Non-functional Toilets in the Lumbia National High School

A Practical Research Proposal

Presented to the Senior High School Department

Lumbia National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Senior High School

HUMSS Track

Ann lorien T. Etchinique

Arnold M. Siarot Jr.

Anjiela Y. Padla

GracelDagsangan

John Mar Cabigon

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Toilet is a piece of hardware for the collection or disposal of human urine andfesses. In

the school the safe environment for the student is a must or a requirement. The toilets

are sanitation facilities that allow safe and convenient urination and defecation. Sanitation

in comfort rooms of public high school is something that many students can smell first

before they can even be seen.

According to department of education (DEPED) Nurse RaymundoPedregosa cited in the

article of school and health series: The state of public high school comfort rooms

(Baga,2015) sanitation efforts for toilet and hand-washing facilities, can easily be

mobilized during cleaning drives like BrigadaEskwela at the start of every year. But

maintenance remains a challenge. As a student were so interested about this problem

because school toilet is important in our daily needs in the school. Considering that toilet

is not only for the use of urination and defecation. Student also wash their hands and

especially for girls for their menstrual hygiene. A school toilet must have enough supply

of water, waste bins, soap in the school toilet and separate room for girls and boys for

their privacy. Maintaining cleanliness must be the priority for the students to be safe from

and communicable diseases.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The population of the students in Lumbia National High School is increasing also

thedemand of the student in functional toilet is also increasing.

1. How does school non-functional toilet affects the students?

2. How important is it to have a functioning toilet in the school?

3. What are the strategies/solution to resolve the problem about non-functional

toilets in the school?

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDIES

Sanitation for the students in the school is a must. The aim of this research is to have

improvement in terms of sanitation. The following are the significance of the study to the:

 Student – the description of the students on the non-functioning school toilet may

lead to irregular bladder and bowel habits. Through this study the students will

know the effect of it to their health. They can also be warn and realize their

responsibility as a student to help school to maintain the cleanliness of the toilet.

 Teacher – teacher will be informed about the student perception in non-functioning

toilet. They will also be warned about the effects of it to the health of the student

and also to their self because they are also using school toilet. That can lead them

to make strategies for the solution of this problem.

 Administration – administrations will be informed about the students perception

about the non-functioning school toilet. And through this they can make any
 solution for this problem because it’s their duty to secure a safe environment for

the students.

 Parents – parents can be informedabout the effects of their children’s perception

about school non – functioning toilet. They could be warn and help the school about

the problem.

 Community – community will also be informed about the bad effects of pee-

holding, stopping bowel habits and bag smell due to poor maintenance of the

toilets. They can also important to maintain deadliness especially to their toilets.

 As a researcher – As a researcher, he can realize our responsibility as students to

also help the school to maintain the cleanliness and be able to know the bad effects

of our perception in the nonfunctioning toilet. Realizing that research will be our

share to help the school.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The focus of this research is to improve the sanitation maintenance of the schools toilet.

The perception of the students to the non-functioning toilet will affect their urine and bowel

habits. Through this research they will be warn about the effects of pee-holding and

stopping their bowel habits. Also this research will remind us the school standard toilet

for the students to have safe environment while they are not maintain cleanliness

especially toilets. Where not going to blame anyone about this problem because it’s

everyone responsibility.
 The participation of the students in our survey and their honesty do have a big part

in our research. Without the data in our survey we can’t made conclusions and

recommendation about the research problem.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Defecation

– discharging feces from the bowels.

 Urination

–sending urine out of the body.

 Pee-holding

– holding your urine to go out to your body.

 Communicable disease

– is an illness that is transmitted through contact with disease causing agents or

micro-organism causes an infection.

 Kidney Stone

– A kidney stones is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney

or urinary track.

 Constipation

– A condition in which theme is difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually

associated with hardened faces.

 Diarrhea
– A condition in which faces are discharge from the bowels frequently and in a

liquid form.
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss the different ideas of the other author that have similar

understanding about the research problem. The studies stated below have the same

concerns about the importance of school functional toilets to the students.

School is more than just a place where students go to study. Rather, it is a place

where a child lives for almost half of his waking hours during twelve formative years of his

childhood. The entire student-body, mind, heart and soul - are immersed in the school

environment and is dynamically interacting, influencing, and being influenced by its

various aspects.

Hence, when we call for a student- or learner-centric education, we must realize

that we are saying that the whole child should be the focus of the learning process, and

not merely his cognitive aspect. Reciprocally, all aspects of the school environment

matter (classroom climate and dynamic, the school physical environment, the curriculum,

the quality of human relationships, peers and teachers) all play a role.

