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 FULL DICTIONARY CONTENTS

Grammar Codes and Symbols inside front cover

Introduction vi
Using your Dictionary vii
Numbers and Symbols that are Entries x

The Dictionary 1-857

Study Skills between pages 448 and 449

Dealing with Data SS2
Experiments and Projects SS5
Capital Letters and Pronunciation SS6
Composition Skills SS8
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) SS10
Revision and Examination Skills SS13

The Periodic Table 858

Chemical Elements 859
Irregular Verbs 860
Geographical Names and Nationalities 862
Using Numbers 867
Pronunciation Guide inside back cover
 Features of the MACMILLA
Macm
Clear layout for ease of use clo
...
147.............................. com
...... plem
...... ..
com ......iot
......patr .............................. ............ uter
Full coverage of up-to-date er piece competition between the two comp
able to be used together with anoth 3 likely to 2 [U] the activities of people whoalso w
are tr
pronunciation, spelling and of computer equipment or softwareof being get something that other peopl e
have a good relationship becau se o
meaning : We’re just not There is a lot of competition for jobs.
simila r A INCOMP ATIBLE
must emphasize that we are not in ize
compatible. —compatibility competition with you. 3 [C] an organbe
/kEmÆpœtE"bIlEti/ noun [U] in which people try to win prizes
by
d
compatriot /kEm"pœtriEsame t/ noun [C] better than other people: He’d entere
Hundreds of synonyms and country as competition in the local newsp aper.
someone who is from the the perso n,
opposites you PHRAS E the competition
is com
company, or thing that someone etitio
compel /kEm"pel/ (compelssome , compelling,
one to do with: Let’s look at what the comp o W
compelled) verb [T] to force doing and do it better . Bu
something a
Information on spelling with The competition can be used withus
inflections for irregular and compelling /kEm"pelIN /your adj 1 interesting or
attention
singular or plural verb. You can say䡲
is doing
Le
exciting enough to keep look at what the compe tition
completely: a compelling story 2 e ar
able to
semi-regular verbs, adjectives Let’s look at what the competition
persuade some one to do or believ doing. n
and nouns
something: compelling evidence ‘
compensate / "kQmpEnÆseeffect It/ verb 1 [I] to competitive /kEm"petEtIv/ adj 1 a i
of competitive activity is one in which䡲 aD
change or remove the bad companies or teams are competing
some thing: Their enthu siasm compensates for e inp
t
Common grammar patterns one each other: the struggle to surviver th
their lack of skill. 2 [I/T] to pay some
an injury competitive marketplace 2 cheap n
for students to learn money because they have suffered for the others: a wide range of goods at 䡲 toA
very
or loss: They were compe nsated
competitive prices 3 always trying b
damage to the house. successful than other people: a high 䡲 C
compensation / ÆkQmpEn"receiv seIS(E)n/ noun ely a
competitive player —competitiv fa
es because
Helpful example sentences, 1 [U] money that someone competitiveness noun [U] cu
happe ned to them: She
competitor /kEm"petItE / noun
something bad has [C]
based on real-life spoken and n for her clot hin
was awarded £2,000 compensatio es or company that sells the same goods o
written English, show how and injuries. 2 [C/U] something that changHe uses services as another 2 someonecloth
ofwho
clot
when the word is used removes the bad effect of something: of in a sports competition
in
compe nsatio n for his lack
speed as clounou d1
strength. compilation / ÆkQmpE" leIS(Eor)n/ whit
storie e
set of things such as songs sky:
compete /kEm"pi;t/ verb [I]comp 1 to try to be
anies or brought together from differemor nt aplac
Each meaning is numbered, more successful than other ec
with the most common sense people in business: We’re too small2 to try to
that.
to
compile /kEm"paIl/ verb [T] aof mak
to som
huged
compete with a comp any like
to compete book using information from many
shown first win a competition: Her dream was ting places —compiler noun [C]cloud 2
in the Olympics. o You will be compe . o Ten
against the best athletes in the
world complacent /kEm"pleIs(Econfid to thin
)nt/ adj k
teams will compete for the trophy
. who is complacent is too feelient ngs
relaxed becau se they think mak
they ecan
s
Simple, clear definitions are Word family: compete something easily, even thoug conf
h this
usi
written using a carefully as compe te —com placen tly adv furth
, comp er
Words in the same family be true
/kEm"pleIs(E)nsi/ noun [U]
䡲 competitor n such as
selected ‘defining 䡲 competition n it, it bec
䡲 uncompetitive adj
vocabulary’ of 3,000 words
䡲 competitive adj
䡲 competing adj comp lain /k E m "ple I n/ verb [I/T] to
cloudles
䡲 competitively you are not satisfied with some thin
adv are you compl aining about?no o He
clouthd
䡲 competitiveness n to complain to the boss. o She
cloudy / com
that it was too hot. 1 full of
competence / "kQmpItEns/ Inoun [U] the
Special help boxes on word
ability to do something well: am not complaint /k E m "ple Int/clovnoun e /kl1[
families, synonym sets and questioning your competence. statement that you are not bud thate
satisfi
something: I intend to makefood a com
2a
vocabulary building competent / "kQmpItEnt/ adjenoug 1 capable of
h, but not There’s been a complaint clov
about yo
doing something well 2 good peten tly 2 [C] something that some oneencom ho
extremely good A ETENT —com BIOL OGY
was tht
about: The main complaint
INCOMP
adv or other cow oralaps
medic
3 [C] an illness
General word selection based competing /kEm"pi;tIN / adjescomp eting
complement 1 / "kQmplplan
clovIÆment
er //"k
t all be
on the 200 million word World arguments, claims, or theori canno combine well with someFarm thing: t with
as
true comp lemen ers
tedgb
sweater that was impr ove
English Corpus, supplemented
competition / Æ k Q mp E "t IS ( E )n/ noun 1 [U] the jewell ery th
to be
with specialist subject activities of companies that are trying
others : intens e comp lement 2 / "kQmplImEnt/
vocabulary based on a 20 more successful than
million word corpus of school
curriculum coursebooks
AN SCHOOL DICTIONARY
$$$ Page 

oth
.....ing
................................... 136
.......... ...................................
......t.
men
cumulonimbus .....clu
.....ed
.....up
..
r giants cirrus
rying to Informative two-colour
cold

