The Science of Judo

The Science of Judo is the first book to set out and discuss the science,
coaching and history behind judo performance. Evidence-­based and
informed by the latest research, the book offers practical guidance on pre-
paring athletes for high performance and understanding the core tenets of
the sport science underpinning it.
Featuring contributions from world-­leading experts, the book consists
of chapters on all aspects of judo performance, including:

• The historical development of judo and its physical, intellectual and

moral role
• Physical preparation for competition, coaching and training strategies
• Skill acquisition, talent identification and development
• Nutrition and lifestyle of judoka
• Performance analysis and biomechanics
• Injury epidemiology and prevention
• Special considerations for female and young judoka

Clearly written and accessible, The Science of Judo provides upper-­level

students and researchers, and coaches and sport science staff working with
judoka, with the most thorough and authoritative reference on sport
science applied to judo currently available.

Mike Callan is a Principal Lecturer in Sport Development and Business at

the University of Hertfordshire, UK and a European Judo Union Didactic
and Scientific Expert. He has extensive experience in providing coach
education and consultancy around the world. He is the President of the
International Association of Judo Researchers and Secretary General of the
Commonwealth Judo Association. Previously he was the International Fed-
eration Services Group Leader for Judo for the 2012 Olympic and Para­
lympic Games, and Chief Executive of the Judospace Educational Institute.
His PhD relates to support for judo players in an educational environment.
He is a 7th Dan and was awarded the International Judo Federation
Special Award for his services to education and research.
Routledge Research in Sport and Exercise Science

The Routledge Research in Sport and Exercise Science series is a showcase

for cutting-­edge research from across the sport and exercise sciences,
including physiology, psychology, biomechanics, motor control, physical
activity and health, and every core sub-­discipline. Featuring the work of
established and emerging scientists and practitioners from around the
world, and covering the theoretical, investigative and applied dimensions
of sport and exercise, this series is an important channel for new and
groundbreaking research in the human movement sciences.

Available in this series:

Detecting Doping in Sport

Stephen Moston and Terry Engelberg

The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering

Edited by Ludovic Seifert, Peter Wolf and Andreas Schweizer

The Athlete Apperception Technique

Manual and Materials for Sport and Clinical Psychologists
Petah M. Gibbs, Mark B. Andersen and Daryl B. Marchant

Complex Sport Analytics

Felix Lebed

The Science of Figure Skating

Edited by Jason Vescovi and Jaci VanHeest

The Science of Judo

Edited by Mike Callan

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/

sport/series/RRSES
The Science of Judo

Edited by Mike Callan

First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Mike Callan; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Mike Callan to be identified as the author of the
editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has
been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-­in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-0-8153-4913-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-351-16536-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
This book is dedicated to Roy Inman, Syd Hoare and Nobuyuki
Sato, three men who taught me about judo, and therefore
about life. It is also dedicated to Jane, Reva and Joda, who
enrich that life every day.
Contents

List of figures ix
List of tables xi
Notes on contributors xii
Editorial note xvii

Introduction 1

Part I
History and education 5

1 Historical development of judo 7

M ike  C allan and S L A V I Š A   B R A D I Ć

2 Judo as a physical, intellectual and moral education 14

M ike C allan

3 Kata training for judo: value and application of judo kata

to judo training 19
S laviša  B radić and M ike  C allan

4 Judo injuries epidemiology and prevention 29

N I K O L A O S ( N ikos ) M alliaropoulos

Part II
Development 39

5 Judo for children 41

S L A V I Š A B R A D I Ć 
viii   Contents
6 Talent identification, development and the young judo player 57
G eorge  B ountakis , Y usuke  K anamaru and
A ndrew  B urns

