GNCT of Delhi, Delhi Government

(2019-2020)

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Mr. Binay Bhushan

Ms. Savita Drall Ms. Mukta Soni Dr. Raj Kumar

Addl. DDE (Exam)
Supreme Offset Press, New Delhi-110017.
 GNCT of Delhi, Delhi Government

(2019-2020)

SOCIAL SCIENCE
 SUPPORT MATERIAL
(2019-2020)

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Class X

Team Leader:
Ms. Sarita Batra
(Principal)
RPVV Shalimar Bagh

Subject Experts
1. Nand Kishor (PGT. Political Science)
Core Academic Unit
2. Tarun Mishra (TGT. Social Science)
Core Academic Unit
GBSSS Mukund Pur, Delhi-110042
3. Bhupender Kumar Tiwari (TGT. Social Science)
RPVV Sec.-21, Rohini
4. Babita Jha Mishra (TGT. Social Science)
School of Excellence Sec.-17, Rohini
5. Abha Kiran Malik (TGT. Social Science)
RPVV Shalimar Bagh
6. Nooruddin (TGT. Urdu)
Anglo Arabic SSS, Ajmeri Gate

ix Class XII - English

Class X - Social Science x
xi Class X - Social Science
 Course Structure
Class-X (2019-20)
Theory Paper

No. UNIT MARKS

1. India and the contemporary World -II 20

2. Contemporary India-II 20

3. Democratic Politics-II 20

4. Understanding Economics Development 20

the Nation
in Europe

and Italy

and elsewhere.

writings and

ideas promoting

Class X - Social Science xii

OR OR

xiii Class X - Social Science

 of Soils

Vanishing Forests

wild life resources

Class X - Social Science xiv

xv Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science xvi
and Movements

xvii Class X - Social Science

Class X - Social Science xviii
xix Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science xx
xxi Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science xxii
xxiii Class X - Social Science
 Indigo Planters
Peasant Satyagrah

Class X - Social Science xxiv

xxv Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science xxvi
INDEX

Page No.

xxvii Class X - Social Science

 History-Lesson-1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Development of a concept of Nation-State with citizens

having common Identity and history.

The french Napoleonic Treaty of The Revolution The unification unification

Revolution Code/civil code vienna of the liberals of of
of 1804 1815 1848 Germany Italy

Liberal Nationalism

In Political Sphere In Economic Sphere

Freedom Removal of
of State
End of Adoption Government Representative Markets imposed
Autocracy of by Government restrictions
Constitution Consent through on
Parliament movement
of Goods
and
Abolition Capital
Equality of
Before Property
Law Rights

1 Class X - Social Science

 Lesson 1
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Major events
1. In the 18th century Germany, Italy, Switzerland was divided into many
states and each had an independent ruler.
2. French Revolution It was the first expression of nationalism. It ended
monarchy in France and gave power to the citizens.
3. Napoleonic code of 1804: It did away with all privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
4. Revolutionary France mark the first political experiment in liberal
democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively
to property owning men. Men without property and all women were
excluded from political rights only for a brief period under the Jacobins
did all adult males enjoy right to vote however 'The Napoleonic code'
went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a
minor , subject to the authority of father's and husband's.
5. Vienna Congress in 1815: representatives of the European powers -
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - who had collectively defeated
Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The
Congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich.
6. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German
Emperor in a ceremony held at versailles.
7. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
8. Women had form their own political associations, founded newspapers
and taking part in political meeting and demonstrations.Despite this
they were denied suffrage right during the election of the assembly.

Important terms
1. Absolutist - Literally, a government or system of rule that has no
restraints on the power exercised. in history, the term refers to a form of
monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and
repressive.
2. Utopian - A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually
exist.
3. Plebiscite - A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal.
4. Conservatism - A political philosophy that stressed the importance of
tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual
development to quick change.

Class X - Social Science 2

5. Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the
German States.The union abolished tariff barriers and reduce the number
of currencies from over thirty to two.
6. Romanticism - A cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of Nationalist sentiment.
7. Liberalism derived from the Latin root liber meaning free.
8. Junkers - Important personalities and Large landowners of Prussia.

Important Personalities
1. Mazzini - Mazzini is known for his noble efforts to achieve the unification
of Italy. he is regarded as the spiritual force behind the Italian unification.
he started the movement known as the Young Italy. He inspired the
youths of not only Italy but of whole Europe to fight for freedom.
2. Garibaldi - He is known as the physical force or the Sword of Italy. He,
with Mazzini launched the young Italy movement for the unification of
Italy. He involved The sardinian sailors to Revolt in 1835 A.D.
3. Cavour- The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to cavour, who
became the Prime Minister of sardinia in 1852 A.D. He, then dedicated
himself, his body and soul together, to achieve his goal of independence
and unification of Italy.
4. Bismarck - He played the most important role in the unification of
Germany,his policy of blood and iron was mainly responsible.
Meaning of symbols

Symbol Significance
Broken Chain Being Freed
Symbol of German Empire Strength Eagle Embossed Armour
Crown of Oak Leaves Heroism
Sword Readiness to Fight
Olive Branch on Sword Willingness to make peace
Black, Red and Golden Flag Flag of the liberal nationalism in 1848
banned by the dukes of the german
states
Rising Sun Beginning of New Era

3 Class X - Social Science

Objective Type Questions
1. Fill in the blank:-
__________ adopted the policy of blood and iron for the unification of
Germany.
2. Correctly match the following:-
Symbol Significance
(i)Broken Chains (i) Beginnings of New Era
(ii) Crown of Oak Leaves (ii) Symbol of German Empire-Strength
(iii) Eagle Embossed Armour (iii) Being Freed
(iv) Rays of the Rising Sun (iv) Heroism
3. Historically correct the statement:-
Cavour is considered the Bismarck of Germany
4. Choose the correct option:-
Generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales
represents:-
a) Equality
b) Liberty
c) Secularism
d) Justice
5. Write True (T) or False (F) at the end of the statements:-
(I)The theory of separation of powers as by frederic sorrieu. □

(ii) Garibaldi formed the Red Shirt army of volunteers. □

(iii) The French Revolution occured in 1815. □

(iv) Meternich said "When France Sneezes the rest of Europe catches
cold." □

(v) Zollversein was a customs union of Germany. □

Class X - Social Science 4

Answers Objective type Questions:
1. Otto Von Bismarch
2. (i) Broken Chains (v) Being freed
(ii) Crown of Oak Leaves (vi) Heroism
(iii) Eagle Embossed Armour (vii) Symbol of German Empire-Strength
(iv) Rays of the rising sun (viii) Beginning of a New Era
3. Cavour is considered the Bismarck of Italy.
4. d) Justice
5. (i) □ False
(ii) □ True
(iii) □ False
(iv) □ True
(v) □True
One Mark Questions:-
1. Who was frederic sorrieu?
2. Who was Earnest Renan?
3. What was the allegory of German States?
4. Which priniciple was propounded by Montesquieu?
5. Which world famous event is regarded as clear expression of
nationalism?
6. What was zollverein? How was it responsible for economic unification of
Germany?
7. Name two underground organisations established by Giuseppe
Mazzini?
8. Name the region whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs?
9. In which year Vienna Congress was held?
10. Name the personality related to Vienna Congress?
11. Which Treaty was signed to bring about an end the changes brought
about by Napoleonic Wars?
12. When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold' who said this
statement?
13. Which Treaty recognised Greece as an independent Nation?
14. Who spearheaded the protestant movement in Ireland?

5 Class X - Social Science

Answers of One Mark Questions
1. French Painter
2. French Philosopher
3. Germania Heroism
4. Separation of Powers
5. French Revolution
6. It was a German Customs Union which abolished tariff barriers
7. Young Italy and young Europe
8. Balkans
9. 1815
10. Duke Metternich
11. Vienna Congress
12. Meternich
13. Treaty of Constantinople
14. Wolfe Tone
3/5 marks questions
1 What steps were taken by French revolutionaries to create a feeling of
collectiverism?
2. 'Napoleon's administrative measures had Revolutionized the whole
administration. Comment
3. Discuss the role played by culture in creating the European concept of
nation.
4. Discuss the process of unification of Germany.
5. What were the main stages of unification of Italy? What were the main
problems?
6. In Britain the formation of the nation state was a result of long drawn out
process. Discuss.
7. Which factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Europe?
8. "The French Revolution left an indelible mark on the world history."
Evaluate this statement .
9. Discuss the main provisions of Civil Code of 1804.
10. What were the main features of the European ARISTROCRACY?
11. What was the main aim of the Vienna Congress of 1815 ? Discuss its
main provisions?
12. What did European liberalism stand for in social, political and economic
terms?
13. How did industrialisation change European social and economic
equations?
14. Discuss the role of women in the Nationalist Movement in Europe?

Class X - Social Science 6

15. In the 19th century what were the reasons for the wave of
nationalism in Europe?
16. Discuss the three flows in international economic exchange during
1815-1914 ?
17. Why did the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict?

ANSWERS
1. • Ideas of fatherland and citizenship
• New national symbols
• Centralised administrative system
• National language
• Uniform system of weights and measures
2. Napoleonic code
• Reform in rural administrative system
• Improvement in urban centres
• Improvement in trade
3. • Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation art and
poetry stories and music help Express and shape Nationalist feelings
4. • In the beginning William I was the ruler of Prussia
• Bismarck created the background for unification of Germany
• Vienna Congress
• Frankfurt parliament
• Three wars over 7 years with Austria Denmark and France
5. Unification of Italy
• 1832 Count Cavour became prime minister of Sardinia
• Apart from regular Troops a large number of armed volunteers under
the leadership of Garibaldi joined the fray and marched into South
Italy
• Venitia and Rome were captured ,
• In 1871 William I was proclaimed. the king of united Italy,
Problems in unification
• Long history of political separatism
• Control of foreign powers
• Rule of the Pope
• Vienna Congress
• Conservatives
6. • There was no British Nation prior to the 18th century
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles
ethnic ones Such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish
• All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political
traditions.
7 Class X - Social Science
• But as the English Nation steadily gain wealth, importance and power, it
was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the Island .
7. Influence of Europe
• Rise of nation States
• Encouragement to democratic principles
• Stress on social political and economic equality
• Demand of Human Rights by other Nations
• Revolutionary reactions by absolute monarchy
8. Effects on France
• Establishment of a democratic setup
• A new society based on equality fraternity and brotherhood
• New code of conduct
• Economic unification
• Equality before law
• Safeguarding proprietary rights
Effects on the world
• Rise of the middle class
• Era of liberalism begins
• Role of culture and language
• Greek war of independence
9. The civil code of 1804
• All privileges based on birth were abolished
• End of feudal system
• Improvement in the means of transport and Communication
• Uniform weights and measures
• Common currency
10. The members of the Aristocracy were united by common way of life that
cut across regional divisions
• They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses
• They spoke French for the purpose of-diplomacy
• Their families were connected by ties of marriage
• This powerful aristocracy was however numerically a small group.
11. a) Establishment of Empire in Northern Ireland
b) The Treaty was drawn up with the objective of undoing most of the
changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars
c) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
d) Prussia was given new territories
e) The German Confederation of 39 States was left untouched

Class X - Social Science 8

12. a) Equality before law
b) Not in favour of adult suffrage
c) Wanted to end ban on free market and flow of goods by States
13. a) Increase in industrial production in Western and Central Europe
b) Rise of labourers and middle class
c) Popularizing the idea of ending of special rights to aristocracy
14. a) Women had formed their own political associations
b) Founded Newspapers
c) Took part in political meetings and demonstration
15. a) Absolute monarchy
b) Rise in liberal ideas
c) Liberty, equality and fraternity ideas worth-spreading
d) Rise of educated middle class
16. a) Flow of goods
b) Flow of capital
c) Flow of people
17. a) The Balkan States were seriously jealous of each other.
b) Each hope to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
c) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
d) The big European powers were working in holding its control over
the Balkans and extending its control over the region.

9 Class X - Social Science

 Chapter 2
Nationalism in India
In 1885, Congress
India’s First In 1870 Bankim was formed in
Freedom Struggle Mumbai. W.C.
Chandra composed Banerjee chaired the
took place in 1857. Vande Matram. rst meeting of
Congress.

In 1906, Aaga Khan

and Nawab In 1905, Abanindra In 1905, Lord
Salimullah Nath Tagore made a Curzon proposed the
established Muslim Portrait of Bharat division of Bengal.
League. Mata.

In 1907, Congress In 1911, Delhi Bengal Division was

was divided into Durbar was abolished in Delhi
extremists and organized. Durbar.
moderate.

In Delhi Durbar
In 1915, Mahatama capital was
In 1914, First World
Gandhi returned to transferred from
War started.
India. (Calcutta) Kolkatta
to Delhi

In 1916, Mahatma In 1917, Mahatma

Gandhi started In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi organized started Satyagrah for
Champaran Satyagrah for
Satyagrah in Protest Craftsman of Cotton Textile
farmers in Kheda mill Gujarat.
of Indigo plantation. Gujarat.

The British
In 1919, British
Government turned 1918, the rst World
Government gave
down the demand of War ended.
Rawlatt Act.
Self rule of Indian.

Class X - Social Science 10

 On 13 April 1919, In 1919, the Khilafat In 1920, Mahatama
Jallianwala Bagh movement was started Gandhi started non-
massacre took Place in by Muhammad Ali and cooperation movement.
Punjab. Shaukat Ali.

In 1928, Simon In 1922, Mahatma

on August 9, 1925
Commission came to Gandhi withdrew the
revolutionaries in
India. Lala Lajpart Rai non-cooperation
Kakori looted the train
was killed while movement after the
carrying English
protesting. violence took place at
treasure.
Chauri-chaura.

on April 8, 1929 Bhagat on 6 April 1930,

on 12 March 1930,
singh and Batukeshwar Mahatma Gandhi broke
Mahatma Gandhi started
Dutt threw a bomb in the Salt Law and started
the march from
the assembly. Civil-disobedience
Sabarmati to Dandi.
Movement at Dandi.

In 1931 Gandhi-Irwin
On 23rd March 1931, In 1930, Dr. Ambedkar
pact was signed and
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev organized Scheduled
Civil disobedience
and Rajguru was caste into depressed
movement was
hanged. Classes Association.
suspended.

In 1931, Mahatma
Gandhi participated in In 1932, Poona Pact was
In 1933, Choudhary
Second round table signed between
Rahmat Ali rst coined
conference but did not get Mahatma Gandhi and
the idea of Pakistan.
expected success. Dr. Ambedkar.

In 1940, A resolution In 1935, Indian

was passed by muslim Government Act was
1939 World war II was
League for seprate passed and regional
started.
homeland for muslims government was formed.
named Pakistan.

11 Class X - Social Science

 In 1942, the Quit India In 1946, Cabinet
IN 1945, USA dropped
movement was started by Mission came to India
nuclear Bomb on Japan
Mahatma Gandhi. He with the proposal of
and Second World War
gave the slogan ‘Do or constituent assembly.
was ended.
Die’.

India became
independent on August
th
15 , 1947.

Some Intersting Facts

l At the time when India was free, Britain’s Prime minister was Clement Atlee.
l Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan “Give me Blood, I will give you
freedom” and “Delhi Chalo”.
l Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall
have it”.
l Chandrashekar Azad gave the slogan “Ab bhi jiska khoon na khola khoon nahi
wo Pani hai”.
l Ram Prasad gave the slogan “Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil main hai,
dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-khati main hain”.
l Bhagat Singh gave the slogan “Inqlaab zindabad”.

l Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya gave the slogan of “Satyameva Jayate”.

1 Mark Questions
Q.1 When was the Rowlatt Act Passed?
1. 1912 2. 1914 3. 1919 4. 1920
Q.2 When did First World War begin?
1. 1910 2. 1914 3. 1917 4. 1919
Q.3 Where did Mahatma Gandhi launch the rst Satyagrah in India?
1. Champaran 2. Kheda 3. Delhi 4. Calcutta

Class X - Social Science 12

Q.4 Who is the author of book “Hind Swaraj”?
1. Jawahar Lal Nehru 2. Vallabh Bhai Patel 3. Mahatma Gandhi 4. Baba
Ramchander
Q.5 Who was the founder of “Depressed Classes Association”?
1. Baba Ram Chander 2. Bhim Rao Ambedkar 3. Jawahar lal Nehru
4, Shaukat Ali
Q. 6 After which of the following event, Mahatma Gandhi abruptly withdrew
the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1. Jaliawalan Bagh Masscare 2. Rowllat Act 3. Chauri-Chaura
4. Dandi March
Q.7 Who was the founder of Muslim League?
1. Shaukat Ali Khan 2. Muhammad Ali 3. Both are correct
4.Both are wrong
Q.8 Who is the author of book “Discovery of India’?
1. Jawahar Lal Nehru 2. Bhim Rao Ambedkar 3. Mahatama Gandhi
4. Baba Ramchander
Q.9 Fill in the Blank.
In.....................................Session congress demanded complete
Independence.
Q. 10 Fill in the Blank.
First president of Indian National Congress Was................
Q. 11 Fill in the Blank.
Muslim league was formed in ....................
Q.12 Fill in the Blank.
In 1919 Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali started ..................movement in
India.
Q.13 Fill in the Blank.
In.................................Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn.
Q. 14 Which of the following statements are True about Alluri Sitaram Raju.
1. He was leader of tribal movement in Gudem hills in Andhra Pradesh.
2. He persuaded the tribal people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
3. He started a militant Guerrilla Movement.
4. All the statements are correct.

13 Class X - Social Science

Q.15 Write the correct statement.
On 13 April 1920, Jaliawala Bagh massacre took Place in Punjab.
Q.16 Who created the first image of Bharat Mata?
Q.17 Who composed the song Vande Mataram?
Q.18 Where was the Indian National Congress formed?
Q.19 Who Started the Awadh Kisan Sabha?
Q.20 What do you mean by the word Satyagrah?
Q.21 What do you understand by the word Swadeshi?
Q.22 Why did the British government curtail the freedom of Press after 1857?
Q.23 In Madras who published massive four volume collection of Tamil folk
tales?
Q.24 When was the second round table conference held?
Q.25 why was Rowlatt act called as an oppressive legislation?
Answers
1. 1919
2. 1914
3. Champaran
4. Mahatma Gandhi
5. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
6. Chauri-Chaura
7. Both are wrong.
8. Jawahar Lal Nehru
9. 1929, Lahore .
10. W.C Banerjee .
11. 1906.
12. Khilafat Movement .
13. 1931
14. All the fact are true.
15. 13 April 1919.
16. Abindra nath Tagore
17. Bankim Chandra
18. Mumbai
19. Baba Ramchandra
20. Emphasis on the power of Truth. .
21. Focus on product which was prepared in own country.
22. To curb the Arousing spirit of Nationalism.
23. The Folklore of Southern India
24. 1931
25. Under this act political prisoners could be kept in jail for two years without
trial.

Class X - Social Science 14

3/5MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why was Non cooperation launched? How the notion of Swaraj was
perceived by various strata in the society?
2. What were the reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement?
3. Under what circumstances Civil disobedience movement was called off?
4. How did the First World War help in the growth of nationalist movement in
India
5. This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of
united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons & images" Analyse the
statement.
6. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with
Gandhijis ideas?
7. Why did Gandhiji choose 'Salt' as the symbol of his Civil Disobedience
Movement?
8. Write down the features of Civil Disobedience movement. How was this
different from Non cooperation Movement?
9. Discuss the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
10. Why did Indians oppose Simon Commission?

ANSWERS 3/5MARKS QUESTIONS

st
1. i) Atrocities on Indians after World War I
ii) Refusal of demand of Swaraj.
iii) Passing of Rowlatt Act
iv) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
v) Congress passed resolution on Non Cooperation Movement with
thumping majority

Notion of Swaraj
1. The movement in towns
2. Rebellion in the country side
3. Swaraj in the plantations
2. i) Humiliating terms of treaty of Versailles on Khalifas ii) Lucknow Pact
iii) Starting of Non cooperation by the congress along with khilafat
movement
3. i) Crackdown on Satyagrahis
ii) Brutal suppression and many leaders were arrested
iii) Gandhi Irwin Pact
15 Class X - Social Science
4. i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to an
increase in expenditure.
ii) The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
iii) War led to forced recruitment of people .
iv) Acute Shortage of food led to famine and misery .
v) Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a war unnecessarily.
This feeling united Indians against the British.
5. i) In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales
sung by bards and toured village together .
ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that
was damaged by outside forces .
iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the
National Identity .
iv) It restored a sense of pride in one's past during Swadeshi Movement,
a tricolor flag was designed representing eight provinces through
eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-Muslim unity
v) Later Gandhiji developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White) with a
spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the flag
became a symbol of defiance.
vi) This image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chatopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the
mother land. Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharat
Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual
6. i) Alluri Sita Ram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra
Pradesh
ii) He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the
government began forcing them to contribute 'begar for road
building, the hill people revolted.
iv) Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Mahatma
Gandhi.
v) Inspired by Gandhiji's Non Cooperation Movement, he persuaded
people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he
did not believe in Non Violence, he thought that India could be
liberated only by the use of force.
7. i) Salt is consumed by both the poor and the rich, and is one of the most
essential items of food everywhere in the world.

Class X - Social Science 16

 ii) The British government had the monopoly on the production of salt
in India
iii) By imposing a 'salt tax' the government hit both the rich and the poor,
specially the poor. Gandhiji thought it was the most repressive Act of
the British government and choose to defy it by breaking the "Salt
Law".
8. i) Movement started with Salt March
ii) Thousands broke salt law
iii) Foreign clothes boycotted
iv) Liquor shops were picketed
v) Peasants refused to pay taxes
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British ,
but also to break colonial laws.
9. i) Women participation was in large scale
ii) Participated in protest marches , manufactured salt
iii) Picketed foreign cloths and liquor shops
iv) Began to see service to the nation as their sacred duty
10. i) No mention of reform
ii) Not even a single Indian was there.
iii) The Indian people felt offended by the commission.
iv) The fear that the British would lord it over them, without giving serious
thought to their interests.
3/5 Marks questions
Q.11 Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s
ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’. Support the statement.
Q.12 How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in making
of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Q.13 “Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of “Swaraj”.
Support the statement in the light of of Civil Disobedience Movement in
1930s.

17 Class X - Social Science

Answer
Q.11 Plantation workers had their own meaning of Swaraj.
· Right to move freely in and out of the conned space.
· Retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
· When they heard of the Non-cooperation movement, thousand of workers
deed authorities, left the plantation.
· They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming every one would be given land in
their own villages.
Q. 12
· Sense of collective belonging come through the experience of united
struggle.
· Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples’
imagination.
· History, ction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbol played
important role in making of nationalism.
· Identity of nation is most often symbolized in a gure or an image.
· It helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation.
Q.13 Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj.
· Many Schedule Castes and tribes came together under the umbrella of
Depressed Class movement.
· Many leaders of these classes demanded their political representation
through Reservation.
· Many Muslim Leaders expressed their concern about the status of Muslim
as a minority of India.
· They feared their culture and identity be submerged under the domination of
majority.
Practice Questions
Q.1 How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language
groups develop a sense of - collective belonging?
Q.2 What were the effects of Non-Cooperation movement on the economic
front?
Q.3 What were the reason of gradual slowing down of the Non-cooperation
Movement in the cities?
Q.4 Evaluate the role of Women in Different movement in India?
Q.5 Write a short note on ‘Poona Pact’.
Class X - Social Science 18
Amritsar

Ahmedabad

19 Class X - Social Science

 Chapter-3
THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD
Phases Characteristics
1. Globalisation has a long history not something new
2. In Ancient times travelless, traders, priests, pilgrims travelled
3. Carrying goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions
4. Silk route linked the world.
5. Food travels:- From america to Europe and Asia
6. Noodles from China to Italy to become spaghethi
7. Indian ocean-bustiling trade link-
8. Expeditions to Americas-brought precious metals
9. Conquerors carried germs of small population pox to control

1. • Global agricultural economy developed

2. • Food production expanded in Russia, America,
3. Australia to meet the british demand
4. In Britain corn law implemented industrialists and urban
The 19th dwellers forced to abolish cornlaw
Century 5. Role of technology-Railway, steamship and telegraph
(1815-1914) 6. European conquest of Asia and Africa as colonies
7. Migration of indentured labour from India
8. Fine Indian cotton exported to Europe.
9. Indian bankers and traders financed export of to Agriculture
flourishing emporia at busy ports world wide.

• First world war transformed US from debtor to creditor

1.
The Inter • Britain came under hugedebt
2.
war 3.
• Wheat production fell in Europe but increased in Canada,
economy America, Australia
(Between 4. • Rise of mass production and consumption
two 5. • The great depression of 1929 in US
world wars) 6. • India’s imports and exports fell, peasants worst hit
7. • India became exporter of Gold
8. • Industrial investment grew in urban India

1. • US and USSR emerged as world powers

The Post 2. • Bretton woods conference established IMF and world bank
war era 3. •Decolonisation and Independence of Asian and African
(After 2nd countries
world war) 4. • By1960 dollar lost its command in worlds currency
5. • Formation of G-77 who demanded new economic order
6. • End of Bretton woods system.

Class X - Social Science 20

Points to Remember
1) Silk routes - The 'silk routes' points to the importance of West-bound
Chinese silk cargoes along this route. Historians have identified several
silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia,
and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
2) Corn Law - Under pressure from landed groups, the British government
restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do
this were commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'.
3) Rinderpest Plague - Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle plague which
hit Africa in the late 1880s.
4) Bretton Woods - Bretton Woods is the name of Hotel in USA where the
National Monetary and Financial confrance held in 1944 to ensure the
stable economy.
5) Flow of Goods - Trade in goods such as grain and cloth.
6) Flow of Labour - Migration of people to new areas in search of work.
7) Hosay - Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transformed
into a riotous carnival called `Hosay' (for Imam Hussain) in which
workers of all races and religions joined.
8) G-77- G-77 was a group organized by developing countries to demand
a New International Economical Order (NIEO) which would give these
countries real control over their national resources, raw material,
manufactured goods and their markets.
9) Veto- A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a
law making body.
10) Tariff - Tax imposed on a country's imports from the rest of the world.
Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.
11) Exchange Rates - They link national currencies for purposes of
international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed
exchange rate and floating exchange rate
One Mark Questions-
1) Name the Allied Countries?
2) What is Al-Dorado in Latin America?
3) Which country has the veto power in IMF and world bank?
4) Around 500 years back which crop was not known by our ancestors?
5) Name those two inventions of nineteenth century which brought

21 Class X - Social Science

changes in the world?
6) Why the price of wheat fell upto 50% between 1928 to 1934 in India?
7) Who discovered American continent?
8) Name the European country which conquered America?
9) Give any two factors which helped in making of global world?
Answer Key
1) Britain, France and Russia.
2) City of Gold.
3) United States of America
4) Potato.
5) 1) Steam engine 2) Railways
6) Due to Great Depression.
7) Christopher Columbus.
8) Spain
9) 1)Trade 2) In search of work 3) Money

Short/Long Questions (3/5 Marks)

1) What changes took place in the world due to the discovery of new sea
routes of America?
2) Why the thousands of people run away from Europe to America in 19th
century?
3) What were the impact of industrialization of cotton industries on Britain?
4) What were the causes of attraction of Europeans towards Africa?
5) What do you mean by Surplus trade? Why the balance of trade is
always favorable for Britain in terms of India?
6) What were the impact of first world war on the economy of Britain?
7) What were the causes of Economic Depression?
8) What were the effect of Economic Depression on Indian economy?
9) Explain with the help of appropriate examples that how the agreement
system was explained as new slave system in 19th century?
10) What is globalization? Explain three forms of exchange rates.
11) What do you mean by Bretton Woods agreement?

Answer Key
1. a) Europe's poor began to eat better and live longer with the
introduction of the humble potato.

Class X - Social Science 22

23 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 24
 History
Class X
Lession - 4
The age of Industrialisation

Mechanisation:-
Technological Development of factories
advancement & & machines
innovation age Emergence of Towns
of modernisation 4 cities, changes in
Economic & Socialgical
aspects of people
Development in Industrialisation
infrastructure works
Roads buildings Opening of Economy, Globalisation
skyscrapers exports and imports
increase labour migration
to cities
Development
of Railway &
Sea Ports
for trades Ination and decreasing
purchasing power though trade
union & lobour price xing
but price high

Guilds
Guilds : Association of producers that trained craftsman.

n
h e ck o
pc rs
Kee roduce
the p
T r ain for
To sman de
ft a
Cra cial Tr
sp e Trade Guilds
(Functions)

Reg
ed d and ulated
l at n an
gu tio pr th
Re eti ces spe speci oduc e trad
p ci a l g tion e
m pri e e
th opl hav ed by oods of
co d
te pe e in p e mon the r as
t ric ew trad rod opo uler
uc lis to
s n
Re of the trad tion a tic
try hin e nd
en wit

25 Class X - Social Science

Timeline of Events
1600:- The East India company was established
1730:- The earliest factories in England were setup
1760:- Britian imported New cotton to feed its cotton industry
1764:- James Hargreaves, devised spinning Jenny
1767:- Richard Arkwright established the cotton mill
1781:- James watt improvised steam engine & patented it
1785:- Cart wright invented the powerloom which used steam power for
spinning & weaving
1830-1840:- Dwarkanath Tagore setup 6 joint stock companies in Bengal
1840:- Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of
Industrialisation in Britain.
1850 :- Railway station developed all over London
1854:- The first cotton mill was established in Bombay
1855:- The first Jute Mill was set up in Bengal
1860:- The supply of cotton reduced because of American Civil War
1860:- Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur
1861:- The first cotton mill was setup in Ahmedabad
1873:- Britain exported Iron & Steel
1874:- The first spinning & weaving mill & Madras began its production
1900:- E.T paul music company published "Dawn of Century"
1912:- J.N. Tata set up first Iron & Steel works in Jameshedpur
1917:- Seth Hukumchand set up first Jute Mill in Calcutta
1941:- use of Fly shuttle in more than 35 looms
Points to be Remember
1. Orient-The countries of the East especially East Asia
2. Capital-That part of money when invested is used for trade purpose.
3. Socialism- Where factors of production are held by the government.
4. Spenning Jenny-Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. It
accelerated production.
5. Staples: A person who 'Staples' or sorts wool according to fibre.
6. Fuller: A person who 'Fulls' that it gathers cloth by pleating.
7. Carding: The process in when fibres such as cotton or wool are
prepared prior to spinning.

