Unless Used In Which Case Time Actual
VALUATION CLAUSE The clause in the Marine Policy that cont
VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIERS Tankers in the range of 160,000 to 319,0
VESSEL Every description of watercraft or other a
VOYAGE CHARTER Employment of a vessel for a specific an
VPD Vessel Pays Dues
WAR RISKS Those risks related to two (or more) belli
WAREHOUSE RECEIPT A receipt supplied by a warehouseman fo
WAREHOUSE-TO-WAREHOUSE CLAUSE The clause in the Cargo Policy that defin
WATERLINE A line painted on a hull which shows the
WAY Movement of a ship through water such a
WCCON Whether Customs Cleared Or Not
WEATHER PERMITTING That time during which weather prevents
WEATHER WORKING DAY A working day or part of a working day d
WHARFAGE A charge assessed by a pier or dock own
WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOT or BERTH NO If the location named for loading/dischar
BERTH
WHETHER IN FREE PRATIQUE OR NOT With the insertion of this phrase, NOR ca
WHETHER IN PORT OR NOT The vessel need not exactly be within the
WIBON Whether In Berth Or Not
WIFPON Whether In Free Pratique Or Not
WINDWARD Toward the direction from which the win
WIPON Whether In Port Or Not
WITH OUT GUARANTEE By the use of this phrase the shipowner i
WLTOHC Water Line-To-Hatch Coaming
WOG Without Guarantee
WORKING DAY Day or parts of a day which are not expre
WORLDSCALE Scale by which tanker freight rates are qu
WP Weather Permitting. That time during wh
WPD Weather Permitting Day
WRIC Wire Rods In Collis
WWD Weather Working Day
WWR When, Where Ready
WWWW Wibon, Wccon, Wifpon, Wipon
YAR York Antwerp Rules
YAW To swing or steer off course, as when run
Z UTC = GMT
Always Afloat
fe Aground. Condition for a vessel whilst in port
p-Rotterdam Area
rn) of the ship. Behind.

er it - see ALOFT)

urchase goods under specified terms. An agreement to purchase goods at a state price and under stated terms.
not preventable by any human agency, such as flood, storms, or lightning. Forces of nature that a carrier has n

g terms at the end of a charter party

in a fully signed C/P are amended by subsequent negotions an addendum is prepared by the charterer's broker
e to the charterer by the shipowner as a percentage of freight or hire. Historically it was paid to the charterer to
he bill of lading freight in advance; in other respects is the same as guaranteed freight. In other words, freight p
in whole or part
79,999 dwt on the AFRA freight rate assessment scale.
ot Station (Norway)
ern or rear of a ship
he bottom

supplement natural landmarks indicating safe and unsafe waters

s meanings the most common being: The maximum height from the water line to the top-most point of a ship.
covers both domestic and international flights transporting goods to a specified destination. This is a non-nego
f coverage available, providing protection against all risks of physical loss or damage from any external cause
an the same. Here the description of the time means that time saved to the owner from the completion of the lo

o the side of a ship.

y heavy cargo is loaded in alternate holds, leaving remaining holds empty.
ed in a C/P to prevent a vessel from being ordered to proceed to a berth where she touches the ground during lo
tre of the ship
anchorage in relation to the wind, seas and bottom

h has been agreed upon, adopted or recommended by BIMCO, G.C.B.S., etc.

am--Antwerp-Gent Range
gn exchange, securities, or commodities in one market and the simultaneous selling in another market, in terms
isputes which is usually binding on parties. A clause usually in a charter party
tion at which a time-chartered vessel is delivered to the charterer (or re-delivered to the shipowner). In this cas
d ship and the laytime allowed under the C/P begins to count as soon as the following conditions have been co
me is calculated by reference to the maximum rat at which the ship in full working order is capable of loading

ers Association

ip, opposite of ahead

ht Sundays and Holidays Included
e centerline of the ship

with Australia must be provided with ladders acceptable to waterside workers' federation/ unions in that countr
due to insured perils that is less than a total loss. Two types of average occur: Particular Average and General
o make separate calculations for lading and discharging and any time saved in one operation can be set off agai
he return of goods which have not been accepted at the port of destination. Also applied to goods discharged a
er issues a 'letter of indemnity' in favor of the carrier in exchange for a clean bill of lading
dded or subtracted from the freight amount, reflecting the movement in the market place price for bunkers.
vessel’s holds to carry packaged dry cargo such as bales/pallets
of a ship's holds below deck, expressed in cubic feet or cubic metres, available for the carriage of breakbulk typ
sea water, necessary for the stability and safety of a ship which is not carrying cargo.
by a time charterer to a shipowner (in a good market) to compensate him for not finding a cargo near the place
aximum draft enabling a vessel to pass over a bar, e.g., Martin Garcia bar in the River Plate. In case the vessel
ein the charterer takes over the ship together with the rigid of management and control. In fact the becomes th
Owners lease a specific ship and control its technical management and commercial operations only. Charterers
lk. Refers to freight payments that must be received before discharge of a vessel commences

dth or the greatest width of a ship

e expressed from 0 to 12 in which weather conditions represent with conditions expressed in numerals, where
hen freight is paid. In this case freight is to be paid any time before commencement of discharge.

under a bridge across a canal to reach the port or berth it has to ensure that its draft permits the vessel to have
Discharge Ports)
e favor a draft is issued or a letter of credit opened.
here ships are anchored for loading and/or discharging at the docks in a port.
for loading on a particular berth, the contract is called berth charter. The term berth charter implies that notice
liner terms". The Shipowner pays for loading and discharging subject to the custom of the port or as fast as the
d on behalf of the carrier describing the kind and quantity of goods being shipped, the shipper, the consignee,
national Maritime Council

ocument signed by the carrier which acts as a Contract of Affreightment, a receipt and evidence of title to the
blished by a government which will not allow ships to trade at its ports if they have traded at ports in the count

ed by Customs authorities for storage of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are remo
the arrangements agreed upon hold true both at loading and discharging ports, e.g., rate of loading and discha

of water in a river when partly salt and partly fresh. It has a density between that of fresh water (1000 kgs/cubi
s cartons, stowed directly in the ship's hold as opposed to containerized or bulk cargo. See "Containerization."
ns "to start the discharge."
on Board
a ship's holds when stowing general cargo which is uneven and packed.
a middleman between the shipowner and the charterer and negotiates the terms of a C/P. He represents one pa
t payable to broker (by owners in c/p's) or applicable to sale or purchase
mission paid to the shipbroker by the shipowner for the broker's time, effort and expenses in concluding a (succ

e not packaged, but are loaded directly into the vessel's holds. Examples of commodities that can be shipped in
eparating compartments
of pieces of cargo, secured into one manageable unit. This is relevant to items such as Structural Steel, Handr
of pieces of cargo, secured into one manageable unit. This is relevant to items such as Structural Steel, Handr
pressed as a percentage added or subtracted from the freight amount, reflecting the movement in the market p
els Fuel and Diesel Oil supplies (Originates from coal bunkers)
els Fuel and Diesel Oil supplies (Originates from coal bunkers)
sed for marking a position on the water or a hazard or a shoal and for mooring

e of agent, company or person receiving consignment

nage and hatch calculations one can work out the exact laytime available for cargo operations.
o a calendar, e.g., if a vessel is taken up on time charter for say 6 months and has been delivered on 10th June
greed upon between the shipowner and the charterer, on which the vessel must be ready to lad at the latest is c
the Panama and/or the Suez Canal are termed Capesize.
 or commodities of every description which may be carried aboard a vessel, in consideration of the freight cha
t permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries (for display, de
at governs the acts that a carrier is responsible for and defines the terms used in shipping. The act provides tha
mship Company, but can also refer to trucking company, airline, or railroad as transporter of cargo.

of fuel oils—380 c/s or 180 c/s (better). The greater the number of centistokes, the higher the viscosity of the o
quired with shipments of perishable or other goods, when certification notes the good condition of the mercha
mes notarized by a producer, usually also the seller, or merchandiser that indicates the goods have been manufa
nt, required by certain foreign countries for tariff purposes, certifying the country of origin of the merchandise
nd freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.

