Social Games

THE TEN SYMBOLS OF THE PACK METHODOLOGY

The methods used in the pack are very simple. They are mostly not difficult and not dangerous. They are,
though, harder work for those running them and those participating. They will be for some people a change from
what they are used to. (For a description of people's varying reactions to change, see the exercise Change). The
following ten symbols explain something about the methods and their rationale.

1. The lecturer or expert style of telling people what they need to know is not encouraged. Nor is sitting in
rows or behind desks. Sitting in circles, so that everyone can see each other with no barriers, is
encouraged. Also, breaking up into smaller groups of two, three or five people gives everybody the
opportunity to contribute, as well as providing variety.

2. Any activity or session or workshop or pack cannot provide everything for people. It is, rather, like
building blocks. It can add some more blocks to whatever the individual is building (a wall, a house, a
palace etc). Some things can be offered which some people will find useful and others may find less so.
Some people may reject any kind of blocks which are different shapes to the ones they expected. Others
can transform blocks into shapes suitable for their own building.

3. Although strengths and positive aspects are concentrated on, weaknesses and more negative things should
not be ignored. All people can learn new things if they are open to do so. By facing difficulties and
problems and less pleasant things about ourselves, we can learn and develop.

4. Any activity/session/course/pack can stay on a safe, secure level and people will, of course, learn and
move forward. If, however, things move beneath the surface a little... if some risks are taken.... if
participation and dealing with real issues and feelings are promoted, then difficulties and some
unhappiness can occur. The chances are much greater though, that real learning and development will
take place at a much higher level.

5. If the left-side of the brain only is engaged then learning can only possibly reach a certain level. This
side is the logical, rational one that controls reading, writing, number, tasks. If, however, the right-side is
also engaged (the side of imagination and feelings and creativity) than the whole person is involved and
learning can reach a much higher level. So: color, visual, musical and dramatic aspects; emotions and
creativity, should be used and stimulated.

6. The educational theory underlying this work is based on Dale's Cone of Experience. This suggests that
people only remember 10 to 20% of what they read or hear. If they see and hear then it approaches 50%.
To get higher they need to see, hear, say and do. If they are actively involved they can integrate up to
90%. These methods all involve active participation and experiencing to encourage the greatest learning
possible.

7. Sharing and equality are two of the key elements of the approach. Not the patronizing Adult telling
Child; Man telling Woman; North telling South; West telling East or Geneva telling everybody, what to
do and how to do. Instead, a belief that everybody can learn from each other, if they are open to receive
as well as to give.

8. Accepting difference, in the world at large and within the group, are stressed. It means accepting people
from different cultures and backgrounds; those with different lifestyles and opinions; those who want to
be a part of everything and those who sometimes want to withdraw; that people are individuals as well as
members of a Society. It means giving quite a lot of responsibility - including for their own learning or
lack of it - to people themselves and not trying to lead, control or shape too much.

9. The hope of this work is that people will feel motivated to do something about it themselves in their own
local/personal situation. It can then have a snowball effect. gathering pace and momentum and increasing
in size. First comes some awareness and sharing together and then can come some action with solidarity.
Like light, weak snowflakes joining together until they form a formidable snowball.

10. People - whether on a course; in school; at work; in a refugee camp; in a relationship etc - can be treated
like one of three vegetables.

The Green Bean: the grower tightly controls its growth, to make it perfect. The grower knows what size,
shape, colour and texture it should be to make it marketable. It becomes perfect but at a cost: no freedom.

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 People treated this way are controlled to ensure that they have the right/best information, skills, etc.

The Mushroom: the grower places them in a dark place (a dungeon, under a box) and leaves them to
grow. They might occasionally be given some manure. They grow or they don't.

People treated this way are given nothing. They are ignored, not told anything, except on occasions,
something useless.

The Tomato: the grower prepares the ground well; protects them from birds, waters them and cares for
their growth, especially at first. After a while some may grow smaller/larger; greener/redder; sweeter;
different shapes etc. All are considered worthwhile.

This way of treating people, is to offer some things, especially at first, but then they are free to grow and
develop themselves.

The whole ethos of this pack is that it is better to try to treat people like tomatoes, rather than green beans
or mushrooms. Neither perfection nor total freedom are the goals. The goal is to offer something, to share
and to encourage real awareness and responsibility.

Content
Game Page Game Page
1. Getting to know each other 3 19. Stereotypes 32
2. Personal shield 4 20. Blame 33
3. Human bingo 6 21. Car park 34
4. The Treasure, the Pirate and the Key 7 22. Creatures of conflict 36
5. Me and my enemy 9 23. Underlying anger 37
6. My hero 10 24. States of tension 38
7. Human sculpture 12 25. Understanding conflict 39
8. Identifying needs 13 26. Images of war 41
9. Humor and stereotypes 14 27. Boxing match 42
10. Media and our lives 16 28. Scarecrow 43
11. A child on television 18 29. Change 44
12. Victims 20 30. Stop! Let’s start again! 45
13. In every case 21 31. Taking a stand – Role play 46
14. Communication without words 23 32. The nine year old carousel 49
15. Hearing and seeing 25 33. The 5 senses 50
16. Looking through filtered eyes 27 34. Analysis and planning 51
17. The Bridge / Derdians 28 35. The planning tree 52
18. Silent Wall / Floor Discussion 31 36. Zoom – A creativity game 54

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1. GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER

Introduction

Any work that asks people to look at topics of a controversial kind or to use imagination and explore feelings can
only succeed if people feel comfortable with each other. So, time spent on getting to know each other, even if it
seems 'wasted' (not on the topic), is actually vitally important. A variety of activities can be used. Only a few of
them are mentioned here.

Activities

1. First Names
Ask each person in turn to come and write their name on the board or paper and tell something about it - the
origin; why they are named it; whether they like it; if they prefer. shorter or longer versions etc.

2. Talking in Pairs
People are asked to speak with one other person that they don't know, or don't know well, to introduce
themselves to each other. They are encouraged to spend five minutes each. It is possible to give more specific
questions to talk about.

Afterwards each person in the pair could introduce the other to another couple or to the whole group.

3. Ball of wool
People stand in a circle. The first person throws a ball of wool to another (anywhere in the circle) saying their
first name and where they are from (or any other single thing that you decide on). The next person does the
same. The wool should crisscross the circle. A point could be made at the end about the fact that everybody in
the group is connected in some way by the wool and their being together right now.

4. What I would rather do

Sitting in a circle each person says their name and what they would do with their life Oob perhaps) if they
could change. For example: 'llaria - Actress'. The next person then introduces their neighbor, saying their own
name and what they would rather do. This continues until the last person introduces everybody and then
themselves. This is not only a way for people to learn the names of others but to discover something more
about them at the same time.

5. I AM...
Each person is given the 'I AM...' sheet (copy attached) and asked to write largely and clearly three things
about themselves that are not obvious. So not, I am female or wear spectacles or have red hair. They can be
as revealing or ordinary as each person wants them to be. Then they attach the sheet to their front. Stand.
Walk around and introduce themselves to all the other participants by shaking hands; exchanging names;
looking at the sheet of the other person and briefly commenting or asking a question. This allows a real
personal connection between each person at the start.

Conclusion

The Personal Shield and Human Bingo, also in the pack, can be used as getting to know each other exercises or
later as re-connection ones. The value of all of them is that they stress that each individual matters and is being
valued for themselves, before anything is done in groups or on the content. This is essential for this work that
looks at respecting others and accepting difference. It sends a very clear signal right from the start.

2. PERSONAL SHIELD

Introduction

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A short exercise for people in a group who do not know each other very well or who have not seen each other for
a while. To encourage easier communication between -group members.

A
B
C
D

MOTTO

Each person draws - or makes - their own shield including the following:

A 3 Favorite things to do in leisure time (drawn);

B 3 Ambitions (drawn);
C 3 People you admire (drawn);
D 3 Places you like or would like to visit (drawn);

Alternatively: A Three depictions of your family, personal life.

B Three depictions of your work or study life.
C Three spare time activities.
D Three places you like or would like to visit.
Other variations are possible.

They also adopt a phrase that's applicable to them which will be their motto.

Once complete, with a partner each person talks about their shield and motto for ten minutes and then listens as
their partner explains their's for ten minutes.

They can then be put on the wall of the meeting room for people to look at and guess which belongs to each
person or with names on the top.

See picture on next page.

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MOTTO:

A B

C D

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3. HUMAN BINGO

Introduction

A game best used as an energizer, after lunch or a break away from each other. Not advised as an icebreaker. A
short, fun inter-active exercise to help re-establish a sense of being in the group.

Process

1. Each person is given a copy of the sheet with the Bingo grid. It is suggested that twelve boxes form the grid,
with statements that group members must find the answer to. Therefore, statements like 'is a woman' or 'is
wearing a watch' are not appropriate, as these things can (usually) be clearly seen.The statements should cover a
variety of topics, suitable for the group you are working with. See enclosed sheet as an example.

2. Ask the group to stand, push chairs away and retain only the Bingo sheet and a pen. The object of the game is
to get a full house (all twelve boxes completed) by funding one other person from the group for each box. They
should do this by mingling, forming pairs quickly, to ask one question each way. If they get a positive response
they put the name of that person in the box and circulate to find the next positive response.

3. 7he winner is the person who fills all twelve boxes first. It is not allowed to put your own name in any box. At
the end, have a show of hands to test responses to each statement. The leader of the group should usually join in.

Conclusion

Variations are possible. There can be more boxes or less. The statements can be on a theme. They can be
deliberately controversial, provocative or risque. If this latter option is chosen, then you may need to allow more
time to de-brief the exercise afterwards. In other words, although the main aim is as a group-bonding exercise, it
can also be used as a discussion starter.

Find someone who:

KNOWS WHO BARBARA IS A CAR-DRIVER HAS BEEN ON HOLIDAY IN

STANWYCK WAS THE LAST MONTH

IS A VEGETARIAN IS A SPORTS FAN HAS A PET

LIKES THE SAME MUSIC AS IS A PARENT HAS NEVER SMOKED

YOU

IS WEARING WHITE LIKES SCIENCE WEARS CONTACT

UNDERWEAR FICTION FILMS LENSES

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4. THE TREASURE, THE PIRATE AND THE KEY

Introduction:

Show a picture of a Treasure Chest being locked by a Pirate. Inside, treasure should be seen.

Explain that some treasure is going to be locked inside and that only one key will then be able to open the chest.
Show some copies of keys drawn on paper (all with seven different sized teeth). Give each person a copy of the
key and tell them that they will have to design a key that will open the chest.

The treasure:
Could be one of the following:
1. Future generations of young people with an understanding of, and sympathy for, the work of the Red
Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
2. Human contentment.

The key:
In these two cases it would be:
1. In our dissemination work, the seven main things young people need to be educated about.
2. The seven main things that a human being needs to be content.

The clues:
Some clues can be written on stickers and placed around the room. These are possible answers. Participants can
look at them, or not, as they wish.

The exercise:

1. Alone, each person comes up with the seven most important things that would unlock the treasure. They
must put them in order of priority (largest tooth = top priority).