want:COLD SECTOR WARM SECTOR cirrostratus

illustrations relating to
fron

We altostratus curriculum content

t

nimbostratus ont
ed event m fr
war
ing stratus
da
cumulus COLD SECTOR

mpeting clouds
on isdon’t you take
Why those wet cloth es off? clown /klaUn/ noun [C] 1 Menus in longer entries
uild your vocabulary: wor circus who wears funny a performer in a help you find the
se instead of clothes ds you can
et’s things 2 someone who clothes and does silly meaning you need
Clothes is a general wor is stupid or annoying
OR
g‘thin d meaning
gs that you wear’. It club 1 /klVb/ noun quickly
reHis clothes were dirty. o is always plural:
I
new clothes. If you wan bought some 1 society for activity
5 suit of playing
‘one thing that you weat to talk about 2 sports team & staff
r’ use a piece/an 3 place for dancing cards
item of clothing. 6 stick as weapon
Dress is a less common 4 stick for golf
gainst
to special clothes that wor d and refers 1 [C] an organization for
a highly
npart are typical of a
icular country or time: in a particular activity, orpeople who take part Subject-specific words
han
national dress men in they use: Why don’t you the building that
Ay dress is a single piece Are you a member of the join a chess club? o highlighted throughout
be more of cloth ing worn 2 [C] a team of sports play club?
by a woman.
ly
Clot h, is material made of cott who work with them: Man ers and the staff
adv
abrics, used for making on or othe r football club chester United
urtains etc. clothes, 3 [C] a place where peop
le go in the evening
1a to dance and drink
or / "klEUDIN / noun [U] cloth
ng 4 [C] a long object like a
stick used for hitting
es:
thin
takes waterproof clothing o the a piece
g opart the ball in golf C GOLF CLUB
ng industry 5 clubs [ plural ] the suit Stress patterns are shown
1un cards that has a pattern (=group) of playing
[C]Uad/ noun [C] 1 GEOG
/kla on a black stem: the kingof three black balls where no separate
RAPH Y a
esorthat
greyare mass of drops of 6 [C] a thick heavy stick of clubs
few white clouds in the water in the
ces used as a weapon pronunciation is given
sky o There’s
cloud than yesterday. 2
or
a listsuch
ke hing a large amount club 2 /klVb/ (clubs, clubbing
met as smoke or dust in the [T] to hit someone with , clubbed) verb
differe nt
e cloud of black smoke air: a heavy object
Æclub "foot noun [C] HEAL
/klaUd/ verb 1 [T] to one side as a result of a TH a foot twisted to
one affect your
ksome
in a sens ible way: Make sure thatability — Æclub-"footed adj medical condition
sand
do not cloud your judgmen your
deal with t. 2
nome thin g more complicated or [T] to clubhouse / "klVbÆhaUs/
may not
ing: Unanswered question building used by membersnoun [C] the
placen
clouded cy the s have of a sports club Frequent collocations and
issue. 3 [I/T] if somethi
s glass clouds, or if som ng cluc k /klVk/ verb [I] if a chicken fixed phrases shown in
com ething clouds mak es clucks, it
es
o say that diffi cult to see through its usua l shor t low sound —cluck nou
[C] n examples
ss "kla
ng:/What UdlEs/ adj a cloudless sky
has
ds in itned
hreate clue /klu; / noun [C] 1 an
mplained
/ "klaUdi/ (cloudier, helps someone to solve object or fact that
clou Detectives were broughta crime or mystery: Phrases, phrasal verbs
clouds 2 a cloudy liquid diest) adj in to help search for
[C/U] a is not clear clue s. o Police still have and idioms are given at
lEUwith
ed v/ noun [C] 1 a brown
dried flower identity of the killer. 2 a no clues as to the the end of an entry
is a spic that piece of information
mplaint. oe, used for adding flavour to helps you to underst
sect
our ion of a bulb of garlic
work. face gave her no clue as and something: His
to what he was
oof /ns
mplai ÆklEUv(E)n "hu;f/ noun [C] thinking. 3 a word or phra
you to guess the answer se provided to help
thenoise.
he foot of an mammal such in a crossword
roblem
shee p that has two separate as a PHRA SE not have a clue
parts or understand something:informal to not know
EUv[T]
klverb E / to
noun [U] a small flowerin him?’ ‘I don’t have a clue ‘What’s wrong with Style and usage
h leavees that have three
simpl g .’
er for feeding cows and s. clued up / Æklu;d "Vp/ adj informal som
round part information for when a
clovnt
by elega
grow
he soil. to who is clued up knows abou eone
subject or situation t a particular word is used e.g. spoken,
noun [C] written, informal, formal,
humorous, offensive,
literary, old-fashioned
categorize 112 causeway
.........................................................................................................
clear and definite way —categorical CHEMISTRY an ion that has a positive
/ ÆkœtE"gQrIk(E)l/ adj electrical charge and is attracted towards the
categorize / "kœtIgEÆraIz/ verb [T] to put cathode during electrolysis
people or things into groups according to their catkin / "kœtkIn/ noun [C] a long soft group
qualities C CLASSIFY —categorization of small flowers that hangs from the branches
/ ÆkœtIgEraI"zeIS(E)n/ noun [U] of willows and some other trees
category / "kœtEg(E)ri/ (plural categories) cattle / "kœt(E)l/ noun [ plural ] cows and bulls
noun [C] a group of people or things that have that are kept by farmers for their milk or meat
similar qualities: There will be two winners in
each category. o The proposal would ban "cattle Æprod noun [C] AGRICULTURE a stick
some categories of weapons. that can give an electric shock, used for
making an animal move in a particular
cater / "keItE / verb [I/T] to provide food and direction
drinks at an event such as a party or
meeting —caterer noun [C] Caucasian /kO;"keIziEn/ adj formal used for
PHRASAL VERB "cater to sb to provide a describing a white person, for example
particular group of people with something someone from North America, Europe, or
that they want or need: There are more and Australia —Caucasian noun [C]
more TV shows catering to young male
audiences. caught /kO;t/ the1 past tense and past
participle of catch
catering / "keItErIN / noun [U] the job of
organizing the food and drinks for an event cauldron / "kO;ldrEn/ noun [C] a large round
such as a party or meeting metal container that is used for cooking over
a fire
caterpillar / "kœtEÆpIlE / noun [C] BIOLOGY
the larva of a butterfly or moth. It has a worm- cauliflower / "kQliÆflaUE / noun [C/U] a
like body, with three pairs of true legs and vegetable with a hard round white central part
several pairs of false legs. surrounded by green leaves —picture
➔ VEGETABLE
head thorax abdomen
cause 1 /kO;z/ noun 1 [C] an event, thing, or
person that makes something happen: The
cause of death was found to be a heart attack.
o an essay on the causes of the First World
War 2 [C/U] a reason for behaving in a
particular way, or for feeling a particular
emotion: He wouldn’t have done it without
simple anus good cause (=a good reason). o The doctor’s
eyes three pairs four pairs report states that there is no cause for concern.
of true legs of false legs 3 [C] an aim, idea, or organization that
caterpillar someone supports or works for: Campaigners
hope that people will be sympathetic to their
catfish / "kœtÆfIS / (plural catfish) noun [C] a cause. o Please give as much as you can: it’s
