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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 3809 (1979): Fire resistance test for structures [CED

36: Fire Safety]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS : 3809 - 1979
( ( Reaffirmed
Reaffirmed1992
2002) )

Indian Standard
FIRE RESISTANCE TEST OF STRUCTLLRES

( First Revision )
First Reprint MARCH 1997

UDC 69.02 : 699.81 : 620.193.5

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADIJR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 4 February 1980
 IS: 3809 - 1979

Indian Standard
FIRE RESISTANCE TEST OF STRUCTURES

( First Revision )
Fire Safety Sectional Committee, BDC 36

Chairman Rsprcrcnting
SHBI P. N. GEOSH Ministry of Defence ( R & D )

Members
SERI A. CEA~RRJI Tariff Advisory Committee, Bombay
SHRI S. V. MARFATIA ( Altrrnatc )
SHRI S. C CEATTERJEE West Bengal Fire Services, Calcutta
SERI K. C. BA~ERJEE ( Alfcrnafc )
CHIEB ENQINEER ( ELECTRI- Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
CAL ) 11
SHRI R.K. AQOARWAL (Alfcmatc) I
SHRI R. R. DHOBLEY Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, Bombay
SHBI G. N. GIDWANI Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals,
New Delhi
SHRI S. C. ANAND ( Albrnatr )
SHRI R. S. GUPTA Coal India Ltd, Calcutta
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
( ARCHITECTURE), RDSO
SHRI M. L. KAURA Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SERI A. R. TEAKKER ( Altrrnate )
PROF S. P. KELLOQ~ Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI A. S, KULKARNI Bombay Fire Brigade, Bombay
SHRI V. B. NIKAM ( Alternate )
SERI A. LAMSDELL Mather & Platt Limited, Calcutta
FHRI M. R. KAMATH ( Alfcrnats )
SHRI P. N. MEHROTRA Ministry of Home Affairs
SHRI G. B. MANON ( Altcrnatc)
SHRI BALRAJ MEHTA Central Industrial Security Force, New Delhi
SHRI S. P~JRUSEOTHAMA Loss Prevention Association of India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI T.P. SHARMA Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkce
SR~I GOPAL KRISHAN ( Alicrnatc )
SHRI D. K. SIRKAR Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd, Bareilly
SHRI R. S. SUNDARAM Delhi Fire Service. Delhi
SHRI M. K. THADANI Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRI S. R. DORIASWAMP ( Alfernats )

( Coalinucd on page 2 )

@ Copyright 1980
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS /
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Acf ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
( Continued _from page 1 )
Members Rsprcsenting
SERI B. T. UNWALLA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SERI T. M. MENON ( Altrrnatc )
SHRI VIJAY KUMAR Ministry of Labour & Employment
SHRI R. K. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI D. AJITEA SIMHA, Director General, ISI ( Ex-o&io Mrmbcr )
Director ( Civ Engg )

SCCrClO?y

SHRI J. VENEATARAMAN
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1
 IS: 3809 - 1979

Indian Standard
FIRE RESISTANCE TEST OF STRUCTURES
( First Revision )

0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 25 September 1979, after the draft finalized
by the Fire Safety Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 This stpndard has been prepared with a view to determining the
extent of resistance, in terms of fire, which the built-up elements of a
building structure would offer to fire. This standard was first published
in 1966. The present revision has been based on IS0 834-1975 ‘ Fire
resistance tests-elements of building construction ’ issued by the Inter-
national Organization for Standardization.
0.3 In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies standard heating and pressure conditions, a
test method and criteria for the determination of the fire resistance of
elements of building construction of various categories, such as walls
and partitions, columns, beams, floors, roofs, etc.
NOTE - The list is not exhaustive. Elements which fall into none of these
categories may be tested by analogy with a similar element.

1.2 The test provides for the determination of fire resistance of elements
of building construction on the basis of the length of time for which . he
test specimens of specified dimensions, satisfy the criteria laid down
under the prescribed test conditions during the period of fire exposure.

*Rules for rounding off numerical valucP ( rcoircd ).

3,
IS I 3809 - 1979

2. APPARATUS
2.1 Furnace - It shall be capable of subjecting a specimen element to
the staudard heating and pressure conditions speciiled in 3.

2.2 Loading Equipment - If necessary, this may preferably be of

hydraulic loading system.

2.3 Thermocouples - For measuring the internal gas space temperature

of the furnace and the unexposed surface and internal temperatures of
the test specimens in conformity with the requirements of 3.1.2, 3.1.3
and 3.1.4.