2. Small groups should be formed (at least three, preferably not more than seven). Each group is given one
different colored copy of the key. They are told to somehow, someway, reach a group consensus of the
seven in order of priority.

3. The keys can then be put on the wall or the seven priorities written on a grid on a large sheet of paper.
Each group should be asked:

Was it easy or difficult to reach consensus?

Did everybody get to express their views?
Why did your first choice have top priority?

4. Either the large group should then be encouraged to discuss and come to a large group decision or a
general discussion should take place on the issues that arose.

Conclusion:

The discussion will largely depend in the nature of the treasure and the key that you originally chose. Some points
may well apply in every situation:

Is it necessary to have a large group key? Or, are the individual and/or small groups ones enough? Will any key
work?!

Is it useful, or not, to prioritize in this way?

Are there cultural differences of perspectives involved?

How did people feel during the various stages of the task?

Can anything be learnt from this exercise about difference and communication as well as the official content?
Under no circumstances should the person running the exercise tell the group at the end that they have the one and
only correct key to the treasure. This would rather ruin the point of the whole exercise.

Note:

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Depending on the topic and the structure you choose and the group and the level of discussion this exercise can
take a short time (45 minutes minimum) or it can provide the material for a 1/2 day session.

An example of the treasure, key and possible clues that could be used follows:

The Treasure A world without violence and war.

The Key The seven main things that individuals can do to achieve this.

The Clues Learn to accept differences;

Gain wider knowledge of people and the world;
Show tolerance and respect;
Develop empathy and understanding for the views and actions of others; Read widely;
Challenge prejudice and discrimination - even in friends and family;
Write to, and lobby, politicians and other leaders;
Actively encourage more equal distribution of the world's resources; Consume less, so
that others may consume more;
Learn to deal with our own anger and fear in a constructive way;
Talk about problems rather than hiding from them;
Live non-violently and non-aggressively - be a good example;
Pretend it is the problem of everyone else but you;
Use your own knowledge and skills to convince others in your own life;
Support - by membership, fumce or promoting them - organizations working towards
conflict prevention and peace;
Complain, campaign, march and demonstrate if necessary;
Boycott companies and governments which actively encourage violence and war;
Support the death penalty for violent criminals and the assassination of religious and
political leaders who encourage violence;
Protect yourself and those you care about - and ignore the chaos and suffering
elsewhere;
Feel it as all hopeless and rum to sex or drugs or materialism or career or...

These clues should be placed on slips of paper all around the room. People should be told that, like all clues, some
may be helpful and others not. Nobody has to look at them, they can choose whether to look at them, before doing
their own key, or after, or not at all.

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5. ME AND MY ENEMY

Introduction

An activity that looks at links between our "enemies" and ourselves and how our view of our "enemies" can tell us
a lot about ourselves.

Process

1. Ask all participants to write down three things that they hate or fear about their enemy. They should try
to think of someone or a group of people that they really dislike, either for themselves or for what they
represent. If they find it impossible to think in those terms, they can use as an enemy someone or a
group of people they were taught to hate or fear as a child. (5 min).

2. Then participants should draw up a list of things they dislike about themselves. Ask them to find things
that they are genuinely uncomfortable about, or would really rather not acknowledge. They then add to
the list things that they feel they are not, and would like to be. This list will not be shared with the
whole group. (5 min).

3. In pairs, partners look at their lists, stating the three things that they dislike about their enemy. Ask
them to see how many links they can make between the two lists. What do their enemies have in
common with themselves? Can they see in them anything they reject in themselves, or anything they
would like to be and are not? Make sure that pairs spend time on the lists of both partners - five
minutes each. (10 min).

4. Back in the large group, people are told that they do not have to share all the information they wrote
themselves or discussed in pairs. However, open out the discussion by asking questions like:

Did people find links between what they do not accept in themselves and what their enemies represent? Does this
tell them anything about themselves or the nature of "enemies"? What can we learn from facing up to our own
fears and hates?

It might prove useful to reform the pairs to consider these questions or to ask two pairs to join together to form
small groups of four. Some general comments or discussion in the large group should draw out some of the main
learning points from the exercise.

Conclusion

Some self-awareness and empathy for others are the main aims of this exercise as is an introduction to the nature
of projection.

Carl Jung, an influential psychologist, suggested that we project what we dislike or fear about ourselves onto
others and disassociate ourselves from it, thereby creating enemies. It is a tough concept to apply to ourselves
because it requires us to see ways in which our enemies and we are the same. A good starting point is to look at
what we have in common on a practical level, such as families, lifestyle, expectations, dreams and children.
These links can be a good introduction to breaking down some psychological barriers.

Further exercises on the results of projection, in the form of hate and fear and prejudice and discrimination could
follow.

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6. MY HERO

Introduction

The world of fantasy can be a useful tool in helping young people discover and express their thoughts and
feelings. For this exercise, we will use the notion of the 'hero figure' as another tool for helping young people to
look at their personal values in more depth.

In order to have a clearer understanding of the nature of the activity, the following remarks should be taken into
consideration:

1. Consciously or unconsciously, almost everyone has one or more 'hero figures';

2. Hero figures play an important role in the lives of young people since they normally serve as a centre
of attraction or as a figure with which to identify and in this way they help young people to adopt a
number of values;

3. It is therefore important to realize that hero figures are not 'neutral', they have a certain image and
convey a number of values;

4. Viewed from a collective dimension, hero figures can also play a very important role in the life of
larger communities, such as a racial or ethnic group or a country.

For this reason, a hero figure can be a most important factor in national unity (when it is shared by the whole
population of a country), but it can also cause division when it is shared by a particular sector of the society,
community or ethnic group and not recognized by other sectors of the population.

This aspect must be carefully taken into account for this exercise. Only the general setting is given here, but it
can and should be adapted to local circumstances.

The main aim is to encourage people to realize that other people in the same country, community or city may
have other 'heroes' and to understand and respect their choices.

Process

1. A few volunteers should be asked to give their definition of a hero. It is not important to give a
dictionary definition. Some of the following aspects may possibly emerge:
A hero is: a noble person admired for his or her achievements of noble qualities, someone with
superhuman qualities, someone who has special talents, someone who has dedicated his or her life to the
service of others, etc.

2. Give out the MY HERO form. State that:

a) A hero (for the purposes of this exercise) could be a real or fictitious character. It could be a patriot
of the country, a religious figure, a popular character from a TV series or commercial, an historical
figure, a hero from a book or film, etc;

b) Each person may have one or several heroes, but for the purpose of the exercise participants are
asked to concentrate on only one hero. They should therefore select the hero who is the most
important to them.

3. Each person completes their form individually. There should be no communication between people.

4. Having completed the form, each person finds a partner and shares their answers with them. It is
recommended that each partner gives their answer to question No. 1 before going on to question No. 2
and so on. This will make any comparison easier and keep the dialogue between partners flowing.

People should be ready to answer questions asked by their partner, e.g. At what age did you chose your
hero? Have you changed your hero figure many tiines? What were the reasons for your choice of hero
figure? etc.

Questions that appear critical or threatening should not be allowed, e.g. Don't you think it is wrong for
someone to have a war hero? etc.

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 5. Back in the large group ask people to name some of the qualities that their hero has. These can be
written on a board. Striking similarities between the qualities of very different heroes, both historical and
fictitious characters will probably be seen.

The names of heroes can be shared. If this happens, criticism of the choices should not be allowed.

6. Comments can be made about the positive and negative qualities of heroes in general and questions
raised about their influence. Discussion can also take place about the value of having hero figures for
individuals and communities. Points could also be made about the dangers of blindly accepting
everything about somebody you admire as opposed to keeping some kind of critical distance from them.

Conclusion

This activity can prove quite thought-provoking for people as it asks them to reveal a great deal about themselves
and their personal values. It then links this with the effects of hero identification on groups of people and
communities. The power of these personal and shared values can then be seen. Further work on these aspects and
the need to recognize and accept different values can follow.

MY HERO

1. if you were asked to select ONE hero, who would you chose?

2. a) What qualities of your hero do you admire the most? Why?

b) Are there any qualities/characteristics of your hero that you dislike? Why?

3. a) Which of your hero's actions gives you the most joy? Why?

b) Which of your hero's actions disappoints you the most? Why?

Has your hero taught you what you consider to be a very valuable lesson as far as your own life is concerned? If
YES, briefly describe the lesson.

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7. HUMAN SCULPTURE

Introduction

An inter-active activity to demonstrate cooperation and acceptance of difference. This is often the hidden aim.
The introduction can state this or it can be billed as a warm-up activity or one on a completely different topic.

Process

1. Ask people to form groups of three or four. Then ask them to demonstrate, by forming a human
sculpture, something on the topic you give them. The topic can be:

• the benefit of cooperation

• accepting the difference of others
• how this group or class works
• conflict
• nightlife in the area
• cats

(Clearly almost any topic can be chosen, depending on the group, situation and your aim).

2. The group are told they cannot talk at all during the exercise. They are given a set amount of time and
told they will then present their sculpture to all the other groups. Only after this will talking be allowed.

3. One person in each group is given a 'disability' by the leader. They must keep their hand behind their
back or in their pocket. Alternatively they must stand on one leg or stay bent over. Other variations are
possible. No reasons are given for this, however they must stay this way until the end of the
presentations.

4. After each group has made their presentation, allow each group some time to talk about what they
achieved, how they felt about it and what, if anything, they learnt from it.

5. Open this out to a general discussion. Some specific questions should also be posed:

 What did it feel like working without words?

 How well did the group work together?

 What helped or hindered this working together?

 How did the individual wish the imposed 'disability' feel?

 How did the group react to this person and how did they feel about them?

 What did you learn about: human sculptures; the topic you were asked to sculpt; cooperation;
difference?

(Many other questions could be posed depending on the group, the time and the nature of your work. For larger
groups, or even for smaller ones, these questions could be raised with small groups first before the large group
discussion).

Conclusion

Some difficult issues could arise during this exercise and time will need to be allowed to look at them properly.
The leader will probably need to make choices about which questions to focus on.

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8. IDENTIFYING NEEDS

Assessing community needs exercise

Purpose
This exercise is designed to help us see how the priorities set by professional workers and newcomers to a
community are not always those that the community members would choose.

Questionnaire
Priorities of Mathari Valley People

The Nairobi City Council recently made a survey of over 2,000 families in Matliari Valley. They asked the people
what problems the people saw as most important in their lives in the valley. They then asked the people to rank
those problems in order of priority.

Instructions:

Rank in order of what you think the people in the Valley answered as their first, second, third priorities etc. Place
a number 1 by the one you think they ranked first, a number 2 by the one you think they ranked second, etc. up to
10.

Write your numbers in the left hand column.

Your Ranking:

----------- Land
----------- Clean water
----------- Shelter
----------- Clothing
----------- School Fees
----------- Money to expand business
----------- Educational facilities
----------- Food.
----------- Better standard of housing
----------- Sanitation

Taken from "Health Care Together" by Mary Johnson and Susan Rifkin (1987), published by Macmillan
Publishers, London.

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9. HUMOUR AND STEREOTYPES

Introduction

A few activities to encourage people to consider the nature and power of humor and to look at the necessity and
danger of humorous stereotypes.

