Radiology - introduction
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Purpose of training
Provision of clinically
relevant basic knowledge:
– indications, Prof. András Palkó MD, PhD,
chairman
– diagnostic algorithm
– accuracy of diagnostic
imaging and interventional
radiology.
Assoc. Prof. Endre Nagy MD, PhD,
educational advisor
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Sources of information
Textbook
Gunderman RB: Essential Radiology 2nd ed., Thieme, New York, 2006
Lectures
Clinically oriented, slides available at
http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/medcentrum/radiology/
Seminars
Clinically oriented, case-based
Teaching files
Appr. 800 images with comments on
http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/medcentrum/radiology/
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Exam
Core knowlegde: textbook + lecture + seminar
1st semester: MCQ test
2nd semester: oral – questions & images
available on the website
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Curriculum
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Radiology
diagnostic imaging
+
therapeutic intervention guided by imaging
procedures
OR
the art of interpreting visual information by the use
of very complex equipment creating very complex
images
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
• Roentgen: x-ray 1895
• Cannon: contrast material (bismuth) 1896
• Krause: “ (barium) 1904
• Graham: brachial arteriography 1923
• “ : cholecystography 1923
• Swick: i.v. pyelography 1928
• Donald: ultrasound (sonar) 1950
• Seldinger: catheter-technique 1953
• Hounsfield: CT 1967
• Lauterbur: MR 1973
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
1895
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
The avalanche PACS, RIS
teleradiology
US MR fMR
intervention CT MDS-CT
double contrast
Ba iodine non-ionic Gd US
fluorosc. image intensifier DSA DF
X-ray radiogr. tomography PP, DDR
The Magic Mountain
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Purpose: create visible image of morphology and function
of the human body
Image: visual information (visualization in 2 or 3 D,
vector, curve, spectrum, etc.)
To bring about an image:
– Energy has to be conducted to the body
– Interaction of the energy and the components of the
body
– Detection of the modified energy
– Visualization of the detected pattern
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Types of imaging:
• absorption (X-ray, CT)
• reflection (ultrasound)
• induction (MRI)
• emission (NM)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Types of imaging:
• absorption (X-ray, CT)
• reflection (ultrasound)
• induction (MRI)
• emission (NM)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Types of imaging:
• absorption (X-ray, CT)
• reflection (ultrasound)
• induction (MRI)
• emission (NM)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Types of imaging:
• absorption (X-ray, CT)
• reflection (ultrasound)
• induction (MRI)
• emission (NM)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
• image generation
• image reading
• image interpretation (report)
• data processing and archiving
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
clinical problem
consultation
indication
examination
consultation
therapy
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Methods:
• x-ray
• ultrasound
• computed tomography
• magnetic resonance imaging
• (PET-CT)
• (optical imaging)
• (thermography)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Trends of development:
– full digital imaging
– „intelligent” equipments
– 3D, virtual reality, functional imaging
– genetically modified, molecular markers
– biologically specific contrast materials
– PACS, neural network, automatic image reading and interpretation
- faster, easily generated, more relevant
information
- shorter way to diagnosis
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Stagnation or progress?
Thomas W. Lawson, 1902
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Stagnation or progress?
Thomas W. Lawson, 1902 Clermont, 1807
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Where are we today?
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Cardio-CT
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Cardio-MR
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Cardio-MR
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
MR-phlebography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
CT-arteriography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
CT-arteriography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
CT-arteriography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
DSA
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
CT-arteriography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
MR-tractography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Functional MRI
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
MR-spectroscopy
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
CT-endoscopy
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Computer-assisted detection
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Automatic segmentation
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Hybrid imaging (UH - CT/MR)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Hybrid imaging (PET/SPECT – CT/MR)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Dilemmas of development:
lower back pain – MRI vs. acute abdomen – CT
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
The future
Integrated
diagnostics
Mass computing
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imaging
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Absorption of x-ray is influenced by:
• wave-length of radiation3
• atomic number4
• density
• thickness
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
patient
Radiography
X-ray tube
detector
(film, dd)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Radiography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Fluoroscopy
image intensifier
detector
(fluoro screen)
TV monitor
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Fluoroscopy
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
negative image
positive image
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Analog x-ray imaging
Detector
– Film (emulsion suffering photochemical
reaction if exposed to x-ray and light; image
visible after development)
– Fluoroscopic screen (scintillates if exposed to
x-rays; image visible directly or by an image
intensifier – TV set)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
+ =
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Digital x-ray imaging
Detector:
– storage phosphor plate (radiogram, digital
read-out by laser-light) = computed
radiography, CR
– Direct digital detector (radiogram and
fluoroscopy)
– Both visible on computer monitor
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
mirror
photo-electro-multiplyer
electric
signal
optic fiber
image plate digital information
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Digital imaging
Today:
– Digital archive and communication (picture
archive and communication system, PACS)
– Computer assisted detection (CAD)
– Image optimization
– Teleradiology
– Electronic patient record
In the future (Web 2, cloud computing)
– Data mining, decision support
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
collimation
X-ray
X-ray tube lesion
shadow
body
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
detector
X-ray tube X-ray
object
shadow
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tube X-ray object
shadow
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
object I.
X-ray tube X-ray
object II.
shadow
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
focus
object
X-ray tube
X-ray
(shadow)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
focus
object
X-ray tube
X-ray
(shadow)
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imaging:
• magnification
• distortion
• summation
• loss of data
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imaging:
• magnifies
• distorts
• summarizes
• forgets
The solution:
• more than one direction
• tomography
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Poor contrast resolution
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Poor contrast resolution
Solution:
low voltage
contrast material
other modalities
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Department of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
