Differences in Food Endurance of Corn and Soybeans

Written by:

Name : R.A. FebiyantiAnggraini

Student Registration Number : PO.71.31.1.18.069

Class : IB

Lecturer : SitiNurazizaTuzzuhro,M.Pd

Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health

Academic Year 2018/2019

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the problem

Food is the most basic need for humans from a nation. So that it can
maintain the life and adequacy of food for every person at all times is a right that
is worth fulfilling. Food is also an important and strategic commodity for the
Indonesian people considering that food is a basic human need that must be
fulfilled by the government and society together as mandated by Law Number 7
of 1996 concerning food, namely that the Government organizes regulation,
guidance, control and supervision, while the community organizes the processes
of production and supply, trade, distribution and acts as consumers who have the
right to obtain food that is sufficient in quantity and quality, safe, nutritious,
diverse, even and affordable by their purchasing power.

Government Regulation No. 68 of 2002 concerning Food Endurance as the

implementing regulation of Law No.7 of 1996 emphasizes that to meet
consumption needs that continue to grow over time, efforts to provide food are
carried out by developing a system of food production based on resources,
institutions, and local culture, developing the efficiency of the food business
system, developing food production technology, developing facilities and
infrastructure for food production and maintaining and developing productive
land. To improve food security, food diversification is carried out by taking into
account local resources, institutions and culture through improving processing
technology and food products and increasing public awareness to consume
various foods with balanced nutrition (Suryana, 2001).

From the various types of food available, corn and soybeans are one of the
various foods that can be developed to improve food endurance. Corn and
soybeans are vegetable foods derived from plant material, or derived from
processed products derived from plants. The nature of this food has high protein
values and carbohydrate sources. Corn is a strategic commodity for Indonesia
because it has a broad dimension of use such as animal feed (direct or processed),
staple food for some people (potentially for the wider community) and snacks,
industrial raw materials (starch, sugar, processed food), and energy (bioethanol).
Other uses include direct food ingredients, raw materials for non-cholesterol
vegetable oils, corn flour and snacks. Development of corn must see the potential
and structure of these needs comprehensively (Ditjentan, 2010). Whereas
soybeans are also one of the important food commodities of the Indonesian
people, namely mainly as the main raw material for tempeh and tofu which is a
popular food for Indonesian people.

1.2 Formulation of the problem

Basically, the needs in Indonesia every year will increase along with the
income of the population and improvement in per capita income. Indonesia has
the potential to increase people's access to food. This happens because corn and
soybeans are the main vegetable nutrition protein in Indonesia. Therefore in the
implementation there are several problems :

1. How efforts in expanding new agricultural land ?

2. How in the pattern of use of corn and soybeans ?

1.3 The purpose of the problem

1. In order to know the new efforts to expand agricultural land in corn and
soybeans
2. In order to know the pattern of use of corn and soybeans
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BASIS

2.1 Efforts to expand new agricultural land

See the current conditions and the trend of food production which
increasingly depends on imports and shifting patterns of consumption of the
people to achieve food independence in the future must be done through concerted
concerted efforts to increase planned national food production starting "precision"
in the upstream sector - process ( on farm) and downstream. What needs to be
emphasized is: increased productivity and application of organic bio / biological
technology, expansion of food agriculture and optimization of empowerment of
local supporting resources, food trading policies and restrictions on food imports,
production credit and subsidies for food farmers, monitoring of production centers
and availability silos for food stocks to the smallest level in achieving food self-
sufficiency in each region. For this reason, the improvement of national food
production must be supported by the readiness of funds, the provision of land,
technology, communities and infrastructure which are used as national food
security policies.

2.11 Corn

In 2002 corn imports reached 2.2 million tons and since 2000 production
growth shows a trend that tends to be negative. Seeing the potential that exists in
terms of efforts to spur corn production in the next 10 years can still be done, even
if it can achieve a surplus (export). By creating a production growth rate of 2% to
6.5% per year, in 2010 Indonesia will be able to export corn. This is very rational
to be realized and achieved considering that there are still lots of idle land and
potential dry land that can be utilized optimally to increase corn production.
Opportunities to apply organic bio-productivity technology and the application of
hybrid seeds to increase productivity from an average of 3.5 tons / ha to more than
6.5 tons / ha on the land are still very rational especially the corn agribusiness has
been supported by available and preparedness of stakeholders from upstream to
downstream.

2.12 Soybean

Efforts to boost soybean production are indeed heavy considering there are
around 70% of soybean needs met from imports. Continued flooding of soybean
imports in 2000 had a tragic impact on soybean farmers and in order to achieve an
import balance there must be special treatment by restoring the trust of farmers
again to plant soybeans. Efforts to balance imports and growth in soybean
production if production can continue to be increased linearly from 13% in 2003
continued to grow up to 20% in 2010. Over the next decade (2003 - 2013), what is
rational is to suppress imports by substitution from production domestic to only
10-20% of imports. This is relevant to current conditions and can occur if there is
a regulation of the trade system to ensure reasonable prices when the farmers
harvest and create high soybean productivity so as to reduce production costs per
unit of yield.

Implementing soybean trade policy, import restrictions (import duty) and

incentives / subsidies for producer farmers are considered necessary in this
commodity because it is a living commodity of many people (Inkopti, 2001), if
indeed the food independence decision is a political decision for food security.
The technology problem of soybean and land productivity is actually no longer a
problem, only if farmers are not given technology subsidies, their productivity
remains low (<1.2 tons / ha) and production costs per product unit are high so that
in the future they cannot compete in the free market. This effort needs to be
carried out by implementing simultaneous policies to stimulate high growth by
involving stakeholders from soybean businesses from upstream to downstream,
technology, farmers, banks and the government.