7 The skill acquisition process for judo – building to a

constraints-­led approach 67
D arren  W arner and Y usuke  K anamaru

8 Considerations for the female judoka 76

X anne J anse de  J onge

Part III
Competition 89

9 Competition demands of judo 91

X anne J anse de  J onge

10 Athlete-­centred coaching 99
D arren W arner

11 Periodisation and planning of training for judo 105

B ob C hallis

12 Physical preparation for judo 120

A ndrew  B urns , B en  R osenblatt and
A llan  M acdonald

13 Psychological preparation for the judoka 130

R ebeka  P rosoli and R enata  B arić

14 Notational analysis for judo 142

B ob  C hallis and
L eonardo  J os é   M ataruna-­D os- S antos

15 Biomechanics of judo 159

M ike C allan

16 Nutrition and weight management for judo 165

M ike C allan

Index 171
Figures

  3.1 Kata at the Butokuden, Kyoto 20

  3.2 The transition of technique and principle between kata
and randori and shiai 21
  3.3 Nage no Kata techniques 22
  3.4 Katame no Kata techniques 24
  3.5 Display of critical moment of performance technique
due to defensive uke reaction 25
  5.1 Judo presentation in public 43
  5.2 Values of judo 44
  5.3 School age judoka 45
  5.4 Developing friendships 46
  5.5 Teenage judoka 47
  5.6 Disciplined judoka 48
  5.7 Sequence of adopting judo knowledge for children
through play 49
  5.8 Reviewing notes 52
  5.9 First competition 53
  5.10 Ukemi 55
11.1 The concept of supercompensation 106
11.2 With a great magnitude of training there is a greater
magnitude of compensation 106
11.3 Training during overload 107
11.4 The hierarchical structure of an annual plan 110
11.5 A further break down of the hierarchical structure of an
annual plan 111
11.6 The hierarchical structure of a training programme 111
11.7 Graphical representation of linear periodisation where
volume and intensity oppose each other and change
throughout the year 113
11.8 Graphical representation of undulating periodisation
where intensity and volume are high throughout but
raise as training tolerance/fitness increases 113
x   Figures
11.9 Example of benchmarking assessment used within needs
analysis for a fictitious athlete 115
11.10 Workflow when creating a periodised plan 116
11.11 Example of an individual periodised plan 117
11.12 Training load data taken from the ‘athlete analyser’
software showing the overload phase through to the
taper 118
12.1 Physical Performance Model for Grip 122
14.1 Work to rest times and the contribution of Tachi-­waza
and Ne-­waza to work time 151
14.2 Example of Sportscode code window and timeline 153
14.3 Example of Athlete analyser data coded by athletes 154
14.4 Example of data retrieval from athlete analyser 155
Tables

  3.1 Analysed Nage no Kata techniques 23

  5.1 Age divisions 44
  5.2 Judo training methods 51
11.1 Issues around recovery time and strategies coaches can
employ around this 108
14.1 The 15 most frequently used techniques during the 1996
Olympic Games ranked and split by gender 144
14.2 Collated data from Franchini and Sterkowicz (2000)
showing the overall percentages of all scoring Nage-­
waza techniques for each of the four throwing categories
within the 1996 Olympic Games, and the World
Championships of 1995, 1997 and 1999 145
14.3 Sacripanti’s biomechanical classification that splits the
Gokyo into ‘coupling of force’ and physical lever
techniques 147
14.4 A comparison of the time–motion analysis literature in
judo, including work segments, rest segments, number of
work blocks and total contest time 152
Contributors