?.4 Equipment for Measuring Overpressure in Furnaces - For

testing walls and floors.

3. STANDARD HEATING AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS

3.1 Standard Heating Conditions

3.1.1 Temperature Rise - The temperature-rise within the furnace shall

be controlled so as to vary with time within the limits specified in 3.1.3
according to the following relationship:

T - To = 345 log,0 ( 8 t + 1)
where
T - furnace temperature at time t, expressed in degrees
Celsius;
TO = initial furnace temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius;
and
t - time, expressed in minutes.
The curve representing this function, known as the ‘Standard time-
temperature rise curve’ is shown in Fig. 1. The relationship expressed
gives the values shown in Table 1.

3.1.2 Measurement of Furnace Temperature

3.1.2.1 The furnace temperature is deemed to be the average of
the temperatures recorded by thermocouples arranged within the furnace
to give an approximation to its average temperature.

3.1.2.2 These thermocouples shall not be fewer than:

one to each 1’5 m* of surface for walls and floors,
two to each 1 m of length for beams, and
two to each 1 m of height for columns.

In any case, the number of thermocouples shall be not less than

five.
4
0 60 120 160 240 300 360

TIME. I, m,n

FIG. 1 STANDARD TIME-TEMPERATURE RISE CURVE

TABLE 1 TEMPERATURE RISE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

TIME, L ELEVATION OF FURNACE

TEMPERATURE, I- TO
min ‘C

5 556
10 659
15 718
30 821
60 925
90 986
120 1 029
180 1 090
240 1 133
360 1 193
IS : 3809 - 1979

3.1.2.3 Bare wire thermocouples of wire diameter not less than

0.75 mm and not more than 1.5 mm shall be arranged so that the hot
junction is 100 mm from the nearest point of the test specimen. This
distance shall be kept as constant as possible during the test.

3.1.2.4 Sheathed thermocouples may be used provided that they

have a sensitivity not less than and time-constant not greater than those
of bare wire thermocouples.

3.1.2.5 The wires of the thermocouples shall be placed in open tubes

of heat-resistant material, for example, porcelain, within approximately
25 mm from the hot junction.

3.1.3 Tolerances
3.1.3.1 For mean deviation of furnace temperature rise - The mean
deviation of the furnace temperature rise is given as a percentage by the
following expression:

A-Bx
B
100

where
A = integral value of the average furnace temperature as a
function of time, and
B = integral value of T - To from the equation defined
in 3.1.1.

The tolerances on the mean deviations shall satisfy the following

conditions:
a) &15 percent during the first 10 minutes of test,
b) &lo percent during the first 30 minutes of test, and
c) f 5 percent after the first 30 minutes of test.

3.1.3.2 For temperature distribution within the furnace - At any time

after the first 10 minutes of test, the temperature, recorded by any ther-
mocouple, shall not differ from the corresponding temperature of the
standard time-temperature curve by more than f 100°C. For specimens
incorporating a significant amount of combustible material, the deviation
of any one thermocouple shall not exceed 200°C.

3.1.4 Measurement of Temperature of Test Specimens - Surface tempera-

tures of test specimens shall be measured by means of thermocouples
with a wire diameter of not more than 0.7 mm.

3.1.4.1 Each thermocouple junction shall be attached to the centre

of the face of a copper disk 12 mm in diameter and 0’2 mm thick, which
is secured to the surface of the specimen at the required position.
6
 IS : 3809 - 1979

3.1.4.2 The disks shall be covered with oven-dry square asbestos

pads 30 x 30 mm and 2 mm thick. The asbestos material shall have
a density of 100 kg/ma.

3.1.4.3 The disk and the pad may be fixed to the surface of the
specimen by pins, tape or a suitable adhesive, depending on the nature
of the material forming the side of the specimen.

3.1.4.4 For thermocouples for measuring the temperature in the

interior of the test specimen, the wires shall, if possible, follow the iso-
therm through the hot junction as closely as possible along a distance of
at least 30 mm from this junction.

