Definition of a Microprocessor.
The microprocessor is a
programmable device that takes in numbers,
performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in
memory and then produces other numbers as
a result.
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Microprocessor ?
A microprocessor is multi
programmable clock driven
register based semiconductor
device that is used to fetch ,
process & execute a data
within fraction of seconds.
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Applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Instrumentation
• Traffic light Control
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems
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MICROPROCESSOR HISTORY
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DIFFERENT PROCESSORS AVAILABLE
Socket
Pinless
Processor
Processor Slot
Processor
ProcessorSl
ot
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Development of Intel Microprocessors
• 8086 - 1979
• 286 - 1982
• 386 - 1985
• 486 - 1989
• Pentium - 1993
• Pentium Pro - 1995
• Pentium MMX -1997
• Pentium II - 1997
• Pentium II Celeron - 1998
• Pentium II Zeon - 1998
• Pentium III - 1999
• Pentium III Zeon - 1999
• Pentium IV - 2000
• Pentium IV Zeon - 2001
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GENERATION OF PROCESSORS
Processor Bits Speed
8080 8 2 MHz
8086 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
8088 16 4.5 – 10
MHz
80286 16 10 – 20
MHz
80386 32 20 – 40
MHz
80486 32 40 – 133
MHz
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GENERATION OF PROCESSORS
Processor Bits Speed
Pentium 32 60 – 233
MHz
Pentium 32 150 – 200
Pro MHz
Pentium II, 32 233 – 450
Celeron , MHz
Xeon
Pentium 32 450 MHz –
III, Celeron 1.4 GHz
, Xeon
Pentium IV, 32 1.3 GHz –
Celeron , 3.8 GHz
Xeon
Itanium 64 800 MHz –
3.0 GHz
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Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first microprocessor
by Intel.
It was a 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
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Intel 4040
Introduced in 1971.
It was also 4-bit µP.
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8-bit Microprocessors
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Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
500 KHz.
Could execute
50,000 instructions
per second.
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Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
2 MHz.
It had 6,000
transistors.
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Intel 8085 Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
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16-bit Microprocessors
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Introduced in 1978.
INTEL 8086 It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz
and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address
bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
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INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a
cheaper version of
Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external
bus.
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INTEL 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an
8-bit external data bus.
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INTEL 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit
and address bus is 24-
bit.
It could address 16 MB
of memory.
It had 1,34,000 25
transistors.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
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Introduced in 1986.
INTEL 80386 It was first 32-bit µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-
bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
It had 2,75,000
transistors.
Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 33 MHz
depending upon the
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various versions.
Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million
transistors.
Its clock speed varied
from 16 MHz to 100
MHz depending upon
the various versions.
8 KB of cache memory
was introduced.
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Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named
80586.
Its clock speed was 66
MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit
and address bus is 32-
bit.
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INTEL PENTIUM PRO
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 21 million
transistors.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
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INTEL PENTIUM II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was designed for
servers.
Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
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INTEL PENTIUM III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
It had 9.5 million
transistors.
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INTEL PENTIUM IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
It had 42 million
transistors.
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Introduced in 2006.
INTEL DUAL CORE
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
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64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
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Intel Core 2 Intel Core i3
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INTEL CORE I5 INTEL CORE I7
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Basic Terms
• Bit: A digit of the binary number { 0 or 1 }
• Nibble: 4 bit Byte: 8 bit word: 16 bit
• Double word: 32 bit
• Data: binary number/code operated by an
instruction
• Address: Identification number for memory
locations
• Clock: square wave used to synchronize various
devices in µP
• Memory Capacity = 2^n ,
n->no. of address lines
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BUS CONCEPT
• BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data ,
address & control signals.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES:
1.DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data.
2. ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries address.
3.CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that
carries control signals {RD, WR etc}
CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly
connected to µP
SYSTEM BUS: group of conducting lines that carries
data , address & control signals in a µP system
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