LESSON 1: SELF UNDERSTANDING ➢ First ejaculation or nocturnal emission (wet

dreams)
Self Understanding ➢ 2 to 3 years later
➢ Santrock Pituitary Gland
○ Individual’s cognitive representation of the ➢ Master endocrine gland
self ➢ Controls growth
➢ Consists of substance and content of self- ➢ Regulates functions of all other endocrine gland
conceptions Gonads
➢ Development of self understanding in ➢ Ovaries for girls and testes for boys
adolescence ➢ Sex glands
○ Simple to perplex Hormones
○ Involves number of aspects of self ➢ Chemical substances secreted by the gonads
Growing Up ➢ Distributed by the blood stream throughout the
➢ Parents body
○ Ready to LISTEN and provide SUPPORT Estrogen
➢ Physical Self ➢ For girls
○ Obvious change in teenagers ➢ Promote physical changes
○ Concrete aspect of person ➢ Increase in height, widening of hips and increase
○ Directly observed and examined in fatty tissues in the breast
➢ Physical Characteristics Androgen and Testosterone
○ Features of person’s body ➢ Boy’s growth of facial and body hair, muscles
○ Easily distinguished with naked eye and changes in the voice
➢ Eric Erickson Primary Sexual Changes
○ Believe in importance of the body ➢ Changes in the reproductive organs
○ Physical and intellectual skills ➢ Prepare both boys and girls for procreation
■ Basis to whether a person has Secondary Sexual Changes
achieved a sense of competence ➢ Rapid changes
■ Able to manage and face demands of ➢ Physical changes that distinguish boys from
life complexifies girls
➢ William James Human Development
○ Body as initial source of sensation ➢ Progressive process
○ Necessary for the origin and maintenance ➢ Variation occurs because of individual
of personality differences
➢ Adolescence ➢ Factors:
○ Self identity is formed ○ Health
○ Period of sexual exploration and ○ Nurture
experimentation ○ Heredity
○ Include sexual fantasies and realities Body Image
➢ Adolescent Bracket ➢ The way you sees yourself or the way you
○ 10 to 12 yrs. Old imagines how you looks
■ Puberty begins ➢ Positive body images
■ Adolescent period ○ Engaged in health enhancing behaviour
1. Santrock- 18 to 22 years ○ Eating balanced diet and exercising
2. World Health Organization- 10 to 19 years regularly
3. Health Children.org ○ Girls are less happy with their body images
a. Early Adolescence- 11 to 14 years ➢ Poor body images
b. Middle Adolescence- 15 to 17 years ○ Negative thoughts and feelings about their
c. Late Adolescence- 18 to 21 years appearance
4. Youth in Nation-Building Act (1994) Santrock
➢ 15 to 30 years ➢ Psychological aspect of physical change in
➢ RA 8044 puberty
➢ Created by National Youth Commission ○ Adolescents become preoccupied with their
Puberty: Period of Rapid Physical Changes bodies
Santrock ○ Develop images of what their bodies are
➢ Puberty like.
○ Not the same as adolescence Imaginary Audience
○ Ends prior to the end of adolescent period ➢ Egocentric state
○ Most essential marker of the beginning of ➢ Individual imagines and believes that many
adolescence people are actively listening to or watching him
○ Brain-neuroendocrine Spotlight Effect
■ Process occuring primarily in early ➢ Phenomenon in social psychology
adolescence ➢ Others are paying more attention to the person’s
■ Triggers the rapid physical changes appearance and behaviour than they really are
Menarche Factors that Affect Perception of the Physical Self
➢ First menstrual flow 1. Personal Factors
➢ Girls reached puberty earlier than boys a. Introspection and Self-reflection
Spermarche or Semenarche ➢ Looking inward
 ○ one of the simplest way to achieve self- ➢ Reflected appraisal
knowledge ○ Inferences regarding other’s appraisal of
➢ Introspection a person
○ Process by which one observes and ○ Gained by observing how people react
examines one’s internal state (mental towards the individual
and emotional) -(Hewstone et al.) ○ Internalized and become part of self-
○ Limited concept
■ People have a low self-insight on
the aspects about the self d. Social Comparison
➢ Hewstone et al cited the work of Leon
b. Self-Perception Theory Festinger in 1954
➢ One’s internal state is difficult to interpret, ○ Another way of understanding oneself
people can infer their inner states by observing ○ Comparing one’s traits, abilities or
their own behaviour -(Hewstone) opinions to that of others
➢ Outside observer ➢ Comparing oneself with others to evaluate one’s
➢ Physical Perception own abilities and opinions
○ All aspects of a person’s perception of ○ 2 Types
his physical self 1. Upward Social Comparison
● Individual compares himself to others who
c. Self-Concept are better than him
➢ Cognitive representation of self-knowledge ● Negative- individual compares himself
➢ Sum total of all beliefs that people have about with someone better than him, he
themselves experience inferiority, envy and frustration
➢ Collection of all individual experiences; one’s 2. Downward Social Comparison
characteristics, social roles, values, goals and ● Individual compares himself to someone
fears who is in a worse situation tha he is
➢ Pertains to all characteristics the person especally when he is feeling so low
enumerates when asked to describe who he is ● Makes himself feel better that he is more
➢ Physical self-concept fortunate
○ Individual’s perception of his physical
self e. Social Identity Theory
➢ Tajfel and Turner (1979)
d. Personal Identity ○ Provides a framework about how people
➢ Concept a person has about himself achieve understanding about themselves by
➢ Family, nationality, gender, physical traits being a member of their group
➢ Self
2. Social Factors ○ Entire person of the individual
a. Attachment Process and Social ○ Total characteristics, qualities both known
Appraisal and unknown to others but known to
➢ People learn about their value and lovability oneself
when they experiences how their mothers or ○ Individual level analysis
caregivers care for them and respond for their ○ Self-esteem, self states, self0-efficacy
needs. -(Bowlby) ➢ Identity
➢ Caregiving ○ Synthesis and integration of self-
○ Positive self concept- consistent and understanding
appropriately responds to the infants ○ Way of making sense of some aspect or part
needs of self-concept
○ Negative self concept- neglectful and ○ Societal or cultural level analysis
unresponsive ○ Cultural concept of oneself
○ Cultural make up which makes a person
b. Maintaining, Regulating and Expanding who he is
the Self in Interpersonal Realtionships ○ Not the stable markers of what people
➢ Sense of self is continuously shaped through expect to be
social interaction ○ Dynamically created
➢ Act as private audiences with whom people ○ Social milieu
carry an internal dialogue ■ Crucial in developing the individual
self-knowledge
c. The Looking-glass Self Theory ■ Interpretation of how others see them
➢ Person’s self grows out of society’s and group identification