Renata Barić is a licensed sport psychologist and professor at University of

Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology. She has a PhD in psychology and Mas-
ter’s Degrees in both kinesiology and psychology. She teaches a range of
sport and exercise psychology modules at different Universities in
Croatia. She has published more than 200 scientific and professional
articles and books. She is founder and chief of the Laboratory for sport
psychology and diagnostics at the Institute of Kinesiology and a head of
Section for Sport and Exercise Psychology at the Croatian Psychological
Association. She is trained in Cognitive-­Behavioural Therapy. Renata
has 12 years of experience as a sport psychologist with many elite and
young athletes and coaches from many different sports. She was a part
of the team supporting the silver medal winning Quad Skull rowing
team at the Olympic Games in London 2012 and the silver medal win-
ning national water polo team in Rio 2016. Also, she was the official
sport psychologist for the gold medal winning national water polo team
at the World Championships in Budapest 2017 and the 2018 World
Gymnastic high bar champion. She is currently preparing them for the
Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020.
George Bountakis is the National Judo Coach for Wales and was the
National Coach for Greece at the 2012 and 2004 Olympic Games.
From 1989 to 2015 he was President and Head Coach of the Budō
Center Judo Club of Neo Philadelphia in Athens, Greece. He has organ-
ised many competitions throughout Greece. He is currently completing
his PhD at the University of Hertfordshire researching teaching methods
for judoka through music and dance. As a young judoka, he lived and
trained at Tsukuba University in Japan.
Slaviša Bradić is Chairman of the International Judo Federation Military
and Police Commission, an IJF kata judge, and a kata instructor for the
IJF Academy. For the Croatian Judo Federation he is Head of the Kata
and Belt Commissions, Member of the Committee for School Sport, and
selector for the kata national team. His book on Self-­Defence is the offi-
cial textbook for the IJF Academy for the police. Nationally he is a
 Contributors   xiii
Member of the Croatian School Sport Federation, creator of the project
‘Judo in schools’, and a Lecturer at the Croatian Olympic Academy and
the Sports Academy. He is Head Coach for the Judo Club ‘Rijeka’, and
Advisor to the Judospace Educational Institute. Slaviša has qualifica-
tions as a Judo coach from the Croatian Olympic Academy, and from
Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, he has the Bachelor of Science
with Honours Sports Coaching (European Judo Union). His PhD studies
at the University of Hertfordshire focus on Judo in the Primary School
Education System as an Extracurricular Activity.
Andrew Burns is the Head of Performance Support for the Welsh Judo
Association, and a Lecturer in Strength and Conditioning at the Univer-
sity of Winchester. As a Great Britain international athlete in judo
(–90 kg category) he has won medals at Commonwealth Games, mul-
tiple World Cups and –23 European Championships. He was a full time
judo player for over 12 years, and is currently working to develop the
next generation of British and Welsh judoka. He also delivers special
projects implementing grappling-­based training for Professional Rugby
teams, MMA and Football clubs.
Mike Callan is a Principal Lecturer in Sport Development and Business at
the University of Hertfordshire, and a European Judo Union Didactic
and Scientific Expert. He has extensive experience in providing coach
education and consultancy around the world. He is the President of the
International Association of Judo Researchers and Secretary General of
the Commonwealth Judo Association. Previously he was the Inter-
national Federation Services Group Leader for Judo for the 2012 Olym-
pic and Paralympic Games, and Chief Executive of the Judospace
Educational Institute. His PhD relates to support for judo players in an
educational environment. He is a 7th Dan and was awarded the Inter-
national Judo Federation Special Award for his services to education
and research.
Bob Challis is a Senior Lecturer in sports coaching at Anglia Ruskin
University, Cambridge, UK. His areas of teaching and research include
