GRADE 10 - MUSIC

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AFRO-LATIN MUSIC
Afro-Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans refers to Latin American people of
significant African ancestry. The term may also refer to historical or cultural elements in Latin America thought to
have emanated from this community.
The term Afro-Latin American refers specifically to people of African ancestry and not to European ancestry,
such as Sub-Alpine European white. The term is not widely used in Latin America outside academic circles.
Normally Afro-Latin Americans are called "black"
(Spanish: negro; Portuguese: negro or preto; French: nègre or noir). More commonly, when referring to cultural
aspects of African origin within specific countries of Latin America, terms carry an Afro- prefix followed by the
relevant nationality. Notable examples include Afro-Cuban, Afro-Brazilian, and Afro-Haitian.
The accuracy of statistics reporting on Afro-Latin Americans has been questioned, especially where they are
derived from censusreports in which the subjects choose their own designation, because in various countries the
concept of African ancestry is viewed with differing attitudes.

History
In the 15th and 16 centuries, many people of African origin arrived in the Americas with
the Spanish and Portuguesese. Pedro Alonso Niño, traditionally considered the first of many New World
explorers of African descent was a navigator in the 1492 Columbus expedition. Those who were directly
from West Africa mostly arrived in Latin America as part of the Atlantic slave trade, as agricultural,
domestic, and menial laborers and as mineworkers. They were also employed in mapping and exploration
(for example, Estevanico) and were even involved in conquest (for example, Juan Valiente.) The Caribbean
and Latin America received 95 percent of the Africans arriving in the Americas with only 5 percent going
to Northern America.
Countries with significant African, Mulatto, or Zambo populations today include Brazil (57 million, if
including the pardo Brazilian population with Mulatto phenotype), Haiti (8.7 million), Dominican
Republic (8.5 million), Cuba (7 million), Colombia (5 million), Venezuela (4 million) and Ecuador (1.1
million).
Traditional terms for Afro-Latin Americans with their own developed culture
include garífuna (in Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize), cafuzo (in Brazil), and zambo in
the Andes and Central America. Marabou is a term of Haitian origin denoting a Haitian of multiracial
ethnicity.
The mix of these African cultures with the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and indigenous cultures of Latin
America has produced many unique forms of language (e.g., Palenquero, Garífuna,
and Creole), religions (e.g., Candomblé, Santería,
and Vodou), music (e.g., kompa, salsa, Bachata, Punta, Palo de Mayo, plena, samba, merengue, cumbia)
martial arts (capoeira) and dance (rumba, merengue).
As of 2015, Mexico and Chile are the only two Latin American countries yet to formally recognize their Afro-
Latin American population in their constitutions. This in contrast to countries like Brazil and Colombia that
lay out the constitutional rights of their African-descendant population.
Characteristics of Afro-Latin American Music
Afro-Latin American Music
African Music
The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America, namely the Romance-speaking
countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean south of the United States.[1] Latin American
music also incorporates African music from slaves who were transported to the Americas by European
settlers as well as music from the indigenous peoples of the Americas.[2] Due to its highly syncretic nature,
Latin American music encompasses a wide variety of styles, including influential genres such as
son,rumba, salsa, merengue, tango, samba and bossa nova.

Their music is identified by their rhythms, which they adapted from the elements of Moorish music and
other African and Caribbean music in the slave trade from 1550 to 1880. This developed a unique musical
culture in countries in Caribbean and it influences include Latin Rhythms and dances like habanera and
Bolero in Cuba, Samba and bossa nova in Brazil and Tango in Argentina

Their music is identified by their rhythms, which they adapted from the elements of Moorish music and
other African and Caribbean music in the slave trade from 1550 to 1880. This developed a unique musical
culture in countries in Caribbean and it influences include Latin Rhythms and dances like habanera and
Bolero in Cuba, Samba and bossa nova in Brazil and Tango in Argentina

Conversation: "Call and Response"

- a performance of voice interaction as an answer to the first chant
Improvisation
- Non scripted ways of singing that allow for sincere conversations. It is a framework where the artist has
freedom in creating musical mood
The Voice as an instrument
- it is the manipulation of a freely controlled piece where they can change the tone of voice, its tempo, the
creation of moods, and even changing the range and voice power
The instrument as a voice
- the instrument serves as a "singer" along with the performer

African Music is a rich and diverse cultural heritage that exists in hundreds of different languages. They
usually perform by singing and using percussion instruments played either by hands or with sticks, drums,
and others and they use them also for communication to convey news , to teach, to tell a story and for
religious purposes; this includes the Maracatu
Maracatu is the ceremony of the Coronation of the Black Kings in 1674 in Recife. This coronation of a king
in Congo when the Portugese were still the ruling government in Brazil was about dedicating a king who will
represent the African slaves to their masters.Each king is a representative of a nation or tribe. This
designation of the king is called Maracatu Nacao.