ed on the lowest tide that can ever occur and used as a basis for chart measurements.
etween the owner of a vessel and the one (the charterer) desiring to empty the vessel, setting forth the terms of
ppointed by large importers or exporters to book space or vessels for their shipments. All enquiries for tonnage

ame obligations as under CFR, but must also procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of, or da
reight. Seller pays all these costs to a nominated port or place of discharge.
nce paid to...
he same obligations as under CPT, but must also procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of, or

nker or tanks which have no traces of oil. Hence such water is referred to as clean ballast. Tanks carrying the w
on which the notice is given and the day on which the notice expires are not included in the notice period.
tment - Owners agree to accept a cost per revenue tonne for cargo carried on a specific number of voyages.
tment Charter Party

y Sea Act
estination provided the vessel delivers the goods as specified.
esigned to carry both containers and conventional cargoes.
document issued by the Baltic and International Maritime Conference (BIMCO)
ommence once a vessel has arrived at a port, complied with all stipulations and tendered the notice of readines
action between a seller and buyer prepared by the seller, and a description of the merchandise, price, terms, etc
ble" documents that represents and takes the place of the goods themselves in the financing of the cargo sales t
e does not include the normal commission for the brokers quoting the order.
ds himself out to the general public for the transportation of goods over a definite route and according to a reg
 s to owners due to non-availability of the berth or waiting at the anchorage, C/Ps specify that the notice of read

y be employed on a series of voyages called consecutive voyages against a single C/P. The vessel proceeds loa
ve the good; usually the buyer.
d to a foreign agent or customer when an actual purchase has not been made, but under an agreement obliging
Endorsement may be added to an Open Cargo Policy at an agreed premium, to provide coverage on merchandi
ficates of origin or special invoice forms that are officially signed by the consul of the country of destination.
of goods shipped certified by the consul at the point of shipment.
sed on large cargo-carrying containers ranging up to 48 feet long that can be easily interchanged between truc
war, materials carried aboard a vessel that could aid a belligerent in the process of the war, such as arms, weapo
ms refers to a shipowner (or charterer) who enters into a contract to carry a large quantity of cargo between na

eller owns goods until they are loaded on vessel; selling price includes all costs so far plus cost of freight. The
ntil they are loaded on vessel; selling price includes cost of goods, insurance, and freight.

or carriage of the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any a

ever suitable cargoes are available, rather then carrying cargoes to and from the country where the ship is regi
uses, introduced by charterers based on shortage of delivered cargo because of increased oil prices

f the rate of exchange variations. Owners are required to pay costs in local currency in the country of loading

ed to discharge and/or load as quickly as possible (as fast as can) depending on the custom of the port. There i
customs and practices which have been gradually established in the course of time in a particular port. If a C/P
ustoms to clear shipments for clients, also can forward goods "In Bond" to your port.
hipper to his bank that the documents attached to a time draft for collection are deliverable to the drawee agai
er gives to his bank that the documents attached to a draft for collection are deliverable to the drawee only agai

eliver when the goods are available, cleared for export, at the named point and place at the frontier, but before
ating a ship.
ot ready when ship arrives for working (1st day of Laycan). This is not detention which is charged for ships tim
 ion. Penalty if cargo is not ready when ship arrives for working (1st day of Laycan). This is not detention whic
Total days for loading & discharging)
which the fixture negotiations are finally concluded, after all subjects have been lifted.
period of 24 hours which, unless the context otherwise requires, runs from midnight to midnight.
oading and discharging. (See reversible laytime).

bligation to deliver when the goods are available at the named place in the country of importation. (named pla

is obligation to deliver when the goods are available at the named place in the country of importation.
shipper fails to fulfil his contract to load the cargo or the full cargo, he commits a breach of the contract for w
only which a ship can carry when immersed to her summer loadline. It is the deadweight all told less weight o
g capacity of a vessel and includes bunkers, fresh water, cargo and/or passengers and constants. The differenc
ng over a compartment, hull or any part thereof
e rather than within the enclosed cargo spaces of a vessel.
nted amidships on both sides and parallel to the loadlines. The line is located at the point where the upper mos
ms of laytime (the other two being "calculable" and "indefinite"). The charterparty specifies the days/hours allo
coverage, damage due to delay is not recoverable. Most underwriters have inserted a "Delay Cause" in the Op
mences with the delivery of the vessel to the charterer and comes to an end with the re-delivery of the vessel to
Rent). Money paid by the shipper for the occupying port space beyond a specified "Free Time" period.
on) payable to the shipowner by a charterer for delay for which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or

igation to deliver when the goods are available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destinati

ligation to deliver when the goods are available to the buyer on board the ship uncleared for import at the nam
ed, reward for quick turnaround- in dry cargo only
payable by the shipowner to the charterer if the vessel completes loading or discharging before the expiry of la
MFORDET)
t been agreed in the charterparty, the shipowner can claim compensation as damages for detention. A case whe
eparture from specified voyage course
ntional departure from the set or agreed course of the voyage. The ship is not permitted to leave this route for a
booked by shipper or charterer on a vessel but not used
urrage on All Time Saved Both Ends
urrage on Working Time Saved Both Ends
e ship's agent on behalf of a shipowner and recovered subsequently.

without bunkers, fresh water, cargo and/or passengers and constants.

plus bunkers, fresh water, cargo and/or passengers and constants.
control of the vessel (e.g. under a bareboat or time charter) is referred to as a "disponent owner". During the d
ed in connection with discharge of cargo at a port other than the original port of destination. For instance, if th
 ssel is being loaded at the berth and charterers find it difficult to secure completion of cargo at normal rates, th

wards Sea Pilot (Norway)

n-Returnable Cargo and/or Ship Lost or Not Lost

ocean carrier or its agent for merchandise delivered at its dock or warehouse awaiting shipment.
of credit providing for payment by a bank to the name beneficiary, usually the seller of merchandise, against d
attached to foreign drafts, consisting of ocean bills of lading, marine insurance certificates, and commercial inv
ea Pilot (Norway)

mersed to the appropriate loadline and therefore cannot load any further cargo.

p is immersed in water. The depth varies according to the design of the ship and will be greater or lesser depe
o determine the quantities of cargo on board a ship.
p is immersed in water. The depth varies according to the design of the ship and will be greater or lesser depe

he service of more than one pilot to be used, one from the berth to the beginning of the channel and another ca
on to and re-delivery off a time charter. The point where an "on-hire" or "off-hire" survey takes place is that pl
types, often timber or matting, placed among the cargo for separation, and hence protection from damage, for
types, often timber or matting, placed among the cargo for separation, and hence protection from damage, for
means an assessed amount at a certain percentage rate on the monetary value of an import. (b) Specific duty: a
of cargo, stores and water, i.e. the difference between lightship and loaded displacement.

ch is lower than its normal speed. It provides a reduction in fuel cost as less fuel is consumed.

Completion

ng out loading and/or discharging in excepted periods (e.g., Shex =Sundays and holidays excepted) is not to co
e the shipment begins movement, e.g., "Ex Factory" "Ex Mine" or "Ex Warehouse." See "Terms of Sale."
Means that the specified days do not count as laytime even if loading or discharging is done on them, e.g., Sund
B/L which relieve the carriers of responsibility of certain perils, accidents or neglect. (See Hague Rules and CO
ents agreed upon in the C/P which interrupt counting of laytime. These give protection to the charterer. For e.
owns goods until they are unloaded on dock at port of discharge; selling price includes all costs so far plus cos
ntil they are picked up at his factory; selling price is the cost of the goods.
ually been agreed is not very clear, then an express clause is inserted in addition to the printed form drawing a

n he has made the goods available at his premises (i.e. works, factory, warehouse) to the buyer.
n F.O.B., F.A.S., C&F or similar terms, it is the buyer's responsibility to place the insurance.