Class X - Social Science 26

8. Fly shuttle was a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means
of ropes and pullies.
9. First Jute Mill was established in Calcutica, in India
10. James Watt invented Steam Engine.
11. In India first cotton mill eastablished in 1854.
12. Portuguese were the first Europeans to come India.
Inventor Inventors
1. Fly Shuttle 1. John Kay
2. Steam Engine 2. New Come an and James Watt
3. Spinning Jenny 3. James Hargreave

Multiple Choice Question

Q. 1 Who invented steam engine (CBSE 2010)
(a) James Watt (c) Richard Arpwright
(b) New Comen (d) E.T. Paull
Q. 2 Which of the following were the most dynamic industries of the Great
Britain? (CBSE 2010)
(a) Cotton and Metal Industry (c) Cotton and Sugar Industry
(b) Metal & Agrobased industries (d) Ship & Cotton
Q. 3 Dwarkanath Tagore was a ___________ (CBSE 2010)
(a) Indusrialist (c) Philosopher
(b) Painter (d) Social Reformer
Q. 4 Which is associated with Gomasthas?
(a) Traders (c) Businessman
(b) Servant (d) Supervisor appointed by company
Q. 5 When did the exports of British cotton increase dramatically?
(CBSE 2011)
(a) In the early 17th century (c) In early 19 century
(b) In the early 18 century (d) In early 20 century
Q. 6 Koshtis were
(a) A community of Weavers (c) Cotton Weavers
(b) Weavers (d) Landless Labourer

27 Class X - Social Science

Q. 7 Which of the following were the Pre-colonial ports of India
(a) Surat & Masulispatnam (c) Madras & Bombay
(b) Madras & Hoogly (d) Bombay & Hoogly
Q. 8 Who were Jobbers?
(a) A person employed by industrialist to new recruits
(b) A paid servant of East India company
(c) A person employed by farmer to sell their products
(d) A person doing most important job in a factory
Q. 9 In 1911, 67 of the large industries were located in one of the following
places in India
(a) Surat & Ahemdabad (b) Bengal & Bombay
(c) Patna & Lucknow (d) Delhi & Bombay
Q. 10 The Nationalist message of swadeshi was spread
(a) Tariffs (b) Advertisements
(c) Force (d) Low prices
Answers to Multiple Choice
(I) (a) (4) d (7) (a) (10) (b)
(2) (a) (5) (c) (8) (a)
(3) (a) (6) (a) (9) (b)

One Mark Questions :

1. In the 19th industrialist in which country started using machines.
2. In which decade factories opened in England ?
3. Who were Gomashtas ?
4. Which methods were adopted to create new consumers ?
5. In the initial phase of Industrialisation.
6. How did spinning Jenny accelerated production ?
7. What kind of products introduced European Managing Agencies ?
8. List two reasons for increase in demand of goods in the world.
9. How do Urban producers control production ?
10. Why industrialist were reluctant to use machines ?
11. Name two most important industries of Europe ?

Class X - Social Science 28

3/5 Marks Questions :
1. How did the advent of Manchester create problems for Indian Weavers?
2. What were the reasons for increase in production during WWI ?
3. What were the reasons for great economic depression of 1930 ?
4. Why it was difficult for new merchants to establish trade in towns ?
5. Why new industrialist could not displace traditional industries ?
6. The network of Indian Merchants started break down why ?
7. Why did East India Company employ Gomashtas ?
8. Who were Jobbers ? What was their role ?
9. How did British manufactures captured Indian market through
advertisement ?
10. How did increase Labour affect lines of workers ?
11. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer
hand labour over machines ?

Answer One Mark Questions :

1. USA
2. In 1730s.
3. Supervisor appointed by East India Company over Weavers.
4. Through advertisements
5. Cotton and Metal Industries
6. Spinning
7. Plantation - Tea and Coffee
8. 1. Increase in world trade
2. Establishment of Colonies
9. Merchants used to give loans to Artisans
10. Cheap Human Labour - Avail ability
11. Cotton and steel industry

29 Class X - Social Science

3/5 Marks Question
1. 1. Decrease in export of India.
2. Pressure on East India Company to see cloth.
3. Low Cost.
4. Shrinking of local markets.
5. Non availability of good quality cotton fibre.
2. 1. To meet war requirements new industries were established
2. To produce for uniforms, shoes, tents.
3. New workers were employed and working hours were increased.
3. 1. Export declined after World War First.
2. America capitalist stopped giving loans to European Countries.
3. Over production in agriculture.
4. Mechanisation of Industries.
4. 1. In towns the guild system was powerful.
2. Provide training to workers.
3. Control the production.
4. Tried to discourage new entrants into the profession.
5. 1. Number of people working in industries was less.
2. Slow changes in technology.
3. Cloth industry was dynamic
4. Technology was expensive.
5. A large part of production was done in Handlooms
6. 1. The European companies gradually gained power first securing a
variety of concession from local courts.
2. Then the monopoly right to trade.
3. Decline of parts of Surat and Hoogly.
7. 1. They gave loan to weavers.
2. Thus prevented them dealing with the buyers.
3. They themselves checked the quality of cloth.
8. 1. Jobbers were kept for recruitment.
2. Jobber was generally an old confident
3. He used to bring people from villages.

Class X - Social Science 30

9. 1. Calenders, Newspapers and Magazines were used to sell
products.
2. Pictures of Indian Gods and goddess appeared on labels.
3. It was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land
appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
10. 1. The lure of better jobs prospects attracted them to cities.
2. Workers whose relations already were employed got jobs
3. Those who did not have any relation friends waited for weeks and
spend nights under bridges, night shelters.
11. 1. There was no dearth of Human labour.
2. They did not want to install new machines because it required
more capital investment.
3. For seasonal industry it was better to employ hand labour.
4. There was a demand for fine intricate work in the market which
could only be fulfilled handicrafts.

31 Class X - Social Science

3/5 Marks, Answers the questions with the help of key points
Q. 1 What was the role of Trade guilds
Key Points
• Association of producers.
• Training to crafts people
• Control over production
• Regulated competition and prices and restricted entry of new people
Q. 2 Distinguish between Industrialisation and proto industrialisation
Ans Key Points
(1) Centralisation/decentralisation
(2) Supervision & Maintenance of quality
(3) Production within family farms or factories
Q. 3 Explain any five causes of Industrial revolution in England (CBSE 2013,
2014)
Ans. Key Points
• Growing international Markets
• Increase in demand due to world
• Trade expansions
• Proto-industrial system
• New Inventions
• Availability of capital
• Availability of raw material
Q.4 Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Keypoints
• No chance for bargaining
• Leasing of land
• Dependency for food on others
• Clashes with Gomasthas

Class X - Social Science 32

 Chapter 5
Print Culture and Modern World
Key Points to Remember
• In 1295, Marco Polo, a great Italian explorer, brought the art of wood
block Printing from China to Italy.
• Bible was published by Gutenberg in 1448.
• Erasmus, a Latin scholar wrote his book "Adages" in 1508. In his book
shows great concern regarding printing.
• In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 thesis theses on
Protestant Reformation.
• In 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette. He is
widely known as Father of print culture in India.
• In 1820, Calcutta Supreme Court passed the Press Control Bill.
• In 1821, "Samvad Kamudi" was published by Raja Ram Mohan Ray.
• In 1822, Gujrati newspaper Bombay Samachar was published.
• In ancient times Manuscript were produced on Vellum and other
parchment, on papyrus.
• A parchment made from skin of animals known as Vellum.
• The art of beautiful and stylized writing is known as Calligraphy.
• Platen: In letter place printing, platen is board which is pressed onto the
back of the paper to get the impression from the type.
• Compositor : The person who composes the text for printing.
• Galley : Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
• Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or
recited.
• Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and
punishing heretics.
• Diamond Sutra was the first printed book of Japan which was published
in 868 AD.
• Despotism : A system of government in which absolute power is
exercised by an Individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional
checks.
• Ulama : Legal Scholar of Islam and Sharia.
• Fatwa : A legal Pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by mufti to
clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.
• Almanac : An annual publication giving astronomical data, information
about the movements of the sun.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed. It gave the government
extensive 'right to censor reports and editorials in vernacular
newspaper.

33 Class X - Social Science

Key Points:-
• Print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
• China used to recruit bureaucrats through examination. For this reason
textbooks were printed in vast number in China.

Against
Print Culture

Church or Hindus &

Monarch
Religious Leaders Muslim Conservatives

Support Print
Culture or reading

Compulsory Liberal Husband

Education and Liberal Fathers

Increased Women and

Literacy Rate Children

New readers and reason for reading

Compulsory
Women
Education
Children
Increased
Labourers
Literacy Rate

Class X - Social Science 34

Very Short Answer Type Questions ( 1 Mark Each)
Q.1 Who brought Printing to Europe?
Q.2 Which was the first book printed by Gutenberg?
Q.3 When the first paperback edition of books published?
Q.4 Name the book sold by traveling paddler?
Q.5 Which of the reading source is famous among Women?
Q.6 Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modeled on which Act?
Q.7 Name the oldest printed book of Japan.
Q.8 In which countries first printing was developed?
Q.9 Which reformer is responsible for Protestant Reformation?
Q.10 Who Wrote "Gulamgiri"?
Q.11 Who brought wood Block Printing to Europe?
Q.12 When and Who brought Print technology to India?
Q.13 Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one. Who spoke
these words?
Q.14 The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ by Tulsidas came out in
which year?
Q.15 Name two Persian newspaper published in 1822?

ANSWERS
Ans. 1 Yohana Gutenberg
Ans.2 Bible
Ans.3 With the start of Great Depession
Ans.4 Penny Chapbook
Ans.5 Penny Magazines
Ans.6 Irish Press laws
Ans.7 Diamond Sutra
Ans.8 China, Japan and Korea
Ans.9 Martin Luther
Ans.10 JyotibaPhule (1871)
Ans.11 Marco Polo
Ans.12 Sixteenth century, Portuguese
Ans.13 Martin Luther
Ans.14. Calcutta, 1810
Ans.15 Jam — I — Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar

35 Class X - Social Science

Long Answer Type Question ( 3 or 5 Marks only)
Q.1 "Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295" Explain.
Q.2 Print Culture created the conditions within which French Revolution
occurred? Give reasons.
Q. 3 What are manuscript? Discuss their limitations.
Q.4" Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions
amongst communities, but also connected communities and people in
different parts of India." Elucidate.
Q.5 Discuss the role of print culture in encouraging the role of Nationalism in
India.
Q.6 Why printed books became popular among less literate people?
Q.7 Why was Vernacular Press Act passed in India?
Q.8 The division within the Catholic Church was brought about by Print
revolution. Discuss.
Q.9 What was the reaction of society towards women literacy? How women
reacted ?
Q.10 What methods were adopted to popularize printed books among
people?
Q. 11 Explain the effect of print revolution?
Q. 12 Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books?
Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Q.13 Describe the drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts in comparison to
printed materials?
Q. 14 Why couldn't the production of handwritten manuscripts satisfy the ever
increasing demand for books? Give the reasons?
Q. 15 Explain the factors that helped in the rise of print culture in Europe?
Q. 16 What steps were taken by the British to curb the freedom of press in
India?
Q. 17 What were the impact of print culture on Indian women? Explain with
example.

ANSWER
Ans. 1 Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295 because:
• This technique was with China first.
• Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought this knowledge with
himself.
• Now Italian began producing books with Wood Block.
• Soon the technology spread in other parts of world.

Class X - Social Science 36

Ans.2
• Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate
• By the 1780 there was on outpouring of literature that mocked the
royalty and criticized their morality.
Ans.3 Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
• Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
• They have to be handle carefully.
• They could not be read easily.
Ans. 4 It created new platform for expression of ideas.
• It is the cheapest and most simplest way of communication.
• It brought about the problems of Indian Masses.
• A large number of religious book were being transmitted to Indian
Masses.
Ans. 5
• Despite repression nationalist newspaper were reaching every nook
and corner of the country.
• They brought to light the misrule of the British.
• Revolutionary Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the newspaper named
Kesari.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 which led to
widespread protest all over India.
Ans. 6
• Those who could not read at least can listen and enjoy.
• Folk songs and folk lore were published.
• Illustrated books were published.
• These were read out at rural meetings pubs etc.
Ans. 7
• As Vernacular newspaper became more assertive the colonial
government sought to crush it.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed.
• From now on the government can track the vernacular newspapers.
Ans. 8
• Religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing Roman
Catholic Church.
• A printed copy of these was posted on the church door in Wittenberg.
• It challenged the church to debate its ideas.

37 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 9
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at
home.
• They were sent to women schools at city and towns.
• Educated women encourage education for girls.
Ans.10
• Cheap books were being sold at Madras so that poor people were
also buy read.
• Lending library were setup.
• Paperback edition of novels were printed to make them affordable to
the masses.
• Literacy Rate was increased in Labour Class.
• It helps to send the message of Nationalism to masses

Ans. 11 Printing reduces the cost of books,the time and labour required to
produce each book came down.
-Multiple copies could be produce easily.
-circulation of ideas and open new world of debate and discussion.
-Brought new intellectual atmosphere, helped spread the new ideas
that led to reformation.
-Indivisual interpretation of faith even among little educated people.
-The writing of enlightened thinkers helped in French revolution.
Ans. 12 Rebellious and irreligious thoghts might spread.
-The authority of valuable literaturebwould be destroyed.
-it could encourage the revolution against political system and
religious institution.
-Ex-In Europe,writings of enlightened authors helped in french
revolution and started debate on the teachings of the church.
-in India,print encouraged the reading of religious texts in the
vernacular languages.Debates were began on Sati and widow
marriage etc.
Ans. 13 handwritten manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile while
printed materials were cheap and easy to carry.
-Handwritten manuscripts had to be handlled carefully and could not
be carried around.
-They could not be read easily as the scripts were in different style
too.

Class X - Social Science 38

Ans. 14 copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming
business. -Manuscripts were fragile and difficult to handle.
-Not easily carried around or read easily.

Ans.15 Handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing

demand for books.
-copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming
business.
-manuscripts were fragile that’s why circulation was limited.
-Woodblock were used for printing by early 15" century but this
couldn’tcater to the ever increasing demand for print materials.
-Need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of books.

Ans. 16 After the revolt of 1857 ,enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp

down on the native press.
-The Venacular Press Act, 1878 was passed. it provided the
government with extensive rights to censor reports in the vernacular
press.
-Government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers.
-when a report was judged as seditious, newspaper was warned and
if the warning was ignored the press was liable to be seized and the
printing machinery confiscated.

Ans. 17 Print enabled women to read in silence,discuss and debate among

the like minded persons. - Women express themselves and shape
their ideas. -It connects women across caste religion or class.
-many women writes their experiances and stories . -Many liberal
husband and fathers allowed their wife and daughters to study.
-many liberal husband & fathers allowed their wife and daughter to
study.

39 Class X - Social Science

 Democratic Politics-II
Chapter-1: Power sharing
Belgium and Srilanka:- The ethnic composition
7
(both Tamil
and Sinhala) Dutch French
59 speaking 1 German speaking
speaking 40
18
(Tamils)

40
74 French
(Sinhala) speaking
20
Dutch
speaking
SriLanka Belgium Brussels

Sinhala Speakers German Speaking French Speaking

Tamil Speakers French Speaking Dutch Speaking

Dutch Speaking

Majoritarianism in SriLanka

Sinhala was recognised

as the only official language
thus disregarding Tamil
were favoured university positions

that the majority community

Majoritariansim is a belief

should be able to rule in

whichever way it wants
disregarding minorities
Sinhala applicants

and govt. jobs

In
1956
An act was
passed to establish
Sinhala supremancy

New constitution
stipulated that state
shall protect and
faster Buddhism

Class X - Social Science 40

Accommodation in Belgium

In Central govt.
• No. of Dutch and French
speaking ministers equal
• Special laws require support
of both communities
Not subordinate to central govt.

to culture, language and education

powers of the central govt.
have been given to them

Elected by people belonging

to one language community
Deals with issues related
State governments

The community govt.

Between 1970-93
4 constitutional amendments work
out this arrangement to make everyone
live together

For the capital city Brussels

A separate govt. in which
both the communities have
equal representation

Why power sharing is desirable

Prudential Reason Moral Reasons

(Based on calculation of gains (based on moral Considerations)
and losses)

• Helps to reduce the conflict • It is the very spirit of

between different social groups democracy.
• Ensures stability of political • People have a right to be
order consulted on how they are to
be governed

41 Class X - Social Science

Forms of Power Sharing

Vertical Division

Power shared among

different social groups Horizontal division

Forms of
Power
Sharing

Power shared among

political parties,
pressure groups and
movements

Class X - Social Science 42

1Mark Questions
Q.1 Give an example of power shared among different social groups?
Q.2 Which language is mainly spoken in Flemish region of Belgium?
Q.3 Which community in Belgium is relatively rich and powerful?
Q.4 Which govt. in Belgium deals with issues related to Education and
culture?
Q.5 Which religion is followed by majority of Sinhala speaking people?
Q.6 How many amendments have been made in the constitution of
Belgium between 1970 and 1993?
Q.7 Which type of government has been adopted in Srilanka to maintain
the dominance of Sinhala community?
Q.8 Which two main languages are spoken in Belgium?
Q.9 Which major social group constituted the largest share in population
of Srilanka?
Q.10 Name any two countries with which Belgium share borders.
Q.11 Which is the official religion of Srilanka ?
Q.12 What is the main reason for the killing of thousand of Srilanka people
and loss of their livehoods ?
Q.13 Where is the headquarter of Europeon union?
Q.14 Which language is spoken by the people of wallonia region of
Belgium?
Q.15 Which language is spoken by 80 of people in Brussels?
ANSWERS
1 The community govt. of Belgium 9 Sinhala
2 Dutch 10 France and Luxem
3 French Speaking 11 Buddism
4 Community govt. 12 Civil war
5 Buddhism 13 Brussels
6 Four 14 French
7 Majoritarianism 15 French
8 Dutch and French
3/5 marks Questions
Q. 1 Why is power sharing desirable? Explain a three forms of powers
sharing in modern democracies with example.
Q. 2 Why was the minority French speaking community relatively rich
and powerful?
Q. 3 How majoritarianism resulted in social tension in Srilanka?
Q. 4 "Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united"?
Justify the statement.

43 Class X - Social Science

Q. 5 Highlight any three measures adopted by the Belgium
government to accomodate regional and cultural diversities.
Q.6 Describe any three demands of the Srilanka Tamils. How did they
struggle for their demands?
Q. 7 Write down the basic principles of power- sharing.
Q. 8 What do we learn from the two stories of Belgium and Srilanka?
Q.9 How do pressure groups and interest groups share power in
democracy?
Q. 10 What do you mean by system of the 'Checks and balances' in a
democracy?
Answer of 3/5 Marks Questions :-
1. To reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social groups and
ensure political stability power sharing is desirable.
Different forms of power sharing are as under.
* Horizontal distribution of power is shared among different organs of
government such as Executive, Legislature and Judiciary.
* Vertical distribution of power.
Power can be shared among governments at different levels such as
central Govt; state Govt. and Local Govt.
* Power may also be shared among different social groups.
Ex. Religious and linguistic groups, community government in
Belgium etc.
* Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political
parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those
in power.
2. In Brussels, the capital of Belgium, the French speaking people are in
majority . The power has been into the hands of French people for a
longer period and benefitted them for economic development and
education. The French speaking population was better read, more
qualified and had access to more resources than the native Dutch

Class X - Social Science 44

45 Class X - Social Science
7. The basic principles of power sharing are :
(i) Government of different political parties i.e.a coalition Government.
(ii) Protection of minority rights.
(iii) Decentralisation of power.
(iv) To avoid conflicts
8. We learnt following things from the example of Belgium and Srilanka:-
(i) In Belgium the leaders realised that the unity of the country is
possible only by respecting the interests of different communities
and religious.
(ii) Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements
for sharing power. It helped to avoid civic strife between two
communities and a possible division of the country.
(iii) Srilankan example shows us that if a majority community wants to
force it dominance over others and refused to share power, it can
undermine the unity of the country.
Ans.9 Pressure groups and interest groups share power with the
government indirectly.
(i) Interest groups such as those of traders businessman industrialists
farmers and industrial workers have a direct share in government
power through participation in government committees.
(ii) They also bring influence on the decision making process of the
govt.
Ans.10 In democratic countries power is shared among different organs of
the govt. such as legislature executive and judiciary.
i. These organs are placed at the same level to exercise different
powers.
ii. None of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ
check the others. This results in a balance of power among various
institutions for example. Even though ministers exercise power
they are responsible to the parliament or state assemblies
similarly.
iii. Judges are appointed by the executive they can check the
functioning of executive and legislature. This arrangement is called
system of checks and balances.

Class X - Social Science 46

 Poltical Science
Lession 2
Federalism

Types of Government

Federal Unitary

Two or more levels of govt. • One level of government

Sub units are not subordinats • Subunits are subordinate to
to central govt. central govt.
State govt is not answerable • Central govt. can pass the
to central government for its orders for provincial or local
own powers government

India, Canada, China, Japan, U.K,

Germany France

Types of Federalion

Coming Together Holding Together

State coming on their Large country decides
own to form bigger to divide its power
unit USA. Australia between the constituent
States & National govt.
India

Parliament Loksabha + Rajyasabha + President

Prime Minister Elected member of majority party of Loksabha

Chief Minister Elected representative of majority party of vidhan sabha

47 Class X - Social Science

3 fold distribution of Legislative powers

Union List:- Defence, Foreign Affairs, banking, currency and so on.

State List:- Police, Trade, Commerce, Agriculture and so on.

Concurrent List:- Education, forest, trade union, marriage and so on.

The Local Government Structure or Village Level.

Gram Panchyat- Each village or group of village in some states has a gram
Panchayat. This is a council consisitng of several members often
called Panch and a president or
sarpanch. They are directly
elected by the adult
population of ward.
Panchayat Samiti / Block
Grampanchayt Samiti:- A few Gram Panchayat
Samiti
are grouped together to form what
is usually called a Panchayat or
Block or Mandat Samiti the member
of this represintaitive body are elected
by all the panchayat memebrs in that
area.

Zila Parishad:- All the Panchayat Samiti and Mandals in a district together
constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the mebers of Zila Parishad are elected.

Zila Parishad:- Members of loksabha + MLA's of that district & some other
officials of other district level.
Chairperson is the political head of Zila Parishad

Class X - Social Science 48

Memorable Facts :-
1. Horizontal distribution of power - Distribution of power among different
organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.
2. Vertical distribution of power – Distribution of power among
government at different levels such as central government, Provincial
Government, Local Government etc.
3. System of check and balance – The system in which judges are
appointed by the executive but they can check the functioning of
executive or lawsmade by the legislators.
4. Federalism: A system of government in which the power is divided
between central authority and its various constituent units.
5. In a federal system, the jurisdiction of the government of each level is
clearly mentioned in the constitution.
6. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally
changed by one level of government in federalism.
7. The objectives of federalism are not only to safeguard and promote
unity of the country but also accommodate regional diversity.
8. Coming together federations – When independent states come
together on their own to form a bigger unit Ex- USA, Australia,
Switzerland etc.
9. Holding together federation – When a large country divides its power
between the constituent states and the national government Ex- India,
Spain, Belgium etc.
10. Jurisdiction – The area over which someone has legal authority.
11. In India, the legislative powers have been divided into three lists.
* Union List – Subjects of national importance ex. foreign affairs
banking, currency etc.
* State List – Subjects of state and local importance ex. - Police,
trade, agriculture.
* Concurrent List – Subjects of common interests of both the union
Govt as well as the state Govt.

49 Class X - Social Science

12. Residuary Subjects – The subjects which are not mentioned in Union,
state or concurrent list come under the power of federal or union govt.
and are called residuary subjects.
13. Coalition Government – When two or more political parties come
together to form a government.
14. Hindi is the mother tongue of about 40% of Indians.
15. Scheduled Languages : Such languages that come under eighth
schedule of the Indian constitution.
16. In 1992, a major step towards decentralisation was taken by making
the third-tier of democracy powerful and effective.

1 MARK QUESTIONS.
Q. 1 What is decentralisation of power ?
Q. 2 Name the only state of India which has its own constitution ?
Q. 3 Who plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of
constitutional provisions and procedures ?
Q. 4 According to our constitution, who has the power to legislate on
'residuary' subjects ?
Q. 5 Name the institutions of local government work in urban areas.
Q. 6 How 'Panchayat Samiti is constituted ?
Q. 7 What is called the head of municipal corporation ?
Q. 8 Who is the political head of Zila Parishad ?
Q. 9 Give an example of a country which is an example of coming together
federation ?
Q. 10 Who can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the
concurrent list ?
Q. 11 How many countries have federal political system in the world ?
Answers :
1. To divide powers among different levels of Governments.
2. Jammu & Kashmir
3. Judiciary
4. Union Government.
5. Municipalities and Municipal corporation.
6. Panchayat Samiti is constituted by a few gram Panchayats grouped
together.

Class X - Social Science 50

7. Mayor
8. Zila Parishad Chairperson
9. USA
10. Both Union Govt. and State Govt.
11. Federalism
12. 25

3/5 Marks Questions :-

Q. 1 Why is power sharing desirable ? Explain any three forms of power
sharing in modern democracies with examples.
Q. 2 Why was the minority 'French speaking community relatively rich and
powerful ?
Q. 3 How majori tariarism resulted in social tension in Sri Lanka ?
Q. 4 "'Sharing of Power makes a country more powerful and united ?"
Justify the statement ?
Q. 5 Highlight any three measures adopted by the Belgium government to
accommodate regional and cultural diversities.
Q. 6 Describe any three demands of the Sri Lankan Tamils. How did they
struggle for their demands ?
Q. 7 Write down the basic principles of power sharing ?
Q. 8 What is the difference between a federal form of government and a
unitary one ? Explain with examples ?
Q. 9 Describe importance of local government in present day democracy ?
Q. 10 What other factors besides politics keep the federations united ?
Q. 11 Compare the federations of coming together type and holding together
type ?
Q. 12 Which five provisions of Indian constitution make India a full-fledged
federation ?
Q. 13 Explain five changes towards decentralisation brought in the
constitution after the amendments made in 1992.
Q. 14 The creation of linguistic states was the first and the major test of
democratic politics in our country. Justify the statement.
Q. 15 What is Gram Sabha ? Describe any four functions of a Gram Sabha.
Q. 16 How have the centre-state relations been restructured to strengthen
federalism ?

51 Class X - Social Science

Answer of 3/5 Marks Questions :-
1. To reduce the possibility of conflicts between different social groups
and ensure political stability power sharing is desirable.
Different forms of power sharing are as under.
* Horizontal distribution of power is shared among different organs of
government such as Executive, Legislature and Judiciary.
* Vertical distribution of power.
Power can be shared among governments at different levels such
as central Govt; state Govt. and Local Govt.
* Power may also be shared among different social groups.
Ex. Religious and linguistic groups, community government in
Belgium etc.
* Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political
parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those
in power.
2. In Brussels, the capital of Belgium, the French speaking people are in
majority . The power has been into the hands of French people for a
longer period and benefitted them for economic development and
education. The French speaking population was better read, more
qualified and had access to more resources than the native Dutch
Population . The French were part of an aristocracy of trades man and
thus were financially strong.
3. The leader of the Sinhala community dominated the government and
adopted a series of majoritarian measures which resulted social
tension.
* Sri Lanka became independent in 1948.
* In 1956 an Act was passed to recognise Sirhala as the only official
language, disregarding Tamil.
* Sinhala applicants were favoured for university and government
jobs.
* The constitution gives special protection to Buddhism.
* The leaders were insensitive to the language and culture of Tamils.
* Government policies deprieved them of equal political rights.
4. Sharing of power makes a country more powerful and united because
of the following reasons :-
* Power sharing ensures that all people have stake in government.
* Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the
concept of people's rule.

Class X - Social Science 52

 * It ensures the political stability in democracy.
* Power sharing accommodates diverse groups.
5. (i) The constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French
speaking ministers shall be equal in central Government. Some
special laws require the support of majority of numbers from each
linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions
unilaterally.
(ii) Many powers of central Government have been given to the state
governments of the two regions of the country.
(iii) The capital of Belgium, Brussels has a separate government in
which both the communities have equal representation.
6. (i) The Sri Lankan Tamils demanded the recognition of Tamil as an
official language.
(ii) They demanded regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in
securing education and jobs.
(iii) Through the formation of several organisations they demanded an
independent Tamil Eelam (State) in the northern and eastern parts
of Sri Lanka.
(iv) The Sri Lankan Tamils struggle for their demands by launching
political organisation.
7. The basic principles of power sharing are :
(i) Government of different political parties i.e.a coalition Government.
(ii) Protection of minority rights.
(iii) Decentralisation of power.
(iv) To avoid conflicts
8. (i) In a federal system, power is divided at different levels. For
example at the government level among the Executive, Legislature
and Judiciary. At the government level among the central
Government, state Government and Local Government. Each
level of Government and its organs are free to work in their
jurisdiction.
(ii) On the other hand in the unitary form of Government, all the powers
are rested in the hands of national government. In this system
either there is one level of government or the sub-units are
subordinate of central government. The central government can
pass on orders to the provincial or local government. For example,
Sri Lanka, China etc.