fish with long hard hairs near its mouth. It lives for a good cause.
in lakes and rivers.
cause 2 /kO;z/ verb [T] to make something
cathedral /kE"Ti;drEl/ noun [C] RELIGION happen, usually something bad: Indigestion
the most important church in the area that a is caused by excess acid in the stomach. o Bad
bishop controls weather continues to cause problems for
cathode / "kœTEUd/ noun [C] CHEMISTRY, travellers. o A small sound caused him to turn
PHYSICS the negative electrode in a battery his head. o He apologizes for causing you any
or similar piece of electrical equipment, or the embarrassment.
negative electrode in an electrolytic cell Build your vocabulary: words you can
➔ ANODE use instead of cause
Æcathode "ray Ætube noun [C] PHYSICS a piece 䡲 bring about to make something happen,
of equipment in televisions and some especially something positive that
computers that creates the image on the improves the situation
screen. A beam of high-energy electrons is 䡲 give rise to to make something happen,
directed towards the screen, where it lights up especially something unpleasant or
different spots of colour to make a picture. unexpected
䡲 lead to to begin a process that makes
Catholic / "kœT(E)lIk/ noun [C] RELIGION a something happen later
member of the Roman Catholic Church — 䡲 contribute to to be one of several causes
Catholic adj, Catholicism /kE"TQlIÆsIz(E)m/ that help to make something happen
noun [U]
cation / "kœtaIEn/ noun [C] PHYSICS , causeway / "kO;zÆweI / noun [C] a raised road
caustic soda 113 celebration
.........................................................................................................
or path across ground that is wet or covered happening in different parts of a building or
by water town
caustic soda / ÆkO;stIk "sEUdE / noun [U] CD / Æsi; "di; / noun [C] compact disc: a small
CHEMISTRY the chemical sodium hydroxide round piece of hard plastic with sound
that is a strong alkali and is used for cleaning recorded on it or computer information stored
things that are very dirty. It is also used for on it
making many other chemicals. It absorbs ÆC"D Æplayer noun [C] a piece of equipment
carbon dioxide gas. used for playing CDs with music on them
caution 1 / "kO;S(E)n/ noun 1 [U] careful CD-R / Æsi; di; "A; / noun [C] compact disc
thought and lack of hurry in order to try to recordable: an empty CD that you can use
avoid risks or danger: He was instructed to act only once to record music or information from
with extreme caution. o Politicians should a computer
exercise greater caution with taxpayers’
money. 2 [U] advice that you should be "C Ædrive noun [C] COMPUTING the main hard
careful: A word of caution: the roads are full of disk drive on a computer system
potholes. 3 [C] an official warning that the CD-ROM / Æsi; di; "rQm/ noun [C/U]
police give someone who has broken the law COMPUTING compact disc read-only
caution 2 / "kO;S(E)n/ verb [T] 1 formal to warn memory: a CD that stores large amounts of
someone about a possible danger or information for use by a computer —picture
problem: Researchers cautioned that the drug ➔ COMPUTER
is only partly effective. 2 if the police caution CD-RW / Æsi; di; A; "dVb(E)lju; / noun [C]
someone who has broken the law, they warn COMPUTING compact disc rewritable: a CD
them officially that can be used for recording music or
cautious / "kO;SEs/ adj careful to avoid information from a computer
problems or danger —cautiously adv ÆC"D Æwriter noun [C] a piece of equipment
cavalry / "kœvElri/ noun [ singular ] the part used for recording information onto CDs
of an army that consists of soldiers who ride cease /si;s/ verb [I/T] formal to stop
horses, or in modern times, of soldiers who happening or continuing, or to stop
ride in armoured vehicles something happening or continuing:
cave 1 /keIv/ noun [C] a large hole in the side Conversation ceased when she entered the
of a hill or under the ground room. o The government has ceased all
contact with the rebels.
cave 2 /keIv/ ceasefire / "si;sÆfaIE / noun [C] an agreement
PHRASAL VERB Æcave "in if a roof or wall caves
to stop fighting for a period of time
in, it falls down or inwards
caveman / "keIvÆmœn/ (plural cavemen ceaseless / "si;slEs/ adj formal continuing
/ "keIvÆmen/) noun [C] someone who lived
without stopping —ceaselessly adv
thousands of years ago when people lived in cedar / "si;dE / noun [C/U] a tall evergreen tree,
caves or the wood from this tree
cavern / "kœvEn/ noun [C] a large cave cede /si;d/ verb [T] formal if a ruler or country
cedes power or land, they formally allow
caviar / "kœviÆA; / noun [U] fish eggs that are someone else to take it from them
eaten as a special and expensive food
ceiling / "si;lIN / noun [C] 1 the surface that is
cavity / "kœvEti/ (plural cavities) noun [C] 1 a above you in a room: There were cracks in the
hole or space inside a solid object, especially walls and the ceiling. 2 an upper limit set on
a part of the body: the nasal cavity o the the number or amount of something: A ceiling
abdominal cavity 2 a hole in a tooth, caused of £100 was put on all donations.
by decay
celebrate / "selEÆbreIt/ verb 1 [I/T] to do
cayenne pepper / ÆkeIen "pepE / noun [U] a something enjoyable in order to show that an
red powder made from a type of pepper that occasion or event is special: They’re
has a strong flavour. It is added to food to celebrating the end of their exams. 2 [T]
make it taste spicy. formal to show admiration for someone or
cc / Æsi; "si; / abbrev 1 used on a business letter something in a piece of writing, music, or art,
or in a ceremony: The bravery of warriors was
or email for saying that a copy is being sent to
the person mentioned: To Jack Brown, cc: Paul celebrated in song.
Davis. 2 cubic centimetre: used for measuring celebrated / "selEÆbreItId/ adj famous and
the amount of a liquid or the size of an engine: praised by many people: a celebrated artist
a 750cc motorbike
celebration / ÆselE"breIS(E)n/ noun 1 [C] a
CCTV / Æsi; si; ti; "vi; / noun [C/U] closed-circuit party or special event at which people
television: a system of cameras and television celebrate something: The whole family came
screens that allows someone to see what is for our anniversary celebration. 2 [C/U] the
celebrity 114 census
.........................................................................................................
activity of celebrating something: It was a "cell diÆvision noun [C] BIOLOGY 1 see mitosis
night of dancing and celebration. 2 see meiosis
celebrity /sE" lebrEti/ (plural celebrities) "cell Æmembrane noun [C] BIOLOGY the outer
noun [C] a famous entertainer or sports layer surrounding the cytoplasm of all cells.
personality: a sports celebrity The cell membrane controls which substances
go in and out of the cell. —picture ➔ CELL
celery / "selEri/ noun [U] a pale green
vegetable consisting of long leaf stems that cello / "tSelEU / (plural cellos) noun [C] MUSIC
are eaten raw or cooked —picture ➔ VEGETABLE a musical instrument with strings, like a large
violin. You hold it between your legs and play
celestial body /sEÆlestiEl "bQdi/ noun [C] it with a bow. —picture ➔ MUSICAL INSTRUMENT,
ASTRONOMY a star or planet ORCHESTRA —cellist / "tSelIst/ noun [C]