. Seller delivers goods to appropriate dock or terminal at port of embarkation and buyer covers costs and risks
igation to deliver the goods when the goods are placed alongside the vessel on the quay or lighters (barges) at
a C/P when laytime is not fixed. It means that the laytime is calculated by reference to the maximum rate at w
odern equivalent of FAS used in intermodal transport where goods are transferred at a nominated forwarders p

hen he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the
Deadfreight
ned, Discountless And Non-Returnable (Refundable) Ship And Or Cargo Lost Or Not Lost

etween ships, or between a ship and a pier, to prevent damage

eafreight with which the shipper pays load costs and the carrier pays for discharge costs.
booked FIO includes the seafreight, but no loading/discharging costs, i.e. the charterer pays for cost of loadin
As per FIO, but excludes stowage costs.
mmed. Charterer pays for cost of loading/discharging cargo, including stowage and trimming.
mmed. As per FIOS but includes trimming, e.g. the levelling of bulk cargoes. FIOS includes seafreight, but exc
shipbroker in negotiations to indicate that the vessel is being offered to only one possible charterer at a time. C
he charterer is not revealed by his broker the charterer is referred to as a first class charterer. However, it is risk
a port is free from ice conditions to allow ships to enter, load/discharge and leave safely, at the start of a new s

rokers negotiations to charter a ship - an agreement

broker's negotiations to charter (fix) a ship.
d stacked and secured as an integral unit.
d stacked and secured as an integral unit.

ommission
r sees the goods "over the ship’s rail" on to the ship which is arranged and paid for by the buyer
s obligation to deliver when the goods pass over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment.

ponsibilities of the charterers, shippers and receivers of cargo.

rd clause in marine contracts exempting the parties for non-fulfillment of their obligations as a result of condit
nd the control of one of the parties to a contract. E.g., Act of God. This can relieve that party from performing

rance by the Health Authorities

attempt at best offer that can be matched
y a vessel for waiting its turn to berth to count as laytime against the charterer. Opposite of "in regular turn".
s to appropriate dock or terminal at port of embarkation and buyer covers costs and risks of loading.
ntil they are delivered alongside vessel; selling price includes all costs so far plus cost of transportation to doc
ng achieved sooner than agreed, there will be no freight money returned.
ng achieved sooner than agreed, there will be no freight money returned.
cts to discharge the vessel, free of expense to the shipowner.
surance (Owners)
midships from the waterline to the main deck.
expenses of the cargo to be loaded, spout trimmed and discharged, free of expense to the shipowner (e.g., bulk
expenses of loading, stowing and discharging, free of expense to the shipowner (e.g., bagged rice).
at the cargo has also to be trimmed at the charterer's expense, e.g., bulk cargo.
expenses of the cargo to be loaded, stowed, trimmed and discharged free or expense to the shipowner (e.g., scr
nses at load port(s), while the shipowner pays the expenses at the discharge port(s)
eizure - Clause excluding war risks from the Marine Policy; war risks can be covered by issuing a separate Wa
s _over the ship_s rail_ on to the ship which is arranged and paid for by the buyer
ntil they are loaded on truck at his factory; selling price includes all costs so far plus cost of loading on truck.
ntil they are loaded on vessel; selling price includes all costs so far plus cost of loading on vessel.
house.) Seller owns goods until they are delivered to buyer's warehouse at final destination; selling price inclu
sts to owners. Includes seafreight only.
sts to owners. Includes seafreight only.
ns that the vessel has a clean bill of health. (The health authorities board the vessel in order to ascertain the co
 t of FAS used in intermodal transport where goods are transferred at a nominated forwarder premises, depot o
y the government of a country for duty-free entry of any non-prohibited goods. Merchandise may be stored, di
al distance from the surface of the water to the gunwale
midships from the waterline to the main deck.
by the carrier for transporting goods.
estination upon delivery of goods. Also referred to as "freight collect".
ich freight rate is based, either one tonne or one cubic metre.
permit extra draft when a vessel loads in fresh water, the reason being that the vessel's draft becomes less wh
a ship on arrival at a port.
lim countries where Friday is observed as a holiday; Fhinc applies to non-Muslim countries where Friday is n

able on delivery of cargo in a mercantile condition

celling agreement sometimes quote 'doctrine of frustration' i.e. vessel is lost, extensive delays.
of frustration when through circumstances entirely beyond control of parties commercial object of maritime ad
l a ship to capacity either by weight or cubic measurement.

opes, blocks, tackle and other equipment

equity in which all parties in a sea adventure (ship, cargo, and freight) proportionately share losses resulting f
o owner presents to the General Average Adjuster to replace the vessel owner's maritime lien on cargo for its s

L CONDITIONS)

ic capacity in 'grain'
on. Ports in order of calling
go handling, consisting or two quarter circle metal parts which can be brought together to make a close fit, ope
c feet of the cargo hold in a ship measured to inside of the shell plating. (If measured to the inside of the frame

ter in which the shipowner pays for tally, loading, stowing, trimming and discharging costs. The alternative is
space measured in units of 100 cu.ft. The certificate of tonnage specifies the ship's gross tonnage. (Generally
 ther the goods are delivered or not, provided the failure to deliver the goods resulted from causes beyond the c
ship's sides

onditions for the carriage of cargo under a Bill of Lading

range of 20,000-50,000 tonnes dwt.
mmodity classification system, developed under auspices of Customs Cooperation Council, adopted by the Uni
p's deck fitted with a watertight cover
nding a hatchway which rises vertically to prevent (i) a person from falling into the hatch, and (ii) water from

Time Saved Both Ends

king (or Weather) Time Saved
charterer to sub-let or sub-charter the vessel to other charterers. The original charterer is then called the "head
yabeans [SF48-52] and sorghums [SF 44-49] are considered as heavy grains. Also rye and maize are heavy gra
al cargo. It is neither very light nor very heavy and is therefore called "handy" with a SF of between 48-52.

ing a vessel on a time-chartered basis.

w deck in a large vessel, used solely for carrying cargo

k (or part thereof) on which cargo work on the ship is suspended at the place of loading/discharging by reason

powner that the vessel is sent to a safe port free from ice, a protective clause dealing with ice, a protective clau
way : bays, rivers, and canals along the coasts (such as the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts), connected so t
me Dangerous Goods Code
me Organization
w and/or on deck
e status of merchandise admitted provisionally to a country without payment of duties -- either for storage in a
to the charterers to load or discharge a ship in more than one part within a range of ports, it is important to sta
quence in which a vessel may be allowed to berth for (coal) loading or discharging by the port authorities due

ation to a notice of readiness, a notice in any manner or mode and includes fax, cable, telegram and telex.
in covering statement on front page A-F)

where the shipowner agrees for the vessel to be loaded/discharged as fast as can, with customary dispatch, with
inherent nature of the thing insured and not the result of a casualty or external cause.
in transporting goods overland to the exporter's international carrier.
f warranties (i.e. same as conditions, in insurance) in a hull policy which prohibit the vessel from entering cert
 mutual associations concerning the method of settling liability of cargo claims between shipowners and chart
odity by different modes of transport, i.e. sea, road, rail and air within a single journey
odity by different modes of transport, i.e. sea, road, rail and air within a single journey.
looks after the welfare of transport workers and deals with their pay and working conditions. It issues the "ITF

which the specified payment is guaranteed by the bank if all terms and conditions are met by the drawee.
ort Workers Federation (Trade Unions). Complies on crewing

Actually To Count

/P setting out the circumstances under which a master is entitled to jettison goods from a vessel. (Jettison is to
hip running fore and aft; the backbone of a vessel
between the bottom of a ship and the bed of sea, also called under keel clearance.
peed equal to one nautical mile (6,076 feet) per hour

ing the space capacity of Ro/Ro ships whereby each unit of space (Linear Meter) is represented by an area of
ing the space capacity of Ro/Ro ships whereby each unit of space (Linear Meter) is represented by an area of
sition by use of Ropes, Wires, Chains or Straps etc.
ce north or south of the equator measured and expressed in degrees.
ncelling Date)
commencing / laydays canceling" and is a spread of dates which provides for the earliest date for the ship to ar
ation of this is the earliest time when the vessel is expected to be ready for loading and/ or discharging. (Some
isposal for purpose of loading/discharging
time agreed between the parties during which the owner will make and keep the ship available for loading/ di
p temporarily due to bad markets. During lay-up the daily running lost of the ship is greatly reduced.