53 Class X - Social Science

9. The importance of local government.
(i) Various problems are sorted out at local level.
(ii) It helps the people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) It reduces the burden of central Government.
(iv) Local government is according to decentralisation of power.
10. (i) Power sharing arrangement between the central and state
government.
(ii) Independent role of judiciary.
(iii) Language ethnicity.
(iv) Response to conflicting claims.
(v) Active participates of the people.
11.
Coming Together Federation Holding Together Federation
1. Under this, independent states 1. Under this, a large country decides
come together on their own to form to divide its powers between the
a bigger unit. constituent units and the national
2. All constituents states usually government.
have equal powers and the states 2. Under this, central government
enjoy certain amount of autonomy. tends to be more powerful.
3. The main aim of the federation is to 3. In this type of federation, there is
pool their sovereignty and an absence of pooling sovereignty
maintain their seperate identity to and maintaining identity.
increase their security. 4. Some examples are India,
4. Some examples are USA, Belgium and Spain.
Australia, and switzerland.

12. A federation is a country in which the powers are divided between the
union and its constituents.
(i) Two or more levels of government :
Union Government, State Government and Local Government.
(ii) Three Lists : Union List, State List & Concurrent List.
(iii) Rigid Constituion
(iv) Bicameral Legislature.
Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
(v) Financial Autonomy : The revenue sources of both the centre and
states have been clearly defined.
(vi) Independent Judiciary

Class X - Social Science 54

13. The following steps were taken towards decentralization after 1992.
(i) It was made constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to
local government bodies.
(ii) Seats were reserved for scheduled castes (SCs) Scheduled
Tribles (STs) and OBCs.
(iii) Women were given one-third representation.
(iv) An independent institution called state election commission, was
created to conduct local body elections.
(v) State governments were required to share their power and revenue
with local bodies.
14. (i) After 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were
proposed to be changed to ensure that people who spoke the same
language lived in the same state.
(ii) Some states like Nagaland were not created on the basis of
language but because of their distinct culture, ethnicity and
geography.
(iii) When the demand for the formation of linguistic states rose, some
leaders feared that it would again lead to disintegration.
(iv) But when the actual creation of states was done on the basis of
language, it so proved that the country was more united. This
process did away with all fears and tension.
(v) Thus, the framing of the language policy was the test for Indian
federation. It inspired the confidence in different language
speaking people that no language will be imposed on them.
In a way language policy has strengthened the unity and integrity of
India.
15. Gram Sabha includes all the adult people of the village.
Functions :-
(i) It elects the members of the gram panchayat.
(ii) It reviews the performance of gram panchayat.
(iii) It supervises the work of the gram panchayat.

55 Class X - Social Science

16. The centre state relations have been restructured to strengthen
federalism in the following ways.
(i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950 the boundaries of
several old states were changed in order to create new states. This
was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language,
share the same culture, ethnicity could live in the same state.
(ii) Language Policy : Besides Hindi, 21 other languages were in the
eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. Though Hindi was
identified as the optional langiage but the central Government did
not impose Hindi on states where people spoke a different
language.
(iii) Centre - State Relations : It is the care of federalism and they are
regulated by the provisions of the constitution. Indian constitution
has demarcated the powers of the union and the state
governments but still the Union Government can have influence
over the state in many ways.

Class X - Social Science 56

 Ch-3 & 4
Democracy and Diversity &
Gender, Religion and Caste
Memorable Facts :-
1. Homogeneous Society –- A society that has similar kinds of people
especially where there are no significant ethnic difference.
2. African - American – The descendants of Africans who were brought
into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th
century.
3. Apartheid – A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on
grounds of race.
4. Racism – Discrimination on the basis of colour of skin.
5. Civil Rights Movement – It refers to a set of events and reforms
movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against
African - Americans
6. Migrants – Anybody who shift from one region or country to another
region within country or to another country for work or other economic
opportunities.
7. Scheduled Caste – Poor and landless and also socially and
economically backward Indians.
8. Sexual division of labour – A system in which all works are divided on
the basis of sex. It means a particular work for a particular sex.
9. Feminist – A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and
opportunities for women and man.
10. Patriarchy – A system of society in which men hold the power and
women are largely excluded from it.
11. Family laws – Those laws that deal with family related matters such as
marriage, divorce, adoption etc.
12. Secularism – The belief that religion should not be involved with the
ordinary social and political activity of a country.
13. Urbanisation – Shifting of population from rural areas to Urban areas.
14. Occupational Mobility – Shift from one occupation to another.
15. Caste hierarchy – A social structure in which classes are determined
by heredity i.e. from the highest to the lowest castes.
16. Universal adult franchise – After attaining a certain age, all the people

57 Class X - Social Science

are given right to vote without - discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion
or gender.
17. Communalism – A belief in which the followers of a particular religion
believe that their religion is superior over other religion.

Influence of Politics, Gender Caste and Religion on each other

Caste Politics Religion

Gender

Gender:-
• Sexual division of labour-all works inside the home done by women.
• Patriarchal society- all the power hold by men.
• Less representation in legislature (India)-approximately 11% in lok sabha in
2014.
• 1/3 reservation in local government
• Feminists and other people and many organisations are demanding for
reservation of women in legislature.

Class X - Social Science 58

One Mark Questions :-
Q. 1 Where was the olympic event of 1968 held ?
Q. 2 Who were Tommie Smith and John Carlos ?
Q. 3 What was the main aim of Civil rights movements in the USA ?
Q. 4 Who was the leaders of Civil Rights Movement in the United States ?
Q. 5 What did mean black-gloved and raised clenched fists of Tommie
Smith and John Carlos ?
Q. 6 Name the Australian Athlete, who supported the two American
athletes.
Q. 7 What was the main reasons of disintegration of Yugoslavia ?
Q. 8 Give examples of two countries having homogeneous Society.
Q. 9 In which university, the statue of Tommie Smith, John Carlos and Peter
Norman has been installed ?
Q. 10 Which kind of social differences create possibilities of deep social
divisions and tensions ?
Q. 11 What do you mean by homogenous society ?
Q. 12 Which region has the highest women's representation in the national
parliament ?
Q. 13 Name the Indian states where according to the census of 2001, sex
ratio is less than 800.
Q. 14 What does gender division refer to ?
Q. 15 According to 2001 census what was the sex ration in India ?
Q. 16 What is called a person who does not discriminate others on the basis
of religious beliefs ?
Q. 17 Who said that religion can never be separated from politics ?
Q. 18 Which state in India has the lowest infant mortality rate ?
Q. 19 In which countries does the women's representation in politics is high ?
Q. 20 What is meant by Sex ratio ?

59 Class X - Social Science

Answer of 1 Marks Questions :
1. Mexico.
2. They were African - Americans . They won medals in 200 metres race.
3. To abolish legal racial discrimination.
4. Martin Luther king Jr.
5. Black Power
6. Peter Norman
7. Religious and ethnic reasons
8. Germany and Sweden.
9. San Jose state University.
10. Overlapping social differences
11. A society where there are not significant ethnic differences.
12. Nordic countries.
13. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh & Gujrat
14. Gender division refers to the unequal roles assigned to men and
women by the society.
15. 1000 males 933 females
16. Secular
17. Mahatma Gandhi
18. Kerala
19. Finland, Swedan and Norway
20. Sex ratio means number of females per thousand males in a country.

Class X - Social Science 60

3/5 Marks Questions :
Q. 1 Which event was related to the "Civil Rights Movement" in 1968 at
Maxico City ?
Q. 2 Mention any two reasons of origins of social differences.
Q. 3 What are the three important factors in the outcome of politics of social
divisions ?
Q. 4 We all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one
social group. " Discuss the statement with suitable examples.
Q. 5 What are the features of a homogeneous society ? Mention the name
of any one country having such society ?
Q. 6 Some people conclude that "politics and social divisions should not be
allowed to mix." Support this idea with two arguments.
Q. 7 Distinguish between overlapping and cross cutting differences .
Q. 8 Why did Smith wear a black scarf around his neck and Carlos a string of
beads during medal ceremony at Mexico city in 1968 ?
Q. 9 What is a secular state ? Describe any three constitutional provisions
that make Indian a secular state.
Q. 10 What are the factors other than the caste which play a decisive role at
the time of the election ?
Q. 11 "In Our Country women still lag much behind men despite some
improvements since independence ". Support the statement by giving
suitable reasons.
Q. 12 Caste can take various forms in politics. Describe any five forms .
Q. 13 How can religion influence politics ?
Q. 14 What are the effects of communalism on politics ?
Q. 15 Do you agree with the view that casteism has not disappeared from
Indian Society ? Discuss.
Q. 16 Do the 'Caste' and 'Vote bank' factors completely control the elections
in India ?
Q. 17 Give three reasons which have contributed to changes in caste and
caste system in India.
Q. 18 What steps have been taken by the government of India to improve the
conditions of women in society ?

61 Class X - Social Science

Q. 19. What is the proportion of women in Indian legislature? What can be
done to improve the representation of women in legislature?
Q. 20. Communalism can take various forms in politics. Explain the
statement with forms of communalism.
Q. 21. Religion can never be seperated from politics. “Explain the
statement?
Q. 22. Explain the reason behind change in caste and caste system in
modern India?
Q. 23. How politics influences the caste system and caste identities?
Q. 24. How exclusive attention to caste can produce negative results in
politics?
Answer 3/5 Marks Questions :
1. In the 1968 olympics, Smith and Carles won the gold and bronze
medals respectively. They received their medals wearing black socks
and no shoes, to represent Black poverty. With this gesture, they tried
to draw international attention to racial discrimination in the United
States.
2. (i) Based on our choices :
Normally we don't choose to belong to our community. We belong
to it because we were born into etc.
(ii) Based on our choices :
Some of the differences are based on our choices. For example,
religion, occupation, sports etc. Some people are atheists. They
don't believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow
a particular religion. Most of us choose which occupation to take
up.
(iii) Based on economic status :
Economic status can also be responsible for social differences.
Rich and poor people belonging to the same community or religion
often do not keep close relations with each other as they feel that
they are very different.
3. (i) The first and foremost factor is for people to see their identities as
multiple and complementary to the national identity. This helps
them to stay together.
(ii) The second factor depends on how political leaders raise the
demands of any community. The demands should be within the
constitutional framework and not at the cost of another community.

Class X - Social Science 62

 (iii) The third factor depends on how the demands of different groups
are met by the government. The demands of minority community
should also be kept in mind.
4. It is fairly common for people belonging to the same religion to feel that
they do not belong to the same community, because their caste or sect
is very different. It is also possible for people from different religious to
have the same caste and feel close to each other. Rich and poor
persons from the same family often do not keep close relations with
each other for they feel they are different. eg.-Carlos and Smith were
similar in one way that they both were Afro-Americans and thus
different from Norman, who was white. But they were all athletes who
stood against racial discrimination. Thus we all have more than one
social group.
5. Homogeneous society is a kinds of society that has similar kinds of
people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences.
But these kinds of society are rare, even those countries such as
Germany and Sweden that were once highly homogeneous are
undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the
world. Migrants bring with them their own culture and tend to form a
different social community. In this sense, most countries of the world
are multi cultural.
6. It is true that politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix. It
leads to negative results. We can see this when caste starts influencing
politics :-
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
new kinds of neighbouring castes are subcastes which it had
excluded earlier. New kinds of caste groups like backward and
forward emerge. This is not healthy for democracy and can lead to
tensions, conflicts and even violence. It diverts attention from
other pressing issues like poverty, development and corruption.
(ii) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste
sentiment to minister support. Some political parties are known to
favour some castes and are seen as their representatives. This is
bad, because it gives the impression that elections are about caste
and nothing else. This is far from truth.

63 Class X - Social Science

7. Overlapping Cross Cutting
1. A social difference overlaps with 1. A social difference coss-cuts
another difference. another difference.
2. People start feeling that they 2. The group can share a common
belong to different communities. interest on one issue but are likely
3. These creates possibilities of deep to be in different sides on different
social divisions. issues.
4. The difference between Blacks 3. These are easier to accommodate.
and the white in USA is an 4. In Netherlands, Class and religion
example of overlapping difference tend to cut across each other as
because the Blacks are poor, Catholics and Protestants are
homeless and discriminated. about equally likely to be poor or
rich.

8. Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent black pride and
Carlos wore a string of beads to commemorate black people who had
been killed.
9. A state that has no official religion and ensures equal status to all
religious is called secular state.
Constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are :
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of
Buddhism in Sri Lanka and that of Islam in Pakistan.
(ii) The constitution provides freedom to all individuals and
communities to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not
to follow any particular religion.
(iii) The constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) Our constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of
religions in order to ensure quality within religious communities.
10. Other than caste some factors which play a decisive role at the time of
election :-
(i) Money
(ii) Power
(iii) Prestige
(iv) Religion
(v) Policies of the political parties etc.

Class X - Social Science 64

11. (i) The literacy rate (as per 2011 census) among women only 65.46
percent compared with 82.14 Percent among men. Similarly only a
smaller proportion of girls go for higher studies.
(ii) The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued job is
still very small. On an average, an Indian women works one hour
more than an average man everyday.
(iii) As per the equal wages Act, equal wages should be paid to equal
work. But in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to
factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when
both do exactly the same work.
(iv) Representation of women, in people representative bodies like Lok
Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembles etc are still less than
10%
(v) Sex ratio is not in favour of women.
(vi) The status of women in society is lower than the men.
(vii) Their share in the state assembles is less than 12.5%.
12 The caste can take following forms in politics:
(i) Sometimes candidates are chosen on the basis of their caste.
When political parties choose candidates, they keep in mind the
caste composition of their voters.
(ii) In many places, voters vote on the basis of caste and fail to choose
suitable candidates.
(iii) When a government is formed after elections, political parties take
care that different castes are represented in the government.
(iv) Political parties appeal to caste sentiments during elections.
(v) To gain support, political parties, raise caste-based issues during
elections.
(vi) The castes considered inferior or low until now have been made
conscious of their rights by the political parties.
13. (i) Gandhi Ji believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn
from all religious.
(ii) Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religion can play a
role in politics.
(iii) People should have the freedom to express in politics their needs,
interest and demands as a member of a religious community.

65 Class X - Social Science

 (iv) People who hold political power should see the discrimination and
oppression does not take place due to religion.
14. (i) Religion rather than ability becomes the criteria to choose
candidates for election.
(ii) People prefer to caste votes in favour of candidates of their own
religion.
(iii) Communalism can turn ugly and lead to violenc, massacre and
riots.
(iv) Sometimes, the voters polarise on the communal line and caste
their votes accordingly.
15. Although the old barrier of caste system are breaking down, but still
casteism continue to be there in the Indian society.
(i) Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe.
(ii) Untouchability has not ended completely.
(iii) Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to
be felt today.
16. There is an impression that elections in Indian are all about caste and
nothing else. But it is also true that 'Caste' and 'Vote bank' factors alone
cannot determine elections in India due to the following reasons:—
(i) No single caste is ever elected with a clear majority in any
parliamentary constituency. So votes of more than one caste is
required to win the election for any candidate or party.
(ii) Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste.
Some voters have more than one candidate from their caste, while
many voters have no candidate from their caste.
(iii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.
17. The following reasons have contributed to changes in the caste system
(i) Efforts of political leaders and social reformers like Gandhi Ji and
B. R. Ambedkar who advocated and worked to establish a society
in which caste inequalities are absent.
(ii) Socio-economic reasons like urbanisation, growth of literacy and
education. Occupational mobility, weakening of landlord's position
in the village have led to the breaking down of caste hierarchy .
(iii) The constitution of India prohibits any caste-based discrimination
that lays down the foundations of policies to end the injustices of
the caste system.

Class X - Social Science 66

18. The following schemes and strategies have been taken up by the Govt.
of India for women empowerment :-
(i) Act prohibiting the practice of sati
(ii) The Hindu widow remarriage act.
(iii) The married women's property act
(iv) Rajiv Gandhi National Creche scheme (for working women)
(v) Support to training and employment program for women.
(vi) Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna.
(vii) Kishori Shakti Yojna
(viii) The Dowry prohibition Act.
(ix) Protection of women from Domestic voilation Act, 2005
(x) The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act
(xi) The Equal Renumeration Act.
Ans. 19 In Lok Sabha 2014 women are 11.23%
-in state assemblies women are approximately 5%
-To improve the representation of women in legislature reservation
of seats for women should be legally binding like panchayat.
-In panchayat 1/3 seats are reseved for women.
-some states where 50% seats are already reserved for women are
Bihar, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh.
Ans. 20 religious prejudices,stereotypes of religious communities and
belief in the superiority of own's religion over other religion.
-A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of
one’s own religious community.
-Political mobilisation on religious lines. This involves the use of
sacred symbols, religious leaders and plain fear in order to bring
the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
-Most ugly form of communalism is communal violence,riots and
massacre.
Ans. 21 According to Gandhi ji religion was not related to any particular
religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that informs all
religions. Politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

67 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 22 Caste and caste system in in modern India have undergone great
changes because of-
- Economic development
- Large scale urbanisation
- Growth of literacy and education
- Occupational mobility
- Weakening of the position of landlords in the village
Ans. 23 Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
neighbouring castes or sub castes which were earlier
excluded from it.
-Castes group are required to enter into a coalition with other
castes.
-Newkind of castes group have come up in the political arena like
backward and forward caste groups.
Ans. 24 Politics based on caste identity alone is not very healthy in a
democracy.
-can divert attention from other pressing issues like poverty,
development and corruption.
-Caste division leads to tensions,conflicts and even violence.

Class X - Social Science 68

 Chapter-5
Popular Struggles and Movements
Key Points to remember:
Ÿ Pressure groups: Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to
influence government policies.
Ÿ Public Interest Groups: They promote collective goods as opposed to
selective good. They support or help groups other than their own
members.
Ÿ Maoist: The communists who believed in the ideology of Mao, the
great leader of the Chinese Revolution were called Maoist.
Ÿ Bolivia: Bolivia is a poor country located in Latin America(South
America).
Ÿ S.P.A: Seven Party Alliance in Nepal.
Ÿ FEDECOR: National Coalition of Bolivia
Ÿ Pressure Group: A group that tries to influence public policy in the
interest of a particular cause,
Ÿ BAMCEF: The all India Backward and Minority Communists
Employees Hederation.
Ÿ Monarchy: A form of government with a monarch at the head.
1 Mark Question
Q.1 Explain the main reason for “Bolivia’s water war’?
Q.2 What was the reason of popular movement in Nepal?
Q.3 When was democracy established in Nepal?
Q.4 Which organisation led the protest against water Privatisation in
Bolivia?
Q.5 Who are Sectional Interest groups?
Q.6 Why did King Gyanendra dismiss the then Prime Minister and dissolve
Parliament? Q.7 Ditlerentiate between “Sectional Interest groups” and
“Public Interest groups”?
Q.8 What is the role of "BAMCEF”?
Q.9 Give some examples of Movements?
Q.10 Name any one political party of India which grew out of a movement.

69 Class X - Social Science

Answers
1. The Government of Bolivia sold the rights of water supply to a
multinational company.
2. To restore the Democracy.
3. 1990
4. FEDECOR
5. They seek to promote the interests of a particular sections of group of
society.
6. He was not prepared to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of
the the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected
government.
7. Sectional Interest groups seek to promote the interest of a particular
section.
Public interest groups promote collective rather than selective goods.
8. It is an organization largely made up of government employees that
campaigns against caste discrimination.
9. Narmada Bachao Andolan, Anti-liquor Movement, Women’s
Movement
10. Aam Aadmi Party, AIADMK, DMK
3/5 Mark Questions
Q.1 Differentiate between pressure group and Political Parties?
Q.2 What do you understand by pressure group? Explain with example?
Q.3 Describe any of the three function of Interest group?
Q.4 Describe any two similarities and inequalities of popular struggle in
Bolivia and Nepal?
Q.5 What is the significance of the Election Manifesto?
Q.6 Dillerentiate between issue-specific movements and generic
movements. Give an example of an issue-specific movement and
explain. .
Q.7 How does pressure group influence Politics?
Q.8 Examine the role of pressure groups and movements in deepening
Democracy?

Class X - Social Science 70

Answers
1. Pressure Group
Ÿ They are not direct partner in the Government.
Ÿ Their organization is weak.
Ÿ They has limited influence.
Ÿ Their target is short duration. .
Political Parities
Ÿ They are direct partner in the Government.
Ÿ Their organization is strong.
Ÿ They has influence on large society.
Ÿ Their targeted on long duration.
2. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence
government policies. Example:
All India Teacher’s Association
All India Student Union
All India Trade Association
3. Works of Interest Groups:
Ÿ Creation of Public Opinion
Ÿ To arrange the Strike and Demonstration
Ÿ Support the Political Parties at the time of Elections.
4. Similarities
Ÿ Both the countries were Democratic.
Ÿ Popular Struggles get success in both the countries.
Ÿ Both the countries are example for Democratic Struggle.
Ÿ These two countries are example of Political Struggle.
Inequality
Ÿ The struggle of Nepal was based on the politics of the country.
Ÿ The struggle of Bolivia is related to a particular policy.
5. It provides the details of programs, policies and objectives of Political
Parties.

71 Class X - Social Science

Ÿ It shows the Internal and External policies of any party.
Ÿ It provides the information about post-election operations.
Ÿ Public can create pressure to government to work accordingly their
manifesto.
6. Issue Specific Movements:
Ÿ They achieve a single objective-within a limited timeframe.
Ÿ There is a clear leadership.
Ÿ They have some sort of an organization i.e., organizational features of
order, stability leadership etc., are visible in them.
Ÿ Their active life is usually short, e.g., The Nepalese Movement for
Democracy.
Generic Movement
Ÿ They are more general movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in
the long term,
Ÿ They have independent leadership.
Ÿ There is no single organization that controls or guides such
movements.
7. Yes. pressure groups influence Politics.
Ÿ They indirectly help the candidate.
Ÿ To create the pressure on government they organized the strike and
demonstration.
Ÿ To get support and sympathy of public they organize various functions.
8. Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy.
Ÿ lt reminds the government of the needs and concern of ordinary
citizens.
Ÿ Put pressure on the rulers for the unhealthy activities,
Ÿ It performs a useful role of the countering undue influence of the rich
and powerful people.
Ÿ One Single group cannot achieve dominance over society.
Ÿ The government gets to hear about what different sections of the
population want.
Ÿ This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of
conflicting interests.

Class X - Social Science 72

 Functions of Political
Party

To form and
To make law for To compete Role of To form Public
run
country in Election Opposition Opinion
government

73 Class X - Social Science

Note: The number of political parties in India based on report of Election commission of India in
year 2006.

Class X - Social Science 74

75 Class X - Social Science
 Lack of
Internal
Democracy

Meaningful
Dynas c
Choice to the
Succession
voters Challenges
to Poli cal
Par es

Transperancy
Money and
in Party
Muscle Power
func ons

4. Rashtriya Janta Dal

Class X - Social Science 76

77 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 78
you agree with this statements? Why/whynot?

79 Class X - Social Science

1. 2.

3.

Class X - Social Science 80

Memorable facts :
1. Electorate :- Group of people who have right to vote in an election.
2. Sovereignty :- Supreme power of the state to take decisions in the
internal as well as external matters.
3. Ballot :- The paper on which the names of the candidates who are
contesting elections for a particular office are printed and the voters
indicate their choice for a particular candidate.
4. Accountability :- The responsibility or obligation of government
officials to act in the best interests of people or society.
5. By-elections :- Special elections to few seats rendered vacant during
the running term (by death, resignation or disqualification).
6. Legitimate Government :- A government under which law and action
of the government are revealed to the people and government
function in transparent manner.
7. Democracy :- Democracy is a government of the people, by the
people and for the people.
Or
Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.
8. Dictatorship :- An autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership
unrestricted by law, constitution or other social and political factors.

Objective type Questions

Q1. Fill in the blank-

Democracy enhances the_______________of the individual.
Q2. Correctly match the following-

Feature Type of Government

(i) Free and fair elections Dictatorship
(ii) Censorship on open debate Democracy
(ii) Legitimate Government Dictatorship
(iv) Worst condition of citizens Democracy

81 Class X - Social Science

Q3. Correct the following statement on the basis of the political facts-
‘Democratic Government is a despotic government?
Q4. Choose the correct option-
Out of the following governments in which type of government citizens
have social equality-
(I) Monarchy
(ii) Dictatorship
(iii) Democracy
(iv) Autocracy
Q5. Write True (T) or false (F) at front of the following sentences-
a) Democracy allows room to correct mistakes. ¨
b) Democracy helps increasing social conflicts. ¨
c) Democracy is a better form of government when compared with
other alternative. ¨
d) The information about the government can be get by the right to
information. ¨
e) We know more about government and government knows less
about ourselves. ¨
Q6. In Which South Asian country is dictatorship preferred over
democracy?
Q7. Which South Asian country has always had a democratic government
since independence?
Q 8. Which South Asian country remains least doubtful about the suitability
of democracy for its country?
Q 9. Which aspect of democracy describes that it is a government run by
the consent of the people?
Q 10. Which form of government stands much superior in promoting dignity
and freedom of the individual?
Q 11. Why is there a delay in decision-making and implementation in a
democracy?

Class X - Social Science 82

Q 12. Decisions taken by which type of government are likely to be more
acceptable to the people and more effective?
Q 13. Who has said " Democracy is a government of the people, by the
people and for the people."
Q 14. What does mean transparency?
3/5 Marks Questions
Q 1. Democracy accommodates social diversities." Support the statement
with examples.
Q 2. How are democratic governments better than other forms of
governments ? Explain.
Q 3. What are the differences between democratic and non-democratic
governments in the decision making process?
Q 4. What is the main outcome of democracy with reference to reduction of
inequality and poverty? Give any two arguments to support your
answer.
Q 5. Examine any three features on the basis of which maximum number of
countries claim to practice democratic politics?
Q 6. "In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in
reducing economic inequalities." Support this statement by giving
three arguments.
Q 7. Explain main features that are common in all democratic set-ups of the
governments.
Q 8. How are complaints treated as testimony to the success of
democracy? Explain with five facts.
OR
"The facts that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the
success of democracy." Justify the statement by giving points.
Q 9. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and
legitimate government?
Q 10. Write three merits and demerits each of dictatorship.
Q 11. Mention a few factors that determine the economic growth of a country.
Q 12. List the various aspects and qualifications which help in giving a clear
definition of democracy.
Q. 13. What out comes are expected from a Democracy?

83 Class X - Social Science

Answers of objective type Questions
1. Dignity
2. (i) Free and fair elections Democracy
(ii) Censorship on open debate Dictatorship
(iii) Legitimate government Democracy
(iv) Worst condition of citizens Dictatorship
3. Democratic government is an accountable/responsive government.
4. (iii) Democracy
5. a) T True
b) F False
c) T True
d) T True
e) T True
6. Pakistan
7. India
8. India
9. Political Aspect
10. Democratic form of government.
11. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.
12. Democratic government.
13. Abraham Lincoln.
14 . Right to examine decision making process.
Answers of 3/5 Marks Questions
1. Democracy accommodates social diversities in the following ways :-
(i) Democracy develops competitive attitudes. Democracy develops
a procedure to conduct competition among social classes. This
reduces the possibility of conflicts and social tensions.
(ii) Democracy evolves mechanisms to negotiate : No Society can
fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups,
but we can certainly learn to respect these differences.
Democracies are best suited to produce this outcome.

Class X - Social Science 84

 (iii) Democracy represents the general view :
Democracy ensures that the government should not be made by
the majority but it should have the representation of minority as
well.
2. Democracy is always preferable and superior to any other form of
government because of the following reasons:-
(i) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) Democracy enhances dignity of individuals.
(iii) Democracy improves the quality of decision making.
(iv) Democracy develops competitive attitude
(v) Democracy evolves mechanism to negotiate
(vi) Democracy represents the general view
(vii) Democracy provides and accountable, responsive and legitimate
government.
3. The difference between democratic and non-democratic governments
in the decision making process are as under :-
(i) The decision making process in non-democratic government is
quick whereas in democratic government is slow.
(ii) In non-democratic government implementation of the decisions is
fast whereas in the democratic government is slow.
(iii) Non-democratic government do not follow any fixed procedure
but democratic governments have to follow certain procedures.
(iv) Democratic government is based on deliberation and negotiation
but non-democratic government do not bother about such
deliberation or public opinion.
4. Democracy is based on political equality. All individuals have equal
right in electing representatives. Parallel to the process of bringing
individuals into the political arena on an equal footing, find growing
economic inequalities. A few number of rich enjoy a highly
disproportionate share of wealth and incomes.
Not only that their share in the total income of the country has been
increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to
depend upon. Their incomes have been declining and sometimes they
find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life such as food, clothing,
house, education and health.
5. When any country follows this pattern, then they are able to claim to
practice democratic politics:

85 Class X - Social Science

 (i) Elections are held at regular intervals and are free and fair.
(ii) Freedom of speech, expression and thought is another feature of
democracy.
(iii) The dignity of the individual is recognised.
(iv) All are treated equally and their value of vote is the same.
(v) Everyone has a share in democracy.
6. Democracies are based on political equality.
All citizens have equal right in electing representative but :-
(i) The same thing does not happen in the economic field.
(ii) Economic equality comes by the equitable distribution of wealth,
but this is not true in democracy.
(iii) The poor are becoming poorer and sometimes they find difficult
even to meet their basic needs of life such of food, shelter, health
and education.
(iv) Democracy has not been able to provide minimum facility to all
the people.
7. Common features in all the democratic set-ups are:
(i) Elections are held at regular intervals and are free and fair.
(ii) A democracy has a multi-party system and elections are held on
the basis of universal adult franchise.
(iii) Freedom of speech, expression and thought is another feature of
democracy.
(iv) The media is free and helps in building a sound public opinion.
(v) Democracy gives its citizens a sound political system bases on
equality.
(vi) Another feature of a democracy is a strong opposition which
keeps in check the ruling party or the government.
(vii) One can correct one's mistakes in a democracy and avoid
conflicts.
8. Expectations from democracy also functions as a criteria for judging
any democratic country. People's complaints in democracy is itself a
testimony to its success as it shows that people have developed
awareness and the ability to expect and look critically at power
holders. Examples of complaints of the following type can prove that
point:-
(i) Democracy sets up slow and inefficient government.
(ii) It is unsuccessful in reducing economic exploitation.