celibate / "selEbEt/ adj someone who is cellophane / "selEÆfeIn/ noun [U] a very thin
celibate does not have sex —celibacy clear material that people use for wrapping
/ "selIbEsi/ noun [U] things
cell /sel/ noun [C] 1 BIOLOGY the smallest cellphone / "selÆfEUn/ noun [C] American a
unit from which all living things are made. All mobile phone
cells have a cell membrane, and plant cells cellular / "seljUlE / adj 1 BIOLOGY relating to
also have a cellulose cell wall. A cell also has the cells of living things 2 relating to mobile
a nucleus that contains the organism’s phones
cellulose / "seljUÆlEUs/ noun [U] BIOLOGY a
genetic information, cytoplasm, and very
small parts called organelles: brain cells 2 a
small room where a prisoner is kept substance that forms the walls of plant cells
3 COMPUTING a small square in a pattern of and plant fibres. It is insoluble in water, and
squares on a computer spreadsheet for is used to make plastics, explosives, paper,
writing numbers or words in 4 PHYSICS , fabrics, and other products. ➔ ROUGHAGE
CHEMISTRY a piece of equipment that uses Æcell "wall noun [C] BIOLOGY a strong layer
chemicals, heat, or light to produce electricity that surrounds each cell in organisms other
➔ ELECTRICAL CELL than animals, protecting them and giving them
shape. In most plants, the cell wall is made of
cellulose, and in fungi it is made of chitin.
animal cell cell membrane
(irregular shape) Celsius / "selsiEs/ noun [U] SCIENCE a system
for measuring temperature in the metric
chromosome system —symbol c ➔ FAHRENHEIT
Celt /kelt/ noun [C] a member of an ancient
nucleus group of people who lived in parts of Western
Europe —Celtic adj
small vacuole
cement 1 /sE"ment/ noun [U] 1 a grey powder
used in building. It becomes very hard when
fat droplets it is mixed with sand and water to make
(liposomes) concrete. 2 a substance similar to bone that
mitochondrion cytoplasm stores glycogen
covers the root of a tooth —picture ➔ TOOTH
cement 2 /sE"ment/ verb [T] 1 to make a
relationship or idea stronger or more certain
plant cell
cell membrane 2 to cover a surface with cement
(definite shape) cemetery / "semEt(E)ri/ (plural cemeteries)
noun [C] an area of ground where dead people
stores starch are buried ➔ GRAVEYARD
cellulose cell
wall censor / "sensE / verb [T] to remove parts of a
book, film, or letter for moral, religious, or
political reasons —censor noun [C]
nucleus
large vacuole censorship / "sensESIp/ noun [U] the process
of removing parts of books, films, or letters
chromosome that are considered unsuitable for moral,
cytoplasm religious, or political reasons
censure / "senSE / verb [T] formal to criticize
mitochondrion chlorophyll in chloroplast
someone severely —censure noun [U]
census / "sensEs/ (plural censuses) noun [C]
SOCIAL STUDIES an occasion when
cellar / "selE / noun [C] a room under a government officials count all the people in a
building, below the ground country and record information about them
cent 115 cerebral hemisphere
.........................................................................................................
cent /sent/ noun [C] ECONOMICS a small unit entertainment: We caught a bus into the
of money used in many countries, for example centre.
the US, South Africa, and Hong Kong. There 3 [C] MATHS the point that is in the middle of
are 100 cents in a dollar or a euro. a circle or sphere
4 [C] a building or group of buildings that is
centenary /sen"ti;nEri, sen"tenEri/ (plural used for a particular activity or for providing
centenaries) noun [C] a day or year that a particular service: a health centre o a sports
people celebrate exactly 100 years after an centre
important event 5 [C] a place where a particular thing is
center / "sentE / the American spelling of centre important, or where a particular thing exists
in large amounts: one of the world’s most
centi- /senti/ prefix SCIENCE 0.01 of a unit: important financial centres o people who live
used with some nouns for units of in the centres of population
measurement: centimetre 6 [ singular ] the centre of sth the main subject
centigrade / "sentIÆgreId/ noun [U] old- or cause of something: He hates being the
fashioned Celsius centre of attention.
7 the centre [ singular ] a political party, group
centilitre / "sentIÆli;tE / noun [C] SCIENCE a of parties, or position that is not extreme
unit for measuring an amount of liquid or gas because it is neither left-wing nor right-wing
in the metric system. There are 100 centilitres PHRASE centre of gravity PHYSICS the point
in one litre. Symbol cl in an object around which its weight balances
centimetre / "sentIÆmi;tE / noun [C] SCIENCE centre 2 / "sentE / verb [T] to put something in
a unit for measuring length in the metric the centre of an area
system. There are 100 centimetres in one
metre. Symbol cm centrifugal force / ÆsentrIfju;gl "fO;s/ noun
centipede / "sentIÆpi;d/ noun [C] BIOLOGY a
[U] a force that makes things move away from
the centre of something when they are moving
type of arthropod that has a long narrow body around that centre
divided into many sections, each of which has
a pair of legs ➔ MILLIPEDE centripetal force /senÆtrIpIt(E)l "fO;s/ noun
[U] PHYSICS a force that makes things move
central / "sentrEl/ adj 1 in the middle of a towards the centre of something when they
space or area: central London o The hotel is are moving around that centre. Gravity is the
built around a central courtyard. 2 main, or centripetal force that keeps the planets
major: He played a central role in the orbiting around the Sun.
development of US economic policy. o skills
that are central to (=very important for) a century / "sentSEri/ (plural centuries) noun
child’s development 3 belonging to the main [C] 1 a period of 100 years counted from a
organization that controls other smaller year ending in –00: His family has ruled
organizations: the Communist Party’s central Morocco since the 17th century. 2 any period
committee —centrally / "sentrEli/ adv of 100 years: the worst storm in nearly a
Æcentral "government noun [C/U] the century
government of a whole country: a new ceramic /sE"rœmIk/ adj ART made from
partnership between local and central baked clay
government ceramics /sE"rœmIks/ noun ART 1 [U] the art
Æcentral "heating noun [U] a system that or process of making ceramic objects
heats a whole building by sending hot air or 2 [ plural ] ceramic objects
water through pipes to all the rooms cereal / "sIEriEl/ noun 1 [C] AGRICULTURE a
centralize / "sentrEÆlaIz/ verb [T] to give grain that can be made into flour or other
control of a country, organization, or industry food, or a plant of the grass family that
to one group of people produces grain —picture ➔ on next page
2 [C/U] a food made from grain
Æcentral "nervous Æsystem noun [C]
ANATOMY, BIOLOGY the part of the nervous cerebellum / ÆserE"belEm/ (plural cerebella
system that consists of the brain and the / ÆserE"belE / or cerebellums) noun [C]
spinal cord ANATOMY the back part of the brain that is
responsible for balance and movement —
centre 1 / "sentE / noun picture ➔ BRAIN
1 middle 5 major place for sth cerebral / "serEbrEl, sE"ri;brEl/ adj
2 part of town 6 main subject ANATOMY relating to the brain, or affecting
3 in maths 7 political middle the brain
4 building for sth + PHRASE
1 [C] the middle of a space or area: chocolates
Æcerebral "cortex noun [C] ANATOMY the
outer layer of the cerebrum (=the front part
with soft centres o in the centre of the room of the brain) —picture ➔ RETINA
2 [C] the part of a town or city that contains
most of the shops, restaurants, and places of Æcerebral "hemisphere noun [C] ANATOMY
cerebral palsy 116 certify
.........................................................................................................
ear of wheat
corn on the cob

