Progress:

Lexical unit: 2,500~3,000 out of 80,000 (stage 1)

Grammatical completion: ~9 out of 20
Cultural completion: ~8 out of 10,000

Malhuri/T’aalamuri 4 Ulus 97.5 by Ĉłementi Ċăn (Clementi Chen)

[language of the people]

About Malhuri
Malhuri is a language spoken in eastern Parvauri continent, mainly in Amq’ala, Rom Iq’api, southern Rom At’asi, Ŝamanqut capital area, lowland Dzamateli and
southeast Meðviúr border towns. Its standard dialect is based on Maheṡvarin subdialect. There are 7 major subdivisions of T’aalamuri:
1. Vaikauł dialect [vaikauł malh] (Skantu, Highland Awarewa, Dġia, Inland Mṡeti, Western Wantea), subdivided into:
a. Þkantun bal
b. Awarewan balh
c. Awakijawan balh (southern Awarewa)
d. Q’aq’atin vial
e. Maṡhubin vialh (Valley dialect)
2. Apṡari dialect [apṡar malh] (Maheṡvarikapî, Rural Fedr, Ŝamanqut Capital, Azaadi, Wantea, Upper Tȯmuri, Southern West Dzamateli),
a. Maheṡvarin T’aalamuri = maheṡvarin malh = uri malh (standard dialect)
b. Dorgin malh (mountains)
c. Wantean mal
d. Lippavantä mal (mountain Tȯmuri)
e. Fedrlaja mah (rural Fedr and upper Tȯmuri)
3. Fedr Dialect [Fedr mäh] (Urban Fedr, Lower Tȯmuri, Lake-south Rom Iq’api)
a. Fedr mäh (Fedr, Portoespō)
b. Uzitłaiq’api mäh (Southern Rom Iq’api)
c. Visaj mälh (Beach Tȯmuri)
4. Romis Dialect [Romin mää] (Upper Rom Iq’api, Dzamateli Capital, Rom At’asi Capital)
a. Dzamateli mää (Dzamateli, Upper Rom Iq’api)
 b. Zamanqala mää (Rom At’asi Capital)
5. Erivia Dialect [Erivia maa/Rumin maa] (Southeast Rom At’asi)
6. Pöhüvian Dialect [Puhuvin bal] (Western Amq’ala)
a. Awarevia bal
b. Seressia bal
7. Hazrnagar-Pangapid Dialect [hasarnagari mala] (Southern Apṡari)
Part I - Alphabet and Phonology
Orthography
L Name ARW VAI STD APṠ FED ROM ERI HZN
‘ ämzä ʔ
a a ɐ ɐ̞~a a ɑ
ɑ a
aa aa ɑː ɐː aː ɑː
ai aĭ ɑi̯ æː~œ̞ː æː ɑi̯ ~œi̯ ɑi̯ ɛ
au aŭ ɑu̯ ɔː~au̯ au̯ ɑu̯~oː ɑu̯ ɔ
ă ă ə~ɐ̝ ə ə~ɐ
ə
ā ă lam ɐː əː~ɐː əː əː~ɐː
ä ä æ æ~ɶ æ æ~ɶ ɛ
ɛ
ää ää ɛ æː æː~œ̞ː æː~œ̞ː æː~œ̞ː
b ba b̥~β b~b̥~β b b̥~β p b
c ca t͡s t͡sʰ t̪͡͡sʰ~t͡s̪͡ t͡s tsʰ~cʰ ts
ts
c’ c’a t͡s’ t̪͡͡s’ ts’
ĉ ĉăi k k~c k~kʲ~c
ċ ċa t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ t͡ɕʰ~t͡ɕ t͡ɕ tʃ
ts
ċ’ ċ’a t͡ʃ’ t͡ɕ’ tʃ’
d da d̥ d, t d d̥ t t d
dz dza d͡z ͡ ts d͡z
dż dża d͡ʒ d͡ʑ
đ đa d̪͡, t̪͡
ð
ð ða ð~ɣ~j~v~ə~Ø ð~j ð~ɣ~j~v~ə
e e ɛ ɛ~æ ɛ `ɛ~ɘ
ee ee ɛː ɛː~ɘɪ̯ e
ei eĭ ɛj eː ɘɪ̯
eo - ɛo i.ɔ~ʲɔ ɛ.ɔ ʲɒ eo
ɛw eu
eu - ɛu ɛw~ʲɵ ɛ.u ʲɵ eu
 ē eĭ lam eː eː~ɛː~ɪː eː ɪː
e
ė ė e (ʲ)e~(ʲ)ɪ e (ʲ)e~(ʲ)ɪ
f fa f f~ɸ f ɸ p
g ga g̊ g~ɟ, j g~ɟ ̊g~ɟ̊~ɣ, j k
g
ġ ġa ɣ~Ø ɣ~ʁ~ɰ~ɴ ʁ ɣ~ʁ~ɰ~ɴ~Ø q
h ha h h~ɦ~Ø h h~ɦ~Ø
h~Ø h
ħ ħa ħ ħ~ʕ~ʡ~ˁ ħ ħ~ʕ~ʡ
i i i~ɪ i~ɪ~ʲɐ
ii ii iː iː~iɐ̯
ĭ i s’ut ɪ ʲ~ĭ~j i~ɪ~ɨ
i
ī i lam iː~ɪː
î î ɨ~ə
j ja j j~ʲ j~ʲ~ʝ~ʑ j
k ka k kʰ kʰ~k k kʰ k
k
k’ k’a k’ k’ k
l la l l~ʎ l l
lh lha ɭ ʰɭ ɭ
l’ l’a ɬ̪͡ ’
ł ła ɬ ɬ̪͡ ~ɮ̪͡ ɬ ɬ~ʎ̝
ł’ ł’a ͡tɬ̪͡ ’
ļ ļa l̪͡
m ma m m~ɱ m
n na n
ṅ ṅa ŋ ŋ~ɴ ŋ ŋ~ɴ ŋ
ŋ
ņ ņa nʲ ɲ~nʲ ɲ nj~ŋn n
o o ɔ ɒ~ɔ ɒ ɔ
o
oo oo ɔː ɒː ɔː~ɔə̯
o
ou oŭ ɔu̯ uː oː ɔu̯ ou
oː
ō o lam oː oː~ɔː oː o
 ô ô o
ȯ ȯ ɵ~u ɵ ø~ɵ
ȯȯ ȯȯ ɵː~uː ɵː øː~ɵː
ȯv - uw~uβ ɵv øː ow
ö ö ø
p pa p pʰ pʰ~p p pʰ p
p
p’ p’a p’ p’ p
q qa qʰ qʰ~q q qʰ k
q
q’ q’a q’ q’ q
r ra ɾ ɾ~r ɾ~d̥~ɺ ɾ
ṙ ṙa s r͡ʒ~r̥~ʂ ɕ~ɺ̥ l
s s s s
s
s’ s’a s’ s’ s
ŝ ŝa s sʰ~ɕʰ sʰ~ʃʰ
ṡ ṡa ʃ ɕ ʃ
þ þa θ~s̪͡ θ
t ta t tʰ t̪͡ʰ~t̪͡ t t̪͡ʰ tʰ t t
ts tsia t̪͡s ts
tṡ tṡia tɕ tɕ
tr tra r ʈ
t’ t’a t' t̪͡’ t̪͡’ t
u u u ʊ ʊ~u ʊ ʊ~ʉ
uu uu uː ʊː ʊː~ʉː
u
ŭ u s’ut ʊ ʊ~w~ʷ ʊ w~ʷ
ū u lam uː ʊː
ü ü y
v va v v~w~β v v~w~β
w
w wa w w~ʍ
x xa x~χ~ç x~χ x~χ~ç~s h
 y y y ʏ~ʉ~ɥ u ʏ~y~ɥ
yy yy (merged) yː, iː ʉː, y ʏː~yː
uː
ẏ y lam iː y yː
z za z
ż ża ʒ ʒ, ð ʑ~ɹ~ɻ ʑ ʒ, ð