Class X - Social Science 86

 (iii) It is not free of the evil of corruption.
(iv) It takes too much time to reach at conclusion.
(v) It is not able to end social discrimination.
(vi) The responsibilities of all means the responsibility of none in
democracy.
9. Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government in the following ways:-
(i) Democratic government is responsible to the people. It cares
about the opinions, need and expectations of the people.
(ii) In a democratic government, people have the right to choose their
leaders and have control over their leaders.
(iii) In a democratic government, citizens are able to participate in
decisions making. In this way the basic outcome of democracy is
that it produces a government, accountable to the citizens.
(iv) Democracy produces legitimate government because after every
four or five years, the representatives of the people are elected by
secret ballot. The majority party forms government which works
according to the constitution.

10. Merits of dictatorship:-

(i) There are no competing political parties. Which ensures stability
in the government.
(ii) The orders are carried out as soon as they are passed in
dictatorship. This brings speed and efficiency in the system.
(iii) The dictators take all the decisions themselves. This enables
them to take quick and decisive decisions.
Demerits of dictatorship:-
(i) Suppression of civil Liberties.
The people are not allowed to disagree with the policies and
programs of the government.
(ii) As all the decisions are taken by the dictators themselves,
therefore, they do not consult anybody before taking decisions.
(iii) Violence : Violence is very common in dictatorship. The dictators
can go to any extent to remain in the power.
11. The factors that determine the economic growth of a country are:
(i) Population
(ii) Size
87 Class X - Social Science
 (iii) Natural Resources
(iv) Relationship with other countries
(v) Global situation
(vi) Geographic position
(vii) Economic policies of the government.
12. (i) The rules elected by the people must take all the major decisions.
(ii) Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to
change the existing rulers.
(iii) Choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an
equal basis.
(iv) Besides political rights, some social and economic rights are
offered to the citizens by the democracy.
(v) Power sharing is the spirit of democracy and its necessary
between government and social groups in a democracy.
13. (i) Elections should be held periodically on the basis of universal
franchise.
(ii) People should be guaranteed fundamental rights by constitution.
(iii) Freedom of Press should be allowed press should play important
role.
(iv) The elected representatives should be accountable to people.
(v) The unity, intergrity and Sovereignty of the country should be
strengthened.

Class X - Social Science 88

 Chapter- 8
CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY

Memorable facts :
1. Constitutional Design :- The principal that insists on organisation
and working of the state according to a constitution.
2. Bicameral Legislature :- A legislature having two houses or
chambers.
3. Challenge :- A difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for
progress.
4. Decentralisation :- The transfer of power from central and state
governments to local government.
5. Mandate :- The responsibility given by the electorate to the winning
party in an election.
6. Political Reform :- To resolve the challenges faced in politics.
7. Martial Law :- Martial Law is the imposition of direct military control of
normal civilian functions of government.
8. Mass Media :- The mass media is a diversified collections of media
technologies that reach a large audience.
9. Dictatorship :- A dictatorship is a government or social situation.
Where one person makes all the rules and decisions without input
from anyone else.
10. Communalism : It is an ideology, according to which each commune
is virtually an independent state and the nation is merely a federation
of such states.

1 Mark Questions
Q1. What is said the ideology of believing supremacy of other's caste?
Q2. According to the text how much of the globe is still not under
democratic government?
Q 3. Which country of the world disintegrated due to the ethnic tension
between Serbs and Albanians?
Q.4 What does strengthening of the institutions and practices of
democracy imply?
Q 5. The challenge of making the transition to democracy from a non-
democratic government is known as?

89 Class X - Social Science

Q 6. Name the country where 'Right to vote' is not given to women.
Q 7. Which act empowers the people to find out what is happening in the
government?
Q 8. Which act is considered the watch dog of democracy?
Q 9. Which from of government stands much superior in promoting
equality, freedom and fraternity among the people?
Q 10. Which kind of measures is likely to succeed more in order to reform
democracy?

3 Mark Questions
Q 1. What do you understand by the term 'foundational challenges'?
Q 2. Most of the established democracies are facing the challenge of
expansion. Support the statement with examples.
Q 3. 'The challenge of deepening of democracy is being faced by every
democracy in one form or another.' Support the statement with three
arguments.
Q 4. How are the challenges to democracy linked to the possibility of
political reform? Explain.
Q 5. What are the challenges faced by the countries, making transitions to
democracy under foundational challenge? Explain.
Q 6. Explain which four guideline should be kept in mind while devising
ways and means for political reforms in India.
Q 7. Why do most people want to reform politicians? Do you agree with
their views?
Q 8. "Legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome
challenges to democracy". Justify the statement with an example ?
Q 9. What are the different types of challenges to a Democracy?
Q 10. What are the influences of Socio - economic inequality on Indian
democracy ?

Answer of 1 Mark Questions

1. Casteism
2. One Fourth
3. Yugoslavia
4. Challenge of deepening

Class X - Social Science 90

5. Foundational challenge.
6. Saudi Arab
7. The right to Information Act.
8. The right to Information Act.
9. Democratic form of government.
10. Measures that-relies on democratic movements, people's
organisations and the media.

Answer of 3/5 Marks Questions

1. Many countries even now are not democratic. They have to make a
transition from other forms of governments to democracy and then
instituting democratic governments. Such countries face the
foundational challenges.
2. Most of the established democracies are facing the challenge of
expansion. This statement can be supported giving the following
examples:–
(i) The challenges of expansion involves applying the basic
principles of democracy across all the regions, different social
groups and various institutions.
(ii) It involves ensuring greater power to local governments,
extension of federal principles to all the units of the federation and
inclusion of woman and minority groups.
(iii) It also implies that less and less decisions should remain outside
the arena of democratic control. Most countries including India and
other democracies like the USA face this challenge.
Ex. In Saudi Arabia, women are not allowed to take part in Public
activities.
In Myanmar, military rule should be challenged.
3. The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every
democracy in one way or the other. This challenge ensures:–
(i) Strengthening of democratic institutions and principles.
(ii) To check the influence of the wealthy and powerful people in
democratic decisions.
(iii) Empowering the general section of people through democratic
institutions.
4. Challenges to democracy are linked to the possibility of political reform
in the following ways:-

91 Class X - Social Science

 (i) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong
political practices.
(ii) Democratic reforms are to be carried out by political parties
activists, movements and politically conscious citizens.
(iii) Ordinary citizens too participate in political affairs.
(iv) Democratic movements, citizens organizations and media can
play an important role in establishing democracy and thus
reforming politics.
(v) Laws to empower citizens like RTI should be made accessible so
that parties, their functioning and above all democracy can be
reformed from time to time.
5. Different kinds of challenges are as under :
(i) Poverty
(ii) Illiteracy
(iii) Regionalism
(iv) Unemployment
(v) Communalism
(vi) Political Violence and insurgency
(vii) Casteism
(viii) Gender Discrimination
(ix) Lingiusm
6. (i) Carefully devised changes in Law can help to discourage wrong
political practices and encourage good ones. At the same time,
legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome
challenges to democracy. They are to be carried out by political
activists, parties movements and politically aware people.
(ii) Legal changes can sometimes be counter productive. Generally
laws that seek to ban something are not very successful. Rather
laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have
more chances of working for example, RTI, empowers people to
act as watch dogs of democracy.
(iii) The focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen
democratic practice.
(iv) Any proposal or political reforms should think not only about what
is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how
measures that rely or democratic movements, citizens
organisations and the media are likely to succeed.

Class X - Social Science 92

7. General public tends to blame politicians for all the ills of our country.
They think that politicians are responsible for the corruption,
defection, casteism, communal violence, criminality etc. But it is
wrong to do so, because all politicians are not bad, there are both
good, honest politicians as well as bad, corrupt ones. It is for the
citizens to be more alert and make the right choice at the time of
elections. People and politicians together can meet the various
challenges like casteism and communalism, not any strict laws.
8. Legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome
challenges to democracy. This statement can be explained giving the
following arguments :
(i) Democratic reforms need to be carried out mainly by political
activities, political parties, movement groups and politically
conscious citizens.
(ii) Any legal change must produce positive effects of politics. But
sometimes the result may be counter productive. For example
many states have banned people from contesting election. Who
have more than two children. This has resulted in denial of
democratic opportunity to many poor and women, though it was
not an intention.
(iii) Laws that seek to ban something need not be successful always.
(iv) Laws that give initiative to the politician actors have more
possibilities of surviving.
(v) Laws that empower people and carry out democratic reforms are
best. For example RTI Act.
(vi) At a larger scale, it will initiate a corruption fee society.
9. Different types of challenges to a democracy:
(i) Constitutional design
(ii) Federalism and its functioning
(iii) working of institutions
(iv) Elections
(v) Democratic rights
(vi) Accommodation of diversity
(vii) Political groups and organizations

93 Class X - Social Science

 (viii) Challenges of expansion of democracy
(ix) Challenges of deepening of democracy
(x) Foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy.
10. (i) Disinterest among common people mean less participation.
(ii) Control over government by rich people and industrial houses.
(iii) Widening gap between rich and poor.
(iv) Promotes class interest.
(v) Unrest between the poor and the rich leads to tension.

Class X - Social Science 94

 Basis of Origin

Biotic Resources
Abiotic Resources
Resources which are
All those things which are
obtained from biosphere
composed of non-living
and have life known as
things are called Abiotic
Biotic Resources. Such as
Resources. For example-
human beings, flora and
Rocks and metals.
fauna.

Basis of Exhaustibility

Renewable resources Non Renewable Resources

The Resources which can be These resources take millions of
renewed or reproduced by years in their formation. Some
physical, chemical or of the resources like metals are
mechanical processes are recyclable and some like fossil
known as renewable resources. fuels cannot be recycled and get
For example – Solar and Wind exhausted with their use.

95 Class X - Social Science

Class X - Social Science 96
 27%
Forests Water 43%
degrade eroded
d area area
28% 56% 30%

97 Class X - Social Science

 Arid
Soil
Laterite
Soil

45

Class X - Social Science 98

99 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 100
45

101 Class X - Social Science

Class X - Social Science 102
103 Class X - Social Science
 Geography
2. Forest and Wildlife Resources

Ecological System

Flora Use & Fauna

(Vegetation, Forests) Depletion of (Wildlife, animals)
Flora & Fauna

Categories of Plants and animal species

Normal Endangered Vulnerable Rare Endemic Extinct

Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India

Conservation Projects Community and

(National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries) Conservation
Project tiger etc. (Sacred groves etc.)

Types and distribution of forests and wild life resources

Reserved Protected Unclassed

Forests Forests Forests

Class X - Social Science 104

Key Points
1. Natural vegetation refers to aplant Community which has grown
naturally. Forests (woodlands), geasslands etc. are it’s kind. It is also
known as virgin vegetation.
2. Planted vegetation is planted and grown by human.
3. Wildlife : Wild animals living in the natural environment.
4. Domestic animals: Pet animals living and used by human.
5. Flora : Plants of a particular region or period.
6. Fauna : The species of animals.
7. Eco system : All the plants and animals in an area are inter-dependent
and inter-related to each other in their physical environment, thus
forming an ecosystem. Human being are also on integral part of the
ecosystem.
8. Endemic Plants : The vergin (natural) vegetation, which are, purely
Indian. They are also known as indigenous species.
9. Zoological (National) Parks : Reserved gardens for wild animals & birds.
10. Wildlife Sanctuaries : Natural forests where hunting and poaching of wild
animal and birds are prohibited.
11. India is rich in it's flora. It has about 47,000 plant species about 15,000
Flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India.
12. India is also rich in it's flora. It has more than 81000 of animal species.
The country has more than 1200 species of birds. There are 2,500
species of fish, and more than 2500 species of insects.
13. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity means diverse form of plants and
animals which are closely integrated and interdependent.
14. There are five types of forests in India. These are Tropical, Evergreen
Tropical deciduous, Thorny, Montane and Mangrove.
15. Human beings cut the trees and kill the animals creating ecological
imbalance.
16. "Project Tiger" one of the well publicised wildlife campaigns in the world,
was launched in India in 1973.
17. The Indian wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972 and later in
1980, 1986 and 1991 some other provisions were added.
18. Community had played and can play a vital role in the conser-vation of
forests and wild life in India.
19. The biological loss through destruction of forests and wildlife is strongly
corrected with the loss of cultural diversity.
20. The greatest damage inflicted on India forests was during the colonial
period.
105 Class X - Social Science
Interesting Facts
1. Among the larges animals in India, 7a species of mammals, 44 of birds,
15 of reptiles, and 3 of amphibians are threatened.
2. Nearly 1500 plant species are considered endangered.
3. Asian Cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of available habitat and
Prey.
4. ‘Taxol' a chemical compound extracted from the Himalayan yew is the
biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
5. In some tribal areas Poverty is a direct outcome of environmental
destruction.
6. American consumes no times more resources than an average
somalian.
7. The Nicobar megapode is an endangered bird species.
8. If we share books after passing a class we may Save trees.
9. As per U. N. report per head trees in our country are 28 only While the
number is 8953 in Canada, 4461 in Russia, 716 in U.S.A and 102 in
China.
10. In every five years our Environment become hotter by 1 degrees
Celsius.

Objective Type Questions

1. Fill in the blanks
The term is used to denote plants of a particular region or period.
2. Match the following -

Community Conservation
(i) The Mundas & santhal tribes. i) T amarind and Mango
ii) Tribals of orissa & Bihar ii) Beej Bachao
(iii) Bishnoi of Rajasthan iii) Mahua and Kadamba
(iv) Farmers & citizen groups iv) Black buck (Chinkari)
of Tehri
3. Geographically correct the Statement -
Black buck is an extinct species in India.

Class X - Social Science 106

4. Choose the correct option -
What are amphibians ?
a) Animals that can live both on land and in water.
b) Animals that can live in water.
c) Animals that can live on the land.
d) none of the above.
5. Write True (T) or False (F) at front of the following statements -
i) Shifting cultivation (jhum) is a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. c
Which caused deforestation & degradation in India. c
ii) Colonial teak monoculture has damaged the natural - forest in south
India.
iii) Corbett National Park is situated in Kerala. c
iv) Ultar Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests. c
v) The famous Chipko movement was successfully resisted deforestation
in uttrakhand. c
Answer Key objective Type Questions
1. Flora
2. (i) The Mundas & Santhal (iii) Mahua and Kadamba
(ii) Tribals of Orissa & Bihar (i) Tarmarind and Mango
(iii) Bishnoi of Rajasthan (iv) Black buck (Chinkara)
(iv) Farmers & Citizens groups (ii) Beej Bachao
of Tehri
3. Black buck is an endangered species in India.
4. a) Animals that can live both on land and in water.
5. (i) cT True
(ii) c T True
(iii) c F False
(iv) c F False
(v) c T True
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark each)
1. Name the primary producers of the ecological system on which all other
living beings depend?
2. What is IUCN ?
3. Name any one vulnerable species of animal in India ?
4. How one can distinguish a cheetah from a leopard?

107 Class X - Social Science

5. Write any one cause to damage the Indian forests during colonial
period?
6. By which plant or tree the rich Himalayan oak was replaced during
colonial period?
7. Why Fuel - Fodder demand is partially responsible for depletion of forest
resources?
8. What is ecological system?
9. Name a Medicinal plants found in India?
10. What is ecological imbalance?
11. Name the nearest rives to you place? why it is not clean?
12. Name a bird, disappeared from Delhi in recent years?
13. Write any one use of Forests and wildlife to us?
14. What is deforestation?
15. What is afforestation
16. Which mineral mineral ore mining is causing a serious threat to the Buxa
Tiger Reserve in West Bengal?

Answer Key 1 Mark Questions

1. Plants / Forests.
2. International Union for conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
3. Asiatic elephant/gangetic dolphins/Blue Sheep etc.
4. It's distinguishing marks are the long teardrop shaped lines on each side
of the nose from the corner of it's eyes to it's mouth.
5. Expanston of the railways / mining / agriculture / scientific forestry.
6. Chir Pine.
7. As a substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping, rather
than by felling entire trees.
8. The complex Web made physical environment by the of inter relation and
inter dependance of plants, animals and human beings.
9. Jamun, Arjun, Neem, Babool, Tulsi, Kachnar etc. (Any One)
10. A danger to the ecological system due to the loss of plants and animal
species.
11 River Yamuna, Due to pollution. (Any one)
12. Sparrow (cauriya)
13. Wood, backs, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, Foddes,
manure etc. (Any one)

Class X - Social Science 108

14. Cutting trees.
15. Growing trees.
16. Dolomite (An ore)

3/5 Marks Questions

1. How do human beings influence the ecology of a region?
2. Which factors have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity
Environmental destruction / degradation.
3. Which are the three type / categories of forest and wildlife resources
classified by forest department? Explain.
4. In which six categories we can classify the existing planks and animal
species based on I.V.C.N, Explain.
5. Suggest some ways that can put end to the indiscriminate destruction of
our wild life ? (HOT)
Answer Key 3/5 Marks Questions.
1. (i) They utilise the vegetation and wildlife.
(ii) The greed of human beings leads to overutilisation of these
resources.
(iii) They cut trees and Kill animals, thereby creating an ecological
imbalance.
(iv) As a result, some of the plants and animals have reached on the
verge of extinction.
(v) Due to the insensitivity to our environment and lack of sustainable
development.
2. (i) Agricutwal Expansion after independence.
(ii) Over-Population
(iii) River Vally Projects
(vi) Mining
(v) Over Grazing & fuel wood collection
(vi) Un-equal access, inequitable consumption of resources.
(vii) Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, poisoning
and forest fires.
(viii) Environment pollution.
3. (i) Reserved forests.
(ii) Protected forests.
(iii) Unclassed forests

109 Class X - Social Science

4. (i) Normal Species
(ii) Endangered species
(iii) Vulnerable Species
(iv) Rare Species
(v) Endemic Species
(vi) Extinct species (Explain each point briefly.)
5. (i) Effective wild life Protection act by governments.
(ii) Indian Government have set up about four teen bioreserve to protect
both flora and fauna.
(iii) Financial and Technical assistance is provided to many botanical
gardens by the Government since 1992.
(iv) Project Tiger, project Rhino, Project Great Indian to Bustard and
many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.
(v) There are 89 National Parks, 490 wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological
Gardens set up.
(vi) Besides that all of us must realise the importance of the natural
ecosystem for own survival.

Class X - Social Science 110

 Chapter-3
Water Resources
Key Points and Definitions
1.) 96.5% of the total volume of world's water is estimated to exists as
oceans and only 2.5% as freshwater.
2.) Most of the rivers of India especially river tributaries or smaller ones have
become poisonous/toxic streams due to pollution.
3) River Basin-Total irrigated area by the main river and it's tributaries.
4) "Narmada Bachao Andolan"{Save Narmada Movement}-A movement
against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river.
5) Palar Pani-Stored rainwater in tankas considered as the purest form of
natural water in the dried areas of Rajasthan.
6) Underground Water-The water which is collected in the layers and rock
pores below the soil.
7) Rain water harvesting-Collecting the rain water in dug wells and reuse of it..
8) Hydroelectricity(hydel power)-Electricity generation from the flowing
water/rivers by throwing it from height.
9) Waterfall-In the middle of the river valley fall of a stream from a height.
10) Dam-A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or
retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
11) Multi-purpose projects-Many uses of the impounded water are
integrated by making a dam.
12) Multinational companies(MNCS)-Those companies whose industrial
organisations work more than in a single nation and they invest capital in
many countries to earn maximum profits.
13) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System-Tapping stream and spring water for
irrigation by using bamboo pipes.
Very short answer type questions(1 Marker)
1. How much water is there in the world out of total volume for the use of
humans?
2. In which state of India the roof top rainwater harvesting structure has
been made compulsory with legal provisions?
3. What was the main purpose of starting multi purpose projects after the
independence of India?
4) What are Guls' or 'Kuls'?
5) What are Khadins' and 'Johads'?

111 Class X - Social Science

6) Give an example from India where there is a sufficient rainwater yet
there is a scarcity of drinking water?
7) By which name the roof top water harvesting is called in Rajasthan?
8) Write the two causes of water scarcity?
9) Name the state and the river on which the Tehri Dam Project situated?
10) In which state and across which river the Salal Project is located?

Answer Key
A.1) 2.5%
A.2) Tamil Nadu
A.3) (i) Development of Agriculture and the village economy.
(ii) Rapid industrialisation
(iii) Growth of the urban economy.
A.4) The diversion channels built in the mountainous regions of Western
Himalayas.
A.5) Rain fed storage structures to collect the water in arid and semi-arid
regions.
A.6) Shillong the capital of Meghalaya.
A.7) Tanka
A.8) (i) The growing needs of the increasing population.
(ii) The unequal distribution of water or access to it.
A.9) On Bhagirathi river in Uttrakhand.
A.10) On Chenab river in Jammu & Kashmir.

Short/Long Answer type questions. (3/5 Markers)

1. What is Rain Water Harvesting? Write any two methods of Rain Water
Harvesting popular in different regions of India?
2. What is multi purpose river valley project? State different purposes of
these projects?
3. How does an abandoned dugwell can be re-filled by the rain water?
4. How the industrialisation and urbanisation are responsible for the water
scarcity?

Class X - Social Science 112

5. Write a short note on 'Narmada Bachao Andolan'?
6. Why does the water need to be conserve and managed despite being a
renewable resource?
7. Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting
methods are being carried out to conserve and store water?
8. Why Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed dams as the 'temples of
modern India'? Enlist the advantages from the dams?
9. Why the scarcity of water is increasing in our country day by day? Enlist
the reasons behind it?
10. Locate the following on the outline map of India-
1) Bhakra Dam
2) Hirakund Dam
3) Sardar Sarovar Project
4) Tehri Project
5) Nagarjun Sagar
6) Rihand Dam
7) Rana Pratap Sagar Project
8) Salal Project
11. "It is said if there will be any third world war it will be because of water
scarcity."Keeping in mind the example of water scarcity in Cape
Town(South Africa), explain the causes responsible for the water
scarcity in the world?
12. State the reasons behind the development of big dams in India in recent
years?

Answer Key
A.1) (i) A technique in which rain water is filled in empty places,tanks in
houses, abandoned dugwell etc.Later it is used.
(ii) In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels
like 'guls' and 'kuls' for irrigation.
(iii) 'Rooftop rain water harvesting' was commonly practiced to store
drinking water ,particularly in Rajasthan.
(iv) In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation
channels to irrigate their fields.
(v) Rain fed storage structures like the 'Khadins' and 'Johads' in arid
and semi-arid regions.

113 Class X - Social Science

A.2. Building dams on a river and achieving many purposes is called
Multi-purpose projects. Some of these are-
(i) Irrigation
(ii) Electricity generation
(iii) Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
(iv) Inland navigation and tourism
(v) Flood control
(vi) Fish breeding.
A.3. (i) Roof top rain water is collected using a PVC pipe
(ii) Filtered using sand and bricks
(iii) Underground pipe takes water to sumps for immediate usage
(iv) Excess water from the sump is taken to the well.
(v) Water from the well recharges the underground
(vi) Later take water from the well.
A.4. (i) Rapid industrialisation after the independence.
(ii) Due to ever-increasing number of industries excess use of fresh
water.
(iii) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense population and
urban lifestyles have added to water and energy requirements.
(iv) Overexploitation of water resources in cities as well as in villages.
A.5. A movement against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the
Narmada river in Gujarat.
(i) Organised by Non Governmental Organisation(NGO)
(ii) Mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human
rights activists.
(iii) It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees
that would be submerged under the dam water.
(iv) Later re-focused the aim to get full rehabilitation of displaced
people.
A.6. (i) There is only 2.5% fresh water in the world.
(ii) Overexploitation of water resources.
(iii) Growing population, greater demand and unequal access.
(iv) Increasing Urbanization.
(v) Due to industrialisation.

Class X - Social Science 114

A.7. (i) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
(ii) 'Guls' or 'Kuls'
(iii) Inundation channels
(iv) Rainfed storage structures
(v) Tank or Tankas
(vi) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System
A.8. There are many advantages of Dams. These projects integrate the
development of agriculture with industries therefore Nehru ji called
them the temples of modern India. Advantages-
(i) Irrigation
(ii) Electricity generation
(iii) Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
(iv) Flood control
(v) Recreation and Tourism
(vi) Fish breeding
A.9. (i) India is a country of Monsoon climate. Some time due to the failure
of Monsoon the scarcity of water Increases.
(ii) The rapid growth in the demand of irrigation water.
(iii) Due to the industrial activities downfall of underground water.
(iv) Growing pressure on the water resources due to the pace of
urbanisation.
(v) To meet the needs of the growing population.
A.10. Observe the given map of India and practice.
(i) Bhakra Nangal Dam at Satluj river, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
(ii) Hirakud Dam at Mahnadi river,Orrisa
(iii) Sardar Sarovar at Narmada River,Gujarat
(iv) Tehri Project at Bhagirathi river, Uttrakhand
(v) Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna river,Andhra Pradesh
(vi) Rihand Dam at Son, Uttarpradesh
(vii) Ranapratap Sagar at Chambal river,Rajasthan
(viii)Salal Project at Chenab river Jammu and Kashmir.

115 Class X - Social Science

A.11. (i) De forestation(Deserts)
(ii) Metropolitan cities
(iii) Growing population
(iv) Increasing Urbanisation
(v) Industrialization

Class X - Social Science 116

 (vi) Agriculture
(vii) Excess use/misuse of water
(viii) Pollution
(ix) Irrational distribution and consumption
(x) Decreasing level of under ground water.
(xi) Uncertainty of Monsoon.etc.
A.12. (i) Excessive sedimentation
(ii) Water logging
(iii) Soil erosion
(iv) Sudden floods
(v) Large-scale deforestation
(vi) Extinction of species
(vii) Displacement of people
(viii) Tribal communities losing their livelihood.
(ix) Big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the
time of excessive rainfall. The release of water from the dam
during heavy rainfall worsens the situation.
(ix) Dams cause earthquakes, waterborne diseases and pollution
due to excessive use of water.

MAP WORK
Observe the map of major rivers and dams in India and do practice to fill
the outline map of India.

117 Class X - Social Science

 Geography
4. Agriculture
Concept Map

Agriculture

Production of crops, Animal husbandly

fruits, vegetables for the use of
and owers. animal products.

Farming Process

Ploughing Sowing Watering Weeding Manuring Spraying Har Threshing

(Irrigation) of vesting
insecticides

Farming Patterns

Subsistence Commercial
farming farming

Primitive Intensive Mixed Plantation

farming farming farming farming

Nomadic Shifting
Herding cultivation

Class X - Social Science 118

 Cropping Pattern

Kharif Zaid Rabi

Sowing- May to July Sowing- April to June Showing- Oct. to Dec.

Harvesting - Sept. - Oct. Crops- Cucumber, Harvesting-Feb. to April
Crops - Rice, sugarcane Watermelon etc. Crops- Wheat, peas
jute, maize etc. barley, gram,
oil seeds etc.

Major Crops

Food Crops Cash Crops Horticultence

Crops

Grains Plantation

Wheat Sugarcane Rubber Fruits

Rice Tea Cotton owers
Maize Coffee Jute Hemp vegetables
Pulses Rubbers Natural Silk etc.
Millets Oils seeds etc

119 Class X - Social Science

Key points
(1) India is the highest producer of food and vegetables.
(2) In the Plantation farming a single crop is grown on a large area.
(3) In India Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are the main
plantation crops.
(4) Major crops grown in India are Paddy(rice),wheat,millets,pulses, tea,
coffee, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute, etc.
(5) Rabi crops are grown during middle of October to December and are
harvested in summer during April to June. Wheat, barley, peas, gram
and mustered etc. are main Rabi crops.
(6) Kharif crops are grown in June-July in the different regions of country
with the arrival of Monsoons. These crops are harvested in September-
October.
(7) The main crops of Kharif season are Rice, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur,
Moong, Urad, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut and Soyabean.
(8) The rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people of India. We
are the second largest producer of rice in world after China.
(9) Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(10) India is the leading producer in world in the field of production of pulses.
(11) Agriculture is the process and art of cultivating, sowing, crop growing
and animals rearing.
(12) Subsistence Farming-The type of farming with the primitive tools in
which farmer do production for the fulfilling of their family needs.
(13) Slash and burn Farming-Farmers clear a patch of land and produce
cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil
fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation.
(14) Intensive subsistence farming-It is a labour intensive farming, where
high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining
higher production.
(15) Plantation Farming-A type of commercial farming in which a single crop
is grown on a large area using capital intensive inputs with the help of
migrant labourers.
(16) Crop rotation-Growing different crops on a piece of land to increase the
productivity and fertility of land.

