Question Bank in Social Science (Geography) Class-X (Term-II)

6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

CONCEPT

1. Manufacturing is production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to

more valuable products.
2. Classification of Industries is done on the basis of their main role, capital investment,
ownership, source of raw materials and the bulk and weight of raw material and finished
goods.
3. Large Scale Industries employ a large number of labourers.
4. Small Scale Industries employ a small number of labourers.
5. Heavy Industries use heavy and bulky raw materials.
6. Light Industries use light raw materials.
7. Manufacturing is considered the backbone of development in general and economic
development in particular.
8. The NMCC (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) was set up when it was felt
that, with appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the
industry to improve productivity, manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.
9. Industrial locations are influenced by availability of raw materials, labour, capital, power and
market. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place.
10. Agro-based industries : Industries based on agricultural raw materials. For example, cotton
textiles, jute textiles, woollen textiles, silk textiles, synthetic textiles, sugar industry.
11. Cotton textiles : It occupies an unique position in Indian economy, contributes 14% of
industtrial production. Provides employment to 35 million persons directly. Earlier the cotton
textile industries were located in Maharashtra and Gujarat. Today, they are spread over 80
towns and cities of India. Scarcity of good-quality cotton, obsolete machinery, erratic power
supply, low productivity of labour and stiff competition are some of the problems faced by the
cotton textiles industry.
12. Jute textiles : There are about 70 jute mills in India and most of the jute is produced in West
Bengal. Mainly in the Hugli basin produced in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Tripura.
13. Sugar : There are 460 sugar mills in the country. 50% of them are found in Uttar Pradesh and
Maharashtra. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are also important
producers of sugar in the country.
14. Mineral-based Industries : Industries using minerals as their raw materials — iron and steel,
cement, chemical industries, aluminium smelting, copper smelting, fertiliser industry, etc.
Iron and Steel Industry :
(i) The iron works of Kulti, Burnpur started local production in 1870.
(ii) The first modern steel plant was set up at Jamshedpur in 1907.

1
 (iii) Today there are 10 primary integrated iron and steel plants and around 200 mini steel plants
in the country.
(iv) Raw materials used in this industry are iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese ore.
(v) The location of this industry is decided by the availability of raw materials. All the
important iron and steel plants are located in the north-eastern and southern parts of the
Indian Peninsula.
(vi) Only Visakhapatnam has a coastal location.
(vii) These plants are managed by the Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
(viii) India produces about 32.8 million tonne of steel and ranks ninth among the world crude
steel producers.
Aluminium Smelting :
(i) Aluminium is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
(ii) It is used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead.
(iii) In the production of one tonne of aluminium, 6 tonnes of bauxite and 18,600 kwh of
electricity is required.
(iv) The availability of electricity and bauxite decides the location of this industry.
(v) The 8 aluminium plants in the country are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
(vi) India produces over 600 million tonnes of aluminium per annum.
Chemical Industry :
(i) Heavy inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, caustic soda and soda
ash. They are widely spread around the country.
Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and
dyes.
Soda ash is used in the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents.
(ii) Heavy organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used in the manufacture of
synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. These
chemical plants are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants.
(iii) The chemical industries contribute 14% of the production of entire manufacturing sector.
Fertiliser Industry :
(i) The first plant was set up at Ranipet in Tamil Nadu.
(ii) With the setting up of a plant at Sindri by the Fertiliser Corporation of India (FCI) in 1951,
the production of fertilisers increased.
(iii) With the onset of the Green Revolution, this industry was set up in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
(iv) Other important producers are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

2
 (v) There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for
ammonium sulphate as a by-product, 68 other small units produce single super phosphate.
Cement Industry :
(i) Cement is used for the construction of buildings, houses, factories, roads and dams.
(ii) The raw materials used are limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum, coal and electric power
are also used.
(iii) The first cement plant was set up at Chennai in 1904. At present, there are 119 large and
over 300 mini cement plants in India.
(iv) Indian cement is in great demand in South and East Asia, Middle East and Africa because of
its superior quality.
15. Automobiles : Commercial vehicles like trucks, passenger buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,
etc., are manufactured in large numbers. India is the second largest producer of three
wheelers. The industries producing bicycles, scooters and bicycles are distributed around
Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur
and Bengaluru.
16. Electronic Industry : Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other major
electronic goods producing centres are Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata,
Kanpur, Pune, Lucknow and Coimbatore. Many Software Technology Parks have also
developed.
17. Industries create four types of pollution, namely air, water, land and noise.
18. Air pollution is caused due to the presence of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. Dust,
fume, mist spray and smoke contain both types of particles.
19. Water pollution : Coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilisers, plastics and rubber are some
common pollutants. The principal industries which create water pollution are paper pulp,
textiles, chemical, petroleum, refinery, tannery and electroplating.
20. Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot-water from factories and thermal plants is drained
into rivers and ponds before cooling.
21. Noise pollution means unwanted, extra, noise created due to industrial machineries etc.
22. Measures to Control Environmental Degradation :
(1) Proper fuel selection and utilisation.
(2) Use of oil instead of coal in the industries.
(3) Treatment of liquids in three phases :
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical process.
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
(4) Pollution of land and soil can be controlled by three activities :
(i) Collection of wastes from different places.
(ii) Dumping and disposing the wastes by land-filling.
(iii) Recycling of wastes for further use.

