Indian Panorma

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 GK & Current Affairs
Indian and World Panorama
Module–3 : Indian Panorma •
park) in calcutta.
Pengali Venkayya, who started the Indian National Flag
Four Ends of India mission in 1916, presented thirty different designs for the
Easternmost point of India is known as Kibithu; situated on national flag, of which one presented in 1921 contained a
right bank of river Lohit separating India from China-Tibet spinning wheel on a red and green background.
region. It is a small village with the population at the altitude • In 1921 Gandhi ji first proposed a flag to the Indian
of 3,350 metre in Arunachal Pradesh. Westernmost point is National Congress.
situated in Kuch area of Gujarat called as Ghuar Mota. The • Former, there was a traditional spinning wheel in the
region is famous for its harsh climate with 45°C in summer and centre of flag. The design was then modified to include a
20°C in winter. During monsoon season this region looks like white strip in the centre for other religious communities,
tortoise surrounded by seawater. Northernmost point of India and provide a background for the spinning wheel.
has been in controversies ever since India’s independence. The
Siachen Glacier in the state of J&K is the northern boundary of • A few days before India became independent a modified
India according to the official division of India during the time version of the swaraj flag was chosen, the tricolour
of Independences. The Southernmost point of the mainland remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the
of India is Kanyakunar District in the state of Tamil Nadu. charkha was replaced by the Ashoka chakra representing
Kanniyakumari, formerly was known as Cape Comorin. It is the eternal wheel of law.
the second largest and urbanized of Tamil Nadu. Indira Point • The philosopher and second president of India Sarvepalli
is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Radhakrishnan clarified the adopted flag and described its
Islands, India. It is located in the Great Nicobar tehsil. It is the signficance as follows.
location of the southernmost point of India’s territory.
• “Bhagwa or saffron (Kesari) colour denotes renunciation.
National Symbols of India • The white in the centre is light, the path of truth guide our
National Flag conduct.
The national flag consists of a horizontal rectangular tricolour • The green shows our relation to soil and plant life.
with saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at • The “Ashoka Chakra” in the centre of the white is the
the bottom. The centre has a navy blue wheel with twenty-four wheel of law of dharma”.
spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. The flag is designed by
Pingali Venkayya. National Emblem
It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the • The National Emblem depicts four lions, standing back to
Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became back. It is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of
the official flag of the Dominion of India. Ashoka, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.
• The tricolour was hoisted for the first times on the ramparts • It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India
of the Red fort on August 16th 1947. became a republic.
• The design and manufacturing process for the national flag • The four lions symbolizing power, courage, pride and
is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of confidence, rest on a circular abacus.
Indian Standards. • The abacus is girdled by four smaller animals, guardians
• All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or
of the four directions : the lion of the north, the elephant
cotton. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the
khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and of the east, the horse of the south and the bull of the west.
the second is the khadi duck, which is a beige coloured • The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, examplifying the
cloth that holds the flag of the pole. fountainhead of life and creative inspiration.
History The words Satyameva Jayate (meaning truth alone triumphs’)
• Various proto-types of the National flag was presented from Mundaka Upanishad are inscribed below the abacus in
by different individuals before the design was finalised. Devanagari script.
Margaret Noble or ‘Sister Nivedita’ designed one of the • The usage of the emblem is regulated and restricted under
earliest proto-types of the national flag in 1905. It was state Emblem of India Act, 2005.
displayed by the Indian National Congress in its annual
National Anthem
session at Calcutta in December 1906.
• The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in highly
• Another flag named as the “Calcutta Flag” was designed
Sanskritised (Tatsama) Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore,
by Sachindra Prasad Bose and Sukumar Mitra and unfurled
was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly
on 7th August 1906 at the Parsee Began Square (green
 3
as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. having a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under
• The complete song (Jana-gana-mana) consists, of five the eye and a long, slender neck was named as the National
stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the Bird of India in 1963.
national Anthem. • Carl Linnaeus in his work systema Naturae in 1758
• Playing time of the full version of it is 52 seconds. assigned to the Indian peacock the technical name of Pavo
• A short version which consists of the first and the last lines Cristatus.
of the stanza takes 20 seconds, is also played on certain • The peacock, known as mayura in Sanskrit, is frequently
occasions. depicted in temple art, mythology, poetry, folk music and
• Jana Gana Mana was written on 11 December 1911. traditions.