interpersonal interactions and perception of The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self
others -(Charles Horton Cooley) Esteem: Importance of Beauty
➢ View of oneself comes from a compilation of Culture milieu
personal qualities and impressions of how others ➢ Strongly impacts the perception
perceive the individual
➢ Self-image is shape and reflected from the social Culture
world ➢ Social system characterized by the shared
➢ People’s reaction serve as a mirror that people meanings attributed to peole and events by its
see themselves member
Beauty ○ Greek word gyne means bearer of
➢ Merriam and Webster children (only function of women)
○ Quality of being physically attractive
○ Qualities in person or thing that give b. The Middle Ages
pleasure to senses and mind ➢ Strong influence of church
➢ Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder ➢ All sexual acts that do not lead to procreaton
The Filipino Concept of Beauty were considered evil
Eurocentrism ➢ Women were labelled either as temptress (Eve)
➢ A tendency to interpret the world in terms of or woman virtue(Virgin Mary)
European or Anglo-American values and
experiences
Colorism c. Protestant Reformation of 16th century
➢ Prejudicial or preferential treatment of some- ➢ Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant
race people based solely on the color of their leaders fight against corruption of Roman
skin Catholic
Skin Color ➢ Protestantism
➢ Presently determines one’s level of ○ Sexuality is natural part of life
attractiveness ○ Priests should be able to marry and have
Self-Esteem and the Ideal Body Image families
Self-Esteem ➢ Martin Luther and John Calvin
➢ Overall evaluation that a person has of himself ○ Sexual intimacy- to strengthen physical and
➢ Measure of the person’s self-worth emotional bond of couple and not just for
➢ Global evaluative dimension of the self procreation
➢ How valuable to himself and others the person
perceives himself to be d. 17th and 18th century
Adolescent’s body image: ➢ Puritans
1. Perception of their physical self when they look ○ Group of people who were disconnected with
in the mirror the church of England
2. Feelings of like or dislikes about physical self ○ Had positive view on marital sex
that they see ○ Did not condone sex outside of marriage
3. Their thoughts and how they relate to their ○ Premarital sex was considered immoral
physical self
4. Perception of how other people view them e. Victorian Era
physically. ➢ Homosexuality and prostitution were rampant
Status quo and considered to be threats to social order
➢ Standard of the society ➢ Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
➢ Adolescent may resort to extreme negative became popular
behaviours to meet this. ➢ Not comfortable in dicussing breat/buttocks.
Aspects in culture that may hve led to the They call it meat or dark meat
aforementioned misconceptions: ➢ Sex for women
1. Society’s ideals of the perfect physical form ○ marital duty
● For women-white skin, small waistline, ○ assumed they were pure and asexual
big breast, long straight hair, slender and ○ Should not enjoy sex, if they did, there was
tall something wrong with her
● For men- tall. Tanned skin., musculine, ➢ Ejaculating more than once a month would
6-pack abs greatly weaken a man
2. Images of perfection adolescents see in all types ➢ Masturbation leads to blindness, insanity and
of media death
● Mass Media- powerful tool that
reinforces cultural beliefs and values f. 20th century
3. Any characteristics that does not conform to the ➢ Interest in sexuality became more evident and
standard is labelled as ugly accepted in society
➢ Pregnancy can be controlled by natural and
LESSON 2: THE SEXUAL SELF artificial contraception
➢ Increased incidence of sexually transmitted
Perspective of Human Sexuality infections
Sexual selfhood ➢ Rise in feminism
➢ How one thinks about himself as a sexual ➢ Cultural diversity and social norms offered
individual varied view on sexually normal
Human Sexuality
➢ Just like beauty, it is culturally diverse
1. Historical
a. Ancient Greece 2. Biological
➢ Male- dominant role ➢ Knowing structures and functions of
○ Penis- symbol for male and fertility reproductive system
➢ Wives- objects to be possessed like property ➢ Nervous System
○ Forbidden to own property, no legal and ○ Brain- initiates and organizes sexual
political rights behaviour
 ➢ Reproductive System ➢ Derived from defecation
○ Ovaries- producing egg cells (ova)
○ Testicles- producing live sperm cells c. Phalic Stage
(spermatozoa) ➢ Genitals
○ Gestation period- pregnancy ➢ Child experiences sexual attraction towards
■ First week- internal and external genital opposite sex parent
structures of all human fetus are the ➢ Oedipus complex- boy toward mother
same ➢ Electra complex- girl toward father
■ Gender- 16th to 18th week of
pregnancy d. Latency Stage
○ Chromosomes ➢ Sexual impulses lie dormant as the child is
■ Threadlike structure found in nucleus of occupied by social activities
each cell
■ Composed of genes- basic unit of e. Genital Stage
heridity ➢ Genitals
■ Sequence of DNA ➢ Sexual attraction is directed towards others
■ Gives instructions how body will be
structured and how it will function 3 Structure of Personality by Freud:
■ 23 pairs (46) chromosomes A. Id
■ Autosomes- first 22 pairs ➢ Pleasure and aggression
■ Sex chromosomes- 23rd pair (XX or ➢ Pleasure principle
XY) ➢ It wants the person attains gratification
immediately
3. Sociobiological or Evolutionary
➢ How evolutionary forces affect sexual B. Superego
behaviour ➢ Sense of morality
➢ Sociobiological Theory ➢ Moral principle
○ Natural selection- process by which ➢ Restrict the demands of the Id
organisms that are best suited to their
environment are most likely to survive C. Ego
○ Basis of human sexual behaviour begins ➢ Analytical principle
with physical attraction ➢ Analyses the need of Id and its consequences as
➢ Beauty dictated by the superego
○ More than just cultural standard ➢ Thinks of ways to satisfy the need in an
○ Primarily an evolutionary standard for acceptable manner
attracting the best male or female Social Learning Theories
➢ Sexual preference ➢ Sexuality develops from the behaviour learned
○ Instinctively more for genetic survival tha in childhood
for pleasure or social status ➢ Reward to punishment; imitation and
identification; thoughts and perception
4. Psychological
➢ Rosenthal 5. Religious
○ Sexuality is not a mere physical response a. Judaism
○ Involves emotions, thought and beliefs ➢ Positive and natural outlook toward marital sex
➢ Considered as blessed by God
➢ Sigmund Freud ➢ Pleasurable for both man and woman
○ Human beings are faced with 2 forces b. Islam
1. Death or aggressive instinct ➢ Family is considered of utmost importance
● Harm toward oneself or others ➢ Celibacy within marriage is prohibited