3
 I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Q.1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute
Ans. (b)
(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC Ans. (b)

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Jute (d) Steel
Ans. (a)
(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?
(a) Steel (b) Electronics
(c) Aluminium (d) Information Technology
Ans. (b)
Q.2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) Why is iron and steel industry termed as basic industry?
Ans. Basic or key industries supply their products as raw materials to other industries to
manufacture their goods.
Iron and steel industry is termed as a basic industry because
(a) it produces iron and steel which in turn is used for manufacturing machines, tools and
equipments. Machineries and tools are basic for any manufacturing process. Thus, iron
and steel industry plays a key role in the development of any manufacturing industry
and agriculture.
(b) iron and steel industry provides raw materials for heavy engineering, automobiles, ship
building, manufacturing of railway engines, locomotives, etc. The development of
these industries is dependent on the supply of iron and steel.
Many of the items used by us in our daily life, from a tiny nail to big railway
locomotives, are made of iron.
(ii) Describe four physical and four human factors that affect the location of an industry.
Ans. Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by a number of factors that
determine their location in region.
The physical factors that influence that location of industries are as follows :
(a) Availability of raw materials — Raw materials for industries range from agricultural
products to minerals. Raw material required for the industry must be available cheaply
and at close range or at well-linked places. In case of industries using bulky raw
materials like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the sources of raw materials.

4
 (b) Power resources — Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry,
for running machineries and as fuel for the furnaces and smelters. So, power resources
like coal and electricity must be available in abundance in the vicinity of the site
chosen for the industry.
(c) Water — Water is needed in abundance by almost all industries, e.g. cotton and jute
textiles for processing, cleaning and cooling of machineries. So many industries are
located near rivers and other water bodies.
(d) Favourable climate — Climate affects production process, for example, humid
climate is suitable for spinning of cotton yarns. The industry must be located in an area
where the climate doe snot damage the raw materials or finished products.
Human factors influencing the location of industries are :
(a) Labour — Cheap and efficient labour must be available in the region surrounding the
industry for proper functioning of the industry.
(b) Capital — Industries require finances in large amounts. For setting up an industry in a
chosen site, large amount of cash guarantees and banking facilities are required.
(c) Market — The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market
influences the demand as well as type of goods produced in a region.
(d) Transport facilities — Well-linked road, railways or waterways must be available for
transfer of raw materials and manufactured products to and from the industrial area.
(iii) How do industries pollute the environment?
OR
How does industrial pollution affect the environment.
Ans. Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It results in degradation of the
environment and affects human health, animals, plants and the atmosphere as a whole. It
contributes to major environmental problems like land degradation, water scarcity, health
hazards and, on a larger scale, global warming and climate change.
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution, namely, air, water, land and noise. Air
pollution is caused by presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust, sprays, mist and smoke in the atmosphere due to
emission from industrial units. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that
ignore pollution norms cause enormous pollution.
Toxic gas leaks from factories are extremely hazardous.
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
discharged into rivers and other water bodies.
The main culprits in this regard are paper, chemical textiles and dyeing, petroleum
refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. They let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts
and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with
carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into water bodies. They turn big and small rivers into toxic
streams.
Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts
and garbage renders the soil useless due to land pollution. Rainwater percolates to into the
soil carrying these pollutants and contaminates ground water.
Noise pollution is by industrial and construction activities, machineries and factory
equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills.
5
 (iv) Briefly describe any four measures of controlling industrial pollution.
OR
Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries. Ans.
Careful planning of industries, better design equipment and better operation of the equipments
can prevent pollution to a great extent. Some measures to control industrial
pollution are
(a) Restricting use of fossil fuels can reduce smoke. Air pollution can be redued by
reduction of particulate matter, aerosol emission in the air by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(b) Water pollution can be controlled by (i) minimising use of freshwater by reusing and
recycling (ii) Treatment of hot water effluents before releasing them in rivers and other
water bodies. These include mechanical, biological, chemical and physical processes.
(c) Land pollution can be controlled by collection of wastes, dumping and disposing the
wastes in filling areas and recycling the wastes.
(d) Machinery and equipments and generators can be fitted with silencers or redesigned to
make them energy efficient and to reduce noise.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS (AS PER CCE PATTERN)

