PRESENTATION REPORT

ON
“LUBRICATION SYSTEM”

PRESENTED BY
MR.NARENDRA MAHAJAN
MR.JITESH MHATRE
MR.ALTAF MULLA
MR.CHAITANYA PATIL

UNDER GUIDANCE OF
PROF.GANESH KOLEKAR
 ABSTRACT
Within a turbofan engine the lubrication system serves several functions essential to the
safe and reliable operation of the engine. These functions are:

• Lubrication of the rotor bearings

• Lubrication of the gears and bearings of the gearboxes

• Cooling of the bearings especially in the turbine area

• Removal of the contaminants from the lubricant

• Support of the sealing of the carbon bearing seals

• Supplying of a squeeze film between the bearing outer races and their housings for oil
dampened bearings. Oil damping dampens the transmission of dynamic loads of the rotors to
the casings. This feature reduces the vibration levels and the fatigue loads for the casings.
The lubricant reduces friction by replacing solid friction with fluid friction. Thus it must
be able to provide a stable film between metal surfaces moving relative to each other at high
relative velocities under high loads and high temperatures.

INTRODUCTION
The engine lubrication system is to distribute oil to the moving parts to reduce friction
between surfaces. Lubrication plays a key role in the life expectancy of an automotive engine .
If the lubricating system fail, an engine would succumb to overheating and seizing very
quickly. An oil pump is located on the bottom of the engine. The oil is pulled through a
strainer, by the oil pump, removing larger contaminants from the mass of the fluid. The oil
then forced through an oil filter under pressure to the main bearings and the oil pressure
gauge. It is important to note that not all filters perform the same. A filter’s ability to remove
particles is dependent upon many factors, including the media material (pore size, surface
area and depth of filter), the differential pressure across the media, and the flow rate across
the media. From the main bearings, the oil passes into drilled passages in the crankshaft and
the big-end bearings of the connecting rod. The oil fling dispersed by the rotating crankshaft
lubricates the cylinder walls and piston-pin bearings. The excess oil is scraped off by the
scraper rings on the piston. The engine oil also lubricates camshaft bearings and the timing
chain or gears on the camshaft drive. The excess oil in the system then drains back to the
sump.
Superior quality engine oil is formulated with the high quality base oil and advanced technology
based additive package to provide protection for automotive engines in severe service applications.
SAE Stands for the Society of Automotive Engineers, based in the U.S.A.The SAE grade specifies the
most important parameters for engine oil mainly its viscosity. The SAE viscosity classification
defines mainly viscosity limits at high and low temperature for any grade of lubricants. The SAE grade
guide us to the right viscosity for different outside temperatures. Grades marked ‘w’ stand for winter
are at a temperature below 00C.
API stands for the American Petroleum Institute. This body has specified the performance standards
that oils used in road vehicles should meet . For oils to use in passenger car engines, the letters API
are followed by a set of two letters such as SM, etc. Service Levels for passenger car oils or ‘S’
indicates for Spark Ignition Engine. These specified performance levels have evolved through the
years, from API SA to SN,
Similarly, the API designates the performance of diesel engine oils with a letter sequence such as API
CF-4.’C’ indicates for commercial or compression ignition engine. Automotive gear oils they use API
GL-4.API GL-5 etc.
The highest API for commercial engine oils (diesel oils) today is API CJ-4.

1. TYPES OF LUBRICANTS
 Solid Lubricants:
Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to
reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil
medium.eg graphite

 Semi-solid Lubricants:
Semi-solid lubricants are a gel-like substance which reduced friction between two moving
surfaces. E.g.; greases

 Liquid lubricants:
Liquid lubricants are liquids that separate and reduce friction between two moving surfaces and
decrease wear and tear.eg.mineral oil,animal oil,etc.
 2. Lubricant Properties
Whenever an object moves against another object, friction will be present, turning
kinetic energy into heat and causing equipment to wear. Using lubricants helps to
reduce this friction, allowing more work to be done for the same amount of energy
input, lowering the temperatures of the materials in contact, and greatly extending
the lifespan of the moving equipment.
There are several different types of lubricants available for commercial use, each
suited to particular applications and circumstances. They can be broadly classified
into three lubricant types: liquids, semi-solids, and solids.
2.1 Liquids
Liquid lubricants, generally referred to as oils, share the properties of all liquids, are
able to flow, and take the shape of their containers. Lubricating oils, like other types
of lubricants, are tested for many different properties that determine how they will
function over a range of conditions and environments. Some of the most important
include:
2.1.1 Lubricity – Some lubricants are said to have high lubricity, or oiliness.
This property comes from the chemical compositions of the oils, which reduce wear
and friction even in extreme conditions.
2.1.2 Viscosity – Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid’s thickness, or
resistance to flow. The higher a lubricant’s viscosity, the thicker it will be and the
more energy it will take to move an object through the oil. One common scale used
to describe viscosity in lubricating oils is the numerical grading given by The Society
of Automotive Engineers, or SAE.
2.1.3 Viscosity Index – The viscosity index, or VI, of a lubricant describes how
the oil’s viscosity changes as its temperature changes. As temperatures increase,
viscosities decrease, and vice versa. For example, a piece of machinery that operates
over a wide range of temperatures will require a lubricant with a high VI, meaning
that the oil will retain its lubricating characteristics whether it is starting up cold or
running at full speed and peak temperature.
2.1.4 Cloud Point – Petroleum-based lube oils contain dissolved wax. At a low
enough temperature, referred to as the cloud point, this wax will separate from the
oil and form wax crystals. These crystals can clog filters and small openings, deposit
on surfaces such as heat exchangers, and increase the viscosity of the oil.
2.1.5 Pour Point – The pour point of a lubricant is the lowest temperature at
which the oil will flow from its container. At low temperatures, the viscosity of the oil
will be very high, causing the oil to resist flow. This is important in equipment that
operates in a cold environment or handles cold fluids.
2.1.6 Oxidation and Corrosion – When lubricants are exposed to oxygen
and certain metals or compounds at temperatures above 160 degrees Fahrenheit,
they can be prone to oxidation. Oxidation of lubricants can lead to several
undesirable consequences, such as increased oil viscosity, formation of corrosive
acids, and sludge buildup. Preferred lubricants are those that have a high resistance
to oxidation and inhibit corrosion by protecting components from water, oxygen,
and chemical attacks.
2.1.7 Flash, Fire, and Autoignition Points – When lubricating oil is heated
to a high enough temperature; it will begin to boil off as a vapor. Eventually, a
temperature will be reached where the vaporized oil can be ignited by an external
source. This temperature is called the flash point. When the source of ignition is
removed, the vapor will cease to burn. The fire point will be slightly higher than the
flash point, and is where the vapor will continue to burn for at least five seconds
after the ignition source has been removed. The autoignition temperature is the
point at which the oil vapor will spontaneously ignite without the aid of an external
igniter.