Class X - Social Science 120

(17) Consolidation of holdings(Chakbandi)-Collecting fragmented land
holdings to make those economically beneficial.
(18) Green Revolution-Based on the package technology use of high yielding
verity(HYV)seeds, fertilisers, modern technology etc. to increase the
production especially wheat production.
(19) White Revolution-To improve the breeds of animals for the growth in milk
production with the use of modern technology. It is also called Operation
Flood.

121 Class X - Social Science

 Objective Type Questions

1. Fill in the blank

_________________is a fiber crop.

2. Match the following-

(Crop) (Major Producing area in India)
(i) Tea (I) Kerala
(ii) Wheat (ii) Assam
(iii) Rubber (iii) Uttar Pradesh
(iv) Sugarcane (iv) Haryana

3. Correct the statement on the basis of geographical facts-

‘India is the third leading producer of pulses in the world.

4. Choose the correct option-

The major kharif crop out of the following is-
(I)Wheat
(ii) Barley
(iii) Rice
(iv) Gram

5. Write (T) True or false (F) at the front of the statements-

a) Urad is an oil seeds crop. c
b) White Revolution relates to the increase in the production of crop c
c) Wheat is also called a golden fibre. c
d) Jowar, Bajra, Ragi are also called millets c
e) The slash and burn farming is also known as ‘Ray’ in Vietnam. c

6. Choose the correct option-

Which out of the following is a Leguminous Crop-
a) Pulses
b) Jowar
c) Sesamum
d) Millets

Class X - Social Science 122

 Answers of Objective Type Questions

1. Jute/Cotton/Hemp/Natural Silk
2. (i) Tea (I) Assam
(ii) Wheat (ii) Haryana
(iii) Rubber (iii) Kerala
(iv) Sugarcane (iv) Uttar Pradesh
3. India is the largest producer of pulses in the world.
4. (iii) Rice
5. a) c
F False
b) c
F False
c) c
F False
d) c
T True
e) c
T True
6. (a) Pulses

Very short answer type questions(one markers)

7. Write the name of four Rabi and four Kharif crops of India?
8. Write two characteristics of Plantation farming?
9. Write four examples of oil seeds and pulses?
10. What is the rearing of silkworm for the production of silk is called?
11. By which other names slash and burn farming or shifting agriculture is
known in different countries?
12. Write the two characteristics of subsistence farming?
13. Write two features of Intensive farming?
14. With What is 'Operation flood' related to?
15. What is Organic farming?
16. Which crop is called a golden fibre?

123 Class X - Social Science

Answer Key
A.7. Rabi-wheat,gram,barley,peas,mustard etc. Kharif-paddy, maize,
jowar, bajra, arhar, moong etc.
A.8. (i) Grown on a large area.
(ii) Needs more capital and labour.
A.9. Pulses-arhar,moong,urad,masur,peas,gram etc. Oil seeds-groundnut,
mustard, linseed, sesamum (til), soyabean etc.
A.10. Sericulture.
A.11. (i) Mexico and Central America-Milpa
(ii) Venzuela-Conuco
(iii) Brazil-Roca
(iv) Indonesia-Ladang
(v) Vietnam-Ray
(vi) Central Africa-Masole
A.12. (i) Farming on small pieces of lands with traditional methods and
tools.
(ii) Often depends on monsoon, natural fertility of soil and the
environmental circumstances of crop growing.
A.13. (i) High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher production.
(ii) Due to small land holding size many crops are grown which leads
to enormous pressure on agricultural land.
A.14. To increase the production of the milk.
A.15. Farming with natural ways without using fertilisers, pesticides etc.
is called organic or carbonic farming.
A.16. Jute

Class X - Social Science 124

Short/Long answer type questions(3/5 markers)
1. What is the importance of Agriculture in Indian economy?
2. Write about the institutional reforms introduced by the Indian
Government in favour of farmers?
3. Desribe about the causes responsible for the declining food production
in India?
4. Distinguish between the intensive subsistence farming and
commercial farming?
5. Mention the suitable geographical conditions needed for the cultivation
of tea crop?
6. Mention the geographical conditions required for the rubber and maize
production?
7. Explain about the suitable conditions for the sugarcane production?
8. Write about the geographical conditions required for the
Paddy(rice)and cotton?
9. Name any four fibre crops grown in India? Out of these which fibre is not
obtained directly from the crops? Write the name of it's production
method?
10. Mention the suitable conditions for the wheat cultivation?
11. Describre the major challenges faced by the farmers in India?
12. Write any five ways of Agricultural reforms in India?
13. Describe the four negative impacts of green revolution on Indian
Agricultural?

Answer Key
A.1. (i) Two third of population is engaged in agricultural activities.
(ii) Agriculture is a primary activity.
(iii) Providing raw material for various industries.
(iv) An age old economic activity of India.
(v) Over these years, cultivation method have changed significantly.
A.2. (i) Provision of crop insurance facility.(fasal bima)
(ii) Loan facilities to the farmers and development of grameen and
cooperative banks.
(iii) Announces minimum support price (MSP), remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops.
(iv) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for
farmers.

125 Class X - Social Science

 (v) Broadcasting of agricultural programmes on T.V. and radio related
with new technology, tools, fertilisers etc.
A.3. (i) Due to competition with non-agricultural land use, reducing sown
area.
(ii) Declining fertility of land and production due to access use of
chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
(iii) The rising problems of water scarcity and salinity due to unable
and unsuitable water management.
(iv) Due to overexploitation of under ground water the water level has
been fallen which resulted in increasing agricultural cost.
(v) Inadequate storing capacity and lack of markets.

A.4

Intensive Subsistance Farming Commercial Farming

1. Small land holdings and limited land. 1. Big land holings.

2. Traditional techniques and tools. 2. Modern techniques and tools.
3. Production for the local markets. 3. Production for the export.
4. Two or three crops in a year. 4. Focus on a single crop.
5. Mainly concerns to livelihood and 5. Mainly concern to trade e.g.
production of food crops e.g. paddy. sugarcane, cotton, wheat etc.

A.9 (i) Cotton, Jute, Hemp and natural Silk.

(ii) Silk
(iii) Sericulture

Class X - Social Science 126

 For answer 5 to 10 observe the following table :-

Name Temperature Crop Soll Rainfall Climate Area/Distribution

0
Tea 20-30 C Plantation Deep 150- Warm Assam, West
and 200 cm and Bengal, Karnataa,
fertile Kerala, Tamil Nadu
molst
well
dralned frost-
soil free
Rubber 25-350 C Plantation Forest 300 cm Moist Kerala, Assam, Tripura,
Soil and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
humld

Maize 21-270 C Kharif Alluvlal 50- Various Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,

100 cm Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh

Sugar- 21-270 C Kharif Alluvlal 75- Hot Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,

cane and 100 cm and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
Black Humid

Rice 240 C Kharif Alluvlal 100 cm Tropical West Bengal, Punjab,

(Paddy) Haryana, Andhra Pradesh,
Assam

Cotton 300 C Kharif Black 50- Hot Maharashtra, Gujrat, Madhya

and 100 cm and Pradesh, Haryana,
Alluvlal Sub Pujab
Tropical

Wheat 10-250 C Rabi Alluvlal 50- Hot Punjab, Haryana, Uttar

75 cm and Pradesh, Bihar,
Sub Madhya Pradesh,
Tropical Rajasthan

11. (i) Uncertainty of Monsoon.

(ii) Poverty and vicious cycle of Debt.
(iii) Migration towards cities. Withdrawal from agricultural investment.
(iv) Difficulty in reaching Government facilities and middle men.
(v) International competition and reduction in public investment.
12. (i) Good irrigation system, Organic or bio manure, Use of modern
agricultural tools.
(ii) Direct help to farmers, subsidy direct in account.

127 Class X - Social Science

 (iii) Government help, easy and cheap loans.
(iv) Easy accessibility of electricity and water.
(v) Accessibility up to markets.
(vi) Crop insurance to protect from flood, drought, cyclone, fire, and
insects.
(vii) Minimum support price(MSP),Grameen bank, Kissan card etc.
(viii) Education about agriculture, special weather bulletins.
(ix) National and international agricultural seminar and accessibility of
common farmers .
(x) Establishment of school, collages and research institute of
Agriculture and their use. Practice the following maps and fill the
outline maps.
Q. Locate the major and minor areas of rice and wheat distribution on the
outline map of India.
Q. Locate and label the cotton, jute, rubber, tea, sugarcane, and coffee
producing areas of India.
A.13. Negative Impacts of Green Revolution on Indian Agriculture.
1. Land degradation due to overuse of chemicals.
2. Lowering the water level due to over-irrigation.
3. Vanishing bio-diversity.
4. Difference between Rich and poor farmers is increasing.

Class X - Social Science 128

129 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 130
131 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 132
 Geography
Lesson 5
Minerals and Energy Resources
Classication of Minerals
Minerals

Metallic Non Metallic Energy

Mineral
Ferrous Non ferrous Precious
eg. Mica eg coal
(Contain iron) e.g. copper, eg Gold
Salt petroleum
e.g. Iron ore lead, tin, Silver
Potash Natural
Manganese, Bauxite platinum
Sulphur Gas
Nickel
Energy resources

Conventional Non conventional

Coal Nuclear energy
Manganese
Petroleum Solar energy
Natural gas Wind energy
Iron Ore Electricity r Madhya Bio gas
he
Ot % Pradesh
2 9
24% Tidal
9%
other Geothermal
a
tak Odhisa
% Odisha rna
28 hand 33%
Ka 22% 25%
rk
Jha
Ka 11
tis rn %
hat at
ak Bauxite Limestone
Ch arh a
g
19%
Other Andhra
7% Pradesh
nd
ha 20%
ark
Jh 16% hy
a
ad desh Other
M a 50%
Pr 29% Karnataka
30%
Rajasthan
48%

133 Class X - Social Science

Important Facts
1. Minerals – An indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use
are made from minerals. Homogenous, naturally occurring substance
with a definable internal structure.
2. Lignite – A low grade brown coal.
3. Ore - Minerals are usually found in Ores. It is an accumulation of any
mineral mixed with other elements.
4. Haematite – The most important industrial iron ore in terms of the
quantity used but has only 50-60% iron content.
5. Magnetite – The finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%
6. Petroleum – Impure or raw mineral oil which is the next major energy
source in India after coal.
7. Mining – The extraction of useful and commercially viable minerals.
8. Ferrous Minerals – Containing iron e.g. iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt
etc.
9. Mumbai High – The oil field in Arabian sea near Mumbai which produces
63% of India's Petroleum.
10. Nuclear Power - Nuclear or Atomic (Power Energy) is obtained by
altering the structure of atoms.
11. Nuclear Minerals-The matters which consists the nuclear power such as
Uranium, Thorium etc.
12. Biogas - Energy which is obtained from the decomposition of organic
matters, such as wet-dry grass, agricultural wastes, animal and human
defecate ect.
13. Metallic Minerals - Minerals which have more metallic content e.g. iron
ore, bauxite etc.
14. Non-Metalic Minerals - Minerals which have no metal portion e.g. lime
stone, potash etc.
15. Geologist – Who study the formation of minerals their age and their
physical and chemical composition.
Major mineral producing areas in India

Class X - Social Science 134

 Name of the mineral Producing States and Regions
Iron Ore Chattisgarh (Bailadila), Jharkhand (Gua, Nuamandi). Orissa
(Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar), Goa, Karnataka (Kudremukh)

Manganese Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karanataka, Maharastra, Goa

Bauxite (Aluminium) Orissa (Panchpatmali, Koraput), Gujarat, Jharkhand,

Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh (Bilaspur), Madhya
Pradesh (Katni, Amarkantak)

Mica Jharkhand (Koderma - Gaya - Hazaribagh belt), Rajasthan

(Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore), Bihar etc.

Copper Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singbhum),

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Gold Karnataka (Kolar), Bihar etc.

Coal Jhafrkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West

Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra etc.

Mineral Oil Mumbai High, Bassien, Assam (Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-

Hugrijan), Gujarat (Ankeleshwar, Kalol), Arunachal Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

Very Short answer type Questions (One Marker)

1. Where does the minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
2. Which is the finest quality of iron ore?
3. Where does Manganese used?
4. In which industry lime stone is used as a basic raw material?
5. Which mineral is found in Monazite sands?
6. Which are the non-conventional energy resources?
7. Where does the largest solar plant of India is located?
8. Where does the two experimental projects have been set up in India to
harness geothermal energy?
9. What is Rat- Hole mining?
10. Why Mumbai high is famous for?
11. Name the hardest mineral?
12. Which minerals largely derived from the ocean waters?
13. Name the mineral in which India is the leading producer in the world?
14. State the importance and uses of copper?
15. Name the highest quality hard coal?
16. Where does the largest wind farm cluster is found in India?

135 Class X - Social Science

Answer Key :-
1. In beds or layers.
2. Magnetite Content of iron up to 70%
3. It is used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
4. Cement Industry.
5. Thorium.
6. Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, Geo-thermal energy.
7. At Madhapur near Bhuj (Gujarat).
8. In the Parvati Vally near Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and in the
Puga Valley,Ladakh.
9. In Jowai and Cherapunjee the coal mining is done by family members
in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as a Rat-Hole mining.
10. The largest Petroleum producing area of India.63%
11. Diamond is the hardest mineral.
12. Magnesium, Common salt and bromine.
I3. Mica.
14. It is malleable, ductile and a good conductor. Copper is mainly used in
electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries.
15. Anthracite.
16. Nagarcoil (Tamil Nadu) and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan).

Short/Long Answer type questions (3/5 Marks)

1. How minerals are significant for us?
2. How many types of minerals are there and how these are classified?
3. How minerals are formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
4. Distinguish between Ferrous and Non-Ferrous minerals?
5. Mention about three major iron ore belts of India?
6. In which form Mica is found? Mention it's major deposits area in India?
What are the main uses of Mica?
7. Name the Natural gas pipe line popular as Artery of gas transport in
India? Mention the name of two key users of natural gas?
8. 'The future of Solar energy is bright in India.' Why?
9. Differenciate between Thermal power and Hydel power?
10. Why Mumbai high is famous? What is it's contribution in National
economy?
11. Why does the mining industry is called a killer industry?
12. How can we save or conserve energy?
13. Why do we need to conserve the minerals ? Mention some ways of
mineral conservation?

Class X - Social Science 136

14. "Solar energy is an important energy resource for India in future." Write
your views in favour of the statement.
15. Why the conservation of mineral resources is essential? Write three
measures of conservation of mineral resources?
16. Natural gas is an important source of clean energy, support the
statement with example.
Answer Key
A.I. Almost everything we use in our daily life, from tiny pin to a big ship all are
made from minerals. Towering buildings, machinery, utensils, means of
transport, railway line and bridges too are made from minerals. Even the
food that we eat contains the minerals.
A.2. There are three types of minerals
(i) Metallic minerals
(ii) Non-Metallic minerals and
(iii) Energy minerals.
This classification is based on their colour, shine, hardness,
density and crystallisation.
A.3. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks,
crvices, faults and joints. The smaller occurences are called veins and
the larger are called lodes.In most cases they are formed when minerals
in liquid / molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities
towards the earth's surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major
metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from
veins and lodes.
A.4.
Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals
1. Containing iron 1. No iron portion
2. Iron, ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt etc. 2. Copper, lead, tin, bauxite etc.

A.5. There are four major iron ore belts in India-

1. Orissa-Jharkhand belt
2. Maharashtra-Goa belt
3. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt
4. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
A.6. Mica is made up of a series of plates or leaves.Mica deposits are found
in-
(i) The northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.
(ii) Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand and Bihar.
(iii) Around Ajmer in Rajasthan.
(iv) Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh.
Mica is used in Electric and electronic industries.

137 Class X - Social Science

A.7. The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline
links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial
complexes in western and northern India. The power and fertilizer
industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG)for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining popularity in the
country.
A.8. (i) India is a tropical country.
(ii) It is pollution free.
(iii) It is a renewable resource.
(iv) Rural house holds can easily take it's advantage.
A.9.
Thermal Power (Thermal electricity) Hydel Power (Hydro electricity)

1. This electricity is generated by the use 1. This is generated by fast flowing water
of coal, petroleum and natural gas. power which force to run the turbines.
2. This is full of pollution. 2. This is pollution free.
3. Not a permanent source of energy. 3. A permanent energy resource.
4. Based on non-renewable resources like 4. Based on renewable resource i.e.
coal. water.
5. More then 310 thermal power stations 5. India has a number of multi-purpose
are in India like Talcher, Panki, Namrup, projecs like the Bhakra Nangal,
Uran, Neyveli etc. Damodar valley corporation, the Kopili
Hydel Project etc.

A. 10. The off-shore oil field near Mumbai is called Mumbai High. It produces
63% of total oil production of India. Thus Foreign currency is saved.
A.11. This industry effects the health of the miners and the environment.
(i) They have to breath in dust and noxious fumes
(ii) Miners inhales this regularly which make vulnerable to pulmonary
diseases.
(iii) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmine
are a constant threat to miners.
(iv) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining
(v) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil
and increase in stream and river pollution.
A.12. (i) The electric switches should be off when not in use.
(ii) Public transport or pooling should be used.
(iii) As the conventional sources of energy are limited they should be
used carefully.
(iv) Renewable resources should be used.
(v) The power saving instruments and devices should be used.

Class X - Social Science 138

A.13. (i) Minerals are the base of our agriculture and Industries.
(ii) Are finite and non-renewable.
(iii) The stock is very limited. The total deposits is an insignificant
fraction i.e. one percent of the earth's crust.
(iv) Takes millions of years to be created and concentrated.
(v) We are rapidly consuming mineral resources.
Methods of conservation of Resources-
(i) Low wastage during mining and excavation.
(ii) As far as possible use wood or plastic (Certified).
(iii) Re use the junk waste and old things.
(iv) Recycle metals, use scrap metals and search other substitute.
(v) Use in a planned and sustainable manner.
A.14. India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar
energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity. India has a great potential of Solar energy. If used in
appropriate way, it can prove beneficial in the future. Solar energy is
becoming fast popular in different parts of the country, especially in
rural and remote areas. It can be used for cooking, heating of water,
pumping, refrigeration, street lighting and room heating as well as
water boiling in cold areas. The largest solar plant in India is located at
Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. Here the Solar energy is used to
sterilize the big milk cans. Solar energy can be used in future by
following ways:
(i) For environmental conservation
(ii) To generate and provide electricity
(iii) To provide fuel to vehicles
(iv) To run machines and tools
(v) To minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and
dung cakes and providing them a source of lighting and cooking
and thus giving a lot of organic manure for agriculture.
A.15. Minerals are required in all spheres of our life and thus we are
depended on minerals. Agriculture, industries and domestic purposes
we are consuming minerals rapidly. This consumption is very fast and
sometimes even more than the requirements. Mineral formation
requires millions of years to be formed and concentrated. So the
judicious use of these is essential. To save these valuable resources
from exhaustion and to preserve them for future generation as well,
we should conserve our mineral resources. Some of the methods are:
(i) Judicious use and less consumption
(ii) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow

139 Class X - Social Science

 use of low grade ores at low costs.
(iii) Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of
mining and processing of minerals.
(iv) Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of
recycle and reuse.
(v) Searching some other eco-friendly options like CNG.
A16. Attempt yourself from notes.
Map Work
Study the following maps and practice-
Q. Show the important minerals on the outline map of India.
Q. Show the conventional energy resources(coal fields, oil fields and HVJ
gas pipe line) on the outline map of India.
Q. Locate and label the major nuclear and thermal power plants in India.

Class X - Social Science 140

141 Class X - Social Science
Class X - Social Science 142
143 Class X - Social Science
 Chapter-6
Manufacturing Industries
Things to Remember
I. Manufacturing-Production of goods in large quantities after processing
from raw materials to more valuable products.
2. lndustry - The expended form of manufacturing.
3. Basic or key industries - Which supply their products or raw materials
to manufacture other goods e.g. Iron and steel industry.
4. Agro based Industries - Which changes agricultural products into
industrial products.
5. Cottage Industry - With the help of small tools and involving family
members e.g. khadi, handicrafts etc.
6. Small scale industries-lndustries which can be started with small
amount of capital and with a few labours.
7. Heavy industries - The industries which uses heavy and more space
occupying raw material like iron and steel, sugar, cement etc.
8. Private sector industries - Owned and operated by individuals or a
group of individuals, e.g. Dabur, Bajaj etc.
9. Public sector industries-Owned and operated by government
agencies e.g. BHEL, SAIL, GAIL etc.
10. Joint sector industries - Which are jointly run by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Ltd.
II. Cooperative sector industries - These are owned and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in
the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as
the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.
12. Foreign Exchange - The exchange of a country’s currency to another
state.
13. Foreign currency - The medium of exchange which is used to buy and
sell goods with other countries, by a government.
14. Mineral based industries - Which use minerals as their raw material.
Such as machine tools, cement, iron and steel etc.
15. lndustrial Sickness - Loss or shut down of an industry.

Class X - Social Science 144

Importance of manufacturing industries

I. Modering Agriculture
2. Provide jobs in secondary tertiary sector
3. Bring down regional disparities
4. Eradication of Unemployment
5. Export of manufactured goods

Factors of Industrial Location:

Raw Material Energy

Labour Market

Capital Transport

Classification of Industries on the basis of

On the basis of raw material uses
1. Agro based Ex-cotton, Jute, Sugar industries
2. Mineral based. Example- Iron and steel, cement industrial etc.

According to their main role-

1. Basic or key industry, Example-copper smelting, aluminium smelting
etc.
2. Consumer industries, Example - Paper, Fans etc.
On The Basis of ownership-
1. Public Sector, Example - BHEL, SAIL, etc.
2. Private Sector, Example- TISCO, Bajaj auto ltd.
3. Joint Sector, Example-OIL
4. Cooperative Sector, Example - Sugar Industries in Maharashtra etc.

145 Class X - Social Science

Industrial pollution and Environment Degradation

Air Pollution *Industries emitted sulphar dioxide and carbon monoxide

* Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, bricks
kilns, refineries etc.
Water *Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes.
Pollution * Main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile industries etc.
Thermal *Hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into
Pollution rivers.
Noise *It can caused hearing impairment
Pollution *It increases heart rate and blood pressure etc.

Very short answer type questions

1. What is manufacturing?
2. Which factor plays a most important role in the establishment of an
industry?
3. What is the importance of manufacturing industries?
4. Enlist the factors influence the location of industries?
5. What are Key or basic industries?
6. Which iron and steel plant of India is established with the German
collaboration?
7. When and where the first successful cotton industry was established in
India?
8. Which agency provide steel for public sector in market?
9. Write any one reason why the plants of cement industry are
established in Gujarat?
10. When and where the first cement industry was established in India?
11. Name the electronic capital of India?
12. What does Secondary Activities (industries) mean?
13. In which industry lime stone is used as a raw material?
14. Why Perambur (Tamil Nadu) is famous?
15. Which is the largest producer of Jute in the world ?

Class X - Social Science 146

16. In which state Bhilai Steel plant is located?
17. Name the Industries which increase the air pollution?
18. Name the industries which increase the noise pollution?

Q. 19. Which industry uses limestone as a raw material?

Q. 20. Which one major port has been development to decongest Kolkata
port?
Q. 21. Mention two famous centres of cotton textiles in India?
Q. 22. Which city is known as the electronic capital of India?
Answer Key
1. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
2. Minimum/lower production cost.
3. By the development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
the agricultural production increases and trade-commerce get support
and efficiency.
4. Availability of raw material, labour, capital, market, sources of power,
financial institution etc.
5. The industries on which other industries are dependent for raw
material and production e.g. iron and steel industry, aluminium
industry, smelting industry etc.
.6. Rourkela(Orissa).
7. In Mumbai 1854.
8. Steel Authority of India Limited(SAIL)
.9. In Gujarat the Industry has suitable access to the market in the Gulf
countries.
10. In Chennai 1904.
11. Bengaluru
12. People employed in the secondary activities (Industries) manufacture
the primary materials into finished goods.
13. Cement industry.
14. For Rail coach and goods coach manufacturing.

147 Class X - Social Science

15. Bangladesh.
16. Chhattisgarh.
17. Smelting industry, Chemical and Paper industry, Oil refineries, brick
kilns.
18. Generators,Industrial and Construction activities, machinery, factory
equipment, saws and pneumatic and electric drills.
19. Cement industry uses limestone as raw material.
20. Haldia has been development to decongest Kolkata port.
21. Mumbai and Ahemdabad.
22. Bengaluru

Short/Long answer type questions-

1. Describe the three physical factors affecting the location of industries?
2. Mention about the three human factors effecting the location of an
industry?
3. Distinguish between the Public and Private sector industries?
4. Why most of the jute mills are mainly located in West Bengal?
5. Why the manufacturing industries are considered as the backbone of
economic development of India?
6. Which challenges are being faced by the Sugar industry in India?
7. 'Agriculture and Industry are not separate but complimentary to each
other'. Explain.
8. What are the problems before the cotton industry in India?
9. Why the development of Cement industry is very important for our
country?
10. How the liberalisation and direct foreign investment have made a rapid
growth in the automobile industry of India ? Explain.
11. Which challenges are being faced by the Jute industry of India?
12. Describe the various measures taken by the industries to reduce the
environmental pollution?
13. Describe the contribution of India's information and technology
industry in the economic development.
14. Describe the methods to make Indian industries up to the International
standards?
15. Throw light on the rising importance of Tourism in India?

Class X - Social Science 148

16. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Explain the
statement.
17. What are the major problems of cotton industry?
18. Why Chotangpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of
iron and steel industry?
19. India is not performing to its full potential in iron and steel sector.
Explain the reasons.
20. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic industry? Mention the
reasons.
21. Why is iron and steel industry called a heavy industry? Explain.
22. Which factors are responsible for the concentration of jute industrial in
Hugli?
Answer Key
A.1. (i) Availability of raw material.
(ii) Energy and power resources.
(iii) Suitable climate.
(iv) Land
(v) Availability of water.(Inexpensive and abundant in case of some
industries like Jute)
A.2. (i) Labour
(ii) Capital
(iii) Bazaar/Markets'
(iv) Services like Transport, Communication, Banking, Insurance etc.
(v) Financial advice
(vi) Government policies
(vii) Infrastructure
(viii) Entrepreneur
A.3. Public sector industries - Those industries which are owned and
operated by any organisation of central government or state
government such as Indian Railways, Shipping industries, Iron and
steel industries of Durgapur and Bhilai etc.
Private sector industry-Those industries which are owned and
operated by individuals or firms or companies. Such as Britannia
industry which makes bread and biscuits, TISCO in Jamshedpur.

149 Class X - Social Science

A.4. (i) The West Bengal is the largest producer of Jute in India.
(ii) Abundant and inexpensive water from the Hugli river for
processing raw jute.
(iii) Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
(iv) Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
(v) Inexpensive (Cheap) water transport and Kolkata port for export of
jute goods.
(vi) Being a large urban centre Kolkata provides banking, insurance
and other facilities.
A.5. As a body gets shape only with the presence of backbone like wise the
major base or foundation of the economy of a country is Manufacturing
industries. As these-
(i) Help in modernising agriculture.
(ii) Provides employments in secondary and tertiary service sectors.
(iii) Brings in, much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) Is helpful in providing unemployment and poverty.
(v) Increases National income.
(vi) Fulfils daily needs.
A.6. (i) This is a seasonal and short term industry.
(ii) Sugarcane production per hectare is low.
(iii) Old machines in use. Inefficient method of production.
(iv) Need to maximise the use of baggase.
(v) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories.
A.7. Agriculture produces raw material such as cotton, jute, sugarcane etc.
for industries, in a big quantity. Industries provide fertilisers,
insecticides, pesticides, machines etc. to farmers for agricultural
development, which increases agricultural production. Industries have
made it very convenient and easy to sell and send agricultural products
up to markets.
A.8. (i) Old and traditional technique.
(ii) Low output of labour.
(iii) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
(iv) Erratic power supply.
(v) Lack of new machinery and need of up-gradation especially in
weaving and processing sectors.

Class X - Social Science 150

A.9. (I) Essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories,
bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
(ii) Our cement industry provides best quality product.
(iii) There is a great demand in Asian and African countries and within
India also.
(iv) This industry is doing well in production and as export.
(v) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy
reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity,
process, technology and production.
A.10. (i) The coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the
demands for vehicles in the market after the liberalisation.
(ii) It led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger
cars, two and three wheelers.
(iii) Foreign direct investment brought in new technology and aligned
the industry with global developments.
(iv) The industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15
years.
(v) At present there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars,9 of
commercial vehicles,14 of the two and three wheelers.
A.11. (i) Things from synthetic fibre are in the market.
(ii) Synthetic fibre is cheap, compare to jute.
(iii) The jute cultivation is very expensive and hard.
(iv) Stiff competition in the international market from other substitutes
is a big challenge.
(v) Bangladesh is a big challenge as a competitor while Brazil,
Philippines, Egypt and Thailand are other competitors.
A.12. (i) Polluted water should be treated before draining in rivers.
(ii) Reduction of smoke by using oil and gas instead of coal.
(iii) Use of hydel power.
(iv) Use of machinery which reduce noise.
(v) Solid waste like fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags
should be treaded before open dump.
A.13. (i) Provides employment.
(ii) Has been a major foreign exchange earner.
(iii) The number of working women have been increased.