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Q.1. The economic strength of a country is units located in the pre-independence
measured by the development of which period?
of the following? (a) Delhi, Kanpur, Moradabad
(a) Agriculture (b) Bangalore - Hyderabad
(b) Infrastructural facilities (c) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
(c) Manufacturing industries (d) Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Amritsar.
(d) Export trade Ans. (c)
Ans. (c) Q.5. Many industries tend to come together
Q.2. How can industrialisation assist in to make use of the advantages offered
bringing in foreign exchange? by the urban centres known as
(a) Modernisation of agriculture agglomeration economies. Which of the
(b) Removing dependence on agriculture following are the main advantages
by providing alternative employment provided by cities to industries?
(c) Export of manufactured goods (a) Market and services
(d) Import of manufactured goods (b) Agricultural products and minerals
Ans. (c) (c) Power supply
Q.3. Which of the following developments (d) Suitable climate and services
usually follows industrial activity? Ans. (a)
(a) Agriculture (b) Urbanisation Q.6. Which of the following is not a factor of
(c) Electrification (d) Mining production?
Ans. (b) (a) Land (b) Raw materials
Q.4. In which of the following groups of cities (c) Capital (d) Enterprise
were most of the manufacturing Ans. (b)
6
Q.7. Which of the following industries is in Q.13. On the basis of character of raw
private sector? material and finished product, iron and
(a) Dabur (b) BHEL steel industry belongs to which
(c) SAIL (d) HINDALCO category?
Ans. (a) (a) Heavy industry
Q.8. Oil India Limited (OIL) belongs to (b) Medium industry
which of the following types of (c) Light industry
industries? (d) Perishable goods industry
(a) Public sector Ans. (a)
(b) Private sector
(c) Joint sector Q.14. Which of the following public sector
(d) Cooperative sector steel plants of India is located near a
Ans. (c) port?
Q.9. Which of the following industries (a) Durgapur (b) Vijaynagar
belongs to the category of heavy (c) Bhadravati (d) Vishakhapatnam
industries? Ans. (d)
(a) Watches (b) Shipbuilding Q.15. Which of the following is the effect of
(c) Electric bulbs (d) Knitting needles liberalisation and foreign direct
Ans. (b) investment on iron and steel industry of
Q.10. Which of the following techniques of India?
cotton textile production came into use (a) Lower productivity of labour
after the 18th century? (b) High costs and limited availability of
(a) Powerlooms coking coal
(b) Hand-spinning (c) Irregular supply of energy
(c) Handloom weaving (d) Boost to the industry
(d) Zari embroidery
Ans. (d)
Ans. (a)
Q.11. When and where was the first successful Q.16. Which of the following is not an
inorganic chemical?
textile mill established in India?
(a) Sulphuric acid
(a) In Ahmedabad in 1858 (b) Petrochemicals
(b) In Chennai in 1954 (c) Nitric acid
(c) In Kolkata in 1816 (d) Alkalies
(d) In Mumbai in 1854 Ans. (b)
Ans. (d) Q.17. Which of the following inorganic
Q.12. Sixty percent of sugar mills are chemicals is used for the making of
concentrated in which of the following glass, soaps, detergents and paper?
states? (a) Soda ash (b) Sulphuric acid
(a) Punjab and Haryana (c) Nitric acid (d) Alkalies
(b) Maharashtra and Gujarat
Ans. (a)
(c) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
(d) West Bengal and Orissa Q.18. Which of the following industries is the
Ans. (c) largest consumer of chemicals?
7
 (a) Fertilisers (b) Textiles (a) Delhi (b) Mumbai
(c) Chemicals (d) Paper (c) Bengaluru (d) Hyderabad
Ans. (c) Ans. (c)
Q.19. Which of the following led to expansion Q.23. Which of the following is an electronics
of the fertiliser industry? industry?
(a) Liberalisation and foreign direct (a) HMT, Bengaluru
investment (b) TISCO, Jamshedpur
(b) MNCs (multinational corporations) (c) BHEL, Hyderabad
(c) The Green Revolution (d) BALCO, Korba
(d) All the above
Ans. (c)
Ans. (c)
Q.24. Which of the following industries has
Q.20. When and where was the first cement
been a major foreign exchange earner
plant set up in India?
in the last few years?
(a) Chennai in 1904
(a) Electronics Industry
(b) Porbandar in 1924
(c) Dalmianagar in 1937 (b) Information Technology Industry
(d) Kottayam in 1967 (c) Engineering Industry
Ans. (a) (d) Tourism Industry
Ans. (b)
Q.21. Which of the following cities is one of
the centres around which automobile Q.25. Which of the following is a negative
industry is located? effect of industrialisation?
(a) Gurgaon (b) Jaipur (a) Economic growth
(c) Itanagar (d) Ahmedabad (b) Pollution
Ans. (a) (c) Foreign exchange earnings
Q.22. Which of the following cities is the (d) Rapid urbanisation
electronic capital of India? Ans. (b)

PREVIOUS YEARS‟ QUESTIONS

Q.1. The economic strength of the country is (b) Industries are basically agro-based.
measured by which of the following (c) Many industries tend to come
developments ? [2011 (T-2)] together to make use of the
(a) The development of the advantages offered by the urban
manufacturing industries. centres
(b) The development of the literacy ratio. (d) Industries set up produce raw material
(c) The development of the health status. for secondary sector.
(d) The development of the population Ans. (c)
growth.
Ans. (a) Q.3. Which one of the following is not true
regarding the Iron and Steel industry in
Q.2. What is the correct meaning of
India? [2011 (T-2)]
agglomeration economies? [2011 (T-2)]
(a) India is the largest producer of sponge
(a) Many industries set up in rural
centres iron.
8
 (b) Most of the public sector (c) Tertiary sector
undertakings market their steel (d) Service sector
through the Steel Authority of India. Ans. (b)
(c) Chhotanagpur Plateau region has the
Q.9. The first successful textile mill was
maximum concentration of iron and
steel industries. established in : [2011 (T-2)]
(a) Delhi
(d) As a leading iron and steel producing
(b) Vishakhapattnam
country, India does not need to
import steel from other countries. (c) Chennai
(d) Mumbai (Bombay)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (d)
Q.4. Which one of the following industries,
due to its seasonal nature, is ideally Q.10. Textile industry is an example of:
suited to the cooperative sector ? [2011 (T-2)]
[2011 (T-2)] (a) Agro based industry
(a) Sugar (b) Jute textile (b) Co-operative sector industry
(c) Automobile (d) Cotton textile (c) Mineral based industry
Ans. (a) (d) Marine based industry
Q.5. Which one of the following air services Ans. (a)
provides services to Oil and Natural Q.11. Which one of the following is not true
Gas Commission in its off-shore regarding the National Jute Policy of
operations ? [2011 (T-2)] 2005 ? [2011 (T-2)]
(a) Indian Airlines (a) Creating awareness about the use of
(b) Air India biodegradable materials
(c) Pawanhans Helicopters LTD (b) Ensuring good prices to the jute
(d) Alliance farmers
Ans. (c) (c) Increasing productivity
Q.6. Regular supply of electricity and an (d) Improving quality of Jute
assured source of raw material at Ans. (a)
minimum cost are the two prime factors Q.12. Which one of the following factors has
for the location of which one of the once again opened the opportunity for
following industries : [2011 (T-2)]
jute product? [2011 (T-2)]
(a) Iron and Steel (b) Automobile
(a) Increasing concern for the use of
(c) Aluminium smelting (d) Electronics
biodegradable materials
Ans. (c) (b) Increasing productivity
Q.7. Where was the first Cement Plant set (c) Enhancing the yield per hectare
up in India ? [2011 (T-2)] (d) Improving quality
(a) Mumbai (b) Kolkata Ans. (a)
(c) Chennai (d) Delhi
Ans. (c) Q.13. Which one of the following steel plants
is located in Chhattisgarh ? [2011 (T-2)]
Q.8. Manufacturing Industries are placed (a) Bokaro (b) Durgapur
in : [2011 (T-2)] (c) Bhilai (d) Rourkela
(a) Primary sector
Ans. (c)
(b) Secondary sector
9
Q.14. Most of the sugar industries are ideally (a) Availability of raw materials
suited to : [2011 (T-2)] (b) Market
(a) Private sector (b) Joint sector (c) Cheap Labour
(c) Cooperative sector (d) Public sector (d) None of these
Ans. (c) Ans. (a)
Q.15. Which one of the following agencies, Q.19. Which one of the following cities is
market steel for the public sector plants ? known as electronic capital of India ?
[2011 (T-2)] [2011 (T-2)]
(a) HAIL (b) SAIL (a) Srinagar (b) Noida
(c) TATA STEEL (d) MNCC (c) Bengaluru (d) Pune
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
Q.16. Which of the following group of factors Q.20. Which one of the following groups of
is a prime group for the location of states have the largest number of cotton
aluminium smelting plant? [2011 (T-2)] textile centres ? [2011 (T-2)]
(a) Capital and Market (a) Gujarat and Maharashtra
(b) Raw material and Electricity (b) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
(c) Labour and Raw material (c) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
(d) Capital and Transport (d) Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
Q.21. Which one of the following countries
Q.17. Small scale and large scale industries
has the largest installed capacity of spindles in
are classified on which basis?
the world ? [2011 (T-2)]
[2011 (T-2)]
(a) India (b) China
(a) Capital investment
(c) USA (d) Britain
(b) Ownership
Ans. (b)
(c) Main role
(d) Source of raw materials Q.22. The National Jute Policy with an
Ans. (a) objective to improve the production for
the Indian farmers was formulated in
Q.18. Which one of the following factors is the year : [2011 (T-2)]
considered as the most prominent one (a) 2000 (b) 2005
in industrial location in a region ?
(c) 2001 (d) 1999
[2011 (T-2)] Ans. (b)

