Microscope Simple Microscope

 An optical instrument that is used to observe - Defined as a microscope containing only

tiny objects, often objects that cannot be seen one magnifying lens
at all with the unaided human eye (the “naked
Compound Microscope
eye”)
- A microscope that contains more than one
Types of Microscope
magnifying lens
 Brightfield Microscope
- Used to observe morphology of
microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa,
fungi, and algae in living (unstained) and
nonliving (stained) state
- Cannot observe microbes less than 0.2um in
diameter or thickness, such as spirochetes
and viruses
 Darkfield Microscope
- Unstained organisms are observed against a
dark background
- Useful for examining thin spirochetes
- Slightly more difficult to operate than
brightfield
 Phase – Contrast Microscope
- Can be used to observe unstained living
microorganisms
 Fluorescence Microscope
- Fluorescent dye attached to organism
- Primarily an immunodiagnostic technique
(immunofluorescence)
- Used to detect microbes in cells, tissues and
clinical specimens Table 2 – 3 Components of the Compound Light
 Transmission – Electron Microscope (TEM) Microscope
- Specimen is viewed on a screen Component Location Function
- Excellent resolution (A) Outer Lens At the top of The ocular lens is
- Allows examination of cellular and viral (also known as microscope an x10
ultrastructure an eyepiece); a magnifying lens
- Specimen is nonliving monocular
- Reveals internal features of thin specimens microscope has
one; a binocular
 Scanning Electron Microscope
microscope
- Specimen is viewed on a screen (such as shown
- Gives the illusion of depth (three- in Fig.2 – 5) has
dimensions) two
- Useful for examining surface features of (B) Revolving Above the stage Holds the
cells and viruses nosepiece objective lenses
- Specimen is nonliving (C) Objective Held in place Used to magnify
- Resolution is less than that of TEM lenses above the stage objects placed
by the revolving on the stage
nosepiece
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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
(D) Stage Directly beneath Flat surface on the microscope,
the nosepiece which the with the other
and objective specimen is hand beneath
lenses placed the base to
Stage Beneath the Used to move support the
adjustment stage the stage and weight of the
knobs (not microscopic slide microscope
shown in Fig. 2- (P) Binocular Holds the ocular
5) body lenses in their
(E) Iris On the Used to adjust proper locations
diaphragm condenser the amount of
control arm light passing
through the Care of Microscope
condenser  The microscope paper should be cleaned with
(F) Condenser Beneath the Contains a lens lens paper before and after each use
stage system that
 Other material such as laboratory tissue may
focuses light
scratch the lenses
onto the
specimen  It is especially important that lenses never be
(G) Collector lens Beneath the Controls the left with oil on them
with field condenser amount of light Transporting the Microscope
diaphragm entering the
condenser  A microscope should be left in a permanent
(H) Rheostat Front side of the Controls the position on a study laboratory table in an area
control knob base amount of light where it will not get jammed
entitled from the  If the microscope must be moved, it should be
light source held securely with one hand supporting the
(I) Field Attached to the Used to adjust base and the other hand holding the arm
diaphragm lever field diaphragm the amount of
 The microscope should be placed gently on
light passing
tabletops, to avoid jarring
through the
collector lens Storage of Microscope
(J) On/off switch On the side of Turns the light
the base source on and  When the microscope is no being used, it
off should be left with the low power objective in
(K) Base Contains the position
light source  The stage should be centered so that it does not
(L) Condenser Beneath and Used to adjust project from either side of the microscope
control knob behind the the height of the  The microscope should be stored in a plastic
condenser condenser dust cover
(M and N) Fine On the arm of Used to focus
and coarse the microscope the objective Precautions:
adjustment near the base lenses
 Use the coarse adjustment only with the low
knobs
power objective
(O) Arm Supports the
binocular body  Use of each time the oil immersion lens is used
and the  Use of oil immersion oil with the oil immersion
revolving objective only
nosepiece; held  Clean all oculars and objectives with lens paper
with one hand after each use
when carrying
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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
  Move or transport the microscope with one specialized or in an inter- or multidisciplinary
hand under the base and the other hand field of study, self-directed research and/or
gripping the arm. Avoid jarring or bumping the lifelong learning
microscope
CPD Credit Unit
 Store the microscope covered in a protected
area  Refers to the value of an amount of learning
that can be transferred to a qualification
achieved from formal, informal or nonformal
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) learning setting, wherein credits can be
accumulated to predetermined levels for the
Republic Act 10912
award of a qualification
“Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016”
Section 10. Required CPD Credit Units in a Compliance
 An act mandating and strengthening the Period
continuing professional development program
10.1 The required credit units for renewal of the
for all regulated professions, creating the
Professional Identification Card (PIC) per compliance
continuing professional development council,
period of three (3) years shalt be as follows
and appropriating funds therefore and for other
related purposes 10.1.1 Registered Medical Technologists (RMTs): 45
 Refers to the inculcation of advanced
10.1.2 Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLTs): 30
knowledge, skills, and ethical values in a post-
licensure specialization or in an inter- or 10.2 The implementation thereof shall be gradual in the
multidisciplinary field of study, for assimilation following period:
into professional practice, self-directed research
and/or lifelong learning. Year of Renewal Required Number of CPD Credit
Units
Nature of CPD Programs RMTs MLTs
2018 30 20
 The CPD Programs consist of activities that
2019 onwards 45 30
range from structured to non-structured
activities, which have learning processes and
outcomes Strengthening the CPD Program