3.2 Pressure Conditions - An over-pressure of 10 f 5 Pa ( 1 .O & 0.5

mmHs0 or 0’04 & 0.02 in I&O) shall exist in the furnace during the
whole heating period of fire-resistance tests on separating elements of
building construction. For vertical separating elements, this over-
pressure shall exist over at least the bottom two-thirds of the height of
the test specimen. When doors, windows or ventilators ( of fire check
types ) are present, it shall be ensured that these are wholly situated in
the over-pressure region. This over-pressure shall be measured and
monitored as follows:
a) For horizontal elements - 100 mm from the underneath surface
of the specimen, and
b) For vertical elements - at a point located approximately at
three-quarters of the height of the element under test.
NOTE 1 - The pressure difference may also be achieved by lowering the pressure
on the unexposed face.
NOTE 2 - The condition of over-pressure is not mandatory for the first 10 minuter
of the test.
NOTE 3 - 1 Pa = 1 N/m*.

4. TEST SPECIMENS
4.1 Dimensions
4.1.1 The test specimens shall be full size.
4.1.2 Where this is not possible, the following shall be the minimum
dimensions of the parts of a test specimen exposed in the furnace:
/Height 3 m
a) Walls and partitions
J-Width 3 m
Span 4 m
b) Floors and roofs: Supported on two sides
Width 2 m
/Span 4 m
c) Floors and roofs: Supported on four sides
I 1 Width 3 m
d) Beams Span 4 m
e) Columns Height 3 m
7
IS t 3809 - 1979

4.2 Construction
4.2.1 The test shall be made on a test specimen representative of the
complete element of construction on which information is required.
Each type of element requires a different approach and an attempt shall
be made to reproduce the boundary conditions and the method of fixing
or support representative of that used in practice.

4.2.1.1 A tes,t specimen shall include at least one of each represent-

ative type ofjoint. A specimen wall may include a beam or columns
which form an integral part of the element to establish the performance
of the composite assembly. A specimen may also include a door or
glazing to establish the performance of the whole assembly.

4.2.1.2 When a ceiling treatment or a suspended ceiling is designed

to contribute to the fire-resistance of a floor or a flat roof, the specimen
shall incorporate the ceiling installed as in service.

4.2.1.3 When a specimen represents a column forming the side of

an opening in a wall, it shall be suitably shielded on the unexposed
face or faces to represent the protection provided by the wall.

4.2.2 The materials and standard of workmanship of the test specimen

shall be representative of those applying in good practice, as defined by
existing Indian Standards.

4.3 Conditioning - The test specimen shall be conditioned in such a

way that it corresponds as closely as possible in temperature, moisture
content and mechanical strength, to the expected state of a similar
element in service.

4.3.1 Moisture Content - The test specimen shall not be tested until its
moisture content is in dynamic equilibrium with an ambient atmosphere
approximating to that expected in service. This dynamic equilibrium
may be checked either on the test specimen itself or on a representative
sample.
4.3.1.1 The drying of the test specimen may be by natural or
artificial means but a temperature shall not be reached which could
impair the fire-resisting properties of the element. It is recommended
that a temperature of 60°C should not be exceeded.

4.3.1.2 When possible the moisture content of the principal material

of the element shall be measured at the time of the test and the values
shall be stated in the test report.

4.3.2 Mechanical Strength - For load-bearing elements, the constituent

materials of the specimen shall have attained a mechanical strength
close to that expected for a similar element in service.

8
 IS : 3809 - 1979

5. TEST PROCEDURE

5.1 Test Conditions

5.1.1 Restraint end Loading

5.1.1.1 The role of the element in service shall be analyzed so that
the methods adopted for supporting or restraining the ends or sides of a
test specimen during a test are, as far as possible, similar in nature to
those which would be applied to a similar element in service. If
restraint is applied in the test, then the restraint conditions shall be
specified with regard to free movements of the element and so far as
possible, those external forces and moments which are transmitted to
the element by restraint during the test.
5.1.1.2 For floors and beams with uncertain or variable boundary
service conditions, the test specimen shall be simply supported all round
the edges or at the ends. For columns and walls with complete or
partial restraint to longitudinal elongation, for a full evaluation of the
structural behaviour, it may be necessary to conduct a complementary
test under longitudinal restraint conditions which are as close as possible
to conditions in practice.
5.1.1.3 At least 30 minutes before heating, the load-bearing test
specimen shall be subjected to a loading which, in the critical regions of
the elemrnt, produces stresses of the same magnitude as wbuld be
produced normally in the full-size element when subjected to the design
load ( see 2.2 for load equipment ). When it seems appropriate, a
preloading shall be applied to the test element to guarantee a
stabilization of the deformation and of the support and load equipment.
The load application may be repeated a number of times for this
stabilization.
5.1.1.4 The level and distribution of the applied loading shall be
maintained constant during the test period.
5.1.1.5 Test specimens of non-load-bearing elements shall not be
subjected to any external loading in the fire-resistance test.
NOTE - Where a specimen is cast in a frame it shall not be taken as providing
restraint.