151 Class X - Social Science

 (iv) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to
the success of IT industry in India.
(v) Software technology parks provide single window service and
high data communication facility to software experts.
A.14. (i) Political will power and a stable Government.
(ii) Modern techniques and machines.
(iii) Increasing energy supply.
(iv) Best working facilities to the workers/labours and improvement in
their production ability.
(v) Increasing standards of production and international trade
treaties.
(vi) Making law and order better in the nation and abolishment of
unnecessary labour laws.
A.15. (i) Fastest growing tertiary sector industry of the world.
(ii) Provides 250 million(2500 lakh) jobs to the people.
(iii) Total revenue earned is 40% of Gross domestic product(GDP).
(iv) A cause of development in trade and industries.
(v) Improvement in the basic infrastructure of the country.
(vi) Helpful in maintaining and growing international fraternity
(harmony). Many new forms of Tourism like medical tourism etc.
have been popular in recent years.
Ans. 16. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking,
insurance, transport, labour, consultant and financial advice to the
industries etc. While industries provide manufactured goods, jobs
and energy etc. to the cities.
Ans. 17. Power supply is erratic.
Machinery needs to be upgraded.
Low output of labour
Stiff competetion with the synthetic fibre industry.
Ans.18. Low cost of iron ore.
High grade raw materials in proxity.
Available of Cheap labour.
Vast growth potential in domestic market.

Class X - Social Science 152

Ans. 19. High costs and limited available of coking coal.
Lower productvity of labour.
Irregular supply of energy.
Poor infrastructure.
Ans. 20. Many other industries are dependent on iron and steel industry.
Iron and steel industry provides machines to other industries such
as sugar industry or cement industry etc.
Industrial progress of the country depends on this industry.
Provide jobs to a large number of people.
Ans. 21. All the raw materials, like iron-ore, coal and lime are heavy in
nature. Finished products of this industry needs high cost of
transport.
Ans. 22. West Bengal products highest numbers of bales of jute fibre.
Jute industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from
Hugli.
Iron and coal are needed for the industries which also available
from nearby river mines of Raniganj.
Cheap labour is also available from the neighbouring states of
Bihar and Odhisa.
Kolkata is good harbour which can easily export the jute. Kolkata is
a good market too.

153 Class X - Social Science

 Ch. 7 Life Lines of National Economy
Transport and Communication

Means of Transport

Land Water Airways

Roadway
Railway Domestic International

Pipelines Public
Private

Six types of Roads according to their capacity:-

L Golden quadrilateral:- Links Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai

L National highways:- Link extreme parts of the country.
L State highways:- Link state capital with district head quarters.
L District roads:- Connect district headquarters with other places of district.
L Other roads:- Rural roads, which link villages importance
L Border roads:- Link places of strategic more than border in northeast and

northern border areas.

Advantages of Roadways over Railways

L Construction cost is much lower
L Can be laid any where such as on slopes, mountains
L Economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount
of goods over short distance
L Provides door to door service, thus cost of loading and unloading is much
lower
L Feeder to other models of transport as they provide a link between railway
stations, air and sea ports.

Class X - Social Science 154

 Railways

Advantages Problems
* Principal mode of transport *Traveling without tickets
for freight and passengers. *Theft and damaging of
* Make it possible to conduct railway property
multifarious activities like *Pulling the chain unnecessarily
business, sightseeing, to stop the train.
Pilgrinage transport of
goods over long distance.
* A great intergrating force
connecting different parts
of the country.

Pipelines

Use 3 important networks

In the past for water only Assam to Kanpur via
Now for crude oil, Petroleum products Guwahati, Baraui and
Natural gas to reneries for tizer factories Allahabad
and big thermal power plants From Salaya in Gujarat
Solids can be transported when to Jalandhar in Punjab
Converted into slurry From Hajira in Gujarat
to Jagdishpur in U.P.
via Vijaypur in MP
Interesting facts
* If mile stone is blue or black then
you are heading towards district, Delhi
70

that is district road.

* Yellow colour milestone signies
National highways.

155 Class X - Social Science

 Water Ways

Advantages National waterways of India

* Cheapest means of transport * National waterway no.1
* Most suitable for carrying between Allahabad and Haldia
heavy and bulky goods * NW no.2 In Brahmaputra
* Fuel efcient and river between Sadiya and
environment friendly. Dhubri
* NW No.3 The west coast land
in Kerala.
* NW no. 4 Specied stretches
of godovari and krishna rivers
along with Kakinada puducherry
stretches of canal.
* NW no.5 Specied stretches of
Bahmari along with Mata rivers.

Major Sea Ports and their states

Name of the port State Signicance

Kandla Gujarat First port to be developed after
Mumbai independence
Marmagao Maharashtra Biggest Port
New Mangalore Goa 50% of iron ore export
Kochi Karnataka Export of iron ore from kudremukh mine
Tuticorin Kerala Located at entrance of lagoon with
Chennai natural hardbour
Vishakhapatnam Tamilnadu Natural harbour
Paradip Tamilnadu Oldest articial port
Haldia Andhra Pradesh Deepest land located, outlet for iron
ore export
Odisha Export of iron ore
West Bengal Development to relieve growing pressure
on kolkata port.

Class X - Social Science 156

 Airways

L Fastest, Most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport.

L Can cover difcult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense
forest and long oceanic stretches.
L Provides help during natural disasters like oods and earthquakes.

* Not within the reach of the common people.

* Gets affected by weather conditions.

Major Air ports of India

Name of the Airport State/City
Raja Sansi Amritsar (Punjab)
Indira Gandhi International New Delhi
Chhatrapati Shivaji Mumbai
Meenam Bakkam Chennai
Netaji Subhash Chandra Kolkata
Rajiv Gandhi Hyderabad

Communication

Personal communication Mass communication

(letters, cards, telephone) (Television, radio, press
lms)

International Trade

Export Import
Favourable
Balance of trade L Export L Import
Unfavourable balance L Imports L Exports
of trade.

157 Class X - Social Science

 Tourism as a Trade

Signicance :- * Promotes national integration

* Provides support to local handicrafts

* Helps in development of International understanding

about our culture and heritage.

Types of Tourism * Heritage tourism

* Eco tourism

* Adventure tourism

* Cultural tourism

* Medical tourism

* Business tourism

Class X - Social Science 158

Key points:
1. Life lines of a country-Modern means of communication and transport
which brings people together and helps in local, national and
international trade.
2. Means of Transport-Means of transports which make possible the
movement of goods, services and humans/animals from one place to
another place.
3. Means of communication-Methods through which information, news,
dialogue etc. communicated from one place and person to another place
and person are called means of communication. Such as newspaper,
radio, T.V. telephone, mobile phone, e-mail etc.
4. Golden Quadrilateral-The six lane superhighways which being
implemented by National highway Authority of India(NHAI) and
connects Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai (the four metro cities)
5. National Highways-Four to six lane highways which connects or link
extreme parts of the country and maintained by Central Public Works
Department (CPWD)
6. Border Roads-Border Roads Organisation a Government of India
undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of
the country. These roads are border roads and improve the accessibility
in areas of difficult terrain.
7. Trade-Exchange of goods and services among different peoples, states
and countries referred to as trade.
8. International Trade-Trade between two and more countries is called
International trade. 95% of country's trade volume is moved by sea.
9. Balance of Trade-The balance of trade of a country is the difference
between it's export and import.
10. Rail Transport-A major means of transport in India. The Indian Railways
is now reorganised in 16 zones in 2003.
11. Gauge or track-It is the distance between the two tracks of rail.
12. Port -The manmade place or facility near the sea cost where ships, boats
and barges can be docked to load unload people, things etc. Fuel and
other needs can also be taken here. A port is different than a harbour.
13. Tidal port - A port in which the water level within the port is subject to

159 Class X - Social Science

 change with the ocean tides. These ports are found in coastal region.
e.g. Kandla.
14. New forms of Tourism-Heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism,
cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. Over 2.6 million
foreign tourists visit India every year.
Very Short Answer type Questions
1. Which two stations are linked by East-West corridor?
2. Where is the head quarter of Northern Railways situated?
3. When and where did the first train start running in India?
4. Which is the oldest artificial port in India?
5. What do you understand by the road density?
6. Between which two place national waterways no.1 is navigable? How
long it is ?
7. Which two stations are linked by North-South corridor?
8. What does pipeline transport mean?
9. What is the total length of India's coast line?
10. Which sea port is the major port in context to the export of Iron ore?
11. Which is the first port developed after the independence.
12. Name two inland waterways of India?
13. When did the airways nationalised in India?
14. Which measures were taken to facilitate quick delivery of mails in large
towns and cities?
15. In which area of India the air transport has been provided to common
people as a special provision?
16. Which is the longest national highway?
17. Which two cities are connect through NH-1?
18. What is the total no of railway zones in India.
19. Which state has highest and lowest road density respectively?
20. Which is the busiest railway junction in Northern India?
21. Mention the two components of international trade.
22. Apart from Hindi list out 2 language in which the largest no of newspaper
are published.
23. Which authority certifies both Indian foreign films?
24. Which is the longest gas pipeline?
25. Give two examples of first class mail.

Class X - Social Science 160

ANSWER KEY -:
1. Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar(Gujarat)
2. Delhi
3. On 16 April,1853 between Mumbai to Thane(34 km.)
4. Chennai
5. The length of road per hundred sq. km. of area is known as density of
roads.
6. Between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km long).
7. Srinagar with Kanyakumari.
8. A new means of transport. A new arrival on the transportation map of India.
Through which water is transported to houses and farms, and crude oil,
petrol products and natural gas transported to gas refineries and thermal
power stations.
9. 7516.6 km
10. Marmagao.
11. Kandla Port.
12. (i) On river Ganga-between Allahabad and Haldia.
(ii) On river Brahmaputra-between Sadiya and Dhubri.
13. In 1953.
14. Six mail channels have been introduced. They are called Rajdhani
channel, Metro channel, Green channel, Business channel, Bulk mail
channel and Periodical channel.
15. In North eastern states.
16. NH-7 Connecting Varanshi and Kanyakumari
17. Delhi and Amritsar
18. 16
19. Highest-Kerala, lowest-Jammu and Kashmir
20. Mughalsarai
21. Exports and Imports
22. English and Urdu
23. Central board of film certification
24. Hajira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur
25. Cards and Envelops

161 Class X - Social Science

LONG/SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -:
1. Describe any three advantages of Mass communication?
2. Describe the advantages of Pipeline Transport?
3. Write any three features of Golden Quadrilateral super highways?
4. Write the name of any three Railway zones and their headquarters?
5. 'Road transport is more important than the Rail transport'. Why?
6. Explain the importance of Air transport ?
7. What are the major challenges of road transport?
8. Write the reasons behind the unequal distribution of Rail network in
India?
9. How is the tourism is helpful in the development of economy as a trade or
industry?
10. Classify the Indian roads on the basis of their capacity?
11. Differentiates between the International and local trade?
12. Why the transport and means of communication are called the lifelines of
an economy?
13. Which means of Transport is being used mostly in the North-Eastern
states of India? Why this means of transport is used in these states give
four reasons?
14. "The progress of international trade of a country indicates the economic
prosperity of that country."Prove this statement with five logics.

Class X - Social Science 162

ANSWER KEY -:
A.1. (i) Mass communication provides entertainment.
(ii) Creates awareness among people about various National
programme and policies.
(iii) It spreads knowledge.
(iv) It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment,
educational to sports, etc.
(v) Doordarshan, the national television channel of India is the medium
of national message and is one of the largest terrestrial networks in
the world.
A.2. (i) Pipeline transport network is used to transport water to cities and
industries, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil
and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big
thermal power plants.
(ii) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs
are minimal.
(iii) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
(iv) Pipelines make transport fast, safe and easy.
(v) It saves time and reduce pressure on rail transport.
A.3. (i) It's a six lane super highways.
(ii) It links the mega cities of India i.e. Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
and Delhi.
(iii) It reduces the time and distance between the mega cities of India.
(iv) It is under the NHAI.
(v) it's a major road development project of our country.
A.4. (i) Northern Railway Zone-New Delhi
(ii) Western Railway zone-Mumbai
(iii) Southern Railway zone-Chennai
A.5. (i) Road transport was started before the rail transport.
(ii) Construction and management is easy thus can built and
maintained easily.
(iii) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
(iv) Can be constructed on mountains, and difficult terrains.
(v) It also provide door- to- door service, thus the cost of loading and
unloading is much lower.

163 Class X - Social Science

 (vi) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport
such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
A.6. (i) It is fastest among all. Take lesser time to reach one place to
another.
(ii) It is a most comfortable.
(iii) It's prestigious mode of transport.
(iv) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary
deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great
ease.
(v) On the border, to maintain the force and to provide them food and
ration at earliest.
A.7. (i) Almost half of the roads are unmetalled roads and go out of use in
the rainy season.
(ii) Roads are insufficient in compare to transport and commuters.
(iii) Roads are narrow and crowded due to the increasing number of
vehicles.
(iv) It leads to traffic jams and road rage.
(v) Even National highways are insufficient.
A.8. (i) It is difficult to lay railway lines on mountainous region and it is
expensive too.
(ii) The northern plains with their vast level land provides favourable
condition for Rail construction. Here construction is easy and
construction cost is low.
(iii) High population density and rich agricultural resources provide the
most favourable condition for the growth.
(iv) Due to sparse population and lack of economic activities it was
difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains of western Rajasthan
and in the hilly terrains of the peninsular region.
(v) Due to administrative reasons and Government policies also the
development of Railways effected.
A.9. (i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three
decades.
(ii) More than 15 million(150 lakhs)people are directly engaged in this
industry.
(iii) Tourism also promotes national integration.

Class X - Social Science 164

 (iv) It also helps in the development of international understanding
about our culture and heritage.
(v) It also provide support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
(vi) It contributes significantly in earning foreign exchange.
A.10.(i) Golden Quadrilateral superhighways-It is a superhighway of six
lanes.
(ii) National Highways-Links extreme parts of the country.
(iii) State Highways-Roads linking a state capital with different district
headquarters.
(iv) District Roads-These roads connect the district headquarters with
other places of the district.
(v) Border Roads-Border Roads Organisation construct and maintains
roads in the bordering area of the country. These roads have
improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in
the economic development of these areas.
A.11.
International Trade Local Trade
1. Carried between two countries. 1. Carried among village, town and
cities.
2. At a large scale. 2. At a small scale.
3. Foreign currency is exchanged 3. Currency remains in the same
country.
4. Fulfil needs for the entire public 4. Fulfils the need and necessities of
welfare. (whole world) local people only.
5. Advancement of international 5. Advancement of local trade also
trade of a country is an index to its benefits a country indirectly.
economic prosperity.

A.12. i) The trade, transport and communication are complementary to

each other.
ii) Connects the far reaching areas of the country and the world
iii) Encourage the national and international tourism.
iv) Brings foreign exchange.
v) Life gets comfortable and easy.
vi) The whole country unites in emergency.
A.13. Though the air travel has made transportation in north-eastern
states easier with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense

165 Class X - Social Science

 forests and frequent floods and international frontiers, etc. but it is not in
the reach of the common man, as it is expensive. Therefore mostly
inland waterways are being used as the most common means of
transport in the north-eastern states of India. The reason behind are-
(i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
(ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
(iii) It is fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
(iv) Road and Rail transport are not very much developed in north-
eastern states.
(v) Here rivers make harbours and ports for the inland navigation
waterways.
A.14. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to it's
economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic
barometer for a country. Following facts justifies and prove this-
(i) Due to the progress of the international trade the living
standard of the people of a country prospers.
(ii) Developed nations get foreign exchange by selling their high
quality goods to other countries.
(iii) Developed countries produce/manufacture goods more than
their requirements and exports in foreign countries.
(iv) Developing countries depends on developed countries in
many ways.
(v) Under developed countries depends on other countries and
have to give a big part of their income to developed countries.
(vi) It increases employment opportunities.
(vii) Much needed foreign currency stock increases.

MAP WORK
Study the following maps related to the chapter and answer the given
questions.
Q. Locate and label the major sea ports and airports on the outline map of
India.

Class X - Social Science 166

167 Class X - Social Science
 ECONOMICS
DEVELOPMENT

Educational level of people

Human
Development Health Status of the people
Report
Per capita Income

Per capita Income

Comparing
Human Life Expectancy
Criteria
Development
Index Literacy Rate

Gross Enrolment Ratio for

3 levels

Infant Mortaality Rate

Comparing Literacy Rate
States
Net attendance Ratio

Types of countries of world Bank

Rich countries : Per Developed countries rich Low-income

Capita Income 12,736$ countries including countries1045$
per Annum middle cash 1570$ per annum

Infant Mortality Rate can be dened as total number of children that die before
the age of one year our of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy rate can be dened as proportion of literate population in the age group
of 7 years & above.
Net attendance Ratio can be dened as the total number of children of 6-10 years
age group attending school out of total no. of children in the same age group.

Class X - Social Science 168

Per capita income = Total Income from all the sectors
Total Population
= Total National Income
Total Population

BMI- can be calculated by taping the weight of a person (kgs) & height (mtr)
then divide the weight by the square of the height of a person. If the result
is less than 18.5 then person in under nourished & if more than 25, then person
is over weight.

HDI (Human Development Index) Rank of India in the World is 136.

Key Points to Remember:

1. Development :- Development is generally defined as growth. Some
of the important goals are - seeking more income, equal treatment,
freedom, security, and respect from others.
Different people have different development goals. What may be
development for one May not be for the other. It may be destructive for
the other.
One would consider earning more income, being a common factor
among people. With this income, they buy services and goods for their
daily needs.
Per capita Income = Total National Income/Total Population
• For comparing countries, their Income is considered to be one of the
most important attributes.
National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of
its citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as availability of
healthcare etc.
Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have
borrowed it from our children.
Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy,
education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries
in four tires of human development.

169 Class X - Social Science

Class X - Social Science 170
Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark Each)
Q.1 Why Kerala has a low Infant mortality rate?
Q.2 Is it just right to calculate development based on average income?
Q.3 What is Life Expectancy at birth?
Q.4 What is GDP?
Q.5 How do ration shops under Public Distribution System(PDS) help
people?
Q.6 What are Public facilities?
Q.7 Which organization publishes the Human Development Report?
Q.8 Which state in India has ranked first in Human Development Index?
Q.9 What are the Non-renewable resources?

Multiple choice question

Q.1 Which of the following is most likely to be a development goal for
landless rural labourers:

a) Highest support prices (b) High literacy rate

c) Raised Wages (d) Settle the children abroad

Q.2 Life expectancy at Birth means:

a) Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

b) Average expected length of life of a person at time of death.

c) Average expected length of a child at time of birth.

d) None of above

Q.3 Which one of the following countries has the largest size of illiterate
population in the age group of 15 in the world.

a) India (b) Myanmar

c) Srilanka (d) Bangladesh

171 Class X - Social Science

Q.4. Kerala has low infant mortality rate what in the reason for the same?
a) It has adequate provision of basic health & educational facilities.
b) It has highest per capita income
c) It has natural resources
d) The government of Kerala is very efficient.
Q.5. Which state among the following has lowest literacy rate?
a) Punjab b) Bihar
c) Kerala d) Tamil Nadu
Answers of Multiple Choice Questions
Ans.1 (c) Ans 3. (d) Ans. 5 (b)
Ans. 2. (a) Ans. 4. (a)
Ans.1 Kerala has low infant Mortality rate because it has good prorisions
of health & Education facilities.
Ans.2 As income is not distributed equally among all the citizens. So it is
not right to calculate development based mere on average
income.
Ans.3 It is the average expected length of a person's life at the time of birth.
Ans.4 It stands for Gross Domestic Product. It meant for monetary
measure of the market value of all final goods and services
produced in a given period of time.
Ans.5 Ration shops help by maintaining the nutritional status of the
people and making food available at lower cost.
Ans.6 Public facilities are those which are provided by the government to
satisfy the collective needs of the people. Such as — Hospital,
School and so on.
Ans. 7 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Ans. 8 Kerala topped the table among Indian states in human
Development Index.

Class X - Social Science 172

An's. 9 These resources will get exhausted after some time and are not
regenerated by the nature. For example, crude oil and so on.
Long Answer Type Questions (3 or 5 Marks Each)
Q.1 Why do different persons have different notions of development?
Explain.
Q.2 In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by ,the World Bank?
Q.3 Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Explain.
Q.4 Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you
may need to live well. Is it true? Elucidate.
Q.5 "Girls in India in the rural sector are sometimes not able to get
secondary level education". Give three reasons for this.
Q.6 Briefly define the following terms.
A. Infant Mortality Rate

B. Net Attendances Ratio

C. Literacy Rate

Ans.1 Different people has different notion for development because:

• It is because the life situations of persons are different.

• People seek things that are most important for them or that
which can fulfill their aspirations or desire.

• What may be development for one may not be for the other. It
may even be destructive for the other.

• For example: The developmental goals of a boy from a rich

urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college,
whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban
family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

173 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 2
UNDP World Bank
Has taken education, health and It uses per capita income as its
per capita income as the base. base for comparison.

Countries have been ranked. It is considered as a narrow

concept of development.

It is also considered as a broader Under this concept countries

concept of development. have been divided into three
categories — rich, middle and
poor.
Ans. 3 Literacy is an essential element for the economic development
since:
• Education gives us vast knowledge.
• A literate person is eligible to get suitable employment.
• Education develops the ability to implement modern technology.
• Literate people understand the importance of remaining healthy
and stay away from the deadly disease.
Ans. 4 Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live well.
• Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
• Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to
get protection from infectious disease.
• Beside money, people also like to have equal treatment in the
society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives, which money
cannot buy them.
Ans. 5
• Gender Discrimination
• 'Poverty
• Distance

Class X - Social Science 174

Ans. 6
A. Infant mortality rate is number of deaths under one year of age
occurring among the live births in given geographical area during a
given year.
• B. Net Attendance ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of people
in the official age-group attending any educational institution in a
particular class-group to the total number of people in the age-
group.
C. Literacy rate is the total percentage of the population of an area at a
particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write
with understanding.
Develop the answers of following questions using the key points you can add
other points as well.
Q.1 What is National Development? What are the aspects covered
under the National development? (CBSE 2010)
• Comprehensive term including education, living, standard, PCI,
Education.
• Just & fair use of resources
• Projects & policies affecting large number of people.
• Focus is on social infrastructure

Q.2 “The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough
to satisfy the greed of even one person.” Explain in light of sustainable
development.
• Ground water as renewable resources but over use lowering water
table.
• Judicious use & sustainable development
• Resource use without harming the environment
• Reduce, reuse & recycle & alternate sources of energy.

175 Class X - Social Science

Q.3. Development goals of one may be conficting or destructive for other or
what may be development for one may be destruction for other (2013,
2014, 2015 & 2016)
Ans. 3. Different notions of development
Construction of dam may produce electricity but destruct habitats.
More habitation may lead to houses for many but destruction in natural
habitat.
Q.5 Study the given data & Answer the questions:-

State Infant Mortality Literacy Net attendance Per capita

Rate Ratio income
Maharastra 24 82 64 11,7,091
Kerala 13 94 78 10,3,820
Bihar 48 62 35 31,199

(I) Which state has highest per capita income?

(ii) Which state has highest literacy rate what could be the possible
resource for this?
(iii) Which has highest infant mortality rate & what could be the reason
according to you for this?
Ans. (i) Maharastra
(ii) Kerala. Highest N.A.R.
(iii) Bihar. Low literacy

Class X - Social Science 176

 Chapter 2

SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

Key Points to Remember:

• Primary Sector: Producing a good by exploiting natural resources is

an activity of primary sector. Such as: Agriculture, Dairy fishing
forestry and so on.

• Secondary Sector: covers activities in which natural products are

changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we
associate with industrial activities. Such as using cotton fiber from
plant.

• Tertiary Sector: These activities by themselves do not produce a

good but they are an aid or a support for the production process. This
sector is known as Service sector also. Such as transport services,
insurance services and so on.

• Private sector part of a country's economic system runs by

individuals and companies, rather than the government.

• Public sector usually comprised of organization that are owned and

operated by the government and exist to provide services for its
citizens.

• Organized sector is a sector where the employment terms are fixed

and regular, and the employees get assured work.

• Unorganized Sector is a sector where the employment terms are not

fixed and regular, as well as the enterprises, are not registered with the
government.

• Gross Domestic product is a monetary measure of the market value

177 Class X - Social Science

 of all final goods and services produced in a period i.e. Sum of
Primary sector+ secondary sector + Tertiary sector.

• When more people are working that is needed and even if some
people are removed from work, does not affect the total production.
This situation is called disguised unemployment. It is also
known as Hidden unemployment.

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

was enacted in 2005 which aims to provide employment of 100
days in a year. If it fails to do so, government will provide
unemployment allowances to the people.

1. Primary or agriculture sector. Example-Agriculture, Dairy, Fishing,

Forestry etc.

2. Secondary of Industrial Sector. Example-Manufacturing and

industrial activities etc.

3. Tertiary or Service Sector. Example - Trade, Transport, Banking,

Tourism etc.

Share of Sectors in GDP (%)

1971-72 2011-12
Primary Approximately 15%
Sector 40%
Secondary 25% 25%
Sector
Tertiary 35% 60%
Sector
Total 100% 100%

Class X - Social Science 178

 Share of Sectors in Employment (%)

1972-73 2011-12
Primary Approximately 49%
Sector 74%
Secondary 11% 24%
Sector
Tertiary 15% 27%
Sector
Total 100% 100%

Very Short Answer Type Questions ( 1 MARK EACH)

Q.1 Shyama works as a researcher in an Institution. While collecting

data she could not classify the working sector of following people.
Help her to do the classification with valid reasons.

A. Yogesh works as lawyer.

B. Shyam Lal Verma runs a dairy.

C. Parmod is an Engineer and works in Industrial sector.

Q.2 Iqbal along with five other members of his family worked as a
farmer and produced 50 lakhs tons wheat. Due to some dispute in
family two members opted out family business, but still they are
able to produce 50 lakh tons Wheat. Can you name such kind of
unemployment?

Q.3 Why is Tertiary sector also called the service sector?

Q.4 What are the main objectives of Public Sector?

Q.5 What are the main objectives of Private Sector?

Q.6 What does Underemployment mean?

Q.7 How does government support both farmers and consumers?

179 Class X - Social Science

Q.8 Ramesh is confused, wheather he is working in organized sector or
Unorganized Sector. He is getting Paid leaves with fixed hours of
working. Would you please help him to find out in which sector he is
working?

Q 9. What is MGNREGA stands for? When it was enacted?

Q.I0 How does development of primary and secondary sector demand for
services?

Q.11. Which activity continued to prove largest employer between 1973 to

2013?

Q.12. Contribution of which sector is largest in GDP?

Q.13. Name the sectors which forms the base for all other products?

ANSWERS

Ans.1 A. Being a lawyer Yogesh is providing legal services. Therefore his

work comes in the Tertiary' sector:

B. Shyam Lal Verma runs a dairy and he dependent on biological

process of the animals and availability of fodder etc. The product
milk also is a natural product. So his work comes under the Primary
Sector.

C. As Parmod is working in Industry which basically depends upon

primary sector for raw material. So his work comes under the
Secondary sector.

Ans. 2 Disguised unemployment

Ans. 3 Since these activities provides services rather than goods, the
tertiary sector is also called the service sector.

Ans. 4 To provide basic facilities to all their countrymen with the purpose of
social welfare.

Ans. 5 To earn more and more profit.

Class X - Social Science 180

Ans. 6 In a situation of underemployment, people are apparently working
but all of them are made to work less than their potential.

Ans. 7 The government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a fixed
price. This is stores in its godowns and sells at a lower price to
consumers through ration shops. Here government has to bear
marginal cost. In this way, the government supports both farmers
and consumers.

Ans. 8 Organized sector

Ans.9 MGNREGA is stands for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act. It Was 'implemented in 2005.

Ans.10 The development of agriculture and industry leads to the

development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc.
Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors,
more would be the demand for such services.

Ans. 11 Agriculture

Ans.12 Tertiary Sector

Ans. 13 Primary Sector

Long Answer Type Questions (3 or 5 Marks Each)

Q.1 Differentiate between economic and non-economic activities. Give
any two points.

Q.2 Using examples from your area compare and contrast activities and
functions of Private and Public sectors.

Q.3 Distinguish between organized and unorganized sector.

Q.4 Explain the objective of implementing the MGNERGA 2005.

Q.5 What are the different types of unemployment in India?

Q.6 How do we count the various goods and services and know the total
production in each ''sector''?

Q.7 What are the various ways to provide employment opportunities in

rural areas?

181 Class X - Social Science

Q.8 ''There has been a big change in the three sectors of economic
activities in India but similar shift has not taken place in the share of
employment." Explain the above statement.

Q.9 Explain how does the Public sector contribute to the economic
development of a nation?

Q.10 Why is the tertiary sector becoming the most important in India?

Q.11 The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the

following issues:wages, safety and health. Explain with example.

Q.12 Mention the major problems faced by farming sector?

Q.13 How do we create more employment in the agriculture sector?

Q.14 Discuss the historical changes in the three economic sectors?

Answers

Ans 1. Economics activities are such activity which gets you some income
while performing them. For example, a doctor is earing by treating
his patients.

Non-economic activities are the activities from which do not gain

anything earn you any income. For example, a doctor treating his
own family members doesn't earn any money.

Class X - Social Science 182

Ans. 2
Public sector Private sector
The main aim of this sector is public The main aim of this sector is to earn
welfare. maximum profit.
It is controlled and managed by It is controlled and managed by an
Government. individual of group of individuals.
Necessary facilities provided by All the facilities provided by Individual
Government. or group of individuals.
Employment is secured. Employment is not secured.
Fixed wages and important Generally neither fixed wages nor
facilities are Provided. Such as other important facilities are
medical claim and so on. provided.
The sector provides basic facilities The sector provides consumer goods
like education, health, food and to the people. For example —
security to the people, for example, TISCO, Reliance and so on.
BSNL, Post office and so on.