performance analysis in judo, planning and periodisation in judo and
Long-­Term Athlete Development (LTAD). He works within the judo
research group and was the course leader for the European Judo
Unions’ level 4 and 5 high performance coach awards from 2010 to
2016. Bob’s PhD research focused on the technical, tactical and time–
motion analysis of lightweight women’s judo and the effects that Inter-
national Judo Federation rules have had on this population of athletes.
From an applied perspective, Bob is the head coach at Comberton
Judo Club, where his role means he manages and coaches full-­time
athletes, recreational athletes and the Advanced Apprenticeship in
Sporting Excellence. In 2002, Bob was the assistant coach to the
xiv   Contributors
­ ngland team at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Bob also regularly
E
coaches the British Army judo team and coached Anglia Ruskin’s judo
team to British University champions four times as head coach
between 2010 and 2016.
Xanne Janse de Jonge is a Senior Lecturer in Exercise & Sport Science at the
University of Newcastle, Australia. She studied Exercise Physiology at the
VU University Amsterdam in the Netherlands and moved to Australia to
complete her PhD on the effects of female hormone fluctuations on exer-
cise performance. Her research still focuses on this topic and has
expanded to include oral contraceptives and the effect of female hormone
fluctuations on training adaptations. Xanne also works in applied sport
science research and in particular training load monitoring in collabora-
tion with the Central Coast Mariners Football Club and the Judo Federa-
tion of Australia. Due to her active involvement in judo, Xanne was asked
by the Judo Federation of Australia to chair their Sport Science Advisory
Committee. She held this role from 2007 till 2013 and continues to be a
member of this committee. Xanne still enjoys getting on the mat at her
local judo club with her husband and two daughters.
Yusuke Kanamaru is All-­Japan National Team Coach and is the coach to
2016 Olympic Champion Shohei Ono and World Champions Hiroyuki
Akimoto, Riki Nakaya, Shoichi Hashimoto and Takanori Nagase. He is
an Associate Professor at Ryotokuji University, where he researches
coaching and teaching methods. In 2017 he undertook a one-­year
research scholarship to Wales, supported by the Japan Olympic Com-
mittee, in order to learn about European coaching styles and best coach-
ing practice as he prepares to be a coach for Japan during the Tokyo
2020 Olympic Games. He is the author of the book, ‘This perfect Judo’.
Yusuke competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, was 2002 Asian Games
Champion, twice World medallist, and four times All-­Japan Champion.
Allan Macdonald is a Strength & Conditioning coach who currently leads
the physical preparation for the British Olympic & Paralympic Judo
Team. Allan has been with the British Judo team for four years and is
based at the British Judo Centre of Excellence in Walsall. Previously,
Allan worked at SportScotland Institute of Sport where he led on the
Judo and Volleyball national programmes as well as providing S&C ser-
vices to various sports including, rugby, swimming, skiing and curling.
Allan holds an honours degree in Sport Science, has been an accredited
S&C coach since 2011 and is a tutor for the United Kingdom Strength
& Conditioning Association. Allan’s strength and conditioning philo-
sophy is centred around building athletes who move well, who are
strong and who have excellent work capacity.
Nikolaos (Nikos) Malliaropoulos is a Consultant (Hon) Physician in Sport
& Exercise Medicine at Bart’s and The London, Mile End ­Hospital, and
 Contributors   xv
Senior Clinical Lecturer at Queen Mary University of London (Centre
of Sports and Exercise Medicine). Since 1986, he has held the position
of Director of the Sports Injuries Clinic of Track and Field Hellenic
Association in Thessaloniki and was Chief Medical Officer of the Hel-
lenic Olympic Team XXVIII (Athens, 2004); Fellow of the Faculty of
Sports and Exercise Medicine UK (FSEM); Member of the British
Association of Sports and Exercise Medicine (BASEM); Founding
Member of the European College of Sports and Exercise Medicine
(ECOSEP); former Balkan Judo Champion, 6th Dan; and British Judo
Coach UKCC Level 2.
Leonardo Jose Mataruna-­Dos-Santos is an Associate Professor, College of
