1S 14164; 2008 ARAL AFT 80°. 8 ae alle 750°8. ae aTTARY & fare arrest ural & shelfre argue site PPR — ofa dfsar ( Feom Frerr ) Indian Standard INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND FINISHINGS OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE -80°C AND UP TO 750°C — CODE OF PRACTICE ( First Revision ) Ics 27.220 © BIS 2008 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 May 2008 Price Group 12‘Thermal Insulation’ Sectional Committee, CHD 27 FOREWORD sion Council. ‘This standard was fitst published in 1994 superseding both 1S 7240 : 1981 and IS 7413 1981 which were in force earlier hoping that the amalgamated standard would facilitate unambiguous exchange of commercial and scientific information within the Industry. While formulating this standard considerable assistance was taken from VDI 2055 : 1982 ‘Heating and cooling protection/shielding for factories’, published by Verein Deutscher Ingenicure’, ISO/DIS 12241 : 1993 ‘Calculations rules for thesial insulation of pipes, ducts and equipments’ publishod by International Organization for Standardization, and BS 5422 : 1990 Method for specifying thermal insulating materials on pipes duct work and equipments (inthe température range ~40° t0 750°C)’. This standard covers the insulation of plant and equipment containing fluids at temperatures above =80°C and up to 750°C. This standard does not deal with the insulation of buildings, lund or marine cold stores or other cold storages. ‘This standard also does not deal with the insulation of metal surfaces, which are protected on their inner surface, With refractory brickwork or other refractory linings, the temperatures of which change, with the application of external insulation. Thus, this standard covers external insulation of surfaces such as vessels or piping carrying hot or cold fluids including gases, at temperatures within the range indicated, ‘This standard also does not include calculations for thickness of insulation application as the determination of the required thickness of insulation is likely to be governed by many considerations and factors other than ‘economies alone. Further, other similar theoretical calculations, such as interfacé temperatures in multi-layer insulations, specified temperature on the surface of the insulation, determination of temperature atthe point of delivery, thickness required (0 prevent condensation on the surface of the insulation, etc have also not been included in this standard. Accordingly the symbol used in thermal insulation, determination of heat gain/heat loss, surface temperature and insulation coefficient for different surfaces for working out appropriate surface temperature and insulation thickness for specific surface temperatures, additional heat losses due to components in a pipeline, ete and conversion factors have been included in this standard in Annexes A, B and C. ‘The Committee felt a need for its revision based on the experience gained and feedbacks received from the various segments of the thermal insulation trade and industry and also to harmonize with BS 5970 : 2001 ‘Code of practice for thermal insulation of pipe work and equipment in the temperature range of 100°C to 870°C" ‘There is no 1SO Standard on this subject. During this revision assistance has also been derived from ASTM C680 and also froth Thermal Insulation Handbook by William C. Turner and John F. Malloy (1981), In this revision calculation for heat loss/gain through the insulation, attachments, thickness of metal cladding have been incorporated. Typical exemplification figures both for equipment and piping are also incorporated for better understanding. Major modifications have been done in the application and measurement clauses. ‘This standard takes care of the health hazard of the asbestos fibre and hence incorporates the requirement of asbestos- free insulation materials. ‘The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex D. In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed of calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'.1S 14164 : 2008 Indian Standard INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND FINISHINGS OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE -80°C AND UP TO 750°C — CODE OF PRACTICE ( First Revision ) 1SCOPE 1.1 This Code of practice prescribes for application and finishing of thermal insulation materials applied {0 surfaces at temperatures above -80°C and up to 750°C. 1.2 Incases where metal surfaces are protected on their inner faces with structural boundary materials, such as refractory brickwork or other linings, the temperatures of which change as result of the application of external thermal insulation, consequently change in metal temperature shall be checked against safe design temperature limits. 2 REFERENCES The following standards contain provisions which through reference in this text, constitute provis this standard, At the time of publication, the licated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below: ISNo. Title 702; 1988 Industrial bitumen (second revision) 1322: 1993 Bitumen felts for water-proofing and dlamp-proofing (fourth revision) 3069: 1994 Glossary of terms, symbol and units relating to thermal insulation materials 9743 :1990 ‘Thermal insulation fn Girst revision) 3 TERMINOLOGY Forthe purpose of this standard, the definitions given in. ~ 1S 3069 and the following shall apply. Additional symbols used inthis standard are described in Annex A. 3.1-Applicator — An individual or organization uridertaking thermal insulation of the installations, 3.2 Operating Temperature — The temperature of the hot of cold fluid inside the pipe or vessel under consideration. 3.3 Bffective Ambient ‘Temperature — For structures surrounded by air (or other fluid), the effective ambient temperature is a suitably weighted mean between ait (fluid) temperature and the mean radiant temperature of the surroundings (°K/°C). For a fluid opaque to radiation, the effective ambient temperature is the same as the surrounding fluid temperature, For operational feasibility of field assessments of the exposed surface temperature of insulated system, the effective ambient temperature shall be considered at the temperature measured by a sensor located normally at a distance of I'm from the surface at which the temperature is measured, This is not to be mistaken for the ‘atmospheric temperature, 3.4 Economie Thickness insulation, which gives a mi chosen evaluation period, 3.5 Preformed Insulating Material —- ‘Thermal insulating material which is fabricated in such a ‘manner that at least one surface conforms to the shape of the surface to be covered and which will maintain its shape without cracking, breaking, crushing or permanent deformation during handling and application, The thickness of 1am total cost over a 3.6 Flexible Insulating Material — Thermal insulating material in loose dry or formed mats/slabs/ batts/mattresses, which tends to drape or conform to ‘the shape of the surface on which itis applied. 3.7 Plastic Composition Insulating Materials — ‘Therinal insulating materials in loose dry form, which are prepared for application 2s a paste or dough by snixing with water, isually on site. The normal variety sets under'the influence of heat applied tothe internal “surface, 3.8 Microporous Insulation — A family of inorganic products of very low thermal conductivity featuring silica fibrous mattix with opacifying powders distributed throughout the silica structure to reflect, refract of absorb infrared radiation resulting i a flat conductivity versus Temperature profile.1S 14164 : 2008 3.9 Reflective Insulation — An insulation system ‘composed of closely’ spaced sheets/foils of high reflectivity (low emittance) obtaining its insulating ‘value from the ability of the surfaces to reflect a Jarge part of radiant energy incident on them. This arrangement may or may not be evacuated. 3.10 Thickness — The thickness of the insulation material only that is, excluding any protective orother finish. 3,11 Hot Surfaces for Insulation — For the purpose of this standard, surfaces to be insulated having @ temperature over 40°C and where heat flux is expected to be away from the surfaces are classified as hot surfaces. 