grain
wheat maize barley rye

rice oats millet

cereals
one of the two halves of the front part of the that something is true C MAKE SURE : Call home
brain —picture ➔ BRAIN to make certain everything is OK.
cerebral palsy / ÆserEbrEl "pO;lzi/ noun [U] certain 2 / "s3;t(E)n/ determiner used for
HEALTH a medical condition that affects the referring to someone or something without
ability to control movement and speech. It is being specific about who or what they are:
typically caused by damage to the brain either There are certain things we need to discuss.
before or during birth. PHRASE a certain some, but not very much: A
certain amount of fat in your diet is good for
cerebrum /sE"ri;brEm/ noun [C] ANATOMY you.
the front part of the brain, where activities
such as thinking, learning, and feeling take certainly / "s3;t(E)nli/ adv used for
place. It is divided into two halves called emphasizing that something is definitely true
cerebral hemispheres. or will definitely happen: There certainly
wasn’t any point in going now.
ceremonial / ÆserE"mEUniEl/ adj connected
with a ceremony certainty / "s3;t(E)nti/ (plural certainties)
noun 1 [C] something that will definitely
ceremony / "serEmEni/ (plural ceremonies) happen, or that you feel very sure about:
noun 1 [C] a formal public event with special Victory looked like a certainty. 2 [U] the
traditions, actions, or words: a ceremony to feeling of being completely sure about
honour those who died in the war o an awards something C CONVICTION : I can say with
ceremony 2 [U] the formal traditions, actions, certainty that there will be no more
and words used for celebrating a public or information today.
religious event: They celebrated Easter with
great ceremony. certificate /sE"tIfIkEt/ noun [C] 1 an official
document that states that particular facts are
certain 1 / "s3;t(E)n/ adj 1 having no doubts true: a birth certificate 2 an official document
that something is true C SURE A UNCERTAIN : I’m that proves that someone has passed an
not absolutely certain, but I think I’m right. o examination or has successfully completed a
You can be pretty certain she’s not going to course
like it. o We still can’t be certain who is going
to win. 2 definitely going to happen, or certify / "s3;tIÆfaI / (certifies, certifying,
definitely known: One thing was certain: certified) verb [T] 1 to state officially that
someone had been in his room. o It’s not something is true, accurate, or satisfactory
certain that this method would work. o Mexico 2 to give someone an official document that
is now certain of a place in the finals. proves that they have passed an examination
PHRASE make certain to take action in order or have successfully completed a training
to be sure that something happens or be sure course
cervical 117 championship
.........................................................................................................
cervical / "s3;vIk(E)l, sE"vaIk(E)l/ adj chairperson / "tSeEÆp3;s(E)n/ noun [C] the
ANATOMY, HEALTH relating to the cervix person who is in charge of a meeting,
Æcervical "smear noun [C] HEALTH a medical committee, company, or organization
test in which cells taken from the opening of chairwoman / "tSeEÆwUmEn/ (plural
the uterus are examined. This can show cell chairwomen / "tSeEÆwImIn/) noun [C] the
changes which could develop into cancer. woman who is in charge of a meeting,
cervix / "s3;vIks/ noun [C] ANATOMY the committee, company, or organization
entrance to the uterus —picture ➔ EMBRYO chalk /tSO;k/ noun 1 [U] GEOLOGY a type of
cessation /se"seIS(E)n/ noun [C/U] formal an soft white rock that consists of almost pure
calcium carbonate. It is a type of sedimentary
end to something: a cessation of hostilities
rock. 2 [C/U] a stick of chalk used for writing
CFC / Æsi; ef "si; / noun [C] CHEMISTRY, or drawing
ENVIRONMENT chlorofluorocarbon: a gas
used in refrigerators and in some aerosols. chalky / "tSO;ki/ adj similar to chalk, or
CFCs can damage the ozone layer of the containing chalk
Earth’s atmosphere. challenge 1 / "tSœlIndZ / noun 1 [C/U]
chador / "tSA;dO; / noun [C] a loose piece of something that needs a lot of skill, energy,
usually black clothing that covers a woman’s and determination to deal with or achieve: I
whole body including her head, worn by some felt I needed a new challenge at work. o Are
Muslim women western nations ready to meet the
environmental challenges that lie ahead? o The
chaff /tSA;f, tSœf/ noun [U] the outer part of new government faces the challenge of
wheat and other grains that is removed before completing the building on time. 2 [C] an
the grains are used action or idea that questions whether
chain 1 /tSeIn/ noun 1 [C/U] a series of metal something is true, fair, accurate, legal etc:
rings that are connected to each other: The Recent discoveries present a serious
crate was attached to the deck with a chain. o challenge to accepted views on the age of the
a gold chain o Prisoners were kept in chains. universe. o The strike was a direct challenge
2 [C] a series of people or things that are to the authority of the government. 3 [C] an
connected: a chain of events that eventually occasion when someone tries to win a game
led to murder o a chain of small islands 3 [C] a or competition
group of businesses that all belong to the challenge 2 / "tSœlIndZ / verb [T] 1 to question
same company: Japan’s leading hotel chain o whether something is true, fair, accurate,
a chain of electrical goods shops legal etc: This decision is likely to be
chain 2 /tSeIn/ verb [T] to use a chain to fasten challenged by the oil companies. o The
something so that it cannot be stolen, or to president has accused the governor of
fasten a prisoner with a chain so that they challenging his leadership. 2 to invite
cannot escape someone to compete or fight: The girls
challenged the boys to a cricket match.
Æchain re"action noun [C] CHEMISTRY,
PHYSICS a series of chemical or physical challenging / "tSœlIndZIN / adj difficult to deal
reactions, each one of which causes the next with or achieve, but interesting and enjoyable
one chamber / "tSeImbE / noun [C] 1 a room used
"chain Æsaw noun [C] a tool with a motor, used for a particular purpose: a torture chamber o
for cutting down trees or cutting up wood the debating chamber 2 one of the sections of
—picture ➔ TOOL a parliament: the upper chamber 3 an enclosed
space, especially one inside a machine or
chair 1 /tSeE / noun [C] 1 a piece of furniture someone’s body: the chambers of the heart
for one person to sit on, with a back, legs, and
sometimes two arms 2 the person who is in chameleon /kE"mi;liEn/ noun [C] a type of
charge of a meeting, committee, company, or small lizard with skin that changes colour to
organization: All questions must be addressed match the colours around it —picture ➔ REPTILE
to the chair. o He is the former chair of the champagne / Æ Sœm"peIn/ noun [U] a type of
Atomic Energy Commission. ➔ CHAIRMAN , French sparkling wine that some people drink
CHAIRPERSON , CHAIRWOMAN
on special occasions
chair 2 /tSeE / verb [T] to be the person in champion / "tSœmpiEn/ noun [C] 1 someone
charge of a meeting, committee, company, or who has won an important competition,
organization especially in sport: the world heavyweight
chairman / "tSeEmEn/ (plural chairmen boxing champion 2 someone who publicly
/ "tSeEmEn/) noun [C] the person who is in supports or defends something: a champion
charge of a meeting, committee, company, or of the rights of religious minorities
organization championship / "tSœmpiEnSIp/ noun 1 [C] a
chairmanship / "tSeEmEnSIp/ noun [C/U] the competition to find the best player or team in
position of being a chairman a sport or game: the World Chess
chance 118 changing room
.........................................................................................................
Championships 2 [ singular ] the position of get changed before we go? o You should
being a champion: Two more points and the change into some dry socks.
championship will be his! 5 [I/T] to leave one plane, train, bus etc to get
on another: We changed planes in Paris.
chance 1 /tSA;ns/ noun 1 [C] an opportunity 6 [T] to exchange one type of money for
to do something, especially something that another: I need to change some dollars into
you want to do: Students are given the chance pesos.
to learn another language. o We work PHRASES change hands to be given or sold by
together whenever we get a chance. o I warned one person to another
her that this was her last chance. 2 [C/U] the change your mind to change a decision you
possibility that something will happen: I think have made or an opinion you have about
she has a good chance of getting the job. o Is something
there any chance they will reverse their change the subject to stop talking about one
decision? o He doesn’t stand a chance of thing and start talking about another