Phonology
Vowels
front n-front mid n-back back
rnd unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd unr rnd unr
close /y/ /i/ [ʉ] /ɨ/ /u/ [ɯ]
/iː/ /ʉː/
n-close [ʏ] /ɪ/ /ɵ/ [ɘ] /ʊ/ /o/
/ɪː/ /ɵː/ /oː/
close mid /e/ [ø] /ə/
/eː/
open mid /ɛ/ [œ̞ː] /ɐ̝/ [ɔ]
/ɛː/ /ɔː/
n-open /æ/ [ɶ] /ɐ̞/
/æː/
open /a/ /ɒ/
/aː/ /ɒː/

Diphthongs
a ă ä e ė i ĭ î o ô ȯ u ŭ y
a - aə̯ ɐ̯æ aɘ̯ ɐ̯i - ai̯ aɯ̯ aʊ̯ ɐ̯o ɐʊ̯ - au̯ aɵ̯
ă ə̯a - ɐ̯æ ɐ̯e ɐ̯i əi̯ əi̯ əi̯ əʊ̯ əʊ̯ ɐɵ̯ ə̯ʊ əʊ̯ əɵ̯
ä ɛ̯a ɛɐ̯ - ɛɪ̯ ɛe̯ æi̯ æi̯ æi̯ ɛœ̯ ɛø̯ ɛø̯ æ̯u æu̯ æʏ̯
e ɪ̯a ɛɐ̯ ɪ̯æ - i̯ ɪ - ɛi̯ ɛə̯ - ɪ̯ø ɛø̯ - ɛu̯ eʏ̯
ė i̯ a i̯ ə iæ̯ i̯ ɛ - ɪi̯ ei̯ ɪɨ̯ i̯ ɒ i̯ o i̯ ɵ i̯ u iu̯ iʏ̯
i ʲa ʲə ʲæ ʲɛ ʲɪ - ʲɪ ʲɨ ʲɒ ʲo ʲɵ ʲu ʲʊ ʲy
 ia̯ iə̯ iɛ̯ iɛ̯ iɪ̯ iɪ̯ iɨ̯ iɔ̯ io̯ iʊ̯ iu̯ iʊ̯ iʏ̯
ĭ ʲa ʲə ʲæ ʲɛ ʲɪ ʲɪ - ʲɨ ʲɒ ʲo ʲɵ ʲu ʲʊ ʲy
î ɨ̯a ɨ̯ə ɪ̯æ ɨ̯ɛ ɨ̯ɘ ɨi̯ ɨi̯ - ə̯ɒ ɪ̯o ɨ̯ɵ ɨ̯ʉ ɨʉ̯ ɨʉ̯
o ɔ̯a ɔ̯ə ɔ̯æ œ̯ɛ ø̯ɘ ɔi̯ ɔi̯ ɔœ̯ - ɔʊ̯ œø̯ ɔ̯u ɔu̯ ɔʏ̯
ô ʊ̯a ʊ̯ə o̯æ ø̯ɛ ø̯ɘ oi̯ oi̯ oø̯ o̯ɔ - oɵ̯ o̯u ou̯ oʏ̯
ȯ ʉ̯a ʏ̯ə ʏ̯æ ʏ̯ɛ ʏ̯ø ɵi̯ ɵi̯ ʏ̯ɨ ʏ̯ɔ ʏ̯ɵ - ɵ̯ʉ ɵʏ̯ ɵʏ̯
u u̯a u̯ə u̯æ u̯ɛ u̯e u̯i u̯i u̯ɨ u̯ɔ u̯o ʏ̯ø - u̯ʊ u̯ʏ
ua̯ uə̯ uɛ̯ uɛ̯ ue̯ ui̯ ui̯ uʉ̯ uɔ̯ uo̯ uʊ̯ uʊ̯ uʏ̯
ŭ ʷa ʷə ʷœ ʷø ʷɵ ʷɵ ʷɵ ʷø ʷɒ ʷo ʷʏ ʷʊ - ʷʏ
y ʏ̯ɐ ʏ̯ə ʏ̯œ ʏ̯ø ʏ̯ø ʏ̯ɪ ʏ̯ɪ ʏ̯ɨ ʏ̯œ ʏ̯ø ʏ̯ɵ ʏ̯ʉ ʏʉ̯ -

Consonants
BLB LBD DTL ALV AVP/PA RET PLT VLR UVL PHR GLT
NSL m n ɲ ŋ ɴ
PSV p b̥ b t̪͡ d̪͡ t d ʈ c ɟ k g q ʡ ʔ
PSV ASP pʰ t̪͡ʰ kʰ qʰ
PSV EJE p’ t̪͡’ k’ q’
PSV FRI ts tɕ
AFR t̪͡s d̪͡͡z tɕ d͡ʑ
AFR ASP t̪͡sʰ tɕʰ
AFR EJE t̪͡s’ tɕ’
AF LA EJ t̪͡ɬ’
TRL r̥ r ɻ ç
TAP ɾ
FRI β f v ð s z ɕ ʑ ʂ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
FRI ASP sʰ ɕʰ
FRI EJE s’
APX ɥ w ɹ j ɰ
LFR ɬ̪͡ ɮ̪͡
LFR EJE
LAP ll
Part II - Nouns
Personal Pronouns
1SG 1DU 1PE 1PI 2SG 2PL 2H 3SG 3PL 4 0
NOM mėn mjaa vîn biđ ċi tain ċax ės ėsŭ txo mxo
ċiu
ACC miq mjeq maniq maiq ċiq ċaniq ċaniq ėsq oesq txiq mxiq
mės mjas vaus mais ċes tas ċas sės suis txes mxes
GENpr maṅ mjiṅ vîṅ maiṅ ċiṅ taiṅ ċaiṅ ėėṅ ėrṅ txiṅ mxiṅ
LOC mėnd mjad vînd bind ċamt taxt ċaxt ēst oest txod mxod
ABL maġaṅ mjaġaṅ vînġaṅ minġaṅ ċamġaṅ tainġaṅ ċainġaṅ ėsgėṅ ėsēṅ txġaṅ mxġaṅ
DAT maġa mjaġa vînġa minġa ċamġa tainġa ċainġa ėsgė ėsē txġa mxġa
INST mantai majtai vîntai mintai ċamtai taintai ċaintai ėstai ėssai txtai mxtai
PLV [-sæ̃] mėssäṅ mjaasäṅ vîssäṅ bissäṅ ċisäṅ taissäṅ ċassäṅ ėssäṅ oessäṅ txsäṅ mxsäṅ
GENpt mîn bîz vîn bîd ċen tien tien nî nî txin mxin
GENsuf -im -inh -inh -it’ -iṅ -ixt’ -ixt’ -i -i -txen -mxen
-ih -ih
Psuf -(a)m -(a)q’ -(a)q’ -(a)t’ -(a)ṅ -(a)xt’ -(a)xt’ -(a)s, -Ø -(a)st, -Ø -txai -mxai
-(a)nh -(a)nh -(a)h -(a)h
0P = ‘nobody’
4P = ‘somebody’