12 Cold Surfaces for Insulation — For the porpose of this standard, surfaces having @ temperature of 40°C and below and where the heat flux is expected to be towards the surfaces to be ingnlated are classified as cold surfaces. 4MATERIALS 4.1°The materials used for insulation and its application shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards, wherever they exist, 4.2 Asbestos — Free Thermal Insulating Material {Ali thermal insulation materials used at site shall be asbestos-free in order to safeguard the health of individuals who are working in the vicinity 4,3 ‘Types of Insulating Materials ‘Aithough all thermal insulating matetials, with the exception of reflective insulation, depend on entrapped air or gas for their effectiveness, it is convenient to classify them acoording to their type of structure or ‘method of application: a) Preformed — Normally the term is applied to slabs, pipe sections and related shapes based on cellular granules or mineral fibres that are bonded to form a substantially rigid cellular plastic, cellutar glass and bonded + natural materials, for example, cork and exfoliated minerals. b) Flexible — This type includes fibrous products such as felts, blankets, mats and ‘mattresses, which differ from the preformed ‘materials only in the ease with which they can te shaped to conform {0 irregular Surfaces. ‘Textile products, for example, woven cloth, tapes, twisted yarns, and plaited packings are also of this type. This also includes flexible closed cell foams of plastic and specialized rubber formulations, ¢) Loose Fill — Included in this type are all granular, fibrous and various discrete aggregates that can be poured or lightly packed into cavities, casings or jackets, Loose ‘or lightly bonded fibrous materials, shredded plastics polymers and loose expanded volcanic ot micaceous products, for example, perlite ‘or vermiculite, as well as such insulating aggregates as foamed slag and granulated diatomaceous brick would also fall ‘under this heading. 4) Plastic Composition—Material of this ype consists of insulating aggregate, with or ‘without fibrous reinforcement thetis prepared for application as a paste or dough by mixing ‘with water. Normally the wet materials require theuse of heat for drying outafter application, but some products harden by hydraulic setting, itis important to distinguish between plastic compositions and organic plastics, the Tatler are spelt with water a letter ‘s’ at the end of the word ‘plastic’. ©) Spray— Granular, foamed or fibrous material that adheres to the surface on application by means of a spray-gun, An adhesive may be included in the original mix or it may be applied through a separate nozzie during the application process. f) Foamed-in-situ — Normally cellular organic plastics agglomerates that are foamed in a ‘cavity by physical or chemical means during or immediately after application. ) Microporous Insulation (Silica Aerogel) — COpacified fine powder having microscopic pores that confer particularly low thermal ‘conductivity properties, lower than those of still airat the same temperatures. tis available as block encapsulated in metal foil or woven. fabric. bh) Reflective Insulation — Multiple layer of foil or thin sheet material of low emissivity that hhas the ability to reflect incident radiant heat separated by fleecé or tissue, Metal foils such as aluminium foil and thin polished stainless steel sheet with mineral fiber tissue are ‘common examples, but reflective metal deposited on plasties film will also be included but for lower temperatures only. These materials are normally used in association ‘with one or more air spaces; Which may be closed of open and which may or may not be evactated. Insulating Boards — Rigid or mainly rigid ‘boards, often: with fibrous reinforcement, ‘bonded into a compact mass and baked. Thebonding material may be a hydraulic cement, «alime-silica reaction product, gypsum, or an organic plastic polymer, 1) Prefabricated Shapes — For specialized types of application it may be advantageous to fabricate the insulation to predetermined shapes for ease of application and removal. Various types of insulating material can be used for this purpose, as also can various types of covering material. Typical products would be prefabricated valve covers, insulated metal valve boxes, prefabricated flexible mattresses and thin layers of fibrous or granular filling sealed inside prefabricated metat-foil envelopes, 4.4 The applicator shail ensure that the thermal insulating and finishing materials used are suitable For service at the operating temperatures and under the physical conditions stated by the purchaser, in case the ‘material is supplied by the applicator. In case the purchaser or any other agency appointed by the purchaser specifies or supplies the material, the responsibility for the performance of such materials shall rest with the purchaser or the supplier, as the case ‘may be, and the applicator of such materials shall rest with the purchaser or the supplier, as the case may be, and the applicator shall be responsible only for the ‘workmanship. If the material supplied conforms to the relevant Indian Standard, the applicator’s responsibility shall then be confined (o the methods of application as stated in this Code, unless otherwise specifically agreed to between the purchaser and the applicator. 4.5 In the case of plants operating at dual temperatures, thats, below and above ambient temperature, such as cold insulated systems which are periodically steam cleaned, the insulation material used shall be capable ‘of withstanding the highest and Yowest temperature involved during services without physical deformation or deterioration. In all such cases extreme care is required in selection of insulants, vapour bacriers and their positioning in the system and proper study ofthe interface temperature between layers, 5 METHODS OF APPLICATION 5.1 General S.A,J All insulation materials, fixed in any manner should be applied s0 as to be in close contact with the surface to which they are applied and the edges or ends of suctions shall butt up close to one another over theit whole surface except in special application, For this reason edges or ends shall, where necessary, be cut or shaped at sits, 5.1.2 While applying flexible materials care shall be 1S 14164 : 2008 taken to ensure that the material is applied at the required density, 5.1.3 While applying multi-layer insulation all joints shall be staggered; and each layer shall be separately secured to the surface, 5.1.4 As arale fittings on vessels shall be covered with, ‘an independent insulation 30 as to allow easy access and removal without disturbing the main insulation, 5.2 Insulation on Ambient and Hot Surfaces 5.2.1 Guidelines for Normal Ambient and Elevated Temperatures e As there is possibility of differential movement of Jointly insulated pipe Tines due to differences in the ‘temperature of the fluids carried by the pipe lines, each pipe line is to be insulated separately, wherever space is available, 5.2.1.1 When the surface to be insulated is of regular shape itis likely that preformed materials will be the ‘most suitable; their physical properties, shapes and dimensions can be controlled during works manufacture, Also, they are easy to apply and they are likely to retain their physical characteristics under service conditions. Care should be taken to ensure that the material stays satisfactorily in service, and this will include the need to preserve physical and mechanical integrity as well in order to maintain thermal ‘effectiveness. 5.2.1.2 Certain types of plant with doubte-skin construction, that is reaction or storage vessels, may require the annular space to be packed with a loose mass of fibre of a porous granular aggregate, In such ‘eases, it is necessary to achieve reasonably uniform packing at an optimum bulk density, for example, by the provision of internal spacer supports to prevent seitlement under service conditions. Forsome specific applications, notably the horizontal ‘or near-horizontal tops of large outdoor ducts and flues. ‘with multiple external stiffeners, it may be convenient to build up an appreciable depth of granular aggregate to form a camber, cither from the longitudinal center fine outwards or across the full width of the surface, before applying preformed slab insulation, which may be finished with a layer of sef-setting cement. A final coat of weatherproofing compound may be added, as required. 