Baque or Toque is considered as the rythmic pattern used in Maracatu. This rythm uses the Toada, which
is singing from a song leader and with response in chorus by the subordinates. Today, Maracatu is a
combination of music for processional ceremony, theater and dance.
Vocal Forms of African Musics
Blues
- This is a gloomy folk music of African American origin which is naturally in a twelve bar order.
Soul
- This kind of music combining the basics of rhythm and blues and gospel music which was popularized by
the African-Americans.
Spiritual
- This kind of music is always with a Christian or Religious theme.
Call and Response
- This is a sequence of two different phrases usually played by two or more musicians

Music of Latin America

The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America, namely the Romance-speaking
countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean south of the United States.[1] Latin American music
also incorporates African music from slaves who were transported to the Americas by European settlers as well
as music from the indigenous peoples of the Americas.[2] Due to its highly syncretic nature, Latin American music
encompasses a wide variety of styles, including influential genres such as bachata, bossa
nova, merengue, rumba, salsa, samba, son, and tango. During the 20th century, many styles were influenced by
the music of the United States giving rise to genres such as Latin pop, rock, jazz, hip hop, and reggaeton.
Geographically, it usually refers to the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of Latin America,[3] but
sometimes includes Francophone countries and territories of the Caribbean and South America as well. It also
encompasses Latin American styles that have originated in the United States such as salsa and Tejano.[1] The
origins of Latin American music can be traced back to the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the Americas in
the 16th century, when the European settlers brought their music from overseas.[4] Latin American music is
performed in Spanish, Portuguese, and to a lesser extent, French.[5]

Popular music styles by country and territory

Argentina
Main articles: Music of Argentina, Tango music, Argentine rock, Milonga (music), Chacarera, Chamamé,
and Southern cone music The tango is perhaps Argentina's best-known musical genre, famous worldwide.
Others styles include the Chacarera, Milonga, Zamba and Chamamé. Modern rhythms include Cuarteto (music
from the Cordoba Province) and Electrotango. Argentine rock (known locally as rock nacional) was most popular
during the 1980s, and remains Argentina's most popular music. Rock en Español was first popular in Argentina,
then swept through other Hispanic American countries and Spain. The movement was known as the "Argentine
Wave." Europe strongly influenced this sound as the immigrants brought their style of music with them.

Bolivia
Main articles: Music of Bolivia and Andean music
Bolivian music is perhaps the most strongly linked to its native population among the national styles of South
America. After the nationalistic period of the 1950s Aymara and Quechuan culture became more widely
accepted, and their folk music evolved into a more pop-like sound. Los Kjarkas played a pivotal role in this
fusion. Other forms of native music (such as huayños and caporales) are also widely played. Cumbia is another
popular genre. There are also lesser-known regional forms, such as the music from Santa Cruz and Tarija
(where styles such as Cueca and Chacarera are popular).

Brazil
Main articles: Music of Brazil, Axé Music, Bossa Nova, Tropicalismo, Samba, Música popular brasileira, Música
sertaneja, and Funk carioca Brazil is a large, diverse country with a long history of popular-musical development,
ranging from the early-20th-century innovation of samba to the modern Música popular brasileira. Bossa nova is
internationally well-known, and Forró (pronounced [foˈʁɔ]) is also widely known and popular in Brazil. Lambada
is influenced by rhythms like cumbia and merengue. Funk carioca is also a highly popular style.

Chile
Main articles: Music of Chile, Andean music, Cueca, and Nueva Canción
Many musical genres are native to Chile; one of the most popular was the Chilean Romantic Cumbia,
exemplified by artists such as Americo and Leo Rey. The Nueva Canciónoriginated in the 1960s and 1970s and
spread in popularity until the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, when most musicians were arrested, killed or exiled.
In Central Chile, several styles can be found: the Cueca (the national dance), the Tonada, the Refalosa,
the Sajuriana, the Zapateado, the Cuando and the Vals. In the Norte Granderegion traditional music resembles
the music of southern Perú and western Bolivia, and is known as Andean music. This music, which reflects the
spirit of the indigenous people of the Altiplano, was an inspiration for the Nueva canción. The Chiloé
Archipelago has unique folk-music styles, due to its isolation from the culture centres of Santiago and Lima.
Music from Chilean Polynesia, Rapa Nui music, is derived from Polynesian culture rather than colonial society or
European influences.

Costa Rica
The music of Costa Rica is represented by musical expressions as parrandera, the Tambito, waltz, bolero, gang,
calypso, chiquichiqui, mento the run and callera. They emerged from the migration processes and historical
exchanges between indigenous, European and African. Typical instruments are the quijongo, marimba,
ocarinas, low drawer, the Sabak, reed flutes, accordion, mandolin and guitar.