5.1.2 Exposure to Heat

5.1.2.1 Free-standing columns shall be tested by applying heat on
all sides over their whole height. Beams shall be tested by applying
heat to three sides of the beam.
5.1.2.2 Separating elements represented by test specimens of
elements which have the function of separating spaces shall be heated

9
IS I 3809 - 1979

over the whole or one face only. Those which may be required to
resist fire in one direction only shall be tested in that direction. Those
which may be required to resist fire in either direction shall be tested in
the direction considered to possess the lower resistance by the testing
authority. When this cannot be prejudged, each face shall be tested on
separate test specimens.

5.2 Observations During Test - The fire resistance of a load-bearing

structure or structural element shall be judged by the criterion of load-
bearing capacity, that of a separating element by the criteria of insulation
and integrity, and that of a load-bearing and separating element by the
criteria of load-bearing capacity, insulation and integrity whichever
occurs or manifest itself first. In most cases, only a small loss of integrity
( initial integrity failure ) can be accepted, in other cases, a larger loss
of integrity ( ultimate integrity failure ) can be accepted. In all cases of
separating structural elements, the initial integrity failure shall be
determined.

5.2.1 Load-Bearing Cupacity and Deformation

5.2.1.1 For a load-bearing test specimen, the time at which the
specimen can no longer support the test load shall be measured and used
to assess the performance.

5.2.1.2 Where possible, the following properties and characteristics

shall also be noted during the whole test period:

a) Deformations which can facilitate an analysis of the structural

behaviour of the element and an application of the test results;
b) Free movements of the element;
c) Forces and moments transmitted to the element by restraint,
according to 5.1.1.1; and
d) Other phenomena which are of importance for the load-bearing
capacity of the element, such as cracking, splitting and structural
transformations of materials.

When needed for an application of the test results, the temperature

distribution in the interior of the test specimen shall be determined by
means of thermocouples placed in such a manner that they provide a
satisfactory basis for estimating the function and the behaviour of the
specimen during the test.

5.2.1.3 For a separating element, such deformations as may have

substantial effects on the function of the element shall be measured and
noted during the whole test period. Note shall be made of the time
when the test specimen no longer fulfils its functional requirements.

10
 IS:3809ml979
5.2.2 Insulation
5.2.2.1 Average temperature of unexposed face - In the case of elements
with an unheated surface, the temperature of the unexposed face shall be
measured by means of not fewer than five thermocouples, one placed
approximately at the centre of the face and the others approximately at
the centres of the straight lines joimng the centre and corners. Any
additional thermocouples shall be disposed as uniformly as possible over
the unexposed face of the specimen. None of these thermocouples
intended for measurement of mean temperature rise shall be fixed in
position with through-metal connections or closer than 100 mm to edge
of the test specimen. In the case of structures comprising composits
elements, the arrangement of the test specimen shall ensure that the
j,)ints do not coincide with the points of measurement specified above.
The average of the temperatures measured at the points specified above,
omittine; temperatures measured at joints, is deemed to be the temperature
of the unexposed face.

5.2.2.2 Maximum temperature of unexposed face - In addition, the

temperature shall be measured at the point that appears to be the hottest
at any time during the test. This temperature shall not be used in the
calculation of average temperature, unless the point at which this
temperature occurs corresponds to one of the locations specified in 5.2.2.1,
but shall be taken into account in determining whether the maximum
temperature criterion has been complied with.

5.2.3 Integrity

5.2.3.1 For the determination of the time of initial integrity

failure, pressure differences according to 3.2 shall exist between
the exposed and unexposed sides of the test element. Observations shall
be made of any sustained flaming on the unexposed face and of the
ignition of a cotton pad held for not less than 10 seconds and not more
than 30 seconds at a distance of between 20 and 30 mm from any
opening on the unexposed side, indicating the ignition by hot gases. The
pad shall not be re-used if it has absorbed any moisture or become
charred during a previous application.

The cotton pad, measuring approximately 100 mm square X 20 mm

thick, shall consist of new undyed soft cotton fibres, without any
admixture of artificial fibres, and shall have a mass between 3 and 4 g.
The pad shall be conditioned by drying in an oven at 100°C for at least
0.5 hour. The pad shall be attached by wire clips to a 100 X 100 mm
frame of 1 mm diameter wire to which a wire handle approximately
750 mm long is fixed. Note shall be made of the time when the first
ignition of the cotton pad occurs and the position where this takes
place.