Noun cases
N-sg./irregular pl. N-ŭ pl. N-ėr pl. Independent/Proposition
NOM - -ŭ, -w -ėr il (+)
ACC -(i)q, -(i)s -ŭq, -wq -ėq k (+)
-os -ės
GEN -n, -i -ŭn, -wn -ėn + nî, see pronouns
LOC^ -d, -ad, -t, -it -ŭd, -wd -ėt s (+)
ABL** -ġaṅ -ŭġaṅ, -wġaṅ -ŭġaṅ, -wġaṅ li (+)
DAT** -ġa -ŭga, -wġa -ŭga, -wġa qe (+)
INST -tai -ŭtai, -wtai -ŭtai, -wtai ŝė (+)
PLV -säṅ -ŭsäṅ, -wsäṅ -ŭsäṅ, -wsäṅ rwė (+)
PLV = perlative
^ d after j, n, ṅ, v, w, z, ż, vowels except i, ī, ȯ, ȯȯ;
ad after c, c’, cx, ċ, d, đ, k’, px, ņ, p’, q’ t, t’, tx;
it after t, t’ (sometimes)
t elsewhere.
- Remove /a/ in the syllable which precedes LOC/ABL/DAT.
* drop u, ė, i, a of the last syllable of the word preceding the suffices having ŭ, ė/ē/ei, i, a, respectively.
** replace xġ/ăxġ sequence with j

Definiteness
Definiteness Prefix Example
Realis Indefinite ł’ +, - ȯrhȯṅ ł’ ămjaq aukṡs - He bought a big house (which exists).
Realis Definite ċ+ ċ ămja ȯrhȯni (ii) - The house (which exists) is big.
Irrealis Ind. ȯ +, - ȯ ămja aukļax ū? - Do you want to buy a house (which existence is still dubious)?
Irrealis Def. ṡ +, ċ + ṡaukătai ṡ moła k’aliăs - The boy (imaginary) who wears a hat is sleeping.
Negative/zero mô + mô ċelq kȯsiăm - I am seeing at no person

Number (Noun count)

Amount Affix Indep. Example
Singular - - nėg ămja - one house
Plural Independent –ŭ/w, -ėr ôjnôw - families
Plural Numeral - (root) lei ămja - four houses
Zero/None yi- ta’ + yiămja - no houses, without houses
Negative -ţu ţis + luiţu - negative money (deficit of money)
Dual (as a pair only) dvă- (sg.) dvăċel - a pair of people (i.e.. partners)
Some bā + (sg.) bā ċel/moj ċel - some people
moj + (sg.)
All ŝad + (sg.) ŝad/tym ċel - all people
tym + (sg.)
Many, much uņî- uņî uņîċel – many people
uņîlui – much money
Few, little ṡtî- ṡtî ṡtîċel – few people
 ṡtîlui – little money

Noun Transformation
Scheme Subscheme Modification Example
N>V to make (produce) N N-vax ămjavax - to make (produce) a house
N>V to become N N-ļîx ămjaļîx - to become a house
N>V to do N sk’(u)-N-(i)x sk’jaṡlix - to do business
mh + N-x
N > Adj to be like N/to have a property of N N-c’i ămjac’i - to be like a house/to have a property of a house
N>N someone who makes/works with N (sg.) N-teļ axtadteļ - someone who makes smartphone(s)
N>V to act like N s’a + N-tyx s’a pċaltyx - to act like a boss
N>V to apply N such that N touches, tangents -(i)rhanx mrizairhanx - to [spray/apply] blackpepper to an object
or relates with the object ămjairhanx - to equip something with a house
lumaajiirhanx - to provide someone a girlfriend
N > Adj to be related to N -łi/-łia (-i type) ămjałia – [to be] related to a house
-ło/-łiu (-o type)
N>N regarding something -đih hyṅđih - humanity
PRON-GEN-nii
N > phr ‘How about N?’ -kî? ămjakî? - How about a house?
N>N ideology of, belief of, -ism -eṡt’i ĉłementiċeṡt’i - Clementichism
N > Adj without N bėz- bėzămja - without a house, have no house
N > Adj with N -ļăi ămjaļăi - with a house, have a house
N > Adj to have a frequency of N -laṙ dzîllaṙ - yearly, annual
N > Inj semi-vocative + haa (general) ċi haa – hey friend!
+ ņaa (endearing) lumaa ņaa – hi, my wife!
N>N from X as a material/resource -(î)s-INST mesteacîstai – made out of Mesteac
N>N -logy -vitĭ
Npr > Npr ‘si’ in Indonesian ļuoĭ +

Noun Affect
Function Affix Example
diminutive -jii lumaajii - girlfriend (wife-diminutive)
‘Deity’ n/sg/pl -amx [imx] ċvamx - the god, gods, nėramx - the name(s) of the god(s)
augmentative -ṡat lumaaṡat – old wife

Compound Noun
Formation Description Affix Example
N-N N1 describes N2 N1-GEN N2 ļiwŝai patiuṙ - high school student
N2=ē=N1 baxđu-ē-dżaan – the gate of heartfulness
Adj-N A describes N A- N ȯrhȯṅ ămja – big house
Num-N Numeral and noun Num N lei ămja – four houses
N-N N2 as a possesion of N1 N1-GEN N2 maṅ ămja – my house
N2 N1.GENpt ămja mîn – house of mine
N-N N2 which name is N1 (proper name) N1 N2-î k’iemerivė bȯjussamadî – K’iemerivė University

Abstract Noun Classes/Pro-forms

Category Affix to Word Question form Question form
Dem.* (non-specific) (specific)
thing, physical - ŝalh ŝalheă? ŝalhye?
thing, abstract - ŝulh ŝulheă? ŝulhye?
place x- xiār xiāreă? xiārye?
time h- alh alheă? alhye?
person kv- kvið kviðeă? kviðye?
reason k- kaub kaubeă? kaubye?
concept w- ȯlhq ȯlhqeă? ȯlhqye?
way, manner dż- dżalh dżalheă? dżalhye?
movement pw- punt’ punt’eă? punt’ye?
creation p’- p’uṙi p’uṙeă? p’uṙye?
deity amx- nramx neăramx? nramxȯe?
material/content jw- ilh ilheă? ilhye?
idea j- jāk jāteă? jātye?
approach vj- vjān vjāndeă? vjăndye?
 cause ĉ- ĉalh ĉalheă? ĉalhye?
amount (cou.) q- qulh qulheă? qulhye?
amount (unc.) l- molh molheă? molhye?

Demonstratives (attached to a phrase)

Singular Plural* Position
in win immediate near (as if it is owned, held or inherently brought)
ėn wėn near (this, tangible)
ît wît near (this, abstract)
ėtr wėtr in-region near (this, in the same region with the audience)
ėlh wėlh in-region far (that, in the same region with the audience)
es wen far (that, tangible)
et wet far (that, abstract/unseen)
ėt wėt this/that (general reference)
(+s) ătă - mentions previous reference (+s is used to avoid ambiguity)
* Plurals are not necessarily used.
In plain demonstratives the vowel is elongated, rising intonation is used.