According to Tinio (2008) school is considered to be the student’s second home

and should be one of the most important sites for promoting and developing healthy and

hygienic habits among the general population school. It cannot be called “Home” if it does

not have comfort room for the teacher and student’s use in their daily needs. As what

Badlanger, cited in Alderson (2008). Toilets can be place of refuge from the adult
controlled environment and a place for comfort. A place of refuge because the student

usually go to the toilet when they felt embarrass for some reason or something they need

to be fix by their self in private.

Non-functional toilets affects in physical and mental health of the students.

PHYSICAL HEALTH

Unsanitary toilet not only cause discomfort to the students but also pose risk to

the student’s health. School toilet are important but risky for students because it can either

a place for the students to keep themselves clean and safe, or a place where a bacteria

and viruses are there cause diseases that can easily transmitted to the students. One

cannot deny that toilets are an important part of living. After what is consumed is digested,

nutrients in it are absorbed. Substances that are not need or are harmful to the body are

passed out. These wastes are harmful and poisonous and can be used as agents in

disease spreading. It is thus important to dispose well of these wastes so that they do not

pose a threat to human health.

According to the world health organization (WHO) they have confirmed that

diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children, killing around 760,500 children

every year. Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel

movements each day. It a virus, bacteria or parasite that are common to dirty toilets and

coati mated food or water. Diarrhea can be lack of cleanliness or poor toilet hygiene and

usage represents a very specific risk of passing on infection and disease which can cause

short term to prevent by improving sanitation, clean water and hand washing with soap.
 Based on the survey in 2002 found that significant number of children avoid using

toilets to defeat that can result in constipation, illness and absence from

school.Constipation is a condition in which a person has uncomfortable or infrequent

bowel movements. (Vernon 2002), Dr. Sanora (2015) also said that pee-holding

translated urinary stasis that promotes bacterial over growth in the urinary tract. That

according to group its complication in the long run should still be given or high regard

because these can lead to the development of kidney stone, sepsis or even kidney failure.

Those possible health risk that a student may attain because of the poor sanitation and

maintenance of the school toilet. They rather hold their urine and bowel habits that to

smell and risk their privacy in their school toilet.

MENTAL HEALTH

A school should be put in place to ensure a healthy and safe learning environment

that promotes gender equality. Ignoring the urge to have a bowel increment and not

drinking much. Water is one of the causes of constipation. Usually students will stop their

bowel habits because the toilet is a poor state.

According to the study of Vernon et .al. (2002) many students have been

complaining about the lack of privacy, resulting from inadequate or absent, door looks,

which was also associated with bully. Those students that haven been bullying may have

negative psychiatric consequence. This is why studiers did not use toilets and preferred

to go to the toilet in pair, one standing in the door protecting the privacy of the other

especially for girls.

 As what Lund Blad(2010) said bullying is one of the reason why students won’t go

to the toilet it is because of the privacy they needed.

Lack of these facilities (drinking water, toilet, classroom and etc.) is often held

responsible for student absenteeism (Jasper 2012). Absenteeism can affect the students

learning performance. Cunning Ham (2005) said “What pupils wanted was a social space

and greater comfort”.

A study (Cairncross-1998)confirmed that a lack of adequate, spectate sanitary

facilities in schools is one of the main factors preventing girls from attending school,

particularly when menstruation. Lack of facilities and poor hygiene affect both girl and

boys, especially for girls. All girls should have access to safe, clean, separate and private

sanitation facilities in their schools. Girls may skip class, leave school early or be

distracted while in the classroom due to fears of having a menstrual leak. Even if a student

has affordable school toilet in a poor state then many students would rather not to attend

their class than too use the alternatives.

As what Lund Bladet. al. (2009) out in his study found that the toilet had several

user and purposes. It can be used as place of refuge to give or receive consolation, and

as a pretext to take a break so the students wanted to have a complete privacy.

Based on Burton (2013). The awareness and encouragement of good practice and

ensuring appropriate standard are maintained, can go a long way toward improving the

health, confidence and self-esteem of students in education settings, student can be free

from any disease.

 Good cloth or sanitary pads for managing her menstruation, with the absence of

adequate toilets in school, she has no place to privately and comfortably change these

materials during the school days.

Standards of School toilet (Good Practice guidance for schools in Wales,

2012) – learners and etc.

 School Toilets must have complete privacy

- Learners need to feel comfortable and safe to encourage them to use the toilet.