Process

1. In small groups, investigate some of the following:

- What makes each of us laugh/smile?

- Are there many different things?
- Does it depend on mood? situation? company?
- Do we laugh at things we are afraid of or don't know anything about?
- Is it easy/difficult to make others laugh?
- How do you make others laugh?

2. Ask each group to prepare something for the other groups. The aim is to make them laugh. They may
prepare a story, a drawing, a drama, anything as long as it makes people laugh. After some planning
time, give each group the opportunity to make the others laugh.

Following this, have a discussion on how each group made decisions about what to do and whether they
were successful. Get people to consider what factors they took into account, for example, type of
audience, how well they know each other, etc.

3. Ask people to form pairs. Firstly alone, using a sheet of paper, get them to think of a time when they
found something really funny. Ask them to analyze it. Why they found it funny? What was it actually
about? They should then turn the paper over and think of a time when they didn't find something funny
at all, but they still laughed or smiled or joined in with the joke. This time they should analyze: why
didn't they find it funny? why did they still laugh/smile? who else was there? Encourage people to be
honest with this, even if it quite difficult. (Many people may well claim at first not to be able to think of
any situation like this. If they cannot, ask them to think of a situation where they found something funny
and others clearly didn't). They should then share these two situations with their partner and discuss
them a little further.

Back in the large group, ask people not to share the situations but any general reflections on what this
showed about humor.

4. Many jokes and people's abilities to find things humorous depend on knowing the person or
understanding the situation or belonging to a certain group of people. Much humor makes little sense to
those who are not 'in' on them.

In small groups, ask people to do the following:

Firstly, consider:

What are in jokes? How people not 'in' react to them?

What do the mass media have to do to make us laugh at the same time at the same thing?
(Consider studio audiences, canned laughter, stereotypes, etc.)

Secondly, ask people to watch some TV entertainment programs or listen to radio DJ's. Read some
cartoons. Look at advertisements. Then list some of the stereotypes that are frequently used.

Thirdly, ask groups to consider that stereotypes must be instantly recognizable and allow for no
individual differences. Think about hospital nurses, upper class women, radical trade union leaders,. gay
men and lesbians or any other groups that you have thought of. Then encourage them to discuss the
following:

How real are the stereotypes?

Why do you think that they started?
Why are stereotypes sometimes very useful?

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 How would you feel if you were a member of the group talked about in this way? Or, if a member of
your family was?
How would you be affected if you didn't know anyone who was a member of that group?
How might you react if you met or heard of someone in that group after years of listening to the
stereotype?
Why are some groups singled out for more jokes than others?
Why is it more worrying when jokes are directed at a whole community, rather than rich people or those
doing a specific job, like politicians?

Fourthly, ask groups to choose one group who are shown in a fairly negative, stereotypical way. Ask
them to collect examples of these stereotypes together. They should consider how these stereotypes
happened. They should think about how members of this group might feel about it. They could even ask
members of the group or read things from members of the group to see how they feel. They could think
about whether anything could, or should, be done to try to alter the stereotype.

After some time working on this in small groups they should present/demonstrate their findings to the
large group.

Some discussion should take place comparing the types of stereotypes, and reactions to them, as well as
possible strategies for changing them.

Conclusion

One or all of these activities could be used. Their purpose is to get people to think a little bit more about whether
some 'harmless fun' really is so harmless if it is directed at certain individuals or groups. It also highlights how
humor can be used as a propaganda weapon. Becoming conscious of it, and trying to minimize its harmful
effects, is something very practical that all individuals can do. Any work on vulnerable groups, respecting
difference and conflict can benefit from some attention to humor.

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10. THE MEDIA AND OUR LIVES

Mass Media: Means (especially newspapers, radio, television) of imparting information to, influencing the
ideas of, enormous number of people. Oxford Dictionary

There is no doubting the power and the influence of the media on most of our lives. Many of us live in a media-
saturated society. From the moment we wake, our day is penetrated by pictures and sounds from the audio-visual
media. At night our dreams are touched by the images of the day.

It has been suggested that the average adult of some countries spends approximately 75 hours per week in contact
with the mass media, however casual that consumption may be - a glance at a poster or a half heard radio
program. Many governments have statistics showing that children spend more time with the mass media than
they do in the classroom. Only sleep takes up more time.

You and the Media

Keep a diary for one week of your own contact with the media.

Note the type of media and the length of time you were in contact with it. (Remember you could have contact
with several types of media at the same time).

At the end of the week discuss in groups the type and length of media consumption.

Design a bar graph illustrating the results.

As we spend so much time in contact with the media, it 'naturally' provides us all with a potent source of
information, values, pleasure and meaning. This helps shape our attitude to ourselves and the world in which we
live.

"The mass media do not determine attitudes but they do -structure and select information we may use on which to
base decisions about what attitude is appropriate... (this) means that it tends to maintain, cultivate and exploit
beliefs and attitudes already held, rather than undermine or alter existing perceptions.”
Gajeara Venna,
The Black and White Media Book

The selection procedures used by the media to determine what we read, hear and see are critical to our own
understanding of the reality around us.

The family album

In pairs or small groups:

Look at your own, or your family's photo album.
Talk about some of the events shown with your partner or group.

Consider:
What are the photos of ? (Parties, marriages and holidays?) How many are there of fights, everyday drudgery,
divorces, funerals, bad times?

We are very selective in what we choose to take a photo of initially.

We then select what to put in the album or on display.

What you are likely to take pictures of - where and when.

Which you choose to display or put in an album.
Which you reject - and why.
For a few photos, try to remember what happened before and after the photo-was taken.
Is the album a 'true' record? Does it reflect reality?
Why do we rarely keep a record of unpleasantness?
To a person that did not know us, how might our selection process for our album affect the way we are viewed?

Our own photography is probably conservative and follows a set pattern. The kind used by the mass media is no
less so. All the visual images we see in the media have been chosen to express a particular point of view and to
conform to set patterns. Just as we don't display the photo where we were caught picking our nose, so the media
carefully selects the visual images it provides us with. These selection processes will affect the opinions of those
receiving the images. It will influence our opinions about: politics, possessions, wealth and poverty, strikes,
demonstrations, the world generally.

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The power of visual images and of the selection processes used by the media will be better understood by
attempting some of the following activities:

Analysis

Using a photograph, slide, or still, start by showing a small section of it. Then increase to a larger section and
finally the whole of it.

The group should call out what they see and must decide whether they are describing the image (objective) or
interpreting it (subjective).

Individuals or groups could prepare their own photographs for analysis. This exercise indicates how photographs
can be % used', how responses to images have been 'learned' collectively and how they might be varied

Photo analysis

Each person has a photograph and a piece of paper. They write a brief comment about the image, fold the paper
and pass it on. When all the group have commented the group should discuss their responses and the reasons for
making them, noting similarities and differences.

Captioning

"The photograph of a couple locked in embrace may be captioned Love or it may be captioned Rape". Harold
Evans

Using a selection of photographs students should write a caption to accompany the image. The photograph and
text should then be passed to another member of the group who is asked to write a caption interpreting the image
from a different point of view.

11. A CHIILD ON TELEVISION

Introduction

An activity showing the power of the selection of images and words for television. Allows consideration of some
practical, creative and ethical issues about the Media. It is also about the importance of education and upbringing
in early childhood.

Process

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Start either by introducing the topic of the child or by the method of television story-boarding (a plan of the
words, images and timing of a television broadcast).

1. The child

"Childhood is a time of innocence"

"Give me a child until he is seven and I'll create the Man"

Say or give out these old quotations about children, (You can explain that it is about women also, but in older
times they were not mentioned). Say that they may seem contradictory to some people and complementary to
others.

Split people in small groups of, perhaps, four or five. Give some groups the Six Statements and some the Seven
Statements. Ask them not to talk with, or show their statements to, other groups.

Six Statements

A child who is criticized - learns to condemn

A child who is punished - learns to fight
A child who is insulted - learned to be shy A child who experiences shame - learns to feel guilt
A child who is abused - learns self-loathing
A child who sees loved ones killed - learns to fear and hate

Seven Statements

A child who meets tolerance - learns patience

A child who is encouraged - learns confidence
A child who experiences security - learns trust
A child who experiences fair play - teams justice
A child who feels friendship - ]cams to show kindness
A child who is accepted - learns self respect
A child who receives care and love - learns to love

Ask each group to discuss the meaning of their statements and what they think about them.

2. Television story-boarding

Explain that story-boarding is a planning grid. People working on a television program or advertisement use
storyboards to organize themselves. (Show them the Picture, Time and Sound diagrams). The storyboard shows
what pictures the viewer will see at any point during the program or advert and the words and sound effects that
will go with the images. A useful tip is that it takes about 1 second to say 3 words. Images and sounds should
match.

3. The task

Explain that each group needs to create a two minute news item, advertisement or small feature for television
about their six or seven statements by story-boarding. They can either have many copies of the Picture, Time and
Sound diagrams from you or create their own. They need to sketch the images, estimate the number of seconds
and write in any words or sound effects.

The following points need to be discussed:

What do you want to communicate with the audience?

What are the three main points you want to make?
How are you going to explain what is happening?
Are there any images or words you cannot or will not use?
How are you going ten keep your audience interested?
How can you compete with an action-adventure film, a football match or a prize-winning show?

Give a time limit for the group to discuss and prepare. An hour or an hour and a half at least. Explain that at the
end the groups will display their storyboards for others to see and will give other groups a brief description.

4. The show

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Put all the sequences on the wall. Ask people to look at the storyboards of all other groups. They should try to
notice if there are similarities and/or differences. They should see if each one makes an impression on them.
After some time for this, ask people if there are any questions they have for a certain group. What something
means? Why they chose it? (Ensure that questions are directed at all groups, not just one or two). Ask if
differences can be seen between the groups who had the six statements and those that had the seven? Consider
why this might be. You may need to ask someone from each group to read the six and seven.

Ask each group whether they were able to agree on their storyboard easily and about their discussion on which
images and sounds could be used and how they were going to interest their audience in this topic.

There can then be a broader discussion on whether any of these sequences would be likely to be broadcast; the
difficulty of interesting people in topics like this; the need for television to be entertaining and whether it is
possible to remain true to your principles and to compromise with the reality of the Media.

5. Variations

You could make a competition between the groups. This would clearly reflect the reality of the media. The best
one being judged on how it grabs and holds the interest of the viewers. A small prize, of some kind, could be
offered.

Such an exercise can be done with any topic. Refugees. Gypsies. Disaster relief. Famine. In each case some
visual or verbal input needs to introduce the topic.

Instead of television story-boarding, a front-page of a newspaper could be laid out or a cassette recording of a
two-minute radio spot made. The structure of the exercise would be the same.
Conclusion

Humanitarian work needs the Media and vice versa. The relationship between the two is not always easy because
they have very different goals and practices. Some understanding of this reality can prove useful and
illuminating.

12. VICTIMS

Introduction

An exercise exploring the ways of the Media, and people's reactions to it, especially in relation to vulnerable
groups.

Process

1. Have a large and varied collection of newspapers and magazines and/or ask participants to gather some
together. Ensure that some of them have some clear reference to your chosen topic. Scissors, tape, glue,
colored paper, crayons and pens should also be available.

