, Ineroduetion to Ar & Architecture Fist Semester ‘AURORA'SDESION ACADENAY Unit 3: Exploration of ar PFO DEEPO BHAVA Unit 3: Exploration of art forms Overview: Study of traditional and contemporary art forms-painting, sculpture, architecture, decorative arts, design arts, digita! art; relationship between ort and orchitecture from the earliest times 4. Overview Artin its more traditional form includes painting, printing, sculpture, etc, Contemporary art, on the other hand, encompasses many different art forms, from traditional media such as paintings and drawings to more recentiy developed approaches that use digital and time based media to create ‘works that incorporate both sound and image. Even in the traditional medi, contemporary art makes use of more modern medium, concepts, subjects, etc. 2. Traditional art forms 2.4. Painting Pointing Is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color ar other medium to a surface [sunport base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used Paintings may have for thelr support suc! walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may incesperate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects Howe also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. faces ating fs Painting media Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc. Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oll—especially in early modern Europe, linseed ail, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in-northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe. RUTHIN SRIDHARAN Page 1of 16Introduction to Art & Architecture Fist Semester [AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY LUsit3: Exploration of ar forms PPO DEEPO BHAVA Woman with @ Parasol - Claude Monet, 1875" La donna velata, Raphael, 1516" Pastel: Pastels @ painting medium inthe form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a ‘binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oll paints; the binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastels is loser to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Because the surface of a painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, @ pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes inthe color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as dries, — 18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by ‘Marie-Suzenne Giroust™ Leon Dato, Flowers ina Green Vase, ¢. 1910s, pastel "Source: inte lait Ms Manse Source: tratmsusmacs muna. uh ese KRITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 2of16by Introduction to Art & Architecture First Semester -AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3 Exploration of ar forms 12900 OEEPO BHAVA Acrylic: Acrylic paint is fast_drying paint taining _pigment suspension in _ acrylic, polymer emulsion, Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become waterre _dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, ‘or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its_own_unique—characteristics.not attainable with other me Wetercolor: Watercolor is a panting method in which the pants are made of pigments suspended in 2. water soluble vehicle, The trahtional and most common, support for watercolor paintings is paper: “ther supports neue papyrus, bark paper, plastics, Sell of leather fabric, wood and canvas. n East Asia, watercolor painting with inks fs referred to asbrush painting or scroll painting. in Chinese, Korean, and Jopanese panting it hs Been the dominant medium often in monochreme black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions Finge-ParWng with watercolor pains originated in China. “lungle Arc" by Ray Buraarat. Acrylic paint on wood. (2988) Ink: Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text of design. Ink s used for drawing with a pen, brush of qul. nk car—be~a complex medium, composed of solvents, yes, resin, ubrcants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of Tals serve many purposes; the inks carer colorants, and other adkitves control flow and thickness _of the ink andits appearance when dry. eS Hot wax: Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using. heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—-usvally prepared ‘wood, though canvas and ften used, Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax ‘once it has cooled onto the surface, Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface. Ink Painting Hot wax painting “source: hipsi/fen wikipedia org/wik/FleiRslin, Marie Suzanne. - Jean-Baptiste Pigalle 28th. centuryive ‘Source: hps/fen wikipedia orgjuik/Fle-Flowers In a Green, Vat. by_leon_ Dabo. jpg, RITHRA SRIDHARAN Page 3 of 16Introduction to Art & Architecture- First Semester ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3 Exploration far forms 12F0 OEEPO BAVA Fresco:Ftesco is any of several related mural painting types, dane on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the Latin word for "fresh" Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water ona thin layer of wet, fresh, lime aster, for which the Italian word for plaster. intonaco, is used. A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (secco is “dry” in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as ege (tempera), glue roll to attach the pigment tothe wall. Fresco by Dionislus representing Saint Nicholas in 2 eee A §resco "White Angel" from Milesevo, Serbia 2 Ferapontoy Monastery Gouache: Gouache is a water based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be Used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is. with greater reflective qualities also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaq Enamel: Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with frit, a type of powdered 8135s, Minerals called color oxides provide coloration. Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of precious ebjects,but have also been used for other purposes, Inthe 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for portrait miniatures In the late 20th century, the technique of por for outdoor murals. Enamel paint RITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 4 of 16,Introduction to Art & Architecture~ Fist Semester AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3 Exploration of art forms [2220 DEEPO BHAA Soray gaint: Aerosol paint (ls called spray pant) Is @ type of paint that comes ina sealed bressutized container and is released ina fine spray mist when deoeessing avalve but of spray painting aerosol paint leaves 2 smooth, evenly coated surface. Aerosol primer cah be applied direct to bare metal and many plastics Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers| signatures and murals become more elaborate and a unique style developed as 2 factor of the aerosol medium dnd the speed required for ilcit work. Many now recognize graft and street art 2s a unique artform and specifieally manufactured aerosol paints are ‘made for the graffiti artist. Astencican be used to protect a surface except the specific shape that Is to be painted, Stencils can be purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cut logos or hand-cut by artists Tempera:Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a petmanent, fast-drying painting medium of | pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually 2 glutinous material such 25 egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this sry Tang lasting, and examples from the first centuries AD stil exist. jethod of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the wvention of ail painting. Water miscible oll paint: Water miscible oil paints (als called "water soluble" or "water-mixable") is 3 modern variety of oil paint which is engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. it can be mixed and applied using the seme techniques as traditional oil-based paint, be effectively removed from water Its water solubility comes from the use of ‘anoilmedium in which one end of themoléculehas been altered to bind loosely to water ‘molecules, as ina solution. Tempera Paint ‘Worer miscible oll paint 22. Sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions, and one af the plastic arts, Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and rials. But, since her RITHIKA SRIDHARAN Pages of 16Introduction to Art & Architecture First Semester AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Exploration of ar forms [APPO DEEP BHAA. modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. ‘The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. The classic materials, with outstanding durability, are metal, especially bronze, stone and pottery, with wood, bone and antler less durable but cheaper options. Precious materials such as gol, silver, jade, and ivory are often Used for small luxury works, and sometimes in larger ones, as in chryselephantine statues. More common and less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including hardwoods (such as oak, box/boxwood, and lime/linden}; terracotta and other ceramics, wax (a very common-material.far_models for casting, and ret “the ne engraved gems), and cast metals such as pewter and zinc (spelter). But a vast number of other Taterials have been used as part of stulptures, in ethnographic and ancient works as much as ‘modern ones. Sculptures are often painted, but commonly lose their paint to time, or restorers. Many different painting techniques have been used in making sculpture, including tempera, oll painting, gilding, house paint, aerosol, enamel a With the advent of modernism, many sculptors seek new ways and materials to make art. One of Pablo Picasso's | mous sculptures included bicycle parts. Alexander Calder and other modernists made spectacular use of painted steel. Since the 1960s, acrylics and other plastics have been used as well. Andy Goldsworthy makes fis unusually ephemeral sculptures from almost entirely natural materials in natural settings. Some sculpture, such as ice sculptue, sand sculpture, and gas sculpture, is deliberately shorted. Recent sculptors have used stained lass, tools machine parts, hardware and consumer packaging to fashion their works. The four well-known techniques to make sculpture are: ‘© Carving using stone, wood, ivory or bone + Modeling in clay or