C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

Q.1. „Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.‟ Elucidate.
OR
'Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other.‟ Justify the statement. Ans. A
close relationship exists between agriculture and manufacturing industries. Each of them
compliment each other.
Each of them serves as market for goods produced by the other and in the process raises
demand for each other's goods.
For example, the agro-based industries, like textiles, sugar, etc., depend upon agriculture for
raw materials. These industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising their demand
10
 and hence, productivity. Manufacturing industries sell the products such as irrigation pumps,
fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machineries and tools,
etc., to the farmers. Agriculture serves as their market and effects their development.
These inputs from industries assists agriculturists in increasing productivity as well as have
made the production processes very efficient.
Q.2. Why did the traditional cotton textile industry of India receive a setback during the
colonial period?
Ans. The traditional cotton textile industry of India suffered a setback during the colonial period
because of competition from mill-made cloth from England. In England cotton textiles were
produced in large quantities with the help of powerloom. The surplus was sold in India for
profit as India was then a colony of England. Mill-made cloth was cheaper on account of large
scale production. On the other hand, our traditional textiles used ancient techniques like hand-
spinning and handloom weaving. Hence, its production could not compete with mill-made
cloth of England.
Q.3. What is the ideal location for sugar mills? Why is this industry ideally suited to the
cooperative sector?
Ans. Sugarcane, the raw material used in sugar industry, is bulky, and its sugar content reduces in
haulage and time lag between reaping and sugar production. Therefore, the ideal location for
sugar mills is in close proximity of sugarcane producing areas.
The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and so is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. For
entire year the farmers are engaged in producing sugarcane as it is an annual crop. When the
crop is reaped, the farmers pool together their resources, set up mills within the sugarcane
producing areas and produce sugar. The seasonal nature of the sugar industry is combated by
setting up cooperative where farmers share the profits and losses.
Q.4. Which factors are responsible for shifting of sugar mills to southern and western states?
Mention two challenges faced by the industry.
Ans. In recent years, there is a tendency among the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the
southern and western states, especially Maharashtra because
(i) the cane produced here has higher sucrose content and yields greater quantity of sugar.
(ii) the cooler climate here ensures longer crushing season as it prevents drying of cane.
(iii) cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Two challenges faced by sugar industry are :
(a) Seasonal nature of the industry.
(b) Old and inefficient methods of production.
Q.5. Why does the north eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau region have the maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries?
Ans. The north-eastern part of the Peninsular plateau, the Chhotanagpur plateau region, has the
maximum concentration of iron and steel industries because of the following reasons :
(a) The region has rich reserves of iron ore of mainly haematite variety. Availability of good
quality of iron ore at low cost, provides ideal location for setting up of iron and steel
industries.
(b) High grade coking coal is available from the coalfields of Jharkhand and West Bengal.
(c) High quality manganese and limestone is available in proximity.

