Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Sta.Cruz Main Campus
Sta.Cruz, Laguna
College of Teacher Education
Graduate Studies and Applied Research
Psychological and Sociological Foundation of Education
Chapter 1- The Learner
1.1 Understanding Growth and Development
1.2 The Importance of studying the stages of development
Prepared by:
MELISSA V. BASMAYOR
MAED- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Presented to:
Dr. Cortez
January 2020
Chapter 1- The Learner
A learner is someone who is
learning about a particular subject or how
to do something.
Teaching has come a long a way in
publishing itself as a profession. In the
Philippines teachers are in their own
respect. Like other being recognized as
professionals’ professions, the status of
teaching hinges, large measure., on the professionalism of its members.
Hence, for society to recognize and acknowledge the significance and dignity
of the teaching profession, teachers have to continually improve themselves
with the teaching competencies with which to guide student learning.
Teaching and learning are psychological processes. The teacher a
better who adeptly understands these processes will be in position to select
and use the methods and techniques that will promote effective learning. With
this kind of insight, he will become more professional in dealing with educational
competent and more problems, particularly in various classroom situations.
4 types of learners
1. VISUAL
* Process information using charts and
grafts
* Need images to explain concept and
ideas
* Prefer graphic elements over words
2. AUDITORY
* Learn best when information is spoken
* Prefer lectures and discussion
* Process information by talking through
things
3. READ/WRITE
* Prefer to receive written words
*Enjoy reading and writing assignments
* Process information by writing notes
4. KINESTHETIC
* Learn best through tactile processes
* Prefer to create concrete personal
experiences
* Process information by recreating and
practicing
There are three components of the educative process which have been
the concern of both psychologist and teachers. These are the learner, the
learning process, and the learning situation.
The educative process involves two important human components: the teacher
and the learner. Teachers serve as the principal agents of learning to their
students, and not the teaching aids or technological devices being used in the
learning process
At the core, learning is a process that results in a change in knowledge or
behavior as a result of experience. Understanding what it takes to get that
knowledge in and out (or promote behavioral change of a specific kind) can
help optimize learning.
A learning situation is a condition or environment in which all the elements
necessary for promoting learning are present. The elements of learning
situation are instructor, learner, and subject matter, teaching materials and
equipment and physical facilities. Elements of learning situation.
Chapter 1.1 - UNDERSTANDING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growth- essentially refers to quantitative
changes in an individual as he
progresses in chronological age. It may
refer to increases in size, height or
weight
Development- it is the progressive
series of changes of an orderly and
coherent type leading to the individual's
maturation.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
In many instances, people meet
children of varying ages and wonder why
each of them display different
characteristics. The focus of the study of
development precisely points to these
observations. A teacher who expects to
meet the needs of his/her learners, must be
aware of the various developmental
differences among his/her learners.
The knowledge of the pattern of human development will certainly help
a teacher to know what to expect of children and at what approximate ages
certain patterns of behavior may appear or are expected to appear.
FACTORS IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Maturation or natural growth resulting from heredity; and
2. Environmental influences which the growing takes place.
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through the
genes. It brings about development through the process of maturation which is
the unfolding of the hereditary potentials.
Environment, on the other hand, includes all the forces that affect or influence
man. The other process of development that occurs through the medium of the
environment is called learning.
At any given time and age, the level of development is the product of the
interaction between these two forces. Isolating the changes due to maturation
alone or to learning alone would be difficult because these two factors are
interrelated and interdependent.
Basic Principles of Growth and Development
1. Development follows an orderly sequence which is predictable
The developmental process,
guided by the interaction of maturation and
learning, follows a predictable pattern. The
stages that we go through from birth to
death are always in the same order. They
have never occurred in reverse. It is a
continues process that proceeds
according to a definite direction and
uniform pattern throughout the life cycle.
Although physical growth attains it
maturational level and stops as a process,
developmental change continues as long
as life continues. An individual
continuously adapts to changing physical
and mental abilities as age increases.
2. The rate of development to each individual is unique to each individual
Although developmental change follows a
predictable pattern, the rate at which changes
may occur may be different from one individual to
another. Such differences in rate of change are
determined by the interaction of heredity and
environmental factors.
3.Development involves change
This principle implies that the
human being is always evolving based on
theories of developmental psychologists.
Children undergo physical, emotional and
mental changes.
4. Early development is more critical than the later development
Early development is the
foundation for social relatedness,
emotional well- being and personal
adjustments Early two years of life is the
"formative years"
5. Development is a product of maturation and learning
Maturation means the ordinary
development of growth and aging. It
occurs naturally without any conscious
effort on the part of the individual.
Maturation provides us with the basic
ability to do something which then makes
way for learning to occur. Maturation
facilitates the process of learning.
Learning becomes effective when
appropriate maturity has been attained.
6. There are individual differences in development
Although children follow a
predictable pattern of development, a
step-by-step progression, all children do
not reach these developmental stages all
at the same time or all at the same age.
These differences in development are
often ascribed to both genetic and
environmental influences, where each
individual is either born or exposed to
varying factors. For instance, Physical
development depends largely on
inherited characteristics, such that children will grow in height differently from
each other. Similarly, intellectual growth is contingent upon one’s educational
exposure or family environment.
7. There are social expectations for every developmental period which are
often referred to as developmental tasks.
This principle clearly states that
at any point in the individual’s
development, each one is expected
to fulfill certain social expectations.