Part III – Arithmetics, Time

Cardinal Numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 ny nėg dvė ċiė lei taiv syr ĉat paiv q’il
dia sau
10 noħ arŭ (-är-) dej (-đy-) ċăi liy taib sios ĉven paar q’war
100 nūs ȯz (-jos-) dur ċviă lvi tȯv sais ĉău prăi q’us
prefix yi- să- dv(ă)- ċv(ă)- lv(ă)- tw(ă)- sw(ă)- ĉu(ă)- py- qy-
½ alŭ (nėg poo dvė)
¼ s’ôrađ (nėg poo lei)
2.5 (monetary) grām
25 (monetary) đrām
1 000 hazr (sătiyn)
1 000 000 tiyn (dvǎtiyn)
1 000 000 000 ċvătiyn
1 000^9 qytiyn
1 000^10 ippît (yiippît)
1 000^11 isăippît
1 000^20 idvippît
1 000^30 iċvippît

Number Forms
Category Meaning Format Example
Range from A to B <A~B> A-ABL B-DAT nėgġaṅ arŭġa 1 to 10
Ordinal X-th NUM-ṙ leiṙ fourth EXCEPT -1st – ôsômijô; 0th - hannoḷ; 1st – pervî (-i/general),
pȯrvȯ (-o); 2nd – đyin
Percentage X% ȯzdän X (%X) %7, ȯzdän ĉat – 7 percent = 0.07
Permilage (more usage) X‰ hazdan X (‰X) ‰70, hazdan ĉven – 70 permille = 0.070
Percentage point X:% ȯzdiņ X
Permilage point X:‰ hazdîn X
Negative -X boṡ X boṡ taiw - -5
Positive +X, X (mȯn) X mȯn taiw – 5
Decimal X.ABCD[...] X nuqt ABCD tiyn tȯvċăiq’il hazr durliyċiė nuqt nėg lei paiv syr - 1 539 243.1486
Distributive e.g.one by one X-INST nėgtai – one by one, bātai – some by some
Frequency X times X kes ċiė kes – three times
Adjectival number X.PREF=N ċiė-dupyyt – three-seater
Adverbial number X.PREF-kka ċiėkka - thirdly

Mathematical Notations
Notationd Meaning Lexicon Example
a+b addition A ply B
a–b subtraction A mîny B
a × b, a ⋅ b multiplication A t’eăm B
a : b, a / b division A đivy B
ab power A k’amk’ad B
 a±b plus minus A pymnny B
a // b floor division A đeny B
a|b bit or A biatô B
a |. b or A siatô B
a! factorial A faĉtorjal
a&b bit and A biamt B
a &. b and A siamt B
a || b bit xor A bixor B
a ||. b xor A sixor B
a° degree A ġraad
a=b equal A xtaŭ B
a←b b is assigned to a A därĭ B
a≠b not equal A b’raŭ B
a≈b approximately equal A ṡtaŭ B
a>b strict larger than A lyit B
a<b strict smaller than A muan B
a≥b larger than/equal to A lyittė B
a≤b smaller than/equal to A muanta B
a≡b equivalence A eq’ivia B
!a not biir A
∴ therefore c’xaat

Date and Time – Native

Native date and time concept in T’aalamuri is somehow different with conventional date and time. The general format for T’aalamuri concept is
date.hour.minute (for example, 7741.23.43 means date 7741, hour 23, minute 43). There is no concept of day of a week, a week, a month, or a year. The
largest unit of time is a day. Date here means the date count starting from 1997 January 22. 7741.23.43 is pronunced “7741-in 23 cag 43 đäq” (or 7743-ṙ tėn,
23 cag 43 däq).

Date and Time – Conventional

Conventional date and time follows the Gregorian calendar. The format is [year/month/date day hour.minute.second], or without punctuations (without
second), like [yearmonthdate day hourminute]. 2018/04/14 Saturday 23.43 is then pronunced 2018 dzîl 4 ŝaṙ 14 tėn ismaani 23 cag 43 đäq. Colloquially, one
can say “20-18 4 14 ismaani 23 43” (dej arŭpaiv lei arŭlei ismaani dejċiė liyċiė).

Another notation for time is based on the degree in which the planet rotates – one full rotation takes exactly 24 hours, and there are 360 degrees in one cycle.
One degree is equal to 4 time minutes, and one minute is equal to 4 time seconds, etc. So, 11.43PM can also be written as 345º10’45” or 345’10’45.
Pronunced as 345 fȯ 10 gjȯ 45 wäļ.

Part IV - Verbs
General Format/Syntax
modality/aspect-root-tense-modality-pron.suffix

‘Floating to be’
ts – to emphasis the truth of a sentence
o – prepositional and postpositional to be

Zero verb
(n)ô(n)-x, to express aspect/modality features without any verb
e.g. s’äpôm – always; ônef –be able to

Verb forms
Function Affix Example
Infinitive -(ă)x ȯṡ-ăx - to fly; feō-x - to govern
Gerund/Pres. -ă, -n ȯṡă - flying; feōn - governing
Participle
Negative nă- năȯṡ-ăx - not to fly; năfeō-x - not to govern
Reciprocal -auðx [ɔi̯ x] hajimlax > hajimlauðx – to greet each other
Reflexive ṙ(a)- ṙahajimlax – to greet oneself
Which V îm- îmlaas > which speaks
Double verbs V1-(i)b V2- truvunib iumuġă – must raise money and must pile
 bi PREF-V1-SUF V2
V3
Strong verb V[AFX] + yhä

Verb Transformation
Scheme Subscheme Modification Example
V>N the act of V V-(ă)l ȯṡal - a flight; đohăl - a reading
V>N the doer of V V-teļ ȯṡteļ - a flyer; feōteļ - a governor
V > AdjQ to have a quality as if V is done/pres. participle V-ŭm-i ȯṡŭm qwalė - flying monkey
V > AdjQ to have a quality as if V is done/past participle V-ĭm-i bôħĭm fuun – fallen tree
V>N the N which V is done to V-yṅ feōyn – citizen (which is governed)
îtt V
V > Adv V-ingly V-ļee xooļee – seemingly
V > Adv by V-ing V-tei ȯṡtei - by flying
V>V for V to become true V-PS-adî varadî – something comes to exist
vamadi – I become exist

Tenses
Tenseless (0) Past (1) Present (2) Future (3)
Static (S) - -(a)ṡ -j/-i -(i)r
Progressive (P) -iă -îc -iă -ur

