PHILOSOPHY b) Post- Socratic – socratic

(knowledge)
I.
c) Death of Aristotle – (ethics)
A. Pythagoras – 1st coined philosophy d) Neoplatonist – (myshecism)

Gk: philein + sophia 2. Medieval Period (600 BC- 1600 AD) –

Greko- Romans- THEOCENTRIC- God
“to love” + “wisdom” centred
a) Lover of gain – sell their wave for - age of religion/ catholic
money church- to make faith
- “sophists” – lawyers (laymao’s reasonable
term)
 Greek Fathers – most important
b) lover of honor – people compete
philosophers
for honor
- St. Thomas Aquinas – angelic
- “attiletes”
doctor
c) lover of wisdom – to seek for
- St. Augustine – 1st Father of
knowledge
Medieval Period
- “philosophes”
 Latin Fathers – high/ low
B. Aristotelico- Thomistic Definition
3. Modern Period- Renaissance Period
- Philosophy is the science which – ANTROPOCENTRIC – man centered
inquires into the ultimate causes,
 Rationalism- knowledge comes
reasons and principles of all things in
from reason
the light of reason alone.
 Empiricism- knowledge comes
 science- particular/ dimensional from experience
 philosophy – holistic/ - birth of reasons
multidimentional  Rene Descartes – father of
modern philosophy
C. Karl Jasper – Philosophy is a
- Meaning of life
discipline wherein questions are more
- Completion of socratic period
important than the answer where every
answer leads to further questions. 4. Post-Modernity (1900- present)-
BOARDERLESS
II. APPROACHES
- Dead- end of modernity
A. Historical Approach
 Immanuel Kant- father of post
1. Ancient Period (BC- 600 BC)- modernity
COSMOCENTRIC – world centered / - no focus of study
meaning of the world
*Post Eurocentric
a) Pre- Socratic – Miletians (world
stuff)  Martin Heidegger- destroyed
- zeitgeist Greek Philosophy
- time – spirit
Age of Revolution/ Age of Dialogue 4. Scholastic Period (600 AD- 1700)
B. Systematic Approach
6 ORTHODOX SCHOOLS
* 7 Classical Approach of – upanishads and
Philosophy* Philosophical treatise
1. Metaphysics- reality/ being a) Nyaya- school of logic
- queen of all sciences (Aristotle) b) Vascheshika- school of
- highest form of abstraction (St. T. metaphysics
Aquinas) c) Sonkya- school of evolution/
- equated to Theology (Aquinas) cosmology
 Special Metaphysics d) Yoga- personal liberation
 General Metaphysics e) Mimamsa- early vedanta
f) Vedantia- late vedanta
3 Types of Abstraction:
3 HETERODOX SCHOOLS –
 Physics- qualitative unfaithful
 Mathematics- quantitative
 Metaphysics- highest form a) Charvaka- materialism/
pleasure
2. Theodicy- nature of the existence of b) Jainism- ethics/karma
God c) Buddhism- nature- life
3. Cosmology- nature of the world/ - Hinayana- found in Sri
universe Lanka, Thailand Burma
- Manayana- found in
4. Psychology/ Philosophical Mongolia, Japan,
Anthropology- man Korea, Tibet (Social
Budhism)
5. Epistemology- nature of human
knowledge/ problem of certainty LOGIC
6. Logic- reason/ critical thinking/ validity Features:
7. Ethics- morality of human act - critical thinking
Types of Fallacy - reasoning
1. Linguistic Manipulation - understanding
2. Psychological Warfare
3. Logical Maneuver ARISTOTLE – father of logic
Organon- book
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY- dasana
Zeno the Stoic- producing the term
1. Vedic Period (2500 BC- 600 BC) “logic”
2. Epic Period (600 BC- 200 AD) Logic- Gk: “logos”- word
3. Sutra Period (200 AD- 600 AD)
- Reason, thought, discourse
- science – correct thinking /////// rules /  Nurture
principle/ methods 3. Attitudinal Level- person’s
inclinations
Art- there is beauty, precision
- feelings, ideas, convictions
II. Importance
THEORIES OF HUMAN
1. Helps develop clear critical
NATURE
thinking
2. Helps as a guide in drawing
I. Ancient
conclusion
A. Thales- world stuff is
3. Helps detect fallacy (false
WATER
argument)
- man has water: 80%
4. Avoid parallelism + also avoid
brain; 70% body
combat sophism
B. Anaximenes – AIR
III. Basic Concepts - human body –
condensed air
1. Argument- clusters of proposition - human soul- rarefied air
2. Proposition- building blocks of C. Anaximander- APEIRON/
argument boundless
3. Premise- reason or evidence - 1st photo evolution-
4. Conclusion- statement that animal- species- human
evidence is claimed to support life (man)
2 KINDS OF ARGUMENT D. Heraclitus- FIRE
- man has fire in himself
1. Deductive- general to particular/ through the form of heat
specific E. Pythagoras- body + soul
- absolute necessity - soul = immortal, divine,
2. Inductive- particular to general metempsychosis
- probability (reincarnation- Hindu)
F. Socrates- didn’t write any
3 - FOLD LEVEL book
- Plato’s books
1. Somatic Level- bodily - man is a being who
composition thinks
2. Behavioral Level- deals with - man’s life should be
modes of acting oriented:
a) Cognitive- mental  to do good =
dimensions techne- poiesis
b) Affective- emotional  to know god = (art)
dimensions (way of knowing)
c) Psychomotor- actions  to avoid evil = art
 Nature- looks into tendency and of knowing things
possibility
 Gk: pronesis- praxis A. Rene Descartes- man is a
substance (anything that exist in
(the way of living) (way
itself)
of doing)
Substance = finite (man= body
G. Plato- man is a soul using ‘tex extensa’ + soul ‘cognitas’) ;
a body infinite (God)
- body and soul are
IV. Post- Modernism
separate
A. Karl Marx- father of communism
3 KINDS OF SOUL - man is man only in the context
 Rational – head/ of labor
brain - “religion is the opium of the
 Appetitive- stomach mass”
 Breast/ chest-
spiritual
* EXISTENTIALISM- derived from the
H. Aristotle- man is the
word existence/ experience
substantial unity of the
body and soul - offspring of Post-modernism
- principle of hylemorphism
(hyle=matter; morphism= - advancement of technology
form) - is not a philosophical system
- man = body + soul

