R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru

(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

(18ME16/26)

2018-2019
 1. Conventions and Standards
1.1 Conventions and Standards: Standard sizes of drawing sheets, Lines, Dimensioning,
Scales, conventions for materials

Standard sizes of drawing sheets:

Designation Size (in mm)

A0 841 x 1489
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297

Types of Lines:
Dimensioning:

Systems of Dimensioning:
The two recommended systems of placing the dimension figures are : Aligned System and
Unidirectional System.
Aligned System:

Unidirectional System:

:
Scales:
Representative fraction:
RF is a ratio between drawing size and actual size(of same units).
RF = drawing size / actual size
Eg. 1:2, 1unit on drawing represents 2units in actual.
Types of scales:
1:2 Reduced scale drawing
1:1 Full scale drawing
2:1 Enlarged scale drawing

Conventions for materials:

 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
1.1 Divide a line AB 70mm into 6 equal parts.
1.2 Construct the following figures and dimension it.
a) equilateral triangle of sides 30mm
b) regular pentagon of sides 30mm
c) regular hexagon of sides 25mm
d) circle of radius 20mm
e) concentric pentagons of sides 30mm and 50mm

1.3 Draw an equilateral triangle of 30mm sides. Construct a square, a pentagon and a hexagon of
sides 30mm having one of their sides coinciding with the sides of triangle.
1.4 Redraw the drawing as shown.

1.5 Redraw the drawing as shown.

 2.0 Projection of Points.
2.1 Point A is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of LPP. Draw the
projections.

2.2 Point B is 20 mm behind VP, 40 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of RPP. Draw its
projections.

2.3 Point C is 25 mm behind VP, 35 mm below HP and 30 mm behind RPP. Draw its
projections.

2.4 Point D is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm below HP and 25 mm infront of LPP. Draw the
projections.

2.5 Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line.
a) A is 20 mm in front of VP and 30 mm above HP.
b) B is 30 mm in front of VP and in HP.
c) C is 40 mm behind VP and 20 mm below HP
d) D is 40 mm behind VP and 50 mm above HP
e) E is 40 mm in front of VP and 30 mm below HP.

2.6 A point 20 mm below XY line is the top view of three points P, Q and R. P is 25 mm below
HP, Q is 35 mm above HP and R on HP. Draw the projections of the three points and state
their positions with reference planes and the quadrants in which they lie.

2.7 A point 30 mm above XY line is the front view of two points E and F. E is 35 mm behind
VP and F is 40 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the two points and state their
positions with reference planes and the quadrants in which they lie.

2.8 Draw the projections of a point lying 20 mm above HP and is in the first quadrant when its
shortest distance from XY line is 40 mm. Also find the distance of the point from VP.

2.9 Point P is 25 mm below HP and is situated in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from
XY line is 45 mm. Draw its projections and find its distance from VP.

2.10 Point A is 30mm infront of VP and point B is behind VP. Distance between their projectors
is 60mm and the line joining their top views makes an angle of 450with the XY line. Find the
distance of the point B from VP
 3.0 Projection of Lines.
3.1 A line AB 60 mm long has one end 20 mm in front of VP and 15 mm above HP. The line is
inclined at 250 to HP and 400 to VP. Draw the front view and the top view of the line.

3.2 A of line AB is on HP and 25mm infront of VP. B is in VP and 50mm above HP.The
distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line of intersection of HP
and VP is 65mm. Draw the projections of the line and find the inclinations of the line with
both the reference planes of projection.

3.3 The line AB measuring 70 mm has its end A 15 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above HP,and
the other end B, 60 mm infront of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line
and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projection.

3.4 The front view of the line PQ 80 mm long measures 50 mm and it is inclined to XY at 50 0.
One end of the line P is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of the VP. Draw the front view
and the top view of the line and find the inclinations of the line with HP and VP.

3.5 The top view pq of a straight line is 70 mm and makes an angle of 60 0 to XY line. End Q is
10 mm in front of VP and 30 mm above HP. The difference between the distances of P and
Q above HP is 45 mm. Draw the projections and determine the true length and true
inclinations with HP and VP.

3.6 Line AB is 70 mm long. Point A is 15 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. Point B is

60 mm in front of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw its projections and find its true
inclinations with HP and VP. Also find the distance between end projectors.