om the wind
from the wind. Opposite of windward
ment of the ship caused by either wind or current
tween the extreme ends (forward and aft) of the ship. (Also referred to as "overall length").
y a bank, at the insurance and responsibility of a buyer of merchandise, to a seller, authorizing him to draw dra
in which one party (shipper) undertakes to compensate another (shipowner) for the cost and/or consequences o
tage of cargo or passengers carries e.g. 4,000 tons carried on a vessel of 10,000 capacity has a load factor of 4
y until outstanding debt is paid
ontrol of cargo until the charges related to it are paid.
ship cubically but do not bring it down to its marks are called light cargoes. (Goods which bring the ship dow
of the vessel so as to enable it to enter the part/berth where the depth of available water is restricted. This may
s all costs for loading (stowing, trimming etc.). The charterer (or receiver/consignee) pays all costs incurred fo
freight plus handling charges at loading and discharging ports. (Similar to "Gross terms" used in bulk cargo tra

ecognised line painted on the side of merchant ships. When a ship is loaded, the water level is not supposed to
y the Assured where he acknowledges receipt of money advanced by the insurance company as an interest-free

or operation. Also, a device to measure speed

ees east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England

, for one reason or another, sound cargo is no longer wanted by the consignee when it arrives. This is a "busin

at the very wors there would always be that depth of available water at the particular spot.
Money paid to Shipper for a charter of a ship (or portion) up to stated limit irrespective of quantity of cargo

5 kilogram (2,240 lbs)

to the shipowner regardless of the quantity of cargo actually shipped.

ncelling Date)
chant Vessel

Bill of Lading number of the kind and quantity of all cargoes loaded aboard a vessel, prepared by the vessel's M

and aft draft of a vessel.

e location equally distant from the bow and stern
mum cargo; a fixed quantity.
m (cargo quantity)

rers Option

securing a ship to a mooring buoy or pier

he charterer to increase or decrease the quantity of cargo by a percentage agreed in advance.
he shipowner to increase or decrease the quantity of cargo by a percentage agreed in advance, e.g., 10,000 ton
,000 kilos)
But Safely Aground
imiting coverage to perils specifically listed in the policy; opposed to All Risks policy. See "All Risks."
of conducting a ship safely from one point to another

presented stacked in the contour of similarly shaped cargo, it may be likened to a stack of plates. This is parti
presented stacked in the contour of similarly shaped cargo, it may be likened to a stack of plates. This is parti
vessel in the first port of loading, the charterer pays all additional port charges, cost of loading and dischargin
s the total revenue earning space (volume) within a ship available for the cargo. This is gross tonnage less "de
minute of latitude; approximately 6,076 feet - about 1/8 longer than the statute mile of 5,280 feet
arters fall under this category as opposed to demise and bareboat charters.
ng completed sooner than expected, then saved days will not be added to discharge time allowed.
master or his agent to the charterer, shipper, receiver or any other persons as required by the charterer, that th

Exchange

ting that the exporter consigns a shipment to an international carrier for transportation to a specified foreign m
ifies the circumstances under which hire is suspended or reduced.
me has expired. Unless the C/P expressly provides to the contrary the time on demurrage will not be subject to
is continuous unless exceptions to demurrage are contained in the C/P.

h is available at a particular place to load her next cargo, having discharged the last one.
her the ports of destination nor the nature of the cargoes are specified and the vessel may fix for any cargo and
no expiration date that provides automatic coverage of cargo to or from an Assured in a specified trade at agre

of the ship

d to deviate without breaking the contract for lifting bunkers at ports where it may be cheaper.
mnity Insurance
orm, usually wooden, on which cargo is stacked for storage or transportation; a skid.
out 65,000 tonnes deadweight whose dimensions enable her to transit the Panama Canal where due to locks dra

ed to calculate laytime with reference to the number of cargo hatches serving cargo compartments on the vesse
 ore in charterer's favour than "per hatch per day". The word "working" or "workable" hatch means that hatch

or casualties, peculiar to transportation on a navigable water, such as stranding, sinking, collision of the vesse

by the US Department of Agriculture to satisfy import regulations for foreign countries, indicating that a US s
he contents of a shipping package.

he risk of loss due to such causes as currency inconvertibility, government action preventing entry of goods, e
p looking forward. A harbour.
n which ships are loaded with or discharged of cargo, and includes the usual place where ships wait for their tu
ssel when viewed forward. (The right side is called starboard).
on to use a port
on to use a port
arter party
by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods t

ady to load at short notice, say within a few delay.

akes that when the ship arrives at the port there will be a loading/discharging berth for her to which she can pr

e terms and conditions agreed

1.0 metric Tonne or 1.0 cubic meter, whichever greater). The overall RT is calculated on a line by line basis o
ng completed sooner than expected at load port, then days saved can be added to discharge operations.
he charterer to add together the time allowed for loading and discharging. When the option is exercised the eff
lauses which substitute or supplement the clauses in the original standard C/P form. If a rider clause contradic

wo legs, the second of which brings the ship back to the first port.
1.0 metric tonne or 1.0 cubic meter, whichever greater). The overall RT is calculated on a line by line basis of
one immediately after the other. They are continuous. A working day may exclude Sundays and holidays. But
ng the relevant period of time, the ship can reach, remain at and depart without being exposed to danger.
g the relevant period of time, the ship can reach, enter, remain at and depart without being exposed to danger.
ch can safely be carried by a crane or a derrick.
es the terms for the sale of a ship on behalf of the buyer or seller.
val in salt water where the density of water is 1025 kg per cbm.
 a ship or her cargo from loss or damage at sea. Property saved from loss or damage at sea.

ations which publish standard C/Ps. The scale rates contain daily loading rates as well as demurrage rates. App

ansporting goods over the sea. This does not cover haulage or loading/discharging costs but the sea transport o
ansporting goods over the sea. This does not cover any haulage or loading/discharging costs but the sea transpo
on of the vessel (valid certificates, fully equipped and manned etc.)
for water ballast only.

e shaped in such a way that a bulk cargo loaded into her will level itself.
ter flat bed road trailers
bic space (measurement tonne) occupied by one tonne (2,240 lbs/1,000 kgs) of cargo

between berths is generally taken to be for owner's account, provided it has been agreed that loading/dischargi

all shipments by the US Treasury Department and prepared by the shipper, indicating the value, weight, destin
g indication that the contents of a container were loaded and counted by the shipper and not checked or verifie
or steel) positioned under the cargo to enable forklift handling at port, and for ease of rigging and lashing on b
or steel) positioned under cargo to enable fork lift handling at port, and for ease of rigging and lashing on boar
- A form of position finding using radio transmissions from satellites with sophisticated on-board automatic e

behalf of the Underwriter stating the terms and conditions of the marine insurance. Issued when evidence of i
of a liquid to its cubic capacity. Also called "relative density". Water has SG of 1.00 (1 cubic metre of water w
of circular tanks for transport, this prevents the tanks from becoming warped. The tanks are strengthened with
thening of circular tanks for transport, this prevents the tanks becoming warped. The tanks are strengthened w
commence loading immediately after the charter has been fixed. Also used for cargo which is available for im
ng Bill of Lading
a C/P entitles the owner to replace the original vessel by another ship, of same cargo capacity including class a
Holidays Excluded
Holidays Included
a vessel is stable in all aspects at all times. When cargo is loaded/discharged, the stability is monitored by a co
a vessel is stable in all respects at all times. When cargo is loaded/discharged, the stability is monitored by a co

al code system developed by the United Nations to classify commodities used in international trade.
when facing the front or forward end.
hip when looking forward. (By remembering that port and left both have four letters, it is easier to remember w
by an agent showing dates and times of arrival; commencement and completion of loading and discharging; qu
Merchandise (Availability of cargo). Also, the forward most part of the bow.
r part of a ship
by a ton (or tonne) of a commodity in a ship's hold expressed in cubic feet to the ton or cubic metres to the ton
ll of lading in which the goods are consigned directly to a named consignee.
delays due to strikes are not to count as laytime.
ding upon as a condition
el is fixed subject to the cargo quantity being available in the laydays agreed upon.
ptance of the terms offered by the other side is "conditional" and hence a conditional acceptance is not an agre
hich the insurance company (on payment of a claim) assumes all of the assured's rights to recovery from any th
ut 150,000 tonnes dwt with a draft of 53' which can transit the Suez Canal fully laden.
n Sundays and holidays will not count as laytime (excepted) /will count as laytime (included).
a ship owner, shipping company, charterer of a ship or shipper of goods to supervise cargo handling operation
epresenting the charterer who supervises cargo operations. Owners feed the supercargo at a nominal rate but p
who examines damaged property and determines the cause, nature, and extent of damage and methods of repai

on to a time charter. The vessel's delivery commences with the pilot boarding the ship. If weather is bad pilot m
tainer and packing materials without the weight of the goods it contains.
Be Nominated
ers agree to hire a particular ship for a set length of time and provide technical management, crewing etc.