Aspects
Aspect Affix Independent Example
Progressive see tense sr ės ċ katibiq đohiăs. – He is reading the book.
Iterative xwėn- xivy ės ċ katibiq xwėnđohs. – He reads the book again [and again].
viy-
Perfect ł’a- ł’im ės ċ katibiq ł’ađohs. – He has finished reading the book.
Prospective ħaĭ- ħia ės ċ katibiq ħaĭđohs. – He is going to read the book.
Gnomic/Fact use tense 0 use tense 0 amq’ala wasdi ii. – Amq’ala is large.
Delimitative sāb- six ės ċ katibiq sābđohs. – He reads the book for a while.
Continuative mėð- mið ės ċ katibiq mėðđohs. – He still reads the book.
Inchoative/Inceptive tsaa- tsaai ės ċ katibiq tsaađohs. – He starts reading the book.
Terminative sļu- sļi ės ċ katibiq sļuđohs. – He stops/finishes reading the book.
Defective hėð- hyit ės ċ katibiq hėðđohs. – He almost reads the book.
Pausative seq’- sq’aq’ ės ċ katibiq seq’đohs. – He pauses reading the book.
Semelfactive-have ever ħae- ħiė ės ċ katibiq ħaeđohs. – He has ever read the book.
Resumptive lamq’- limq’ ės ċ katibiq lamq’đohs. – He continues reading the book.
Momentane sahs- saĭha ės ċ katibiq sahsđohs. – He reads the book once.
Proactive xwes- xias ės ċ katibiq xwesđohs. – He reads the book on and on.
läṅ-
Frequentative/Experiential ţȯ- ŝip’ ės ċ katibiq ţȯđohs. – He often reads the book.
Intentional ätt- äix ės ċ katibiq ättđohs. – He carefully reads the book.
Accidental ł’ät- ł’it ės ċ katibiq ł’ätđohs. – He accidentally reads the book.
miä’-
Partial żă- żitĭ mėn katibiq żăđohiăm. - I am kind of reading a book. I am not totally reading a book.
Habitual s’äp- s’im ės ċ katibiq s’äpđohs – He always reads the book.
ȯi-

Modality
Modality Affix Indep.* Tense Example
Indicative - ha’ all mėn dorgt striam - I live on a mountain.
Optative, Desiderative -wa owa ce + all mėn dorgt striwam - Wish that I live on a mountain; I want to live on a mountain.
Imperative II, Precative (inf) -jaa (frm) -jaat oj(a), ojat + 0S xinġa kȯsjaa(t) - Look at here; Could you look at here?
Imperative III (inf) -joo (frm) -joot ojo, ojot + 0S xinġa kȯsjoo(t) - Let him/her/them look at here.
Imperative I (inf) -juu (frm) -juut oju, ojut + 0S xenġa kȯsjuu(t) - Let me look at there.
Prohibitive II direct -jȯs jȯh + 0S maġa kȯsjȯs! - Don’t look at me!
Prohibitive III / general -jän [jɶn] jäh + 0S ċ katibiq đohjän - Don’t let him/her/them read the book; nobody is allowed to read the book.
Jussive, Obligative -ġă mūs all ŝad hajer ċ katibiq đohġăast - All students should/must read the book.
Potential u-V-(u)p’ ymty + all ės dorgt ustrip’as - He/she probably lives on a mountain.
Dubitative -äp’ säenma all ės ċ katibiq đohiäp’ṡas - I’m not totally sure that he/she reads the book.
Hypothetical cxen + cug ce + all mėn dorgt cxen striam - Imagine if ever I lived on a mountain.
Permissive -(ă)xdai divnaṅ 0S ėnd ċi katibiq đohăxdaiṅ - You may read a book here.
Admirative PS-aiwä kaġia, + all ės dorgt strisaiwä - Surprisingly, he/she lives on a mountain.
Hortative -laĭ merĭ + 0S dorgt strlaĭ - Let’s live on a mountain.
 Reportative -aobs, -obt camh + all ės dorgt striaobsas/striobts - [some said that] He/she lives on a mountain.
Deliberative [sentence] + ĉa? + moht ĉa? all mėn ċ katibiq đohiam ĉa? - Shall I read the book?
Alethic, Deductive -ôr pṡiṡ + kaan + all ės ċ katibiq đohṡôrs. - He/she must’ve read the book (because…).
Assumptive -ėv hwaa + all ċi ċ katibiq đohṡėvs - (I assume that) you’ve read the book already.
Speculative -op’i đive + all ės dorgt strop’is - (I predict that) he lives on a mountain.
Causative DAT –lit’v uăĉ + all mėn ėsgė dorgt strlit’vam - I make him/her to live on a mountain.
Abilitative -ef + bôlē all mėn ċ katibiq đohefam – I am able to read the book.
verbal: add –(ă)x

Voice
Voice Affix Example (kȯs-x = to look at)
Active - mėn axtadiq kȯsiăm - I am looking at a smartphone.
Passive w-, ŭ- axtadiq ŭkȯsiăs (mėn) - A smartphone is looked at (by me).
Note: Passive voice requires the object to be still in ACC, but it appears before the verb. The verb affix matches with the object.

Irregular verbs
1SG 1DU/PE 1PI 2SG 2PL/H 3SG/4 3PL 0 Progrv.
0, 2 cam ceg viṅ ceṅ tiņ e/- e/- mħi -ð
ix 1 camṡ cegṡ viṅṡ ceṅṡ tiņs eṡ eṡ mħiṡ -k’
3 camta cegte viṅka ceṅke tiņtsa eta eta mħita -ð
0, 2 vam vaj vaņ veṅ viņ var vr mħar -ð
vax 1 vamṡ vajṡ vaņṡ veṅṡ viņṡ varṡ vrṡ mħarṡ -k’
3 vamta vajta vaņtsa veṅke viņtsa varta vrta mħata -ð
0, 2 đim đik điņ điṅ đaħ đir đr miđir -ð
điax 1 đimṡ đikṡ điņṡ điṅṡ đaħṡ đirṡ đrṡ miđirṡ -k’
3 đimta đikta điņtsa điṅka đaħta đirta đrta miđirta -ð

Part V – Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjective Forms
Form Affix Indep. Example
Plain adjective -i, -o ȯrhȯṅ-i - big (size of thing), magral-o - sacred
 Attributed to noun - ȯrhȯṅ ămja - big house, magral ămja - sacred house
Comparative Positive ABL -eri (i), tsu + ėn ămja, ėt ămjaġaṅ ȯrhȯṅeri - this house is bigger than that house
ABL -eru (o) ėn ămja, ėt ămjaġaṅ magraleru - this house is more sacred than that house
Comparative Negative ABL -ez ntsu + ėn ămja, ėt ămjaġaṅ magralez - this house is less sacred than that house
Superlative Positive -aikṡ (i), -aukṡ pelh + ėn ămja ȯrhȯṅaikṡ (ii) - this house is the biggest
(o) ėn ămja magralaukṡ (ii) - this house is the most sacred.
Superlative Negative -anz mpelh + ėn ămja ȯrhȯṅanz (ii) - this house is the least biggest
ėn ămja magralanz (ii) - this house is the least sacred.
Negative plain adjective b’(ă)--i/o [p] b’ȯrhȯṅ-i - not big, b’ămagral-o - not sacred
Equative adjective A1-(i)ppia pia’ + ėn ămja, ėt ămjaġaṅ magralppia – this house is as sacred as that house