 SOUL Existentialism = existing – special way

 Vegetative- plant of life, has purpose
 Sensitive/
distinctive- animal/ = living – only of
brutes experience man can emerge
 Rational- man Common features:
I. Zeno of Cituim (Greece)
Most renowned schools 1. Man is capable of transcendence.
- academy – Plato 2. Man is an open ---
- lyceum- Aristotle 3. Man is self- related and others-
- stoic- Zeno related
4. Man is intrinsically free
II. Medieval 5. Man has to ace squarely the
A. St. Augustine- God created man reality of death
B. St. Thomas- also the same with
Aristotle 2 COMPS:
 Atheistic (don’t believe in God)-
III. Modern Jean Paul Sartre; Albert Camus
Ponty
  Theistic (God) – Soren - life is lifeless when identity is
Kierkiguard; Grabiel Marcel; Karl lost.
Jasper
 Abstain- Martin Heidegyer
BROKEN WORLD
Atheist
- caused by mechanical world
1. Sartoe- “to exist is to condemned
to be free” - lifeless
- freedom means responsibility
2. Camus- central notion about -senseless
absurdity – meaningless - mystery/ question of being
- to exist is to live in absurdity –
arises from the separation - problematic man – monotonous
between you and the world. life, machine, fixed idea
- religion based fear *in order for man to break the
3. Soren Kierkiguard- father of problem, he has to go back in the
existetentialism mystery of being/transcendence
- youngest philosopher
- his philosophy is in the post- TRANSCENDENCE
modern period -ese- est- coesse
(to exist is to coexist)
3 STAGES OF LIFE
Thinking- calculative
1. Aesthetic- stage of pleasure (mathematically);
- moment to moment existence
- outwardness -meditative (opens man to
2. Ethical- opposite of aesthetic possibilities)
- stage of morality and standards
- inwardness
3. Religious- highest stage in one’s KARL JASPER- philosophy cannot
life replace theology