(a) Enhance and upgrade the competencies and

a. Formal Learning
qualifications of professionals or the practice of
b. Nonformal Learning
their professions pursuant to the PQF, the AQRF
c. Informal Learning
and the ASEAN MRAs,
d. Self-directed Learning
(b) Ensure international alignment of competencies
e. Online Learning Activities
and qualifications of professionals through
f. Professional Work Experience
career progression mechanisms leading to
CPD Program specialization and sub-specialization
(c) Ensure the development of quality assured
 CPD Program refers to a set of learning mechanisms for the validation, accreditation
activities accredited by the CPD Council such as and recognition of formal, nonformal and
seminars, workshops, technical lectures or informal learning outcomes, including
subject matter meetings, nondegree training professional work experiences and prior
lectures and scientific meetings, modules, tours learning
and visits, which equip the professionals with (d) Ensure maintenance of core competencies
advanced knowledge, skills and values in development of advanced and new

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
 competencies, in order to respond to national,  Also derived from old French word “ethique”
regional and international labor market needs: late latin“ethica” which means of or for morals,
and moral, or expressing character and modern
(e) Recognize and ensure the contributions of  Study of universal values, existing individual and
professionals in uplifting the general welfare, societal norms and values, equality between
economic growth and development of the men and women, human or natural rights, legal
nation rights as mandated by fundamental laws,
balance of nature, and concern and compassion
10.3 Each professional should maintain a record
for health and safety
of his/her CPD record for presentation to PRC
 Theory of good or evil and right and wrong
10.3.1 Professional reviewing their PICs should
General Components of Ethics
provide a summary of CPD activities undertaken
using the prescribed form, Summary of CPD  Rules
Activity for the Compliance Period (Annex E)  Policies – an individual may be
observant of formal or non-formal
10.3.2 After validation of the information
guidelines before action is done or
contained in the accomplished form, it should
executed
be given to the CPD Secretariat for encoding
 Directives – the conduct of any person
and data mining for research purposes and
can be guided as micro-level
formulation of developmental plans and/or
 Standards
strategies to improve the implementation of the
 Can be considered as social policies
CPD Program for Medical Technology
 Principles
Section 11. Professional Working Overseas. Medical  A principle of a rule of conduct is
Technologists working overseas may take against a standard if there is a valid and
programs/seminars through the foreign chapters or justified ground to support the premise
affiliates of accredited CPD Providers. They may also  Judgement
attend seminars/trainings conducted by non-accredited  Is the product of learned codes of
CPD Providers and apply for credit units with their conduct and the cognitive evaluation of
respective CPD Councils under Self-Directed and/or each situation
Lifelong Learning Track
Ethics also means “MORALITY”
Nature and Scope of Ethics
 Morality – connotes the existence of
 Ethics is a philosophy because it touches the real-world beliefs and practices about
principles of righteousness and goodness proper human conduct
 Ethics is also a science because it is aimed at  Ethics – may refer to what has been
attaining systematized knowledge and known as the standard behavior or
experience conduct in a particular place while
 However, ethics cannot be considered as art as MORALITY refers to any behaviors or
it does not teach an individual how to live a practice common to all groups
moral life, but rather justifies the rightness or  Ethics – relates to the philosophy
goodness of life, which is the so-called summum behind a moral outcome
bonum of human life  Morality – agreed upon rules for what
 Ethics may be called the “colons of values” is right and wrong