Rabindernath Tagore translated the song from Bengali to
English and also set it to music in Madanapalle, a town
National Flower of India
located in the chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh State • Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the National flower of India.
India. • The lotus plant is cited extensively within puranic and
• It was first sung on 27th December 1911 at Calcutta vedic literature. Most deities of Asian religions are
session of the Indian National Congress. depicted as seated on a lotus flower. Vishnu and lakshmi
• Jana Gana Mana was first published under the title “Bharat often portrayed on a pink lotus in iconography.
Vidhata” in the Tatva bodhini Patrika, the offical organ National Tree of India
of Maharishi Debenranath Tagore’s Brahmo Samaj in
• Ficus benghalensis with the common name Indian
January 1912. The song was sub titled Brahmo-Sangeet.
banyan in Bengali, is a tree which is native to the Indian
• The National Anthem was first played as an orchestral
subcontinent.
arrangement in the united nations at New York in 1947.
• The banyan tree is also considered sacred and is called
National Song of India “Vat Vriksha” in Sanskrit, in Telugu known as Marri
Vrikshamu and in Tamil known as, Ala Maram.
• The song Vande Mataram composed in Sanskrit by
• It is described as ‘Kalpavirksha’ in ancient texts, which
Bankimchandra Chatterji on November 7th, 1875, was
means a tree that fulfils wishes.
incorporated in his famous novel Ananda math (1882).
• It was first song in a political context by Rabindranath National Fruit of India
Tagore at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. • Mango (Mangifera Indica) which is known as the ‘king
• It was declared as the National song in 1937 through a of fruits’, is considered as the National fruit of India. It is
resolution. National fruit of Pakistan and the Phillippines also, and the
• The original Vande Mataram consists of six stanzas and national tree of Bangladesh.
the translation in prose for the complete poem by Shri
Aurobindo appeared in Karmayogin, 20 November 1909. National River
• Bhikaji Cama created the first version of India’s National • The Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows
flag in stuttgart, Germany in 1907. It had Vande Mataram through the nations of India and Bangladesh.
written on it in the middle band. • The Ganga begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and
Indian National Calendar Alaknanda rivers at Devprayag.
• The National Calendar is based on the Saka Era with • The 2,525 km river rises in the western Himalayas in
Chaitra being its first month. the Indian state of Uttarakhand and flows south and east
through the Gangetic plain of North India into Bangladesh,
• It consists of 365 days in a normal year. It was adopted
where it empties into the Bay of Bengal.
from 22nd march 1957 it alongside the Gregorian calendar,
by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India • The six headstreams of Ganga are the Alaknanda,
Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Dhauliganga, Nandakini, pindar Mandakini, and
Government of India. Bhagirathi rivers.
• The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are
National Pledge all along the Alaknanda. They are in down stream order :
• The National Pledge, an oath of allegiance to the Republic (1)  Vishnu prayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the
of India. was originally composed in Telugu language by Alaknanda;
writer Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. (2) Nandprayag, where the Nandakini joins;
• It was first read out in a school in Visakhapatnam in 1963. (3) Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins;
• The Indian National Pledge is commonly recited by Indians
(4) rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins;
at public events, during daily assemblies in many Indian
(5) Deva prayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda.
schools and during the Independence Day and Republic
The Ganger river dolphin has been recognised by the
Day Commemoration ceremonies.
government of India as its National Aquatic Animal.
National Bird of India
National Animal of India
• The colourful, swan sized Indian peacock (Pavocristatus)
 4
• The Bengal tiger, also called the royal Bengal tiger, is the List of Revolutions Relating to Products
national animal of both India and Bangladesh.
Blue Revolution - Fisheries Development
• Since 2010, it has been classified as endangered by IUCN.
