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MOBILE TRAIN RADIO

COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Communications Principles
Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The
cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use
a pair of frequencies for communication. One for transmitting from the cell site,
the forward link, and one frequency for the cell site to receive calls from the users,
the reverse link.
Communication between mobile units can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. In
case of half-duplex, transmit and receive communications between the mobile units
are not at the same time, i.e. talking and listening can not be done at the same time.
In case of full-duplex communication, transmit and receive communication is at the
same time, i.e. one can talk and listen at the same time.
When communications between mobile units are within a cell, and if the same is
half-duplex, then it shall require only one pair of frequency. If the same is full-
duplex, then requirement of frequency pair shall be two.
When a mobile unit is communicating with a mobile unit outside the cell, then the
requirement of frequency pair shall be one per cell for both half-duplex and full-
duplex communication. Hence the system resources are utilized more if the mobile
units communicate with each other in full-duplex mode.

Figure 1: Basic Mobile Telephone Service Network

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Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture

Traditional mobile service was structured similar to television broadcasting. One
very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a
radius of up to fifty kilometers. The “cellular concepts” structure the mobile
telephone network in a different way. Instead of using one powerful transmitter,
many low-power transmitters were placed throughout a coverage area. For example,
by dividing a metropolitan region into one hundred different areas (cells) with low-
power transmitters using twelve conversations (channels) each, the system capacity
theoretically could be increased from twelve conversations - or voice channels using
one powerful transmitter- to twelve hundred conversations (channels) using one
hundred low-power transmitters.
Different Type Of Communication Systems
The different types of communication systems available today can be broadly
classified into the following categories.
Ø Landline System
Ø Cellular System
Ø Satellite System
The evolution of the above Systems had been broadly as a point to point system.
Ø Two-Way Radio System
The evolution of the Two-way Systems has been both as a point to point and a
point to multi point system.
Mobile Communication Evolution
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Evolution of 2-Way Radio Platform

The following diagram explains how the evolution of 2-Way radio platform has taken
place.
Figure 3

MOBILE TRAIN RADIO SYSTEMS

Present Day Scenario

A choice of mobile system for a set up is governed mainly by the following facts.
Ø Coverage area
Ø Number of subscriber to be catered
Ø Frequency spectrum available
Ø Nature of the terrain
Ø Type of application i.e. voice of data or both
Ø Integration with other systems
Ø Future technological migration capability
Ø Cost of the system

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Railways’ Present Day Requirements.

The Train Mobile System’s present day requirements are not just voice transmission,
but also along with voice the system shall be capable of handling data also. Typical
applications for the Modern Train Mobile System are as under.
Ø Text and status message transmission.
Ø Automatic Train operation’s critical alarms.
Ø Train status and alarm information
Ø Passenger information system control
Ø Train passenger emergency system
Ø Closed circuit TV system

Comparison of Various Open Standard Technologies Available Today

MPT1327 System
MPT1327 is an Open Standard for Analog trunked radio networks. The British
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) developed it in year 1988. In the course of
the next twelve months of development continued and resulted in MPT1343
standards. A system based on MPT1327 generally comprises of several radio
channels. At least one of these channels will have been defined as the CC (Control
Channel) and all the other channels are TCs (Traffic Channel). Data messages
between the mobiles and the networks are exchanged on the Control Channel at
1200 bits/sec using FSK (Frequency Shift Keying). Each subscriber in a trunked radio
network has a unique call number. It consists of a prefix (3
digits), a fleet number (4 digits), and a subscriber number within the fleet (2 or 3
digits). After it has been entered the call number will be converted in the mobile to a
20-bit address. For the duration of the call a subscriber is exclusively allocated a
traffic channel from the available trunk.
Western Railway has already opted for a MPT1327 system for the Motorman
and Controller communication in its Suburban Section in Mumbai Division.
This system is as a part of the TMS project between Churchgate and Virar
Sections. M/s Tait New Zealand has supplied the Mobile System.

Tetra Systems
TETRA stands for Terrestrial Trunked Radio, covering PMR (Professional Mobile
Radio) as well as PAMR (Private Access Mobile Radio) applications. As a trunked
system, it is designed to be the true follower of MPT1327. TETRA applies digital
speech transmission with TDMA (burst transmission), very fast call setup times, and
may use powerful encryption. TETRA is an Open Standard defined by ETSI (European
Telecommunication Standards Institute). TETRA applies a
modulation format called pi/4 DQPSK, TDMA with 4 channels per carrier, and a
carrier spacing of 25 KHz. TETRA does not have a fixed frequency allocation as GSM.
But the systems currently planned or installed in Europe assumes frequencies in the
range of 380..400 MHz for public a safety communication, and 410..430 MHz for
commercial systems.