Split people into small groups, with four to six in each. Give each group a large sheet of paper. Ask them to
create a collage of words and images that show how the Media portray "victims". It might be a good idea to
ask people to start with what they understand by the word first. It could be victims of disaster or conflict or
circumstance. In groups they should look at, and think about, how the Media shows the ”victims".

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 As well as creating the collage, they should discuss their reactions to the word "victims" and the media
attitude towards "victims' and why this might be so.

After a set amount of time, maybe thirty minutes, ask each group to show and explain their collage to
everyone else.

2. Open up a general discussion by asking how people reacted to the task, the word, the media messages
and others in their group. Encourage some analysis of the Media: its ways of working; its views of vulnerable
groups; its reasons for being as it is; how influential and powerful it is; how it could be changed or modified.
Some strong feelings may also be stirred up. Allow time for them to be expressed but also time for some
analysis and positive as well as negative aspects to be considered.

Conclusion

This is a deliberately provocative exercise to stir up some thoughts and feelings about the influence of the Media
on people and the world. It also provokes people to consider their own attitudes - and those of Society in general -
towards vulnerable groups. Similarly provocative variations would be to change the title to: vulnerable groups or
helping the needy. More specific, and perhaps less controversial, would be to have the name of a specific group
as the title or disasters or conflict or, even, the Red Cross.

13. IN EVERY CASE

Introduction

An activity about basic human rights. which asks whether there are ways of treating people which are always
wrong, no matter what the situation..

Process

1. People should be split into small groups of four or five and given three cards marked:

• in some cases
• in most cases
• in every case

They should be placed next to each other with plenty of space underneath them to place other cards.

2. Each group should be given a set of cards with some statements written on them. Some suggestions
follow. Six or eight for each group. They should be shuffled and placed facing down. In turn they
should be turned over and the group should discuss where to place them. They then put them underneath
one of the three headings.

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 3. Once completed - or when a certain amount of time has passed - give each group member two blank
cards. Ask them now to write two of their own statements about topics that could be categorized in this
way. They should place them face down and shuffle. They are then read out, discussed and classified as
before.

4. Once completed - or again, when a certain amount of time has passed - ask the groups to leave their
statements on view. They should all move round to look at a neighboring group's responses. Within
their group they can discuss whether there are any things they would not agree with. They should not
move any of this new group's cards, but make a note of any points they want to question.

5. If there are only two or three groups, each group can in turn ask the other any questions they have. The
group who placed the cards should explain their thinking. The questioning group can then give their
viewpoint.

(If more than four groups, then pair up groups for this part of the exercise).

6. Allow time for groups to look at the responses of remaining groups. However, there will be no
discussion on this.

7. Back in original places, some questions can be asked and comments made. Groups could be asked:

 Was it easy or difficult to reach group agreement?

 Did they feel that each group member had an equal amount of speaking time?
 What does this have to say about what are essential (i.e. in every circumstance for every person)
basic human rights?
 Does there seem to be agreement about what should be a right in every case?
 Does this teach anything about the task of defining and promoting human rights?

8. Variations are possible. People could be asked to do their own cards from the beginning, for example.

Conclusion

This activity could be used as an introductory one to the theme of human rights. Clearly, the exercise could be
used in similar ways about many other topics also. Its value is in encouraging people to think and talk about an
issue in an active, participatory manner.

Possible Statements

• Killing is wrong
• People should be allowed to criticize the government
• Torture is wrong.
• People should be allowed to talk to and meet anyone they wish.
• It is wrong to keep someone as a slave.
• It is wrong to force a person to work.
• After a certain age people should be able to marry or live with anyone they wish
• A person accused of crime should be tried by someone who has nothing to do with the case.
• People should be allowed to say or write what they wish.
• People should be allowed to travel and leave their country if they wish.
• All people should be treated equally. It should not depend on such things as their sex, appearance or the
country that they are from.
• Private letters and telephone calls should not be intercepted.
• People in prison should be told why they are being held.
• People should be allowed to have, or not have, whatever religious beliefs they wish.

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14. COMMUNICATION WITHOUT WORDS

Introduction

Several exercises exist which can help people to consider some of the ways of communicating without words.
Non-verbal communication can be powerful at any time. It becomes all the more important when working in an
inter-cultural or multi-cultural context. Also, when working with those for whom language is difficult. Some
people are very aware of it and for others it is quite unconscious. It can be a real revelation for some people to
see the usefulness and power of such communication.

Activities

1. Birthday line

Ask people to stand. They are then told to form a line, from one end of the room to the other, based on their
birthday. At one end is January and the other December. They have to do this without speaking in any language.
(Variations can be: first letter of first name, place of birth or living place: north to south, etc).

2. Star sign act

People should form groups based on their astrological sign. They are given a set amount of time - maybe three to
five minutes - to prepare a ten to twenty second demonstration of some characteristic of their sign. They must
prepare without words and demonstrate without words also. (Variations are possible: people from the same region
perhaps).

3. Walking together

Ask each person to find a partner. Then ask them to stand at opposite sides of the room from each other. They
should concentrate on their partner and not on any other people. They should not speak. Tell them to walk
towards each other and stop at a point that feels comfortable in relation to each other. Ask them to stay in that
position for 15 seconds to see how it feels. Then ask them to take one step back from that position. They should

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stand for 15 more seconds to see how that feels. Then ask them to move forward to where they were before and
then take another step closer to each other. Stand in that position for 15 seconds and see how it feels. Then ask
them to sit with their partner and discuss what it felt like; if it was comfortable or not and anything else that they
noticed. Do not ask too many other questions at this time.

After some time, come back together as a large- group and ask for any reflections. Many issues will probably be
raised, if not you may like to raise them. For example:

Were both people comfortable with the first position?

Did height, gender, friendship, culture affect the feelings?
What was the eye contact and body language like?

You should then make some comments based on what you observed. Further discussion can take place on what
has been learned about eye contact, body language, individual and cultural differences and whether one can
observe and interpret correctly.

4. The Three Minute Story

Ask people to form pairs. One person in each pair is person A and the other, person B. Explain that you will give
a card to each person, they should read it but not show or tell their partner. They will then do what is on the card.
Give person A card 1 and person B card 2.

CARD A CARD B

Please talk for the next three minutes While your partner speaks to you for the
to your partner about your most recent next three minutes, please show non-
holiday. verbally (without speaking) these two
things:

that you like them very much

1. 2.
and

that you are sad

(About half the time showing each one)

Please talk to your partner for the next While your partner speaks to you for the
three minutes about a film, or a book, next three minutes, please show non-
that you like very much. verbally (without speaking) these two
things:

3. 4. Nervousness

And

Anger

(About half the time showing each one)

At the end of the three minutes ask people to stop and talk with each other about how they both felt and whether
they could work out what was happening. Then give person A card 4 and person B card 3, so that the positions are
reversed. Follow the
same procedure. Three minutes, then discussion.

At the end, back in the large group, ask for any general reflections and comments. Some points to draw out
include:

 Is it easy or difficult to correctly see how another person is feeling?

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  Can things be expressed non-verbally, without words?
 Does gender or culture affect any of these things?
 Can people learn to be more observant of non-verbal signals or is it intuitive?

Some people may well still be stuck with some of the feelings they had during the exercise, so you should get
people to de-role (talk about something from their own life; move around and sit in a different place; do a light-
hearted exercise and/or talk to a partner about these feelings to clear them).

These cards can, of course, be changed. However less dm three minutes is not advised as real feelings cannot then
arise.

Conclusion

These are just four exercises amongst many on communication without words. They can raise many thoughts on
the usefulness - and limitations - of this form of communication. They do highlight the impact that non-verbal
signals have on people and therefore the importance of striving to understand them.

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15. HEARING AND SEEING

Introduction

An exercise designed to consider how much we really see of another person or hear from them and how much we
are influenced by our own preconceptions and preoccupations.

Process

1. Do not alert people at the start to the nature of the exercise or they will not behave in a natural
way.

2. Ask people to form pairs. Ask each person in turn to talk for TWO minutes, without
interruption, about the same topic. You should chose the topic and tell them what it will be. It could be: your
last holiday; what your journey was like today; your favorite film; refugees; drugs, your childhood etc.

3. Ask each pair to sit away from other people. Time the exercise. Tell them when two minutes
has passed and when to finish after four minutes.

4. At the end, ask them to turn back to back and give them the Observation Sheet. Allow time to
complete the form. Do not allow people to turn around or to talk.

5. Ask people to stop writing and either stay back to back and tell each other how they have
answered each question or turn and face each other and do the same. (No further writing is allowed). They
can correct some things and discuss.

6. Back in the large group ask some questions:

 How many correct answers did most people get?

 Were some things generally easier for people to see than others?
 Do they think they noticed more or less than they usually do this time?
 If so, why might that have been?
 Was it easy to talk for two minutes without interruption?
 Was it easy to listen for that long without interrupting?
 What does the exercise say about the value of real listening and real seeing? What conclusions
about personal inter-actions could be make?

Conclusion

This exercise is a good introduction to any work on conflict or communication or any other topic relating to
people and inter-actions. In a simple way it makes some very strong points about what we see and hear and what
we don't and why that might be so.

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Hearing and Seeing

Observation exercise
What did I observe when listening to my partner?

Fill in the answers to the following questions, do not turn around and look at your partner, do
this on your own.

1. What color was your partners hair?

2. What length was his/her hair?

3. Did you notice anything about what your partner did with his/her hands? If yes, say
what.

4. What color were their eyes?

5. What kind of shoes were they wearing?

6. What color were their socks?

7. How were they sitting? Did they change position? If so, describe the change as well
as how they were sitting.

8. Describe any jewellery your partner was wearing.

9. Did you notice any facial mannerisms?

Describe the tone of voice and anything you noticed about their use of voice.

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16. LOOKING THROUGH FILTERED EYES

Introduction

An activity to get people thinking about and questioning some of their own perceptions.

Process

1. Explain that the purpose of the activity is to draw a mental map which will generate discussion about
why we have different impressions of places.

2. Split into small groups of three or four who should complete the task together.

3. Depending on the-group, ask each group to draw a map from memory of:

a) a named country in the world;

b) the area within a kilometer of the room you are in;

c) the country you are in;

d) a named place that people have some knowledge of.

All groups should be given the same task, not different maps. You may choose to show them an
example, like the one enclosed here or one of your own making.

4. Once completed, get groups to circulate to look at the maps of other groups. They should then discuss
what differences they noticed and why there were such differences.

5. Back in the large group, use the experience of doing these drawing to discuss why different people see
the same things differently. Some of the possible reasons are:

• experience
• family
• background
• culture
• beliefs
• priorities
• personality
• age
• media etc..

6. Then it may be possible to ask each person to draw an individual pair of glasses on large sheets of
paper. Within the lenses of the glasses they should write what affects their own point of view. This
acknowledges the fact that we each have our own perceptions. Our eyes are our filter through which
we see the world.

7. Variations are possible, for example, instead of doing the maps in groups, they could be done
individually and then shared in small groups.

Conclusion

This exercise can be used as an introductory one or after doing some other work on images and perceptions. It
could also be used on its own as a trigger for people to consider some of the ways in which they view the world.