Door's lock should be functioning and if windows need to be opened for ventilation it

should not be placed in view of urinals or inside the cubicle. Lack of privacy, poor

toilets condition, and not enough time to use the toilet avoid emptying their bowels at

school.

 School Toilet must have enough and separated area for Girls and Boys.

- There are enough toilet cubicles for girls and boys to prevent significant queues

during periods of peak use, except in the case of individual cubicles that are intended

for the sole use of one child at a time. Having enough toilet will lessen the scenario

where students will have no choice but to hold their urine and bowel habits. Separated

area for Girls and Boys will have privacy and prevent bullying.

 School Toilets should have trash bins

- For the proper disposal of tissue, sanitary napkins and any garbage. Through

this it can avoid bad smell and any bacteria that can cause diseases to the students.

It is use to help the students in maintaining the cleanliness of the toilet.

 School Toilets should have complete toilet facilities (water closets, urinals, and sink)
 - Complete toilet facilities will ensure that students that they can can have safe

environment away from any communicable diseases. Water closet is use to dispose

human excreta (urine and feces) by using water to flush it. Urinals is a sanitary

plumbing fixture for urination only, predominantly used by males. Sink is used for

washing hands or anything that need to be wash. All of this will play important role in

having a safe environment for the students.

 Learners are always allowed to the use the school toilet, whenever they need to

- Sometimes teachers won’t allow their students to go to the toilet because of

some reason. Students will have no choice but to hold their urine or bowel habits.

Continuous doing of it will lead any complications in their bladder.

 The location of school toilets is also important as learners

- Learners might have to travel some distance within the school to get to the toilet.

This can make teacher reluctant to let learners out of class to visit the toilet. Toilets

located away from classrooms present particular difficulties for learners with special

needs. Toilets attached to each classroom or cluster of classrooms are a particularly

good solution. These allow learners easier access to toilets during lessons and enable

teachers to keep a closer eye on learners.

 School toilets should have slippers

- Slippers can help to prevent any contact in bacteria or viruses that can cause

diseases and be the reason to student’s absenteeism. Sleepers should only use by

the students who will use toilets and not for outside purposes.

 School toilets should have soap

 - Soap is a cleaning agent we are using in washing our hands. Students should

wash their hands after using toilet. Keeping hands clean through improved hand

hygiene is one of the most important steps we can take to avoid getting sick and

spreading germs to others. Many diseases and conditions are spread by washing

hands with soap and clean, running water.

Importance of having a clean School Toilet (Vernon et.al, 2002)

 NO germs, NO bacteria, NO Disease

- The toilet is a humid area of the school due to the amount of water in the cistern,

and as we know - germs love a humid environment to breed in bacteria in the toilet

absorb organic waste and release gases which smell bad. Bacteria can mostly be

found in the toilet bowl but they're also lurking on the seat, the floor, the flush and the

door handle. Bacteria can also be found in lime scale deposits. Through this bacteria

can cause any disease that can be a reason to the student absenteeism. Absenteeism

can affect students learning performance.

The following are the different kinds of bacteria you can found in the unsanitary

toilets:

 SHIGELLOSIS

- bacteria that is found in toilet bowls. That is found in toilet bowls. The bacteria

can cause a wide range of symptom, including severe diarrhea and dysentery. The

bacteria cause inflammation of the intestines and are usually passed fecal matter.

According to Merk online, one of the common ways that shigellosis bacteria are

spread is when food workers fail to wash their hands after using toilet.
  STAPHYLOCOCCUS

 - bacteria can be hard to kill particularly the methicillin-resistant strain known

as MRSA. According to the San Diego Country Health and Human Services

Agency, MRSA is spread by person-to-person contact and is often harbored in

toilet bowls. If MRSA is suspected in a home or community, the toilet bowl and

seat should be disinfected once daily with a strong cleaning solution.

 SALMONELLA

 - are often found in toilet bowls. These harmful bacteria can cause severe

vomiting and diarrhea in affected persons. A 2000 study by scientist at the Uk’s

Aston University School of Health and life Sciences examined the household

conditions of six families who had recently suffered from salmonella outbreak. In

four out of six homes, salmonella bacteria were found in the toilet bowl, specially

under the water line.

 SERRATIA MARCESCENS

- fortunately, not all bacteria in the toilet bowl cause illness. Serratia

Marcescens, a very common bacteria in toilet bowls and environment in general,

can cause a pink or gray lining inside the toilet bowl that may cause alarm.

Although the bacteria can be harmful to a small ratio of people and cause illness

such as urinary tract infections and pneumonia, they are generally harmless and

removable with the aid of chlorine bleach.