11.
IS : 3969 - 1979

5.2.3.2 To obtain the time of ultimate integrity failure, the test

shall be continued beyond the initial integrity failure and further
observations and measurements made of enlargement of cracks, holes or
other openings through which flames or gases could pass. The full or
partial collapse of non-load-bearing separating elements shall be noted
as this will constitute ultimate integrity failure ( see 6.2.3.2 ).

5.2.4 Additional Observations - Throughout the test, observations shall

be made of all changes and occurrences which are not criteria of
performance but which could create hazards in a building, including,
for emission of smoke or noxious vapours from the unexposed face of a
separating element.

5.3 Duration of Test

5.3.1 Normally, the test specimen shall be heated in the prescribed

manner until failure occurs under any one of the relevant test
requirements, namely:

load-bearing capacity ( see 5.2.1 ),

insulation ( see 5.2.2 ), and

integrity ( see 5.2.3 ).

5.3.2 In tests other than those on test specimens judged only by the
criterion of load-bearing capacity ( see 5.2.1 ) the testing may be
continued after failure under either of the other two conditions
( see 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 ) by prior agreement between the sponsor of the
test and the testing authority; until failure occurs under the other
conditions, provided that collapse of the specimen has not already
occurred.

5.3.3 Alternatively, the test may be concluded after a period deter-

mined by prior agreement between the sponsor and the testing authority,
even if no failure under any of the conditions has occurred at the end
of that time.

5.3.4 The length of time from the commencement of heating for which
the test specimen complies witb the relevant requirement(s) shall be
expressed in minutes.

6. PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

6.1 Fire Resistance - The fire resistance of test specimens shall be

the time, expressed in minutes, of the duration of the heating in
accordance with 3.1.1 until failure occurs, under the conditions - load-
bearing capacity, insulation, integrity - appropriate to the specimen.

12
 IS t 3809 - 1979

6.2 Criteria for Fire Resistance - The functional criteria of fire

resistance comprise requirements with regard to load-bearing capacity
for a load-bearing structural element, insulation and integrity for a
separating element, and load-bearing capacity as well as insulation and
integrity for a load-bearing and separating element.

6.2.1 Load-Bearing Capacity - For load-bearing elements of structure,

the test specimen shall not collapse in such a way that it is no longer
performs the load-bearing function for which it was constructed.

6.2.2 Insulation - For elements of structure such as walls and floors

which have the function of separating two parts of a building:

a) the average temperature of the unexposed face of the specimen

shall not increase above the initial temperature by more than
140°C.
b) the maximum temperature at any point of this face:
shall not exceed the initial temperature by more than 180X, and
shall not exceed 220°C irrespective of the initial temperature.

6.2.3 Integrity
6.2.3.1 For elements of structure such as walls and floors which
have the function of separating two parts of a building, the presence and
formation in the test specimen of cracks, holes or other openings through
which flames or hot gases can pass SO as to cause initial integrity failure,
shall not occur.

6.2.3.2 Initial integrity failure shall be ‘deemed to have occurred

when the cotton pad referred to in 5.2.3.1 is ignited or when sustained
flaming, having a duration of at least 10 seconds, appears on the
unexposed face of the test element.

6.2.3.3 Ultimate integrity failure shall be deemed to have occurred

when collapse of the specimen takes place.
NOTE- The words ‘ insulation ‘, ‘ integrity’ nr ‘ load-bearing capacity ’ shall
follow the time, expressed in minutes, denoting the period of successful compliance
under each of these headings.

7. TEST REPORT

7.1 The test report shall include the following information:

a) Name of the testing laboratory;

b) Name of the sponsor;

c) Date of the test,

13
IS : 3809 - 1979

d) Name of the manufacturer and the trade-name ( if any ) of the

product;

e) Moisture content of the specimen;

f) Details of construction and conditioning of the test specimens,

including detailed information on the relevant physical and
mechanical properties of the materials used, together with
drawings illustrating the essential features;

g) Methods of fixing, support and restraint as appropriate for the

type of specimen;

h) For load-bearing specimens, the methods used for calculating the

test load and its relationship to the maximum permissible load;

j ) For asymmetrical separating elements, the direction in which the

specimen was tested and the reason for adopting this procedure;

k) Observations made durin, 0 the test according to 5.2; and

m) Test results as required by 6.1. %Vhere the test is terminated

before the occurrence of failure under the relevant criteria, this
shall be reported.

19
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