In 1973, Project Tiger was launched aiming at ensuring a Brown Revolution - Leather Production
viable population of tigers in the country. Grey Revolution - Housing Development
National Game of India Green Revolution - Agriculture Production
• Despite the ever-growing popularity of cricket and Pink Revolution - Meat and Poultry Processing sector
Hockey, there is no official national game of India. Silver Revolution - Egg Production
• Although some experts believe that Hockey is our national
White Revolution - Dairy Development
game but the fact is none of the games or sports played in
the country has the status of “national game.” Yellow Revolution - Oil Seed Production
• The peak time of Indian hockey team was from 1928 to
Properties Inscribed on the World
1956, when it brought all the six consecutive Olympic
gold medals. Heritage List (37)
Culture (29)
Founders of Indian Institutions Agra Fort (1983)
Arya Samaj-Swami Dayanand Saraswathi Ajanta Caves (1983)
Athmiya Sabha-Raja Ram Mohan Roy Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda,
Brahma Samaj-Raja Ram Mohan Roy Bihar (2016)
Deccan Education Society-G.G.Agarkar, M.G.Ranade, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
V.G.Gibhongar Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
Dharma Sabha-Radhakanthadev Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)
Indian Brahma Samaj-Keshav Chandra Sen (2004)
Manavadharma Sabha-Durgaram Manjaram Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
Prarthana Samaj-Athmaram Pandurang Elephanta Caves (1987)
Pune Sewa Sadan-Smt.Remabhai Ranade, G.K.Devdhar Ellora Caves (1983)
Ramakrishna Mission-Swami Vivekananda Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
Sadharan Brahma Samaj-Shivananda Sashtri, Anand Mohan Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)
Bose Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
Servants of India Society-Gopalakrishna Gokhale Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
Sewa Sadan-Bahuramji M.Malabari Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
Sewa Samithi-H.N.Kunsru Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
Social Service League-N.M.Joshi Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)
Thathwabodhini Sabha-Debendranatha Tagore Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993)
Theosophical Society-Madam H.P.Blavadski, Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
Col.H.L.Olkott
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
Founders of Towns in India Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008)
Agra- Sikkandar Lodhi Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
Ahmedabad - Ahmed Shah Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (2014)
Ajmer- Ajayaraja
Red Fort Complex (2007)
Allahabad- Akbar
Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
Culcutta- Job Charnok
Delhi- Anangpal Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
Fathepur Sikri - Akbar Taj Mahal (1983)
Hisar- Ferozshah Tuglaq The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding
Hyderabad - Quli Qutabshah Contribution to the Modern Movement (2016)
Jodhpur- Rao Jodha The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)
Mahabalipuram - Narasimhawarman Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018)
Siri- Alaudden Khilji
Vijayanagaram - Hariharan 1 Natural (7)
 5
Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014) Hyderabad Musi
Kaziranga National Park (1985) Ahmedabad Sabarmati
Keoladeo National Park (1985) Badrinath Alaknanda
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985) Cuttack Mahanadi
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988, Kurnool Tungabhadra
2005) Ujjain Shipra
Sundarbans National Park (1987) Panchmarhi Denwa
Western Ghats (2012) Leh Indus
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
Mixed (1)
Ferozpur Sutlej
Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)
Srinagar Jhelum
Sites on the Tentative List (41) Mandi Beas
A Tentative List is an inventory of those properties which Hamirpur Yamuna
each State Party intends to consider for nomination. Mysore Cauvery
Temple at Bishnupur, West Bengal (1998) Ratlam Chambal
Mattanchery Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala (1998) Jabalpur Narmada
Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh (1998) Jamshedpur Subarnarekha
Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (1998) Kota Chambal
Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amristar, Punjab (2004) Ludhiana Sutlej
River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Pandharpur Bhima
Assam (2004) Khandwa Narmada
Namdapha National Park (2006) Nasik Godavari
Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006) Surat Tapi
Neora Valley National Park (2009) VijayawadA Krishna
Desert National Park (2009) Moradabad Ramganga
Silk Road Sites in India (2010) Jaunpur Gomti
Santiniketan (2010) Tiruchirapalli Cauvery
The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Forst, Madurai Vaigai
Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar (2010) Gorakhpur Rapti
Mughal Gardens in Kashmir (2010) Koshambi Yamuna
Delhi - A Heritage City (2010) Ayodhya Saryu
Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sutanate (2014) Vrindavan Yamuna
Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands (2014) Kolhapur Panchganga
The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways (2014) Rajkot Aji
Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India (2014) Vadodara Vishwamitra
Dholavira: A Harappan City (2014) Bengaluru Vrishabhavathi
Apatani Culture Landscape (2014) Mangalore Netravati
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam (2014) Shimoga Tunga
Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town (2014) Gwalior Chambal
Chilika Lake (2014) Malegaon Girna
Padmanabhapuram Palace (2014) Rourkela Brahmani
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (2014) Pune Mula-Mutha
Sites of Saytagrah, India’s non-violent freedom movement Chennai Adyar
(2014) Patna Ganges
Thembang Fortified Village (2014)
River Side Cities of India
City River