Environmental Engineering-I
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan
Engr. Muhammad Aboubakar Farooq
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Lahore
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https://sites.google.com/site/ceeengg/
Solid Waste Management
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SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste?
All waste arising from Human and Animal
activities, which is Solid, Semi-solid OR
Liquid in Containers and is discarded as
USELESS or UNWANTED.
It may be hazardous or not and includes
agricultural refuse, demolition waste,
industrial waste, municipal garbage,
mining residues and sewage sludge. 3
SOURCES OF WASTE
Municipal Solids:
• Home or office
Industrial Solids:
• Business or Industry
Agriculture:
Institutional:
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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
Based on their Properties:
Bio-degradeable:
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)
Non-biodegradeable:
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
Machines, cans, Styrofoam containers…..)
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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
Based on their Type:
Solid waste - vegetable waste, kitchen waste,
household waste etc.
E-waste - discarded electronic devices like
computer, TV, music systems etc.
Liquid waste - from industries e.g. tanneries,
thermal power plants.
Plastic waste - plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.
Metal waste - metal scraps etc.
Nuclear waste - unused materials from nuclear
power plants.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
S.W.M.
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SWM deals with control of GENERATION,
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STORAGE, COLLECTION, TRANSFER &
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TRANSPORT, PROCESSING & RECOVERY
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and DISPOSAL of solid Waste.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SIX FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
Generation
Storage
Collection
Transfer & Processing
Transport & Recovery
Disposal
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. GENERATION
1. GENERATION:
It deals with QUANTITY and QUALITY of
Solid Waste.
Pakistan Urban Center 0.4 – 0.7 Kg/c/d
Lahore 0.7 Kg/c/d
New York 2.0 Kg/c/d
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. GENERATION
LAHORE Solid Waste
TYPE / NATURE QUANTITY
PUTRSCIBLIE 63%
NON-PUTRSCIBLIE 37%
ORGANIC 70%
INORGANIC 30%
COMBUSTIBLE 50%
NON-COMBUSTIBLE 50%
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. GENERATION
LAHORE Solid Waste Composition
Bones & Wood
3%
Dust, Stones, Vegetable/Fruit
Bricks (Kitchen)
28% 30%
Glass & Metals
1% Rags Paper
8% 2%
Plastic & Rubber
Yard Waste 5%
Animal Waste 20%
3% 11
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2. STORAGE
2. Storage:
Two types of containers are used:
I. Separate Containers
Used by Households
Manually Handled
Capacity 80-100 litres
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2. STORAGE
2. Storage:
II. Communal Containers
Used by Community Collectively
Mechanically Handled
Capacity = 2.5m3 & 12m3 in LAHORE
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2. STORAGE
Good Storage offers Four Advantages:
I. Containment
II. Convenience in Collection
III. Cover
IV. Environmental Protection
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2. STORAGE
Encourage Two bin System at Individual
Premises:
For EASE in Processing & Disposal of Solid
Waste:
I. WET WASTE:
Kitchen Waste.
II. DRY WASTE:
Paper, Plastic, Glass, Metals.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3. COLLECTION
3. Collection:
Collection includes PICK-UP from the
storage units and Hauling to:
Disposal Site OR
Transfer Station OR
Processing Facility
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3. COLLECTION
3. Collection:
Two Systems are in operation:
1. HAULED CONTAINER SYSTEM:
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3. COLLECTION
3. Collection:
Two Systems are in operation:
2. STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM:
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 3. COLLECTION
3. Collection:
Other Methods employ:
Tractor Trolleys
Open Body Trucks
Animal Carts
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 4. TRANSFER & TRANSPORT
4. Transfer & Transport:
Solid Waste collected in small vehicles is
TRANSFERED to large vehicles at TRANSFER
STATION for ECONOMICAL carriage to
PROCESSING OR DISPOSAL SITE.
TRANSFER STATIONS are needed when
DISPOSAL SITES are located at long distances
and collection vehicles are small in size.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 4. TRANSFER & TRANSPORT
4. Transfer & Transport:
TRANSFER STATIONS should be so located a
to avoid Public Inconvenience and
Environmental Degradation.
PLATFORM
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5. PROCESSING & RECOVERY
5. Processing & Recovery:
Processing refers to Techniques employed to
IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF S.W.M.