Ans. 3 Unorganized sector

Organized sector
Fixed working hours. Working hours are not fixed.
Fixed Minimum wages Less than minimum wages fixed by
government.
Secured employment. Employment is not secured.
Enjoyable working conditions. Working condition is not up to the
mark.
Other facilities such as medical, No such facilities provided.
gratuity, Other pension's are;
provided.

Ans. 4 • Its aims to provide employment of 100 days in a year.

• All those who are eligible to work would be guaranteed by
government. If government fails to do so, it will give
unemployment allowance to people.
• To increase the income and employment to people.
• Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc.
for additional employment.

183 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 5 Underemployment or disguised employment : A situation where
more people are engaged than required. So, even if you turned
people out, production will not be affected. It is called
underemployment.
Seasonal unemployment : When people are unemployed for a
particular season, it is as seasonal unemployment. For example, if
farmers are ploughing land only for rabi season then , they, become
unemployed for the rest of the season.
Ans. 6 Economist suggests that the' 'values of goods and services should
be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. The value of
goods and services in the three sectors are calculated and then a
added up. Not every good(or service), that is produced and sold,
needs to be counted. It makes sense, only to include final goods and
services.
Intermediate goods are used up in producing final goods and
services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the
intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods and
services.
So the value of final goods and services produced in each sector
during a particular year, provides the total production of the sector for
that year. And the sum of production in three sectors gives us the
'Gross Domestic Product."
Ans.7 • Provide loans to small farmers for cultivation, irrigation and so on.
• Dams, canal can be constructed will lead to a lot of employment
generation.
• Construction of roads in rural area creates employments in rural
community.
• More and more schools should be opened which would create jobs
in education sector and literacy as well in rural area.
• To improve the health situation, we need more doctors, nurses
health workers to work in rural area.
Ans.8 • In primary sector, modern technology has been introduced in
agriculture. With the arrival of green revolution and advanced
irrigation methods, there are noticeable changes in this sector.

Class X - Social Science 184

 • Industrial production has also increased several times therefore
providing more employment opportunities to "the unemployed and
underemployed in this sector.

• There are lots of casual workers in the service sector in urban

areas who search for employment on daily wages. In the rural
areas too, a lot of casual workers sometimes Intermittently do
not get job. Many of them are disguisedly unemployed. So
besides changes unemployment still exists in India.

Ans.9 • It promoted rapid economic development through creation and

expansion of infrastructure.

• It creates the employment opportunities.

• It generates financial resources for development.

• It encourages development of small, medium and cottage

industries. It brings the social justice.

Ans.10 • It provides basic services to the people. Ex--Hospital, Post Office,

Telegraph etc.

• For the development of agriculture and industry, transport and

trade like activities are vital

•With the increase of income level of the people more service were
needed or demanded by people.

•New services based on information and communication have

become essential.

• It provides employment to people in large number.

Ans. 11 The employee refuse to follow laws that protects labourers. That is
why protection is needed.
The workers are not paid a fair wages and hence need protection.
Job is not secured that is why they need protection.
The workers get no other benefits like provident fund, gratuity, paid
leaves, medical benefits etc.
No pension after retirement.

185 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 12 Unirrigated land
Fluctuation in income
Debt burden
No job in the off season
Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after
harvest.
Ans.13 Loans could be given to farmers to buy the agriculture equipments
Dams can be built to irrigate dry areas.
Seeds and fertilizers could be subsidized.
Storage facilities could be provided.
Transport facilities could be increased.
Ans. 14 After independence to 1972 primary sector was prominent in
Indian GDP.
As farming method improves and surplus food was produced
people channelized their energy towards manufacturing.
Very soon secondary sector gained prominence
Because of development of primary and secondary sector,
information and technology, trade, transport etc, tertiary sector
gained prominence.
In 2011-12 share of tertiary sector in Indian GDP was
approximately 60%.

Class X - Social Science 186

 Chapter-3

Money and Credit

Points to Remember:
Ÿ When goods are directly exchanged for goods and there is no use of
money, it is called Barter System.
Ÿ Money is something that can act as a medium of exchange in
transaction. It eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.
Ÿ When both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s
commodities. This is known as the double coincidence of wants.

Paper
notes
Net/Mobile
Banking Coins

Modern
Forms of
Money
UPI Cheque

Credit Debit
Card card

Issue the currency

Work of Reserve Bank of India

Monitor the work culture of

Banks and SHG

Provide Direction regarding

terms and interest

Provide feedback regarding

monetary policies of India.

Hold a part of the cash

reseve of the banks

187 Class X - Social Science

Ÿ Credits refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower money, goods and services in return for the promise of future
repayment.
Credit as an asset:
Ÿ During the festival season, a shoe manufacturer Salim has received
an order of making shoes in bulk, within one month’s time. To
complete this production, he hires extra workers and has to purchase
the raw materials. He asks the supplier to supply leather now and,
promise to pay him later. Then he takes some advance payment from
trader. By the end, of the month, he is able to deliver the order, make a
good profit and repay the money he had borrowed.
Credit as a debt trap:
Ÿ A farmer swapna picks up loan from a money lender to meet the
expenses of cultivation. But unfortunately the crop was hit by the pests
and there was crop failure. So, she is unable to repay the loan and
debt grows larger with Interest.
Ÿ Collateral is asset that the borrower owns (Such as land, building
vehicle, livestock) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the
loan is repaid.

Terms of Credit

Documentation Mode of
Interest Rate Collateral Required repayment

Ÿ Self Help Groups: It’s basic idea is to provide financial resources for
the poor through organizing the rural poor especially women into
Small Help Groups.

Class X - Social Science 188

 organizing the
rural poors, especially
women

Providing
collection
platform to
of savings from
discuss various
Works members.
social issues
of
SHG’s

providing
Provide loan
loans
at reasonable
without
interest rate
collateral

1 Marks Questions
Q.1 Which of the following can be considered as modern form of Money?
1. Paper note 2. Gold Coins 3. Silver Coins 4. Copper coins
Q.2 In India, Which agency is authorize to issue the notes and currency?
1. NABARD 2. Reserve Bank of India 3 . World Bank 4. State Bank of
India
Q.3 Where does the large part of deposits spend by the bank?
1. For opening new Branches
2. To pay taxes
3. To pay interest on loan
4. To provide loan
Q.4 Which of the following is not included in the formal source of loan?
1. Bank 2. Co-operative Banks 3. Employer 4. None of the above
Q.5 Which of the following is a symptom of debt Trap?
1. Unable to repay the loan 2. Able to repay the loan
3. Both are correct 4. Both are wrong
Q.6 Which of the following is not an example of Collateral?
1. Jewelry 2. House 3. Agricultural Land 4. None of the above
Q.7 Who takes the major decision regarding savings and loans in SHG’s?
1. Bank 2. Government 3. Members 4. NGOs
Q.8 How much cash do the bank have with its total cash amount?
1. 10% 2.20% 3.15% 4.30%
189 Class X - Social Science
Q.9 Which Currency is used as medium of exchange mostly at
International Level?
1. American Dollar 2. Singaporean Dollar
3. Rupees 4. Taka
Q.10 Who is responsible for the establishment of Grameen Bank in
Bangladesh?
1. Wasim Akram 2. Shoaib
3. Muhammad Yunus 4. Shahid Afridi
Q.11 Suppose you are living in ancient times, when money is not accepted
as medium of transaction. What kind of problem you will find while
purchasing and selling the things?
Q.12 What was the primitive methods of exchange in early ages in India?
Q.13 Bharti has a doubt that why one cannot refuse a payment made in
rupees in India?
Q.14 Which government agency is authorized to issue notes and currency
in India?
Q.15 Why a loan from Informal Sector is costlier than the formal sector?
Q.16 Give one example each of modern currency and older currency?
Answers
1. Paper note
2. Reserve Bank of India
3. To give loans
4. Employer
5. To unable to repay loan
6. All are wrong
7. Members
8. 15%
9. American Dollar
10. Muhammad Yunus
11. Doubles coincidence of wants
12. Grains and Cattles
13. It is authorized by Government of India
14. Reserve Bank of India
15. Interest Rate is higher.
16. Modern currency- Notes, coins etc. Older currency - Gold coins etc.

Class X - Social Science 190

Ans.4 Dollar
Ans.5 Reserve Bank of India
Ans.6 People deposit their money in the bank as it earns interest. Since the
deposits in the bank accounts can be 'withdrawn on demand, these
deposits are called demand deposits.
Ans.7 • Banks keeps only small proportions (15percent) of their deposits
as cash with themselves.
• Major portion of money deposits are used to extend loans.
Ans. 8 Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building,
vehicle, livestock) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the
loan is repaid.
Ans.9 Bank charge higher interest rate on loans that what they offer on
deposits. The difference of interest is the main source of income of
bank.
Ans.10 Interest rate is higher.

Long Answer Type Questions ( 3 or 5 MARKS EACH)

Q.1 Analyse the work of Reserve Bank of India?
Q.2 How do formal and informal sources of credit differ from each other?
Q.3 What is credit? How can credit be both an asset as well as a debt trap?
Q.4 What are the terms of credit? How it may vary for person to person?
Q.5 How is the concept of Self Help Group important for poor people? Give
your view points.
Q.6 The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.
Support your statement with relevant arguments.
Q.7 Why the formal or informal sector does asks for collateral?
Q.8 How do farmers gets into debts trap?
Q.9 Review any three merits and any two demerits of 'formal sector of
credits' in India.
Q.10 What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to
certain borrowers?

191 Class X - Social Science

Answers
Ans.1 • Issue the currency on behalf of Government of India.
• Issues guidelines regarding working culture of Bank and SHG.
• Give directions regarding terms and interest on credits.
• To provide feedback regarding monetary policies to government
of India.
• RBI holds a part of the cash reserve of the bank.
Ans. 2 Formal sector Informal sector
Rate of Interest is lower. Higher rate of Interest.
Collateral is must for getting Ready to give loans without any
loan. collateral too.
RBI supervises them. No organization to supervise
them.
More documentation is required. L e s s d o c u m e n t a t i o n , l e s s
It involves many formalities. formalities.
Ex.: Banks and co-operatives. Examples: Moneylender, traders,
friends, retailers and so on.

Ans. 3 Credits refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the

borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of
future payment.
• Credit as an asset: During the festival season, a shoe
manufacturer Salim has received an order of making shoes in
bulk, within a month's time. To complete production, he hired extra
workers and has to purchase the raw materials. He asks the
supplier to supply leather now and, promise to pay him later. Then
he took some advance payment from the trader. By the end, of the
month, he is able to deliver the order, make a good profit and repay
the money he had borrowed.
• Credit as debt trap: A farmer Swapna picks up loan from a
moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation. But
unfortunately the crop is hit by the pests and fails. So, she is unable
to repay the loan and debt grows larger with interest.
In Salim’s case credit plays a vital and positive role, whereas in

Class X - Social Science 192

 Swapna’s case credit pushes the borrowers into a situation from which
recovery is painful.
Ans.4
• Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the
borrower must pay to the lender along with repayment of the
principal.
• In addition, lender may demand collateral, i.e., as assert that the
borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee until the loan is
repaid.
• If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell
the collateral to obtain payment.
• Terms of credit comprise interest rate, collateral and
documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment.
Ans. 5
• SHG's basic idea is to provide financial resource for the poor
through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small
Help Groups.
• It organizes the rural poor, especially women, into small Self Help
Groups.
• It collects saving of the members.
• it provides loans without collateral.
• It provides timely loans at reasonable rate of interest.
• It also provides a platform to discuss various social issue.
Ans. 6
• Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans.
• There are no boundaries and restrictions.
• In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that
the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the
borrowers.
• This could lead to increasing debt trap, therefore the credit
activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.

193 Class X - Social Science

Ans.7 Lenders may demand collateral or an asset that the borrower
owns to use it as a guarantee until he repays the loan. It may be
sold if the borrower is not able repaid.
Ans. 8
• Failure of the crop makes loan repayment impossible.
• Downfall of crop prices also makes loan repayment impossible.
• Higher interest makes life difficult. Credit in such a condition
pushes the borrowers into a situation from which recovery is
painful and they get into the debt trap.
Ans.9 Merits
• Helps to meet the working capital needs of production.
• Helps in completing production on time.
• Low interest rate.
• Helps in increasing earnings.
Demerits
• Difficulty in obtaining loans.
• Collateral issues.
• Documentation could be a problematic issue for few.
Ans.10
• Banks require proper and legal documentations and collateral as
security against loans. The borrowers who have not repaid
previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further.
• Those entrepreneurs, who are going to invest in a business with
high risks, the might not be willing to lend money.
Practice Questions
Q.1 Why is it necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural
areas? Explain.
Q.2 Explain any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societies to
increase their lending facilities in rural areas.
Q.3 Describe the importance of formal sources of credit in the economic
development?
Q.4 Describe the bad effects of informal sources of credit on borrowers.
Q.5 Why is it that most of people in Indian still dependent on informal sector of
credit for loan?

Class X - Social Science 194

 Chapter-4
Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Movement
of goods
and services

Production Globalisation
Movement of
across (Process of rapid intergration
Investment
countries between countries

Movement of
technology

Production across countries

Before Now
• Untill middle of the 20th • Multinational corporations
country, production was emerged
organised within countries

• What crossed the boundries • They own or control

were raw materials, food production in more than
stuffs and imported nished one nation
goods

• Trade was the main channel • Set up ofces and factories

connecting countries in region where they can
get cheap labour and
resources

How MNC’s interlink production across counties.

MNC’s set up production unit where it is close to the market where skilled
unskilled labour is available at low cost, where government policies are
favourable.
They invest money called foreign investment
At times set up production jointly with local companies.

195 Class X - Social Science

 Benets local companies by providing latest technology and additional
investment.
They buy local companies and expand production.
Place orders to small producers for products like Garments, footwear
sports items etc.
How foreign trade leads to integration of markets?
Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producer to reach beyond
the domestic market.
Goods can be imported to expand the choice of goods for consumers.
Producers in two countries now closely compete against each other, prices
tend to become equal.

Factors that have enabled Globalisation

Technology Improvement Information Satellite Removing Internet

in technology communication barriers
Transport devices by govt

World Trade Organisation

Aim :- To liberalise international trade

Started at the initiative of the developed countries
Set up rules regarding international trade.
Force developing countries to remove trade barriers
Developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers
Impact of Globalisation
For consumers:- Improved quality, lower prices, variety of choices,
higher standard of living.
Job have been created.
Local companies supplying raw material to MNC’s have become
prosperous.
Top Indian companies have been benefitted from increased competition.
Some Indian companies also emerged as MNC’s e.g. Tata Motor, Infosys,
Ranbaxy, Asian Paints
Class X - Social Science 196
Struggle for a fair Globalisation
Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all.
The govt. must protect the interests of all the people in the country.
Government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and
workers get their rights.
Government can negotiate at the WTO for farier rules.
It can also align with other developing countries.
Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy.
Starting around 1991, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investments
were removed to a large extent.
It allowed foreign companies to set up factories and offices in India.
Goods could be imported and exported easily.

Key Points to Remember:

• Globalisation is a process of international integration arising from the
interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of a
culture.
• Multinational Corporation (MNC) is an enterprise operating in
several countries but Managed from one country or group that derives
a quarter of its revenue from operations outside of its home country.
• Liberalization refers to the reduction or elimination of government
regulation or restrictions on private business and trade.
• Investment is the purchase of goods (such as machine, house, and
other parts etc.) that are not consumed today but are used in the future
to create wealth.
• Foreign Trade is basically trade between two different countries of the
world. It is also known as international trade.
• World Trade Organization is the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The main
aim of this organization is to liberalize the law of trade between the
nations.
• Privatization is the transfer of a business, industry, or service from
public to private ownership and control.

197 Class X - Social Science

• Foreign Investment is when a company or individual from one nation
invests in assets or ownership stakes of a company based in another
nation.
• SEZ is a special economic zone of a country that is subject to unique
economic regulations that differs from other areas in the same
country. These regulations tend to be conductive to foreign direct
investment.

Very Short Answer Type Questions ( 1 mark each)

Q.1 What is Globalization?
Q.2 Give one example of Trade Barriers?
Q.3 When did India adopt the new economic policy?
Q.4 Provide one example of Indian MNC's?
Q.5 Why does MNC's Invest in different countries?
Q.6 Which sector of economy is still lagged behind even after the
Globalization?
Q.7 When did Ford Motors established in India?
Q.8 What is privatization?
Q.9 A company which has ownership or control in more than one country is
know as ?
Q. 10 In which category you will put Indian Economy?

ANSWERS
Ans.1 Globalization is the integration or interconnection between the
countries through trade and foreign investment by multinational
corporations.
Ans.2 Tax on Export
Ans.3 1992
Ans.4 Tata Motors
Ans. 5 To earn more profits.

Class X - Social Science 198

Ans. 6 Agriculture Sector
Ans.7 1995
Ans. 8 Privatization means allowing the private sector to set up industries
which were earlier reserved for the Public sector.
Ans. 9 MNC's
Ans. 10 Mixed Economy

1 Mark Questions
Q.1 Removing barriers or restrictions set by govt. is called__________.
Q.2 Name the Indian manufacturer with which Ford Motors entered the
Indian automobile business?
Q. 3 Which Indian company has been bought by Cargill foods and MNC?
Q.4 Globalisation has posed major challenges for
(a) big producers b) small producers
c) rural poor d) none of these
Q.5 Which of the following is an example of a trade barrier?
a) foreign investment b) delay or damage of goods
c) tax on imports d) none of these
Q.6 State the main motive of MNC?
Answers
1) Liberalisation
2) Mahindra and Mahindra
3) Parakh Foods
4) Small producers
5) Tax on Imports
6) To earn greater profit

199 Class X - Social Science

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 OR 5 MARKS EACH)
Q.1 What do you mean by globalization? What are the effects of
globalization in India?
Q.2 What is WTO? What are the aim of WTO? What are the drawback of
WTO?
Q.3 What is MNC's? How MNC's can spread and get control over
productions?
Q.4 What is investment? How is foreign investment different from it?
Q.5 Why are the trade barriers imposed on the foreign trade and
investment in a country?
Q.6 Describe any five advantages to consumers due to globalization and
greater competition among producers.
Q.7 What are the factors have stimulated the globalization process?
Q.8 How the liberalization policy was gradually adopted in India?
Q.9 What is liberalization? Describe any five effects of liberalization on the
Indian Economy.
Q.10 How information technology is encouraging the Globalisation ?
Explain

3/5 Marks Questions

Q. 11 Explain how globalisation can be made fairer?
Q.12 Explain with examples how top Indian companies have benefitted
from globalisation.
Q.13 “Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries”. Support
the statement with argument.
Q.14 “A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian markets”.
Support the statement with examples in context of globalisation
Q.15 Explain the steps taken by government to attract foreign investment.
Q.16 “Not every state of India has benefitted from globalisation”. Examine
the statement.

Class X - Social Science 200

Answers
Ans.1 Globalization is the integration or interconnection between the
countries through trade and foreign investment.
Positive Impacts:
• Greater choice and improved quality of goods at competitive price
and hence raises standard df living.
• MNC's have increased investment in India.
• Top Indian companies emerged as multinationals.
• Created new opportunities for companies providing services like
IT sector.
• Collaboration with foreign companies help a lot to domestic
entrepreneurs.

Negative Impacts:
• Indian economy faced the problem of brain drain.
• Globalization has failed to remove unemployment and poverty.
• Cut in farm subsidies.
• Closure of small industries.

Ans:2 WTO is World Trade Organization. It is an organization which is in

favor of increasing the world trade through globalization.

The Aim of WTO:

• To liberalize International trade by allowing free trade for all.

• To promote international trade among the countries of the world in

an open uniform and non-discriminatory manner.

• Removal of both the import and export restrictions.

The Drawback of WTO:

• It is dominated by developed countries.

• It is used by developed countries to support globalization in areas

that are not directly to trade.

201 Class X - Social Science

Ans.3 MNC's are Multinational corporations. It is a company that owns or
controls production in more than one nation. MNC's can spread and
control by:

• Setting up joint production units with local companies.

• To buy up local companies and expanding its production base.

• Placing orders with small producers.

• By using their Brand.

Ans. 4 The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building,
machines and other equipment is called investment.
Investment made by MNC's is called foreign investment. Every
investment is made with the hope that the assets will earn profits for
these companies.

Ans. 5 Trade barriers are used by the government:

• To increase, decrease or regulate foreign trade.

• To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should

come into the country.

• To protect the producers within the country from foreign

competition.

Ans. 6 • There is a greater choice before consumers along with competitive

price.

• Then enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products.

• They enjoy much higher standards of living that was possible

earlier.

• Strengthening of Consumers Right like — Right to Information,

Right to choose, Right to Be Heard, Right to Seek Redressal has
been given to consumers.

• Legal. rights of consumers have become more effective.

Class X - Social Science 202

Ans. 7 • Improvement in Transportation

• Development of Information Technology

• Telecommunication

• Computers

• Internet

Ans. 8 • After Independence, the Indian government put barrier on foreign

trade and foreign 'investment.

• Initially, Indian Industries were just coming up after Independence,

so competition from imports wouldn't have allowed these
industries to come up.
• In 1991, the government decided that the time has come for Indian
producers to compete the producers around the globe.
Ans. 9 Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known
as liberalization.
• Competition would improve the performance of producers within
the country.
• Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to
large extent. This meant that goods could be imported and
exported easily.
• Foreign companies could set up factories and offices to boost up
production. It allows making decision freely.
• The competition would improve the performance of producers
within the country since they have to improve their quality.
Ans. 10
• With Improvement in transportation technique now It become
easier to send good at distance place at lower cost.
• Sending and receiving information are now become easier.
• There is rapidly increase in trade with the help of information and
Technology.

203 Class X - Social Science

 Answers
Ans.11 From Notes
Ans. 12 a) Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit
from the increased competition
b) They have invested in newer technology and production
methods and raised their production standards.
c) Gained from successful collaborations with foreign
companies.
d) Some large Indian companies emerged as multinationals
themselves.
e) Created new opportunities for companies providing services
particularly those involving IT.
Ans. 13 From notes.
Ans. 14 A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian market.
a) The latest model digital cameras, mobile phones and
television made by the leading manufactures of the world are
within our each.
b) Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on
Indian roads.
c) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other
goods.
Ans. 15 Government can take following steps to attract foreign investment:
a) Industrial zones called SEZ (Special economic zones) are
being set up to provide world class facilities-electricity, water,
roads, transport, storage etc.
b) Govt. has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract
foreign investment.
c) Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis companies can
hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short provide when there is intense
pressure of work.
d) Exemption from paying tax in early 5 years
Ans. 16 Do it yourself from the notes.

Class X - Social Science 204

 PRACTICE PAPER - 1
CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE

Time : 3 hours M.M. - 80

General Instructions:
1. The question paper is divided into four sections- Section A, Section B,
Section C and Section D.
2. The question paper has 35 questions in all.
3. All questions are compulsory.
4. Marks are indicated against each question.
5. Questions from serial number | to 20 are very short answer type
questions. Each question carries one mark.
6. Questions from serial number 21 to 28 are 3 marks questions. Answer
of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
7. Questions from serial number 29 to 34 are 5 marks questions. Answer
of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
8. Question number 35 is a map question of 5 marks with two parts-35 A
from History (3 marks) and 35 B from Geography (3 marks)
Section A
Q.1 Which among the following is an example of Gender Division?
1. To arrange common schooling.
2. To provide equal prizes to boys and girls for participating in sports
events.
3. To provide Bat for boys and Doll for girls to play.
4. All the statements are right.
OR
Write any one example of Gender Division.
Q.2 Which among the following is an example of communalism?
1. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as
equal citizen.
2. Do not believe in any religion.
3. One religion ts superior to that of others.
4. All the statements are right.
OR
How to eradicate the communalism?
205 Class X - Social Science
Q.3 Which among the following statement about India’s Constitution is True?
1. Treat all the religions as equal.
2. It provides to all individuals freedomto profess any religion.
3. lt ensures equality of citizens within religious communities.
4. All the statements are true.
Q.4 Which among the following is dangerous for Indian Society?
1. Casteism
2. Communication
3. Gender Division
4. All of the above.
Q.5 Democracy is better form of government than any other form of
government because:
1. It promotes equality among citizens.
2. Enhance the dignity of the individual.
3. Allow room to correct mistakes.
4. All the statements are correct.
Q.6 Corruption has become a serious threat for democracy. Explain with an
example.
Q.7 Complaints are treated as testimony to the success of democracy.
Explain with an example.
Q.8 Which among the following is may be developmental goal for a girl from a
rich urban family?
1. She gets as much freedom as her brother.
2. She is able to take her own decision.
3. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
4. All of the above.
OR
What may be a developmental goal of landless rural labourers regarding
their income?
Q.9 Which among the following criterion is used by the UNDP for measuring
development?
1. Education
2. Health
3. Per capita Income
4. All of the above
OR
What may be a developmental goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab?

Class X - Social Science 206

Q.10 What do you understand by Trade Barrier?
Q.11 Describe any one positive impacts of Globalisation on Indian Economy.
Q.12 Correct the following statement and write.
Gold coins are a modern form of currency.
Q.13 Correct the following statement and write.
Wasim Akram is responsible for establish rural banks in Bangladesh.
Q.14 Why is Perambur famous?
OR
Why is Bengaluru famous?
Q.15 Why was zollverein formed?
Q.16 Olive branch around the sword is the symbol of......................................
OR
Broken Chains is the symbol of ...............
Q.17 Who is Frederic Sorrieu?
OR
Who is Bismark?
Q.18 What do you understand by word Vellum?
Q.19 What do you mean by Inquisition?
Q.20 What was the Vernacular Press Act?
Section B
Q.21 Describe the condition of indentured labour that migrated from India
during the nineteenth century.
OR
Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of
industries.
Q.22 How did Britian come into existence as a nation-state? Explain.
OR
Describe the role of Romanticism in developing nationalist feelings among
European during nineteenth century?

207 Class X - Social Science

Q.23 Which crop is known as a ‘golden ber’? Explain any two geographical
conditions essential for the cultivations of crop.-
OR
“Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions in India.”
Analyse the statement.
Q.24 “Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to
extract it as the present rate. the reserve would last only 35-40 years more.”
Explain any three ways to solve this problem.
Q.25 “We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have
borrowed it form our children.” Describe the importance of Sustainable
development in the light of above statement.
Q.26 Distinguish between formal and Informal source of credit.
Q.27 How can the Government of India play a major role to make
globalisation more fair? Explain with examples.
Q.28 What is meant by a ‘national political party’? State the condition
required to be a a national political party’?
Section C
Q.29 Suggest some ways to eradicate unemployment in India.
Q.30"Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national
or state boundaries.” Justify the statement.
‘OR
Write a short note on different kinds of soils found in India.
Q.31 "Energy Saved is energy produced.” Justify the statement by giving
some measures to conserve the energy resources.
OR
“Mineral are an indispensable part of our lives.” Justify this statement with
suitable examples.
Q.32 How is the idea of power sharing emerged? Explain different forms of
power sharing commonly Practiced.
Q.33 Describe the importance of a three-tier of government in a vast country
like India.
Class X - Social Science 208
Q.34 “British rule in India would have been collapsed if Indians had not
cooperated.” How did this statement help in starting a mass movement in
India against the British rule?
Section — D
Q.35A Three places A. B and C are marked on the outline political map of
India, identify these places with the help of following information and write
their correct names on the lines marked near them:
a. The place where congress session held in 1927.
b. The place where Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn by
Mahatma Gandhi?
c. The place where congress session held in September 1920.
35B Locate and label ANY THREE of the following with appropriate symbols
on the same given political map of India.

I. Salem Iron and Steel Plants.

ii. Pune Software Technology Parks.
Ili. Bokaro Iron and Steel Plants.
iv. Indoor cotton textile industries
v. Noida Software Technology Parks.
vi. Hyderabad Software Technology Parks.
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired candidates
only in lieu of Q. No. 35. ANY SIX to be attempted:
I. In which year the Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn by
Mahatma Gandhi?
ii. In which congress session, the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence was formalized? , ,
iii. Who constructs and maintains the State Highways?
iv. Name the software technology park in Uttar Pradesh.
v. Name the Iron and Steel Plant in Odisha.
vi Name a place in Punjab which is famous for woolen textile.
vii. In which state is the Kandla Port located?
viii) Name the state where Jalianwalla Bagh incident took place.
ix. Name the state where Gandhiji violated the salt law.