17. THE BRIDGE / DERDIANS

Introduction

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A complex and interesting exercise that asks people to do a practical activity in groups to explore some issues of
communication and group dynamics.

Process

1. The Building:

Ninety minutes is needed for the exercise and sixty minutes for the feedback and discussion. One person should
lead. People are split into two teams, preferably four to seven people in each. Volunteers are asked for, to be
observers, one or two in each team. Two separate rooms are needed and a third neutral place. Each team or room
is equipped with:

• One ruler
• One pair of scissors
• One roll of tape
• One stick of glue
• Several sheets of White Paper
• Several small sheets of card (varied thickness and colors)
• An old newspaper
• Some colored crayons or pencils
• Two or three buttons (or other round objects)
• A pencil
• A small piece of colored material

Just before giving the instructions, explain that there is no right or wrong; good or bad way of doing this and that
people will not be judged. The observers will be there to observe how the task is completed and how people inter-
act. Explain the rules.

The rules

The players

You will work in two different teams. Together you must build one bridge, each team will build one half of it. At
the end of the exercise we will put the two halves together to make the bridge.

The two teams will work in two separate rooms and will not see each other.

Contacts between the two teams can be made by a delegate of each team. The two delegates will meet in a
neutral place for 3 minutes maximum. They can have 3 meetings in total.

The two halves of the bridge must meet in the middle of the bridge span.

The bridge span must be at least 15 cm long. When the two halves are put together it will not be possible to use
glue or any kind of material to stick them together.

The quality of the bridge will be judged according to its stability, beauty and creativity. It shall hold a pencil
laid in the middle.

You can only use the materials which are on your table.

You can not put questions to the observers or the leaders of the exercise.

You have 90 minutes to do this exercise.

When a delegate wants to meet another he/she must announce him/herself by knocking at the door or at the wall
of the other team or by asking the leader of the exercise to arrange the meeting. Only the leader may attend this
meeting. It should be strictly timed.

The observers

You will observe one team.

You shall not talk to the participants or anyone else or answer any questions they may put to you.

It is recommended that you take notes.

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Observe in particular the following:

- How did the group start its work?

- Who took the initiative?

- How was the delegate chosen?

- How does the group manage time? Who keeps track of the watch?

- Is there a facilitator in the group, or someone who moderates the discussion,

proposes solutions or consensus?

- How are the tasks shared?

- Is everybody doing something? Are there people who are not interested or have
nothing to do/to say?

At the end of the ninety minutes announce that the Bridge will be put together, in the neutral place, in two
minutes. Put it together and test with a pencil. A thirty minute break is recommended before proceeding to the
feedback and discussion.

2. The Feedback:

At the start stress again that judgments of good/bad and right/wrong are not the aim. This feedback needs to be
fairly tightly structured. Start by asking one team to speak, then their observers, then the other team and
observers. Finally open to a broader discussion. The questions should follow this kind of pattern:

Individuals in each team

How did it feel? (Being asked to do; Doing; Working together)

Do you think you were a good team?

Did you each share?

Did someone lead?

Did anyone withdraw? Say nothing?

Did different people have different roles? and tasks?

Who started things?

How was the delegate chosen?

Did anybody watch time?

Who proposed solutions/compromises?

Was anybody bored or disinterested?

Did you focus on task all the time or ever talk about relationships?

Was communication good? Were there arguments?

Were you pleased with the end result?

Was it a success? Why, do you think?

Observers

How did you feel as observers?

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What did you observe about group dynamics, communication, working as a team etc?

Eye contact? Body language?

Did you try to be involved and a part of things even though you couldn't speak?

General

How much time was spent planning?

How much time was spent constructing/doing?

How much time was spent evaluating/assessing?

Have you learnt anything about:

yourself?

others in your group?

group dynamics?

exercises like this?

being observed?

Conclusion

Encouraging people to be honest about their reactions to the exercise and

to others will not only make the feedback more interesting but will bring
to life the whole point of the activity. about the diversity of individual
needs and skills and reactions and how these can be blended together or
not - in a team, a group or a society. Different people have different
roles. Some may become leaders, others followers, others outsiders.
These may change over a period of time. Really accepting difference,
even if it is difficult is vital in the exercise, but also in Society at large.

Variations are possible. The task can be different. With larger groups,
thirty maybe, two groups should be formed with a leader for each and
then two teams created within each group. More than seven working as a
team and two observing is not recommended. The time should not be
shortened, otherwise it becomes just a task and the relationships and
group dynamics cannot develop.

Much may well be stirred up by this exercise, providing people with

motivation to explore some of the issues further.

18. SILENT WALL OR FLOOR DISCUSSION

Introduction

A way of getting a group to consider some issues by interacting with each

other without talking. This exercise can be especially helpful for people
who take some time to consider their reactions or for whom speaking in a
large group is difficult. It can be a very useful introductory exercise to a
topic.

Task

Everybody sits in a U-form in front of the paper on the wall or in a circle

around the paper on the floor. An image or cartoon or photograph is
placed in the center. People are told to react to it in any way they wish
to.

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After the explanation everybody is silent. If you want to express an opinion you have to do this in writing. All
your ideas, opinions, etc. have to be put on paper. You can also respond to something that has been written by
somebody else. You can give counter-arguments, make links, ask questions etc.

It is alright if two or more people are writing at the same time. The ground rule is: Nobody speaks!

Material

- large pieces of cardboard or paper;

- thick markers or pens;
- paper tape;
- slogan, photograph, cartoon or some other stimulus to discussion.

Task of facilitator

- Explain the aim and the method;

- Indicate that the discussion ends after ten minutes or at the moment that nobody is writing any more;
- After the silent session it is possible to continue by a verbal discussion;
- Put the image/cartoon/quotation in the center.
For example: child soldier photograph or integration cartoon

Conclusion

Some questions can be posed, and a verbal discussion could take place, afterwards. These can explore the topic of
the session and people's thoughts and feelings about it and/or their thoughts and feelings about the silent
discussion approach.

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19. STEREOTYPES

Introduction

An activity designed to allow people to consider the power and influence of stereotypes as well as their
legitimacy. Also to consider something of the feelings minority and majority groupings may have in relation to
these stereotypes.

Process

1. The group should be asked to take a sheet of paper each and divide it into four squares.

Participants are then asked to write down four items relating to Cultural Differences, Stereotypes and
Minorities.

a. Stereotypes of 'majority' people(s) in your home country;

b. Stereotypes of Minorities in your home country;

c. A time where you felt as a minority and how did it make you feel;

d. A time when you felt like a majority (and there were minorities present) and how did
that make you feel.

2. Ask people to form small working groups of 3 or 4 people to share and discuss their answers to these
questions. Suggest that maybe each person should do part a) first, then part b) etc, to encourage a flow of
opinions in the group. People can ask further questions of each other if they wish.

3. Back in the large group some general feedback can be taken and/or a few questions could be posed. For
example:

- What might be the root of stereotypes?

- Do they have any validity?

- What are the positive and negative results of them?

- Can minorities and majorities learn anything from the way the other group feels?

- How can communication between groups be improved?

Conclusion

Some further investigation of the power of stereotypes and the feelings of a minority group can follow, perhaps
focusing specifically on one minority group as an example. It is important to draw out positive aspects and to
develop ideas for improvements as well as looking at the difficulties and problems.

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20. BLAME

Two participative exercises, that link together, exploring the consequences of blaming others.

Introduction

An example, perhaps from a family, school or youth group situation, could be given to introduce the topic of
blame. This may involve blaming an individual continually, or a group of people repeatedly, for things that go
wrong.

Activity 1: The silent Act

Small groups - of 3 to 5 people - should be formed. Each group is asked to prepare a short presentation - or act -
to everyone else of a situation from ordinary life that shows something of a person or group of people being
blamed unfairly. They will have to give a 1-2 minute presentation with no talking. They, therefore, must act out
the situation clearly enough for people to see what is happening. Ten to fifteen minutes should be enough for the
preparation time.

Following the presentations some points could be made about the type of situations shown. Some links could also
be made to the larger-scale problem of blaming in the national or global context. Group members themselves
should be encouraged to do this.

Inter-linking discussion

Some questions could be asked:

 Which groups of people are most likely to be

blamed for problems in this locality/region/country/other
countries?

 What might be the consequences of constant

blaming?

This could be done in the form of a brainstorm. All answers are written
down on a board or sheets, without discussion. Alternatively, it could
be done in the form of an open discussion in the large group or smaller ones.

A poster or image - such as 'Us and Them' - could be shown for pair or small group or large group discussion.

Activity 2: The story of blame

Pairs should be formed and given five or ten minutes to prepare a one minute story, to be told to the rest of the
group. The story should describe a situation in which someone or some people are blamed for something. It
should focus mostly on the consequences of the blaming. A sheet of images like the Sheet of Blame, from the
Federation Youth Department pack: 'What have 1 done to deserve this?', as clues to the type of consequences that
could result, may also be given out at this time.

Each pair should be allowed to make their presentation of their story in turn. Time should be available for all
pairs to do their one minute. Some pairs may wish to dramatize their stories.

Afterwards, some points could be made about the types of consequences illustrated by the stories.

Conclusion

These two activities could open the way for some further exploration about the treatment of minority groups and
the roots of conflict. Images like 'Us and Them' could be used to stimulate further discussion.

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21. CAR PARK

Introduction

This exercise is designed to explore the ways in which prejudice affects our options in everyday life. In this
context it addresses issues specifically related to HIV infection and sexual orientation.

Methods

In a large room or car park (hence the title) ask participants to line up, and give each participant a card on which
is written one of the following roles. They are not to disclose this until the end of the exercise.

- a gay man who is HIV antibody positive

- a gay man with AIDS
- a 34 year old male white wealthy occasional cocaine user
- a 32 year old white female prostitute who is HIV antibody positive
- a heterosexual married man
- a heterosexual married woman
- a 24 year old black female prostitute
- a lesbian
- a pregnant HIV antibody positive woman
- a pregnant woman
- an IRV antibody positive bisexual married man
- a single woman with AIDS

When they are lined up and in role, read out each of the following questions explaining that if they can answer
"yes" to that question they are to take one step forward. If "no" they are to remain where they are. They must
answer "yes" or no.

Suggested questions

Are you able to:

join a health insurance scheme?

become a political candidate?
obtain life insurance?
expect sympathy from your doctor when you are ill?
lead an active social life?
adopt a child?
go abroad on holiday?
work abroad?
obtain a loan to buy a house?
expect fair treatment from the police?
work in a children's nursery?
have the sex you want when you want it?
kiss your lover in public?
plan 20 years ahead?
get medical help when you need it?
feel safe walking the streets after dark?
get support from society?
get free condoms if you want them?
have a home help if you need one?
expect sympathy from your family?
be honest with your colleagues?
have security in your employments plan a family?
get dental care when you want it?
marry your partner?
expect to die where and as you would like?

Stay in role and in place. One by one ask participants to disclose the role they had assumed and to talk about how
they felt. About themselves and about the people in front of, and behind, them. You may also ask if there were
any particular questions which struck them or made them feel something in particular.