Cuba[
Main articles: Music of Cuba, Bolero, Cha-cha-cha (music), Danzón, Early Cuban bands, Habanera
(music), Mambo (music), Rumba, Salsa music, and Trova
See also: Son (music)
Cuba has produced many musical genres, and a number of musicians in a variety of styles. Blended styles
range from the danzón to the rumba.
Colombia
Main articles: Music of Colombia, Cumbia, Vallenato, and Colombian rock
Colombian music can be divided into four musical zones: the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast, the Andean region
and Los Llanos. The Atlantic music features rhythms such as the cumbia, porros and mapalé. Music from the
Pacific coast such features rhythms such as the currulao —which is tinged with Spanish influence— and the
Jota chocoana (along with many more afro-drum predominating music forms)—tinged with African and
Aboriginal influence. Colombian Andean has been strongly influenced by Spanish rhythms and instruments, and
differs noticeably from the Indian music of Peru or Bolivia. Typical forms include the bambuco, pasillo
guabina and torbellino, played with pianos and string instruments such as the tiple guitarra. The music of Los
Llanos, música llanera, is usually accompanied by a harp, a cuatro (a type of four-string guitar) and maracas. It
has much in common with the music of the Venezuelan Llanos.
Apart from these traditional forms, two newer musical styles have conquered large parts of the country: la salsa,
which has spread throughout the Pacific coast and the vallenato, which originated in La Guajira and César (on
the northern Caribbean coast). The latter is based on European accordion music. Merengue music is heard as
well. More recently, musical styles such as reggaeton and bachata have also become popular.

Dominican Republic
Main articles: Music of the Dominican Republic, Merengue music, Perico Ripiao, Bachata (music),
and Dominican rock
Merengue típico and Orchestra merengue have been popular in the Dominican Republic for many decades, and
is widely regarded as the national music. Bachata is a more recent arrival, taking influences from the bolero and
derived from the country's rural guitar music. Bachata has evolved and risen in popularity over the last 40 years
in the Dominican Republic and other areas (such as Puerto Rico) with the help of artists such as Antony
Santos, Luis Segura, Luis Vargas, Teodoro Reyes, Yoskar Sarante, Alex Bueno, and Aventura. Bachata,
merengue and salsa are now equally popular among Spanish-speaking Caribbean people. When the
Spanish conquistadors sailed across the Atlantic they brought with them a type of music known as hesparo,
which contributed to the development of Dominican music. A romantic style is also popular in the Dominican
Republic from vocalists such as Angela Carrasco, Anthony Rios, Dhario Primero, Maridalia Hernandez and Olga
Lara.

Ecuador
Main articles: Music of Ecuador and Andean music
Traditional Ecuadorian music can be classified as mestizo, Indian and Afro-Ecuadorian music. Mestizo music
evolved from the interrelation between Spanish and Indian music. It has rhythms such
as pasacalles, pasillos, albazos and sanjuanitos, and is usually played by stringed instruments. There are also
regional variations: coastal styles, such as vals (similar to Vals Peruano (Waltz)) and montubio music (from the
coastal hill country). Indian music in Ecuador is determined in varying degrees by the influence
of quichua culture. Within it are sanjuanitos (different from the meztizo
sanjuanito), capishkas, danzantesand yaravis. Non-quichua indigenous music ranges from the Tsáchila music
of Santo Domingo (influenced by the neighboring Afro-marimba) to the Amazonian music of groups such as
the Shuar.
Black Ecuadorian music can be classified into two main forms. The first type is black music from the coastal
Esmeraldas province, and is characterized by the marimba. The second variety is black music from the Chota
Valley in the northern Sierra (primarily known as Bomba del Chota), characterized by a more-pronounced
mestizo and Indian influence than marimba esmeraldeña. Most of these musical styles are also played by wind
ensembles of varying sizes at popular festivals around the country. Like other Latin American countries,
Ecuadorian music includes local exponents of international styles: from opera, salsa and rock to cumbia, thrash
metal and jazz.

El Salvador
Main article: Music of El Salvador
Salvadoran music may be compared with the Colombian style of music known as cumbia. Popular styles in
modern El Salvador (in addition to cumbia) are salsa, Bachata and Reggaeton. "Political chaos tore the country
apart in the early 20th century, and music was often suppressed, especially those with strong native influences.
In the 1940s, for example, it was decreed that a dance called "Xuc" was to be the "national dance" which was
created and led by Paquito Palaviccini's and his Orquestra Internacional Polio".[citation needed] In recent years
reggaeton and hip hop have gained popularity, led by groups such as Pescozada and Mecate. Salvadorian
music has a musical style influenced by Mayan music (played on the El Salvador-Guatemala border,
in Chalatenango). Another popular style of music not native to El Salvador is known as Punta, a Belizean,
Guatemalan and Honduran style. Some of the leading classical composers from El Salvador include Alex
Panamá, Carlos Colón-Quintana, and German Cáceres.