Definition of Ethics

 Derived from Ancient Greek Word “ethos”

means the “Theory of things” or “way of living”

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
General Components of Ethics research, stem cell therapy, and vaccine clinical
trials
 Common Sense
 A practical application of what the APPLIED ETHICS
conscious mind dictates whether or not
 Ethics in Medicine
the action is right or wrong
 Involves the use of moral values and
 The product of cognitive, practical, and
judgements in medical practice,
critical thinking
especially in handling patients and
 Values
inter-relationships with other health
 Came from the latin word “valere”
workers
which means “having worth or being
 Hippocratic Oath – “to practice the
worthy”
profession and to prescribe medicine to
 An abstract object of interest or worth
the best of the physician’s ability for the
 Public Interest
good of the patients and try to avoid
 Manifests when action has been done
doing harm to the latter”
and executed in congruency with public
 Honesty, beneficence, non-maleficence,
welfare
dignity, justice and autonomy
General Types of Ethics  Ethics in Politics and Economics
 Anchored on sensitivity to employee’s
1. Meta-Ethics
status and circumstances
 Seeks the use of ethical reason for the
 Economic ethics is derived from family
things or events that have happened or
structure and culture, including the way
have been happening as the will of the
a society views an individual’s roles and
Almighty God
values
 Means ethics far beyond the physical
 Ethics in Environment
world, that is, the rule of power and the
 Deals with how human utilize the
will of Almighty God over human
Earth’s limited resources
reasoning
 Ethics in Psychology
2. Applied Ethics
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
 Branch of ethics that refers to the
 Self-actualization – desire to become the most
analysis of moral issues such as
that one can be
abortion, animal rights, and euthanasia
 Esteem – respect, self-esteem, status,
 Include environmental, medical, social
recognition, strength, freedom
and business ethics
 Love and belonging – friendship, intimacy,
3. Normative Ethics
family, sense of connection
 Implies the institution of moral conduct
 Safety needs – personal security, employment,
in regulating what is right or wrong
resources, health, property
 Basic principle: Golden Rule
 Bridges the gap between meta-ethics  Physiological needs – air, water, food, shelter,
and applied ethics sleep, clothing, reproduction

Ethics in Health Care

 Commonly practiced by health workers such as PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

nurses, psychologists, geneticists, pharmacists,  Applies to the workforce and
physicians, and other allied health workers professionals
 Some medical practices that remain ethical  Professionals act according to certain
issues are abortion, euthanasia, nuclear standards of behavior