that if a charterer loads in bulk, e.g., grain, 10% of the cargo must be laoded in bags to bring the ship down to
ayment of a draft.
les contract between buyer and seller and indicates the Terms of Sale.

ng converting both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment. An air waybill is essentially
e centreline of the ship
d fall of water level in the oceans
gal claims will not be entered
ssel for a specific period of time, say, 2 months. The charterer has no possession or control of the ship. The sh
hy NOR can not be given is that there is no loading/discharging berth available to the ship the laytime will co

the time used for loading or discharging a time sheet is drawn up from the statement of facts to determine if a
ust be added to, or taken from, a ship in order to change its mean draft by one inch or one centimeter.
tal internal carrying capacity of a vessel expressed in measurement tons (one measurement ton = 100 cu. ft.).
etween the waterline and the deck; sometimes referring to onto or above the deck
commission [adcom] to charterer plus (b) brokerage to shipbroker.
s imposed by the shipowner on a time charterer's freedom to nominate ports to ensure that a list of places cons
a shipment destined for an interior point or a place best reached by reshipment from another port.
e ship or conveyance to another for further transit.
of a ship
oveling grain, coal and other bulk cargoes to the wings or ends of the holds when loading.
n time charter terms but for a specific voyage and expected duration. The charterer pays hire instead of freight

arge and/or load a ship at a terminal.

a cask or drum lacks of being full. Nowdays the term is used for tankers or oil storing tanks representing emp
000 tonnes dwt.
before commencement of laytime shall count.
unting of laytime and exceptions to laytime such as Sundays and holidays. If work is carried out during the ex

ch Case Time Actually Used To Count

arine Policy that contains a fixed basis of valuation agreed upon by the Assured and the Underwriter and whic
of 160,000 to 319,000 dwt.
watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water
ssel for a specific and certain voyage to load at one or more named ports to be carried to a named discharging

o two (or more) belligerents engaging in hostilities, whether or not there has been a formal declaration of war.
y a warehouseman for goods he has placed in storage.
rgo Policy that defines when coverage commences and terminates. It is the intent of the policy to attach at the
hull which shows the point to which a ship sinks when it is properly trimmed
through water such as headway, sternway or leeway
leared Or Not
ich weather prevents working shall not count as lay time.
art of a working day during which it is possible (if the vessel is loading / discharging) to load of discharge the c
y a pier or dock owner for handling incoming or outgoing cargo.
d for loading/discharging is a berth and if the berth is not immediately accessible to the ship NOR can be given

f this phrase, NOR can be tendered even if the health clearance formalities are not completed.
exactly be within the port limits for NOR to be tendered. If is possible to do this if the vessel has arrived at the

tique Or Not
n from which the wind is coming

rase the shipowner is not bound by the veracity of the statement. The phrase is commonly used during negotia
h Coaming
y which are not expressly excluded from laytime by the C/P and which are not holidays.
er freight rates are quoted.
That time during which weather prevents working shall not count as laytime

pon, Wipon

f course, as when running with a quartering sea

under stated terms.
e that a carrier has no control over, and therefore cannot be held accountable.

he charterer's broker (and forms a part of the C/P). It comes into effect only when it is signed by all parties jus
aid to the charterer to cover up some of the expenses incurred by him. At present it virtually works out to a red
other words, freight payable before goods are accepted for shipment. Once paid it can not be recovered from th

most point of a ship.

n. This is a non-negotiable instrument of air transport that serves as a receipt for the shipper, indicating that th
m any external cause. Does not cover loss or damage due to delay, inherent vice, preshipment condition, inade
e completion of the loading and/or discharging until the expiry of the allowed laytime excluding and notice tim

the ground during loading of discharging or which can only be reached after lighterage of part of her cargo or
 ther market, in terms of a third market. By this manipulation a profit is made because of the difference in the r

hipowner). In this case the hire commences (or ends) as soon as the vessel reaches the pilot station. (This term
ditions have been complied with: 1) The vessel must have arrived at the port, berth or dock as stated in the C/
s capable of loading or discharging the cargo, that is, as fast as she can or with customary (quick) dispatch. Th

unions in that country. These ladders are so constructed as to prevent fatigue due to platforms at regular interv
Average and General Average.
on can be set off against any excess time used in the other. The option to average laytime is given to the charte
o goods discharged at another convenient port.

price for bunkers.

iage of breakbulk type of cargoes, e.g.., packages, bales, cartons, cartons, drums, pallets, etc., which are not ca

cargo near the place of re-delivery of the ship at the end of the charter. The bonus serves as an incentive for t
te. In case the vessel has too great a draft, it will have to discharge part of the cargo into barges and then reloa
n fact the becomes the virtual owner of the vessel during the term of the charter. Charter has the right to engag
ons only. Charterers take over all responsibility for the operation of the vessel and expenses for the duration.

d in numerals, where 0 means calm wind (less that I knot speed) and 12 refers to hurricane (speed between 64

ts the vessel to have sufficient clearance above its highest point to pass under the bridge with ease.

er implies that notice of readiness cannot be given until the vessel is in the designated berth as required by the
e port or as fast as the ship can handle the cargo or under customary dispatch.
pper, the consignee, the ports of loading and discharge and the carrying vessel. It serves as a document of title,

dence of title to the cargo.

at ports in the countries on that list.

il the goods are removed.

of loading and discharging; appointment of agents, etc.

water (1000 kgs/cubic metre) and that of salt water (1025 kgs/cubic metre). When a ship proceeds to a brackish
"Containerization."

He represents one party (say, shipowner) and negotiates with the other party (charterer) directly or with anoth

in concluding a (successful) fixture, normally a certain percentage of the hire of freight earned by the shipown

hat can be shipped in bulk are ores, coal, scrap, iron, grain, rice, vegetable oil, tallow, fuel oil, fertilizers, and s

ructural Steel, Handrails, Stairways etc. Whilst this is a very flexible description, a rule of thumb is to present
ructural Steel, Handrails, Stairways etc. Whilst this is a very flexible description, a rule of thumb is to present
ment in the market place price for bunkers.

livered on 10th June, the charter will expire on 10th December.

o lad at the latest is called the canceling date. Should the vessel miss her canceling date, the charterers are enti
ion of the freight charged; does not include provisions and stores for use on board.
tries (for display, demonstration, or similar purposes) without paying duties or posting bonds.
The act provides that the shipowner's liability will be limited to $500 per shipping package, and it stipulates a
of cargo.

the viscosity of the oil and cheaper the cost. (Viscosity is the ability of liquid to resist flow, e.g., honey is mor
ndition of the merchandise immediately prior to shipment.
ds have been manufactured and are at the disposal of the buyer.
n of the merchandise. Sometimes requires the signature of the consul of the country to which it is destined.

ng forth the terms of the arrangement, i.e., freight rate and ports involved in the contemplated trip.
enquiries for tonnage are placed in the hands of these chartering agents to the exclusion of any other broker. T

s risk of loss of, or damage to the goods during carriage.

er’s risk of loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the

Tanks carrying the water are therefore clean ballast tanks.

e notice period.
umber of voyages.

he notice of readiness as specified in the C/P

dise, price, terms, etc.
g of the cargo sales transaction.

nd according to a regular schedule.

 hat the notice of readiness can be tendered by the master "whether in berth or not (wibon), whether in free pra

e vessel proceeds loaded from loading to discharging port only to return in ballast and repeat the following voy

agreement obliging the consignee to pay the consignor for the goods when sold.
verage on merchandise while in transit to, and while at, a common consolidation point for the purpose of prepa
untry of destination.

hanged between trucks, trains and ships without rehandling the contents.
such as arms, weapons or munitions.
of cargo between named port or regions on mutually agreed terms and conditions over a period of time. The s

s cost of freight. The buyer is responsible for insurance.

ods, as well as any additional costs due to the events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered in

where the ship is registered.

e country of loading and discharging. It is a percentage of the base rate.

m of the port. There is no fixed time allowed to the charterer. Hence the term is not favourable to the shipowne
rticular port. If a C/P provides loading and discharging according to the custom of the port (or with customary

le to the drawee against his acceptance of the draft.