5.2.1.3 For irregular shapes of plant it may be convenient to make use of plastic composition insulating materials but in these cases, it will be necessary to preheat the plant and to maintain the heat until all the insulation is dry. Wet plastic composition hhas to be applied in successive layers, allowing each1S 14164; 2008 ‘one to dry before the next is applied. Plastic composition mixes are likely to contain soluble chloride salts, either as normal impurities or in the water used for forming the paste, which may cause or accelerate sttess-corrosion attack on austenitic steel! surfaces. Additionally, only potable water should be, used for mixing in order to ensure freedom from attaék ‘on carbon steel surfaces by soluble nitrates. 5.2.14 Notably low thermal-conductivity values, together with light weight, are characteristic of many types of foamed-in-sita insulating materials, which normally involve the mixing of two reactive chemicals, for example, for the production of polyurethane. They are of particular value for filling the annular spaces between the containment surfaces of a light weight structure as, in many cases, they can increase the mechanical stability of the structure. It is possible to use a similar process for the production of preformed insulating shapes. Care should be taken to ensure that the foamed material is used only within the correct temperature range and that it does not add to the fire hazard in the inswlated plant, 5.2.1.5 Microporous insulation is characterized by its ow thermal conductivity, which persists to high temperatures. This characteristic permits the use of lower thickness than those of conventional materials. Itisimportant that microporous insulation should never become wet as this can result in an irreversible breakdown of the microporous structure, 5.2.1.6 Reflective insulation is more effective in reducing the absorption or emission of radiant heat than in anon-metallic surface. It may be used in conjunction granular, fibrous, or powder-type insulating terials, and insulation purposes. Where the use of ‘non-metallic insulation is not acceptable for technical reasons, for example, in certain types of plant heated by nuclear fuels, multilayer reflective metallic insulation may be particularly suitable, 5.2.1.7 Insulating boards may be substantially of organic composition, for example, made from wood fibre, sugarcane ete, or they may be wholly inorganic, for example, mineral fibres bonded with a cement- type product, Included in this range are gypsum plasterboard and sheet products made from rigid organic polymer foam, both of which may have one of both surfaces covered with aluminium foil to reduce thermal transmission. When a choice is to be made from various types of board for a specific application, attention should be peid to fire hazard, moisture absorption, and the upper limiting temiperature, as well as.to the thermal conductivity ‘under the required conditions of use. 5.2.1.8 At high temperature (above 500°C) with the ‘combination of back-up material. Ceramic fibre may be used in applications where low thermal mass and high resistance to thermal shock are important, 5.2.1.9 Itmay be convenicatto use two different types of insulating material for a portion of plant if the operating temperature is above the limiting temperature for the preferred main insulating material. In such cases , of suitable resistance for the higher used in sufficient thickness to reduce the temperature atthe interface with the main insutating, ‘material to an acceptable level 5.2.2 Application System for Hot Insulation 5.2.21 Pipes 4 Preformed pipe sections should be fitted closely to the pipe and any unavoidable gaps in circumferential or Tongitudinal joints should be filled with compatible insulating material where the pipe diameter is too large by building up the radius and bevelted piping. Where there is more than one layer of insulating materia, all Joints should be staggered, Bach section should be held in position and covered by a fabric, this should be secured by stitching or by the use of an adhesive. The edges of the fabric, if hed should overlap by atleast 25 mm. Alternatively, with a fabric or sheet outer finish, the whole may be secured by circumferential bands. For vertical and near vertical piping it is important to prevent downward displacement of the insulating ‘material by the use of appropriate supports, which may bbe in the form of metal rings, part rings, or studs, These supports should be located at intervals of not more than 5.0 m and in any case, there should be a support immediately above each expansion break in the insulation, 5.2.2.2 Piping.bends ‘Bends aro usually insulated to the same specification as the adjacont straight piping. Where preformed material is used it should be cut in mitred segment fashion and wired or staggered into position, ‘Alternatively, prefabricated or fully moulded balf- bends may be used, if these are available, Plastic ‘composition maybe used to seal any gaps that may appear between mitred segments. 5.2.2.3 Flanges, valves and other futings on hot piping {tis essential that valves and flanges be insulated along ‘with the piping. ‘Valve and flange boxes are lined with preformed rigid or flexible insulating material. Direct contact between the metal of the box and the insulated metal surface should be avoided. This can be insulated by mattresses which consist of glass or silica fibre cloth envelope packed with loose fill5.2.24 Flexible insulation ‘Where flexible insulation (for example, mattresses) are used for insulation of pipes, it is necessary to understand that a flat product is to be wrapped around a curved profile of a pipe where there is considerable difference in the inner and outer perimeters of the applied insulation, 1t is therefore essential (o size the mattress of a specified width with a length equal tothe ‘outer perimeter to ensure that the blanket material provides a total thermal envelope. Itis also necessary {o limit the thickness of individual layers of insulation for a distortion-fiee condition of the insalant, Further, flexible matrix may not have the required compressive strength to bear the external load, including the weight of the outer covering. Cladding support rings, fitted with spacers (equal (0 thickness of insulation) would be required for the purpose. 5.2.2.5 Plastic composition Before application of plastic composition, the pipe surface should be heated 10 a minimum temperature of 65°C. The composition should be applied by hand in layers, each layer being allowed to dry before suocessive layers ate applied. The first layer should be limited to 12 to 25 mm in thickness. Romaining layers say be built up of 25 mm thickness. 5.2.2.6 Spray insulation Spray applied insulation is generally suitable for irregular-surfeces where it is applied on pipes suitable for diameter greater than 150 min nominal size and good all round access is necessary. Adjacent equipment should be protected from overspray. Mineral fibres and polyurethane foam can be applied by spraying, Workshop spraying should be carried out in suitable booth and the operator should wear protective clothing, including a fresh-air mask. 5.2.2.1 Loose fill insulation Loose-fill will require an outer retaining cover fitted tothe pipe with necessary spacers and the filling should bbe poured or packed to the density as called forto meet required thermal conductivity. In vertical pipes, baffle plates should be fitted as necessary to prevent settling. 5.2.2.8 Vessels and large surface Generally the need to dismantle associate pipe work for inspection should be anticipated and permanent insulation ended sufficiently far ftorn flanges to enable bolts to be withdrawn, 5.2.2.9 Preformed materials Itmay be necessary to cut preformed materials to fit any irrogular contour, Alternatively, suitable material may be applied to render the surface close to a regular 1S 14164 : 2008 shape as a foundation layer. All cut faces should be clean and care should be taken to butt adjacent edges closely. 