PROFILE

Name: Arpit Shukla

Class: 12th A
Roll no:
Topic: HUMAN EVOLUTION
Session: 2019-2020

Angels Public School

Submitted To: Submitted By:

MRS. ANITA THAKUR ARPIT SHUKLA

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Arpit Shukla a
student of class XII has successfully
completed the research on the project
HUMAN EVOLUTION under the
guidance of MRS.ANITA THAKUR
during the year 2019-2020 in partial
fulfilment of biology practical
examination by AISSCE New Delhi

Name Of Student Signature of

Student

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Myself ARPIT SHUKLA would like to
acknowledge all who gave me the
suggestion for the improvement of all
aspect related with this project
In particular, I would like to thanks
MRS.ANITA THAKUR for allowing
me and assisting me to carry on this
project
I am also thankful to my parents who
always boosted up the moral
encouraged me during the suggestion
period of the project

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 Student’s Signature

PREFACE
The present project work is a modest
explanatory attempt to present on integrates
analysis of HUMAN EVOLUTION
I have tried to pinpoint the limiting area of
this project have also suggested various
measures to improve its condition he study
also includes introduction, summary and
suggestions
We have utilised various publications and
reports of govt. during the story discussion
with the different helped us in knowing the
actual position of the concerned issues and in
arriving at conclusion
Biology Teacher: MRS. ANITA THAKUR

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 Student’s Signature

CONTENT

 Human Evolution
 Evidence of Human Evolution
 History of Study
 Origin And Evolution of Man
 Dryopithecus
 Ramapithecus
 Australopithecus
 Homo Habilis
 Homo Erectus
 Neanderthal Man
 Homo Sapiens

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 HUMAN EVOLUTION

Human evolution is the evolutionary process

that led to the emergence of anatomically
modern humans, beginning with
the evolutionary history of primates in
particular genus Homo—and leading to the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct
species of the hominid family, the great apes.
This process involved the gradual
development of traits such as human
bipedalism and language The study of human
evolution involves several scientific
disciplines, including physical
anthropology, archaeology, paleontology, ne
urobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionar
y psychology, embryology andgenetics
Human evolution, the process by
which human beings developed
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on Earth from now-extinct primates. Viewed
zoologically, we humans are HOMOSAPIENS
a culture-bearing upright-
walking species that lives on the ground and
very likely first evolved in Africa about
315,000 years ago. We are now the only living
members of what many zoologists refer to as
the human tribe, Hominini, but there is
abundant fossil evidence to indicate that we
were preceded for millions of years by other
hominins, such as Ardipithecus,
Australopithecus, and other species of Homo,
and that our species also lived for a time
contemporaneously with at least one other
member of our genus, H.
neanderthalensis (the Neanderthals). In
addition, we and our predecessors have
always shared Earth with other apelike
primates, from the modern-day gorilla to the
long-extinct Dryopithecus.

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 EVIDENCE OF HUMAN
EVOLUTION

Evidence from molecular biology

The closest living relatives of humans are
bonobos and chimpanzees (both genus Pan)
and gorillas (genus Gorilla). With the
sequencing of both the human and
chimpanzee genome, as of 2012 estimates of
the similarity between their DNA sequences
range between 95% and 99%. By using the
technique called the molecular clock which
estimates the time required for the number
of divergent mutations to accumulate
between two lineages, the approximate date
for the split between lineages can be
calculated. Genetic evidence has also been
employed to resolve the question of whether
there was any gene flow between early
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 modern humans and Neanderthals, and to
enhance our understanding of the early
human migration patterns and splitting
dates. By comparing the parts of the genome
that are not under natural selection and
which therefore accumulate mutations at a
fairly steady rate, it is possible to reconstruct
a genetic tree incorporating the entire human
species since the last shared ancestor.