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Allow some time to de-role (see Communication without words) and then, back in seats, open to a broader
discussion. The following could be discussed:

How different people react to similar circumstances and why.

The restrictions imposed on them by those roles defined in terms of sexual orientation and HIV infection.

What they have learned about the restrictions imposed on individuals by sexual orientation and HIV infection.

Conclusion

This can be a powerful awareness-raising exercise on disadvantage and discrimination. Variations are possible:
the characters and questions can change according to the group and what you are trying to achieve. This one
focuses on HIV/AIDS, it could focus more on racism or disability for example.

22. CREATURES OF CONFLICT

Introduction:

The word conflict means many different things to different people.

This exercise will help to see what it means to people here.

The Exercise:

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 1. Each person should be given a large (flipchart size) sheet of paper. Various paints, crayons, pens, pencils,
newspapers, magazines, glue, etc, should be placed in the middle of the room.

2. Encourage people to use their imagination, creativity, feelings to create an image of a creature that
represents how they see conflict. It can be a real or imaginary creature. They should try not to think too
much about it but just do something and see what happens. (They do not have to be artists and they will
not have to show their creations to everyone).

3. Once complete, form pairs. People can choose whether to show their creature to their partners or not.
They should, however, discuss what images came to mind and what feelings it brought up for them.
They can then go on to discuss what thoughts this leads them to have about conflict.

4. Back in the large group, some general questions can be asked:

- How did it feel being asked to do the task?

- How did it feel doing it?
- How did it feel talking/sharing about it?
- How many had positive and negative elements in their creatures?
- What insights do you now have about conflict and yourself'.)

(People can show their creatures if they so wish).

5. Show the group the other creatures and ask them whether they can see how each creature might say
something about conflict. (This can also be done in pairs or maybe small groups of three or four people).

Conclusion

Some of the issues to raise include: the broad meaning of the word; personal and global conflict; positive as well
as negative forms of conflict; how we each respond to conflict situations and what can reasonably be done in a
conflict situation.

This exercise should precede an exercise looking at strategies for action. It should not stand alone.

23. UNDERLYING ANGER

Introduction

A written exercise about what underlies anger. To encourage participants to consider and express what lay
beneath an instance of personal anger.

Process

1. Ask everyone to write down (in one sentence) a situation in their life where they felt really angry. For
example: 'I felt angry when my contribution in a meeting was ignored.' (2 min).

2. Explain that a layer of hurt very often underlies anger. Ask everyone to write a sentence about the hurt
behind their anger in the instance they have thought of.

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 Example: 'I felt hurt because it seemed that nobody valued my opinion.' (2 min).

3. The reason for the hurt is often an unmet need. Ask everyone to write a sentence covering their needs in
the same instance. For example: 'I need to be accepted and valued by my colleagues.' (2 min).

4. Alongside the need are often fears. Ask participants to think about what fears might have been behind
their anger and write a sentence about them. For example: 'I have a fear that 1 won't be able to win my
colleagues' respect.' (2 min).

5. Participants turn to a partner and share their sentences with them. If anyone has had difficulty with the
exercise, their partner can help them unravel their feelings. (10 min).

6. Some questions can be posed afterwards: What is the value of understanding the substructure of anger?
In what ways could it help you? How might communities or groups have the same sub-structure of anger?
(15 min).

(Anger and hurt are often two sides of the same coin. It is an important step in facing the anger of others to know
what lies beneath our own anger. This exercise is a way of discovering some of the hurt, needs and fears
underlying a personal experience of extreme anger. If we can identify the fears that lie at the roots of anger,
either our own or that of others, we can begin addressing those fears rather than remaining caught up in the
outward emotion).

Conclusion

Exercises, like this one, that link personal reflection with broader issues can be a useful tool in developing some
empathy for the situation of others as well as offering people a chance to look a little more deeply at some of the
roots of conflict.

24. STATES OF TENSION

Introduction

Individual, pair and group work exploring how situations are influenced by personal energy levels. To explore the
range of energy levels any individual can utilize, and how these levels can change the way people respond to us.
To look at ways of using the energy we have, and exploring levels that we find difficult to reach.

Process

1. Introduce the purpose of this exercise and describe the six different levels of tension:

a. SLOTH/COLLAPSE. A state of no energy, just about awake but unable to move or

speak clearly.

b. LAID BACK/VERY COOL. Using the least energy possible for the situation: slow
speech and movement.

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 c. EVERYDAY/ONE OF THE CROWD. A "normal" energy level: you wouldn't be
noticed walking down the street - nothing unusual about you at all.

d. BUSINESSLIKE/ORGANISED. Slightly un-relaxed, slight tension: going about a task

that needs to be completed.

e. WORRY/TENSION. Un-relaxed and tense, slight panic creeping in: things are not
going according to plan.

f. PANIC/HYPERACTIVITY. Growing into real panic - pulling out all the stops.

Ask each participant to explore for themselves what their idea of each level is. Using all the space, get
the group to stand up and give them a specific task such as walking to the station to catch a train. Start
from level a. and remind them of each level as you slowly take them through to f.

In groups of six or as the whole group, depending on confidence levels, ask two volunteers to role-play to
the rest. The group decides what level of tension each character is at and gives them a situation in which
to interact, such as standing in a queue hoping to get tickets. During the role-play, the group can freeze
the actors and change the tension levels, then unfreeze them and observe what effect the change has.

In groups of six, the participants are given a line on a card - for example, "what do you think you are
doing?" In turn they enter the space and say the line, each using a different energy level.

2. Feedback and discussion: What moods came across using the same line six times? What effect could
energy levels have on a specific situation? When are certain levels more appropriate than others?

Try to find out which levels people found easiest to use, and why they found certain levels difficult to
reach or uncomfortable to use. Different people will have different ideas about each energy level and
what it means to them. There are no rights or wrongs.

3. This exercise can be developed further by considering, or acting out, how people's response may be
different according to the energy level used. Small groups could be asked to prepare and show a
situation where different energy levels produce different reactions and end results.

Conclusion

These states of tension are often noticed subconsciously by people and they can produce remarkably different
effects. Any communication between people can be improved by some understanding of these forces.

25. UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT

A short introductory exercise to the theme of conflict, looking at some of the underlying causes; some of the
positive and negative aspects and possible ways of reacting.

Introduction

This activity combines some imaginative elements with other more theoretical inputs as a way of getting a group
to start understanding conflict, including some of the broad dynamics of conflict, whether on a personal or local
level or on a group or international one.

Materials

Colored paper; envelopes; large sheets; scissors; tape; the Iceberg; little creatures and conflict statements. (The
last three are included in the pack).

Process

1. An-example should be given - or asked for from the group - of how an individual conflict can escalate
from very small beginnings. It should show how silent dislike, lack of understanding or disrespect can
gradually develop, from ignoring someone, to talking about them or arguing with them, to physical

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 attack, to drawing others in on either side, to solid, set attitudes and behavior. An imaginary example
could start from somebody disliking someone based on the clothes they wear or the color of their hair.

2. The Iceberg of conflict should be shown. The iceberg represents the fact that for every incident of
conflict the causes are often hidden beneath the surface. The group should be asked what the causes
might be. A list including the following will probably result: anger, hurt, fear, lack of knowledge,
jealousy, etc. some explanation should be given that only if the things beneath the surface are looked at
will there be a real chance of resolving the conflict.

3. An envelope should be given to each person. It should contain: one sheet of colored paper; one of the
thirteen little creatures (these should be used in pairs - if there are 12 participants, six creatures should be
used; if there are 30 participants, all thirteen should be used and four extra ones) and Statements 1 and 2
in two different languages (the mother tongue of, and languages commonly used by, the participants
should not be used). People are asked not to open the envelope until all the instructions have been given.
At least two spare envelopes should be casually placed on the front table.

4. The three tasks are explained. These are:

a) to create a shape with the piece of paper (by cutting, folding, tearing, drawing etc) that says
something about one of the things that are beneath the surface of conflict. This should then be
attached to a sheet on the wall;

b) to choose Statement 1 or--2 and sign your name under 1 or 2 on a sheet with these numbers
written on the wall;

c) to look at your little creature and think what it says to you about conflict. Then to find the
other one or two people with the same creature and explain to them your thinking about it.

5. Then the three rules are explained. They are:

a) there is to be no talking, in any language, at any time, during the exercise;

b) all three tasks must be completed in ten minutes;

c) everybody in the room must take part.

6. Ten minutes should be allowed for the exercise. You will need to time it and ensure that the rules are
kept. Please note that task 2 will prove difficult because nobody has the statements in their own language
and task 3 because they must find ' their partner(s) and explain their thinking without talking. Watch
carefully how people react and behave.

7. At the end of the time, ask each person in turn to come and show their shape and in one sentence explain
its meaning for them. Then show Statements 1 and 2 in their own language(s) - and explain their
meaning, if necessary - and ask why people signed for each. (You could also comment on whether people
looked at the Statements of others or shared them or just struggled on their own. Also, ask whether
anyone thought of looking in one of the extra envelopes at the front? Remind them that there were only
three rules - nothing said they couldn't look at each others statements or in the spare envelopes!). Finally,
ask whether people were able to understand their partner(s) explanation of the creature and whether it
was easy or hard to connect it with conflict and explain it without words?

8. Ask for some reflections on the exercise and make some yourself. These could include comments on the
variety of shapes (and reasons for them). The ease - or not of communicating without words. The
feelings associated with not understanding words/statements/tasks. The usefulness of using imaginative
processes as well as more rational ones. Whether any positive aspects of conflict emerged. If any ways
of reacting to conflict were highlighted. A broader discussion on some of these issues could follow.

Conclusion

Many issues could be raised here that could be developed further, especially in the areas of
conflict prevention or conflict resolution.

Social games for trainings 39 AIESEC Timisoara

26. IMAGES OF WAR

Introduction

An activity to stimulate thinking and discussion about some of the things that could happen in a war situation and
some of the ways an individual or an organization can react to them.

Process

Have a selection of pictures or photographs, like the ones shown here or others that you have gathered, ready to
use to trigger some thoughts. Either ask people to form pairs or trio's and give each group some different images
to look at and discuss. Alternatively, you could use the Silent Discussion technique explained earlier, this time
with people working silently in small groups or allowing people to move around the room looking at five or six
images and discussion sheets.

Whichever option you choose, ask people to consider some of the following questions:

What is happening in the image?

What do you think happened before?
What do you think should happen now?
Imagine yourself in the situation of one of the characters involved, what might your feelings and thoughts be?
What might an individual or an organization be able to do to ensure fair treatment?

Other questions could be raised depending on the image, the group and the nature of the issues you are trying to
deal with.

After some time in pairs or small groups ask each group to explain something of their image and their thinking to
the rest of the group. (They should have been told at the start that they would be asked to do this). They can do
this by description, story, writing on a board or something more dramatic or creative. The choice is theirs.

A broader discussion on the issues raised can follow.

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This could lead into getting people to consider what rules or regulations might be helpful in this situation. This
should not be a test of their knowledge of what already exists but should arise from the discussions that have
already taken place.

Conclusion
An activity like this has the advantage of allowing people to connect themselves with a situation or some
individuals before investigating legalities and rules. If they come to see that legalities and rules might be
necessary, and even come to start thinking what they might be for themselves, before learning which rules already
exist, then they will feel far more connection with, and interest in, them.