5.2.2.10 Flexible material Adjacent edges of flexible insulation should be secured in close contact with each other by binding together 1g mediuim such as a wire netting -Care should be taken to see that air spaces are kept to a minimum and that there are no free passages from hot surfaces (o atmosphere. 5.2.21 Spray insulation : ‘The material consists of a mixture of milled mineral fibre and hydraulic binders. It is applied by spraying together with jets of deionized water. $.2.3 Where protrusions are such that they are also insulated (like pipe-connections) but with an insulation thickness less than that of the main system, full thickness of the main system is to be extended along, such extensions for a length of not less than thrice the fall thickness, 5.3 Insulation Over Cold Surfaces 5.3.1 For an equal temperature difference across the insulation, the thickness of same material required for cold insulation is relatively higher than for hot insulation. Since the vapour seals applied to the insulated cold surfaces are frequently trowelled or sprayed-on, it is essential that the purchaser gives consideration, at the design stage, to the sealing to be used, to ensure that there is sufficient working space between pipes, vessels and structures to allow easy application of all the materials involved, 5.3.2 Special care should be taken over the application and vapour-sealing of cold insulation, since even minute faults can lead to condensation taking place within the insulation or to ice formation on the cold surface, 5.3.3 Even though thereis less possibility of movement of pipes having cold surfaces, itis preferable to insulate the pipes separately as far as possible, 5.3.4 Where multilayer insulation is adopted on cold surfaces, in addition to the precautions given in 5 the final two layers shall be provided with adequate vapor barrier where the operating temperature is below orc. 5.3.5 Suiffener angles, weld protrusions, ladder suppors, insulation support rings, pipe hangers or any ‘metal connections not otherwise scheduled to receive insulation shall be insulated, if in direct contact with the cold surface. The insulation over such protrusions shall have an insulation thickness over them of atleastIS 14164 : 2008 £80 percent ofthe thickness of the adjoining insulation. In all such cases the insulation shall be extended to ensure that the nearest exposed surface has a temperature above 0°C or above dew point as specified by the purchaser. 5.3.6 Wherever there is any discontinuity in vapour ‘batrier in the vicinity of fittings or other protrusions ‘on insulated cold surfaces, adequate vapour barrier shall be provided at such joints also. 5.3.7 Vapour Sealing for Cold Insulation §.3.7.1 A cold insulation system is only as effective as, its vapour barrier. A poor vapour barrier causes moisture migration into the body of the insulation ccaysing the following: a) Deterioration in the insulation value, b) Physical damage to the insulation, and ©) Corrosion of the insulated surface. $.3.7.2 Materials for vapour sealing The following materials are suitable for use as vapour seals: a) Foils — Aluminium foil, minimum 0.05 mm thick or foil laminated to kraft paper of 60 g/ m’, Min, or other suitable laminates sealed with bituminous or other adhesives. b) Bituminous and Resinous Mastics —-Bitumen (Conforming to fully blown typé of IS 702.and its various compounds and resinous mastics having a water vapour permeance (for two coats) of not more than 2.8 x 10° g/s MN. ©) Plastic Sheets — Mainly polyester, polyethylene, polyisobutyfene and PVC coated fabric suitably sealed. Such sheets normally need further protection. 5.38 Application for Vapour Seals 5.3.8.1 When a vapour seal material is applied over insulation, it shall be carried down over all exposed ‘edges of the insulation (for example, fitings on pipes ‘of skits on vessels) and bonded to the surface of the pipe or vessel. Atall such points a mastic fillet shall be provided to round off the angle between the insulation and the cold surface, 5.3.8.2 When insulating long runs of pipe, the ends of the insulation shall be sealed off at suitable intervals ‘and the vapour seal shall be carried down (o the pipe surface. : 5.3.9 In the case of cold insulation, the vapour seal and the protective finish of the main system shall have been completed before the insulation of the fitings is taken up. The main insulation shall stop short of the fittings on both the sides so as to allow for withdrawal of the bolts without disturbing tie main insulation, In all cases, the vapour seal on the fittings shall be carried ‘over to at least 50 mm beyond the finished vapour bartier of the main insulation system and sealed properly, The thickness of insulation applied to a fitting shall be aleast equal to the system on which the fitting is located. 5.3.10 Vapour sealing materials shall be carried over expansion joints or contraction breaks without a joint. 5.4 Insulation Supports 5.4.1 The insulation shatl be supported when applied to the sides of or undemeath large- vessels or ducts or tolong runs of vertical piping. Supports shall be cleats, studs, washers, nuts, bolts, lugs, pins or collars (ings) which shall be either welded to the lnot surface or to bands which are then strapped round the surface. These supports serve to hold the insulation in place, prevent its slipping, or support it above expansion joints. In addition, they shall provide necessary anchorage for lacing wire or wire netting which may be required to hold the insulation in place and/or to provide reinforcement for the insulation or a finishing material Depending on their function, supports shall either perictrate only parlly through the insitlation or protrude slightly beyond it. But in no case the supports shall protrude through the final finish 5.4.2. Carbon steel lugs and attachments shall not be welded ditectly to alloy stects. Angles, flat cleats and similar large attachments may be secured by clectric arc (welding) or gas welding, using a procedure appropriate to the materials, the thickness of the surface, and that of the attachment. Far that surface on which site-welding of attachments is not permissible, it may bo essential to pre-weld suitable metal pads to fix such attachments, The locations of studs or cleats will depend on the weight of insulation to be attached, as well as on the location of the surface, and on the degree of vibration to which the plant may be subjected under servi conditions. For large flat surfaces, reasonable average spacing would be as given below: Vertical surfaces 450 mm? spacing Upward-facing surfaces: 600 mm? or 750 mn spacing ‘Over-hanging and down- 300 mm* spacing ‘ward-Facing surface For large-radius curved surfaces, if welding is permitted, 450 to 600 mm uniform spacing is considered suitable, but this may be modified for vertical large cylindrical surfaces when cleats. are required to prevent downward movement of the insulating material. Cleats may not be required forhotizontal eylindtical surface if itis possible to provide circumferential straps that can be tensioned over the insulation, ‘Welded attachments should preferably penetrate into the insulating material only to the minimum extent necessary. In special circumstances, such penetration should not be > 0.7 times the thickness ofthe insulating ‘material. The cross-sectional area of the attachments should be the minimum consistent with the required ‘mechanical strength in order to avoid excessive transfer of heat (or cold) by metallic conduction. Its important to remember that a welded attachment Will be subjected to the same exterit of thermal Movement as the insulation with the resultant Possibility of tearing the insulation or finish, unless care is taken to allow for this, for example, by expansion joints or by use of ship lap joints. 