11
 (d) The surrounding densely populated region supply cheap labour.
(e) The vast growth potential in the home market is an additional advantage. Local market
for the finished goods are provided by other industries using steel as raw material. Good
linkage of roads and railways helps in distribution of finished products all over the
country.
As iron and steel is a heavy industry, availability of raw materials like iron ore, coking coal and
limestone, all of which are bulky, as well as market within easy reach has provided the region
ideal location for setting up of iron and steel industries.
Q.6. What are the prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries? Where are the
main aluminium smelting plants of the country located?
Ans. The prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries are as follows :
(i) Assured source of raw material, bauxite, at minimum cost as it is a bulky material at 4 to
6 tonnes of bauxite are required to manufacture 1 tonne of aluminium.
(ii) 18600 kwh of electricity is required per ton of ore for smelting of aluminium. Hence,
regular supply of power is another important factor for location of the industry.
Orissa produces about 45 per cent of the India's bauxite. Hence, aluminium smelting plants are
located in Orissa. Also, the Hirakud dam provides cheap hydroelectricity for the development
of the aluminium industry in the state.
West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, are other
states where aluminium smelting plants are located. INDAL, HINDALCO, MALCO, NALCO
and Aluminium Corporation of India are names of the major smelting plants.
Q.7. What is the ideal location for setting up a cement factory? In which state does cement
industry have strategically located plants? Write about the present position of cement
industry in India.
Ans. Cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and
gypsum. Heavy costs are involved in the haulage of the raw materials. Hence, economically,
the ideal location for cement factories are near the sources of raw materials.
Apart from raw materials, coal and electric power is needed to provide energy for working of
the plants.
Nearness to rail transportation for supplying the bulky, finished products to the market is
another important locational factor.
The cement industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the
market in the Gulf countries. Dwarka, Porbandar, Veraval, Sikka and Bhavnagar, where cement
factories are set up in this state, lie along the coast. This facilitates the export of cement to the
Gulf countries in the west.
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and some other policy reforms led the cement
industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production. As a result, now
there are 128 large cement plants and 332 mini cement plants in India, producing a variety of
cement.
Improvement in the quality has provided the cement industry a ready market in East Asia,
Middle East and Africa along with the large demand in the domestic market. The industry is
doing well in terms of production. Its export is providing the country with substantial foreign
exchange.

12
 PREVIOUS YEARS‟ QUESTIONS
Q.1. Describe any three main features of chemical industry ? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) It is fast growing
(ii) Diversified
(iii) If comprises of both large and small scale manufacturing units
Q.2. Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in
large quantities ? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. India produces good quality of long staple cotton (9232 lakh bales in 2004-05), still she needs
cotton from import. India exports cotton yarn. If home weaving sector is developed it could
earn much benefits through proper utilization of cotton yarn.
Q.3. Explain any three factors that influence the location of an industry. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) Nearness to raw materials ie, coal iron etc, is an important factor of industrial location,.
(ii) Market offers an important locational factor.
(iii) Besides, a plenty source of capital can invite industry in any location.
Q.4. What is the contribution of industry to national economy of India ? Compare it with the
East-Asian countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry
in GDP ? [2011 (T-2)] Ans. In India, the share of manufacturing
sector has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP – out of total of 27 per cent for the industry. This is much
lower in comparison to some East Asian
economics, where it is 25 to 35 per cent.
The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent per annum.
Q.5. Mention any two challenges faced by the jute industry in India. State any one step taken
by the government to stimulate its demand. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. The two important challenges faced by the jute industry in India are as follows :
(i) stiff competition in the International market from synthetic substitutes and
(ii) to face challenges of competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Phillippines, Egypt and Thailand.
(iii) Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging is one step on this line.
Q.6. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile
industry in India ? Name two centres where this industry is located. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i)
The introduction of new and comtemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in
the market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with
global developments. The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and
Gurgaon.
Q.7. What are the three main reasons for shifting of the sugar mills to Maharashtra in recent
years. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Three main reasons are as follows :
(i) The cane producced has a higher sucrose centent.
(ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing season.

13
 (iii) The cooperatives are more successful in these state.
Q.8. What is natural gas ? What is its advantages ? Name one region of India where its
reserves are found. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. Natural gas is an important clean
energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as
well as industrial raw materials in the
petrochemical industry.
A large reserves of Natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin of Andhra
Pradesh.
Q.9. What are software technology parks ? State any two points of significance of Information
Technology industry in India ? [2011 (T-2)] Ans. Software technology parks provide single
window services and high data cammunication
facility to software experts. The two significant points of IT industries are as follows :
(i) It generates huge employment. Up to March 31, 2005, it employed over one million
persons, 30 percent of which are women.
(ii) The industry has been a major foreign exchange earner through growing Business
processes outsourcing (BPO) sources.
Q.10. Examine how can the industrial pollution of freshwater resources. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Fresh water sources are polluted by organic nad inorganic wastes and affluents discharged by
industries into rivers. The main culprits are paper and pulp, chemical, textile petroleum,
refinaries, tanneries etc. industries.
Q.11. Suggest any three measures to reduce the industrial pollution of freshwater resources.
[2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treatment of hotwater and affluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Q.12. Mention any six factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin. [2011
(T-2)]
Ans. (i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Cheap water transport facilities.
(iii) Good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw
materials to the mills.
(iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(v) Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(vi) Bank, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
Q.13. Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and
western states in India ? Explain any three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Three main reasons are as follows :
(i) The cane producced has a higher sucrose centent.
(ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) The cooperatives are more successful in these states.

14
Q.14. Distinguish between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plants stating three points
of distinction. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i) An Integrated steel plant is larger than Mini Steel Plant.

(ii) Mini steel plant use steel scrap and sponge iron while Integrated steel plant use basic raw
materials ie iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only
steel.
Q.15. Explain any three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India. [2010 (T-2)]
Ans. Three problems faced by cotten textile industries in India are as follows :
(i) power supply is erratic and machineries are back dated.
(ii) Out put of labour is low.
(iii) Facing stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
Q.16. Explain any three ways to control environmental degradation caused by industries. [2011
(T-2)]
Ans. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii) Treatment of hotwater and affluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Q.17. How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other ? Explain any three
points. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Agriculture and industry go hand in hand.
(i) the agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) Agriculture needs pumps, fertilizers, insecticides etc, which creates demand for industry to
produce such items.
(iii) competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as efficiency of production processes
are both improved.
Q.18. How do industries create thermal and noise pollution ? Mention their consequences. [2011
(T-2)]
Ans. Hot water from factories when is allowed to flow into rivers and ponds is caused thermal
pollution. Thermal pollution would affect on aquatic life greatly. Industrial and constructional
activites by huge machineries create unwanted sound of intolerable nature which impaired
human ears and nervous breakdown.
Q.19. Distinguish between agro based and mineral based industries. Also give two examples of
each. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. This is self explanatory. Agro based
industries depend upon Agricultural products while mineral based industries depends upon mineral
resources. Cotton and jute are the example of
agro based industry while Iron and steel, alluminium are mineral based.
Q.20. Why is iron and steel industry called as the basic and heavy industry ? [2011 (T-2)] Ans.
Iron and steel industry is called basic heavy industry because its

(i) large scale of operation both imput and output.