Evidence from the fossil record

During the next million years, a process of
encephalization began and, by the arrival
(about 1.9 million years ago) of Homo
erectus in the fossil record, cranial capacity
had doubled. Homo erectus were the first of
the hominins to emigrate from Africa, and,
from 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago, this species
spread through Africa, Asia, and Europe. One
population of H. erectus, also sometimes
classified as a separate species Homo
ergaster, remained in Africa and evolved
into Homo sapiens.
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 History of Study
Before Darwin
The word homo, the name of the biological
genus to which humans belong, is Latin for
"human". It was chosen originally by Carl
Linnaeus in his classification system. The
word "human" is from the Latin humanus, the
adjectival form of homo. The Latin "homo"
derives from the Indo-European root
*dhghem, or "earth". Linnaeus and other
scientists of his time also considered the
great apes to be the closest relatives of
humans based on morphological and
anatomical similarities
Darwin
The possibility of linking humans with earlier
apes by descent became clear only after 1859
with the publication of Charles Darwin's On
the Origin of Species, in which he argued for
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the idea of the evolution of new species from
earlier ones. Darwin's book did not address
the question of human evolution, saying only
that "Light will be thrown on the origin of
man and his history. The first debates about
the nature of human evolution arose
between Thomas Henry Huxley and Richard
Owen. Huxley argued for human evolution
from apes by illustrating many of the
similarities and differences between humans
and apes, and did so particularly in his 1863
book Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature.
However, many of Darwin's early supporters
(such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles
Lyell) did not initially agree that the origin of
the mental capacities and the moral
sensibilities of humans could be explained
by natural selection , though this later
changed. Darwin applied the theory of
evolution and sexual selection to humans
when he published The Descent of Man in
1871

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Origin and Evolution Of
Man (Human Ancestry)

 Dryopithecus

 Ramapithecus

 Australopithrcus

 Homo Habilis

 Homo Erectus

 Neanderthal Man

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  Homo Sapiens
Dryopithecus
Dryopithecus is a genus of extinct great
apes from the middle–late Miocene boundary
of Europe 12.5 to 11.1 million years
ago (mya). Since its discovery in 1856, the
genus has been subject to taxonomic turmoil,
with numerous new species being described
from single remains based on minute
differences amongst each other, and the
fragmentary nature of the holotype
specimen makes differentiating remains
difficult. There is currently only one
uncontested species, the type species D.
fontani, though there may be more. The
genus is placed into the tribe Dryopithecini,
which is either an offshoot
of orangutans, African apes, or is its own
separate branch. A male specimen was

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 estimated to have weighed 44 kg (97 lb) in
life.

Ramapithecus
Ramapithecus, fossil primate dating from the
Middle and Late Miocene epochs (about 16.6
million to 5.3 million years ago). For a time in
the 1960s and ’70s, Ramapithecus was
thought to be a distinct genus that was the
first direct ancestor of
modern humans (Homo sapiens) before it
became regarded as that of the orangutan
ancestor Sivapithecus.
The first Ramapithecus fossils (fragments of
an upper jaw and some teeth) were
discovered in 1932 in fossil deposits in
the Siwālik hills of northern India. No
significance was attached to those fossils
until 1960, when American

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 anthropologist Elwyn Simons of Yale
University began studying them and fit the
jaw fragments together. On the basis of his
observations of the shape of the jaw and of
the morphology of the teeth.

Australopithecus
The genus Australopithecus evolved in
eastern Africa around 4 million years ago
before spreading throughout the continent
and eventually becoming extinct 2 million
years ago. During this time period various
forms of australopiths existed,
including Australopithecus anamensis, Au.
afarensis, Au. sediba, and Au. africanus. There
is still some debate among academics
whether certain African hominid species of
this time, such as Au. robustus and Au. boisei,
constitute members of the same genus; if so,
they would be considered to be Au. robust
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 australopiths whilst the others would be
considered Au. gracile australopiths.
However, if these species do indeed
constitute their own genus, then they may
be given their own name, Paranthropus.