5.4.3 Insulation supports will depend on the insulation Used, finish, mode of application and shall be adequate {0 preventdisplacement of the insulation and its vapoue barrier during operation. In no case shall the lugs ot ‘other insulation supports project over the cold surfaces for more than 0.70 times of the total insulation thickness, in order to avoid punctures in the vapour banter, 5.4.4 Insulation supports are normally provided after the final erection of plant. However, where for any reason whatsoever site welding is not permitted, the question of securing the insulation shall be considered a the design stage, so that provision for this purpose can be made while the equipment is being fabricated or erected, 5.4.8 The prchaser shall indicate in his specification, the type of supports for insulation and cladding, which are to be supplied and fixed, and shall state whether welding will be allowed at site and on the surface to be insulated, 5.8 Surface Preparation ‘5.51 Before application of the insulation, the surface shall be wire-brushed to remove all ditt, rust, scale, oil, ete and died, 5.5.2 All surfaces shall be coated with a suitable anti- corrosive primer wherever necessary before they, are insulated, Any shop-paint film has-to be removed locally, down to the bare metal, before attachments are Welded to the surface. Ideally, this paint would be applied after all welded attachments have been fixed in position, 5.5.3 Ail austenitic stainless steel surfaces, proposed to be insulated and subjected to an operating temperature of 250°C and above shall be suitably Protected by using inhibited insulating materials 1S 14164: 2008 5.6 Application of Insulation $6.1 The method of Installation and securing of the insulating material shall be consistent with the Fequirements defined in $.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and §.5, The following methods applicable to flexible insulation, rigid insulation ete, shall be followed, Further specific areas of work, namely, pipes, ducts, vessels etc, shall be insulated as given in 5.6.6. Stiffener angles, weld prottusions, ladder supports, insulation supports rings, pipe hangers or any metal connections not otherwise scheduled to receive insolation shall be insulated if there is an indirect contact with the hot surface, Thickness of insiilation ‘on such protrusions shall be not less than 50 percent ‘of the thiekness (0) of the main system, The minimum ‘extension of the insulation over the protrusions from ‘the main vessel ot pipeline shall be equal to 4 1. 5.6.2 Flexible Insulation Flexibie materials, namely, mats, batts, or blankets faced on one or both sides with a suitable facing ‘material, shall be applied in any of the following ‘manner; @) By means of a tie wire (0.9 mm dia GL); 6) By means of metal bands (for example 0.56 ‘mm thick, 20 mum wide); ©) By means of wire netting on outer side, suitably laces; or d) By means of an adhesive between the layer and metal surface further assisted ‘by a tie wire, iff necessary. This is specially applicable for cold insulation, Notes 1 Unies otervise specified, he diameter of acing wiv stall bbe 0.56 mm, Ain an the wite netting shall be of maximum 20 nm mesh and minors 0.56 mm diameter, 2 Yor interface temperature of 400°C and above, states sect binding wire/bandswire mesh shall be use 5.6.3 Preformed Insulation Rigid insulating materials, namely, blocks or boards ‘may be applied in any of the following manner: 4) By means of suitable metal bands (for example-0.56-mm thick, 20 mm wide); b} By means of wire netting on outer side; ©) With edges lightly coated with an approved Joint sealer, and further secured with metal bands (for example 0.56 mm thick, 20 mm wide) or tie wire (0.9 mm dia, G. 4) By means of suitable adhesives, keeping in view the service temperature, with the joints duly sealed,Ts 14164; 2008 ores 1 Wherever preformed thermal insulating material i wed, care shall be taken so that minimom numbers of segments are chosen, 2 in all cases, care sll be taken 40 til the joints with the same basic ineulating material in the Yoose orm are propely ‘packed oto the ints 3 Effective vapour seal shal also be ensured while applying ‘over cold surfaces. 5.6.4 Plastic Composition Thermal Insulation 5.6.4. These are supplied inthe form of a dry powder, which is mixed with water to form a soft mortar of ‘even consistency suitable for application by-hand ot with a trowel. 5.6.4.2 Thermal insulating cements require heat for ‘drying to ensure initial adhesion to the sutface. All surfaces insulated with thermal insulating cements may, therefore, be kept warm throughout the application of the insulation. The temperature of the surface shall be as specified by the manufacturer of the cement, 5.6.4.3 Initial adhesion between the insulation and the surface is best obtained by rubbing the surface with a handful of wet mortar. When this initial coats dry, the first layer of insulation not more than 12 mm thick is applied by hand, the fingers being drawn through the material and pressed at the edges to ensure good adhesion, The surface shall be left rough and finger marked to form a good key for the next layer. Successive layers, each not more than 12 mm thick, shall then’ be applied in the same mianner, until the required thickness is built up. Each layer shall be allowed to dry out completely before application of the next layer. The final layer only shall be trowelled to a smooth surface. Excessive troweling shall be avoided. 5.6.44 On vessels, pipes and ducts, thermal insulating Cements require reinforcement for thickness in-excess of 40 nm. In such cases short lugs at suitable intervals shall be attached to the surface (see 5.4.4) to which are secured soft tugs of 2 mm diameter. These lugs wires shall be greater in length than the (otal thickness of the insulation, The insulation is then applied as prescribed in 5.6.4.3 but leaving the lugs protruding, ‘When half the total thickness has cell applied and has dried out, the insulation shall be wrapped with soft wire netting 25 mm mesh and 0.56 mm diameter. This shall be laced together with soft lacing wire 0.56 mm diameter and fastened downto the lugs. When the final layer of insulation ‘thas been applied and trowelled smooth, and has dried out, a second layer of wire netting shall be wrapped around the insulation, laced together, and secured with the tie wires. The ends of the tie wires should then be pushed well into the insulation 5.6.5 Loose-Fill insulation ‘This may be adopted by agreement between the purchaser and the applicator. Locations where loos fill insulation is recommended include the followin 8) Expansion/contraction joints in an application. when rigid insulation has been used, or b) Specific areas of the equipment where conventional methods of application may not be possible and where packing with Loose fill is the only possible method of providing insulation. NOTE — "The thermal insulation cement and looge-fil insulation are generally associated with insulation of hot rurfaces and are not recommended for insulation of cold succes. $6.6 Insulation of pipes, ducts, vessels, etc, shall'be carried out by any one of the mothods already mentioned. However, specific considerations pertaining to insulation of pipes, ducts, vessels etc, are detailed below in 5.6.6.1 to 5.6.6.3 subject to the precautions outlined in 5.1 to 5.5 above, Typical insulation of pipe at elevated temperature, pipe for cold application, pipe with elbow, bunch of tubes, and tank/equipment/vessels.are shown as example in Fig, 1107, 5.6.6.1 Pipes On continuous runs of 6 m or more of vertical pipe, support rings shall be provided at not more than 3-m intervals. Such tings shall encircle the pipe and the radial Jugs thereon shall have a Tength equal to 75 percent of the total insulation thickness. 