3.7 A line AB having one of its end 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP is inclined at 300
to HP and 450 to VP. Its top view is 50mm long. Draw the projections of the line and find
out its true length.

3.8 Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100mm long, inclined at 45 0 to HP and 300 VP.
The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP.

3.9 The front view of a line is 50mm long and 550 to the XY line. The line is inclined at 300 to
VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with HP.
One end is nearer to HP than the other end which is nearer to VP.

3.10 The point B of a line AB is on the horizontal plane and ab, the top view of the line makes an
angle of 300 with XY line, ab being 80mm. The point A lies on the vertical plane and 50mm
above the horizontal plane. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and true
inclination.

3.11 One end of the line is 10mm infront of VP and 20mm above HP. The line is inclined at 400to
VP and the left view of the line is 50mm long and inclined at 30 0 to the XY line. Draw the
three views of the line and find its true length and true inclination with HP.
3.12 The midpoint of line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP. Line measures 80
mm and is inclined at 450 to VP and 300 to HP. Draw its projections.

3.13 The projections of a line measuring 80mm in the top view and 70mm in the front view. The
mid point of the line is 45mm infront of VP and 35mm above HP. One end is 10mm infront
of VP and nearer to it. The other end is nearer to HP. Draw the projections of the line, find
the true length and true inclinations.

3.14 A room is 5m X 3m X 4m high. An electric lamp is suspended vertically from the centre of
the ceiling at a distance of 0.8m from it. Find the distance of the lamp from any one of the
ground corners and the slope angle of the connecting line with the ground.

3.15 A divider opened at 450 is so placed on the ground such that both the ends are equidistant
from VP and the hinged end is 50mm above the ground and nearer to VP. If the distance
between the ends is 80mm, draw the projections and determine the true lengths of the legs of
the divider. Also determine the inclinations of each leg with the reference planes.

4.0 Projection of Planes.

4.1 An equilateral triangular lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The
lamina makes 450 with HP and the side on HP is inclined at 400 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.2 An equilateral triangular lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its corners on HP. The
lamina makes 400 with HP and the side opposite to the corner on which it rests is inclined at
300 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.3 An isosceles triangular lamina of base 25mm long and altitude 35mm is so placed on HP
such that it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 25mm sides in the front view, with the side
that is parallel to VP is inclined at 450 to HP. Draw its projections and determine the
inclination of the lamina with VP.

4.4 A 300- 600 set square of 30mm shortest side is so kept such that the longest side is on HP,
making an angle of 300 VP. The set square itself is inclined at 450 HP. Draw the front view,
top view and left profile view.

4.5 A square lamina of 30mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 600 to HP
and the side on which it rests makes 300 to VP. Draw its projections.

4.6 A square PQRS of 40mm side has its diagonal PR inclined at 450 to HP and the diagonal QS
inclined at 300 to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

4.7 A square plate of 40mm side rests on HP such that one of the diagonals is inclined at 30 0 to
HP and 450 to VP. Draw its projections.

4.8 The top view of a square lamina of side 60mm is a rectangle of sides 60mm X 20mm with
the longer side of the rectangle being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the top and front
 views of the square lamina. What is the inclination of the surface of the lamina with HP and
VP? Indicate the inclinations of the lamina.

4.9 A rectangular lamina of sides 40mm X 60mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The
lamina is tilted about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at
450.The edge on which it rests is perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina on
VP, HP and LPP.

4.10 The pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes
450 with HP and the side on HP is inclined at 400 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.11 A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides rests on one of its corners on HP with the surface
inclined at 600 to HP.The edge opposite to the corner on which it rests is parallel to VP.
Draw the projections.

4.12 A pentagonal lamina of 40 mm sides is placed such that the perpendicular bisector of one of
the sides is inclined at 300 to HP and 450 VP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.

4.13 A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides is having a side both on HP and VP. The surface of the
lamina is inclined at an angle of 600 with HP. Draw top and front views of the lamina.

4.14 The hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes
450 with HP and the side on HP is inclined at 400 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.15 The hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on VP with one of its sides such that the
surface makes an angle of 600 with VP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 450 to HP.
Draw the projections.