PHRASAL VERB "change (sth) into sth to stop
winning the tournament (=it is not at all likely
that he will win). 3 [U] the way that things being in one condition or form and start being
happen without being planned or expected in another, or to make something do this: At
C LUCK : The results may simply be due to
what point does boiling water change into
chance. o It was simply by chance that steam?
Nicholson was cast in the film.
PHRASE take a chance or take chances (on) Build your vocabulary: words you can
to do something even though it involves risk use instead of change
chance 2 /tSA;ns/ verb [T] to do something 䡲 adapt to change something in order to
even though you know it involves a risk: It make it suitable for a specific situation
looked like rain so I decided not to chance it 䡲 adjust to change something slightly so
and brought my umbrella. that it is exactly the way you want it
䡲 alter a more formal word for ‘change’
chance 3 /tSA;ns/ adj not planned or 䡲 convert to change something so that it
expected: a chance meeting can be used for a different purpose
chancellor / "tSA;nsElE / noun [C] 1 the leader 䡲 modify to make small changes to a
of the government in some countries 2 the machine or system in order to make it
Chancellor of the Exchequer 3 EDUCATION suitable for a different situation
someone who is the official leader of a 䡲 transform to change something
university completely so that it looks or works
much better than before
Chancellor of the Exchequer / ÆtSA;nsElEr
Ev Di; Iks"tSekE / noun [C] the member of the change 2 /tSeIndZ / noun 1 [C/U] a situation
British government who is responsible for or process in which something becomes
taxes and public spending different or is replaced, or the result of this
process: A number of changes have taken
chandelier / Æ SœndE" lIE / noun [C] a light that place since the 1960s. o Older people
hangs from a ceiling and has a lot of branches sometimes find it hard to accept change. o
for holding lights or candles We made a few changes to the team. o a
change 1 /tSeIndZ / verb change in the law o a change from military to
civilian rule 2 [U] the money that someone
1 become different 5 get other vehicle gives back to a customer when they give more
2 start sth new 6 exchange money money than it costs to buy something: Here’s
3 replace sth + PHRASES your change. 3 [U] coins rather than notes:
4 of clothes + PHRASAL VERB I’m sorry I haven’t got any change. o Have you
1 [I/T] to become different, or to make got change for a five-pound note (=notes or
someone or something different: After a few coins of lower value that you can exchange for
days the weather changed. o The law was it)?
changed in 1989. o The leaves are already PHRASES a change of heart an occasion when
starting to change colour. o The town has you change your opinion or plan
changed from a small fishing village to a for a change instead of what usually
modern tourist centre. happens: It’s nice to hear some good news
2 [I/T] to stop doing one thing and start doing for a change.
something different: Dave said he might be changeable / "tSeIndZEb(E)l/ adj tending to
changing jobs. o With oil costs rising, the change suddenly and often C UNPREDICTABLE
government is gradually changing to
renewable energy. changed /tSeIndZd/ adj different from before
A UNCHANGED
3 [T] to replace something with a new or
different thing: Can you help me change a changing room / "tSeIndZIN Æru;m/ noun [C]
tyre? 1 a room in which people change their clothes
4 [I/T] to take off the clothes that you are before and after they play a sport 2 a room in
wearing and put on different ones: Hang on, a shop in which people can try on clothes
I’ll just go and change. o Have I got time to before they buy them
channel 119 charge
.........................................................................................................
channel 1 / "tSœn(E)l/ noun [C] 1 a television 6 [C] a letter, number, or symbol that is written
station and the programmes that it or printed: Your computer password may be
broadcasts: What’s on the other channel? 2 a up to 12 characters long.
narrow passage made in the ground so that
water can go along it 3 GEOGRAPHY a narrow
characterise / "kœrIktEÆraIz/ another
spelling of characterize
area of water that joins two seas 4 a way of
communicating or expressing something: It is characteristic 1 / ÆkœrIktE"rIstIk/ noun [C] a
important to keep channels of typical quality or feature: the main
communication open. characteristics of 20th-century culture
channel 2 / "tSœn(E)l/ (channels, characteristic 2 / ÆkœrIktE"rIstIk/ adj typical
channelling, channelled) verb [T] 1 to use of someone or something: Sue answered with
money or supplies for a particular purpose: her characteristic truthfulness.
The company has channelled £1.2 million into —characteristically / ÆkœrIktE"rIstIkli/ adv
developing new products. 2 to use your
energy, ability, feelings, or ideas for a
characterization / ÆkœrIktEraI"zeIS(E)n/
noun [U] LITERATURE the way in which a
particular purpose writer creates characters
Channel, the / "tSœn(E)l/ the narrow area of characterize / "kœrIktEÆraIz/ verb [T] 1 be
sea between England and France characterized by to have something as a
chant /tSA;nt/ verb [I/T] MUSIC to shout or typical quality or feature: The 1980s were
sing a word or phrase many times —chant characterized by high inflation and high
noun [C] unemployment. 2 be characterized as to be
described as a particular type of person or
Chanukah / "hA;nEkE / another spelling of thing: The military is usually characterized as
Hanukkah being conservative.
chaos / "keIQs/ noun [U] a situation in which charcoal / "tSA;ÆkEUl/ noun [U] 1 a black
everything is confused and not organized substance made from burnt wood, used as a
chaotic /keI"QtIk/ adj happening in a fuel 2 ART a black substance made from burnt
confused way and without any order or wood, used for drawing
organization —chaotically /keI"QtIkli/ adv charge 1 /tSA;dZ / noun 1 [C/U] an amount of
chapel / "tSœp(E)l/ noun [C] RELIGION a small money that people have to pay, for example
church, or a special room used as a church for a service or when they visit a place: There
is no charge for using the library. o The
chaplain / "tSœplIn/ noun [C] RELIGION a organization provides a range of services free
priest who works in an institution such as a of charge (=with no charge). o There’s a small
school or hospital, or in the army admission charge. 2 [C] an official statement
chapter / "tSœptE / noun [C] 1 LITERATURE that accuses someone of committing a crime:
one of the sections of a book: See Chapter murder charges o In the end we decided not
Three for more details. 2 a period of someone’s to press charges (=officially accuse someone
life, or a period in history: The war was now of a crime). o They faced charges of conspiracy
entering its final chapter. and murder. o The investigation resulted in
criminal charges against three police officers.
character / "kœrIktE / noun 3 [C] a claim that someone or something is
1 personality 4 attractive qualities bad, or that they have done something bad:
2 qualities of sth 5 unusual person He was arrested on charges of corruption.
3 sb in book, film etc 6 letter/number 4 [ singular/U] PHYSICS , CHEMISTRY the
amount or type of electrical force that
1 [C] the qualities that make up someone’s something holds or carries. The protons in an
personality: This selfishness was one aspect atom have a positive charge, and the
of Steve’s character that I didn’t like. o Why electrons have a negative charge.
did Simon refuse? It seems so out of character PHRASES in charge (of) if someone is in
(=not typical of his usual behaviour). charge, they have control over a person or
2 [C/U] the qualities that make something situation and are responsible for them: Who’s
clearly different from anything else: The two in charge here? o He was put in charge of the
villages are similar in size but very different in whole investigation.
character.
3 [C] a person in a book, play, film etc: The take charge (of) to take control and become
film’s main character is played by George responsible for someone or something
Clooney. charge 2 /tSA;dZ / verb
4 [U] qualities that make someone or
something good, interesting, or attractive: a 1 ask sb for money 4 run to attack
traditional hotel with a lot of character and 2 arrange payment 5 move quickly
charm o She showed real character in 3 accuse sb of crime 6 put electricity into
standing up to her political enemies. 1 [I/T] to ask someone to pay an amount of
5 [C] a person of a particular type: a suspicious money for something: How much does the
character shop charge for delivery?
chariot 120 chase
.........................................................................................................
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 pictogram
line graph scatter diagram