5.6.6.2 Ducts ‘When insulation is applied around the comers of the duct, care shal be:taken to counteract the tendency of ‘the material to thin-down at these locations, 5.6.6.3 Vessels All large vertical vessels of a height of 6 m or more shall be provided with support rings at not more than 3 m intervals. Such rings shall encompass the vessel and the radial lugs thereon shall have a length equal to 75 percent of the total insulation thickness, Extra insulation ‘shall be provided over the support rings {ee 5.1.4) This shall extend for 25 mm on each side of the ring ani shall be mitred (0 45°C for water-shed onthe upper side. 6 FINISHING 6.1 Protective-coverings of finishes are required over the insulation for one or more ofthe following reasons: a) Protection against mechanical damage,1S 14164 :.2008 MUNIVARANIS | CEAVASTG| IV NOWWINSNT Bald TOLL amas 29 EGS 801 Sup soveds sonauoye popriod oq YS 103 S'S HEN URE SO'O BER pla WU OF Jo dis w SS SI DOM 10 FTF “yor we $9 x opum UM GT-WE GORGS 12K0 (6 7m wu 0 x apm wn | -aRU GBB or én pme's's + ‘asmbes ou Boy saoeds vores odd wopejnsu paunoyeid Jo 0509 Bf ¢ ‘Ponoduios Suras ym portos oq Ts smo! yenauT pur Ajpempma0 dejsono wr OF aney BHIPPED TK Z "ots puodsod 2od se jena etguins ve pavtabos zaaiayn poplnoud 99 iets SEURE “STK T SALON onde eH emp wa G09 “Hop GiaEN WA ald S'S ‘oneTEsE] PruBOFRA (ama'60) 3 o¢ ain Beas S'S Bopp PAIS AA, om WE YO x Spm WH ET PERN 'SS Aqqorpanooy 27 wr Ost watag Bundderses “g'9@ tau 6's x wa uoy wD ET 1 @ € ¥ 5 8 peta Faas PTJS 14164 : 2008 Seatent for metal cladding ‘Metal oading ‘Vapour burier with edhesive for laps ‘Raesive for laps of vapour barrier Fire scardant Aluminium Foi Graft paper laminate jacket of 01 mum thick foi 3S, Band of HF wide and 00%" thick of 85-304 ‘Scatant for insulation Fata ip ta Te aps oo ‘Description 5 | {Reference Reference Fig. 2 Pire INSULATION FoR COLD APPLICATION 018 14164 : 2008 ‘AONTY ANY Beiq 40 NLL INSNI ¢ “ony “Buns oq rus sj Sax szoeds sanssoyne Popmoud 9 I8H6 US's Yom we 979 pow apt uns gE Jo dias S's ST DOWN ame UT § press y ‘anbos 10 Sum saonds uopoos wore peuuojasd jo soto Ug ‘Perooo Banos ma pres og Tt wo femora pu Aeupmuoy deo wn Qe ong Buppes feoye ‘note reuonses 3d se sess] ojgeums we pases sony papnoad oq mes Bund “Sy | SION NOILVTNSNI / did ‘ LES : SUA TVH OAL NI CaLvONav Ia JIHaHS IVIGW WHIM AONVD 07 “TO WN609 OL dN ONIGGVTO TWIG “MEL WONIY'0 X AGI WINET (ANd $s)IS 14164 : 2008 saan] so WoNag 40 NouWInsN] y “Oty1S 14164 : 2008 ROL INS] 1OOANOOY HLL NOLWVOTAZY SNOL INN] STESSS,A /ENANEINDGPINV WIDER “DMT Saapy wonduoeg IRAs WU OSB VE SHE Og X OE ‘wonerse z BuippeDs 5 1 (eA ‘war OST EP Wat gx m8o9] uM eT saaRS L's "S'S pra (aa #70) 30 sa 59 x soy wus 6 “C'O UH 609 F240) pea SS aera ‘0.01 01 dn (g uns 6) 3 02 astm Berasng “S'S ‘Pomodaaoa Sos soy Perse 29 1 EDT pasos pue AEP] 6yoSAo WAL Os ary SuRoUD piNNTUATY Z SONTY Tu0gas “Dro wea ong 1 Aeo0Be:p syo9 ¥ SIAN MAL Apoq uO POUELYEN 29 OF a SIA “STC SALONTs 14164 : 2008 onan (g as 50) 3 ozone BaEIRS SS SOND Taoains NOUY- TASS] TOOARDOY HLA NOLVOMUAY SNOLLWTNSNY STESSH/ANERANDAPANL WSSAL 9 “OFT punodwoo Buyees wi peas 24s sof enesruanD pow serpy depo wm og exey Soippto UME yo wa oge # AyeusBep s4oq 7 em Apo Uo poURTAN 29 OF ATE HELL'S E y-dvigaTS 14164: 2008 BERT wonduond ca AwuoBeig 37 wel ogg w 140d “SHE enemy Pe] ‘soup WE 090 Tm Bu ameds |e Toc tones oe | > 3m CL+ Gx ForG<3m CLA ny where P= 1,51S 14164 ; 2008 ‘Typical Exemplifcations Relevant Surfaces Fo.24 a cus By Vo 1.27 where 2-< D1 and Y41.75 where 22 DI Dn as2By where Y= 1.27 ia. 26, STAG WY Y= 127 whee Z 50 mm piping is given in Fig. 28. 9.3.5 Calculation of Surface t0 be Insulated 9.3.54 Insulation of single piping ‘The surfaces being insulated shall be conventionally determined as follows: nED (Ly +Ly) 7 1000 where A= surface being insulated, in m’s Di = outside diameter of insulated ‘# piping, according to the definitions as per 9.3.1 in mom; EL, = summation of lengths of straight piping lengths, m (see Fig, 27 and Fig. 28); and ELq= summation of conventional equivalent lengths L, for special parts relevant to ‘i piping, m (see Fig. 28), in m. ‘Table 2 Conventional Equivatent Lengths for Special Parts (1) (Clause 9.3.2.2) Piping Elbow Elbow Tee Reducer® Cap Insulated trsulated Insulated Insulated- laslated NB 9084S Branch” Flange Flanged Flange Flanged Welded. Pairwith Valve Pairwith Valve Valve Removae with Fix Box" with Fix with Fix BleBox Remora. Box” "Box? ble Box” CO Hot and Gold Service nsuation with Sheet Metal Finish” © oo © oO 6 ® 6 8 @ S40 Cr a , ) zsoss 06 «odd 0700200209) 3.008080 210010150 100 065 8.79020 020 20035021080 220010350 140 08 = 07502000250 405024080 235010500 150 090 08S = 030,027 4s0 2 2600 190105 .6 ts 0.203.000] .80 3 [NOTH — Radius of elbow is considered ws 1.5 D. The equivalent feng shown in the tables are applicable for types of insulation specified in same tables (these are the most frequently used insulation typos); changing the application procedure of insulation (by eliminating, for example, the sluminium protection), the equivalent lengths might be diferent from the extulaed figures. ® Por reducers and 7-branches, the equivalent lengths refer to the higher NB, ‘Typical installations, such as pressure plugs, temperature plags, vets, dains, ot, are not considered and esleulated ax ‘7 branches. © Office fitngs are conventionally considered asa par offing. 9 Plow meters, ¥-steviners, control valves, safety valves, sight glasses, expansion joints are conventionally considered as valves, © Por areas having non-circular section (see Nowe under 9.3.1.2). 26i | i 1S 14164 : 2008 Fic, 27 Mrasuremenr Criteria oF *L' Lenotis Rei.BvANT 0 NB < 50 mm. Pirino — Typical, Examete BQuinsent 9.3.8.2 Bundle of piping insulated together is shown in Fig, 29. 9.3.6 For protection of insulated pipelines, running close to the ground, from mechanical damage, due to foot traffic and/or from corrosion due to moisture from ground, any hardsetting ‘compound and/or water proofing treatment is/are provided, such items of work are to'be measured separately. 9.3.7 Anti-corrosive painting or wrapping with aluminium foil over stainless steeValloy stecl piping and equipment prior to application of insulation shall be measured separately. 9.3.8 Any mode of measurement other tian the above 27 ay also be adopted, if agreed to between the purchaser ‘and the applicator. 10 INFORMATION REQUIRED 10.1 The purchaser shall provide the contractor with the appropriate information under each of the following headings to enable the contractor to make a compressive offer/quotation, 10.1.1 Application Specifications 0.1.1.1 Selection of thermal insulating material Before deciding on the insulating material to be used for any specific purpose, the following factors should be considered:IS 14164 : 2008 ‘Heat Insulation Cold-face temperature (minimum and maximum) Hot-face temperature (maximum and minimum) Ambient temperature ‘Thermal conductivity ‘Thickness of insulation required Mechanical strength Health hazard Fire hazard ‘Thermal movement (expansion) Permeability of insulating material with need for protection Protective covering and finish Cost (including that for application nd finish) Refrigeration Cold-face temperature (minimum and maximum) ‘Warm-face temperature (maxitnam and minimurnt) Ambient temperature and humidity ‘Thermal conductivity (aged) ‘Thickness of insulation required Mechanical strength Health hazard Fire hazard ‘Thermal movement (contraction) ‘Vapour sealing of system Protective covering and finish . Cost (including that for application and finish) v7) Lat ‘BQUIPMEN' EQUIPMENT [tp \ FLANGI BLIND FLANGE ULeMENT. Fic. 28 Measurement Crrreaia of ‘L’ Lenavis RELEVANT 10 NB <50 mm Prec — Tyricat. EXAMPLE 28Cc ' IS 14164 : 2008 A=CL Fig, 29 Bunputs oF Piras Insutarep Tooerner 10.1.2 Types of insulation required for the main vessels, ‘and pipes of each part of the plant and for bends, fittings, valves, hangers and other fitings. 10.1.3 Type(s) of Finish(es) Required 10.14 If the thickness of the various insulations in the system are not furnished/or specified by the purchaser, then the basis of working out the different thicknesses shall be furnished by the purchaser, as for example, whether the thicknesses are to be calculated, based on: 8) Economical thickness for a specified evaluation period; Specified heat loss or heat gain per unit dimension of the insulation; Specified temperature on outer surface of the insulation for personnel protection and safety; Prevention of condensation on the outer surface of the insulation. Outer surface temperature should be above the dew point; Specified temperature of the carried fluid along with maximam and minimum flow rates at the point of delivery; Any other specific requirement to be fulfilled by the thermal insulation; » ) a ° 8) Velocity of the outside fluid (air), fh) Material of the cladding surface; and i) Relative humidity, Ineach case, the purchaser shall provide the applicator ‘with the requisite information as above, to enable the applicator to make the necessary calculations before making his offer/quotation. 