2. Sex instinct or libido ➢ Men- 4 wives; Women- only one husband
● Not only pertain to sexual act ➢ Sex is permitted only within marriage
● Anything that give pleasure to the person ➢ Extramarital sex is penalized
● Human behaviour is geared towards c. Taoism
satisfying the sext instinct and death instinct ➢ Originated in China
● Libido or sexual energy is located in an area ➢ Sex is not only natural and healthy
of the body at different psychosexual stages ➢ Sacred union
Erogenous Zones ➢ Sexual union- way to balance male and female
➢ Areas of pleasure energy
➢ Mouth, anus and genitals d. Hinduism
➢ Five stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of ➢ Sexuality seen as spiritual force
Development ➢ Act of ritual lovemaking means both celebrating
a. Oral Stage and transcending the physical
➢ Child erogenous zone is mouth e. Roman Catholic Church
➢ Receives gratification throught eating and ➢ Marriage is purely for intercourse and
sucking procreation
➢ Pope John Paul II- married couples should
b. Anal Stage engage in intercourse only for the procreation
➢ Anus ➢ Homosexual acts are immoral and sinful
 ➢ Used of birth control is trongly opposed 1. Excitement
➢ Agreed to natural family planning and prohibit ➢ Body’s initial physical response to sexual
abortion arrousal
➢ Increase in heart rate, blood pressure and
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies heightened muscle tone
Sex 2. Plateau
➢ Latin word secare means to divide ➢ Sexual excitement prior to orgasm
Sexuality ➢ Intensification of the changes begun during the
➢ To unite excitement phase
3. Orgasm
Shirley Feldman ➢ Waves of intense pleasure
➢ Contemporary psychologist ➢ Climax
➢ Standford University ➢ Vaginal contraction and ejaculation
➢ Sexual arousal- new phenomenon in 4. Resolution
adolescence ➢ Body returns to non-excited state
➢ Sexuality viewed as a normal aspect of
adolescent development Sexual response
➢ Person to person
Santrock ➢ Sexual fulfilment
➢ Sexuality is normal part of the period of Rosenthal
adolescence Include:
➢ Sexuality can be incorporated into the identity ➢ Desire
➢ Gender ○ Prior to excitement
○ Characteristics of people as males or ○ Motivation to seek out sexual activities
females
➢ Gender role Triaphasic Model of Sexual Response
○ Set of expectations that prescribes how ➢ Helen Singer Kaplan
females and males should think, act and ➢ Sexual desire, excitement and orgasm
fell
Adolescent’s sexual identity Erotic Stimulus Pathway
➢ Sexual orientation ➢ David Reed
➢ Ability to manage sexual feelings ➢ Focuses on psychosocial aspects of sexual
➢ Capacity to regulate his sexual behaviour to response
avoid undesirable consequences ➢ 4 Stages
1. Seduction
DSM V ➢ Enhance attractiveness
➢ Sex and sexual 2. Sensation
○ Biological indicators of male and female ➢ Sound, touch and smell
○ Having the capacity to reproduce 3. Surrender
➢ orgasm
Gender Assignment 4. Reflection
➢ Natal gender ➢ Positive or negative sexual experience
➢ Initial assignment as male or females usually
occurs at birth The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment
Gender Reassignment Attraction
➢ Official and legal change of gender ➢ Characteristics that causes pleasure or interest
Gender Identity ➢ Human society greatly value physical beauty
➢ Category of social identity ➢ A desire for beauty lies within the brain
➢ Individual’s identification as male, female or ➢ Images of beauty are rocessed automatically in
other category the brain
Masculine ➢ Criteria of beauty are subjective
➢ Qualities and behaviours judged by a particular
culture Love: Emotion or Drive?
➢ Men and boys Robert Palmer
Feminine ➢ Loves is an addiction
➢ Women and girls fMRI
Androgyny ➢ Functional magnetic resonance imaging
➢ Both masculine and feminine ➢ Measures the neural activity of the brain
Asexuals Dopamine System in the brain
➢ Person who do not experience sexual drives or ➢ Same system involved in pleasure and assiction
attraction to either sex Fisher et al.
Hypersexual ➢ Being in love is a strong motivation
➢ Person with an excessive interest in sex ➢ Addictive craving to be with the other person
➢ Can cause problem in one’s life Passionate love
➢ Not an emotion in adn of itself
The Phases of Human Sexual Response ➢ Motivation or goal oriented state that leads to
4 Stages of Human Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC)- various specific emotions such as euphoria or
Masters and Johnson anxiety
Three Phases of Romantic Love- Helen Fisher and ➢ Psychologist
colleagues ➢ Love is made up of 3 coomponents:
1. Lust phase 1. Intimacy
➢ Intense craving for sexual contract ➢ Desire to give and receive emotional closeness,
➢ Androgen, estrogen, pheromores and senses support, caring and sharing
2. Attraction phase 2. Passion
➢ Infatuated and pursue relationship ➢ Hot component of love
➢ High dopamine and norepinephrine; low ➢ Intensely romantic
serotonin ➢ Sexual desire for another person
3. Attachment phase ➢ Physical attraction and physiological arousal
➢ Long-term bond 3. Commitment
➢ Security, comfort and emotional union ➢ Cold component of love
➢ oxytocin , vasopressin ➢ Decision to maintain the relationship through
good and bad times
Love
➢ Characterized by concern for other’s well-being Several Types of Love based on abouve components:
➢ Desire for physical presence and emotional 1. Liking
support ➢ Intimacy
Tennov 1979 ➢ Emotional intimacy
➢ Sex is important component of romantic loce ➢ No passionate intention for long-term
➢ 95% women and 91% man disagree about the commitment
best thing about love is sex ➢ Friendly reationship
2. Infatuation
John Lee’s Love Styles ➢ High degree of physiological arousal
1. Eros ➢ Passion
➢ Love is based on strong sexual and emotional ➢ Love at first sight
component ➢ May fade quickly
➢ Creates initial excitement 3. Empty Love
➢ Romantic and passionate love emphasizes ➢ Only commitment
physical attraction and sexual desire ➢ Relationship with no intimacy and passion
➢ Ideal characteristics of a partner 4. Romantic Love
➢ Love at first sight ➢ Both passion and intimacy
➢ Seldom last forever ➢ Emotional intensity and sexual excitement
➢ Easy to fall in or out of love 5. Companionate love
➢ Both intimacy and commitment
2. Agape ➢ Experienced in long deeply commited
➢ Altruistic and selfless love friendship or marriage
➢ Shows love without expecting to receive the 6. Fatuous love
same in return ➢ Passion and commitment
➢ More acceptable to women than men ➢ Short time in courtship and get married
7. Consummate love
3. Storge ➢ Passion, intimacy and commitment
➢ Love-related friendship ➢ Ideal for each other
➢ Based on nonsexual affection
➢ Love as gradual and slow process Chemistry of Love
➢ Commitment, stability and comfort are their ➢ There is part of brain that is active when people
goals are truly, deeply and madly in love
Oxytocin
4. Ludus ➢ Uterine contraction, love and bonding function
