Viking PROJECTEXPLORING MARS... . . WITH VIKING 75 Viking will softland America’s first scientific labora- Bioshield Cap tory on another primary planet in our solar system. As part of NASA‘s continuing planetary exploration program, Viking’s purpose is to conduct scientific investigations of the planet Mars with special emphasis on the search for life. Descent To accomplish this goal, two spacecraft will be launched from. Cape Kennedy within a month of each other in mid-1975 and cruise 400 million miles through space for nearly a year before reaching their | “> destination. The Viking spacecraft, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, will then conduct their scientific investigations of the Red Planet. se Aeroshell & Heat Shield <> Each of the two Viking spacecraft includes an orbiter and a lander system as illustrated in this exploded view. The lander capsule consists of an outer bio- shield shell with an inner descent capsule enclosed, The entire lander capsule is heat-sterilized to prevent —_Capsule/Orbiter the transportation of Earth organisms to Mars, where ee they might not only contaminate the planet, but ~<« \ would also produce false results in the life detection experiments, Viking Orbiter Orbiter The Viking orbiters will begin collecting data as each spacecraft approaches the planet, and will continue to do so after the landers have separated and descended to the Martian surface. They will provide imaging data with TV cameras, atmospheric water vapor measurements, surface temperature measurements and will reexamine the proposed landing sites before the landers begin their actual descent. Omnidirectional High-Gain $-Band Antenna (to Earth) Science Platform ——, Thermal Mapper Two TV Cameras Water Vapor Mapper ‘Canopus (Star) SensorViking Lander The primary science focus will be on the Martian surface using the Viking Lander. The Lander has miniaturized components for compactness and minimum. weight, is automated to compensate for the absence of man and ~ the long communications time between the two planets, and is extremely __ sophisticated since it must accomplish unaided complex laboratory objec- tives while exposed to environmental extremes on Mars. S-BAND HIGH GAIN 7 \ ANTENNA - (oiREcT 70 EARTH) -—| a) RADIO SCIENCE NN \ \\ SEISMOMETER UHF ANTENNA * (RELAY THROUGH “— ORBITER TO EARTH) METEOROLOGY SEN: CAMERA (2) ENSORS TEMPERATURE / SENSOR SOIL PROCESSORS : \ FOR INTERNALLY MOUNTED INSTRUMENTS: : CoLLEcTor HEAD. \ MAGNETS Si, SNUERNALLY MOUNTED: BIOLOGY Viking Science Summary eicraenicreecence The Viking mission incorporates: 13 science investigations: beginning with three on the orbiter, one during the atmospheric descent, eight on the surface, and the last resulting from careful analysis of radio and radar waves at specified times during the course of the mission. The operational phase of the landed science experiments will last from*the touchdown of the first lander until radio communications are no longer possible in mid- November of 1976. Data analysis will continue for several years while the scientists unravel the mysteries and answer far-reaching questions about Mars, Earth, and our solar system. TWVESTIOATIONS INSTRUMENTS. Imaging 2 TV Cameras Water Vapor Mapper (Atmospheric. Infrae Spectrometer Thermal Mapper (surtace temperatures} Infrared Raciameter Ameaperie Conpoion Wass Specomei, Retain Perl Anon, Paswre and Tempera 7 eaten Von sence Toi |] Mast Soret , : Aiosohee Since —_{ {Sensors acceler and Ra Atieter Imaging Faesnile Comers, Color/Stero Capability Bioloay 3 Analyses for Photosynthesis, Metabolism and Respiration Molecul Analysis (ovani) Gos Chromatagraph Mass Spectrometer (GCS) Mineral Analisis (inorganic) X-Ray Fluorescence Specrometer Meteoouy Pressure, Ternpeature, Wind Velocity and Wind Direction Sensors Seismology | S:Aiis Seismometer - : : : Mognetie Properties of Soil ‘Magnet Avray on Soil Sampler. Cameras. Used for Visual Study of Patcles i Physical Propertes of Soil Analysis of Visual and Enginestng Oats from Applicable Instruments. and Experiments © Cameras - Visual Suudy-of Soil Choractarstics-(e. clumping: grain sine, cobesion, adhesion, ete} ae © Soil Sampler - with cameras) Teeaches, Engineering Force Measurements, Porosity, ~- Beating Strength Oibitertander Location, Atmosphere and lanetory Data, Interplanetary MediumViking Mission Sequence Stage 2 Centaur Burn Ser Salon / Parking Orbit, “\ Bioshield Cap y z 2nd Burn NBL ettison ! ae iano / Space Flight Stage 1 .. me a Separation i Centaur Deflection Mars Orbit Insertion Solid’ Rocket Motor Separation [ ] Orbiter. Ee Lander See ‘eparation a &, Deorbit The ‘circular symbol is the tradi: tional symbol for Mars, The *" has been added asia modern sym= bolic: representation of Viking’s planned journey to the Red Planet. Launch Titan 411/Centaur: Entrs The Viking mission is illustrated here in B00 008 fe sequence, beginning with. the Titan Ill/ Centaur launch from Kennedy. Space Center. and. continuing through inter- planetary cruise, orbital maneuvers, entry, Parachiite terminal descent and landing. Fras meat The first mission is presently designed to oe touch down on the Martian surface on dette July -4,.1976, which will help: celebrate the United States’ 200th anniversary. pemine * 4,000 ft. The. Viking Project is managed by NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Entry to Landing Viking Project Office — Langley Research Center Beal Oominutes