wax. ‘+ Casting is a very popular method, where liquid in the form of branze is poured into a cast and hardened. The lost wax process is a technique used to produce casts where a clay and plaster ‘mould take on wax which is melted through a vent and molten metal is poured in to replace it ‘Sand casting is another simpler technique that uses moulds made out of compacted fine sand. Assemblage sculpture is @ technique that involves the collation of several different, often found materials and objects within one work 23, Prints ‘A print is a two-dimensional art form created by an impression made by a method involving transfer from one surface to another. All type of prints come In multiples {except monotypes) to form an edition. Since the late 19th century, artists tend to identify each print with a number and signature, It is common practice for RITE SRIDNARAN Page 6 of 16 eivifg the impressions of cylinder seals and,Introduction to Ar & Architecture Fist Semester [AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit: Exploration ofr forms APP DEERO BAVA the maker to produce 2 limited edition of the Image, which means there is a fixed quantity. The tools Used to create the print are often destroyed once the edition has been completed, The earlest example of 2 printmaking technique is Woodeut, which is type of rel prit sdevelooed inthe for ase. felt prot are mode up of reatied areas so rat The Taead Bart Tamainna ea be inked and use to create an impression This typeof print este sing wood, oom ee Nowadays, along with relief prints.a range of techniques are used to create different type of prints. The below techniques include the intaglio technique where areas in the plate are incised or chemically etched to hold the ink ‘+ Engraving: A hardened stee! tool called a burin is used to cut lines into the surface of a metal plate.The appearance of the incisions depends on the angle and pressure applied when using the bburin. When the ink is applied over the metal plate it is retained in the incisions and the paper picks it up in the press to create the impression. ‘© Etching: Like engraving, the indentations hold the ink, but these are created in a different manner. Lines are cut onto a waxy surface which covers the metal plate. The plate is placed in an acid bath, which “bites” into the metal left exposed and thus traces are formed. The plate is then ready for ink to be applied and follows the subsequent steps in engraving, + Mezzotint: This type of print is a form of engraving where the whole plate of metal is roughened ‘and then scraped and polished to different degrees, so that the ink also holds in varies quantities. With this type of print a good range of tone is achieved. ‘© Aquatint: This intaglio method is similar to etching as acid is used to make marks in the plate. However, 2 powdered resin is applied in parts making them acid resistant. Removing a protective coat leaves textured areas and a number of acid baths are made until the darkest tones are reached. ‘= Drypoint: This print-type is a variant of engraving which employs the intaglio method. However, with drypoint a sharp metal point is used which creates ridges (known as "burr") in the lines made. This technique allows for the ink to leave a soft, sometimes blurry line. (Other print techniques include: ‘+ Lithography This type of print is based on the chemical repulsion of oll and water. Grease-based utensils are used to draw an image on limestone, aluminium of onto a zinc plate. The plate is washed with a solution that creates water-receptive, non-printing areas and grease-reception areas that draws in the ink. The paper when pressed against the other surface can capture fine graduations in shading as well as very small detail + Screen-print : This is avery popular print type as the finest detail can he captured as well a bold colour. To create the screen a stencil of an image i ether attached to or ereated on a piece of fabric which is stretched over a frame. The screen is placed on top of paper, glass or any other suitable surface and then ink or paint is forced through the fabric onto the surface with a rubber blade. Colours and other images can be added using separate sereens to build up @ complete TAKA SRIDHARAN Page 7 of 16Introduction to Art & Architecture- First Semester [AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Exploration fart forms 2920 DEEPO MHAVA, image onto the surface, Modern technology means that the finest detail can also be transposed by using screens that capture an artist’s image thraugh UV sensitive emulsions and transparent films. ‘© Monotype: Unlike all other print types monotypes tend to be one-off prints which are created by ‘drawing or painting onto a smooth plate and then transferring the image onto paper. ‘© Monoprint:This type of print is created by using a plate which has permanent lines or textures which can be reused. Aside from the prints created as part of an edition, it Is normal for artists to have a copy of the print 2s an Artists Proof (AP). If the AP is inscribed with a message or dedicated by the artist they can be very collectable and as such more expensive than a print from the edition. 