GSM System
Ø The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) MoU Association, a Swiss
registered Corporation, is the principle body responsible for promoting and evolving
the GSM wireless platform worldwide. Today GSM is the most successful
implementation of a global wireless standard using digital technology for point to 1111101010110000001101000101110011110000001100001001110011110110100111100011101001010010110111100101111101001000001110000010111000011011000111110
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point operations. There are over 293 members representing 120 countries/areas.
The overall objective of the GSM MoU Association is “ The promotion and evolution of
the GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 systems, and the GSM platform for international
roaming, for the provision of standardized services.
WESTERN RAILWAY SUBURBAN SYSTEM (CHURCHGATE TO VIRAR)
Western Railway has gone for a mobile communication system in its suburban
section in Mumbai. This project is a part of the Train Management System, which is
commissioned in the suburban section of Mumbai Division. Basic purpose of this
communication system is to provide a continuous communication between the
Motorman and the controller. The system consists of two base stations. One is
installed at Mahalakshmi, and the other at Borivili each transmitting 50 watts of
power. The Regional Node is installed at Mumbai Central. Mobile units are 25 watts
full-duplex sets installed in the Motorman and Guard compartment of the 75 EMU
rakes of the Suburban section of the Mumbai division. Together they cover the whole
suburban section between Churcgate and Virar, a distance of 60 Kms. The system
works on the principle of trunking, and is based on the MPT1327, MPT1343 protocols.
M/s Tait New Zealand has supplied the System.

Figure 4: Western Railway Churchgate to Virar Mobile

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Figure 5: Western Railway Churchgate to Virar Mobile

The System (T1540) Overview

The system consists of a number of radio sites, which are linked in groups to
“Regional Nodes” (in the Western Railway System there are two radio sites, one at
MX, and the other at BVI). Regional Nodes may be linked together to form a wide
area network. Radio sites (base stations) are connected by fixed audio and data links
(V.24 interface at 1200 bauds) in “Star Configuration around the Regional Node”.
In case of wide area network the interconnection between the Regional Nodes shall
be with X.25/TCP IP (9600-baud link) for data, and by an audio network consisting of
fixed link bearers for audio signals.
PSTN & PABX interconnection is provided at the Regional Node now.
The expansion capability of the T1540 system is as under.
Ø Each Regional Node can support upto 16 base stations connected in a star
configuration.
Ø Each base station can support upto 24 channels including the control channel
(both the base stations of W.R are configured for only 5 channels each).
Ø Overall System can be configured for a maximum of 32 Regional Nodes.
The overall access for management of the system is provided by the Network
Provider Interface (NPI). The NPI provides an interface for external systems running
applications (a Network Provider Package (NPP)) using the following facility.
Ø Statistic
Ø System Configuration
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0010010100001101011000011010010110101101001001001100101100101011000001110100110110111101100000010010010101001101000001111010101101000011101001111000111100101111011000010000100110101101110001011110110100010001000001110110111100000111100000111100101111000111001001010000110101100001101001011010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111
1000111100101111011000010000100110101101110001011110110100010001000001110110111100000111100000111100101111000111001001010000110101100001101001011010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111100011110010111101100001000010011010110111000101111011010001000100000111011011110000011110000011110010111100011100100101000011010110000110100101
1010110100100100110010110010101100000111010011011011110110000001001001010100110100000111101010110100001110100111100011110010111101100001000010011010110111000101111011010001000100000111011011110000011110000011110010111100011100100101000011010110000110100101101011010010010011001011001010110000011101001101101111011000000100100101010011010000011110101011010000111010011110001111001011110110000100001001

Ø Validation
Ø Monitoring
Ø Fault Management and Alarms
Ø Call Records
Ø NPI management
Frequency of operation of the Western Railway System is between 338 to 350 MHz.

Conclusion
Mobile Communication today is a fast growing field. No one can deny its role in
Modern Railway Operations. However there is a need of proper choice of technology
looking into Railways' Operational needs. It is beyond doubt that incorporation of
Mobile Communication into Railways will open new operational
avenues, there by reducing operational costs and increasing customer satisfaction by
providing better services. This shall not only help in increasing productivity, but also
help in increasing safety of operations. This is an age of communication. Indian
Railways, which is a lifeline of the nation, is also geared up to take the requirements
of the new millennium, which is knocking the door of this century.