10.1.5 Details of the plant to be insulated including: 8) Location: 1) Indoors; 2) Outdoors but protected; 3) Outdoors exposed to weather; 4) Ventilated or open trenches; and 5) Difficult or unusual site conditions which ‘will influence the selection of insulating and/or finishing materials, for example, in regard to transport, scaffolding ot weather protection. b) Nature and material of construction of vessel and piping to be insulated, ©) Dimensions of surfaces. If these are adequately detailed in drawings the provision 291S 14164 ; 2008 of copies shall suffice, Otherwise information of the following nature is required: 1) Surface dimensions of vessels, 2) External diameters and lengths of pi 3) Number and type of fittings, and 4) Whether sotating or stationary, 4) Temperature conditions including the normal and maximum working temperature of each portion of the plant and the ambient temperature to be reckoned for calculations, 10.1.6 Special service requirements such as resistance to compression, in combustibility, abnormal variations or attack by solvents/corrosive media, AL TESTS 11.1 Tests for Thickness ‘Tests for thickness shall be cartied out after application, Local irregularities (for example, rivet heads) on the insulated surface shall be ignored, 11.4.1 Ifthe arithmetic mean of not less than nine probe measurements at a given location is less than the ‘minimum thickness as required by the purchaser or Jess than the commercial thickness offered by the applicator (subject to previously agreed tolerances), whichever is appropriate, the material applied at that location shall be deemed not to comply with this standard, 11.2 Uniformity of Thickness 11.2.1 Uniforinity of thickness shall be assessed from the same measurements as in i111, if any measurement varies by more than £13 mm or +15 percent whichever is appropriate, the material applied at that focation shall be deemed not to comply with this standard. 14.2.2 If thickness at any particular location is beyond £15 percent from the agreed thickness, the test shall be repeated at two more locations in the immediate vicinity of the first location, if both the tests are within 15 percent from the agteed bulk density, the results shall be deemed to be satisfactory. However, if any of the two tests are beyond 415 percent, the insulation shall be deemed to have failed in the bulk density test ‘and the purchaser shall be at liberty to ask the supplier to redo the insulation ia the required area. 11.2.3 The test location shall be made good by the applicator at no extra cost to the satisfaction of the purchaser. 11.3 Test for Bulk Density ‘This test shall be optional and shall be resorted to only if previously agreed upon between the purchaset and the supplier, In such a case, the number of such tests for the whole work shall also be predetermined (see also 5.4.2). IL.3.1 The test for bulk density shall be cartied out after the measurements of thickness and area have been taken on the insulating material. 11.3.2 The location where tests for bulk density are to “be contiucted shall be selected by the purchaser. 11.3.3 If thickness at any particular location is beyond #15 percent from the agreed thicknoss, the test shall be repeated at two more locations in the immediate vicinity of the first location. If both the tesis ate within 15 percent from the agteed bulk density, the results shall be deemed to be satisfactory However, if any of thé two tests are beyond #15 percent, the insulation shall be deémed to have failed in the bulk density test and the purchaser shall be at liberty to ask the supplier to redo the insulation in the tequired area, 113.4 The test location shall be made good by the applicator at no extra cost to the satisfaction of the purchaser, 11.4 Test for Finishing Cements ‘The test for finishing cements shall be carried out after application and finishing of thermal insulation work and shall be done in accordance with the method prescribed in IS 9743, 3071S 14164 : 2008 ANNEX A (Foreword and Clause 3) SYMBOLS Symbol Title Unit CC, Circumferences measured on the extemal surface of insulation, defined case by m case, in the typical exemplifications ,D\ Conventional external diameter of insulated apparatuses defined case by case, in m the typical exemplifcations D, Outside diameter of insulated" piping m De Outer diameter of bare pipe m. D, Outside diameter ofthe tracing pipe m dq Cylinder diameter to be taken as 0.6 for flat surface or diameter over 0.6 mn m dy Diameter ofthe outer surface ofthe nth layer m 7 Nominal thickness of insulating material provided by mechanical (Cnishing m excluded) A ‘Surface area being insulated im EL; Summation of lengths of straight ¥ piping m Tbs Summation of conventional equivalent lengths Z, for special parts relevant tof in 2 Quantity of heat passing through 2 unit area of the pipe/equipment/wall during a Keal/n®h unit time 2 — Quantity of heat transfer by radiation eal? Qe Quantity of heat transter by conv kealin?sh ‘A, ‘Heat transfer coefficient by convection keal/m?.h °C ‘Heat transfer coefficient by radiation keal/im?.h °C 4 Ambient temperature °c 4 Temperature of cold face of pipe/equipmentwall or cladding surfice °c fo Temperature of hot face of pipe/equipmentwall *C 1 Overall thickness of insulation m te Thickness of the nth layer of insulation m 4,11 Length of straight paris of pipe fine defined case by case, in the typical m cexemplifications 4 Thickness of the mth layer of insulation m K Thermal conductivity of insulation mWiem °C K, Thermal conductivity of the nth layer kealém’.h °C E Emissivity = F External total heat transfer surface coefficient, #”=hg+ fh, ‘keai/m’h °C Lay Effective length of pipe line m Vo Airvelocity mis X Conventional equivalent lengths of insulated parts having iregular shapes m Y Applied coefficients of insulated parts having imegular shapes = Z__ Height ofthe dished end m 311S 14164; 2008 ANNEX B (Foreword) METHOD OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS/GAIN FOR INSULATION B-1 Thermal conductivity is measured using standard test method. A seties of measurements are generally made at different hot and cold face temperatures to get the values at different mean temperatures. From these experimentally determined values, it is necessary for the purpose of heat transfer calculation to deduce the conductivity at the combination of hot and cold face. temperatures appertaining to each particular installation. To do this, the values are plotted against the corresponding mean temperature (the mean tomperature being the arithmetic meant of the hot and cold face temperatures) and a smooth curve is drawn through the points, For any particular installation the appropriate Thermal conductivity value is then the value read from the graph for the mean temperature corresponding to the actual hot and cold face temperatures of that illumination, B-2 Where the conductivity values at the exact mean temperature are not available even by intrapolation/ extrapolation (if permissible) as given in retevant index, values for the nearest higher temperature may be accepted for design, the difference between desired and available temperature being not more than 50°C, NOTE — Norma conditions here meas bros tet the cold face of te insulation is, epart from any finishing materials, exposed to the atmosphere. I¢ may. of course, reach & temperature wel above etmospherie temperature B-3 Design thickness of any insulation material for a particular use may be done according to the specific requirement of the user/purchaser according to the normal methods of calculations which are normally. available. B-4 METHOD OF CALCULATION B-4.1 For Flat Wall Heat transfer through a flat wall, hearth, or roof consisting of ‘n' layers is given by the following equation, Q=,— ts MUYK, + IK, + where Pes hth, B-4.2 For Cylindrical Wall 4+ U)K,) + UF] In case of a cylindrical wall calculate the quantity of heat passing through the insulation by the equation given below: 32 Z (o=ta) [lan 2Rindsdy +d, 2K Indie 44, 72K, Ind, Ia, ITF] Heat is transferred from the cold face of the wail in to ‘open air through radiation and convection. Calculate the heat transferred through radiation and convection by he equation given below: Q=2,+ 2. = Ue + A Mbt) B-4.