the drawee only against his payment of the draft.

e frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. The term "frontier" covers any frontier inclu

charged for ships time on delay. If the cargo is ready there is no DAMFORDET.
 is not detention which is charged for ships time on delay. If the cargo is ready there is no DAMFORDET.

portation. (named place of destination) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods are available

importation.
of the contract for which he is liable to pay damages. These damages are known as dead freight. In other wor
all told less weight of bunkers, fresh water, constants, etc.
stants. The difference between the displacement of a vessel on her light draft and her loaded draft represents th

where the upper most continuous deck, known as the freeboard deck, meets the side of the ship.
es the days/hours allowed for loading and/or discharging.
elay Cause" in the Open Cargo Policy, which states specifically that damage caused by delay is not recoverable
ivery of the vessel to the owner. The delivery or re-delivery can occur at a port or a place agreed upon, e.g., pa
ime" period.
le in loading and/or discharging after the laytime stipulated in the C/P has expired.

med port of destination cleared for importation.

or import at the named port of destination.

efore the expiry of laytime stipulated in the C/P. usually half the demurrage rate.

etention. A case where a shipowner can claim damages for detention is when a vessel is chartered to load at a

leave this route for any purpose without justification. To protect themselves the shipowners enter a clause in t

owner". During the duration of the charter, he acts as if he were the real owner.
on. For instance, if the vessel runs the risk of being frozen in, the master may deem it advisable to deliver the c
 go at normal rates, they may book cargo at very low rates (called distress rates) in order to fill up the remainin

merchandise, against delivery of documents specified in the credit.

, and commercial invoices, and where required, including certificates of origin and consular invoices.

reater or lesser depending not only on the weight of the ship and everything on board, but also on the density

reater or lesser depending not only on the weight of the ship and everything on board, but also on the density

annel and another called the sea-pilot for navigation within the channel to the river and canal outside the port
takes place is that place where the pilot who assists the ship in navigation to the pilot station disembarks from
on from damage, for ventilation and, in the case of certain cargoes, to provide space in which the tynes of a fo
on from damage, for ventilation and, in the case of certain cargoes, to provide space in which the tynes of a fo
t. (b) Specific duty: an assessment on the weight or quantity of an article without preference to its monetary va

excepted) is not to count as laytime, even if used. This qualification of laytime is favourable to the charterer. "
"Terms of Sale."
e on them, e.g., Sundays and holidays excepted. Note that if laytime has expired then the exceptions do not app
Hague Rules and COGSA).
the charterer. For e.g., a clause dealing with stoppage of work due to strike would be a protective clause.
costs so far plus cost of unloading from vessel.
nted form drawing attention to the terms specifically agreed upon.

overs costs and risks of loading

r lighters (barges) at the named port of shipment.
e maximum rate at which the ship in full working order is capable of loading or discharging the cargo as fast a
minated forwarders premises, depot or terminal but not actually on board vessel.

d by the buyer at the named place or point. If the buyer instructs the seller to deliver the cargo to a person e.g. a

ys for cost of loading/discharging cargo.

es seafreight, but excludes loading/discharging and stowage costs.

charterer at a time. Conversely, the term could also be used by the charterer's shipbroker inviting owner's ship
er. However, it is risky to negotiate with such a charterer as his record of payments cannot be cross-checked w
at the start of a new season. The term is commonly used in the St Lawrence Seaway.
 as a result of conditions beyond their control, such as earthquakes, floods, or war.
rty from performing the contract.

f "in regular turn".

of loading.
ransportation to dock.

hipowner (e.g., bulk wheat).

shipowner (e.g., scrap iron).

ssuing a separate War Policy with an additional premium being charged.

of loading on truck.

n; selling price includes all costs so far plus transportation to final warehouse.

er to ascertain the correctness of the information given by the master or the agent).
der premises, depot or terminal but not actually put on board vessel.
se may be stored, displayed, used for manufacturing, etc., within the zone and reexported without duties being

aft becomes less when she reaches open sea (salt water) where the density of water is greater.

es where Friday is not observed as a holiday.

object of maritime adventure is entirely frustrated. The expression "frustration of the adventure" in C/Ps relates

are losses resulting from a voluntary and successful sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole adv
ien on cargo for its share of General Average and to obtain release of the goods by the Steamship Company. G

make a close fit, operated by a crane or winch power. Grab damage is damage to ship caused by use of the me
he inside of the frames or cargo battens it is called bale capacity is used for bulk cargoes e.g. grains, and bale c

ts. The alternative is fio, fios, fiot or foist where the cost of tally, loading, discharging, etc., are for charter's ac
tonnage. (Generally speaking, gross tonnage is a measure of the volume of a vessel and net tonnage represents
m causes beyond the carrier's control.

l, adopted by the United States in 1989 and increasingly the most widely accepted import/export classification

and (ii) water from entering the hold.

then called the "head charterer" or "disponent owner".

maize are heavy grains. Barley and oats are classified as light grains. In practice heavy-grains constitute the b
f between 48-52.

scharging by reason of the local practice or custom. The day may usually be used for rest (Sunday) or may be

ice, a protective clause dealing with ice conditions in inserted in the C/P.
asts), connected so that vessels may travel without going into the sea

either for storage in a bonded warehouse or for trans-shipment to another point, where duties will eventually be
it is important to state that if they exercise the option the ship will proceed to the ports in geographical rotatio
port authorities due to congestion at the port (or availability of coal). Laytime does not generally count agains

egram and telex.

omary dispatch, with customary quick dispatch or as per the custom of the port. In such cases there is no way

el from entering certain waters (mainly ice areas) without payment of additional premium or with a change in
hipowners and charterers. The Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement is a clause in the NYPE ti

ns. It issues the "ITF Blue Certificate" to a ship if its owner complies with their requirements. Non-production

by the drawee.

vessel. (Jettison is to throw goods overboard for the purpose of lightening the ship).

sented by an area of deck 1.0 meter in length x 2.0 meters in width.

sented by an area of deck 1.0 meter in length x 2.0 meters in width.

date for the ship to arrive and for laytime to commence and also gives the last date for the charterer to cancel t
r discharging. (Sometimes the word is used to refer to "laytime" but then this leads to confusion. Laytime is th

ilable for loading/ discharging without payment additional to the freight. The time allowed to the charterer is n
ly reduced.

zing him to draw drafts to a stipulated amount under specified terms and undertaking conditionally or uncond
nd/or consequences of carrying out a certain act, e.g., obtaining a release of goods without producing an origin
has a load factor of 40%

h bring the ship down to its marks but do not completely fill the space available for cargo are called heavy car
restricted. This may be achieved by lightening or lighterage by discharging part of the cargo in barges outside
all costs incurred for discharge at the destination part.
used in bulk cargo tramp vessels).

el is not supposed to go above the line. Water can reach different parts of the line as its temperature and saltine
ny as an interest-free loan (instead of payment of a loss) repayable to the insurance company only if the loss is

ves. This is a "business loss" not recoverable under a Marine Cargo Policy; e.g., Christmas trees arriving in Ja

quantity of cargo

ared by the vessel's Master.

nce, e.g., 10,000 tonnes 5% more or less in owner's option, means that the shipowner may load between 9500

e "All Risks."
 f plates. This is particularly relevant in the presentation of tankage strakes for transport
f plates. This is particularly relevant in the presentation of tankage strakes for transport.
ading and discharging in the first and any additional port of loading and in the port of discharge. After comple
oss tonnage less "deductions" and less "allowances for propelling machinery space" and is calculated in units

the charterer, that the ship has arrived at the port or berth as the case may be and is ready to load/discharge in

a specified foreign market. Unlike an inland B/L, the ocean B/L also serves as a collection. If it is a straight B/

will not be subject to the laytime exceptions.

fix for any cargo and for any ports.

pecified trade at agreed rates, terms, and conditions. Usually consists of separate Marine and War policies.

where due to locks draft, beam and length are limiting factors.

artments on the vessel. Laytime is to be calculated by multiplying the agreed rate per hatch of loading/discharg
ch means that hatch can be worked because there is cargo in the hold below it. Workability refers to the cargo

collision of the vessel, striking a submerged object, or encountering heavy weather or other unusual forces of n

ndicating that a US shipment has been inspected and is free from harmful pests and plant diseases.