Business Administration, Amer­ican University in the Emirates, Dubai.
Dr Mataruna has a PhD from Gama Filho University, focusing on
innovation in sport and technology for research, a BA (Hons) and BSc
in Physical Education and Sport, PGCert Higher Education, PGCert
Human Resource Management and PGCert Sport Training and
Methods (Judo). He was awarded a Distinction Postgraduate Diploma
in Olympic Studies by the International Olympic Academy (Greece) and
Loughborough University (UK). He is a 4th Dan in Judo and received
the Medal Pierre de Coubertin in 2017, and Medal of Sport Military
Honour of International Council of Military Sport (CISM). Leonardo
was part of the Judo Coach team and attended the Olympic Games
from Sydney 2000 to Rio 2016; the Paralympic Games of Athens 2004
as coach; Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio 2016 as journalist (com-
mentator at Sportv Channel – GloboSat TV); and the Winter Olympics
of Torino 2006, Vancouver 2010, Sochi 2014, and FIFA Football Cup
2014 as scientist. He worked as consultant for UNESCO to promote
Youth Engagement and Olympic Education.
Rebeka Prosoli finished her Master’s Degree in Psychology at the Univer-
sity of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences where she is
currently studying for her PhD. She works at the University of Zagreb,
Faculty of Kinesiology, as a teaching and research assistant on several
Sport Psychology Modules. Rebeka is a licensed sport psychologist in
Croatia. She published several research papers and actively participated
in numerous conferences and symposiums. Since 2013, Rebeka has
worked at the Judospace Educational Institute as Sport Psychology
Advisor, and since 2008 she has been a licenced Croatian Judo Federa-
tion coach working in judo club Samobor. She holds the HOA and EJU
Level 3 Performance Coaching Award and has participated in numerous
sport psychology and psychodiagnostic educations. In 2015 she was
elected as secretary of the Section for Sport and Exercise Psychology at
Croatian Psychological Association as well as the Country Representa-
tive at the European Network of Young Specialists in Sport Psychology
(ENYSSP). Currently, she’s attending Level 2 training in Cognitive
xvi   Contributors
Behavioural Therapy. She started training judo in 1997, was national
team competitor for several years, and currently holds 3rd Dan
black belt.
Benjamin Rosenblatt is the Lead Men’s Physical Performance Coach for
the English Football Association. He has supported the physical prepa-
ration of international judoka for eight years, including the preparation
of an Olympic and European medallist. Previous to this, Ben was the
Senior Rehabilitation Scientist at the Intensive Rehabilitation Unit of the
British Olympic Association and English Institute of Sport. In this role
he helped to understand why athletes got injured and what the most
effective approaches to rehabilitating them were. He has a PhD in sports
biomechanics and physical preparation, with particular emphasis on the
principles of exercise selection for effective training.
Darren Warner is Chief Executive of the Welsh Judo Association and is a
PhD student at the University of Hertfordshire looking at skill acquisi-
tion for judo. Darren was a Performance Coach for the London 2012
Olympic Games working alongside Kate Howey, focusing on three
Team GB members, including silver medallist Gemma Gibbons, whose
silver medal contributed to British Judo’s best Olympic Games since
1992. A national coach for eight years, Darren has achieved success at
every level. As a Great Britain development coach, he led the under 23
European Team to five medals in 2007, Britain’s biggest medal haul at
this event. Then, in 2008, he led Great Britain to three medals at the
World Junior Championships, their highest medal tally of the last 20
years. Darren is a former British Champion with over ten years’ experi-
ence as a full-­time athlete. He has a Master’s Degree in Coaching from
Sheffield Hallam University, and a BA Hons Sport Management from
Coventry University, where he won the Tutors Award for best student.
Darren has a very holistic approach to judo, highlighted by the fact that
two members of the London 2012 Paralympic Team started judo with
him, including double Paralympic medallist Sam Ingram.
Editorial note