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculate the radiation heat transfer Coefficient (h,) by the equation given below: 4h, = 4876 x 10% xe x (6, + 273)! — (6,4 273) Mt,—1) B-44 Heat ‘Transfer Coefficient for Convection Catculate the convection heat transfer co-efficient (h,) by the equation given below: f= 2.71 x 115 x 139.37 X dy)? x (OS5Ity)PMH x = 1) « (1.8)! x (196,85 1168.9 +19 where = quantity of heat passing through a unit area of the pipe/equipment/wall during a unit time, in kealém?.h; Q, = quantity of heat transfer by radiation, in Kealim?.h; Q, = quantity of heat transfer by convection, in eal? d, = pipe outer diameter, in m; d, = diameter of the outer surface of the first layer, inn d, = diameter of the outer surface of the nth layer, in.my; 4, = temperature of hot face of pipe/equipment/ wall, in °C; 4, = temperature of cold face of pipe/equipment/ wall or cladding surface, in °C; 4, = ambient temperature, in °C; P= heat transfer co-efficient, in keal/m?.h °C; 4h, = heat transfer co-efficient by radiation, in keal/m®h %= heat transfer co-efficient by convect kealfmn?.h °C emissivity of the wall = thermal conductivity of the first layer, in eal/ni®h °C; thermal conductivity of the second layer, in keal/m®h °C: = thermal conductivity of the nth layer, in kcal/m?h °C; 4, = thickness of the first layer of insulation, in 1m; 1 = thickness of the second layer of insulation, inm, J, = thickness of the nth layer of insulation, in 1m; dq, = cylinder diameter in meters, to be taken as 0.6 for flat surface or diameter over 0.6 mi; average of surface temperature and ambient femperature, °K = [0.5 x (t+ 1)] +273.15; and V_ = airvetocity, in mis NOTE ~ Thermal conductivity, k(kcaVm.h°C) used in this formula represeats the value at mean teniporatice, B-4.5 Recommendation ‘Temperature over insulated systems are parameters that are influenced by the heat flow from (or inch) system and the ambient factors like ait temperature and ait flow velocity over the surface. “Apart from safety criteria from which they should be limited to 55°C, Max under all conditions of exposure, this parameter is the only easily measurable entity to determine heat loss/gain, Permissible heat losses differ from application to application, However, the following criteria are normally advisable: Operating ‘Maximum Maacinua Temperaure Permissible ‘Surface ‘Range, °C Heat Loss, Temperature Keal/m'h Differential | centimeter per second, abbreviated in its rationalized cen’) form as mWiem?, aqua mer (we) [hom 10 [1 1076 10 square foot) [o29%i0 [29% 10° fi nWvien? | kean’n [Dov ‘(C-4 THERMAL TRANSMISSION : ‘The fundamental units the mW which equals to Js x 10° : aw | keh | Buh Traivaat ny 300% 10° 5a = 10> Tkiloeterifiour [1.163 10" 5.968 (kcavy 1 ideh thermal nid [2931 x10" [2.52% 10" [ov hour (Bum). (C-STHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ‘The fundamental unit is milliwatt-seconds per square centimeter per second for 1 cm thickness and 1°C Tmwiem? [i 598 3.07 Thea? [1.163% 10" 5.691 x10" twist [a.i5%10" [2.71 t C8 HEAT GAIN ‘The fundamental unit is milliwatt-seconds per square centimeter per second abbreviated in its rationalized form as mW/em?, Wen? [keane | Bult h tmwien? |r fasoe 307 Uicalineh [tae io" [i 3.69107 tpwith fpasxie" far i 35°TS 14164 : 2008 ANNEX D (Foreword) COMMITTEE COMPOSITION ‘Thermal Insulation Sectional Committee, CHD 27 Organieation ‘Centrat Building Rescarch Insitute, Reorkes Bakelite Hylam Limited, Secunderabad Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tuchirappelll ‘Cente Building Research lnstite, Roorkee Central Blecriity Authority, Ministry of Power, New Delhi Cental Inte of Plastics Bngineering & Technology, Bhopal ‘Department of Coal (Ministry of Energy), New Delhi ‘Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of dustry, New Deli Engineers Fadia Limited, Gurgaon Hyderabad Industries Limited, Hyderabad Indian Olt Corporation Limited (R & P Division), New Delhi Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Mumbai Loyd Tneuiation Gndia) Lid, New Delhi MECON Litaited Ranchi Minwool Rock Fibres Limited, Hyderabad [National Design & Research Forum, Bangalore [ational Physical Laboratory, New Dethi ational Theral Power Corporation Limited, New Del Nem Products Corporation, Must uclar Power Corporation of Tndin Lid, Moms PIBCO Limited, New Delhi Projects & Developrent India Ld, Sine Purj Sons Pvt Limited, New Dei Reliance Industries Limited, Morb Research, Designs and Stardard Organization, Lucknow "TCE Contulting Bagineess Ltd, Chennal 36 Representative(s) Prot K. Ganssit Baou (Chairman) Soe NPS. Sto Sie $. Guam (Alternate) Shi R, SANKARA ‘sis Ravinona Pracast (Alternate) Sim RK, SHASTA Dr B. M, Suma (Alternate) ‘Sum D.K. GunorRa Dr $C. Sear ‘hat P, PooMatat (Aiteraate) Remasoweanve ‘Sint N.C. Twant Sim 8. K. Saw (Alternate) ‘Su PP. Lat ‘Sint R. NANoa (Alternate) ‘Sima D. Treo ‘Sun S, Jacaoesn Wasatat (Alternate) Reragsenrativn Smt Mim Bawa ‘het Ninas Dox (Alternate) Sum N. ‘suas C. B. Kins (Alternate) Sune KK. Misia Sams R. K, BADwoxa ‘Shit Nevius D'Sovzn (Alternate) Reasantarve Da Hans Kista Sims R. B, SaxexA (Alternate) ‘sue R. K. Distt ‘Sums Jaoay Data (Alternate) ‘Sha Nuns ¥. Sut ‘Sunt V. K. Sut (Alternate) ‘Sumi 8, A, Bows ‘Sunt $. K, Rastoor (Alterate) Suns T, Una Kuna ‘int A. K. Sex (Alternate) Sha Kawauesss Kanvon Da 8. BS, Kiatsn (Alternate) Sua RP. Pow ‘hat Gaurav Puns (Alternate) Dr U. K, Sanoor ‘Konant Rasta PaLanos (Alternate) ‘Sir D. RGurta ‘hat A. K. Craubmunt (Alternate) ‘Sit V, SREBRIASAN ‘Saat M, Sinoananarin (Alternate) |i Organization ULB. Twign Fibreglass Ltd, New Delhi BIS Directorate General 1S 14164 : 2008 Representative(s) Saat Ause Gurr ‘Situ Rast Sooo (Alternate) Dr UC. Snivasvva, Scientist "F” and Head (CHD) Representing Ditector Geneeal (Ex-fficio)] Member Secretary Sut NUK. Pat “Br (CHD), BIS Scien ‘Thermal Insulation Material Subcommittee, CHD 27: 5 Loyd Insulations (India) Limited, Mumbai Bakelite Hylam Limited, Secundersbad Bharat Heavy Blecccale Ltd, Tiuchicappalli Ceniral Building Research Tastitute, Roorke Conital Blesticiky Authority, Ministy of Power, New Delhi Engineers India Limited, Gurgaon Hyderabad Industies Limited, Hydorabad Indian Oil Corporation Limited, New Delhi Kavemer Power Gas, Mumbai Lloyd Projects Private Limited, New Delhi [MECON Limited, Ranchi ‘Meght Insulations Private Limited, Bhavnagar wool Rock Fibres Limited, Hyderabad [National Pie Service College, Nagpur NIPC, New Delhi [Newkem Products Corporation, Mumbai Projects & Development India Ltd, Nola Punj Sons Private Limited, New Delhi Reliance Industles Limited, Mumbai Soper Urethane Products Pivaie Limited, New Delhi ‘TCE Consulting Baginoers Ltd, Chennai UR. Twigs Fibreglass Led, Now Delhi Sunt N. Savas (Convener) ‘Ss K, C. Swanten Alterna) Sua N. PS, Saat ‘Susi 8. PS, Siu (Alternate) Shs R. Saneanan Soa Sus Konan Dr B. M, Suman (Attemate) ‘Suis DK. Guunoraa, ‘Sha PP-Lavae: ‘Sunt Ry Nanos (Altemare) Stay D. Teveot Shit $. Jaooeset WARaIn (Adternate) ‘Sat Sova: Reressennye Su Rann Saxena Sim Anat Vasupey (Alternate) Sia HE, Misia ‘Shu HV. Suan Sie RK, Baoroxs ‘Suns BB, Mass (Alternae) Set KC, Waouva Rernesenrarvs ‘Shit Nout ¥. Sora Shin ¥. A, Suma (Alternate) Sum B, K. Jaa ‘Shu A. P. Sra (Alternate) Suet R. P,P ‘Sian Gaur Pun (Alternate) Da U.K. Saroor Konatt Rasiow Patanoe (Altemate) ‘Sa Paens Cran ‘Shit Sut, Jam (Alternate) Sum PK. Raxsiet Suan D. Papsavania (Altemate) ‘Si Ane Guerra ‘Shas Rast, S000 (Adtomate)IS 14164 : 2008 Panel for Establishing Y-Factors and Conventional Equivalent Lengths of Different Parts, CHD 27: 5: PL Organization Representatvels) Engineers India Limited, Gurgson Sunt PP. Lanes (Convener) Central Blectiity Authority, Ministry of Power, New Delhi Su D. K, Gunorea Lloyd Insulation (lad) Lid, Now Delhi Suaan S, Bose NUPC, New Det ‘Shar Rewesn Kuss Projects & Development India Lid, Noida Sums A. P. Snsta Bureau of Tedian Standards, New Delhi Sunt NK. Pat 38Bureau of Indian Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality cettification of goods and attending {0 connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright ofall its publications, No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior pen in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS. Review of Indian Standards 7 Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. 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