4 80 40
3 60 30
2 40 20
1 10
20
0 0
A B C D 0 2 4 7 11
bar chart frequency diagram
block graph histogram
13%
32%

23%
10%

22%
flow chart pie chart
presenting statistics in charts or diagrams
2 [T] to arrange to pay for something later: charm 2 /tSA;m/ verb [T] to make someone
The flights were charged to my father’s like you, or make them want to do something
personal account. for you: He charmed my mother into giving
3 [T] to accuse someone of committing a him money.
crime: The police have charged him with charming / "tSA;mIN / adj attractive and
murder. o Two men have been charged in
connection with the fire.
pleasant: a charming smile o a charming little
4 [I/T] to attack someone or something by house
running very fast towards them chart 1 /tSA;t/ noun 1 [C] a list, drawing, or
5 [I] to move somewhere quickly and graph that shows information 2 [C] a map
carelessly: You can’t just go charging into the used for planning a journey by ship or aircraft
classroom. 3 the charts [ plural ] a list of the CDs that
6 [I/T] PHYSICS to put electricity into a battery: people have bought the most copies of in the
The cell phone won’t work if it isn’t charged. previous week
chariot / "tSœriEt/ noun [C] a vehicle with two chart 2 /tSA;t/ verb [T] 1 to record how
wheels that was pulled by horses in races and something develops and changes: A team
battles in ancient times visits every week to chart their progress. 2 to
make a map of an area
charisma /kE"rIzmE / noun [U] a strong
personal quality that makes people like charter / "tSA;tE / noun 1 [C] a document that
someone and feel attracted to them describes the aims of an organization or the
C CHARM —charismatic / ÆkœrIz"mœtIk/ adj
rights of a group of people 2 [C/U] the process
of hiring a boat, plane, or bus, or the vehicle
charitable / "tSœrItEb(E)l/ adj 1 intended to that is hired
give money and help to people who need it chartered accountant / ÆtSa;tEd
2 kind to other people and not judging them E"kaUntEnt/ noun [C] an accountant who has
too severely passed a professional examination
charity / "tSœrEti/ (plural charities) noun "charter Æflight noun [C] a plane journey that
1 [C/U] an organization that gives money and is arranged by a travel company
help to people who need it 2 [U] money or
food that is given to people who need it: The chase 1 /tSeIs/ verb 1 [I/T] to follow someone
event raised £59,000 for charity. or something quickly in order to catch them
C PURSUE : The band have often been chased
charm 1 /tSA;m/ noun 1 [C/U] an attractive down the street by enthusiastic fans. o I
quality in a person, place etc: The building chased after the robbers for more than a mile.
has kept its traditional charm. 2 [C] an object 2 [T] to follow someone or something quickly
that brings luck or has magic powers in order to make them go away: We chased
ah 18 ah
.........................................................................................................
land preparation nursery and planting
dibber