Mexico
Main articles: Mexican music, Mariachi, Ranchera, Bolero, Cumbia, Norteño (music), Banda (music), Huapango,
and Son Jarocho Mexico is perhaps one of the most musically diverse countries in the world. Each of its 31
states, its capital city and each of Mexico City's boroughs claim unique styles of music. The most representative
genre is mariachi music. Although commonly misportrayed as buskers, mariachis musicians play extremely
technical, structured music or blends such as jarabe. Most mariachi music is sung in verses of prose
poetry. Ranchera, Mexico's country music, differs from mariachi in that it is less technical and its lyrics are not
sung in prose. Other regional music includes: son jarocho, son huasteco, cumbia sonidera, Mexican pop, rock
en español, Mexican rock and canto nuevo. There is also music based on sounds made by dancing (such as
the zapateada). Northeastern Mexico is home to another popular style called norteña, which assimilates
Mexican ranchera with Colombian cumbia and is typically played with
Bavarian accordionsand Bohemian polka influence. Variations of norteña include duranguense, tambora
sinaloense, corridos and nortec (norteño-techno). The eastern part of the country makes heavy use of the harp,
typical of the son arocho style. The music in southern Mexico is particularly represented by its use of
the marimba, which has its origins in the Soconusco region between Mexico and Guatemala.
The north-central states have recently spawned a Tecktonik-style music, combining electro and other dance
genres with more traditional music.

Popular music
Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music
industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training.[1] It
stands in contrast to both art music[4][5][6] and traditional or "folk" music. Art music was historically disseminated
through the performances of written music, although since the beginning of the recording industry, it is also
disseminated through recordings. Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed
along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.
The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States.[1] Although
popular music sometimes is known as "pop music", the two terms are not interchangeable.[7] Popular music is a
generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the
population,[8] whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre within popular music.[9] Popular music
songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies. The song structure of popular music commonly
involves repetition of sections, with the verse and chorus or refrain repeating throughout the song and
the bridge providing a contrasting and transitional section within a piece.[10]
In the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread
from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have a wide
appeal within the culture of their origin.[11] Through the mixture of musical genres, new popular music forms are
created to reflect the ideals of a global culture.[12] The examples of Africa, Indonesia, and the Middle East show
how Western pop music styles can blend with local musical traditions to create new hybrid styles.
Popular music, any commercially oriented music principally intended to be received and appreciated
by a wide audience, generally in literate, technologically advanced societies dominated by urban culture.
Unlike traditional folk music, popular music is written by known individuals, usually professionals, and does
not evolve through the process of oral transmission. Historically, popular music was any nonfolk form that
acquired mass popularity—from the songs of the medieval minstrels and troubadours to those elements of
fine-art music originally intended for a small, elite audience but that became widely popular. After
the Industrial Revolution, true folk music began to disappear, and the popular music of the Victorian era
and the early 20th century was that of the music hall and vaudeville, with its upper reaches dominated by
waltz music and operettas. In the United States, minstrel shows performed the compositions of songwriters
such as Stephen Foster. In the 1890s Tin Pan Alley emerged as the first popular song-publishing industry,
and over the next half century its lyricism was combined with European operetta in a new kind of play
known as the musical. Beginning with ragtime in the 1890s, African Americans began combining complex
African rhythms with European harmonic structures, a synthesis that would eventually create jazz. Music
audiences greatly expanded, partly because of technology. By 1930, phonograph records had replaced
sheet music as the chief source of music in the home. The microphone enabled more-intimate vocal
techniques to be commercially adapted. The ability of radio broadcasting to reach rural communities aided
the dissemination of new styles, notably country music.
American popular music achieved international dominance in the decades after World War II. By the 1950s
the migration of African Americans to cities in the North had resulted in the cross-fertilization of elements
of blues with the up-tempo rhythms of jazz to create rhythm and blues. Rock and roll, pioneered by figures
such as Elvis Presley, soon developed as an amalgam of rhythm and blues with country music and other
influences (see rock music). In the 1960s British rock groups, including the Beatles, became internationally
influential and popular. Rock and soul music (especially the sophisticated but hook-laden variety of the
latter, which took its name from the company that created it, Motown) quickly attracted the allegiance of
Western teenagers and eventually became the sound track for young people throughout the world. The
history of pop into the 21st century has basically been that of rock and its variants, including disco, heavy
metal, funk, punk, hip-hop, and increasingly pop-oriented world music.

ACTIVITY: Give what is being asked. Complete the schematic diagram with the necessary details about
African music, Latin- American music, and Popular music.

AFRO- LATIN MUSIC

AFRICAN MUSIC LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC POPULAR MUSIC