ing entry of goods, expropriation or confiscation, war, etc.

ships wait for their turn or are ordered or obliged to wait for their turn, no matter the distance from that area.

quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications (weight, size, etc.)

r to which she can proceed without delay.

a line by line basis of the Packing List using the largest amount. The overall freight liability is calculated on t
e operations.
n is exercised the effect is the same as a total time being specified to cover both operations. Until the toal time
der clause contradicts a printed clause the rider clause prevails.

a line by line basis of the Packing List using the largest amount. The overall freight liability is calculated on th
ys and holidays. But a running day does not exclude any day unless provided in the C/P.
sed to danger.
exposed to danger.
demurrage rates. Applicable to bulk cargoes like coal, ores, etc., from specific countries.

ut the sea transport only

sts but the sea transport only.

hat loading/discharging is at more than one berth. Also time spent in shifting from the waiting place (anchorag

value, weight, destination, and other basic information about an export shipment.
ot checked or verified by the Steamship Company.
ging and lashing on board ship.
g and lashing on board ship.
n-board automatic equipment

d when evidence of insurance is required, as by the bank issuing the Letter of Credit.
bic metre of water weighs 1 tonne).
re strengthened with steel or wood crossbeams giving a "spider" appearance
s are strengthened with steel or wood crossbeams giving a _spider_ appearance.
h is available for immediate loading.

city including class and suitability of laycan, for the fulfillment of the charter.

is monitored by a computer, which takes into account the weight and position of cargo within the vessel.
is monitored by a computer, which takes into account the weight and position of cargo within the vessel.

onal trade.

easier to remember which is port and which is starboard).

g and discharging; quantity loaded/discharged daily; hours worked/stopped with reasons for break-down of eq
ubic metres to the tonne Or Cubic space (measurement tonne) occupied by one tonne (2,240 lbs/1,000 kgs) of c

ptance is not an agreement.

recovery from any third parties; substitution of one creditor for another.

go handling operations. Often called a port captain.

a nominal rate but provide free of charge accommodation.
and methods of repair and/or replacement. He is not an adjuster, and all his actions are without prejudice to po

weather is bad pilot may not be able to board the vessel. Hence the ship cannot be considered to be delivered. T

nt, crewing etc.

ing the ship down to her marks.

waybill is essentially a through bill of lading used for air shipments. However, ocean shipments usually require

ol of the ship. The shipowner receives "hire" payments from the charterer, usually so-much per day or pro-rata
p the laytime will commence to run when the ship starts to wait for a berth and will continue to run, unless pre

acts to determine if any demurrage/dispatch in payable.

centimeter.
t ton = 100 cu. ft.).

a list of places considered unsafe is excluded. Usually followed by the words "within Institute Warranty Limi
hire instead of freight and the contract is that of a time charter.

nks representing empty spaces.

ed out during the expected days the actual hours of work only to count as laytime.

nderwriter and which establishes the insured value of the merchandise. The Clause determines the amount pay

nsportation on water.
a named discharging port or ports. The owner's remuneration is known as freight calculated on the amount of c

l declaration of war. Such risks are excluded by the F.C.&S. (Free of Capture and Seizure) Warranty, but may

olicy to attach at the time the goods leave the warehouse of origin named in the Policy, and to continue while

oad of discharge the cargo without interference due to weather. If such interference occurs (or would have occu

ip NOR can be given when the ship has arrived at the port in which the berth is situated.

ssel has arrived at the usual waiting place for the vessel to become an arrived ship.

y used during negotiations in order to guard all parties involved in the transactions.
 ned by all parties just like the original C/P.
lly works out to a reduction in the freight.
be recovered from the shipowner upon frustration on voyage and loss of goods.

er, indicating that the carrier has accepted the goods listed and obligates itself to carry the consignment to the
ment condition, inadequate packaging, or loss of market.
luding and notice time and periods which are exceptions to laytime.

f part of her cargo or which can only be reached during high tide.
he difference in the rates of exchange or in the prices of securities or commodities involved.

ot station. (This term favours the shipowner vis-à-vis "taking inward pilot" which favours the charterer).
ck as stated in the C/P. 2) The vessel must be ready to load or discharge in every way. 3) A notice of readiness
(quick) dispatch. The term appears in a C/P when laytime is not fixed (indefinite) and is left to the custom of

rms at regular intervals. Vessels without such type of ladders can be penalized or delayed.

is given to the charterer.

etc., which are not capable of filling the space between the ship's frames.

as an incentive for the ballast (empty) trip to cover up the cost of fuel and time. At times a shipowner pay pat
barges and then reload it after passing the bar. A similar situation exists at Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Such p
as the right to engage and pay the master and crew who are his employees. The shipowner merely receives co
es for the duration.

(speed between 64 to 71 knots). This term is used mostly in time charterparties, as vessels are not penalised f

th as required by the charterers.

s a document of title, a contract of carriage, and a receipt for goods.

roceeds to a brackish water port, the ship's draft will be more than the draft in salt water and less than the draf

irectly or with another broker who represents the charterer. (A sale and purchase broker negotiates for the sale

arned by the shipowner.

oil, fertilizers, and similar commodities.

thumb is to present cargo at a size easily handled by a large (20 tonne) fork lift.
thumb is to present cargo at a size easily handled by a large (20 tonne) fork lift truck.

he charterers are entitled to cancel the C/P

ge, and it stipulates a one-year time limit for filing suit against the carrier. This act automatically applies to inte

w, e.g., honey is more viscous than lemon juice).

ich it is destined.

f any other broker. The chartering agents act as intermediaries for their principals.

urance and pays the insurance premium, although he is required to obtain only minimum coverage. The seller
), whether in free pratique or not (wifpon), and whether customs cleared or not (wccon)

eat the following voyage on same terms and conditions until all the cargo has been shipped. However, separate

the purpose of preparing or consolidating the merchandise for export.

period of time. The shipowner may employ his own vessels or charter other vessels to meet his commitments.

ve been delivered into the custody of the carrier. In this context, "carrier" means any person who, in a contrac

able to the shipowner as the laytime is indefinite and uncertain.

t (or with customary dispatch or as fast as can) the laytime becomes indefinite, a situation unfavourable to ship

ers any frontier including that of the country of export. Therefore, it is vital that the frontier in question be def
DAMFORDET.

e goods are available at the named place in the country of importation. (named place of destination) The seller

freight. In other words, payment for space booked on a vessel but not used.

ed draft represents the deadweight capacity in tons (or tones). Also called deadweight all told.

lay is not recoverable even if the delay was due to a peril insured against.
agreed upon, e.g., passing Skaw (northern tip of Denmark, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea); passing Cape Pas

hartered to load at a berth where the vessel must be always afloat. However the charterer directs the vessel to

rs enter a clause in the charterparty called the "deviation clause" which allows them to deviate to save or attem

sable to deliver the cargo at the nearest safe port. If the extra distance is worthwhile he can claim distance frei
o fill up the remaining space rather than allow the vessel to be dispatched with empty space.

lar invoices.

also on the density of the water in which the ship is lying.

also on the density of the water in which the ship is lying.

anal outside the port limits. In this case the off-hire (or on-hire) survey will be carried out only when the sea-p
ion disembarks from the ship. A point in owner's favour as expenses into and out of a port (e.g., hire of a tug)
hich the tynes of a fork lift truck may be inserted.
hich the tynes of a fork lift truck may be inserted.
ce to its monetary value or market price. (c) Drawback: a recovery in whole or in part of duty paid on importe

ble to the charterer. "Unless used" has the opposite effect and favours the shipowner.

exceptions do not apply.

otective clause.
ng the cargo as fast as she can. At times this term is combined with the custom of the port or customary quick d

rgo to a person e.g. a freight forwarder who is not a "carrier", the seller is deemed to have completed his oblig

inviting owner's shipbroker to submit a firm offer for a particular order. It is a normal practice to include certa
t be cross-checked with BIMCO.
 without duties being paid. Duties are imposed on the merchandise (or items manufactured from the merchand

nture" in C/Ps relates to a delay of such a duration—without the actual fault of either party—as to frustrate the

o save the whole adventure from an impending peril, or extraordinary expenses necessarily incurred for the joi
eamship Company. G.A. Security consists of a G.A. Bond and either a cash deposit or an Underwriter's Guara

used by use of the mechanical grabs.

