Development and Acceptability of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Leaves and Pandan

(Pandanus amarylifollious) Leaves as Mosquito Body Spray Repellent

A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty and Staff of Senior High School Department

Jaime Macatangay Sr. National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Practical Research 2

Bignotea, Kethlin M.
Retardo, Arlene A.
Baylon, Christian Joshua T.
Panganiban, Joseph M.

Grade 12- General Academic Strand

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 ABSTRACT

Mosquito repellents are essentially required these days. Mosquitos coils are one

of the cheapest and effective way of avoiding them, but this coils are made up of

chemicals which can harm our health. Any age today are prone to sickness caused by

insects such as mosquito, resulting for having dengue and people in the community are

very busy not minding their health at all. Now, the researchers make a mosquito

repellent without spending much money than needed.

This study conducts an experiment in developing a natural mosquito repellent

and measuring its level of acceptance in different terms to the respondents of the study.

The research and development method are used together with survey questionnaire

that gave to the respondents. The subject of this study is the mosquitoes and the

respondents are two selected household in Barangay, Caima, Sipocot, Camarines Sur.

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 Table of Content
I. Title……………….……………………………………………………………...........1

II. Abstract……….………………….………………………………………...…………2

III. Table of Content…..…………………………………………………………………3

IV. Chapter 1:

Introduction………………………..………………………………………………….

iv.1. Background of the study..............................................................................

iv.2. Statement of the Problem…………………..…………………………………...

iv.3. Hypothesis…..…………..…………………………………..……………………

iv.4. Scope and Limitation…………………………………………...…………….....

iv.5. Significance of the Study…………………………...…………………………...

iv.6. Assumption………………………………………………………………………..

iv.6. Definition of Terms………………………………………...………………….....

iv.7. References ……………………………………………………………………...

V. Chapter 2:

Review of Related Literature

v.1. Related Study …………………………………………………………………

v.2. Related Literature ……………………………………………………………..

v.3. Synthesis of the Art ……………………………………………………………

v.4. Theoritical Framework …………………………………………………………

v.5. Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………..

v.6. References ……………………………………………………………………..

VI. Chapter 3:

Methodology

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vi.1. Research Design ……………………………………………………………..

v.2. Research Respondents …………………………………………………………

v.3. Research Settings ……………………………………………………………….

v.4. Research Instrument ……………………………………………………………

v.5. Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………………………………..

v.7. Statistical Formula ………………………………………………………………

v.8. References ………………………………………………………………………

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The Aedes aegypti also known as dengue- carrying mosquito is the main

vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue. The viruses are passed on to

humans through the bites of an infective female Aedes mosquito, which mainly

acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person. Within the

mosquito, the virus infects the mosquito mid-gut and subsequently spreads to the

salivary glands over a period of 8-12 days. After this incubation period, the virus can

be transmitted to humans during subsequent probing or feeding. The immature

stages are found in water-filled habitats, mostly in artificial containers closely

associated with human dwellings and often indoors.

Dengue infection rates are higher outdoors and during daytime, when these

mosquitoes (Stegomyia) bite most frequently. However, Ae. aegypti breed indoors

and are capable of biting anyone throughout the day. The indoor habitat is less

susceptible to climatic variations and increases the mosquitoes’ longevity.

According to the Department of Health (DOH), based on the current survey in

current situation in the Philippines, between 1 January and 21 September 2019,

Philippines, epidemiological week 1-38 2018 and 2019 322,693 dengue cases including

1,272 deaths were reported through the DOH routine surveillance system, with a CFR

of 0.39%.

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 Since the beginning of the outbreak, children aged 5-9 years have consistently

been the most affected age group among dengue cases (23%) and deaths (38%).

Similarly, the majority of dengue cases are consistently male (56%), and the majority of

dengue deaths are female (54%). Between 15 and 21 September, 8,856 cases and 15

deaths were reported, compared to 9,815 cases and 37 deaths in the preceding week,

but still 25% higher than in 2018. Similarly, the weekly CFR of 0.17% in epidemiological

week 38 is lower than in the same time period in 2018 (0.45%).

One of the ways to prevent dengue disease is applying mosquito repellent;

spraying in the environment or spraying in the human bodies. Different commercially

insect repellent is available in the stores anywhere, and some of them are too

expensive to afford by the budget conscious person.

Cacao is very well- known as a chocolate producer plant, especially its fruit.

However, as one of the available plants in the researchers’ place, they used it as an

insect repellent because it contains a toxic chemical component that can repel insects

called tannin. Together with Pandan – that will give a good aroma in the repellent, it is

also contain an essential oil that can repel insect particularly vermin.

Hence, there are several studies that established a substitute to a hazardous

insect repellent, the researchers develop and know the acceptability of cacao

(Theobroma cacao) leaves and pandan (Pandanus amarylifollious) as a natural

mosquito body spray repellent.

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Statement of the Problem

The main focus of the study is to develop an insect repellent using cacao and

pandan and its acceptability to the respondents. It also aims to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the level of acceptability of the of the mosquito body spray repellent with

50% concentration of cacao extract, 25% concentration of pandan extract and

25% distilled water in terms of:

a. Aroma

b. Anti- allergen

c. Repellency

2. What is the level of acceptability of the of the mosquito body spray repellent with

75% concentration of cacao extract, 15% concentration of pandan extract and

10% distilled water in terms of:

a. Aroma

b. Anti- allergen

c. Repellency

3. Is there a significant difference between 50% cacao concentration and 75%

cacao concentration?

Hypothesis

1. The study hypothesizes that there is a significant difference between 50% cacao

concentration and 75% cacao concentration of the mosquito repellent.

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2. The study hypothesizes that there is no significant difference between 50%

cacao concentration and 75% cacao concentration of the mosquito repellent.