All Japanese words are italicised, and long vowel sounds have been indi-
cated by macrons. Macrons are omitted for Japanese words in common
English use (e.g. Jigoro Kano, judo). Japanese personal names are listed in
the conventional English manner, with surname last. Where possible we
have followed the convention for spelling found in the Kōdōkan New
­Japanese–English Dictionary of Judo.
Introduction

This is a book about judo – a sport and a way of life. A sport developed
from the Japanese martial arts and ways as a physical, intellectual and
moral education. A sport founded by the father of Japanese Physical
Education, Professor Jigoro Kano. Jigoro Kano was a visionary, who
applied rigorous research and analysis to the development of judo, and
often referred to it in scientific terms. This book continues that approach,
it offers a mirror into judo from a scientific perspective.
Judo is practised across the world in over 200 countries, and across five
continents. The practitioners, jūdōka, form part of the global judo family.
Judo changes lives. It is the only Japanese budō to also be included in the
Olympic programme, and the founder Jigoro Kano was the first member
of the International Olympic Committee from Asia. Given the global reach,
it is not surprising that many world leaders have a background in judo – a
modern sport that can trace its roots back to hand-­to-hand combat in pre-­
history.
There are two fundamental principles of judo, the maximum efficient
use of physical and mental strength, and mutual prosperity for self and
others. The first is about applying your power in the most efficient way, a
principle which can be applied just to throwing an opponent, but also to
all actions in daily life. Kano realised that for individuals, worry, anger
and conflict, are not efficient, they are a waste of power. If many people
are inefficient, then a society will fail. The most efficient use of power for a
group relies on members supporting each other, and then the society can
benefit from that application of maximum efficient use of power. Thus,
creating mutual prosperity for self and others. As Jigoro Kano said, ‘The
purpose of judo is to perfect yourself so that you can contribute to society’.
I was honoured to be approached by Routledge to write this book and
wanted to bring to the project some of the leading thinkers of this genera-
tion. This is a remarkable group of knowledgeable individuals and practi-
tioners I am proud to call colleagues. Drawn from six countries and ten
universities, between them they have provided specialist services to com-
petitors at the last four Olympic Games. They have coached Olympic and
World Championship medallists. They hold seven doctoral qualifications,
2   Introduction
eight hold the judo grade of 4th Dan or above. We offer this book as a
tribute to the judo scientists over the last century who have built the body
of research that makes a book such as this possible.
I thank the team of authors for their efforts in the preparation of this
manuscript, and for sharing their expertise.
The 16 chapters are divided into three parts, or themes; first, History
and Education, then Development and finally, Competition. In this way
the reader can follow the path from the origins and purpose, through the
development of the individual to international competition.

Part I – History and education

Chapter 1, Historical development of judo, draws on academic sources to
present a depth of analysis on the development of judo, and particularly
the development of judo scientific and research activities. It is structured in
three sections: early history; Jigoro Kano; and modern judo and inter-
nationalisation. The chapter demonstrates that science and research has
been an integral part of judo since its inception.
Chapter 2 draws on the writings of Jigoro Kano to consider Judo as a
physical, intellectual and moral education – the Principle of the Three Edu-
cations as originally proposed by Herbert Spencer. The chapter is in three
sections: physical, intellectual and moral. It draws on academic research,
such as studies into brain grey matter, and the psychosocial impact of
martial arts training, to consider the three educations in the context of judo.
Kata training for judo is Chapter 3 and in recognising that the practis-
ing of judo is based on kata and randori, it presents a short history of judo
kata, an outline of the Kōdōkan kata, and a discussion on the value of
kata training. In particular how the techniques and principles of kata can
be applied in randori and shiai.
Chapter 4, Judo injuries epidemiology and prevention, is the last chapter
in Part I, and it discusses the frequency of occurrence of judo injuries in
training and in competition, and the different training situations and the
associated injury risk. It highlights the main risks involved in judo and
gives an overview of promising measures and implementation strategies to
prevent judo injuries.