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS technical papers, or other publications or
involved in litigation
 Impartiality and Objectivity
 I shall advance the profession by exchanging
 “Whatever a medical technologist has
general information and experience with fellow
examined must be verified and
medical technologists and other professionals
released”
and by contributing the work of professional
 Openness and Full Disclosure
organizations
 “He/she should release the laboratory
 I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, views, and
results as what is expected of the
opinions within constructive limits and shall not
profession”
use the knowledge I know for selfish ends
1. Infectious disease testing
 I shall treat any information I acquired about
2. HIV Testing
individuals in the course of my work as strictly
3. Reporting of infectious diseases
confidential, and may be divulged only to
4. Treatment and record keeping
authorized persons or entities or with consent
5. Duty to warn
of the individual when necessary
6. Disclosure of infectious disease
 I shall report any infractions of these principles
Code of Ethics of a Medical Technologist of professional conduct to the authorities
responsible of enforcement of applicable laws
As I enter into the practice of Medical Technology,
or regulations, or to the Ethics Committee of
 I shall accept the responsibilities inherent to the Philippine Association of Medical
being a professional Technologists as may be appropriate
 I shall uphold the law and shall not engage in
To these principles. I hereby subscribe and pledge to
illegal work, nor cooperate with anyone is
conduct myself at all times in a manner befitting the
engaged
dignity of my profession
 I shall avoid associating or being identified with
any enterprise of questionable character PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
 I shall work and act in a strict spirit of fairness to
 Due Diligence
employer, clients, contractors, employees and
 Every laboratory examination must be
in a spirit of personal helpfulness and fraternity
carried out with due care and diligence
toward other members of the profession
 Confidentiality
 I shall use only honorable means of competition
 Controls the release of medical records,
for professional employment or services and
limits the ability of persons to testify in
shall refrain from unfairly injuring, directly or
court based on information obtained
indirectly, the professional reputation, projects
when providing professional services, or
or business of a fellow medical technologist
prohibits disclosure of information
 I shall accept employment from more than one regarding specific diseases, such as HIV
employer only when there in into conflict of and drug use
interest  Fidelity to Professional Responsibilities
 I shall perform professional work in a manner  A registered medical technologist
that merits full confidence and trust carried out should perform his/her job to the best
with absolute reliability, accuracy, fairness and of his/her abilities
honesty  Reliability at Work
 I shall review the professional work of other  A registered medical technologist must
medical technologists when requested, fairly be reliable and credible
and in confidence whether they are  He/she should have a basis in releasing
subordinates or employees, authors of the laboratory results
proposals for grants or contracts, authors of
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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
  Avoidance of Conflict of Interest ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY: (Minimum Facilities
 A Registered Medical Technologists Required)
should avoid conflicts of interest, PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
especially those involving one’s own 1. Clinical Centrifuge 1. Primary laboratory 1. Secondary laboratory
2. Hemacytometer equipment/ instruments equipment/ instruments
personal desires or wants. 3. Microhematocritcentrifuge 2. Refrigerator 2. Incubator
4. Microscope with OIO 3. Photometer or 3. Trip/ analytical balance
5.Hemoglobinometer or its itsequivalent 4. Rotator
equivalent 4. Water bath or 5. Serofuge or its equivalent
6. Differential blood cell itsequivalent 6. Autoclave
NATURE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY counter or its equivalent 5. Timer or its equivalent 7. Drying oven
8. Biosafety cabinet or its
equivalent
CLINICAL LABORATORY
 (Based on AO 27 s. 2007)
 Refers to a facility subdivided into different sections where
ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL
common diagnostic procedures are done by specialized OWNERSHIP FUNCTION CHARACTER

health professionals. 1. Government 1. Clinical Pathology 1. Institution-based

2. Private 2. Anatomic Pathology 2. Freestanding
 The regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines is
governed by Republic Act 4688.

REPUBLIC ACT 4688 1. National Reference Laboratory (NRL)