Adjective Transformation
Scheme Subscheme Modification Example
Adj > Adv Adverbialization [iv-][-i, -o] ivȯrhȯṅ/ȯrhȯṅi - bigly, ivmagral/magralo - sacredly
AdjQ > V to do something s.t. the object has a quality of -is-ăx, -os-ăx ȯrhȯṅisăx - to make something to be big,
AdjQ magralosăx - to make something to be sacred
AdjQ > V to do something that has a quality of AdjQ ṅa--ix, ṅa--ox ṅaȯrhȯṅix - to make something which is big
ṅamagralox - to make something which is sacred
AdjI > V to make something to has an amount as intense -it-ăx, -ot-ăx łiynităx - to make many [units] of something
as AdjI cadmotăx - to make something [to occur] infrequently
AdjI > V to make something which intensity is AdjI ṅo--ix, ṅo--ox ṅołiynix - to make something which has many [units]
ṅocadmox - to make something which occurs infrequently
AdjQ > N a thing which has a quality of AdjQ ii--i, ii--o iiȯrhȯṅi - something big; iimagralo - something sacred
Adj > N a concept/abstraction of Adj --ei, --ou undurei - greatness; kuburou - violence
AdjQ > N a person which has a quality of AdjQ ņy-- ņyundur - a great person; ņykubur - a violent person
AdjI.C > N noun count/numeral into noun (łs/aa)-NC- dvāłs/aadvė- two: dvāłs katibiq var – two have a book.
(łs/aa) bā łs – some: bā łs katibiq var – some has a book.
Adj > Inj How [good]!, how [bad]! p’aan +
Adj > V to be X -ix, -ox

Adjective Intensity
 Intensity Affix Independent Example
overflow ż--i/o + răw żmagralo - too sacred
(combinable)
absolutive, -ios (i), -eos (o) + ġat’ ȯrhȯṅios - absolutely big, magraleos - absolutely sacred
completive
very high intensity ṡad--i/o + ṡiä ṡadȯrhȯni - extremely big
high intensity -ia, -oa + ȯk’ ȯrhȯṅia - very big, magral-oa - very sacred
‘enough’ -tsūg + tsūg ȯrhȯṅtsūg – big enough, magraltsūg – sacred enough
limited intensity -q’i, -q’o + jaq’ ȯrhȯṅq’i - quite big, magralq’o - quite sacred
slight intensity -ġi + ä’ä ȯrhȯṅġi – slightly big, magralġi – slightly sacred
nondefinite intensity -iṡ + smi ȯrhȯṅiṡ - somehow big, magraliṡ - somehow sacred
exclusive -hîņ + lwamh ȯrhȯṅhîņ – exclusively big

negative prefix b’(ă) addition transforms the adjective intensity to its direct negative counterpart, e.g. żmagralo too sacred > b’ăżmagralo too not sacred; too
less sacred.

Yes/No
Word Plain Declarative ‘is, is not’
yes caao (see ix irregular verb)
no nuu yy-PRON
maybe sînna -
unknown đyee -

Adverbs
Word Independent Dependent Example
actually asļt
honestly asļînda
anyway täb ce
suddenly ł’ätsi ł’ät’-
unexpectedly ł’äppi
coincidentally pa’ȯ
fortunately yympi
unfortunately b’yympi
eventually iundi
ultimately (result) đaatut đaatuł +
finally (expectation) oħer oħi-
reluctantly mäħili
originally, initially beityn, nytt beitył +
earlier beitin beitił +
recently beiðin beiðił +
to have just beiŝad beiŝał +
immediately đaaŝad đaaŝał +
just about to đaatia đaatił +
a moment later đaassit đaassił +
later on đaatud đaatuł +
someday sătėn
another day ixtėn
last time beissit beissił +
beforehand beitun beituł +
maybe sînna
probably ṡ’ia u--(u)p’
definitely häxt
certainly häpt
only haṅ
already liao
still, yet (pos) qis mėð-
still not, not yet (neg) ôsȯ
each/every time tħib
always, in every case ȯmȯs
always, continuously zuul s’äp-
constantly bėx
normally pṡeņ
ordinarily bżeņ
occasionally, sometimes kiaņ
rarely tssam
Adverbial Phrases
Component Formula Example

Part VI – Positions
Spatial Position
Position categories
Independent As a part
Position
Plain Noun-attr Plain Noun-attr
General -tȯ ABL -ðȯ GEN
Adjacent -ssô DAT -zu DAT
Near -tee GEN -ðee GEN
Approximate -zee DAT -ree DAT
Far, beyond -zȯȯ ABL -rȯȯ ABL
Along, over -zei PLV -rei PLV

Positional words
Position Exact
Up, top ē
Down, under ū
Left side ō
Right side yy
Front đaa
Back bei
Center, right at the middle i
 Inside, within lā
Side (left, right) ŝaa
Side (front, back) taa
Side (below, over) wē
Around (front, back, left, right) dzō
Around (all direction), outside lū
In front of, opposite, across kē
Between N1 and N2 N1 î N2-GEN maxta

Absolute Positions
Adjective form: substitute –a with –i; exc. central: taġaġ-o
West Central East
North ȯvat’sa at’asa timat’sa
Central ȯviisa taġaġ timoora
South ȯviq’pa iq’apa timiq’pa

Over ēl-
Middle/General -
Below ūl-

Temporal Position
Position categories
Independent As a part
Position
Plain Noun-attr Plain Noun-attr
General/non-adjacent -tu ABL -ðu GEN
Near -tie ABL -ðie ABL
Approximate -ssie DAT -łzie DAT
Far, beyond -tui ABL -ðui ABL
Along, over -ssui PLV -łzui PLV

Positional words
Position Exact
 Nonspecific -
After đaa
Before bei
Exactly at i
Within, in the duration of lā
Same time as ŝaa
Around dzō
Outside lū
N1 î N2-GEN maxta
Between N1 and N2
N1-ABL N2-DAT

Semantic Position
against = N + rhet
per, for each = tħib
on x’s behalf = N-GEN siid
other than = -ABL lūs

