Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments

Hypochondriasis In hypochondriasis the person Somatic  Preoccupation with having  Major life stress  Cognitive–Behavioral
(Illness Anxiety is preoccupied either with fears Symptom or developing a serious  A severe symptom believed Treatment
Disorder) of contracting a serious disease Disorders illness to threaten one’s health  Behavioral Stress
or with the idea that of having  Absence of physical (e.g., chest pain, memory Management
that disease even though they symptoms or, if present, issues)  Exposure Therapy
do not. These very distressing symptoms are mild  History of childhood abuse
preoccupations are thought to  Behavior indicating health (physical, sexual,
all be based on a anxiety, such as checking emotional) or neglect
misinterpretation of one or for signs of illness  History of childhood illness
more bodily signs or symptoms  Easy alarm about medical  Having another mental
(e.g., being convinced that a problems; persistent fear disorder
slight cough is a sign of lung despite medical
cancer). reassurance
 Overuse or underuse
medical care.
 Absence of delusions or
psychosis
 Clinical distress or
functional impairment
 Absence of delusions or
psychosis
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Somatization Somatization disorder Somatic  Pain  Personality trait of  Cognitive–Behavioral
Disorder is characterized by many Symptom  Neurologic problems negativity Treatment
different physical complaints. Disorders  Gastrointestinal complaints  Decreased awareness of or  Psychotherapy
To qualify for the diagnosis,  Sexual symptoms problems processing
these had to begin before age emotions
30, last for several years, and  Learned behavior
not be adequately explained by
independent findings of physical
illness or injury. They also had
to have led to medical
treatment or to significant life
impairment.
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Pain Disorder Pain disorder is characterized Somatic  Anxiety  Arthritis and  Cognitive–Behavioral
by persistent and severe pain in Symptom  Depression other joint problems Treatment
one or more areas of the body Disorders  Poor sleep  Back pain  Psychotherapy
that is not intentionally  Feeling very tired or wiped  Headaches  Physical therapy
produced or feigned. out  Muscle strains and sprains  Occupational therapy
Although a medical condition  Irritability  Fibromyalgia, a condition that  Counseling, one-on-
may contribute to the pain,  Guilt causes muscle one or group therapy
psychological factors are  Loss of interest in sex pain throughout the body
judged to play an important  Drug or alcohol abuse  Nerve damage
role. Indeed psychological  Marriage or family  Lyme disease
factors play a role in all forms problems  Broken bones
of pain. The pain disorder may  Job loss
be acute (duration of less than  Suicidal thoughts
6 months) or chronic(duration
of over 6 months).
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Conversion Conversion disorder involves a Somatic weakness stressful events treating any
Disorder pattern in which symptoms or Symptom paralysis of the arms or legs emotional or physical trauma underlying mental
(Functional deficits affecting the senses or Disorders loss of balance changes in brain function at the health conditions, such
Neurological motor behavior strongly seizures, sometimes with structural, cellular, or metabolic as depression
Symptom suggest that the patient has a limited consciousness level cognitive behavioral
Disorder) medical or neurological episodes of unresponsiveness therapy (CBT)
condition. However, upon a difficulty swallowing psychotherapy
thorough medical examination, a feeling of a lump in the throat relaxation techniques, such
it becomes apparent that the shakes and tremors as meditation or yoga
pattern of symptoms or deficits difficulty walking physical therapy
cannot be fully explained by any slurred speech or loss of
known medical condition.few speaking ability
typical examples include partial difficulty hearing or loss of
paralysis, blindness, deafness, hearing
and pseudoseizures. The person double vision, blurred vision, or
is not intentionally producing or episodes of blindness
faking the symptoms, Rather, numbness or loss of the touch
psychological factors are often sensation
judged to play an important role
because symptoms usually
either start or are exacerbated
by preceding emotional or
interpersonal conflicts or
stressors.
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Factitious In factitious disorder, frequently Somatic  Extensive knowledge of  Childhood trauma, such as  Having a primary
Disorder these patients surreptitiously Symptom medical terms and emotional, physical or care doctor
( Munchausen’s) alter their own physiology—for Disorders diseases sexual abuse  Psychotherapy
example, by taking drugs—in  Medication
order to simulate various real  Vague or inconsistent  A serious illness during
 Hospitalization
illnesses. Indeed, they may be at symptoms childhood
risk for serious injury or death  Conditions that get worse  Loss of a loved one through
and may even need to be for no apparent reason death, illness or
committed to an institution for abandonment
their own protection.  Conditions that don't
respond as expected to  A poor sense of identity or
standard therapies self-esteem
 Seeking treatment from  Personality disorders
many different doctors or
 Depression
hospitals, which may
include using a fake name
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Depersonalization In derealization one’s sense of the reality of the Dissociative Depersonalization  Certain personality  Cognitive
/Derealization outside world is temporarily lost, and in Disorders traits techniques
Disorder depersonalization one’s sense of one’s own self  Behavioral
and one’s own reality is temporarily lost.  The sense that your  Severe trauma
techniques
In this disorder, people have persistent or body, legs or arms  Severe stress  Grounding
recurrent experiences of feeling detached from appear distorted, techniques (use
(and like an outside observer of) their own enlarged or  Depression or of the 5 sense)
bodies and mental processes. They may even shrunken, or that anxiety  Psychodynamic
feel they are, for a time, floating above their your head is  Using recreational therapy
physical bodies, which may suddenly feel very wrapped in cotton drugs
different—as if drastically changed or unreal.  A sense that your
memories lack
emotion, and that
they may or may
not be your own
memories

Derealization

 Distortions in
perception of time,
such as recent
events feeling like
distant past
 Distortions of
distance and the
size and shape of
objects
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Dissociative Dissociative amnesia is usually Dissociative  A sense of being detached  overwhelming stress  Psychotherapy
amnesia limited to a failure to recall Disorders from yourself and your  Cognitive-
 traumatic events
previously stored personal emotions behavioral therapy
information (retrograde  Genetics(inherited)  Eye movement
amnesia) when that failure  A perception of the people
desensitization and
cannot be accounted for by and things around you as
reprocessing
ordinary forgetting. distorted and unreal
 Dialectic-behavior
 A blurred sense of identity therapy
 Family therapy
Is a defense by actual flight—a  Inability to cope well with
Dissociative person is not only amnesic for emotional or professional
fugue some or all aspects of his or stress
her past but also departs from
home surroundings. This is
accompanied by confusion
about personal identity or even
the assumption of a new
identity.
 Disorder Nature/Characteristics Classification Symptoms Causes Treatments
Dissociative Formerly known as multiple Dissociative  Depersonalization  Emotional, physical, or  Psychotherapy
Identity personality disorder is a Disorders sexual abuse  Adjunctive therapy
 Derealization
Disorder (DID) dramatic dissociative disorder  Accidents  Hypnotherapy
in which a patient manifests two  Amnesia  Natural disasters
or more distinct identities that  War
alternate in some way in taking  Identity  Loss
control of behavior. There is confusion or identity  Trauma in early childhood
also an inability to recall alteration
important personal information
that cannot be explained by
ordinary forgetting. Each
identity may appear to have a
different personal history, self-
image, and name, although
there are some identities that
are only partially distinct and
independent from other
identities.