 Laboratory in a government hospital which has been
 Aims to ensure the health of the general public by
designated by the DOH to provide special functions and
preventing the operation of substandard laboratories
services such as the following:
 Department of Health through the Bureau of Research and
a. Confirmatory testing
Laboratories (BRL)
b. Surveillance
 Bureau of Health Facilities and Services (BHFS) –
c. Resolution of conflicts
Administrative order 59 s. 2001
d. Training and research
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES e. Evaluation of kits and reagents
f. External quality assessment program
 (Based on AO 59 s. 2001)
2. Satellite Testing Sites
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:  Any testing sites that performs laboratory examinations
under the administrative control of a licensed laboratory
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY
Hematology Surgical Pathology but outside the physical confines of the laboratory
Clinical Chemistry Immunohistopathology
Microbiology Cytology 3. Mobile clinical laboratories
Parasitology Autopsy
Mycology Forensic Pathology
 A laboratory testing unit that moves from one testing site
Clinical Microscopy
to another testing site or has a temporary testing location
Immunohematology
Blood Banking and a “base laboratory”
LaboratoryEndocrinology
Toxicology and Therapeutic Drugs
Sections of the Clinical Laboratory
ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER:

 Clinical Chemistry
 Hospital-based (HB)
 Hematology
 Non-Hospital-based (NHB)
 Immunohematology/Blood Bank
ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY:(ExaminationPerformed)  Immunology/Serology
 Medical Microbiology
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
1. Routine Hematology 1. Primary laboratory 1. Secondary laboratory  Analysis of Urine and Blood Fluids (Clinical Microscopy)
2. Routine urinalysis examination examination
3. Routine fecalysis 2. Routine chemistry 2. Special chemistry  Histopathology
4. Blood typing- HB 3. Blood typing 3. Specialhematology
5. Quantitativeplatelet andcrossmatching -HB 4. Immunology/Serology
determination - HB 5. Microbiology

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY BLOOD BANK

Involved in the analysis of biological materials, usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic

 Deals with the uses of immunologic principles to study
results on the state of the human body.
 Test procedures are usually performed on serum and identify the different blood groups
 Separate area in a clinical laboratory where blood is
collected from donors.
 Prepares blood and blood components for transfusion

ROUTINELY REQUESTED CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ASSAYS

 Blood Glucose

 Blood Lipid Profile

 Kidney (Renal) Function tests

 Liver Function Tests

 Cardiac Function Tests MICROBIOLOGY

 Special Chemistry Tests: Tumor Markers

Clinical Chemistry Services Clinical Significance

 Study of microorganisms too small to be seen by unaided
Electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3, PO4-3, Ca+2, Mg+2, eye.
etc.
Enzymes Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase,  A broad term which includes virology, mycology,
Creatine phosphokinase, Lactic acid
dehydrogenase, Glutamic-Oxalacetic
parasitology, bacteriology.
Transaminase, Amylase, etc.
 Responsible for growing and identifying the organisms
Proteins Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Pre-
albumin, Alpha globulins, Beta-globulins, obtained from patient’s blood, urine, or other body fluids,
Immunoglobulins, etc.
Organics Glucose, Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine, sputum, or wound.
Cholesterol, etc.
 After the organism is grown out (culture), susceptibility
Profile Type Composition of example profiles
Renal (Kidney) Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-3, Urea Nitrogen, testing can be performed.
Creatinine, Uric acid, albumin
Hepatic (liver) Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin, AST, ALT,
ALP, Cholesterol, Total protein, albumin,
IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY
globulin
Cardiac (Heart) CPK, LDH, Troponin I, Myoglobin  Immunology is defined as the study of all the aspects of
Hypertensive Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Triglycerides
Thyroid Thyroxin, Free thyroxin, TSH the immune system, including its structure and function.
 Deals with the response of an organism to antigenic
HEMATOLOGY
challenge and its recognition of what is self and non self.

 Scientific study of blood, its components, and blood  Serology is a division of immunology that deals with the

diseases. specializes in the laboratory detection and measurement

 Includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, of antigens and antibodies.

prognosis and prevention of blood diseases.  Serological tests may be performed for diagnostic

 Whole blood is used for the majority of test procedures. purposes when an infection is suspected and helps to
diagnose patients with immunodeficiencies associated with
the lack of antibodies.
 NETRUPHIL
 BANDS CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
 LYMPHOCYTES
 MOCYTES  Performs scientific analysis of non-blood body fluids such
 EOSINOPHILS
as urine, semen, and stool.
 BASOPHILS