27. BOXING MATCH

Introduction

A variation on the Four Corners activity, to stimulate discussion on specific issues.

Process

1. Write each of the four roles of characters, concerned with Boxing, on flipchart sheets and place one in each
corner.
The four are:
 Referee
 Second (man who mops the brow of the boxer between rounds)
 Cleaner (who washes and cleans the ring afterwards)
 Anti-boxing agitator

2. Explain the roles to the group in simple terms if necessary. Ask everyone to stand in the middle of the room.
Then ask them which of these four characters most represents the role they think the Red Cross should take in
a time of conflict. Although elements of all four may seem relevant, they must opt for one of the four as the
most appropriate. Nobody can stand in the middle or hover between positions. They must make a decision.

3. When everyone has selected their corner, ask them to form pairs, preferably with someone from another
corner, though if this not possible, someone from their own corner. Get them to discuss with their partner
why they think their choice of role to be most appropriate. Mey can also consider why others may have opted
for their corner, but should focus on their own decision).

4. It is possible, back as a whole group, then to ask one representative from each corner to explain briefly their
choice to others. Further discussion at this time is also possible.

5. This trigger to thinking on the issue can be followed by supplementary statements being read following the
usual Four Corners format. (his has as the four choices: Agree strongly; Agree a little; Disagree a little and
Disagree strongly). A variety of statements can be used on the theme of the role of the Red Cross. However
it is suggested that four to six statements are more than enough for a session.

Other statements could be:

 The Movement should much more actively try to prevent wars and disasters as well as react to them.

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  The ICRC should go public if it knows horrific war crimes are being committed and nobody else
knows about them.
 The ICRC should speak out to get prisoners released if it feels they were wrongly imprisoned.
 The ICRC should concern itself with conflicts and leave the Federation and National Societies to do
disaster and development work.
 The public should be made aware of the differences between the ICRC, Federation and National
Societies and not to be allowed to think of the Movement as one.
 The most important work of the ICRC is promoting the rules of war (i.e. Geneva Conventions,
Protocols, emblem protection etc) more than any of its other actions (tracing, messages, visiting and
relief).
 The ICRC - and the whole Movement - must change according to needs and circumstances or the
times, or it will become a relic of the past.

6. The statements can, of course, be on any topic or range of topics and should be adapted for the particular
group that you are working with.

Conclusion
The Boxing Match analogy adds another - creative and imaginative - element to this exercise. Some further
reflection on the usefulness of thinking more creatively about issues or the appropriateness of the boxing analogy
specifically could also take place.

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28. SCARECROW

Have an image of a Scarecrow for all to see.

Translate into other languages to have a collection of words describing the Scarecrow.

Some cultures may not have scarecrows, so some explanation will need to be given of its basic function.

1. Individuals are asked to consider what comes to mind for them when they see a scarecrow. They should then
broaden and think how it could be linked to humanitarian education work.

2. Each person should take small cards with the letters of SCARECROW printed on them (or the word in their
own language). They should then split the letters up and find words, starting with each letter, that describe
important elements of the work of the Movement or of humanitarian education work in general.

3. Form pairs to discuss their images and thoughts and explain their words.

4. Some sharing of this could then take place in the big group, maybe putting words on paper on the wall. This
should bring out points about the essential elements of humanitarian education work and/or the work of the
Movement.

Variations are possible:

a) Another creature, not a Scarecrow, could be chosen. Examples could be: Owl; Phoenix; Teddy Bear;
Dove; Lioness, etc.
b) The topic they are asked to think about could be one of many. For example: conflict; knowledge;
prevention; rights and responsibilities; the world etc.

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29. CHANGE

Introduction

An exercise that provides a short, active demonstration of the effects of change on people.

Methods

1. Ask people to form pairs. They should put down papers, pens etc and move to an open space. They are
told to stand opposite each other to look at the other person and notice things about them.

2. They are told to turn back to back, so that they cannot see their partner. They are asked to change five
things about their appearance. Allow enough time for all individuals to complete this.

3. Each person turns back to their partner and has to discover the five things the other person changed.

4. Once complete, ask people to turn back to back again in the same pairs and to change five more things
about their appearance. Allow enough time for each person.

5. They then turn to face each other again and discover what their partner changed.

6. Once complete, ask people to turn back to back again in the same pairs and to change five more things
about their appearance.

7. Stop the exercise and tell them that you were only joking about changing yet again! Allow everyone to
return to normal and their seats.

Follow up

Tell people - if it is true, and it usually is - that they demonstrated within the exercise the seven dynamics of
change. So called, from a 1970's psychological/sociological study. These state that in any circumstance where
people are required to change (whether in their personal life or within an organization) they will go through seven
reactions. Some people will, of course, react more strongly to some parts than others. They also won't
necessarily happen in any order.

The seven dynamics are:

1. People will feel awkward, ill-at-ease and self-conscious;

2. People will think about what they have to give up (more than they will about what they might gain);

3. People will feel alone even if everyone else is going through. the same change;

4. People will be concerned that they don't have enough resources (time, money, skill, etc);

5. People are at different levels of readiness for change;

6. Too much change at once and people will rebel or give up;

7. Take the pressure off, and people will revert back to old behavior.

Further Development

In pairs or small groups, people could be encouraged to think about their own "patterns' of reacting to change.
This might simply be to recognize their own behavior. It might also be to develop strategies for developing
alternatives.
People could be encouraged to think about their own organization or group and consider how people may be
reacting in these ways. Strategies could be developed that could help people to manage change.
Discussions could take place on other exercises that get across complex processes in simple, light-hearted and
active ways. These could be demonstrated or developed.
30. STOP! LETS START AGAIN!

Introduction

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An activity that recreates some situations from real life and explores how we see things from different
perspectives. It then goes on to look at how some changes of behavior could completely change the end result.

Process

1. This exercise can either be done in small groups or in one big group. Three or four people should be
asked - maybe in advance - to make up a short, simple sketch (or play) of a situation from their own
experience to show something of the way people who are different, are treated. (Alternatively, you can
suggest in some way the situation, though not the exact words and actions, and then they can create from
there).

2. The sketch should be presented to the others in the group. It should only take a minute or two. Then it
stops and you, or somebody in the group, says that we can start again if you did not like the words or actions
in the situation of some of the characters. A member from the audience can volunteer to take the place of one
of the actors. (Only one should change at this time). The same situation is then re-played with some changes
by the new actor.

3. After this another person can volunteer to take the place of an actor. After a few times it is possible to
change two or three actors at the same time. The situation however needs to remain the same.

4. At. one point you, or someone else, can add one small change to the situation. The sketch then has to be
played with this change.

5. After a certain amount of time or after enthusiasm fades away, stop the play and open to a general
discussion. The following questions may be helpful:

 Were there changes to the end result each time? If so, what do you think happened to cause
that?

 Did any particular behaviors change events?

 How do you think each character behaved?

 Would you have behaved like that in this situation?

 Are there any learning points from this about individual perspectives; the way people inter-act
or anything else?

6. Variations are, of course, possible. A brief sketch can be presented first, with one or two changes and
then one from the lives of the participants developed. Small groups could develop their own sketches and
present them to the other groups, who become the audience. A particular topic could be stressed. Topics
outside the experience of the participants could be used. Many other adaptations are possible.

Conclusion

This type of drama or theatre, developed from the ideas of the Argentinean Augusto Boal, originated from a desire
to show the behavior of the oppressed and the oppressors. It is, therefore, very suitable for work on any topic
connected with the vulnerable or accepting difference. It can really help people to start viewing things from the
perspective of others and to encourage them to look at the effects of their own actions.

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31. TAKING A STAND – ROLE PLAYS

Purpose:

To make young people more aware of instances in daily life in which children's rights may need to be defended;
to encourage young people to practice the skills of standing up for their own rights, arid the rights of others.

Materials:

Copies of the Taking a Stand role cards

Procedure:

Step 1: Have young people form groups of six. Assign each group to one of the three role-play scenarios.

Step 2: Within each group of six, three people receive the Role A card to read, and three receive the Role B card
(from the same scenario). As and B's read over their cards separately, discussing the situation and what the
character described might do and say.

Step 3: Have young people select someone from their group of three to play the role described. The chosen actor
may request one or both of the remaining members of the group to play a 'supporting' role, d necessary.

Step 4: Each scenario is acted out. one at a time, for the entire group to see.

Step 5: After each role-play, discuss with the wide group:

(For the person whose role was to deny a child's rights) What was easy or difficult about your role?
(For the person whose role was to defend the child's rights) What was easy or difficult about your role?
What ways of defending rights seemed to work best?
Were any strategies used that did not seem to work very well?
Have you ever encountered situations like these in your own life?
In real life, would it be possible to stand up for your rights as in the role-play?
Was it easier to defend your own rights, or those of someone else?

Variation:

Young people can be asked to write their own role-play situations relevant to their own lives. Be aware that some
situations of rights denials which young people may be familiar with will be too sensitive to discuss or role-play
in a group (for example sexual abuse or torture).

Follow-up:

When planning an action project, role-plays can be used to practice how young people might respond to
opposition to their project.

Role Play Scenario No. 1: The Computer Class

Role A:

You are the director of a youth group that has program for boys and girls. You have arranged to bring a group of
young people to a six-session class on using computers at a local college.

Everyone in the youth group is very excited about the class, and wants to go. The college has only five computers
available, so only five youth group members can go. You must decide who goes.

You feet that boys should be given first chance to go to this class. In your community, few teenage boys have
jobs. The boys who come to your youth group need skills that will help them get jobs. This course would give
them both skills and self-confidence.

You know that some girls are interested in learning about computers, too.

But girls in your community are far more likely to get married while in their teens, have children, and work in the
home. Besides, some of the parents might feel that using computers is not the kind of work girls should do.
Maybe in the future you could organize a computer class for girls.

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Role B:

You are a member of a youth group that has program for boys and girls. Five members of the group will have the
chance to go to a computer class at a local college. Everyone is excited about the course. It is difficult for
teenagers to find jobs in your city, and having a special skill would be a big help.

You have just found out that the director of the youth group is going to let boys sign up for the class first. You
think this is unfair. Both boys and girls need job skills to be able to support themselves and their families. While
most of the people who work with computers in your community are men, more and more women are doing this
type of work. Unless girls get the same training as boys, they will never have an equal chance of getting jobs that
pay well.

Note:

Role B may be played by either a girl or a boy.

Role Play Scenario No. 2: Differences

Role A:

You are a student at a secondary school. Recently, some students from another country have enrolled at your
school. They speak a different language from the language of your country. They have a different religion, and
sometimes miss school because of their religious holidays.

You don't like these students. Their customs seem strange to you. You think that if they want to live in your
country, they should try to be like everyone else here.

You especially don't like it when they sit together at lunch and speak their own language. You can't understand
them and you think that they might be talking about you.

You try to get some of your friends to make these students sit separately at lunch; you want them to join you in
teasing these students about the way they speak, and telling them they should go back to where they came from.

Role B:

You are a student at a secondary school. Recently, some students from another country have enrolled at your
school. They speak a different language from the language of your country. They have a different religion, and
sometimes miss school because of their religious holidays.