3. TYPES OF LUBICATION SYSTEM

3.1 MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Fig No1. Mist lubrication system

An oil mist system is a centralized lubrication system that generates, conveys and
automatically delivers lubricant to machinery bearings. It is a system that has few
moving parts making it very reliable. The lean mixture of oil and air produced by the
generator is known as oil mist. The oil particles form a stable suspension that can be
conveyed considerable distance (180 meters) through piping and tubing to the point
requiring lubrication. Oil mist is a proven technology and it provides many
advantages over conventional lubrication techniques such as oil splash and grease.
Applications and Use
Oil mist is used to lubricate rolling element bearings of all types. The most common
applications in refineries and petrochemical plants are the bearings in pumps and
their electric motor drivers. In addition, oil mist is used to purge gearboxes and the
bearing houses of small steam turbines using sleeve bearings. Oil mist systems have
been used in the hydrocarbon processing industry since the late 1960’s with
widespread use in many areas of the world commencing in the 1980’s.

3.2 WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Fig No2.Wet lubrication system

A wet sump is a lubricating oil management design for piston engines which uses
the crankcase as a built-in reservoir for oil, as opposed to an external or secondary
reservoir used in a dry sump design.
Piston engines are lubricated by oil which is pumped into various bearings, and
thereafter allowed to drain to the base of the engine under gravity. In most
production automobiles and motorcycles, which use a wet sump system, the oil is
collected in a 3 to 10 litres (0.66 to 2.20 imp gal; 0.79 to 2.64 US gal) capacity pan at
the base of the engine, known as the sump or oil pan, where it is pumped back up to
the bearings by the oil pump, internal to the engine.
A wet sump offers the advantage of a simple design, using a single pump and no
external reservoir. Since the sump is internal, there is no need for hoses or tubes
connecting the engine to an external sump which may leak. An internal oil pump is
generally more difficult to replace, but that is dependent on the engine design.
3.3 DRY LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Fig No3. Dry lubrication system

An engine lubrication system in which the lubricating oil is carried in an external tank
and not internally in a sump. The sump is kept relatively free from oil by scavenging
pumps, which return the oil to the tank after cooling. The opposite of a wet sump
system. The pumping capacity of scavenge pumps is higher than that of the
engine-driven pumps supplying oil to the system.

4. SAE NUMBER
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed a scale for both engine (motor
oil grades) and transmission oils.
What are motor oil viscosity ratings?
Viscosity is notated with the common "XW-XX." The number preceding the "W" rates
the oil's flow at 0 degrees Fahrenheit (-17.8 degrees Celsius). The "W" stands for
winter, not weight as many people think. The lower the number here, the less it
thickens in the cold. So 5W-30 viscosity engine oil thickens less in the cold than a
10W-30, but more than a 0W-30. An engine in a colder climate, where motor oil
tends to thicken because of lower temperatures, would benefit from 0W or 5W
viscosity. A car in Death Valley would need a higher number to keep the oil from
thinning out too much.
The second number after the "W" indicates the oil's viscosity measured at 212
degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius). This number represents the oil's resistance
to thinning at high temperatures. For example, 10W-30 oil will thin out at higher
temperatures faster than 10W-40 will.
Monograde oils such as SAE 30, 40 or 50 are no longer used in latest automotive
engines, but may be required for use in some vintage and antique engines. Straight
SAE 30 oil is often specified for small air-cooled engines in lawnmowers, garden
tractors, portable generators and gas-powered chain saws

FIG NO.4 SAE Grades

6.REFERENCES
1.http://www.masterlineworld.com/index.php/en/knowledge-center/automotive-lubric
ation/engine-lubrication
2. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28819/engine-lubrication