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
ROUTINE URINALYSIS  Preserving the tissue specimen in a like-like
manner as possible.
 The macroscopic, chemical, and microscopic examinations
c. Dehydration
of urine provide initial valuable diagnostic information
 Process of removing water from the specimen by
concerning metabolic dysfunctions of both renal and
using increasing grades of ethyl alcohol
non-renal origin.
d. Clearing
1. Chemical Tests for abnormal chemical constituents
 Also known as de-alcoholization
 The common chemical testing of urine utilizes
 Process of removing excess alcohol in the tissues
commercial disposable test strips
and making the tissues transparent.
 The result of testing is regarded as semi-quantitative
e. Infiltration
 A fresh urine specimen is collected in a clean, dry
 the process of filling up the tissue spaces or
container. A multistix strip is briefly immersed in the urine
cavities using a paraffin wax
specimen, covering all reagent areas.
f. Embedding/Molding
 The process of placing the infiltrated tissue inside
2. Microscopic exam for abnormal insoluble constituents
a mold.
 Looks for formed cellular elements, casts, bacteria, yeasts,
g. Trimming
parasites and crystals in centrifuged urine sediment
 The process of removing the excess paraffin wax

SEMEN ANALYSIS from the block until it assumes the shape of a

truncated pyramid.
 Important in evaluating fertility cases and status of post
h. Sectioning
vasectomy cases.
 Also known as microtomy

STOOL EXAMINATION  A tissue block is cut into thin slices called

ribbons/section using microtome.
 Fecalysis, stool concentration technique, occult blood
i. Staining
determination and stool examination for fats help
 The process that employs the use of hematoxylin
clinician in early detection of gasto-intestinal bleeding,
and eosin dyes to differentiate the cells and the
liver and biliary duct disorders and malabsorption
cellular constituents.
syndrome.
j. Mounting

HISPATHOLOGY  The process of putting the coverslip on the

stained tissue using a mounting medium K.
 Refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order Labeling
to study the manifestations of disease.  Means of identifying the specimen. The specimen
 Examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a number is indicated on the glass slide.
pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and
histological sections have been placed onto glass slides. CYCLE OF CLINICAL LABORATORY

Two sources of SPECIMENS:

1. Autopsy specimen
2. Biopsy specimen

ROUTINE HISTOPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION

a. Numbering
 Process of recording the tissue specimen in a
log book and assigning identification numbers
tothe specimen received in the laboratory
b. Fixation

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)
 CONCEPT ERROR

RANDOM ERROR

 Present in all measurement; it is due to chance, can be

both positive or negative
 Basis for varying differences between repeated
measurements

DUE TO:

 Instrument, operator and environmental conditions

QUALITY CONCEPTS
(variations in techniques)

QUALITY CONTROL  Pipetting error

 Mislabelling of samples
 Study of those errors which are the responsibility of the  Temperature fluctuation
laboratory and the procedures used to recognize and
minimize them.
 A system of ensuring accuracy and precision in the
SYSTEMATIC ERROR
laboratory.
 A process of ensuring that analytical results are correct by  Error that influences observations consistently in one

testing known samples that resembles patient samples. direction (constant difference)
 Detected as either positive or negative bias; often related
KINDS OF QUALITY CONTROL
to calibration problems, failing instrument and poorly

1. Intralab (Internal QC) written procedures

 Involves the analyses of control samples

together with the patient specimen
 Detects changes in performance between the
present operation and the “stable” operation
 Important for the daily monitoring of accuracy
and precision of analytical methods
2. Interlab (External QC)
 Involves proficiency testing programs that
periodically provide samples of unknown
concentration of analytes to participating
laboratory
 Important in maintaining long-term accuracy of
the analytical methods • Used to determine
estimates of the state-of the-art interlaboratory

QUALITY ASSURANCE

 Overall activities conducted by the institution that are

directed toward assuring the quality of services provided
 Focused on the recipient-patient
 Focuses on monitoring the outcomes or indicators of care.

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Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science – Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 (MLSP111)