(ii) It's output ie, steel is used for making machineries, construction, defence etc purposes as
basic raw materials. Therefore it is called basic industry.
15
Q.21. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.”
Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. Agriculture and
industry go hand in hand.
(i) the agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity
(ii) Agriculture needs pumps, fertilizers insecticides etc, which creates demand for industry to
produce such items.
(iii) competitiveness of manufacturing industries as well as efficiency of production processes
are both improved.
Q.22. Why is cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today ? Give any three resons.
[2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 percent of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after
agriculture.
(iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent (4 percent of GDP).
Q.23. How does the industrial pollution degrade the environment ? Explain with three
examples. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. The three types of pollution caused by
industries are air pollution, water pollution and Noise pollution. (i) Air pollution through spewing of
smoke from industry pollute the air with sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. (ii) Industrial wastes
and effluents discharged through industries into rivers and ponds cause water pollution (iii) Besides,
industrial and construction activities
generates noise pollution.
Q.24. Explain any three factors which influence industrial locations. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) Nearness to raw materials ie, coal iron etc, is an important factor of industrial location,
similarly,
(ii) Market offers an important locational factor.
(iii) Besides, a plenty source of capital can invite industry in any location.
Q.25. Explain three major challenges faced by sugar industry in India. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Major challenges faced by sugar industry include the seasonal nature of the industry, old in
efficient methods of production; transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to
maximise the use of beggase.
Q.26. Explain any three types of pollution caused by industries. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries are air pollution, water pollution and Noise
pollution. (i) Air pollution through spewing of smoke from industry pollute the air with sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide. (ii) Industrial wastes and effluents discharged through industries
into rivers and ponds cause water pollution (iii) Besides, industrial and construction activities
generates noise pollution.
Q.27. Why are most of the Iron and steel plants of India concentrated in Chhota Nagpur
plateau region ? Give three reasons. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the
maximum concentration of steel plants because of the
following factors :
(i) Low cost of iron ore and high grade raw materials in proximity.
(ii) Cheap labour.
16
 (iii) Vast growth potential in the home market.
Q.28. Why is fertiliser industry almost widespread through out the country ? Give three
reasons. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i) Spread of fertilizer industry rests on raw materials ie, coal,
petroleum and natural gas and
hence it is located near to it.
(ii) After Green Revolution it is expanded to many parts of the country where agricultural
prosperity is achieved.
(iii) Fertilizer can be transported through pipelines to far off places which causes
decentralization.
Q.29. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in
Mumbai and Ahmedabad. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i) Availability of raw
cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities (ii) cheap labour and (iii) moist climate
have caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in
Mumbai and Ahmedabed region.
Q.30. Study the table given below and answer questions that follow :
Total Finished Steel Production in India.
YEAR production
(in million tons per annum)
1950-51 1.04
1960-61 2.39
1970-71 4.64
1980-81 6.82
1990-91 13.53
1997-98 23.40
2004-05 32.60
(a) What was the total finished steel production in India in 1950-51 ?
(b) How much and steel production increase in 2004-2005 as compared to the production in
1950-51 ?
(c) Why is the per capita consumption of steel low in India ? [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (a) 1.04 million tonnes.
(b) 31.56 m. tonnes.
(c) Because of huge number of population in comparison to steel production.
Q.31. What is the meaning of manufacturing industry ? Why is it considered the backbone of
economic development ? Give two reasons. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Production of good, in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry is considered as the
backbone of economic development from the point of view (i) It helps in modernizing
agriculture which is the backbone of our economy. (ii) Export of manufactured goods expands
trade and commerce and brings much needed foreign exchange.

17
Q.32. Mention any three objectives of National Jute Policy, 2005. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) Increasing productivity.
(ii) Improving quality.
(iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per Hectare.
Q.33. India is an important iron and steel, producing country in the world, yet we are not able
to perform to our full potential‟ Give any three reasons. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i) High costs
and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of energy.
Q.34. Where was the first cement plant set up in India? Explain any two reasons for the fast
expansion of cement industry in India. [2011 (T-2)]
Ans. (i) In Chennai in 1904.
(ii) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms.
(iii) Rapid growth of construction activities all over India.
Q.35. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing
industries”. Elaborate the statement. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. Resource utilization
can not be made without manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry transforms raw materials
into finished products which added value to it. Countries having a good number of manufacturing
industry can able to utilize resources more fruitfully and are therefore they considered as advanced
country. India's contribution to manufacturing industry is 17 per cent as compared to 30 percent for
Japan and 25 percent for France respectively.
Q.36. Explain any three factors which are responsible for decentralisation of cotton industry in
India. [2011 (T-2)] Ans. (i) Cater to the needs of large domestic markets.