4.16 The hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes
450 with HP and the corner opposite to corner on which it rests is 25 mm infront of VP and
nearer to it. Draw the projections.

4.17 The regular hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides is resting in such way that on one of its
corners on HP while the corner opposite to the corner on which it rests is in VP. If the
lamina makes 600 to HP, draw the projections.

4.18 A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on HP on a point A on the circumference, with its
surface inclined at 450 to HP. The top view of the diameter passing through point A makes
600 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.19 A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on one of its diametral point on HP with the
surface inclined at 450 to HP. The diagonal passing through the point on which it rests is
inclined at 300 to VP. Draw the projections.

4.20 A circular lamina inclined to VP appears in the front view as an ellipse of major axis 30mm
and minor axis 15mm. Major axis is parallel to both HP and VP. One end of the minor axis
is in both HP and VP. Draw the projections of the lamina and determine inclination of the
lamina with VP.
 5.0 Projection of Solids.
5.1 A square prism of base sides 30 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
edges which is inclined at 300 to VP. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 450 to
HP.

5.2 A square prism of base sides 30 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
corners in such a way that the axis is inclined at 450 to HP. Draw its projections when the
axis is inclined at 300 to VP.

5.3 A pentagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
corners such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections when the axis is inclined at 40 0 to HP and
appears to be inclined at 450to XY line.

5.4 A hexagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
edges. Draw the projections when the axis is inclined at 450 to HP and top view of the axis
makes 400to XY line when the base is nearer to the observer.

5.5 A hexagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
corners such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections when the axis is inclined at 400 to HP and 300 to
VP.

5.6 A triangular pyramid 30 mm base edges and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
slant edges. Draw the projection of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 450.

5.7 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
edges. Draw the projection of the pyramid when the axis is inclined at 30 0 to HP and 450 to
VP.

5.8 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base
corners such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
inclinations with HP. Draw the projections when the axis is inclined at 450 HP and top view
of the axis makes 400 to XY line when the apex is nearer to the observer.

5.9 A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base edges and 55 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
base edges. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined at 300 to HP and
450 to VP.

5.10 A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base edges and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
triangular faces. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 450
and the base is nearer to the observer.

5.11 A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 25 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP on one of its base
corners such that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal
 inclinations with HP. Draw the projections when the axis is inclined at 45 0 to HP and top
view of the axis makes 400 to XY line when the apex is nearer to the observer.

5.12 A cylinder of base circle diameter of 50 mm and 65 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its
base point on HP with its axis inclined at 450 to HP and 300 to VP. Draw the projections.

5.13 A cone of base circle diameter of 50 mm and 65 mm axis length is resting on a base point on
HP. Base makes 300 to HP. Draw the projection of the cone when the axis appears to be
inclined at 450 to VP.

5.14 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm is suspended by a thread tied to one of the
corners of its base. It is then tilted such that the axis makes an angle of 450with respect to the
VP. Draw the projections of the solid when the apex is nearer to the observer.

5.15 A tetrahedron of sides 40mm is resting on one of its sides on HP.This side is parallel to VP
and 40mm away from it. It is tilted about resting side such that the base containing this edge
is inclined at 300 to HP. Draw the projections of the solid.

6.0 Development of surfaces.

6.1 A triangular prism of base edge 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP with its axis vertical
and a base edge parallel to VP and farther from it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface
of retained portion of the solid.

6.2 A square prism of 30mm base edges and 65 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical
and two of its lateral surfaces are equally inclined to VP. A section plane perpendicular to
VP and inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral
surface of retained portion of the solid.

6.3 A rectangular prism of base 40 mm x 25 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis
vertical and longer base edge perpendicular to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface
of retained portion of the solid.

6.4 A pentagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 65 mm axis length rests on HP with two of its
lateral surfaces are equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to
VP and inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral
surface of retained portion of the solid.

6.5 A hexagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 60 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis
vertical and one of its lateral surfaces is inclined at 300 to VP and nearer to it. A section
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the
 development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

6.6 A triangular pyramid of base edge 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP with its axis
vertical and two of its base edges equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 450 to HP bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the
development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.

6.7 A square pyramid of base edge 40 mm and height 60 mm rests on HP with its axis vertical
and two of its base edges parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
450 to HP bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of lateral surface of
retained portion of the solid.