2.4, Decorative arts The “decorative arts’ is traditionally a term for the design and manufacture of functional objects. Decorative arts therefore, are concerned with the design and decoration of objects that are chiefly prized for their utility, rather than for their purely aesthetic qualities, The distinction between decorative and fine arts has essentially risen from the post Renaissance art of the West. islamic art in many periods and places consists entirely of the decorative arts, as does the art of many ‘traditional cultures, ‘Some major forms of decorative arts include: * Ceramic art (pottery) + Glassware, including some stained glass and studio glass © Furniture ‘+ Hardstone carving, including pletra dura work and engraved gems, metalwork, especially by goldsmiths and whitesmiths © Jewellery Ivory carving and bone carving + Textile arts ‘+ Woodwork, especially wood carving ‘+ Some mosaics, and all micromosaics + Wallpaper ‘© Fretwork: an interlaced decorative design that is either carved in low relief on a solid background, or cut out with a fretsaw, coping saw, jigsaw or scroll saw, Most fretwork patterns are geometric in design. The materials most commonly used are wood end metal. Fretwork is used to adorn furniture and musical instruments, The term is also used for tracery on glazed windows and doors. Fretwork is also used to adorn/decorate architecture, where specific elements of decor are named according to their use. Eg. eave bracket, gable fretwork or bluster fretwork, and may be of metal, especially cast Iron or aluminum ‘+ Fold-forming: Fold-forming is a technique of metalworking whereby metal is folded, repeatedly forged and annealed, and unfolded; at which stage it generally has 2 dramatic new three- dimensional form RITHIKA SRIOHARAN Page 8 of 16Introduction to Ar & Architecture Fist Semester AURORA’ DESIGN ACADEMY Unie 3: Exploration of art forms. Fretwork wall concealing refreshment station Handmade wooden fretwork Wall Shelf Forged ‘boat’ folds (folds) ‘Boul from two fold formed discs soldered together 3. Contemporary art forms 3.1, Installation The term installation was coined in the 1970s to describe artwork that of any form or size that inhibits a space inside or outside 2 gallery, which is often site-specific Installations are typically three-dimensional and can be made up by a variety of material and ‘medium. They can be indefinite or temporary and viewers can find themselves walking around 2 plece, contemplating it from a distance or immersing themselves in the space of the work itself 3.2, Photography Photography is increasingly being considered as an art form in the modern times. A photograph is an Image created by the exposure of light on a light-sensitive material at some stage during its making. It'can be either a positive or negative image and made using one of many processes. ‘As with prints, photographic prints are often produced in a limited edition and each photographic prints signed and numbered, 3.3, Digital art Digital artis @ general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as {an essential patt of the creative and/or presentation process. Since the 1970s, various names have KRITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 9 0f 16:‘duction to Art & Architecture First Semester ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY 3: Exploration ofa forms [APPO DEEFO BHAVA been used to describe the process including computer art and multimedia art, and digital artis itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art. After some initial resistance, the impact of digital technology has transformed activities such as painting, drawing, sculpture and music/sound art, while new forms, such as net art, digital Installation art, and virtual reality, have become recognized artistic practices. More generally the term digital artist is used to describe an artist who makes use of digital technologies in the production of art. in an expanded sense, “digital art" is a term applied to contemporary art that uses the methods of mass production or digital media. Digital art has various sub-categories which are as follows: + Artgame ‘© Electronic music ‘= Photo manipulation ‘© Computer art scene ‘© Evolutionary art © Pixel art ‘© Computer music Fractal art * Render art © Cyberarts © Generative art ‘= Software art ‘© Digital illustration * Generative music ‘© Systems at Digital imaging, * Immersion —(vitual ‘= Textures ‘© Digital painting reality) © Tradigital art ‘Digital photography © Interactive art © Via Art © Digital poetry ‘= Motion graphics i ‘© Dynamic Painting = Music visualization Pros and cons of digital art Pros * Use of several advanced technologies ‘+ Availability of more number of tools for producing the desired effect ‘+ Digital art requires much less time, which may lead to increased productivity ‘© Digital art prints are less expensive and therefore, are more affordable ‘+ Requires no space constraints — can be prepared created anywhere through the use of laptops, notebooks, ete: ‘© Making changes as per client’s requests is much easier © Resources used are digital, and hence, are