(ii) Cotton growing areas spreaded over many new areas – Rajasthan, Punjab.
(iii) Decentralized to provide scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in
cotton silk, zari and embroidery etc.
Q.37. Explain any three factors that affect the location of industries in a region. (2009)
Ans. Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by both physical and human
factors. Three important factors that influence the location of industries in a region are as
follows :
(i) Availability of raw material — Raw materials required for the industry must be available
cheaply and at close range or at well-linked places. In case of industries using bulky raw
material like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the raw material sources.
(ii) Power resources — Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry.
They are required for running the machines and as fuel in smelters in case of mineral
based industry. So, power resources like coal and electricity must be available in
abundance in the vicinity where an industry is located.
(iii) Market — The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market influences
the demand as well as type of goods produced in a region. For example, cold regions like
Jammu and Kashmir will have requirement for woollen garments. So woollen textiles

18
 will be located in that region. Consumer goods industries and automobile industries are
located near big towns and cities.
Q.38. How do industries pollute air and water? Explain with examples. (2009)
Ans. Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It adversely affects the environment and
degrades it.
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and cabon monoxide, dust sprays, mist and smoke in the atmosphere due to emission
from industrial units. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries
and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution
norms. These cause respiratory diseases among the people working or living in such areas.
Toxic gas leaks as during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy can be hazardous with long-term ill effects.
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluent discharged
into rivers.
The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical textile and dyeing, petroleum
refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. These let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and
heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon,
plastics and rubber, etc., into water bodies. They turn big and small rivers into toxic streams.
Iron and steel slags are dumped into water bodies, especially rivers, destroying aquatic life and
making the water unfit for use.
The pollution of the Ganga and the Yamuna are examples of water pollution caused by industries.
Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained
into rivers or other water bodies.

D. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

Q.1. Classify industries on the basis of :
(a) Capital investment, (b) Ownership (c) Bulk and weight of raw material and
(d) Finished product.
Ans. Industries can be classified into the following categories :
(a) On the basis of capital investment :
(i) Large scale industries make large capital investment of more than one crore of
rupees. They employ large numbers of people and use a large number of
machineries, e.g. cotton textile.
(ii) Small scale industries involve capital outlay of less than one crore rupees, employ a
smaller number of labourers and use few power driven machineries, e.g. cycle parts
manufacturing.
(b) On the basis of ownership :
(i) Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g.
Rourkela Steel Plant.
(ii) Private sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of
individuals, e.g. Bajaj Auto Ltd.
(iii) Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individual entrepreneurs e.g.
Oil India Ltd.

19
 (iv) Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers and
suppliers of raw materials or by workers. They pool in their resources and share the
profits and losses proportionately, e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra.
(c) On the basis of bulk or weight of raw material and finished products :
(i) Heavy industries use bulky raw materials and their finished products are also heavy,
e.g., iron and steel industry.
(ii) Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are also light, eg.
electrical industries producing bulbs.
Q.2. Mention the factors responsible for localisation of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra-
Gujarat region in early years. What factors were responsible for the decentralisation of
the industry? Mention three main problems faced by the industry. What is the
contribution of textile industry to Indian economy?
Ans. The favourable factors for the location of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra–Gujarat region
in early years were as follows :
(a) Availability of raw cotton from the cotton growing belt of Deccan in Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
(b) The port of Mumbai facilitating export of cotton goods and import of machineries and
other inputs.
(c) Moist climate in the belt facilitated spinning.
(d) Market for the finished goods.
(e) Finance or capital from Parsi and Bhatia traders.
(f) Good transport network.
(g) Availability of cheap and skilled labour.
Huge market, development of transport network, banking facilities and availability of cheap
electricity contributed to the decentralisation of cotton mills in the country. Weaving is highly
decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in
cotton, zari, embroidary, etc., prevalent among local weavers in different parts of India.
Three major problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are :
(i) Erratic Power Supply.
(ii) Old and obsolete machinery and
(iii) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy :
(a) It contributes significantly to industrial production, 14 per cent of the total production of
industries comes from textiles.
(b) It provides employment to about 35 million people directly.
(c) It contributes about 24.6 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country.
(d) Textiles contribute 4 percent towards GDP.
Q.3. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? Name the integrated steel
plants of India. What are the problems faced by this industry? What is India‟s present
position with regard to manufacturing and consumption of iron and steel?