clay pots
sieve for
sifting soil
hand fork seed-box
fork

spade
watering
trowel
watering can

bucket

measuring
hoe tape

sprinkler
hose
pruning

pruning knife

garden shears

secateurs plant protection

mask

spray can
harvesting
knife

machete
sickle
soil injector
pitchfork crop
duster

grading, packaging and transport

packed item
(e.g. lettuce in wheelbarrow
plastic bags)

sieve for grading basket wooden

crate

agricultural tools
inseparable 385 inseparable
.........................................................................................................
insects
butterfly

two pairs of wings

compound eye abdomen
antenna thorax spiracle
(air hole) beetle

simple
eye egg-laying
organ
mandible
(mouth parts) three pairs of legs
grasshopper

moth

fly
bee
ant

ladybird

mosquito wasp
cricket

caterpillar

cockroach

flea

dragonfly
earwig

louse
praying mantis
stick insect
arachnids

scorpion

mite

tick
spider

insects and arachnids

 Study Skills SS 13
..........................................................................................................................

REVISION AND EXAMINATION SKILLS

by Dr June Hassall wrong. Then choose between those that
are left.
Revise effectively
● Do answer every question. Each
● Know your course. Make a list of the
question is worth one mark, and should
topics that you have to learn.
only take a minute.
● Make a revision timetable. Write down
● Making corrections. If want to change
when you will revise each topic. Leave
an answer, rub out the first one very
the week before your exam free for last-
carefully before marking the new one.
minute revision.
● Make revision blocks short. Short
Answering structured
blocks of 30 minutes, with a 5-minute
break, are better than long ones. questions
● Make your revision active. For ● Know the format. A structured
example: question is divided into several
– use a highlighter pen to mark numbered parts.
important words in your notes ● Writing your answers. The question
– write out summaries of your notes has lines on which you write your
– write the important words from your answers. The number of marks for each
notes and then try to fill in the details part of the question is usually listed.
– draw and label diagrams, then check As a guide, make one point or write one
them sentence for each mark available.
– try to repeat your notes from memory.
Cover over a small part, then try and ● Getting help. If you are not sure of an
write or say it answer, first read carefully all parts of
– ask someone to test you by asking the question. Check that you are clear
questions on the topic that you have where to write each part of the answer,
done and don’t repeat yourself.
– answer practice questions.
● Use the space. If you don’t have enough
● Learn from your mistakes. Check the to write in the space, check that you
answers to questions, and if you made have understood the question. Also
mistakes try to think where you went don’t try and write more than can easily
wrong, and learn from it. fit each space.
● Answer all parts. You must answer
Answering multiple-choice each part of the question in the correct
questions place. If not, you won’t get the marks.
● Know the format. Multiple-choice ● Leave extra time for difficult questions,
questions usually have an incomplete such as those involving graphs.
statement (stem) followed by four
possible answers from which you have Answering essay questions
to choose the best one.
● Know the format. An essay question
● Using an answer sheet. For each is usually divided into only a few parts.
question there will be four blank areas Each part has more marks than for a
labelled A, B, C, and D. You have to structured question.
blacken the letter that is the same as
the answer that you think is correct. ● Choosing questions. You usually have
Use a pencil for this, in case you want a choice of questions. Spend time on
to change it. this so that you make wise choices.
Select questions on which you can
● Don’t just guess. If you are not sure of answer most of the parts.
the right answer, don’t just guess. First
cross off the options that you know are ● Divide your time. Be very careful to
SS 2 Study Skills
..........................................................................................................................

DEALING WITH DATA

by Dr June Hassall Pie charts

D ata is information, often in the form

of numbers, which you may have
collected during an experiment.
What they are: Pie charts are circles
with lines dividing them into parts
(sectors), like cutting a cake.
Use pie charts to: Show parts of the whole
Tables as a diagram, for example of food
constituents in a certain food, different
Use tables to: Record similarities and uses of chemicals, or various kinds of
differences between organisms, and to music, books etc.
enter the readings you take during an
experiment. Making pie charts: We start with a table.
Percentage of food constituents
Making tables Carbo-
● Use a title to describe the information. Protein Fat hydrate Inedible
Peanut 26 46 10 18
● Columns are labelled with the things
being described or the quantities being The angle at the centre of a circle is
measured (and their units, such as %, 360°. We divide this angle in the same
g, °C). proportion as the constituents:
Percentage of constituent x 360° = angle of
● Across the rows, enter your 100 segment
observations or readings. Protein = 26/100 x 360° = 93.6°
The table below shows a comparison of Fat = 46/100 x 360° = 165.6°
the composition of two foods: Carbohydrate = 10/100 x 360° = 36°
Inedible part = 18/100 x 360° = 64.8°
Foods Percentage of food constituents The sectors are then drawn onto the
Carbo-
circle using a protractor.
Protein% Fat% hydrate% Inedible%
Peanut 26 46 10 18
Corn 10 5 70 15

Interpreting tables inedible

protein
● You will usually need to do some
simple arithmetic on numerical data:
– add, subtract, multiply, and divide
whole numbers, decimals and carbohydrate
fractions
– work out ratios, percentages, and
fractions fat
– find the mean and median.
For example, from the table above:
1 How many grams of protein would
there be in 50 g of peanuts? Interpreting pie charts
For peanuts, the % of protein is 26; this ● Use a protractor to find an angle, e.g.
means 26 g of protein are present in 100 72° for the sector of rock CDs sold.
g of peanuts. So in 50 g there are 26/100 ● Find what percentage this is of the
x 50 = 13 g. whole by dividing by 360 and
2 What fraction of peanuts is made up multiplying by 100:
of carbohydrate? 72/360 x 100 = 20%.
For peanuts, the % of carbohydrates is ● If the value of the total is, for example,
10%. This means 10 parts out of a 4000 records, then this sector equals:
hundred, or 10/100 = 1/10 (one tenth). 20% of 4000, which is 20/100 x 4000 = 800
This can also be written as 0.1. rock CDs sold.
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