unlimited. No cleaning is also required Can be much easily reproduced if required Cons ‘+ Difficult to have limited editions of art forms, thereby, losing exclusivity ‘© As reproduction is easy, there is Increased threat of plagiarism and piracy ‘© Expensive system requirements may lead to 2 large one-time investment. © With more number of artists, the exclusivity in terms of the artist also is much reduced IRITHIKASRIDHARAN Page 10 0f 15Introduction to Art & Architecture First Sermester ‘AURORA'SDEStoN ACADEMY _Unt 3: Bxloration of art forms [2°90 DEEPO BHAVA 4. Art Movements ‘An art movement is @ tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, {usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday af the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered 2 a new: avant-garde, Gothic art, Renaissance art, Baroque and Rococo, Neoclassicism — Please refer to Unit 2. Mannerism Mannerism is @ period of European art that emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in ttly, when the Baroque style began to replace it, but Northern Mannerism continued into the early 47th century. Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early Michelangelo. While High Renaissance explored harmonious ideals, Mannerism wanted to go a step further. Mannerism is able for its intellectual sophistication as well asi eriierali atistpre radiate etigs ecm Tee “Mannerism favours compositional tension and In Parmighanino's Madonna with the Long Neck instability rather than the balance and clarity of (1534.49) srannerism mokes itself known by earlier Renaissance painting, elongated proportions, highly stylized poses, ond Jack of clear perspective. KRITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 11 of 16Introduction to Ar & Architecture Fist Semester AURORA’ DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Exloration of at forme [APFO OEEPO BRAVA Dutch Art (c.1620-1670) From the 1620s," Dutch painting broke decisively from the Baroque style typified by Rubens in neighboring Flanders into @ more realistic style of depiction, very much concerned with the real world. Types of paintings included historical paintings, Portraiture, landscapes and cityscapes, still lifes and genre paintings. In the last four of these categories, Dutch painters established styles upon which art in Europe depended for the next two centuries. Paintings often had a moralistic subtext Dutch painters, especially in the northern provinces, tried to evoke emotions in the spectator by letting him/her be a bystander to a scene of profound intimacy. The most well known artist was Rembrandt, the greatest of ‘the Outch masters whose genius is evident through a range media and subjects that capture the essence of the human condition. JAN VERMEER (1632-1675) The Milkmaid, 1658-6: (oll on conveos) Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century ‘and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850, Partly @ reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the age and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe. Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapslus; 1827, taking ‘tsOrientalist subject from a play by Lora Byron Impressionism is the name given to 2 colorful style of painting in France at the end of the 19th century. The Impressionists searched for a more exact analysis of the effects of color and light in nature. They sought to capture the atmosphere of a particular time of day or the effets of diferent weather conditions. They often worked outdoors and applied their paint in small brightly colored RITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 12 of 16ineroduetion to Art & Architecture First Semester AuRORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Exploration of art forms 12290 0EEPO BHAA, strokes which meant sacrificing much of the outline and detail of their subject. impressionism abandoned the conventional idea that the shadow of an abject was made up from its color with some brown or black added. Instead, the Impressionists enriched their colors with the idea that a shadow is broken up with dashes of its complementary color. ‘Among the most important Impressionist painters were Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Edgar rro, Alfred Sisley and Henvi-de Toulouse autrec. —— a nism was 2 modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality ‘Abstract Art is a generic term that describes two different methods of abstraction: ‘semi abstraction’ and ‘pure abstraction’. The word ‘abstract’ means to withdraw part of something in order to consider it separately. in Abstract art that ‘something’ is one or more of the visual elements of a subjectsits line, shape, tone, pattern, texture, or form. ‘Semi-Abstraction is where the image still has one foot in representational art, (see Cubism and Futurism). It uses 2 type of stylisation where the artist selects, develops and refines specific visual elements (e.g. line, color and shape) in order to create @ poetic reconstruction or simplified essence of the original subject. Pure Abstraction is where the artist uses visual elements independently as the actual