➢ Love is just a game, fun or entertainment Vasopressin
➢ Do not experience jealousy ➢ Water levels in body, bonding and parentung
➢ Don’t value commitment or intimacy behaviour
➢ Manipulate their partners ➢ Hormones affect bonding
➢ Cheating and deceiving Physiological Reaction
➢ People are in love
5. Mania ➢ Not giving attention to other people
➢ Intense feeling
➢ Pbsessive and possessive love Chemistry Substances in the body
➢ Easily get jealous 1. Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE)
➢ Easily taken advantage of by ludic lovers ➢ Neurotransmitters
➢ Involved in mood, motivation, attention and
6. Pragma excitement
➢ Practical and business-like love
➢ Love is based on what is appropriate 2. Serotonin
➢ Not intense nor out of control ➢ Neurotransmitter
➢ Mood, obsession, sex and sleep
The Triangular Theory of Love ➢ Level of serotonin decreases during infatuation
Robert Stenberg
 ➢ Passionate romantic love generally lasts within ➢ Humans are constantly exposed to sexual
6-18 months stimuli
★ Necessary task of growing up is learning to cope
3. Phenylethylamine (PEA) with one’s sexual arousal
➢ Neurochemical
➢ Increase levels of DA and NE Balance between when and where to properly
➢ Pathways involving mood and pleasure express and supress it:
➢ Love drug 1. Sociosexual behaviour
➢ Associated with love and orgasm ➢ Sexual behaviour involving more than one
➢ People who are happy with their relationship person
➢ Chocolates have high levels of PEA ➢ Heterosexual- male to female
➢ Amphetamine-like PEA ➢ Homosexual- male with male/ female with
○ Responsible for euphoria (excessive female
happiness) and exhilaration 2. Solitary behaviour
experienced during infatuation ➢ Self-masturbation or self-stimulation with the
intention of causing sexual arousal
4. Oxytocin and Vasopressin ➢ Feeling of pleasure and often results in orgasm
➢ Neuropeptides ➢ Involves only one individual
➢ Released from pituitary gland ➢ Done in private at the beginiing of adolescent
➢ Labor and breastfeeding period
➢ Promotes positive judgments Therapeutic benefits to health in self-stimulation:
➢ Orgasms increase levels of oxytocin 1. Sexual pleasure
➢ Vasopressin is important in pair bonding 2. Relieve stress
3. Lower blood pressure
5.Endorphins 4. Improves ma’s fertility
➢ Endogenous morphine 5. Lowers a man’s chance to get prostate cancer
➢ Body’s natural opiates General Jocelyn Elders
➢ Similar to man-made drugs morphine or heroin ➢ Former US surgeon
➢ Infatuation ends and long term relationship is ➢ Masturbation is safe and healthy, it should be
continuous, endorphin levels increase mentioned in school curricula
➢ Gives feeling of security, euphoria and peace ➢ President Clinton fied er in 1994 because of it
Erotic dreams
Psychological Theories ➢ Involuntary images
1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory ➢ Occur when people are asleep
➢ Someone receives reward ➢ These images can result in vaginal lubrication
➢ The better the feeling the more the behaviour to and penile erection and orgasm
be repeated ➢ Male- nocturnal emission or wet dreams
➢ Not all erotic dreams are wet dreams
2. Physiological Arousal Theory ➢ Not all wet dreams are erotic
➢ Most acceptable theories about emotions ➢ Occur during teenage and early adult yrs
➢ Bodies experience physiological change first ➢ Less often a man masturbates, the more
➢ People assign an emotion to physical sensation nocturnal emissions he will have
➢ Based on interpretation of brain Sexual orientation
➢ Brain interpret emotion ➢ Person’s predisposition
➢ Inclination regarding sexual-behaviour,
emotional attachment or physical attraction to
3. Evolutionary Theories one or both sexes
➢ Love arose due to some sociobiological need ➢ Sexual orientation than sexual preference
➢ Implies conscious or deliberate choice of sexual
Social psychological data partner
➢ Factors that determine with whom people fall in ➢ Types of sexual orientation:
love are 1. Homosexual
1. Physical attractiveness ➢ Toward another same sex
2. Reciprocity a. Lesbian
➢ Like individual who also like them ➢ Woman whose sexual and romantic
3. Proximity attraction is toward women
➢ Being around anytime physically or virtually b. Gay
4. Similarities ➢ Man whose sexual and romantic attraction
is toward men
Diversity of Sexual Behavior 2. Heterosexual
Adolescence ➢ Toward others of the opposite sex
➢ Period of increased sexual behaviour 3. Bisexual
Human Sexual Behaviour ➢ Both men and women
➢ Activity, solitarity, by pair or group which 4. Pansexual
induces sexual arousal ➢ New sexual orientation
➢ Not all sexual arousal could lead to sexual ➢ Regardless of the sex or gender identity
activity ➢ Greek word pan means all or every
➢ Called gender blind
 ➢ Gender and sex are not determining factors for ➢ Thrives in the moist mucous membranes lining
getting sexually attracted to other of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra nad
➢ More fluid anal tract
5. Transgender ➢ Symptoms:
➢ Broad spectrum of individuals who transiently ○ Male- discharge from penis and burning
or persistently identity with a gender different sensation during urination
from their natal gender ○ Female- irritating vaginal discharge
➢ Transexual ➢ Complication:
○ Seeks or has undergone social transition ○ Male- prostate, bladder and kidney
by genital surgery problems, sterility
➢ Gender dysphoria ○ Female- infertility
○ Distress that may accompany the 5. Syphillis
incongruence between one’s expressed ➢ Bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
gender or gender identity and one’s ➢ Untreated, syphilis
assigned gender ➢ Progress through 4 phases
○ Primary- chancre sores appear
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) ○ Secondary- general skin rashes occur
Sexually Transmitted Infections ○ Latent- last for several years with no
➢ Disease that are contracted primarily through overt symptoms
sexual contact with an infected individual ○ Tertiary- cardiovascular disease,
blindness, paralysis, skin ulcers, liver
1. HIV / AIDS damage, mental problem and death
HIV 6. Chlamydia
➢ Human Immunodeficiency Virus ➢ Most common
➢ Virus ➢ Chlamydia trachomatis
➢ Can lead to infections ➢ Organism that spreads through sexual contact
➢ Attack and destroy the CD4 (Tcells) of the ➢ Infects genital organs of both sexes
immune system ➢ Female with chlamydia are asymptomatic
○ Body’s natural defense agains such ➢ Can occur without sexual contact, urinary tract
illnesses or bladder infection and vaginal yeast infection
➢ HIV without treatment can lead to AIDS Modes of Contraception (Artificial and Natural)
➢ No effective cure Angelican Church
➢ Philippines has the highest HIV infection ➢ 1930
growth in Asia-Pacific ➢ First mainstream Christian sect
AIDS ➢ Officially permitted certain forms of birth
➢ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome control
➢ Condition or syndrome
➢ Diagnosed by number of CD4 cell count
➢ <200 cell/mm3 in the blood Contraceptives
➢ Healthy individual has 500-1600 cells/mm3 ➢ Medicines and other devices that are used to
➢ First case in the Philippines was 1984 prevent unwanted pregnancy
➢ Highest record was May 2017- 1098 HIV-AIDS
➢ Males represent the majority 1. Hormonal Method of Contraception
ART ➢ Prevents release of egg or ovulation
➢ Antiretroviral therapy a. Oral Contraceptives
➢ Combination of medications ➢ Daily oral contraceptives
➢ Used to prevent HIV from replicating to protect ➢ Some contain estrogen and progestogen; others
the body against the virus and infection progestogen only
➢ Not a cure ➢ 99% effective
➢ Helps HIV positive to live longer and happier b. Patch
➢ Lower the risk to lead to AIDS ➢ Small patch stick on the skin
Modes of Transition ➢ Releases estrogen and progestogen
➢ MSM ➢ Stops ovulation
○ Males sex with males ➢ 99% effective
➢ IDU c. Ring
○ Injecting drug users ➢ Vaginal ring
➢ Child transmission ➢ Small plastic ring a woman inserts into her
vagina every month
2. Genital Herpes ➢ Releases hormones to stop ovulation
➢ Caused by large family of viruses of different ➢ 99% effective
strains d. Implants
➢ Produce other non-std ➢ Small flexible rod place under the skin of the
3. Genital Warts upper arm
➢ Human papillomavirus ➢ Releases progestogen to stop ovulation
➢ Very contagious e. Injectable
➢ Most commonly acquired STI in US ➢ Long acting reversible contraception
4. Gonorrhea ➢ 99% effective
➢ Bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 2. Barrier Methods ➢ Bristish writer and lecturer
➢ Physically or chemically block sperm from ➢ Economic, political, cultural and human value
reaching an egg of industrial design
➢ Provide a barrier between direct skin to skin ➢ Professor at Institute of Design at Illinois
contact Institute of TEchnology
a. Diaphragm ➢ Taught design history and design thinking
➢ Soft dome made of latex or silicone ➢ Design
➢ Used with spermicide ○ Combines need and desire
➢ Vagina to cover the cervix ○ In form of practical object
➢ 92 to 96% effective ○ Reflect the user’s identity and
b. Cervical Caps aspirations through its form and
➢ Similar to diaphragm decoration
➢ Generally always made of silicone ○ Really matters from the smallest things
➢ 92 to 96% effective ➢ There is a significance and function behind
c. Male and Female Condoms or everyday things
Spermicides ➢ There is a subconcious effect of design in
➢ Male condom everyday life
○ Thin latex put over the penis to stop the ➢ Reflects the personal identity wherever the
sperm from entering vagina person is
○ 98% effective
➢ Female condom Roland Barthes
○ Thin polyurethane ➢ French critical theorist
○ Loosely lines the vagina ➢ One of the first to observe relationships that
○ Stops sperm from entering people have with objects and in particular
○ 95% effective looked at objects as signs or things
➢ In 1950, popularized :thr field of Semiology
3. Behavioral Methods ○ Study of objects as signs
a. Rhythm or Calendar Method ➢ Sign
➢ Determine a woman’s most fertile and infertile ○ Anything that conveys meaning
times ○ People increasingly produce
➢ Charting the menstrual cycle ○ Diffentiate one person or group from
➢ Natural family planning or fertility others
awareness ➢ Semiotic Analysis
b. Abstinence or Celibacy ○ Objects functions as signifiers in
➢ Avoidance of sexual intercourse production of meaning
➢ All things, verbal or visual could be viewed as a
c. Outercourse kind of speech or language
➢ Does not include the nsertion of the penis into Semiotic
the vagina ➢ Study of signs
d. Withdrawal ➢ Sign has 2 elements:
➢ Coitus interruptus (Latin) 1. Signfier- physical form
➢ Man removes his penis from the vagina 2. Signified- mental concepts
➢ Ejaculates outside of the woman’s body Objects
➢ Reflections of the wider lives of communication
4. Sterilization and individuals
➢ Permanently incapable of conceiving or ➢ Act as a complex systems of signs
fertilizing a partner ➢ Allow one to read meaning into people, places
a. Tubal Ligation/ Sterilizaton and purpose
➢ Fallopian tubes are ties ★ Things that surround people are inseparable from
➢ Prevent eggs from travelling to the uterus who they are
b. Vasectomy
➢ Small cut in the upper part of the scrotum Theory of the meaning of material possessions
➢ Ties or blocks the vas deferens ➢ Material goods can fulfill a range of
➢ Men can still have orgasm or ejaculation instrumental, social, symbolic and affective
functions
5. Intrauterine Device (IUD) 1. Instrumental functions
➢ Small device ➢ Functional properties of a product
➢ Placed in the uterus 2. Social symbolic functions
➢ Signify personal qualities, social standing,
6. Emergency Contraception (EC) group affiliation and gender role
➢ Protects against pregnancy after unprotected sex 3. Categorical functions
has already occured ➢ Material possessions may be used to
➢ Through IUD or higher dosage of pills communicate group membership and status
4. Self-expressive functions
LESSON 3: THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF ➢ Person’s unique qualities, values or attitudes
➢ Through collections
Material Self Presentation and Identity ★ Material things fulfil symbolic and affective rather
John Heskett than instrumental functions
 ➢ Increasing consumption of goods is
Economic Self Presentation and Identity economically desirable
Economics ➢ By CHOICE or COMPULSION people
➢ Study of things that a person is lacking respond to goods and services based on people’s
➢ How people make use of things that they have assumptons that is associated to their social
➢ Making the right-decisions identities
➢ Condition of person, group or region as regards Behavioral Finance
to material prosperity ➢ Combines behavioral and cognitive
Economic self-sufficiency psychological theory with conventional
➢ Ability of individuals and families to economics and finance
consistently meet their need ➢ Provide explanations for why people make
Economic consciousness irrational financial decisions
➢ Result of socialization, and professionalization ➢ Provide answers to these interesting facets of
➢ Acquires a particular significance in human consumer behaviour
affairs
Economic Identity LESSON 4: THE SPIRITUAL SELF
➢ Psychological phenomenon
➢ Results from social categorization The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural
Factors that affect the economic identity Being and Power
1. Professional development Belief
2. Self-determination ➢ Basic characteristics of religion
3. Motivational ➢ Supernatural being
4. Value sphere of his personality ➢ Being that is better
➢ More powerful than any creatures in natural
Symbolic Motives world
1. Status Supernatural or above natural
➢ People believe they can derive a sense of ➢ All that cannot be explained by the laws of
recognition nature
➢ Materialism ➢ Things characteristic of or relating to ghosts,
○ Importance ascribed to the ownership gods or other types of spirits and other non-
and acquisition of material goods in material beings or beyond nature
achieving major life goals

2. Affective Motive Religiousness

➢ Concept used in Environmental Psychology ➢ Declined in US- adolescents 14 to 20 yrs old
➢ Basis of the buying behaviour ➢ Measuredby the frequency of prayer, discussing
○ People think they need it but more religious teachings ad deciding moral actions
because of happiness(affect) ➢ Overall importance of religion
➢ Affect ➢ Girls are more religious than boys
○ Emotions ➢ Students were less likely engaged in religious
○ Motivator of pro-environmental activities
behavior
➢ Anticipated affect The Concept of Dungan (Spirit or Soul)
○ Person is expecting to feel good or guilty Animism
when doing something ➢ Oldest beliefs
○ 1. Anticipated positive affect- ➢ Latin word anima means breath/soul
excitement, ride, happiness ➢ Everything in nature have their own spirit or
2. Anticipated negative affect- anger, divinity
sadness and frustration
■ Important predictors of whether Soul in different regions
to buy or not to buy the product 1. Tagalog- Kaluluwa
○ Strong motivator or barrier for the 2. Bagobos- Gimokud
buying behaviour 3. Bukidnon- Makatu
4. Ilonggos- Dungan (live)
The Role of Consumer Culture on the Sense of Self - Kalag(dead)
and Identity 5. Ibanags- Ikaruruwa
Consumer Identity 6. Ilokanos- Kadkadduwa (soul is in physical
➢ Pattern of consumption body adn seen as constant comapnion)
➢ Describes the consumer - Karuruwa (departs)
Consumption Soul
➢ Increasingly more meaning-based ➢ Kaluluwa, ikaruruwa or kararuwa
➢ Brands- used as symbolic resources ➢ Root word duwa means two
➢ Brands and products- used by many ➢ 2 parts
consumers to express their identities ○ Physical part- connected to body and its
Consumerism life
➢ Preoccupation with and an inclination towards ○ Spiritual- exists on its own
the buying of consumer goods Ibanags
➢ Soul is the principle of life in man
 ➢ Body is the matter ➢ Set of formal actions performed
➢ Soul is the form ➢ Prescribed by ritual or custom such as wedding
➢ Body and soul are one unit, man is alive ceremony
➢ Soul is the oposite of body ➢ Conventional social gesture
➢ Death ➢ Act of courtesy
○ Separation of soul from the body ➢ Strict observance of formalities or etiquette
○ Body can’t stay alive without soul
○ Soul can live without body Religion, Spirituality and Identity
Ilonggos Religion
➢ Dungan cannot be seen by human eye ➢ Organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals and
➢ May show itslef in form of insects symbols that increases and individual’s
➢ May leave the body voluntarily while person is connection to a sacred or trancendent other
asleep ➢ Organized system of beliefs, ceremonies and
➢ When person is asleep, he should not be rules used to worship God
awakened quickly to give ample time for the ➢ interest , belief or activity deemed to be of
dungan to return to the body utmost importance to a person or group
➢ Whatever happens to the dungan happens to the ➢ William James
physical body as well ○ Feelings, acts and experiences of
➢ Voluntary withdrawal of soul is when body is individual men in their solitude
maltreated Religiousness
➢ Soul is not located in any specific part ➢ One is affiliated with an organized religion
➢ It grow proportionality with the person’s body Spirituality
➢ Weak at birth ➢ Experiencing something beyond oneself in a
➢ Usug- unintentional transfer of disturbing transcendent manner
vapors of a strong body to a weak one ➢ Living in a way that benefits others and society
➢ Soul Nature- performance of age-old spirit ➢ Search for the sacred
rituals ➢ Sacred
➢ Bisayang dungan has a secondary meaning of ○ Signify a person that trancends the self
willpower ○ Divine being/ holy/beyond ordinary
Spiritual Identity
➢ Persistent sense of self
○ Strong dungan ➢ Addresses ultimate questions about nature,
■ Intellectual and psychological purose and meaning of life
capacity to dominate one’s way ➢ Focuses on individual’s construction of a
of thinking. relationship to the sacred and ultimate meaning
■ Person with lot of willpower ➢ High level of spirituality leads to higher level of
self-efficacy
Rituals and Ceremonies
Ritual Magic and Witchcraft
➢ Religious or solemn ceremony Magic
➢ Series of actions performed according to ➢ Power of apparently influencing the course of
prescribed order. events
➢ Sequence of activities involving gestures, words ➢ Ability to use supernatural forces to make
and objects, performed in a specific place impossible things to happen
➢ Formalized behaviors Magician
➢ Allow communities to explore their religious ➢ The one who performs the magic
and cultural worlds through action ➢ Casting spells and summoning spirits
➢ Rites ➢ Derived from word magiciien (Old French)
○ Spoken word means magician or sorcerer and;
○ Convey meaning and value ➢ Magikos or magos (Greek) means magical
○ Evoke an image through the use of Sorcerer
metaphor, elicit commitment, set of ➢ Derived from Greek word pharmakos
beliefs ➢ Carries the idea of medicine, magic potions and
➢ Both sacred and secular poison
➢ Inevitable components of culture Wizard
➢ Functions of rituals ➢ Acquainted with the secrets of the nonmaterial or
1. A symbolic expression of actual social unseen world
relations, roles of individuals in a society Necromancer
2. A trancendent, numinous (spiritual) ➢ The one who is seeking unto the dead
reality that shows the ultimate values of a ➢ A term that includes all forms of attempt to make
community contact with departed spirits
3. A set of behaviours and beliefs that are Barang
symbolic of social, psychological or ➢ Filipino term for sorcerer
numinous realities (non-rational function) ➢ Used to described malignant sorcery or familiar
Ceremony spirits
➢ Movements or gestures expressing feelings or ➢ Small invisible insects residing in bamboos that
beliefs beyond the limitations of speech enter the body through open space causing the
➢ elaborate or simple, formal or intimate
 intestine, stomach, lungs and liver to swell during ➢ Interacting with social environment or by
high tides and shrink during low tides. experiencing something or encountering
➢ Mambabarang someone
○ Person who practices this specific type of c. Attitudinal
sorcery or withchcraft ➢ Attitude people take toward unavoidable
➢ Binarang suffering
○ The target of the sorcery or witchcraft
Kulam LESSON 5: THE POLITICAL SELF
➢ Tagalog word for voodoo or witchcraft
➢ Most well-known aspects of Philippine folklore The Meaning of Politics
➢ Has an effect on how a person conducts himself Politics
in the community and on how people treat each ➢ Greek word politika
other. ➢ Affairs of the cities
➢ Mangkukulam ➢ Process of making decisions
○ Person who uses black magic or spells on ➢ Applies to all members of a group
a victim ➢ Ability to govern
Albulario/Mananambal ➢ Control over a group of people in community,
➢ Medicine man who is also capable of performing state or nation
sorcery ➢ Ability to influenced others by making decision
➢ Filipino witchdoctor, folk healer or medicine man for them
Folklores Deutsch and Gerard
➢ Begin when a person who is said to have ➢ Motives of social influence
experience an encounter with any mythical ➢ 2 Types of Social Influence
creatures and share his scare experiences to 1. Normative Influence
family then passed to relatives, to community and ➢ Conforming to the positive expectations of
to generations. others
➢ Avoid social punishment or disapproval
2. Informational Influence
➢ Mythical Creatures ➢ Accepting the information obtained from others
○ Inhabit dark forest and unexplored as evidence of reality
regions of barrios in the provinces Important Aspect of Politics
○ Aswang, Manananggal, Kapre, Dwende, ➢ Capacity to influence
Sirena, Engkanto, Sigbin, Tikbalang, ➢ Lead a group of people
Tianak and many others Leadership
➢ Ceratin group members motivate and guide the
Finding and Creating Meaning in Life group
Logotherapy Leader
➢ Term coined by Victor Franki (existential ➢ Always at frontline, responsible for the
philosoper) functions and operations of organization
➢ Aims to help the person search for the meaning of ➢ Have the authority and capability to monitor
his existence ➢ Guide the members to achieve the goals towards
➢ Logotherapist vision and mission of organization
○ Assist and guide the client in finding ➢ Has the power to make decisions
meaning to his life ➢ Formally appointed or elected
➢ Effective leaders consistently stick to their goals
Three Basic Principles on Discovering Meaning in ➢ Self-confident charisma- influences their
Life followers
1. Meaning in Life ➢ Ability to communicate in clear and simple
➢ Man should see existence as experiencing life’s language
ups and downs ➢ Have enough optimism and faith in their group
➢ In spite of the person’s wealth, status or gender, to inspire them to followPolitical Psyche
he should discover meaning in life events and ➢ Human psyche
circumstances. ➢ Leads to interdependent and interactive
➢ Sufferings are a part of life nature of one’s psyche
2. Will to Meaning ➢ Political behaviour is not something separate
➢ One attaches to experience is not obvious. from other forms of human relationship
➢ Challeging to discover what the experience Leadership style
means to be fulfilled ➢ Pattern of leadership behaviour
3. Freedom to Will ➢ Repeatedly shown as evident across a variety of
➢ People are given the freedom to make life choices situations
which includes how they respond to life events 1. Autocratic leadership
➢ People can dicover meaning through the values ➢ directive, non-participative and domineering
that they attach to things connected with their 2. Democratic leadership
lives ➢ Participative,, communicative and egalitarian
a. Values 3. Laissez-faire leadership
➢ Creative, artistic expression or by creating a work ➢ Hands-off leadership, few attempts made to
doing a deed influence others
b. Experiential Leaders’ Description
 1. Transactional leaders Natural Traits
➢ Focus on the proper exchange of resources 1. Bayanihan- spirit of cooperation/ damayan
➢ Give followers something in exchange for 2. Kinship/ camaraderie- extending a helping
something the leaders want hand without expecting remuneration or
2. Transformational (charismatic leaders) something in return
➢ Aligning the organizational goals with the Unique Filipino value
followers’ need 1. They always have something to be happy about
➢ Aspirations by developing an appealing vision or reason to celebrate
3. Laissez-faire leaders 2. Hospitable- do anything just to have something
➢ Non-leadership for their visitors
➢ Avoid making decisions Being onion-skinned or balat sibuyas
➢ Hesitate in taking action ➢ Easily affected by slight insult
➢ Often absent when needed ➢ Correcting other in public or being corrected is
Open Space Technology (OST) not considered acceptable behaviour for
➢ Approach to purpose-driven leadership Filipinos
➢ No formal agenda ➢ Use of euphemism, mild or indirect words to
➢ Leads to important purpose or task substitute for unpleasent words to avoid being
➢ Applied in hosting meetings, conflict minded harsh
peace building conferences, corporate-style Family meal
retreats, symposiums and community summit ➢ Invited to join meal, it has to be refused
events ➢ Offered second time, it is permissible to accept
➢ Influencing others through techniques of Time Management
persuasion ➢ Not time-conscious
Principles of OST ➢ Poor time management
1. Whoever comes are the right people Po and opo
2. Whatever happens is the only thing that could ➢ Sign of respect
have happened ➢ 13 indigenous dialect spoken in Philippines
3. Whenever it starts is the right time Establishing a Democratic Culture
4. When it’s over, it’s over Culture
The Law of Two Feet ➢ Behaviour, patterns, beliefs and all other
“When you find yourself neither learning nor products of a particular group of people that are
contributing, use your two feet and go to some more passed on from generation to generation
productive places.” ➢ Powerful impact on people’s lives
➢ Bumble bees- cross-pollinate ideas from one Filipino Culture
discussion group to another ➢ Unique
➢ Butterflies- do nothing but be beautiful. Attract ➢ Due to influences of colonization
others to start new ideas and discussion ➢ Spaniards
○ pagiging madasalin
Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, ○ Introduced Christianity
Community and Institutional Factors ○ Colonized Phil for 300 yrs
Pakikipagkapwa-tao ➢ Very hardworking
➢ Shared sense of identity ➢ Strive to make life better
➢ Consciousness of the other Democracy and Cultural Expression
➢ Treating others with respect and dignity as an ➢ True democracy cannot be achieved without
equal not someone that is beneath the individual balance in economic and social structure
Family Orientation ➢ Voice of Philippine democracy lies within
➢ Expected to care for their old family members middle class
➢ When turned 18 yrs old, they are not expected to ➢ There is much room for the promotion of true
move out of their parents’ home democracy through cultural expression
Ability to find joy and humour Cultural expression
➢ Optimistic and always positive ➢ Use of all media
➢ Laughter and humour as a coping technique ➢ Whatever can influence the Filipino mind to
Diskarte forge and sustain a set of core values, of national
➢ Flexibility, adaptability and creativity interests
➢ Aversive to standard rules ➢ Social value and political mission of art
➢ Present oriented ➢ Establishing, affirming and promoting certain
➢ They only attend to task rquirement at the time commonalities of thought and feeling
it is needed Democracy
Hardworking, industrious and resourceful ➢ Process rather than a product