20
Ans. Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric and induction furnaces, and use steel scrap and
sponge iron as raw material. They may have re-rollers manufacturing bar and rods. They
produce mild and alloy steel and also liquid steel which are turned into ingots. They are
decentralized secondary units scattered across the country to meet local demands.
An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex from assembling raw
material and melting of iron ore in the blast furnace to steel making, rolling and shaping. They
are usually concentrated near the sources of raw materials and market.
Presently there are 10 integrated steel plant in India, which are as follows :
(a) Indian Iron and Steel Company, IISCO at Kulti and Burnpur, West Bengal.
(b) Tata Iron and Steel Company, TISCO at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
(c) Visveswarayya Iron and Steel Plant, at Bhadravati, Karnataka.
(d) Bhilai Steel Plant, at Bhilai, Chhattisgarh.
(e) Bokaro Steel Plant, at Bokaro, Jharkhand.
(f) Durgapur Steel Plant, at Durgapur, West Bengal.
(g) Rourkela Steel Plant, at Rourkela, Orissa.
(h) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant, at Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
(i) Salem Steel Plant, Salem, Tamil Nadu.
(j) Vijayanagar Steel Plant in Karnataka.
Though India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, we are not able to
perform to our full potential largely due to the following problems faced by the industry:
(i) High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of energy.
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
Today with 32.8 million tonnes of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude
steel producers.
It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In spite of large quantity of production of steel, per
capita consumption of steel per annum is only 32 kg.
Q.4. In which region are most of the jute mills of India concentrated? Why? What are the
challenges faced by this industry? What step has resulted in the increase of internal
demands of jute in recent years?
Ans. Most of the jute mills of India are concentrated in the Hoogli basin in West Bengal. It is a
narrow belt 98 km long and 3 km wide along the Hoogli river.
The factors responsible for the localisation of the jute industry in this region are as follows :
(i) Proximity to the jute producing areas of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. West Bengal is the
leading producer of raw jute in the country and provides the mills with the required raw
material.
(ii) Abundant water for processing of raw jute.
(iii) Cheap water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways, facilitates
the movement of raw materials to the mills.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
21
 (v) Banking and insurance facilities from city of Kolkata.
(vi) Port facilities of Kolkata for export of jute goods.
Challenges faced by the jute industry are as follows :
(i) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes.
(ii) Competition from other jute goods producing countries like Bangladesh, Philippines,
Thailand, Egypt and Brazil.
(iii) Decrease in demand for packing materials and jute carpet, and high cost of production.
(iv) Old and inefficient machineries.
To face the competition from synthetic fibres and other countries producing jute, government
has taken measures to boost up production of jute goods. In 2005, the National Jute Policy was
formulated with this objective. Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging has
resulted in the increase of internal demand of jute in recent years.
Q.5. Write about the role of Information Technology Industry in modern India. What are
software technology parks and where in India are they located?
Ans. Information Technology industry or IT as it is popularly known specialise in Research and
Development (R&D), manufacture of electronics and production of hardware and software. A
major impact of this industry in India has been on employment generation. Upto 31st March
2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number was expected to
increase eight fold in the following 3 to 4 years. This means that by 2008-2009 the IT industry
was expected to provide employment to nearly 8 million people. The industry has also provided
employment opportunity to women, and about 30 percent of the people employed in this sector
are women.
The IT industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last few years because of its
fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
The continuing growth in hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.
The IT industry has provided India a special position in the industrial world.
Software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication
facility to software exports. There are 18 software technology parks in India. They are located
at Srinagar, Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata,
Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and
Vishakhapatnam.
Q.6. Discuss the role of NTPC in paving the way to control environmental degradation. Ans.
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
(Environmental Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for
preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in places where
it is setting up power plants. This is achieved through the following methods :
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing
equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
22
 E. MAP WORK (4 MARKS)
Q.1. On an outline map of India locate and label, name the following textile centres :
(a) A centre in Maharashtra producing cotton and woollen textile.
(b) A centre in West Bengal producing silk and cotton textile.
(c) A woollen textile centre of Gujarat.
(d) A cotton textile centre of Uttar Pradesh.
(e) A cotton textile centre of Tamil Nadu.
(f) A silk textile centre of Karnataka
(g) A cotton textile centre of Madhya Pradesh
(h) A woollen textile centre of Rajasthan

23
Q.2. On the outline map of India locate and label the following iron and steel plants :
(a) TISCO
(b) Bokaro Steel Plant
(c) Visvesvarayya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL), Bhadravati.
(d) Bhilai Steel Plant
(e) Salem Iron and Steel Plant
(f) Rourkela Iron and Steel Plant.
(g) Indian Iron and Steel Company, Burnpur.
(h) Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.

24
Q.3. On an outline map of India, locate and label the following software technology parks :
(a) Software Technology Park of Rajasthan.
(b) Software Technology Park of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Software Technology Park of Orissa.
(d) Software Technology Park of Jammu and Kashmir.
(e) Software Technology Park of Assam.
(f) Software Technology Park of Karnataka.
(g) Software Technology Park of Andhra Pradesh.
(h) Software Technology Park of Punjab.

25
 II. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. PROJECT WORK
Q.1. Field Work. Visit any industry located in your locality. Find out the following informations.
(i) Type of raw materials used
(ii) Number of labourers employed.
(iii) Whether machineries are used
(iv) Whether power is required to run the machines.
(v) Market for the products made
(vi) Benefits of the industry
Report. Prepare a report on the above mentioned points. Take pictures of workers,
machineries, raw materials to support your answer. Identify whether it is an agro-based or
mineral-based industry, a basic industry or consumer goods industry, a large scale or medium
or small scale industry, a heavy or light industry.
Q.2. Visit a nearby industry. Find out what types of environmental pollution is caused by the
industry. What measures are taken by the industry to prevent such pollution? If the
industry is not following pollution norms, move to the civic bodies to complain about it.
Mobilise public support to prevent environmental degradation in your area.
B. ACTIVITIES
Q.1. Value addition.
Given below is a flow chart on value addition in the textile industry. Complete the chart by
filling up the blank spaces.

Q.2. Industry Search.

Given below are names of certain types of industries. Place them under their correct categories:
Knitting needles, Sugar, Iron and steel, Cycle parts, Edible oil, Fuse wires, Cotton textile,
Rubber, Jute textiles, Cement, Watches, Shipbuilding, Electric bulbs, Tea, Petrochemical,
Locomotives, Silk, Automobiles, Sewing machines, Woollen textiles.
Industries Industries
Agro-based Mineral-based Heavy Industry Light Industry

26
 C. ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1. Factorisation.
Given below are some factors of production and inputs required for ideal location of industries.
Categorise them into human and physical factors ideal for location of industries.
Labour, Raw materials, Power resources, Transport facilities, Capital, Water, Favourable
climate, Banking and insurance, Market, Land, Entrepreneur.
Q.2. Complete the following chart by filling up the blank spaces.
PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE OF STEEL

D. QUIZ
Q.1. Word Jumble
(a) ANAVRISA ________ A place in Uttar Pradesh where railway diesel engines are
manufactured.
(b) ICSOT _________ A private sector steel plant of India.
(c) IHAILB Public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
(d) LMIAIUUNM _______ (Mineral used for manufacturing of aircraft)
(e) OADIN __________ (A software technology park located in the National Capital Region
around Delhi)
Ans. (a) VARANASI (b) TISCO (c) BHILAI (d) ALUMINIUM (e) NOIDA

E. DISCUSSION
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of economic development. Discuss in the
class the role of industries in the development of our country.
F. EXCURSION
Take the students on a day trip to a big industry in your town. Show them how the production
process works, what are the inputs, outputs, factors of production, etc.

27