.g. grains, and bale capacity is used for general cargo, e.g., pallets.

c., are for charter's account. (However the port charges are paid by the shipowner in all cases).
et tonnage represents the volume available for cargo, that is, the revenue earning space in a vessel). Different t
export classification methodology. Replaces SCHEDULE B export codes and TARIFF SCHEDULE OF THE

rains constitute the bulk of the grain shipments.

(Sunday) or may be observed as a religious festival (Christmas).

ies will eventually be imposed.

geographical rotation (without, for example, going north and south and then again north). This is important to
enerally count against the charterer while the ship is waiting its turn. However, if the C/P says "free of tune" th

ases there is no way to determine the exact time the vessel will take for loading and discharging.

or with a change in conditions.

lause in the NYPE time C/P.

ents. Non-production of such a certificate can cause problems for a vessel in all Australian ports and in some p

charterer to cancel the charter if the vessel does not arrive by the date.
fusion. Laytime is the period allowed for the cargo to be loaded and/or discharged).

d to the charterer is not indefinite. The time is either "fixed" or "calculable".

ditionally or unconditionally to provide eventual payment for drafts.

t producing an original B/L.

are called heavy cargoes).

go in barges outside the port/berth.
mperature and saltiness varies with the season and location. From where Plimsoll Shipping derived its name.
any only if the loss is recovered from a third party and then only to the extent of the recovery.

as trees arriving in January undamaged.

y load between 9500 to 10500 tonnes of cargo.

charge. After completion of discharge the vessel is re-delivered to the owner and the outward port charges from
s calculated in units of 100 cu.ft. (Net tonnage is also referred as "register" tonnage).

to load/discharge in all respects. Laytime begins to count from the moment when NOR has been tendered by c

. If it is a straight B/L, the foreign buyer can obtain the shipment from the carrier by simply showing proof of

and War policies.

h of loading/discharging the cargo by the number of ship's hatches and dividing the quantity of cargo by the re
y refers to the cargo and not cranes/derricks that serve the hatch in question. Largest quantity in one hold/Dail

er unusual forces of nature.

nce from that area.

ity is calculated on the total RT amount, multiplied by the freight rate.

s. Until the toal time expires, no demurrage becomes payable. Opposite of normal or non-reversible laytime. (

ty is calculated on the total RT amount, multiplied by the freight rate.

 ting place (anchorage) to the first cargo berth is generally not to count as laytime.

thin the vessel.

within the vessel.

or break-down of equipments, etc.

40 lbs/1,000 kgs) of cargo.

thout prejudice to policy terms and conditions.

red to be delivered. This term therefore favours the charterer, whereas "arrival pilot station" is favourable to th

ments usually require two separate documents -- an inland B/L for domestic carriage and an ocean B/L for inte

h per day or pro-rata paid semi-monthly or monthly in advance. Also called "period charter".
ue to run, unless previously exhausted, until the ship stops waiting. The laytime exceptions apply to the waitin

titute Warranty Limits".

mines the amount payable under any recoverable loss or General Average contribution.

d on the amount of cargo carried. Voyage C/P contains laytime and demurrage/dispatch clauses.

e) Warranty, but may be covered by a separate War Risk Policy, at an additional premium.

nd to continue while the goods are in due course of transit until delivered to the warehouse of destination name

(or would have occurred if work had been in progress) there shall be excluded from laytime a period calculat
e consignment to the airport of destination according to specified conditions.
the charterer).
A notice of readiness must have been given in writing to the charterers or shippers/consignees.
eft to the custom of the port.

a shipowner pay pat the charterer a ballast bonus when the vessel is being re-delivered at the end of time chart
rly Rangoon). Such ports are called bar-ports.
r merely receives compensation as hire payments.

ls are not penalised for non-performance of speed in case wind speed is more than the agreed Beaufort number
nd less than the draft in fresh water.

egotiates for the sale of a ship and represents the shipowner).

tically applies to international ocean movements but not to domestic ocean transits unless the carrier agrees to

coverage. The seller must clear the goods for export.

d. However, separate calculations of freight and laytime are made for the individual voyages. It differs from a

et his commitments. This ships used for the carriage are not named. As each shipment takes place a fresh voya

on who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road

unfavourable to shipowners as they will find it difficult to put a claim for demurrage or damages for detention

er in question be defined precisely by naming the point and place in the term. The term applies primarily to th
stination) The seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods are available at the named place in the co

ea); passing Cape Passero (south-east coast of Italy); passing Key West (Florida), or any other position.

directs the vessel to a berth where the vessel is not always afloat. Since it has been agreed in the C/P that NOR

viate to save or attempt to save life and/or property at sea and to give the owners the right to deviate for bunke

n claim distance freight.

only when the sea-pilot (who navigates the vessel outside the port limits) disembarks from the ship.
(e.g., hire of a tug) will be for charterer's account.

duty paid on imported merchandise at the time of exportation, in the same or different form.
or customary quick dispatch.

e completed his obligation to deliver the goods when they are in that person’s custody.

ctice to include certain main terms in a firm offer.

d from the merchandise) only when the goods pass from the zone into an area of the country subject to the Cus

y—as to frustrate the charter.

y incurred for the joint benefit of ship and cargo.

Underwriter's Guarantee.

a vessel). Different tonnage measurement systems (i.e British, Suez Canal or Panama Canal) have different to
CHEDULE OF THE U.S. import codes.

. This is important to the owner to determine the distance, time and fuel expenses.
says "free of tune" then time waiting for a berth will count.
n ports and in some ports of other countries.
g derived its name.
ard port charges from the port of redelivery is for the owner's account. (Not a popular form of chartering nowa

as been tendered by charterers/consignees.

ly showing proof of identity. If a negotiable B/L is used, the buyer must first pay for the goods, post a bond, o

ty of cargo by the resulting sum. Thus, Laytime= Quantity of Cargo/Daily Rate x Number of Hatches = Days;
tity in one hold/Daily rate per hatch x Number of hatches serving that hold =Days; A hatch that is capable of b

-reversible laytime. (See "days all purposes").

n" is favourable to the shipowner.

n ocean B/L for international carriage. Through bills of lading are insufficient for ocean shipments.

ns apply to the waiting time as if the ship were at the loading/discharging berth provided the ship is not already
e of destination named in the Policy, where it terminates.

me a period calculated by reference to the ratio which the duration of the interference bears to the time which
the end of time charter, specially when market is not good for the shipowner.

eed Beaufort number.

the carrier agrees to be bound by it.
ges. It differs from a COA where the shipowner can use any ship and the freight rates take into account the cos

es place a fresh voyage charter is entered into between the parties. This gives the shipowner sufficient flexibil

carriage by rail, road, sea, air, inland waterway, or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are

damages for detention.

pplies primarily to the goods carried by rail, or road, but may be used for any mode of transport.
amed place in the country of importation.

ther position.

in the C/P that NOR can be tendered and laytime to commence whether the vessel is in berth or not (wibon),

to deviate for bunkering purpose (by inserting another clause called the "P & I Bunkering Clause").
m the ship.
try subject to the Customs Authority. Also called FOREIGN TRADE ZONE

nal) have different tonnages for the same vessel.

m of chartering nowadays).

goods, post a bond, or meet other conditions agreeable to the seller.

r of Hatches = Days; A hatch that is capable of beign worked by two gangs simultaneously shall be counted as
ch that is capable of being worked by two gangs simultaneously shall be counted as two hatches.
hipments.

he ship is not already on demurrage. When the waiting time ends time commences to count and restarts when
rs to the time which would have or could have been worked but for the interference.
e into account the cost of ballast return voyage from discharge to load port.

ner sufficient flexibility.

bsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been
erth or not (wibon), the master refuses to comply with the berthing orders. The shipowner in this case may no

g Clause").
y shall be counted as two hatches.
nt and restarts when the ship reaches the loading/discharging berth subject to say notice time if provided for in
the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT team requires the seller to clear the goods for expor
r in this case may not be able to put a claim for demurrage. However, he may be entitled to "damages for deten
me if provided for in the C/P, unless the ship is by then on demurrage.
r the goods for export. The term applies to any mode of transport, including multi-modal transport.
o "damages for detention".