Part VII – Conjunctions

Conjunction Formula Example
because/as, therefore [cause]-(i)gėn, [effect]-(i)gė mėn dorgt striamgėn, luim năvamgė. - Because I live on a mountain, therefore,
I have no money.
ôslo t’at’mgė, paðariamgėn, jô. - I speak loud because I’m big, yo.
but, independent däw
but [statement], ili [counterstatement] mėn dorgt striam, ili luim vam. – I live on a mountain, but I have money.
but not [statement1], ilimė [statement2] viulhdżem, ilimė nunănavitam. – I am asexual, but I am not aromantic.
yet, but ironically [statement1], ilŭna [statement2] mėn dorgt năstriam, ilŭna luim năvam. – I don’t live on a mountain, but
ironically I have no money.
or (regular, list) A jat B (jat C ...) mėn, ċi, jat ės điaġă. – At least one of me, you, or him, must go.
or (exclusive, list) A sôt B (sôt C ...) mėn, ċi, sôt ės điaġă. – Exactly one of me, you, or him, must go.
or negative (regular, list) A mjat B (mjat C ...) mėn, ċi, mjat ės điaġă. – Neither of me, you, or him, must go.
or negative (exclusive, list) A ṅôt B (ṅôt C ...) mėn, ċi, ṅôt ės điaġă. – None of me, you, or him, except one, must go.
or (regular, interclausal) [clause], biik [clause]
or (exclusive, interclausal) [clause], biăt [clause]
as (in the same meaning) [clause] se [clause] đorņod se ŝorņod – on earth as it is in heaven
although siă [clause1]-ABL, k’ă [clause2] siă paðariamġaṅ, k’ă b’ôslo t’at’m. - Although I am big, I speak not loud.
as far as, as for [clause1]-giă, [clause2] tėvmgiă, luiq năvar. – as far as I know, he has no money.
as long as [clause1]-kk’at, [clause2] tėvṅkk’at, ammano viṅka. – as long as you know (it), we’re safe.
so that [clause1], waca [clause2] taṅqilhq ṙoṅqäṅġăaq’, waca ċ bollaw herefti iitta. – we must cage (the) dog, so
that the children will be safe.
so, thus, then (consequence) [[clause]], liao [clause] taṅqilhq ŭṙoṅqäṅṡs, liao ċ bollaw herefti iiṡ. – (The) dog has been caged, so the
children were safe already.
so, (beginning) ŝa, [clause] ŝa, xėnd striram. – So, I will live here.
that (indirect sentence) ce pohṡam ce ċamġa muiam. – I said already that I love you.
in other words [clause], ŝammad, [clause] herefti viṅ, ŝammad, taṅqilhq ŭṙoṅqäṅṡs. – We’re safe, I mean, the dog has
been caged.
not only A, but also B A yyhaṅ, cud B taṅqilhq ŭṙoṅqäṅṡs yyhaṅ, cud ătă năwandzeeṅefis. – Not only that the dog has
been caged, but also it cannot bark.
except (list) [clause], ilja [clause] ŝad fuunti ĉătăq ðȯħäefiṅ, ilja ossăq. – you can eat all kinds of food, except
oats.
A rather than B, A instead of B A kzî B taṅqilhq ðȯħäġăaq’ kzî pawiq. – we must eat dogs rather than pigs.
despite A, B A vły, B maheṡvarikapî o ċ padņom vły, ċ pazar fedrt poănăs. – Despite
although A, B Mahesvarikapi(‘s status as) the capital city, the economy is centered at Fedr.
and (list) A î B (î C ...) mėn, ċi, î ės điaġă. – I, you and he must go.
A-SUF B-SUF (C-SUF ...) xaavaq p’uiṅq ossăq ðȯħṡam. – I ate rice, white bread and oats.
and (interclausal) [clause], i [clause] psahġa đim, i ămjad k’alis. – I go to a/the market, and she sleeps at a/the
house.
in order to V-xaa dorgt strixaa, luiq truvunġăṅ - In order to live on a mountain, you should raise
some fund.
is equal to, is as PRED1-iăi PRED2-iăi häitiăi idėologiamq żămargiatiăi/häităx sce idėologiamq żămargiatăx - To live
sce/se ce is to somehow to compromise our inner ideologies to the external forces.
whether [clause head] ce wa [subclause] nătėvam ce wa mėn, ċi, jat ės điaġă. – I don’t know whether at least one of me,
you, or him, must go.
nătėvam ce wa bid mėn, ċi, jat ės điaġă. – I don’t know whether which of us, at
least one of me, you, or him, must go.
also, in addition, as well as k’aĭ dorgt strixaa, luiq truvunib, k’aĭ, fuuntaq iumuġăṅ - In order to live on a
mountain, you should raise some fund., also food.
also ly [topic] + sgė ly mėn sgė uulôm – I am also a lecturer. (e.g. as a response to someone who is
a lecturer)
mėn ly uulôm sgė – I am also a lecturer. (e.g. other people did not know that
you were also a lecturer)
as a result, sėđėn sėđėn, ṅab’lābasom – as a result, I become not hungry.
if (conditional), then; in the case [if clause]-sė, liao [then-clause] ðȯħsėṅ, liao b’lābasoraṅ - if you eat, you will not be hungry.
of, should; whenever; once
if and only if igen [if clause]: [then-clause] igen maihaa tiņ: cxan masunaṅ. – If and if only you are a girl, you may enter.
according to X X-djan mėndjan, amq’ala wasd ułus ii. – according to me, Amq’ala is a great nation.
and then (sequential) pä
only haṅ
(emphasis) (j)aa, (j)ee emphasis particle, -aa after short/long a, ă, i, î, o, u; -ee elsewhere.
by (an agent) (agent)-INST-t’
as, in use of + tiu
as, N1 acts as N2 N1 iĉ N2

Part VIII – Interjections, Onomatopoeia

Interjections
Context Interjection Intonation
Relaxed, as in ahh, so relaxing haaº 21
Relieved that something expected is happening alhaadº; ustº 2.43;21
Relieved that something unwanted is not happening estaŭº 3.1
Warns people about something dangerous/unexpected dôº 34
‘..., right?’ kämº 3
amazement ‘wow!’ wāº 51
strong amazement isswāº 1.51
releasing tension ăfº 21
pain (feeling) ōf, [ōfº] 42
express ideas, aha! ėnniº 1.4
success, finishing something xot’amº 1.4
found something interesting ieiº 342
found some fact/discovery, ‘oh’, acknowledgement osº, oosº, ossº 24
celebration izatº 1.4
shows something/achievment ‘ta-da’ đieemº 44
looking at something interesting/attractive ṡôtº 51
excitement wīṅº 54
awkward exclamation jīº 343
‘exactly!’, negative conotation t’axº 51
‘exactly!’, positive conotation teraº 3.5
impressed vėhº 4
shocked by something not scary ȯzº 51
shocked by something scary vȯtº 51
asking for attention (polite/neutral) ŝalº 44
asking for attention (impolite) wîjº 51
surprised by unexpected thing, shown to collective audience uuzº 431
surprised araº 14
disgusted īzº 332
teasing, as in if somebody likes something tsisº 34
teasing, as an invitation ṅaaiº 214
observing someone does something inappropriate kamtōjº; ṅîjº 2.5;52
endearment vocative ṅoiº 345
adorement ṅīº 325
laughter, regular xaº (iterable); xăº (fem) -
laughter, big xvaº (iterable); xaº (fem) -
giggle ṡiº (iterable); xiº (fem) -
pleasure āħº 21
agreement dzaoº 51
asking for repetition (hmm? what?) aavº 25
thinking (hmm..) mstº 22
interested in something ṅº 452
kiss bwaº 3
tasteful ṡokº; ṅwaaº 51;51
affirmative response dzaaoº; iṅº 51;43
in doubt yyº 2
hesitation îṅº 2
‘silent please’ sȯsº; hȯsº; dȯzº 5;5;5
confirmation mwaº 25
encouragement, motivation ņōtº 51
sudden appearance dzdyłº 2.51
confusion haṅº 35
disagreement mojº 521
fear ġaăº 232
displeasure to some act ņiṅº 41
displeasure to something tsiṅº 41
displeasure of taste ņirº 41
boredom nāmº 22
holding laugh hfº -
disappointment of someone else asmahº 42.4
disappointment of a result bzitº 251
disappointment of a waste of something bazrº 24
disappointment of self aĭmahº 42.4
loss because of small matters k’ot’otº 4.51
loss bamtº 31
regret aĭmahº 32.1
frustration isylsaº 2.2.5
‘damn’ saatº 521
enthusiasm ṅmº 41
irritated axº 4
impatience gamsaº 2.5
annoyed ntîtº; titsaº 4;2.5
impatience to end an interaction ṅotº 3
reply to some stupidity lutsaº 4.1
reply to some bigheadedness peṅkaº 2.5
rejection traº 4
arrogance nėinº 341
sick ōfº 32
sickened lhujº 32
scares someone uraadº 1.41
stressed ufº 32
done something wrong ipṡº 4
scare away some inferior thing piċº 4
remind someone of the creator, in difficult times allavarº 5.3.1
remind someone of the creator, in happy times allamîjº 3.5.1
remind someone of the creator, when someone doing bad deeds allakȯsº 1.3.5
‘okay,’ kēº 42
‘so,’ ŝaº 51
‘bois’ bȯsº 315
‘boss’, ‘dude’, ‘bro’ baṅº; maṅº; mwaṅº 41, 25
‘sis’, ‘girl’ mjahº; ņatº; ņapº 41, 25
praising something amijatº; ôrtîqº; 4.51; 23.5
formally asking for attention taṡôº 2.5
‘please,’ mūnº 34
‘ayy’ ēº 41
‘f*’ fyħº, tytº 51
‘what the ...’ lăwaħº 1.4
be gone! titsaº 5.1
to calm somebody t’ararº 2.5
to entertain somebody who is sad ċ’iqº (iterable) 32
to initiate fight đisiăº 4.21
introducing an initiative ŝiṅº 53; 21
telling people to show something điliak’º 3.5
congratulations wimiak’º 2.251
when seeing a beautiful female ċiōº 241
when seeing a handsome male ṡiamº 241
cheering someone, ‘power!’ saṅkadº 3.53
‘come on’ ajlaº 52.32
‘damn it’ ċimṡăº 4.1
‘f* it” gȯsiaº 4.1
okay then, (positive) hnuhº 31
okay then, (negative) massäläº 52.2.2º