6.8 A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and axis 65 mm is resting with its base on HP with
two of its base edges perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane which is 600 to its axis,
perpendicular to VP and passes through a point on the axis 15 mm from its top end. Draw
the development of lateral surface of the retained portion of the prism.

6.9 Draw the development of the lateral surface of a truncated cylinder, 40 mm diameter of base
and height 50 mm, if the truncated flat surface of the cylinder bisects the axis at 600 to it.

6.10 A square pyramid side of base 40 mm and axis 65 mm long has its base on HP and all the
edges of the base are equally inclined to VP. It is cut with an inclined section plane so that
the truncated surface is at 450 to the axis bisecting it. Draw the development of the truncated
pyramid.

6.11 The frustum of a square pyramid has is base 60 mm sides, top face 30 mm and height 40
mm. Its axis is vertical and a side of base is parallel to VP. Draw the development of lateral
surfaces.

6.12 A regular pentagonal pyramid of side of base 35 mm and altitude 65 mm has its base on HP
with a side of base perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a section plane which is
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 300 to HP. The cutting plane meets the axis of the
pyramid at a point 30 mm below the vertex. Obtain the development of the remaining part of
the pyramid.

6.13 A hexagonal pyramid of sides 35 mm and altitude 65 mm is resting on HP on its base with
two of the base sides perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a plane inclined at 300 to
HP and perpendicular to VP and intersects the axis 30 mm above the base. Draw the
development of the remaining portion of the pyramid.

6.14 A right cone of 55 mm base diameter and 75 mm height stands on its base on HP. It is
truncated with its surface inclined at 450 to the axis lying at a distance of 40 mm from the
apex of the cone. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.

6.15 Draw the development of the lateral surface of a funnel consisting of a cylinder and frustum
of a cone. The diameter of the cylinder is 30 mm and the top face of the funnel is 80 mm.
 The height of the frustum and cylinder are equal to 50 mm and 40 mm respectively.

6.16 A hexagonal prism side of base 30mm and height 60mm is cut as shown in the fig. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the prism.

6.17 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid shown in fig.

6.18 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cone, whose front view is as shown in
following figure

6.19 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cylinder cut as shown in fig.
6.20 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the rectangular pyramid cut as shown in fig.
 7.0 Isometric Projection.
7.1 Draw the isometric projections of triangular prism of side of base 30 mm, axis 60 mm long.
The prism is resting on its base on HP and an edge of base perpendicular to VP.

7.2 Draw the isometric projections of hexagonal prism of side 30 mm and height 60 mm. The
prism is resting on its base on HP and an edge of base perpendicular to VP.

7.3 A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its
base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projections.

7.4 A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the combination of solids.

7.5 A square pyramid 40 mm side and height 60 mm rests on the center of the top of a square
block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base edge of the pyramid is parallel to the top
edge of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.

7.6 The frustum of a square pyramid of sides of top face 20 mm, bottom face 40 mm and height
60 mm rests centrally on top of a square block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base
edges of the pyramid are parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric
projection of combination of solids.

7.7 A rectangular slab with dimensions ( length x width x height) 100 mm x 40 mm x 20 mm is

placed centrally on another slab 100 mm x 60 mm x 20 such that the longer edges are
parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

7.8 A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square prism side 60 mm
and height 70 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

7.9 Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm
with a right circular cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 60 mm, resting on its top such
that the axes are collinear.

7.10 A sphere of diameter 40 mm is placed centrally on the flat face of a hemisphere of diameter
60 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

7.11 A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its
base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projection.

7.12 Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm
with a right circular cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 60 mm, resting on its top such
that the axes are collinear.

7.13 A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is centrally placed on the top of a square prism of side of
base 60 mm and height 30 mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching the
top face of the prism. Draw its isometric projections.

7.14 A sphere of diameter 30 mm rests on the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid base 30 mm side,
top face 18 mm side and height 50 mm, such that their axes coincide. Draw the isometric
 projection of their combination.

7.15 Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60 x80x 20 mm thick on which a
tetrahedron of sides 45 mm is placed such that their axes are collinear. One of the edges both
the solids are parallel to VP.

7.16 Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids shown in fig.

7.17 Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids shown in fig.

7.18 Figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the solid.