Scope and Limitation

The researchers use only a fresh young cacao leaves and pandan leaves extract

in developing the body spray mosquito repellent. This study limiting the usage of

insect repellent by the respondents for mosquito only and the researchers will

provide survey materials (questionnaires) that will determine the acceptability of the

product. The study will conduct in two chosen households of Barangay Caima,

Sipocot, Camarines Sur; one of the barangays in municipality of Sipocot that has

dengue cases.

Significance of the Study

With the growing number of different mosquito- inflicted diseases today, the

necessity of looking for insecticides that are definitely effective in killing mosquito

rises and this study will give significance to the following:

Respondents. Through this study, it helps the respondent or household to

experience how acceptable the product that made by the researchers and they are

the one who give feedback to the study.

Community. The study will benefir the community for it would provide cheaper and

mosquito repellent and provides new knowledge for them.

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School. It gives new knowledge to the students in school wherein they will know the

very affordable, budget- friendly and nature- friendly mosquito repellent.

Researchers. This study will provide experiences to the researcher and will be

given a chance to apply the skills and knowledge acquired from this study.

Other Researchers. This study can serve as a guide to other future research that

will be conducted by other researchers that connects to this study.

Assumption

Cacao leaves contain tannin and pandan contains essential oils that can repel

mosquitoes.

Definition of Terms

Development. The process in making the mosquito repellent using cacao and

pandan leaves.

Acceptability. Measuring the level of acceptance of cacao and pandan as mosquito

repellent in different concentration.

Theobroma cacao. Main ingredients in mosquito repellent that has toxic chemical

called tannin that repel mosquito.

Pandanus amarylifollious. Gives aroma in the repellent that will suit in body when

it sprays and it has also a chemical component in repelling an insect.

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Mosquito. The main subject insect in the study.

Repellent. The product or outcome of the study in terms of development of

mosquito repellent using cacao and pandan leaves.

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References

 https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-situation-report-8-dengue-outbreak-

4-october-2019

 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.2740081002

 https://www.passporthealthusa.com/travel-medicine/dengue-fever-prevention/

 https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/spicetrail/pandan/index.html

 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/repellency

 https://www.google.com/search?q=acceptability&rlz=1C1JZAP_enPH869PH869&oq

=acceptability&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.4210j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Studies

According to study of group of students in Cebu, City (2013), they conducted a

research using cacao leaves and garlic bulb as a natural mosquito repellent.

Theobroma cacao and Alliumsativum bulb decoction is effective in repelling in terms

of number mosquitoes transferred in the other side of container (contains

mosquitoes) that there is no repellent than having a repellent.

On the study of Louie Anne C. Divinagracia (2013) cacao, together with some

amount of eucalyptus oil, garlic clove and olive oil are effectively used as an insect

repellent, and the main subject of the study is the mosquitoes that trap in one

container the covered by mosquito net. As they observe the mosquitoes avoid the

part wherein there is a repellent.

In foreign study of a group of American researchers (2011) there was

considerable genetic diversity among the cocoa genotypes based on black pod

disease resistance and biochemical composition. Resistance in cocoa to black

pod disease is the result of combination of many biochemical factors and

cannot be ascribed to a single biochemical factor. Based on a diverse array of

cocoa genotypes with different levels of resistance to black pod disease

provided a rational comparison of the contribution of different biochemical

traits associated with black pod resistance and pinpoint those that can be used

as markers to screen and breed for resistance to this disease. The use of

biochemical factors such as flavonoids, tannins, lignin and in soluble sugars

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which have high association with black pod disease resistance could lead to

sustainable improvement of cocoa genotypes against black pod disease.

According to the study of G. D. Palmer (2007), while pandan leaves contain

substances repellent to cockroaches, they actually discourage these insects at a

lower rate than other plants from the same geographical region. Pandan leaves are

less potent than lemongrass, cinnamon, clove, ginger and turmeric, requiring a

greater concentration of their essential oils to have the same effect. Chemically-

extracted oils tend to produce a greater repellent effect than the leaves themselves,

but the extraction process sometimes degrades the repellent chemicals. The

Singapore study recommends using a combination of 2AP and pandan essence for

best effect.

Related Literature

Cacao leaves contain a toxic component for insects called tannin- a various

soluble astringent complex phenolic substances of plant, reddish acid comes from

plants, used in making ink and leather, and occurs in various food and drinks such

as wine and beer, and used in medicine. (Pam Marrone Article- 2011)

Pandan leaves contain a number of essential oils and chemicals that

cockroaches find unpleasant. Terpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons make up

between 6 and 42 percent of the oils in these leaves, according to the National

University of Singapore researchers. Pandan also contains 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, or

2AP, a substance that repels both American and German cockroach species in test

studies. (National University Singapore- 2009)

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SYNTHESIS OF THE ART

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 “A Theory of Olfaction and of
“Theory in insect
the Action of Mosquito
repellent” Repellents”

Joseph C.Dickens (2013) R. H. Wright (31, May 2012)

Development and Acceptability

“The Mosquito Theory”

Figure 1. Theoritical Framework

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Theoritical framework

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Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

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Conceptual Framework

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References
https://newyorkessays.com/essay-cacao-leaves-and-garlic-as-mosquito-repelants/

https://eco-friendly.wonderhowto.com/how-to/make-all-natural-insect-repellent-with-

cacao-leaves-424945/

https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=ajbmb.2013.20.37

https://www.hunker.com/13428254/pandan-leaves-for-insect-repellent

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/theory-of-

olfaction-and-of-the-action-of-mosquito-

repellents/53AD34AD32F805B597C5FA8041693089

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453144

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a578685.pdf

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 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design

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References

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