Definitions of Quality
Quality is frequently defined as meeting the customer's requirements the first time and
every time.
1. Quality Assurance versus Quality Control
Testing is a Quality Control Activity.
Quality has two working definitions:
?? Producer’s Viewpoint – The quality of the product meets the requirements.
?? Customer’s Viewpoint – The quality of the product is “fit for use” or meets the
customer’s needs.
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is a planned and systematic set of activities necessary to
provide adequate
confidence that products and services will conform to specified requirements and
meet user needs.
Quality Control
Quality control is the process by which product quality is compared with
applicable standards, and
the action taken when nonconformance is detected. Quality control is a line
function, and the work
is done within a process to ensure that the work product conforms to standards
and requirements.
Quality Assurance (QA)
The set of support activities (including facilitation, training, measurement, and
analysis) needed to provide adequate confidence that processes are established
and continuously improved to produce products that meet specifications and
are fit for use.
Quality Control (QC)
The process by which product quality is compared with applicable standards,
and the action taken when nonconformance is detected. Its focus is defect
detection and removal. This is a line function; that is, the performance of these
tasks is the responsibility of the people working within the process.
The following statements help differentiate quality control from quality assurance:
Quality control relates to a specific product or service.
Quality control verifies whether specific attribute(s) are in, or are not in, a specific
product or service.
Quality control identifies defects for the primary purpose of correcting defects.
Quality control is the responsibility of the team/worker.
Quality control is concerned with a specific product.
Quality assurance helps establish processes.
Quality assurance sets up measurement programs to evaluate processes.
Quality assurance identifies weaknesses in processes and improves them.
Quality assurance is a management responsibility, frequently performed by a
staff
function.
Quality assurance is concerned with all of the products that will ever be produced
by a
process.
Quality assurance is sometimes called quality control over quality control
because it
evaluates whether quality control is working.
Quality assurance personnel should not ever perform quality control unless it is
to validate quality control.
What is Quality Software?
There are two important definitions of quality software:
IT’s view of quality software means meeting requirements.
User’s of software view of quality software means fit for use.
When Should Testing Occur?
What is manual and automated testing ?
Verification versus Validation
Verification ensures that the system (software, hardware, documentation, and
personnel) complies
with an organization’s standards and processes, relying on review or non-
executable methods.
Validation physically ensures that the system operates according to plan by
executing the system
functions through a series of tests that can be observed and evaluated.
Verification answers the
question, “Did we build the right system?” while validations addresses, “Did we
build the system
right?”
Validation is accomplished simply by executing a real-life function (if you wanted
to check to see
if your mechanic had fixed the starter on your car, you’d try to start the car).
Black-Box Testing
Equivalence Partitioning
Boundary Analysis
Error Guessing
Defect
Operationally, it is useful to work with two definitions of a defect:
1. From the producer's viewpoint a defect is a product requirement
that has not been met or a product attribute possessed by a product
or a function performed by a product that is not in the statement of
requirements that define the product;
2. From the customer's viewpoint a defect is anything that causes
customer dissatisfaction, whether in the statement of requirements
or not.
An emulator generally is a piece of hardware used for tests; it is
self-contained, and is able to be hooked to some kind of development
environment.
A simulator is a piece of software that duplicates as precisely as
possible the processor so you can "run" your code to see if it is
correct. Usually simulators are developped for new architectures to
test them out before it is committed to silicon. Occasionnally, a
vendor will let customer have access to the simulator to help speed
development for that architecture.
The O.S.I. model (O.S.I. - Open System Interconnection)
1. Layer 1: Physical Layer
2. Layer 2: Data Link Layer
3. Layer 3: Network Layer
4. Layer 4: Transport Layer
5. Layer 6: Presentation Layer
6. Layer 7: Application Layer
OSI Model Data unit Layer Function
Host layers
Data
7. Application Network process to application
6. Presentation Data representation,encryption and decryption
5. Session Interhost communication
Segments
4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability,Flow control
Medialayers
Packet
3. Network Path determination and logical addressing
Frame
2. Data Link Physical addressing
Bit
1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission
What is the difference between OSS and BSS?
OSS support network
BSS support business
Business Support Systems (BSS) are the components that a telephone operator
or telco uses to run its business operations. The term BSS is no longer limited to
telephone operators offering mobile to fixed and cable services but also can
apply to service providers in all sectors such as utility providers. Typical types of
activities that count as part of BSS are taking a customer?s order, managing
customer data, managing order data, billing, rating, and offering B2B and B2C
services.
Operations Support Systems (also called Operational Support Systems or OSS)
are computer systems used by telecommunications service providers. The term
OSS most frequently describes "network systems" dealing with the telecom
network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory,
provisioning services, configuring network components, and managing faults.
Business Support Systems are linked to Operational Support Systems (OSS) in
the enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) that maps processes into the
functional areas of Fulfilment, Assurance and Billing where Assurance is typically
covered by OSS platform. BSS and OSS platforms are linked in the need to
support various end to end services. Each area has its own data and service
responsibilities.
1.1 What is Middleware?
Middleware is the software that connects software components or enterprise
applications. Middleware is the software layer that lies between the operating
system and the applications on each side of a distributed computer network
Typically, it supports complex, distributed business software applications.
# print numbers 1-10 in three different ways
# method 1: use "while"
$i = 1;
while ($i<=10) { print "$i\n"; $i++; }
# method 2: use "for"
for ($i=1;$i<=10;$i++) { print "$i\n"; }
# method 3: use "foreach"
foreach $i (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) { print "$i\n"; }
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html \n\n"; #HTTP HEADER
#TWO STRINGS TO BE ADDED
$myvariable = "Hello,";
$Myvariable = " World";
#ADD TWO STRINGS TOGETHER
$string3 = "$myvariable $Myvariable";
print $string3;
Usually, Perl is located in /usr/bin/perl or /usr/local/bin/perl
directory. When you know where Perl is, use that path after the # sign
and ! symbol above. So, if you had to change it to /usr/local/bin/perl,
then the first line would read:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
XML was designed to transport and store data.
HTML was designed to display data.