-related with God

-self-reliance to God MARTIN HEIDDEGER- German
philosopher
*theological ethics- end of morality
which is always the goodness of -supplemented Immanuel Kant
mankind.
- “being and time”
- deconstruct/destroy the Greek
Morchel- Christian Existence philosophy

- transcendent - man- process of existence

 - DA/SIEN- German- THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE
“existence”/ “existence” SOCIETY
1. Nicollo Machiavelli- “the end
-DASMAN- they- public
justifies the means”
- power ethics
- “The Prince” and
4 THINGS TO EXPERIENCE “Discourses”
1. Dread- fear/ left alone - 2 Forms of Government
2. Core- other’s related o Monarchy
3. Concern- guardian/ shepherds o Republic
4. Guilt- man has to admire his - Plato – “The
conscience Republic” –
- voice of God blueprint of all
philosophies
PHENOMENOLOGY – offspring of - Socrates-
extentialism main character
Gk: --Phenomenon- what appears BOOK 1 – Polynarchus (ideal)- “justice
- Edmund Hussert- opposite of is giving what is due and appropriate”
Descartes/ Father of Phenomenology BOOK 2 –Ihracymachus (realistic)-
- Philosophy as a rigorous science “justice is the advantage and beneficial
and the stronger”
- “presuppositioniess philosophy”
BOOK 3- Socrates- “justice is attained in
-- epoche- brocketing society if people are just” – people are
- veil of ignorance doing their duties situated to their soul.

MANUEL DY – phenomenology of love CLASSES OF MAN

– cause; origin 1. Philosopher king- rule the state
Misconceptions: 2. Avxillaries- protect and defend
the state
1. Love is equated to romance 3. Craftmen- supply the need of the
2. Love is an act of processing state
3. Love is equal to sex
3 ADVICES FROM THE PRINCE
Origin of Love
1. A person must have virtue
 Begins with the experience of (manliness; masculinity)
loneliness (search for someone) 2. Any ruler can resort to both law and
 Loving encounter – meeting of force
person 3. A leader must display like a fox and
 Love is raprocated- you have a lion
concern
ALBERT BORGMANN – German-
American living Philosopher
 - Philosophy of technology 1. Live within your means
2. Accept the things that can’t be
- technology is an extension/
change
expansion of ourselves (physical,
3. You should embrace difficult
social, intellectual)
problems in life
DEVICE PARADIGM – state of
*Lucius Annaeus Seneco- no evil, no
increasing reliance to technology
misfortune can discourage spirit of
- cultural displacement stalwart man

FOCAL THINGS AND PRACTICES - disastrous situation gives chance to

prove strength
- meaningful activities
*Marcus Aurelius- impermanence and
-involves mind and body fortitude
- greater threshold - don’t act as if you are to live 10 000
MAN OF THEORY VALUES – death of yrs. Death comes over there. While you
Aristotle live, while you are in power, be good.

a) Hedonism- hedone – “pleasure” c) Epicuraenism- named after Epicurus

-nedys- “sweet” (founder)
- pleasure is the norm of our desires - intermediate pleasure and suffering
and passion
- pleasure doctrine
2 PHILOSOPHERS:
3 COURSES OF PAIN
1. Aristippus- pleasure is the one and
only good 1. Excesive use
- pleasure= basis of moral judgment 2. Abuse
3. Non- use
2. Charvaka- Bhispati Lhanka
3 KINDS OF DESIRE
-Loka/yata school
1. Natural and necessary
b) Stoicism- Zeno founded Stoa- school 2. Natural but unnecessary
of antiquity 3. Unnatural and unnecessary
-opposite of Hedonism - there is immorality or not at all.
- minimizing desires and passion in
order to attain happiness.
*Epictetus- taught that the greatest
virtue is “peace og mind”
- POM- priceless wealth of man
3 things: