THE EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM EXPOSURE TO VAPORIZED

ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE JUICE IN ALBINO RATS (Rattus albus)

An investigatory project presented to the faculty of Calaisao Comprehesive national high

school

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the special science program

Jeemin Arano

October 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement.………………………………………………………….….................i

Abstract.………….......……………………………………………………………............ii

Chapter 1

Background of the Study……………………………….……………....................1

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….……...….2

Hypothesis…………………………………….………………………….………..2

Significance of the Study……………………………...……....…………...…..….2

Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………….…..…...3

Definition of Terms…………………………………………….…………….…3-4

Chapter 2

Related Literature and studies………………………………….……..….…..…5-9

Conceptual Framework……………...……………..…………………..………...10

Chapter 3

Research Design………………………..………………….……………….……11

Statistical tool………………………………………………………………….…11

Materials and Procedure…………………………………………………….…...12

Safety procedures and proper disposal………………………………………….13

Chapter 4

Results and Discussions……………………………………..…………….…11-14

Chapter 5

Summary…………………………………………………………………......…..15

Conclusions………………………….…….………….…………….............……15

Recommendation…………………..…………………………….………………17

Bibliography…………………...…………………………….……………....…..18

Appendices………………………………….…………………..……..……..19-21
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This IP will never be finished without the help of the following persons. They

gave me their ideas and their full support. The researcher would like to thank the

following persons:

To his Friends/Best friends, for inspiring him and for giving him some ideas and

supporting in every decision that the researcher make and to all his friends that helped

him, his extension of thank you is here.

To Engr. Roel Fernandez , Ms. Mirasol Vallo And Geraldine Ocampo, for

giving him advices, answering some questions and teaching him how to do the

experiment.

To his Parents, for the full support and providing him the materials that he

needed to do his experiment.

To our Lord Jesus Christ, for giving the researcher enough knowledge, wisdom,

strength, time and hope to finish this IP.

 ABSTRACT

Title: Generation of electrical energy using collagen of fish scales through bio-
piezoelectricnanogenerator

Proponent: Jeemin Arano

School: Calasiao Comprehensive National High School

The Philippine country is having a hard way of controlling the populations

of waste. These waste can be dangerous not only in human health but also in the

ecosystem. So the researcher came up with a new idea wherein he uses fish sclaes as an

alternative source of electricity. The researcher aims to produce a electricity by using the

collagen of fish scale as bio-pizoelectricnanogenerator.

Transparent fish scale composed of self-assembled and ordered collagen nano-

fibrils, serves as a self-poled piezoelectric active component, exhibiting intrinsic

piezoelectric strength of −5.0 pC/N. The dipolar orientation (∼19%) of the self-polarized

FSC collagen is confirmed by the angular dependent near edge X-ray absorption fine

structure spectroscopy.

Based on the collected data’s and observations gathered, fish scale of bangus can

produce electricity but in minimal amount.

iii
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Today we are experiencing lack of electricity because of the growing population

and demand. If this continues it may cause vast shut down of electricity. It is the reason

why electrical companies like meralco and government are encouraging the consumer to

save energy. But because of climate change we can’t avoid to use electric fan or aircon

because of hot weather. This study will help the consumer to lessen the use of electricity.

Additionally, this study used Fish scale in generation of electrical energy through

bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator. Fish scales are a waste product in the market in boneless

bangus. The waste is just thrown anywhere. This study will also help the vendors to use

fish scale to generate electricity.

Additionally, electricity nanogenerator is an energy harvesting device capable of

changing external kinetic energy. into power via action by a nano-structured piezoelectric

material. Though its definition might embody any forms of energy harvest devices

exploitation nano-structures to convert varied types of close energy (e.g. alternative

energy and thermal energy). It is typically accustomed indicate kinetic energy. harvest

devices utilizing nano-scaled electricity material since its first introduction in 2006.
 2
Statement of the Objectives

General Objectives

Generally, The study aims to use fish scale collagen to generate electricity

through bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator.

Specific Objectives

Specifically this study answer the following question:

a. Can fish scale collagen produce electricity?

b. How much electric current can it produce in different amount of fish scale

collagen?

T1 25g of fish scale

T2 15g of fish scale

Hypothesis

This study will be tested at a given probability 0.05

Ho: There is no significant difference between each treatments:

Significance of the study

With this study the vendors especially the vendors of boneless bangus will lessen

the waste of dumping fish scale. This study will also help the consumer to save energy.
 3
Scope and Delimitations

This study will be conducted in House of the researcher in Talibaew,

Calasiao,Pangasinan from August to September 2019. Fish scales of bangus

(chanos chanos) was used in this study to generate electricity through bio-

piezoelectric nanogenerator. The researcher used 25g and 15g of fish scale.

Definition of terms

Electricity . A fundamental form of energy observable in positive and negative

forms that occurs naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as in a generator) and that is

expressed in terms of the movement and interaction of electrons.(Meriam webster, 2019)

Fish scale. A small rigid plate that grows out of the skin of a fish. The skin of

most fishes is covered with these protective scales, which can also provide effective

camouflage through the use of reflection and colouration, as well as possible

hydrodynamic advantages. The term scale derives from the Old French "escale", meaning

a shell pod or husk. This is where the collagen will be produce.(Wikipedia, 2019)

Nanogenerator. A type of technology that converts mechanical/thermal energy

as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity. A Nanogenerator has three

typical approaches: piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators. Both the

piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators can convert mechanical energy into

electricity. However, pyroelectric nanogenerators can be used to harvest thermal energy

from a time-dependent temperature fluctuation(Wikipedia, 2019).this is the generator to

be use in generating electricity.

 4

Piezoelectricity. A electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials

(such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various

proteins)[1] in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means

electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek word

piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and ēlektron, which means amber, an ancient

source of electric charge. French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered

piezoelectricity in 1880. This is the process of producing electricity.(Wikipedia, 2019)

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related literature

Fish scales extracted from food waste have been used to build tiny generators that

can convert mechanical energy, such as a touch or sound vibrations, to electrical energy.

The work was done by physicists in India, who say that the piezoelectric device could be

used to develop environmentally friendly, self-powered electronics with a wide-range of

applications.

Additionally piezoelectric materials respond to mechanical stress by separating

positive and negative electrical charge, and therefore can be used to convert the

mechanical energy of vibrations into electrical energy. Piezoelectric generators that

harvest energy from vibrations in the living environment would allow the development of

fully independent, battery-free devices. These could be particularly useful for medical

devices, such as pacemakers and insulin pumps, and targeted drug-delivery systems that

consume little power, but need it continuously.

But, to realize the full potential of such devices, researchers need to develop new

environmentally friendly piezoelectric materials. Dipankar Mandal, a physicist at

Jadavpur University in Koltata, India, says this is “simply because most of the traditional

piezoelectric materials contain toxic elements, such as lead and bismuth”. As well as

being useful for biomedical applications, Mandal adds that non-toxic and

environmentally friendly piezoelectric materials would also reduce electronic waste and
 6

society’s dependence on traditional energy sources, like batteries, which often contain

toxic elements. Fish is a popular food in India and one possible source of non-toxic

piezoelectric materials in that country is the large quantity of fish scales that are disposed

of as waste. The scales are composed of collagen nano-fibrils, which are known to have

piezoelectric properties, and this inspired Mandal and colleague Sujoy Ghosh to see if

they could use waste scales to produce a cost-effective, piezoelectric nano-generator.

Collagen consists of three polypeptide chains that twist together to form a triple-

helical structure. Hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chains all orientate in the

same direction and act as molecular dipoles, resulting in spontaneous electrical

polarization and piezoelectric properties.

Within fish scales, collagen nano-fibrils self-assemble and align. “We wanted to

explore what happens to the piezoelectric yield when a bunch of collagen nanofibrils are

hierarchically well aligned and self-assembled in the fish scales,” Mandal explains. To

build their piezoelectric device, the researchers washed and then treated fish scales –

collected from a local fish market – with an acidic demineralizing solution to make them

transparent and flexible. They then attached gold electrodes to these flexible, transparent

scales and laminated them with a polypropylene film to create a robust “bio-piezoelectric

nano-generator”.

Lastly, many tests showed that the device had an intrinsic piezoelectric response

of around 5 pC/N. And it was able to harvest energy from various ambient motions,

including body movements, machine and sound vibrations, and wind flow. (physics

world, 2016)
 7
In India, fish is a major part of the diet and any major food source is going to

generate a lot of waste. Fish scales, bones and tails end up as a steady stream of bio-

waste, but researchers at Jadavpur University in Koltata, India have come up with a way

to make something incredibly useful out of what's typically thrown away.

The team has created an energy harvester out of fish scales that could be used in

self-powered electronics. Fish scales are made of collagen which has piezoelectric

properties. That means that any stress placed on the collagen fibers in the scales by

pressure or movement generates an electrical charge. The researchers are calling the

resulting device a "bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator."The researchers used a

demineralization process to make the scales transparent and flexible and then

experimented to find the right hierarchical arrangement of the fibers within the scales to

maximize the energy output. The researchers said they were surprised with just how

powerful the piezoelectricity of a fish scale is. The device they created can harness

energy from a wide range of things like body movements, machine and sound vibrations

and wind flow and it's very efficient. The repeated touch of a finger was able to power 50

blue LEDs.

The researchers said that this work could greatly impact the field of self-powered

electronics because the device was made inexpensively, in a single step and it's also

completely biodegradable -- a combination that has never been achieved before. This

breakthrough could be used in any application that calls for biodegradable electronics like

environmental sensors, edible electronics and especially in implantable medical devices

used for monitoring or diagnostics. "In the future, our goal is to implant a bio-
 8
piezoelectric nanogenerator into a heart for pacemaker devices, where it will

continuously generate power from heartbeats for the device's operation," said Dipankar

Mandal, assistant professor, Organic Nano-Piezoelectric Device Laboratory, Department

of Physics, at Jadavpur University. "Then it will degrade when no longer needed. Since

heart tissue is also composed of collagen, our bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator is expected

to be very compatible with the heart. The researchers are also very excited about how this

could be used in electronics that are ingested from targeted drug delivery devices to

diagnostic devices that can make their way through the gastrointestinal system without

causing harm.(tree hugger, 2016)

Related studies

Energy harvesting performance of an efficient flexible bio-piezoelectric

nanogenerator (BPNG) is demonstrated for first time, where ‘bio-waste’ transparent fish

scale (FSC), composed of self-assembled and ordered collagen nano-fibrils serves as a

self-poled piezoelectric active component, exhibiting intrinsic piezoelectric strength of -

5.0 pC/N. The dipolar orientation (~ 19 %) of the self-polarized FSC collagen is

confirmed by angular dependent near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS)

spectroscopy. The BPNG is able to scavenge several types of ambient mechanical

energies such as, body movements, machine and sound vibrations, wind flow, etc. those

are abundant in our living environment. Furthermore, as a power source it generates the

output voltage of 4 V, short circuit current of 1.5 μA and maximum output power density

of 1.14 μW/cm2 under repeated compressive normal stress of 0.17 MPa.

 9

In addition, serially integrated four BPNGs are enable to produce enhance output

voltage of 14 V that turn on more than 50 blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) instantly,

proving its essentially as a sustainable green power source for next generation self-

powered implantable medical devices (IMDs) as well as for personal portable electronics

with reduced e-waste elements.

Additionally, this work was financially supported by a grant from the Science and

Engineering Research Board (SERB/1759/2014-15), Government of India. The authors

are also grateful to DST, Government of India, for awarding INSPIRE fellowship

(IF130865) to Mr. Sujoy Kumar Ghosh. They also thank Dr. D. K. Shukla and Dr. D. M.

Phase, particularly for providing the NEXAFS facility (BL-01 beamline, INDUS-2), and

those who helped in several aspects to carry out this work. (gosh, 2016)
 10
Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of the study:

Independent variable

Collagen of Fish scales

Intervening variables

Weather

Dependent variable

Amount of electricity
produce

Figure1.A schematic diagram showing the relationship of the variables of the study.

Figure1. Shows that collagen of fish scales was used as independent variable because this

was used to produce electricity. The weather was the intervening variables because it can

affect the study and the amount of electricity produce was the dependent variable.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

One group design was used in the study and there are two treatments. Each

treatment have three trials. The first treatment was 25 of fish scale, the second treatment

was 15g of fish scale of bangus. The researcher tested if there is difference between the

two treatments in terms of amount of electricity produce.

Table 1. Amount of electricity produce in three treatments in volts.

Treatments Electricity produce in volts

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

T1 25 of fish scale X X X

T2 15g of fish scale X X X

Mean X X X

The table shows the two different treatments. The first treatment was 25g of fish

scale. The second treatment was 15 g of fish scale. Each treatments has 3 trials.

Statistical Treatment Tool

T-test was used in this study in order to determine if there is a significant

difference between the treatments.

 12
Materials Needed

Before the researcher starts the experiment, the researcher arranged every one of

the things/materials required. The fish scales of bangus was bought on the market, wire,

capacitor and diode that were bought from the shop, voltmeter that was borrowed to my

previous robotics teacher, and the weighting scale from our house.

Procedure

For the researcher to be able to start the experiment, the researcher prepared all

the materials needed in the experiment. First of all the researcher will make a bio-

piezoelectricnanogenerator A piezoelectric nanogenerator is an energy harvesting device

capable of converting external kinetic energy into electrical energy via action by a nano-

structured piezoelectric material. To make the nanogenerator, the scales are washed with

running water and filtered to remove impurities. Then kept under the sun to remove water

from the fish scales. Then sundried fish scales are subjected to demineralization process

using Hydrochloric acid but EDTA(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is recommended.

Then it is dissolved in acetic acid to make them transparent and flexible. It is then made

into thin sheets which are folded one over another and compressed which creates a

potential. The energy is harvested by keeping the electrodes on both sides and laminated

them. Lastly the researcher will test the product if it can produce electricity by using

voltmeter. And the researcher will put the capacitor and diode in the pizonanogenerator to

store energy.
 13
Safety procedures and proper disposal

The safety gears that was used in this study were mask to not inhale the chemicals

, gloves for protection in hands and safety goggles to protect the eyes from the

experiment these gears will be use while conducting this study to protect the researcher.

The waste will be properly dispose In garbage after the experiment.

 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter shows the outcomes and results after the trials were conducted. This

study tested the Generation of electrical energy using collagen of fish scales through bio-

piezoelectricnanogenerator.

One group design was used in the study and there are two treatments. Each

treatment has three trials. The first treatment was 25 of fish scale, the second treatment

was 15g of fish scale of bangus. The researcher tested if there is difference between the

two treatments in terms of amount of electricity produce.

Table 2. Amount of electricity produce in three treatments in volts.

Treatments Electricity produce in volts

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

T1 25 of fish scale .06 v .09v .12 v

T2 15g of fish scale .01 v .02v .02v

Mean .035 v .055 v .07v

The table shows the two different treatments. The first treatment was 25g of fish

scale . The second treatment was 15 g of fish scale. Each treatments has 3 trials , the

mean of the first trial was .035 volts. The mean of second trial was .055 volts and the

mean of third trial was .07 volts.

 15

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

trial 1 2 0.07 0.035 0.00125 Table 3. The mean of different
Trial 2 2 0.11 0.055 0.00245
Trial 3 2 0.14 0.07 0.005 trials

The first treatment was 25g of fish scales. There were three trials conducted the

first trial produced .06 volts the second trial produce .09 volts the third trial produced .12

volts.

Table 4. 1. Different trials in treatment 1.

Treatment 1
0.15

0.1

0.05 Treatment 1

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

The second treatment was 15g of fish scales. There were three trials conducted the

first trial produce .01 volts the second trial produce .02 volts the third trial produced .03

volts.

Table 4.2.Different trials in treatment 2.

0.06 Treatment 2
0.04

0.02 Treatment 2

0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Fish scale is one of the waste product in the market and it contributes to the

pollution . This is why the researchers conducted this study to determine if the fish scale

can generate electricity through bio-piezoelectricnanogenerator. The researchers made 2

treatments and each treatment has 3 trials. In first treatment the first trial has .06 volts, the

second treatment has .09 volts, and the third trial has .11 volts. In the second treatment

the first the first trial has .01 volts, the second treatment has .02 volts, and the third trial

has .04 volts.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Fish scale collagen produce electricity.

2. Different amount of fish scale can affect the electricity produce:

T1 25g of fish scale

T2 15g of fish scale

3. Fish scale can produce electricity in minimal amount

 17
Recommendations

The researchers recommend adding more amounts of fish scales. Observe the

Different amount of fish scale. Furthermore the research also recommend to use

edta(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) For the process if the demineralization. Lastly,

the researchers recommend to have a more research on how to improve the voltage of the

fish scale bio-piezoelectricnanogenerator.

 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Harper, J. (2006). Piezoelectricity. Retrieved 13 October 2019, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 103701 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961623

Biocompatible piezoelectric generator is made from fish scales – Physics World. (2019).
Retrieved 13 October 2019, from https://physicsworld.com/a/biocompatible-
piezoelectric-generator-is-made-from-fish-scales/

Definition of ELECTRICITY. (2019). Retrieved 13 October 2019, from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electricity

Fish scale. (2008). Retrieved 13 October 2019, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_scale.
Nanogenerator. (2019). Retrieved 13 October 2019, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanogenerator

Fish 'biowaste' converted to piezoelectric energy harvesters. (2019). Retrieved 13

October 2019, from https://phys.org/news/2016-09-fish-biowaste-piezoelectric-energy-
harvesters.html

K. Ghosh, T. K. Sinha, B. Mahanty, and D. Mandal, Energy Technol. 3, 1190

(2015).High-Performance Bio-Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Made with Fish Scale
 19

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Materials

Voltmeter Wires Capacitor

Tape Diode
Weighting
scale

Plate 1. Materials Used In the StudyE ntitled “Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Pomelo (Citrus
maxima) rind in mice”
 20

Plate 2. Fish scale of bangus

APPENDIX B Procedure

Washing of fish scales in running

water Demineralization of dried fish
scales

Making the fish scale sheets and

sun drying of sheets
 21

Testing of the piezoelectric nanogenerator

Treatment 1

Trial Trial 2 Trial 3

1

Treatment 2