Conducive conditions must be created to provide protection to farmers.

Creating and realizing national food independence so that it is more emphasized
on the role of farmers and stakeholders who oversee the production system from
the guarantee of the provision of technology, production facilities to the
downstream industry. Policy facilities that facilitate food farmers to obtain
technology subsidies, mechanization and facilitation of cultivation support (such
as infrastructure for agriculture such as irrigation and roads, and production
credit), market protection and limited import policies are needed to revive food
agriculture. In this case, it is necessary to have clear and systematic plans and
guidelines as a commitment to stakeholders, especially from the government
through the Ministry of Agriculture and related departments in realizing strong
national food independence as a national decision supported by local governments
as implementers in the field.

Efforts to create food independence by developing the production of

alternative food sources for imported food substitution are carried out in line with
the reference to the three main food commodities above. A source of carbohydrate
foods that can be used to substitute imported food such as potatoes, white corn
and tubers. Developing this alternative food source actually has high economic
value because in addition to high productivity per hectare, the food is an industrial
raw material. With the diversity of sources of food consumed and can be produced
domestically, it is expected to reduce food imports significantly and reduce
dependence on food from abroad so that the resilience and independence of
national food will be more stable.

2.2 The pattern of use of corn and soybeans

Commodities included in the group of grains are rice, corn and flour, while
soybean commodities are in the group of beans. Corn and soybeans are consumed
by most households. The level of corn participation is low because it only focuses
on corn consumed directly by households such as corn and corn
with the screw. Corn is widely used for poultry feed, so most households consume
corn indirectly through consumption of chicken, duck and egg meat. Similarly,
soybeans are also consumed through consumption of tofu, tempeh, tauco and
others that use soybean raw materials. Soybean consumption is included in its
derivatives, but for corn it is still limited to direct consumption.
 Tofu and tempeh are very popular foods, can be found with easy, anywhere.
This food can function as side dishes or snack food with various shapes, flavors
and presentation. Delicious addition and affordable prices also because these
foods are very rich in nutrients and important for health. Dried soybeans contains
far more protein than most types of beans and other grains which is around 40%.
Soy also contains about 20% fat, which is most are types of unsaturated fat or
"good fat", but still increasing calories in soybeans is around 170 Calories per 100
g dry weight. Soybean seeds whole is a great source of many high-grade vitamins
and minerals, including some vitamin B complex (folic acid, niacin, riboflavin,
thiamin), magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, iron and calcium. The results of the
analysis conducted by Alrasyid (2007) the results of the study epidemiology
shows that the consumption of soy-based foods is high with Isoflavone content
replaces food patterns that are relatively high in saturated fat and cholesterol,
associated with a lower incidence of heart and vessel disease blood.

2.21 Pattern of use for industry

In addition to being in direct form, households consume food made from

corn and soybean commodities through the food industry. Corn and soybeans are
consumed very little directly by the community, and are generally consumed
through industries such as tofu / tempeh industries that use soybean raw materials.
The poultry feed industry requires raw materials in the form of corn, then the feed
will be consumed by good chicken broiler and laying. Furthermore, people will
consume in the form of meat such as chicken meat and egg shape. However, these
three commodities can also be used for industrial raw materials that produce non-
food products.

There are so many types of industries that use raw materials of corn and
soybeans which produce output in semi-finished and processed forms. In one type
of industry also produces diverse output, even though the raw material is the
same. Likewise, in one type of industry also uses various raw materials involving
corn and soybean commodities. These things are what causing inaccuracies in the
calculation of the use of the three commodities for the food and non-food
industries.
 Both industries in 2012 used corn as the main raw material in large
quantities with various types / forms of corn such as wet corn, shelled corn stalks
and so on. As an illustration, the number of livestock feed ration industries in
2012 on a large scale is 62 units with details of 27 units using domestic capital
(PMDN), 11 foreign capital units (PMA) and 24 other categories of units. The
total production workforce in this industry is able to absorb 12,661 people and
unpaid labor as many as 269 people. Meanwhile on the medium scale there are 34
units with categories of 6 PMDN units, 2 PMA units and 9 units for other
categories. In the livestock concentrate industry with a large scale of 34 units,
while on a medium scale of 11 units.

Regarding corn cultivation, the low productivity of national maize is partly

due to the fact that there are still many farmers who plant local varieties and old
superior varieties whose seeds have been genetically degraded and have not been
purified. Soybeans are needed to meet industrial needs, especially in the tofu and
tempeh industry. Therefore the government from year to year is always trying to
be self-sufficient in soybeans. Likewise, the current Working Cabinet is also
determined to increase soybean production in an effort to fulfill the tofu / tempeh
industry. However, this effort was not entirely successful.
 CHAPTER III

Conclusion

1. Efforts to spur the growth of food production by opening new agricultural

land that can be used for productive agriculture are the potential of tidal
land and loose land, as well as dry land, most of which have not been
optimally exploited accompanied by the application of productivity
technology.
2. The development of corn commodities, namely varieties or types of maize
planted, is adjusted to the needs of maize for rations and animal feed by
taking into account the types / forms of corn imported by the feed industry
(in the form of cut corn with stalks and skins, dried or processed shells
such as corn flour and hulls) corn)
3. Efforts to fulfill the need for tofu and tempeh can be pursued, namely by
the government still trying to increase soybean production by correcting
constraints in the soybean production process. The land in each province
that is suitable for soybean crops is utilized optimally. Therefore, the
development of soybean production also takes into account industrial
demand. Development of soybean varieties according to consumer demand
such as paying attention in terms of size, color and taste
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