➢ Experiences with different life challenges ➢ Lead to shape the national identity
➢ Resilient and acquired a good ability to survive ➢ Bring to the fore what it really means to be a
➢ Very determined and persevering Filipino
Three Main Traits
1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao LESSON 6: THE DIGITAL SELF
➢ Smooth interpersonal relationship
2. Family-oriented What Statistics Say
3. Mapagmahal Medinilla
➢ Loving and caring
 ➢ Philippines is the fastest-growing market of ➢ Social media allows people to adopt identities
smartphones in ASEAN independent of the bodies and the markers it
contain
➢ 3.5 million smartphones were shipped during first ➢ People can be whoever they want to be
quarter of 2016 ➢ What goes online stays online
➢ Last three years, more than doubled ➢ Permanent digital footprints
➢ Currently, 30% of Filipinos are smartphone users Used ID
➢ Associate a persistent ID for a single user
Self and Other in Cyberspace Username
Digital Literacy ➢ Unique sequence of characters used to identify a
➢ Living, learning and working in a digital society user and allow access to a computer system
Cyberspace Dissociative Imagination
➢ People are more willing to speak out and ➢ Identity online is just a game
misbehave without fear of disapproval and ➢ Fantasy game is not always how people act in a
punishment from authority figures real world
➢ Authority is minimized
Behaviour of people in virtual Solipsistic Introjection
➢ Feel more relaxed, less restrained ➢ Notion that it’s only in their heads
➢ Tend to express themselves more openly ➢ People tend to assign traits to imaginary
➢ Online disinhibition interaction with the introjected character
Online Disinhibition Dissociative Anonymity
➢ Lack of restraint one feels ➢ Person can have no name or at least not the real
➢ Positive- exhibit extraordinary acts of kindness name
or charity ➢ People can hide some or all of their identities
➢ Anonymity ➢ Separate the in-person and virtual-identity
○ allow users to communicate more Self-Presentation Strategies and Impression
objectionable needs Management
○ Many are deceived Self-Presentation
Two Categories of Online Disinhibition ➢ Range of strategies that people adopt to shape
1. Benign Disinhibition what others think of them
➢ Carthatic experience 1. Self-promotion
➢ Opportunity to reveal secret emotions, fears and ➢ Trying to show that he/she is competent,
wishes effective or a winner
➢ Disinhibition indicates an attempt to understand 2. Ingratiation
and explore oneself to work through problems ➢ Presenting neself to others has a desire to be
and find new ways of being likeable
➢ Combat loneliness and depression ➢ Expect affection
➢ Online disinhibition ➢ Takes an interest in one’s personal lives to show
○ Enhance self-esteem and self- them that they are friendly
confidence ➢ Uses flattery and favours to make others like
2. Toxic Disinhibition them
➢ Rude language, harsh criticism, anger, hatres, 3. Exemplification
even threats online ➢ Intention to achieve worth from others
➢ Tend to go to virtual spaces which they are not ➢ Expect others to feel guilty by their actions
supposed to explore ➢ Hard-working dedicated employee to make
other feel less worthy than they are
Cyberbullying 4. Intimidation
➢ Bullying that takes place using electronic ➢ Tries to appear dangerous or ruthless
technology ➢ Expects othersto be afraid of them
Cyber Harassment 5. Supplication
➢ Use of Informatin and Communication ➢ Appear helpless
Technology to harass, control and manipulate ➢ Aims to achieve nurturance from others
others ➢ Acts as if they know less than others so people
➢ Adult form of cyberbullying will help them out
I, Me, Myself and My User ID Online Identity
Digital Identity Self-Enhancement
➢ Describes a persona an individual presents ➢ Tendency to think of oneself in a favourable
across all digital spaces that he/she represented light
in Impression Management
Symbolic Markers ➢ Deliberate attempt to distort one’s responses to
➢ One’s identity to others create a favourable impression with others
➢ Helps them make sense of it themselves
➢ Signals Impact of Online Interactions on the Self
Internet Disembodiment ➢ Development of the person’s social aspects
➢ Identity, soul or spirit separate from physical greatly influenced by technology due to an
body insufficient amount of real life social encounters
 ➢ Others on the internet constitte a distinctive ➢ Users present themselves in a less gender
looking glass that produces a digital self that stereotypical way online
differs from the self formed offline Gender Identity and Language Use in Teenage Blogs
➢ Abuse of technology ➢ Huffaker and Calvert
○ Leads to negative consequences ➢ Male and female teenagers presented
○ Responsibility of the users to be cautious themselves similarly in their blogs
on what they post on social media Hannesy
➢ Adolescents liek to watch television programs
Boundaries of the Self Online with sexual content
Personal boundaries Ward
➢ Set of guidelines, rules or limits ➢ Watching television sex can influence
➢ Permissible ways for people to behave towards adolescents’ sexual attitude and behaviour
other
Asynchonicity ➢ Exposure to sexual content is related to more
➢ Not having to cope with someone’s immediate permissive studies about premarital and recreational
reaction disinhibits people sex
➢ Allows person to think more carefully about
what he/she would like to say before posting Sexting
➢ Sending, receiving or forwarding sexually
Private vs. Public explicit messages, images, primarily between
Invisibility mobile phones
➢ Nobody can judge the statements and images
➢ Gauge to misinterpret oneself
➢ Man may represent himself as a woman or vice
cersa
Public mode
➢ Treated as an open book
Security
➢ Many users are using private mode
Virtual Interactions
➢ People cannot always be sure when/shere
someone is present
Personal/Individual vs. Social Identity Online
Identity
➢ Both personal identity and social identity
➢ Modern era (enlightenment through 20th
century)
○ Fixed, stable adn unitary
➢ Post modern period (now)
○ Fluid, multiple and socially constructed
Social Identity
➢ Group affiliation
Sherry Turkle
➢ People have different roles in different settings
➢ Different contexts make different aspects of
one’s identity more salient
Sociology
➢ Identity theory
○ Individuals have role identities
➢ Role Identities
○ Character and role an individual devises
as an occupant of a particular social
position
➢ Self
○ Hierarchical ordering of identities by
salience
○ Greater the commitment on an identity,
the greater the salience of identity
➢ Salience of identity
○ Influences behavioural choices in
situation
Gender and Sexuality Online
Gender intensification hypothesis
➢ Psychological and behavioural differences
between boys and girls become greater during
early adolescence
Gender Stereotyoe