Greetings, Phrases
greetings! (formal) hajiliaaº; sėmlikȯmº
greetings! (informal) helaaº; ṅejº
hello (on phone) s’iaļo
farewell! sammatiq’; kȯsiriq’; asmānilaa
[multitool greeting] pṡipṡė
welcome! sinäsammat; sinäsalamat
good [morning, ...] []-LOC häst
how are you? ilixt’ū?; iliṅu?; liṅu? | lit. are you good?
I am fine (and you?) iliam, ili cam (kî?/PRON-kî?)
thank you sammat; salamat; nūṅ; nyäṅ
you are welcome saapmî(j)
nice to meet you; nice to know you haċ’etiq’ o ili | lit. we recognize, it is good
long time no see ȯzdzîlsäṅ oṡ | lit. was through a century
bon appetit fuuntġa ħađe
let me enjoy my meal fuuntiq ăm
have a nice day ċamġa/taiṅġa il tėn
have a good journey ċamġa/taiṅġa il säfär
(I am) [very] sorry dzōlu(nae/nää)
please kindly accept my apologize dzōlu atîh; maġa mefjaa
excuse me, ftyn; maṅ ftyn
apology accepted [more formally] syip [, ċiq mefṡam]
apology rejected (this is not a taboo) nuu, yi dzōluṅ
okay syip; syib
get well soon asmānsaħt’aa
My hovercraft is full of eels avoosmiaobim c’ac’eaqŭtai pȯhȯ
let bad karma applies to them [ėsgė] haăm varadî
let good karma applies to them [ėsgė] haăsa varadî

Onomatopoeia

Part X – Generic Affixes and Particles

NVA vaon- vaon + anti-, counter-, totally against something
NVA k’ + without
NVA + ħaq -able, able to (be)
Nu -iż, -ṡiż a collection of NUM things
NV + c’äe a result of something
NVA ôm- intensification
NVA -xuuţ ţuuha + to be addicted to, or obsessed of
NVA + ôhţo different (allo-)
NVA ŝaen + similar
NVA haf- on both sides (ambi-)
NVA talh- inner side (intra-)
NVA đow- outer side (extra-)
VA môĉ + a process or action, state or quality (-ance)
NVA -ṙŭ-o an adjective associated to a person (-teļ)
NVA -ĉov lbalh + preceding (ante-)
NVA oihô- separate from (apo-)
N -anx chief, principal, pre-eminent of its kind (arch-)
NVA đłăw- archaeo-
NVA -ŝilh a place of
VA kiyn + a possibility to
NVA aeda- by itself
NVA ôv- ôvnô + automatically
NVA -ăţ a literature of
NVA pāq + subordinate (sub-)
NVA ţuuṅ + super-
NVA eaĉ- together with (co-)
NVA -ege, -eĉe having a specified centre
NVA izė- time (-chronic)
N -ħłä -cide
NA -keṡe government
NVA ėlėi + cross-
NVA łīk- secret (crypto-)
NVA cik- cyber-
NVA vale +, bowiq’+ counter-, as opposed to, reversive
 NVA ŭi- negative sense (dis-)
NVA -koc opinion, view
NVA mȯh- ėłu’ + bad, difficult (dys-)
NVA żi- żis + good, pleasant
NVA ij- /eĭ-/ e-
NVA đoṅṅ- [t̪͡ ɑ̃ʊ] eco-
NVA ȯė- involuntary
V -tjim [tʲi]̃ -ee (as opposed to –er) ……………..e

Part XII - Clauses and Sentences

General structure: (adverbials) S O V
Affix copier (attached to every same affixed stem except the last one): bî/bi+ affix copied + proper affixed
Boundary word: ĕ [one segment] n, only written but not necessarily pronounced

Some Structures
Topic Formula Example
Declarative S. psahġa đirð. - I am going to a market.
Strong declarative S boł. ċ ħalijam boł. – I am the creator.
Declarative with no S + wăm. ės ċ map’ut’ wăm. – He is the thief! (and you should admit it and shut up.)
response/commentary expected.
Exclamatory vōi + S vōi ės map’ut’ ii! – He is a thief!
Interrogative I S + ū? psahġa veṅð ū? - Are you going to a market?
Comparative S1 i ja S2 psahġa đirð, i ja ămjaġa đrð. – I am going to a(the) market, while he/she is
going to a(the) house.
Rhetoric Interrogative S + mdzė? ċi ċ katibiq đohṡaṅ mdzė? – I wonder if you read the book.
Interrogative II S + vaa? ċi ċ katibiq đohṡaṅ vaa? - Is it true that you did read the book? (as a
confirmation to a fact)
Interrogative III/Question tag S, ċ’ma?; S, ċ’ba? ċi ċ katibiq đohṡaṅ, ċ’ma? – You read the book, right?
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are built by using ătă as the copy of aforementioned subject or topic. No stressing in ătă, which contrasts with referential ătă (stressing on the
ultimate syllable.) In short form, ă.
Examples
ċ moła – ătă ṡaukăq var – k’alṡ. the boy, who has a hat, slept.
ċ hyṅ, - ătăġa ṡaukăq vaṡm – k’alṡ. the person, whom I gave a hat to, slept.
Special cases
N which does V V-TENSE-ȯt N đohȯt hajer – a student which is reading
N in which V is done to N V-TENSE-ið N đohiăið katib – a book which is being read
N which is found/observed at Loc.LOC- k’iemerivė bȯjussamdadît hajer – a student which is at the K’iemerivė
AdvLocation TENSE-î N University
k’iemerivė bȯjussamdadṡît hajer – a student which was at the K’iemerivė
University
N which is found/observed at AdvTime Tim.LOC -yk N stėnyk bähðät – today’s news
Part XIII – Language Evolution
2018/01 2018/02 2018/03
Ulus 96.2/97.0 Ulus 97.1/97.2 Ulus 97.3.0
č č ċ
ĉ ċ ĉ
‘ I, | ‘
ń ń ņ
š š ṡ
ṡ ṡ þ
ȳ ẏ yy merge
ž ž ż
ħ glottal ‘ ‘
nk’ negation b’ b’

97.4 (2018/05)
Capital letters, ă -> ă, ĕ
97.5 (2018/06)
Accusative-Genitive, vocabs, position (a lot), irregular verbs, pronouns