Part II – Development
In Chapter 5, Judo for children, the benefits for children who practice judo
are identified, including: behavioural, multilateral development, develop-
ment of social skills and cognitive abilities. The role of judo in human
psychological development is emphasised, and the link between expertise
in judo and negative levels of aggression is acknowledged.
This leads into Chapter 6, which presents a consideration of Talent
identification, development, and the young judo player, a collaboration
 Introduction   3
between three respected coaches, George Bountakis, Yusuke Kanamaru
and Andrew Burns. They recognise the complex journey from beginner to
winner, and how all people involved in the process of identification and
development of talented judoka need to possess a keen awareness of the
key considerations at this vital time in an athlete’s career. Additionally,
they offer an understanding of key developmental constructs such as delib-
erate practice, psychological characteristic development, and how the man-
agement of key relationships could greatly enhance the experience of talent
development for the athletes.
This is followed by Chapter 7, which considers The skill acquisition
process for judo – building to a constraints-­led approach, by Darren
Warner and Yusuke Kanamaru. They outline skill acquisition models that
provide frameworks for coaches and educators, which encourage learning
through the use of games designed to improve understanding. This chapter
identifies existing theory behind the skill acquisition process, evaluating its
relevance to the developing judoka before considering any practical
implications.
The final chapter of Part II, Chapter 8, turns the focus to Considerations
for the female judoka. For most female judoka their competitive years
coincide with their reproductive years, so they are exposed to fluctuations
in hormones throughout the menstrual cycle or through oral contraceptive
use, which affect many physiological functions. The influence of these hor-
monal fluctuations, on the health and performance of the judoka are
explained.

Part III – Competition

Part III begins with an analysis of the Competition demands of judo, in
Chapter 9. It determines the physiological requirements of the sport
through time–motion analysis and competition demands; and identifies
that match duration can vary from over 10 minutes to only seconds, with
the average match duration of approximately three minutes. Each match
consists of about 11 blocks of activity lasting between 20 to 30 seconds
each followed by approximately 10 seconds of rest.
The demands analysis leads into Chapter 10, Athlete-­centred coaching,
by one of the world’s leading exponents, Darren Warner. He explains how
to optimise the performance programme to ensure the delivery of the best
possible performance in judo competition. He discusses why the athlete
should be at the centre of the decision-­making process when designing a
performance programme. He provides a variety of interventions, con-
sidering potential benefits to the athlete as well as methods of monitoring
and assessment for each athlete.
The process of Periodisation and planning of training for judo is out-
lined next in Chapter 11, an area with conflicting research and opinion on
what is correct. The chapter aims to give coaches the knowledge to develop
4   Introduction
their own process for planning training based upon their athletes and their
environment.
The following Chapter 12 is a collaboration between Andrew Burns,
Ben Rosenblatt and Allan Macdonald, all experts in Physical preparation
for judo, who focus on developing the physical capacity to achieve two
goals: to enable the athlete to complete the necessary training needed in
order to develop their sport specific skills; and to enhance the capabilities
of the athlete to deliver performance in a competition scenario. This
chapter details the scientific underpinning that governs the physical train-
ing required to compete in judo.
Physical preparation is followed by Psychological preparation for the
judoka, Chapter 13, which explains why psychological preparation should
be an integral part of a judoka’s development and competition prepara-
tion. It introduces some general information about psychological prepara-
tion in judo and offers guidelines for implementing such a programme.
Notational analysis for judo, Chapter 14, allows us to understand three
main areas of our sport, the technical components, the tactical components
and the physiological demands via time–motion analysis. The chapter
allows us to understand how judo is constructed, analysing the athlete’s
opposition and developing our athletes. It will also consider the various
types of software used and how the coach or athlete might use hand nota-
tion as a low-­cost solution to analyse the opposition or oneself.
As the techniques of judo are based on biomechanical principles, Bio-
mechanics of judo, Chapter 15, takes the common approaches to Sport
Biomechanics and explains the main concepts in the context of judo.
Chapter 16, the final chapter, considers Nutrition and weight manage-
ment for judo, which includes the basics of good nutrition for the general
population, the specific requirements for sports performers, and the spe-
cific needs of the judoka. It deals with issues around weight management,
including the advantages and disadvantages of common weight-­loss tech-
niques. There is also an explanation of issues around dehydration, glyco-
gen depletion and strategies to recover after a weigh-­in.
Through this approach the authors hope to provide a broad introduc-
tion to judo from a scientific perspective. Each chapter refers to relevant
scientific sources, where the reader may find greater detail. It is hoped that
this work will stimulate the reader to study judo more deeply and take
further steps along the way.
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Judo injuries epidemiology and prevention

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