209 Class X - Social Science

Class X - Social Science 210
211 Class X - Social Science
Answer Key of Practice Paper -1
1. To provide Bat for boys and Doll for girls to play.
OR
Student will write answer with their own experience.
2. One religion is superior to that of others.
OR
Student will write answer with their own experience.
3. All the statements are true.
4. All of the above
5. All the statements are true.
6. Money in Exchange of Vote (Any other relevant point)
7. It shows that expectations of people are increased. .
8. All of the above
OR
To get land for agriculture throughout the year. (Any other relevant
point)
9. All of the above OR To get proper irrigation.
10. Tax on imports by the Governments is called ‘trade barrier’.
11. Student will write answer with their own experience.
12. Modern form should be replace by Older form.
13. Wasim Akram should be replace by Mohmmad yunus.
14. For developing coaches of Train.
OR
Software Technology Park
15. To harness the economic interests which leads to national unication
of Germany.
16. Willingness to make peace
OR
Being Freed
17. French Artist
OR

Class X - Social Science 212

Played important role in unication of Germany.
18. A parchment made from the skin of animal.
19. A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics
20. To sensor the editorial and Reports..
21. Please Refer the History Book page 87-88.
OR
Please Refer the History Book page 118-119.
22.Please Refer the History Book page 22.
OR
Please Refer the History Book page 13-15.
23.Please Refer the Geography Book page 45.
OR
Please Refer the Geography Book page 45.
24 Please Refer the Geography Book page 63.
25.Please Refer the Economics Book page 14.
26.Please Refer the Economics Book page 48,49.
27.Please Refer the Economics Book page 70.
28.Please Refer the Democratic Political Science Book page 79.
29 Please Refer the Economics Book page 25.
30.Please Refer the Geography Book page 3-5.
OR
Please Refer the Geography Book page 8-11.
31.Please Refer the Geography Book page 52-53.
OR
Please Refer the Geography Book page 62.
32.Please Refer the Democratic Political Science Book page 7-9.
33.Please Refer the Democratic Political Science Book page 34.
34.Please Refer the History Book page 56-57.
35. Map is attached.
For Visually Impaired Students
1. 1922
2. 1929
3. State government
4. Noida Software Technology Park.
5. Bhilai
6. Ludhiana
7. Gujarat
8. Punjab
9. Gujarat
213 Class X - Social Science
 PRACTICE PAPER - II
CLASS X
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Time : 3 hours M.M. - 80
Section A
Q1. In which year big European powers met in Berlin ? (1)
(a) 1857
(b) 1861
c) 1885
(d) 1815
Q2. Who said ‘when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold’? (1)
(a) Metternich
(b) Otto van Bismarck
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Q3. Name the writer of the book’ Hind Swaraj’? (1)
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Vallabh Bhai Patel
c) Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
Q4 - In which National Congress Session ,the demand of ‘Poorna Swaraj’
was formalised? (1)
(a) Calcutta,1920
(b) Nagpur,1920
c) Madras,1927
(d) Lahore Session,1929
Q5- Who was Gutenburg? (1)
(a) Great philosopher of France
(b) A painter of Itly
(c) Great musician of Germany
(d) Great inventor of Germany.
Q 6 Napoleon code usually known as- (1)
(a) The Civil Code of 1805
(b) The Civil Code of 1806

Class X - Social Science 214

(c) The Civil Code of 1804
(d) Napoleon code of 1807
Q7 - Give the one characteristics of the alluvial soil? (1)
Or
First Indian state which made the roof top rainwater harvesting structure
compulsory to all the houses across the state—
(a) Tamilnadu
(b) Bihar
c) Maharashtra
(d) Karnatka
Q8 In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd
one . (1)
(a) Free and fair election
(b) Dignity of the individual
(c) Majority rule
(d) Equal treatment before law
Q9 - What is the guiding philosophy of Bhartiya Janata Party-
(a) Bahujan Samaj
(b) Revolutionary democracy
(c) Integral humanism
(d) modernity
Q.10 Write any one prudential reason for which power sharing is desirable? (1)
Q11 Which one is the subject of union list- (1)
(a) Police (b) Trade (c) Agriculture (d) Communication and Currency
Q12 Suggest one measure to solve the problem of less representation of
women in India? (1)
Q 13 What do you understand by defection? (1)
Q14- Mention any two reason which shows that democracy is better than
other form of government? (1)
Q 15 - What do you understand by Infant Mortality Rate? (1)
Q 16 Mention any two criteria of development other than income? (1)
Q 17 Which activity continued to prove largest employer between 1973 to
2013-14? (1)

215 Class X - Social Science

Q 18 How does money act as a medium of exchange? (1)
Q19 Why the Chinese Toys are more popular in Indian market? (1)
Q 20 What is trade barrier? (1)
Section-B
Q 21 Write a short note on Civil Code of 1804? (3)
Or
Describe the impact of Rinderpest on people’s livelihoods and local economy
in Africa in the 1890s? (3)
Q 22 What were the limits of Civil Disobedience Movement? (3)
Or
Why did religious leaders fear the effect of easily available printed books? (3)
Q 23 - Explain the reason behind change in caste and caste system in
modern India? (3)
Or
Rajan is a Tamil sherman settled in Sri Lanka. Which type of problem he
would face in Sri Lanka? (3)
Q 24 - What are the government initiative for the conservation of forest and
wildlife in India? (3)
Or
Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar? (3)
Q 25 - Describe the main features of Alluvial soil? (3)
Or
What are the major problems of sugar industries? (3)
Q 26 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? (3)
Q27-How can more employment be created in rural areas? (3)
Q 28 — Write a short note on Self Help Group? (3)
Or
How has technology stimulated the globalisation process? (3)
Q 29 — How did Non- cooperation movement spread in countryside? (5)
Or Explian how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India? (5)
Q30-Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India? ( 5)
Or
How to protect workers in the unorganised sector? (5)
Q 31-‘Communalism can take various forms in politics’.Examine the
statement (5)

Class X - Social Science 216

 Or
What are the major challenges to democracy? (5)
Q 32 - How is federalism practised in India? Explain with example. (5)
Or
— How can you say that democratic government is accountable, responsive
and ligitimate government?
Q 33- How is the tourism helpful in the development of economy as a trade or
industry? (5)
Or
Describe various kind of roads in India?

Q 34 Why manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of the

economy? Explain the reasons. (5)
Q 35 (A) Three places A, B and C are marked on the outline political map of
India, identify these places with the help of following information and write
their correct name on the lines marked near them:
a. A place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for peasants.
b. The place where the Indian National Congress session 1927 was held.
c. A place related to calling of the Non Cooperation Movement.
(B) Locate and label Any Three of the following with appropriate symbolson
the same given political map of India:
1. Bhakra Nangal Dam
2. Narora Nuclear power plant
3. Kudremukh iron ore mines
4. Mohali Software Technology Park
5. Hazaribagh mica mines
6. Haldia Port
Note — The following questions are for the Visually Impaired candidates only
in lieu of Q.No.35.Any six to be attempted :
1. In which year Gandhi Irwin pact was signed,
2. In which year The Rowlatt Act was passed
3. Name the leading Mica producer state in India
4. Who construct and maintains the National highways
5. Name the nuclear power plant in Uttar Pradesh
6. Name the coal mine in Jharkhand
7. In which state Haldia Port is located
8. In which Round table conference congress was participated
9. In which state Raja Sansi Airport is situated.

217 Class X - Social Science

 C

Class X - Social Science 218

Answer of Practice paper
Ans 1- (c) 1885
Ans 2 — Metternich
Ans 3 - Mahatma Gandhi
Ans 4 —(d) Lahore Session,1929
Ans 5 - Great inventor of Germany.
Ans 6 - The Civil Code of 1804
Ans 7 - NCERT Geography, Page no.08
Or
Ans 7 (a)Tamilnadu
Ans 8 - (c)Majority rule
Ans 9 - NCERT, Democratic politics, page 80
Ans 10 NCERT, Democratic politics, page 06
Ans 11 NCERT, Democratic politics, page 16
Ans 12 - NCERT, Democratic politics, page 45
Ans 13 NCERT, Democratic politics,page 85
Ans 14- NCERT, Democratic politics,page 90
Ans 15 -- NCERT, Economics , Page 10
Ans 16 — NCERT,Economics , Page 10
Ans 17 — NCERT, Economics , Page 25
Ans 18 — NCERT, Economics , Page 40
Ans 19 - NCERT, Economics , Page 60
Ans 20 - NCERT, Economics , Page 64
Ans 21 — NCERT,History, Page 6
Or
NCERT, Economics, Page 86
Ans 22 NCERT, Economics, Page67-68
Or
NCERT, Economics, Page160
Ans 23 - NCERT, Democratic politics, page 51
Ans 24 NCERT,Geography,Page no 18-19
Or
219 Class X - Social Science
NCERT ,Geography,Page no 08 Ans
25 - NCERT Geography,Page no 08
Or
NCERT , Geography, Page no 70-71 Ans 26 - NCERT, Economics, Page 14
Ans 27 - NCERT, Economics, Page 27
Ans 28 - NCERT, Economics, Page 50
Or
NCERT, Economics, Page 62
Ans 29 NCERT,History, Page 58-59
Or
NCERT, History, Page 175
Ans 30 - NCERT, Economics, Page Pset 24
Or
NCERT, Economics, Page Page 32
Ans 31- NCERT, Democratic politics, page 47
Or
NCERT, Democratic politics,page 102 Ans
32 - NCERT, Democratic politics,page 19
Or
NCERT, Democratic politics,page 91
Ans 33 - NCERT Geography,Page no 97-98
Or
NCERT Geography,Page no 82
Ans 34 - NCERT Geography,Page no 65

Class X - Social Science 220

 Practice Paper-III
Class-X
Subject : Social Science

Time : 3 hours M.M. - 80

Q.1 Who is authorised to issue currency notes in India?
or
What are the two forms of currency.
Q.2 Name the oldest japanese book which was printed.
Q.3 Under which economic sector does the production of a commodity
through the natural process come?
Q.4 Who wrote Chhote aur Bade ka Sawal.
Q.5 How many seats are reserved for women in Loksabha?
Q.6 ‘Edo’ was the earlier name of which place?
Q.7 Mention any two local names of the allivial soils found in piedmount
plains.
Q.8 Which sector of Indian economy is the largest employer.
Q.9 What is the full form of HDI?
Q.10 How many languages are considered as scheduled languages in the
constitution of India.
Q.11 Name the river which is related to national waterway No.1.
Q.12 Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’
Q.13 Name a political party of India which grew out a movement.
Q.14 Who took pasta to fifth century sicily?
or
What is carding?
Q.15 Who is the elected chairperson of a municipal corporation?
Q.16 Which is the cheapest means of transport?
Q.17 Name the minerals which are used to generate atomic or nuclear
energy.

221 Class X - Social Science

Q.18 What are zaid crops?
Q.19 Name the soil which develops in areas with high temperature and
heavy rainfall.
Q.20 Who was the architect of German unification?
Q.21 Explain any three changes which Napoleon introduced to make the
administrative system more efficient in Europe.
Or
Describe some steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity among the French people.
Q.22 Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the
process of soil erosion Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly
observed in India.
Or
Explain any three human activities which are mainly responsible for land
degradation in India.
Q.23 Explain the effects of Non-cooperation movement on the economic
front.
Q.24 Describe the institutional and technical changes introduced in the field
of agriculture in India in recent years.
Q.25 Explain why service sector is gaining more importance in the global
economy?
Or
Describe the role of tertiary sector in the development of a country.
Q.26 Sumit wants to purchase a house and approaches the bank to finance
it what conditions the bank may need in orders to process his
application for a loan.
Or
Why do rural borrowers depend on the informal sector of credit.
Q.27 Holding together federation do not give equal power to its constituent
units. Explain the statement with examples from India.
Or

Class X - Social Science 222

Describe the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the union
govt. and state govt. of India.
Q.28 What is a secular state? How does the constitution of India ensure that
India remains a secular state?
Q.29 Why did the Industrialist of Europe prefer hand labour over machines
during the 19th century. Explain any five reasons.
Or
What is meant by the ‘Great depression’ of 1929? Explain any 4 factors
responsible for this great depression.
Q.30 Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the
importance of its different forms.
Or
Why do non-conventional sources of energy have a bright future.
Q.31 Why do people prefer to work in an organised sector? Explain
Q.32 Explain visible impacts of globalisation on the Indian economy with
examples.
Q.33 How are complaints treated as testimony to the success of democracy.
Q. 34 “Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy” Analyse.
Q.35 On the given political outline map of India locate and label
(A)
(i) Indentify the type of soil in the shaded portion given in the map.
(ii) Label and locate the largest producer of Ragi
(iii) Label and locate Bhilai Steel Plant.
(B) Two features A and B are marked on the given political outline map of
India. Identify these features with the help of the following information
and write their correct names.
(i) The place where the Indian national congress session was held in
1927.
(ii) The place where Jallianwala bagh massacre took place.
(iii) Locate the place where peasants organised a satyagraha in 1917.
Following questions are for visually impaired candidates in lies of Q.35 A and
B out of 9 attempt any 6.

223 Class X - Social Science

a) The place where the Indian national congress session was held in
1927.
b) The place where Jallianwala bagh massacre took place.
c) The place where peasants organised a satyagraha in 1917
d) Which type of soil is found in Rajasthan.
e) Which state is the largest producer of Ragi
f) Where is Bhilai Steel Plant located
g) Where is Kalol Oil Field
h) Name the city where Raja Sansi Airport is located
I) Where is Paradip

Class X - Social Science 224

 Q.35(A)

225 Class X - Social Science

 Q.35(B)

Class X - Social Science 226

 Hints to Answers
Class-X
Subject : Social Science

Ans.1 RBI or Coins and Currency notes

Ans. 2 Diamond Sutra
Ans. 3 Primary Sector
Ans. 4 Kashibaba
Ans. 5 No Seats
Ans. 6 Tokyo
Ans. 7 Duars, Chos and Terai (any 2)
Ans. 8 Primary Sector
Ans. 9 Human development index
Ans. 10 22
Ans. 11 Ganga
Ans. 12 Mahatma Gandhi
Ans. 13 Asam Gana Parishad, DMK, AIADMK
Ans. 14 Arab Traders / process of preparing cotton / wool before making
fibres.
Ans. 15 Mayor
Ans. 16 Waterways
Ans. 17 Uranium and Thorium
Ans. 18 Crops sown between Rabi and Kharif season.
Ans. 19 Laterite
Ans. 20 Otto Von Bismarck
Ans. 21 Refer to NCERT Page no. 6 and 7 (History) / NCERT Pg. no.5
(History)
Ans. 22 NCERT pg 11 (Geography) / NCERT pg 07 (Geography)
Ans. 23 NCERT pg. 58 (History)

227 Class X - Social Science

Ans. 24 NCERT pg 43 (Geography)
Ans. 25 pg. 24-25 NCERT (Economics) / pg 24-25 NCERT (Economics)
Ans. 26 Pg 45 NCERT (Economics)
Ans. 27 NCERT Pg.17 (Political Science) or NCERT Pg.16-17
(Political Science)
Ans. 28 NCERT Pg.48-49 (Political Science)
Ans. 29 NCERT Pg.109-110 (History) / NCERT Pg 95-96 (History)
Ans. 30 NCERT Pg.58 (Geography) / NCERT Pg. 62 (Geography)
Ans. 31 NCERT Pg.30 (Economics)
Ans. 32 NCERT Pg.66-67 (Economics)
Ans. 33 NCERT Pg.98 (Political Science)
Ans. 34 NCERT Pg.73-74 (Political Science)
Ans. 35 A Map (i) Desert Soil
(ii) Karnataka
(iii) Chhatisgarh
B (i) Madras 1927
(ii) Amritsar
(iii) Champaran
Answer of a Questions for visually impaired.
a) Madras
b) Amritsar
c) Champaran
d) Desert soil
e) Karnataka
f) Chhatisgarh
g) Gujarat
h) Amritsar
I) Odisha

Class X - Social Science 228

 Practice Paper-IV
Class-X
Subject : Social Science
Q. 1 What was Inland Emigration act of 1859?
a) It empowered rulers to stop movement of people.
b) Plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens.
c) Movement within the country was stopped.
d) None of Above.
Q. 2 Which one of the following is true about the “Treaty of constantinople”
of 1832?
a) It recognised Turkey as an independent Nation.
b) It recognised Germany as an independent Nation.
c) It recognised France as an independent Nation.
d) It recognised Greece as an independent Nation.
Q. 3 The Non-cooperation movement was called off by Gandhiji in the
year?
a) 1920 c) 1921
b) 1922 d) 1923
Q. 4 Why did the wheat price in Indian fell down 50% between 1928 and
1934?
a) Due to less production c) Due to Depression
b) Due to floods d) Due to Drought
Q. 5 Which pre-colonical port connected India to the gulf countries and red
sea ports.
a) Bombay c) Surat
b) Hoogley d) Machhalipatanm
Q. 6 Who among the following brought hand printing technology into Japan
around 768-770 AD?
a) Buddhist c) European Traders
b) Japanese Traders d) Chinese Traders

229 Class X - Social Science

Q. 7 Commercial Agricultural is ......................
a) Practice of farming in crops which are grown for trade.
b) It is done in small farms.
c) Done with primitive technology
d) Practised in areas of high population
Q. 8 Pipeline transport is on the increase these days because.
i) They rule out delay & maintain continous supply
ii) The cost of fitting & installation in cheap
iii) It is more successful in modern homes
iv) The pipelines are not meant for liquid fuel
Q. 9 The meaning of resource planning is....................
a) Judicious use of resources
b) Not successful in India
c) Sustainable development
d) Identification, Evalving, Planning Structure and matching the
resource development with national development.
Q. 10 The places listed below are the centres of cotton textile of Maharashtra
except.
a) Mumbai
b) Wardha
c) Nagpur
d) Ahemdabad
Q. 11 The three charactertics of Kandla sea port are given please select
which in not true for Kandla port.
a) It is tidal port and built to case the volume of trade on Mumbai port.
b) It was the first port developed after independence
c) It is not fir for heavy goods.
d) It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of
highly productive granary.

Class X - Social Science 230

Q. 12 Which of the following is a fibre crop?
a) Coffee c) Tomato
b) Jute d) Rubber
Q. 13 Power is shared among different political parties that represent
a) Different candidates b) Same ideologies
c) Different ideologies and d) None of there
social groups
Q. 14 Which of the following is not a feature of federalism?
a) There are two or more levels of government
b) Different tiers of government govern the same citizen
c) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly
specified.
d) The central government can order the state government.
Q. 15 All included in commercial politics experts when:-
a) Religion is seen as the basis of Nation
b) When people start believing the beliefs of on religion are superior
to other.
c) When demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to
another
d) People have the awareness and tolerance for religions.
Q. 16 A party that secures at least_________% age of the total votes in Lok
Sabha election or assembly election in four states and win at
least______seats in Lokshaba is reconised as national party.
a) 3% , 4 b) 2%, 4
c) 5%, 4 e) 6%, 4
Q. 17 Which one of the following is also called average income?
a) National Income c) Total Income
b) Per Capita Income d) All of above
Q. 18 Which of the following sector has most of the people as employer
engagedin employment.

231 Class X - Social Science

 a) Primary Sector c) Secondary sector
b) I.T. Sector d) Tertiary Sector
Q.19 Modern forms of money include.
a) Dollar b) Paper notes & coins
c) Paper notes coins d) Coins
and bank deposits
Q. 20 Entry of MNC’s in a domestic market may prove harmful for :-
a) All large scale producers
b) All domestic producers
c) Small scale producers
d) Cottage and small scale producers
Section B
Q. 21 Explain the distribution of Iron ore in India.
Or
Explain the distributors of copper in India
Q. 22 “Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in
practice” justify
Q.23 Identify the three local issues in which Gandhiji applied his technique
of satyagrah in 1917-1918. How were these issues revolved.
Or
How was interpretation of swaraj different for different groups.
Q. 24 Consequences of Environmental degradation do not respect national
or state boundaries justify the statement
Q. 25 What are feminist Movement? What were their major demands.
Q.26 Explain any four provisions of Napoleon Civil code 1804.
Or
Compare the views of liberals and conservatives.
Q.27 What is collateral security? How do demand deposit facilitate
transactions
Or
what are objective of NREGA 2005.

Class X - Social Science 232

Q. 28 The Indian government after independence has put many such
barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment”. Why was this
considered necessary?
Section C
Q. 29 Print not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinion among
communities but also connected communities and people in different
parts of India.
Or
What was civil disobedience movement and how was it different them Non-
cooperation movement.
Q. 30 The cluster of textile industry in either in Mumbai or in Ahmedabad.
Give reasons.
Or
Distinguish between agro based and mineral based industries
Or
Discuss three important network of pipeline transportation in India.
Q. 31 Explain the role of government in public sector
Or
Who supervises the functioning of Banks and how this supervision in done.
Q. 32 Explain any five facilities available in special Economic zones
developed by the central and state governments to attract foreign
investment.
Or
Distinguish between Primary, Secondary and tertiary sector.
Q. 33 The focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that
elections are all about caste and nothing else. That is far from true”.
Explain by giving examples.
Q. 34 What were the two main causes of resentment in Belgium in 1960?
How was the conflict solved.
Or
Explain the language policy of Indian federal system. How in it different from
Srilanka?

233 Class X - Social Science

Q. 35 Locate and label any three of the following with appropriate symbols
a) on the same given outline political map of India.
Kalpakkam -Nuclear Power Plant
Vijaynagar -Iron and steel
Noida -Software technology park
Paradweep -Sea port
Sardar Sarovar -Dam
b) Two features A & B are marked on given political outline map of India.
Identify these features with help of following information.
i) State where Gandhiji Violated the salt law.
ii) Calling off of Non co operation movement.
iii) One congress session.

Class X - Social Science 234

235 Class X - Social Science
 Practice Question Paper-V
Class-X
Subject : Social Science
Section-A
For Question No.1 to 20(Objective types) answer as directed.

1. What was conservatism ?(Answer in a sentence)

2. Why was Simon commission greeted with the slogan-‘Go back Simon’
(Answer in a sentence)
Or
How was the Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non
Cooperation Movement?(Answer in a sentence)
3. Rinderpest was a devastating ____disease.(Fill in the blank)
Or
The rst or early phase of industrialisation is also known as - industrialisation.
(Fill in the blank)
4. Dene Despotism? (Answer in a sentence)
Or
Who said, The Printing Press is the most powerful engine of progress and
public openion is the force that will sweep the despotism away.’
5. Choose a non- renewable resource out of the followings- Water, Coal,
Solar energy, Wind
6. Why we should eat Ragi ?(Give one reason)
7. Name the mineral which is made up of'a series of plates or leaves ?
(Answer in a word)
Or
Name the mineral which is found in sedimentary rocks and is the basic raw
material for the Cement industry ? (Answer in a word)
8. Correct the statement and rewrite in your answer book -- ‘India imports
Yarn from Japan,’
9. Complete the diagram-

Means of Transport

LAND WATER .............

Or
Choose the correct option—
Which organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas in
lndia?
Class X - Social Science 236
a) NHAI
b) CPWD
c) BRO
d) PWD
10. Why Sea Ports are important for India? (Give one reason)
Or
Why Railways are better than Roadways? (Give one reason)
11. Tamil Natives of Sri Lanka are called (Fill in the blank)
Or
In a Democracy Political Power should be distributed among as many
citizens as possible.(Write True or False)
12. Why we can say that India is a Federal country (Give one reason)
Or
Explain the term ‘Coalition Government’ ? (Answer in a sentence)
13. Which Political Party got majortiy seats in the General Loksabha
Election 2019 ?
Or
Dene “Ruling Party” ?
14. Write any one economic out come of Indian Democrecy ? (Answer in a
few words)
15. What is Life Expectancy ?(Answer in a sentence )
16. Why we calculate per capita income in dollars only ? (Answer in a
sentence)
17. Choose the Tertiary Sector activity/product out of the followings—
a) Shirt
b) Cotton
c) Yarn
d) Transport
Or
Find the odd one out in terms of sectors of Economy-
a) Teacher
b) Vegetable vendor
c) Doctor
d) Lawyer
18. Give one example of Collateral ? (Answer in a word)
Or
Why do lenders ask for Collateral while lending money? (Answer in a
sentence)
19. Foreign investment is (complete the sentence dening the term)
20. Give an example of Trade Barrier (Answer in few words)

237 Class X - Social Science

 Section-B
For Question number 21 to 28 answer minimum in three points.
21. ‘The rst clear expression of Nationalism came with the French
Revolution.’ Support the statement.
Or
Describe the Process of German unication ?
22. Mr.Jatin Das wants to open a Jute Mill in West Bengal near River Hugli.
Describe any three factors favouring his decision ?
Or
Mr. Hari Desai is intersted to begin a new cotton mill in Surat Gujarat.
Describe any three problems related to factors of industrial establishment he
may face ?
23. Ms.Nagma has to reach Mumbai from Delhi within three hours to
attend an urgent ofcial meeting. Which mode of transport she should use
and Why ?
Or
Ms.Hillery visited India from U.S. in her vacations. Which three problems or
drawbacks she would have noticed while travelling by roads ?
24. What do you mean by Belgian model, Examine the interesting
elements of Belgian Government ?
Or
Why the Sri Lankan Tamils felt the alienation in their own country ?
25. How the third tier of Indian Democrecy has become more powerful after
1992?
Or
Distinguish between the coming together Federation and holding together
Federation? (CBSE 2011, 2015)
26. Describe any three things people may look for growth and
development,beside income ?
27. How Public Sector is different than Private Sector ?
Or
Why employement conditions of an organised sector considered better than
an unorganised sector ?
28. Paheli and Bujho are debating over the issue of globalisation. Write any
three advantages and three disadvantages of globalisation to help them out ?
Section- C
Answer the questions from 29 to 34 in detail with atleast ve points.
29. How did Cultural process help in creating a sense of collective
belongingness in India during freedom struggle ?

Class X - Social Science 238

 Or
Why the Non-cooperation Movement could not get the cent percent success
during Indian Freedom struggle ?
30.How the Print culture assisted the growth of Nationalism in India ? Explain
in any ve points ?
Or
Explain the effect of Print movement on Indian visual culture in the 19 th
century ?(CBSE 2011,2016)
31. Suggest any ve ways to improve the Production of Rice in India ?
Or
How Agriculture is considerd the back bone of the Indian Economy ?
32. Describe any ve features of Indian Democrecy which proves that
India is not an Unitary kind of Government ?
Or
Describe with examples the three fold distribution of Legislative powers
between the Union Government and the State Governments of India ?
33. How a regional Party can become a National Party in India ?
Or
How Political Parities can be reformed ? Suggest any ve such ways.
34. Gurpreet thinks that Banks are an important institution in India ? Give any
ve resons in support of her thought ?
Or
Seema Jain wants to take a loan for renovation of her house. A Money lender
and a Public sector bank are ready to pay her. From whom she should borrow
and why ?
Section-D
35. A) Identify and show with names any three of the following on the political
map of India (Any three)
I) The places where the sessions of Indian National Congress held in
September 1920,December 1920 and the session of 1927.
ii) The place at Gujarat where the Peasent Satyagrha was organised by
Gandhi ji in 1917.
iii) The place at Punjab where the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred in
1919.
iv ) The place at Gujarat from where the famous Civil Disobidience Movement
was started in March 1930.
B) Identify and locate any three out of the followings on the political map of
India—
I) Durg iron ore mine.
ii) Jute producing state of India.
iii) Neyvali Coal mine.
iv) Kalol oil eld.

239 Class X - Social Science

v) Singrauli Power Plant.
vi) The northern most terminal of Golden quadrilateral.
vii) Tarapur(oldest) Nuclear Plant.
viii) Kanpur cotton textile industry.
ix) Bhilai steel Plant.
x) Pune Software technology park.
xi)Tuticorin Port.
xii) Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Answers of Model Test paper for class X 2020
1. A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition,
established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual
development to quick change.(NCERT pg.10)
2. As there was not a single Indian member in it.(pg.62)
Or
People were now asked not only to refuse co-operation with the British but
also to break colonial laws.(pg.63-64)
3. Cattle (pg.87)
Or
Proto(pg.105)
4. pg.163
Or
Louise-Sebastien Mercier (pg.163)
5. Coal (pg.2)
6. Rich in iron.(Any other.pg.38)
7. Mica (pg.56)
Or
Lime stone (pg. 56)
8. India exports yarn to Japan.(pg.68)
9. Air.(pg.8 1)
Or
c) BRO
10. Exports. imports etc.(pg.87) Or
Comparatively lesser fare etc. (pg.84)
11. Sri Lankan Tamils.(pg.3)
Or
True (pg.8)
12. Two or more levels of Governments.ete. (pg.15)
Or
Pg.20
13. BJP
Or
Class X - Social Science 240
Political Party that runs Government. (pg.74)
14.Reduction of inequality and Poverty.(pg.95)
15.Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.(pg.13)
16.PCI is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be
compared.(pg.13 17.d) Transport
Or
b) Vegetable Vendor
18. Property such as land titles.(pg.44)
Or
Pe.44
19. Investment made by MNCs.(pg.57)
20. Tax on imports.(pg.64)
21. Transfer of Sovereignty from the Monarchy to a body of French
citizens. ii) A new tricolour iii) National assembly.(pg.17)
Or
Pg.19
22.1) Cheap water transport for raw and nished goods. ii) Abundant water
for processing the raw jute iii) Kolkata Port for Export purpose.(pg.70)
Or
Pg.70
23. Airways as it is fastest, comfortable and prestigious.(pg.88)
Or
I) Unmettaled roads
ii ) Congestions
iii) Old and narrow bridges etc.(Pg.84)
24. Accomodation of different communities. 1) Equal distribution of seats.
ii) Concept of Federal Government iii) Equal representation in Brussels
iv) Community Government.(pg.4)
Or
Act of 1956.(Pg.3)
i) Regular elections to local government bodies.
ii) One third representation for women.
iii) Creation of State election commission. (Any other pg.24)
Or
Pg.15
26.1)Peace ii)Security tii) Good health etc.(Any other pg.5)
27.pg.33
Or
241 Class X - Social Science
1) Job security ii) Regular salary iii) Fixed working hours. (Any other
pg.30-31)
28.pg.66-67 and 70.
29.pg.70-72
Or
Pg.58 and 62
30.pg. 168-169
Or
Pe.171
31. (i) Maximum use of plains, coastal areas and deltaic regions.
(ii) Proper irrigation.
(iii) HYV seeds.
iv) Modern equipments.
v) Subsidy and Support to farmers.
Or
Pg.34 and 44
32 . Pg. Pg.16-17About Union, State and Concurrent lists.
33.pg.79
Or
Pg.86-87
34. pg.39.40 and 41.
Or
Pg. 48-49
35. Refer concern books and atlas of India.

Class X - Social Science 242

NOTES

243 Class X - Social Science

 NOTES

Class X - Social Science 244