 Encourage students to attend their class

- Having a clean school toilet will ensure the students they don’t need to worry

about their safety in terms of health and privacy. Especially girls that are sensitive in
the cleanliness of the toilet. If they think it’s not safe to go in that toilet the they will

rather hold their urine and bowel habits until they got home. In their menstruation days

they are more sensitive, they have to check and to change their sanitary napkins.

Different from boys that they can find any place to urine, anywhere if they think no one

can see them. But the results of not having an appropriate place, a clean one hen will

continue doing that not minding if it have negative effects in the environment and to

the students.

CHAPTER 3
This chapter discusses the description of the research design, research locale,

respondents of the studies, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and the statistical

treatment of the research studies functioning school toilets in Lumbia National High

School.

RESEARCH DESIGN

In this research paper the researcher will use description method. According to the book

“Practical Research 2” (Cristobal Jr. A. & Cristobal M. 2017), this design aims to gather

more information on certain characteristics with a particular field of study.

The aim of this is to provide a picture of a situation that is naturally happens. It

gives information useful to the solutions of local issues or problems. Survey maybe

qualitative or quantitative (“Descriptive Survey”. 2012)

RESEARCH LOCALE

Lumbia National High School started on 1985 as school safety relocation for the wives of

soldiers that are teachers. This school is a public high school specifically located at

Lumbia. Inthe municipalityof Cagayan de Oro in the province of Misamis Oriental and in

the region of X Northen Mindanao. It is established on January 01, 2002, 16 years ago.
 The researchers are going to conduct the survey here in Lumbia National High

School. The current School Head is WennieRusthsen C. Pilapil. The researchers choose

this location because it is more accessible and less expenses to them. And also this

location will help the researches find the data for the study where in, the school toilet will

be the topic of the study.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDIES

The student of Lumbia National High School is our respondents in this research

paper. Students come from different year level, (Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, Grade 10,

Grade 11, Grade 12). The answer of the respondents will be our basis of the research

paper’s data analysis and findings.

INSTUMENTATION

In this research paper, the researcher will use survey questionnaire in data gathering

process to get the essential data. The objective of the questionnaire is to gather

information about the observations in their school toilets. The researcher adopted the

questionnaire from the survey monkey.com entitled “How do you feel about our school

bathrooms”. It is about the unsanitary conditions of the Cabrillo’s bathrooms. The

questionnaire is a shaded style where the choices Yes or No. There are three questions

that need an explanation if they answer NO. Through this the research will be able to

have the exact data they needed that were also within the scope of the study.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will use survey questionnaire, a shaded style in getting the data

for this research. The survey was adapted from the surveymonkey.com entitled “how do

you feel about our school bathrooms”. The survey have a 9 questions related in the

research problem. The teacher will be validate the questionnaire first, Then it will be

distributed to the respondents and with the cover letter asking for their permission to take

a few minutes for them to answer.

The researcher assured confidentiality of the survey sheets so the respondents will have

the option to write their name. The respondents were given a time to answer the survey.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The researcher will use the random sampling using the Sloven’s Formula which 𝑛 =

𝑁 / (1 + 𝑁 𝑒2) in getting the respondents of the study. The data that will be gathered will

be tabularized and analyzed. The analysis will be guided by getting the mean and the

standard deviation (SD).

In getting the mean where X= value of observation and n= total numbers of

observation the formula is the equation 𝑓 = ∑ 𝑥 /𝑛. This will be helpful to the researcher in

getting the mean of each answered questions and also for the reason that this is the best

to get the central tendency of a given data. SD= √ ∑(x-x)2 /𝑛−1 is the equation for standard

deviation. The researcher will know if there homogenous rating among the respondents

of the study through the equation.

Kindly shade your answer through your ballpeen.

Questions

1. Are you male or female

o Male
o Female
2. Are you aware of the unsanitary condition of the school bathrooms?
o Yes
o No
3. Do the filthy conditions of the bathrooms bother you?
o Yes
o No
4. If you choose yes or no for the question above please explain why?

5. Do you throw your trash away and help keep the bathroom clean when you use it?
o Yes
o No
6. If you choose no for the question above explain why. (if you chose yes. Please type
in “N/A” as your response).

7. Would you like it if other students stopped starching the bathroom?

o Yes
o No
8. Are you aware of the type of illnesses/disease? That can be constructed when the
bathrooms are left with: trash on floor, urine surrounding the toilet seats, feminine
product ex posed on the floor, food littering the sinks, and toilets un-flushed?

Thank you for your participation .God bless