subject of the work itself. ‘Art Nouveau (1890-1910) ‘Art Nouveau is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that was mast popular during 1890-1910. A reaction to academic art of the {19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants but also in curved lines, Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment, Art Nouveau is considered a ‘total’ style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and mast of the decorative arts including jewellery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts. According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, crockery, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc, Artists desired to combine the fine arts {and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects. The style was most populer in Europe, but its influence ‘was global. Art Nouveau artists readily used new materials, machined surfaces, and abstraction in the service of pure design. ‘Art Nouveau did not negate:machines, as the Arts and Crafts Movement did. For sculpture, the principal materials employed were glass and wrought iron, resulting in sculptural qualities even in architecture. Ceramics were also employed in creating editions of sculptures by artists such as ‘Auguste Rodin, In fine arts, the style was the first major artistic stylistic movement in which mass- RITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 13 of 16Inezoduction to Art & Architecture Fist Semester [AURORA'S OFSIGN ACADEMY LUnie3: Exploration of art foxms 2970 9EEPO BHAA produced graphics (as opposed to traditional forms of printmaking, which were not very important for the style) played a key role, often techniques of colour printing developed relatively recently, ‘Cubism (1907-1915) Cubism was invented around 1907 n Paris by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. It wos the fist abstract style of modern at, Cubist paltings lore the trations ot perspective drawing and show You many views ofa subject atone tine. The Cubist believed thatthe talons of Westen archad become exhausted and to revitalize thelr work, they drew on the expressive enery of at rom other cultures, particularly Aca art. There are two dltinct phases ofthe Cubist style: Anais Cubsm fore 1812) and syntheti Cubism {post 1932) Cubism iluenced many other styles of modern art including Expressionism, Futuriem, Orphsm, Voi, Suprematism, Constructvsm and Desi Other notable arts assodated with Calis were Juan Gris, Femand Leger, Robert Delaunay, Albert Glezes, ean Metzger, Loe Marcoussis od Mare LauraRen : —— De stil (1917-1931) De Stijl Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917. Proponents of De Stijl sought to express @ new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order. They advocated pure abstraction and universality by 2 reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white. Piet Mondrian was the primary propanent. Mondrian gradually refined the elements of his art to a grid of lines and primary colors which he configured in 2a series of compositions that explored his universal principles of harmony, Art deco {Art Deco or Deco, is an influential visual arts design style which first appeared inFrance in the 1920s, flourishing internationally in the 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War Il It is anedecticstyle that combines traditional craft motifs with Machine Ageimagery and materials. The style is often characterized by rich colors, bold geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation.One ofits major attributes is an embrace of technology. This distinguishes Deco from the organic motifs favored by its predecessor Art Nouveau. Classicism Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained. Classicism, a term that, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, ‘and repose produced by attention to traditional forms, It is sometimes synonymous with excellence or artistic quality of high distinction. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. Because the principles of classicism were derived from the rules and practices of the ancients, the term came to mean the adherence to spetific academic canons. Modernism. RITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 14 of 16f » Introduction to Art & Arcitecture- Fest Semester -AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Boleration of art forms es 0 EPO BHAA Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated ‘cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully indust ialized world, symbolism Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. Symbolism was largely @ reaction against naturalism and realism, anti idealistic styles which were attempts to represent reality in its gritty particularity, and to elevate the humble and the ordinary over the ideal. Symbolism was 2 reaction in favour of spirituality, the imagination, and dreams. Retro art ‘The style now called "retro art" Is a genre of pop art which was developed in the 1940s and 1950s in response to a need for bold, eye-catching graphics that were easy to reproduce on simple presses available at the time in major centres. Retro advertising