Operations. It includes:
COMPACTION
To reduce Solid Waste Volume
SHREDDING
To reduce Size of Solid Waste
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5. PROCESSING & RECOVERY
5. Processing & Recovery:
Recovery refers to SEPERATION of:
–Papers
–Plastics
–Metal
–Glass
For REUSE Purposes.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
6. Disposal:
Three methods are used usually:
Sr# METHOD USAGE LOCAL PRACTICE
1. COMPOSTING 10 – 15% Not done
Completely
2. INCINERATION 5 – 10 % Open Building
3. SANITARY LANDFILL 70 – 80 % Open Building
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
COMPOSTING
1. COMPOSTING:
Highly suitable for Solid Waste containing
Large amounts of BIODEGRADEABLE
ORGANIC MATTER.
Composting is BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION of
organic wastes under AEROBIC CONDITIONS.
The End product “COMPOST” is used as
MANURE OR LAND CONDITIONER.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
COMPOSTING
1. COMPOSTING:
Composting is a biological process in which
micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria,
convert degradable organic waste into
humus like substance. This finished
product, which looks like soil, is high in
carbon and nitrogen and is an excellent
medium for growing plants.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
COMPOSTING
1. COMPOSTING:
PROCESS: (WIND-ROW METHOD)
Separate ORGANIC MATTER from Solid
Waste for COMPOST.
Leave it on the OPEN LAND in the form of
HEAPS (8ft Wide, 4ft High).
Variable
4 ft
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8 ft
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
COMPOSTING
1. COMPOSTING:
PROCESS: (WIND-ROW METHOD)
TURN THE HEAP with Shovels every week
to maintain AEROBIC CONDITIONS
The process would take 45 – 60 Days for
Completion.
Variable
4 ft
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8 ft
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
COMPOSTING
1. COMPOSTING:
Advantages:
It produces NUTRIENTS and MICROBE Rich
MANURE.
It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive
alkalinity, acidity, or the excessive use of
chemical fertilizer.
It makes soil easier to cultivate.
It keeps Land Porous and Aerated.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
INCINERATION
2. INCINERATION:
Incineration is a disposal method in which
solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into
residue and gaseous product.
It is a ‘CONTROLLED’ Burning Process at a
very high temperature (700-8000C) in the
INCINERATORS.
This process reduces the volumes of solid
waste to 20 to 30% of original Volume. 30
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
INCINERATION
2. INCINERATION:
Incineration is used to dispose off solids,
liquid and gaseous waste.
It is recognized as a Practical method of
disposing of certain hazardous waste
materials (i.e. Biological MEDICAL WASTE).
Incineration is a controversial method of
waste disposal, due to issues such as
emission of gaseous pollutants.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
INCINERATION
2. INCINERATION:
Incinerators are HIGH TECH with HIGH
CAPITAL COST for adequate emission
control.
The Operational & Maintenance Cost are
also High.
SHAUKAT KHANAM MEMORIAL HOSPITAL&
SHALIMAR HOSPITAL employ INVINERATORS
for Hospital Waste Burning.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
An Engineered method of disposing Solid
Waste on Land while protecting Public
Health & Environment.
Solid waste is spread over the Land in thin
layers (6” Thick) and compacted .
Compacted waste is covered with CLAY (6”
Thick) at the end of Day
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
It is necessary to provide an IMPERMEABLE
LINER (PLASTIC / GEOMEMBRENE)/Sheet at
the bottom to avoid Ground water
Pollution.
Provide Perforated Pipes Grid at the
Bottom of the Landfill to collect LEACHATE
for draining into LEACHATE TANK for
Treatment.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
Provide 2ft thick clay cover when the
Landfill space is fully utilized.
Use the Completed Landfill for tree
plantation or Convert it into park.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
2” Thick Clay Layer
6” Thick Clay Layer
Daily
Cell
Perforated Pipes for
Plastic Liner
LEACHATE Collection Tank
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6. DISPOSAL
SANITRY LANDFILL
3. SANITRY LANDFILL:
Advantages of Landfilling:
Most widely used method to utilize Low
lying areas or depressions.
May be even done on level ground.
Generated Methane gas could be collected
for use as FUEL.
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