Homo Habilis
Homo habilis, (Latin: “able man” or “handy
man”) extinct species of human, the most
ancient representative of the human
genus, Homo. Homo habilis inhabited parts of
sub-Saharan Africa from roughly 2.4 to 1.5
million years ago (mya). In 1959 and 1960 the
first fossils were discovered at Olduvai
Gorge in northern Tanzania. This discovery
was a turning point in the science
of paleoanthropology because the oldest
previously known human fossils were Asian
specimens of Homo erectus. Many features
of H. habilis appear to be intermediate in

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terms of evolutionary development between
the relatively primitive Australopithecus and
the more-advanced Homo species The first
confirmed remains found at Olduvai consist
of several teeth and a lower jaw associated
with fragments of a cranium and some
hand bones.

Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning 'upright man') is
a species of archaic humans that lived
throughout most of
the Pleistocene geological epoch. Early fossil
evidence for homo erectus was discovered
with specimens dating from roughly 1.8
million years ago (discovered
1991in Dmanisi,Georgia), in Hubei, China (mi
n 2.15 Ma) Yuanmou, China in 2008 (dated to
1.7 Ma), in Gongwangling, China dated to
1.63 Ma (2015), along with stone tools from
2.1 million years ago (discovered 2018 in
the Loess Plateau, China) created by an as
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yet unconfirmed hominin species While none
of the groups normally directly assigned to
this group survived, H. erectus may not be
literally extinct H. antecessor and sisters,
including H. sapiens, appear to have emerged
specifically as sister of e.g. the Asian variety
of H.erectus

Neanderthal Man
Neanderthal, (Homo neanderthalensis, Homo
sapiens neanderthalensis), also
spelled Neandertal, member of a group
of archaic humans who emerged at least
200,000 years ago during the Pleistocene
Epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago)
and were replaced or assimilated by early
modern human populations (Homo sapiens)
between 35,000 and perhaps 24,000 years
ago. Neanderthals inhabited Eurasia from the

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 Atlantic regions of Europe eastward
to Central Asia, from as far north as present-
day Belgium and as far south as the
Mediterranean and southwest Asia. Similar
archaic human populations lived at the same
time in eastern Asia and in Africa. Because
Neanderthals lived in a land of
abundant limestone caves, which
preserved bones well.

Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens is the only
extant human species. The name is Latin for
"wise man" and was introduced in 1758
by Carl Linnaeus (who is himself
the lectotype for the species). Extinct species
of the genus Homo include Homo erectus,
extant from roughly 1.9 to 0.4 million years
ago, and a number of other species (by some
authors considered subspecies of either H.
sapiens or H. erectus). The age
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of speciation of H. sapiens out of ancestral H.
erectus (or an intermediate species such
as Homo antecessor ) is estimated to have
been roughly 350,000 years
ago. Sustained archaic admixture is known to
have taken place both in Africa and (following
the recent Out-Of-Africa expansion) in
Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000
years ago.

Case Study
Background
While recent research indicates that using
human examples can be an engaging way to
teach core evolutionary concepts such as
natural selection and phylogenetic thinking
human examples to teach evolutionary
principles and a cultural and religious
sensitivity teaching strategies resource that
includes background materials and two in-
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 class activities to help teachers create a
classroom environment to increase student
willingness to engage the topic.
Methods
This paper reports on the development and
field test of the materials in A.P. biology
classes in 10 schools in 8 states during the
2012–2013 school year using a design-based
research framework. Acceptance of
evolution from pre-post assessments in the
10 classrooms separately to mitigate
potential validity concerns arising from the
design
Results
Results indicate that the use of the three
curriculum mini-units which focus on natural
selection and the CRS classroom activities
generally increased A.P. biology students’
understanding and acceptance of evolution.
Students whose teachers used one of the
CRS activities showed generally larger
increases in understanding of evolution than

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those whose teachers did not use one of the
CRS activities.
Conclusions
Although the utility of using human
examples to teach evolution in college-level
classes has been demonstrated in a few
previous studies, this is the first national
project of which we are aware to
systematically explore the effect of a similar
approach in high school biology classes.

Bibliography
NCERT CLASS 12 BIOLOGY
TEXTBOOK

https://brainly.in/

https://www.wikipedia.org/
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 https://www.google.com/

https://www.encyclopedia.com/

https://www.britannica.com/

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