art has experienced resurgence in popularity since its style is distinctive from modern computer-generated styling. Contemporary artist Anne Taintor uses retro advertising art as the centerpiece for her ongoing commentary on the modern ‘woman, Specific styling features include analog machine design, vintage television program ete. Bahaus The Bauhaus was an institution, and a school of taught of arts and design which generate an idea of reform on arts and craft and architecture movement in Germany in the early of the 20th Century. ‘The basic idea of the Bauhaus teaching concept was the unity of artistic and practical tution. As one of the early of the modern movement proponent, Bauhaus was confronted with a variety of ‘sm’, from Expressionism, Cubism, Rationalism even with the Germany's Neue Sachlichkeit, which colored their concepts development of arts and craft and architecture. This research is intended to know the principles and The Bauhaus's ideology, concepts and method in Architecture. The Bauhaus was a ‘melting pot In to which many of the ‘ism’, artistic and architectural production merged. With the melting pot, Bauhaus succeeded in superimposed all ‘ism’, artistic and architectural production, as a ‘conception of design or the education, with which, state the universally principles that co-exist with the spirit of the age (zeitgeist). The Bauhaus ideology can be considered as a dynamic, become a melting pot from the all ‘ism’ in the Bauhaus. 5. Artand architecture For centuries, architecture, painting and sculpture have been called the fine arts. The arts that are concerned with “the beautiful" and appeal to the eye. Architecture, art and interior design are a ‘means of expressing design excellence. IRITHIKA SRIDHARAN Page 15 of 15 |Introduction to Art & Architecture First Semester ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3: Exploration of art forme 2290 DEEFO BHAA, In the past, there was no separation between art and architecture. Michealangelo and Brunelleschi are the most famous examples, but many artists did both, and it was unthinkable, in former times, to construct 2 major building without including art as an integral component. Indeed, they were ‘admirably intertwined at various points in history—in the ancient cultures of East and West, and in the European Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque periods. With the rise of the merchant class to power in the 19th century, the plastic arts began ta lose their interdependency and to separate. Part of this was due to the general fragmentation af society into competing social units. Part was the fragmentation of knowledge into various specialized fields, of ‘which architecture, sculpture, and painting were, in the arts, prime examples. Buildings became real estate that often trades hands for money, as ate paintings and sculptures. Ironically, perhaps, their separation enabled them to influence each other in ways they never did before, it was nat until the beginning of the 20th century that we find examples of paintings and sculptures having @ direct influence on architectural design. itis as though their independence from each other gave them an intellectual and artistic parity, and allowed architects and painters (later, photographers, filmmakers, and video artists) to learn from each other's works. Today, more than ever, making architecture is an interdisciplinary adventure without clear boundaries. The traditional boundaries between art and architecture are increasingly blurred in ‘ark that has been variously described as site-specific art, public art and urban intervention. Space, proportion, material, colour, surface: architects share with artists a whale range of criteria in their work, a5 well as some central elements of theory, planning and delivery. Both disciplines are concerned with the construction’ of space.in art, such work has been variously described as contextual practice, site-specific art, public art, and in architecture, as conceptual design and urban intervention. Art and Architecture draws on concepts from disciplines such as feminism, critical theory and cultural geography to explore the relationships between art, architecture, place, space and site. Art in its various forms can affect and inspire and be an integral part of architecture, be it indoor or outdoor built spaces. Reversely, even In modern times, built forms can still be considered a8 works of art. The architectural works of the renowned architect Zaha Hadid are primary examples Of such work. Architecture is constantly used as a vehicle to fundamentally rethink the way artworks. are displayed on both the micro and the macro level. Today, each museum of contemporary art would like to transform itself from a static repository and institutional space into @ ‘dynamic workshop’ engaged directly with the city and the artist’s ever changing strategies of production and presentation. The culture of temporary or permanent use/installation of art forms in urban spaces is an important resource that can generate and encourage new activities and make a significant contribution to city life THK SRIDHARAN Page 16 of 16