You would like to get to know these students, to learn about their country, and maybe even to learn a few words
of their language. But one of your friends wants you to join in teasing them, interrupting them when they are
eating lunch, and telling them to leave the country.

You want to get your friend to stop acting this way. You don't want to spoil the friendship, but you think that the
teasing isn't fair. You think that it is interesting to have students from another country at your school, and you
would like to find a way to become friends with them.

Role Play No. 3: Selling Drugs

Role A:

You are a drug dealer. You are trying to convince a teenager to sell drugs for you. You explain to this person that
you will give him a certain amount of drugs to sell each day, and at the end of the day, he is to bring you all the
money. You will then give him a percentage of the profit. You will also give him drugs to use from time to time.

Let this person know that you have asked him because you feel he is honest and will not run away with the
money. Remind him how difficult it is for young people to find jobs in this poor neighborhood. The amount of
money to be made selling drugs is far more than he could make by working at a low-paying job, even d one could
be found. Get him to think about the things that he could buy with the extra money, or how he could help to
support the family with the money made from selling drugs.

Promise this person that you will protect him from other drug dealers in the area, and from the police.

Role B:

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You are 16 years old. A drug dealer is trying to convince you to work for her selling drugs to other young people
in your neighborhood. You need the money, but you don’t want to start using drugs or selling them. You have
learned about how dangerous they are for your health. You also know of people who have been lolled in
arguments over drug deals.

You want to say no to this drug dealer, and get away from her as quickly as possible. But you are also afraid of
what her reaction will be if you say no. You are afraid that she might get angry, threaten you, or hurt you in some
way. either now or later.

You are also worried about what your friends will say or do if you refuse to sell drugs. Some of them already
work for this drug dealer. Even if you can get out of this situation right now, you are afraid and might need
protection in the future.

32. THE NINE YEAR OLD CAROUSEL

Introduction

An activity to get people to consider how they can explain difficult concepts to younger people. The exercise also
allows for one to one communication with a large number of different people in a short space of time.

Process

1. Chairs should be placed in two circles facing each other. An inner circle facing outward and an outer
circle facing inward. People should sit facing opposite another person. Each pair should not be too close
to the others, so that they can concentrate on their partner and not on other people. If there is an odd
number of people one chair is put slightly outside the circle for a person to sit on.

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 2. The inner circle people are told that they are to be nine year olds. The outer circle are themselves. They
are told that they will move around, so they will not only speak to the person opposite them now. They
will have two minutes each time to speak to someone.

3. Each time the inner circle 'child' will ask the older person to explain something to them. You will call
out the question each time. The questions can vary according to the topic you are working on and the
age and level of the group. The following are some suggestions:

Why do people fight and kill each other?

What is racism?
Why does it say 'Blacks go home' on the wall?
Why is that man kissing another man?
Are gypsies really dirty and dangerous?
Why won't my parents let me have a toy gun?
Are we better than those other 'people') (or the name of a group could be given).
Why are girls different to boys?
That strange boy hates me! I don't understand why.
I wish I could be like you. Will you help me to be?
My sister says drug addicts are sick and we should feel sorry for them. Is that right?
Why does everybody say (name a group) are our enemies?

4. After each question and two minute conversation the people on the outside are asked to stand and move
to the right. Then they do the second question there. After five or six questions like this, ask the inner
and outer people to swap places. The outer ones move inside and become the nine year olds. Another
five or six questions, with changes of place, should take place.

5. For the last one or two question ask the inner circle 'child' to make up their own questions to get an
answer. By this stage they have an idea of the game and the type of questions. Ten to twelve questions
altogether are probably enough.

6. At the end ask people generally whether it was easy - in the outer circle - to answer the questions? And
if they censored anything? Also, ask if it was possible - in the inner circle - to understand? Then ask
people to consider what sort of answers children usually receive to these kind of questions and what the
effects of that are? Some general discussion on what we - as individuals and society - might do about
that, could take place.

7. Variations are possible. It could be five or seven or twelve year olds instead. All questions could be on
one topic. Only one question could be given to start the carousel and then inner circle 'children' think of
their own questions.

Conclusion

This exercise can be good as a starting point to consider the complexity of some issues or it can also be useful
near the end, especially if people are planning to spread their ideas further, by conversations or peer education or
other kinds of action. It is a very useful way of showing the strong influence of messages received in childhood -
from family, media, friends, stories, heroes etc.

33. THE FIVE SENSES

Introduction

An activity that gives the whole group, or smaller parts of it, the responsibility to design, and arry out, an activity.

Process

1. Explain the five (physical) senses: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and speaking. Describe also that
although most of us have these five senses, not everybody does. Continue with these questions:

Do you see what I see?

Do you hear what I hear?
Do you say what I say?
Do you smell what 1 smell?
Do you feel what I feel?

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 Make the point that not everybody who hears something hears the same as their neighbor for a variety of
reasons. (Don't however, explain the reasons).

2. Split the group into five smaller groups. Give each of them one of the senses and the corresponding
question. Ask them to design two short activities, which they will demonstrate on the rest of the groups.
The first should be about being without their physical sense. The second should get people to consider
how others may perceive things and react in different ways. For example, hearing something quite
different to their neighbor.

The activities should be short and creative. Give all groups a set amount of time to prepare. It may also
be a good idea to give them a time limit for their two activities. Perhaps thirty minutes or less,
depending on your group and your time constraints.

3. The activities by each group can be followed by some discussion on what they learned: in the preparation
and demonstration on their sense; from the other groups on their senses; about themselves and working in
groups and generally about how different people or groups of people experience the world in different
ways.

Conclusion

Variations, like choosing a different topic to prepare the activities on or only asking for one activity to be
developed, are possible. The advantage of this topic is that it can clearly draw out some issues of understanding,
and accepting, that people's perspectives can vary for a multitude of reasons. The advantage of the method is that
people learn this by doing and experiencing, rather than. being told. Some will be more involved than others, but
this practically demonstrates that the same situation will produce different reactions on different people for
different reasons. The activity mirrors itself!

34. ANALYSIS AND PLANNING

Introduction

There are many different ways of getting individuals, groups or organizations to assess their current situation in
order that future plans can be made which are realistic and, therefore, achievable. The S.W.O.T. Analysis is one
such method.

Content
S.W.O.T. stands for:

Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats

It can be used by individuals to consider their professional or personal situation especially at points of crisis or
decision. Similarly, groups of people, whether social, community, temporary or work based can explore their
position. It can likewise be used within organizations to assess circumstances and assist in future planning.

Method

Even when used with groups or organizations, ideally the analysis should first be done by individuals.

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 1. Each person is asked to think about or write or give visual or physical expression to the four aspects of
the analysis. This could he done based on their individual S.W.O.T.'s or those they see affecting the
group or organization. (It is possible, of course, to consider both).

2. Then get people in pairs or small groups to share their thoughts and feelings on this, trying to spend an
equal amount of time on each of the four aspects. It should also be timed so that each person has a fair
share of the time available.

3. Large group discussion should then take place with all pairs or small groups sharing their perspectives.
This should be on the S.W.O.T.'s affecting the group or organization, rather than those of the individual.

4. Either at this point or later, after some other work has taken place, this S.W.O.T. Analysis can form a
useful base on which to build strategies for future development.

Conclusion

This is a good method for really getting people to think about themselves and what they can achieve and what
they may need to help them. Groups and organizations can similarly benefit from this.

35. THE PLANNING TREE

Introduction

To help people anticipate the consequences, both positive and negative, of potential action projects.

Process

You will need a large sheet of paper and pens for each group of four; blue, green and yellow cards, glue.

1. Explain to the group that carrying out an action project can have many consequences, both positive
and negative, on a number of different groups of people. They are about to create a "Planning Tree"
to look more closely at those consequences. A tree diagram is used because the impact of a project
can grow in many directions, like the branches of a tree.

2. Form working groups of four. Ask each group to select one possible action project that they would
like to consider carrying out.

3. On the large paper, have the groups sketch the trunk of a tree. On the tree-trunk, they write a few
words summarizing the action project they are going to consider.

4. Next, brainstorm a list of all the possible 'impact groups' - people who might be affected by this
project. These could include:

children business people

parents religious leaders
teachers local media producers
elected officials health care personnel

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 police social workers

5. Have them select the four impact groups that they feel would be most significantly affected by this
project. They draw four short branches radiating from the trunk of their tree, and write the name of
one of these groups on each branch.

6. Give each working group twelve green cards. Ask them to focus on one impact group at a time and
think of at least one, or as many as three. immediate consequences of the action project for that
group. Stress that the consequences can be either positive, negative or neutral. When this is done,
the cards should be placed on the paper at the end of the appropriate branch.

7. Then distribute a number of blue cards to each group. Tell them to look at each immediate
consequence (the green cards) and decide on at least one secondary consequence that would arise
from it. Each secondary consequence should be written on a blue card. The blue cards are then laid
on the paper with a branching line connecting them to the corresponding green cards.

8. Once this is done, distribute the yellow cards. These represent third order consequences. Have the
young people follow the same procedure, this time looking at each blue card, deciding on a third
order consequence that could arise from it, and laying it on the planning tree with a branching
connecting it to a blue card.

9. Give the working groups time for reflection and discussion on their planning trees. They may stick
down their cards with glue if each group member is satisfied with the arrangement. They may draw
dotted lines between consequences from different branches that seem to be related to each other.

10. Allow people to move around the room to look at all the planning trees.

11. Finally, open up for general discussion if you feel that useful points could be made about some of the
things shown. Sometimes however, the work in the small groups and the observation of the other
trees is enough by itself.

12. Variations are possible. Small groups can be assigned only one branch of the tree (parents, teachers,
health personnel, elected officials, etc.) to work on. Groups can then combine their work to make
one large collaborative planning tree. The number of branches of the tree need not be limited to
four. If cards are in short supply, they can simply draw the consequences onto the large paper. The
planning tree can extend indefinitely, beyond three levels of consequences.

Conclusion

A Planning Tree is a complex activity to describe and carry out. Its value is in getting people to consider what
may happen with their plans, so that they are prepared and may already have planned some strategies for dealing
with the situation. It can help ensure that idealistic ideas have a practical and realistic root.

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36. ZOOM – A CREATIVITY GAME

1. Divide the participants into two or more teams of three to seven members each.

2. Ask each team to identify an opportunity or a problem. Ask them to convert this opportunity or problem
into a question, using the format suggested by Van Gundy: In what ways might we . . . ?

Give an example to illustrate the task. Here's one that I use: In what ways might we sell books to
professionals on the internet?

3. Ask the team to transform this question into four higher levels of abstraction, one level at a time. Give an
example such as this:

 Original question: In what ways might we sell books to professionals on the Internet?

 Question at the next higher level: In what ways might we sell books on the Internet?

 Question at the next higher level: In what ways might we sell things on the Internet?

 Question at the next higher level: In what ways might we sell things?

 Question at the next higher level: In what ways might we persuade and influence the others?

4. Distribute five index cards and a rubber band to each team. Ask the teams to write their five questions,
one on each card.
Then ask them to put the question cards on top of each other, with the question sides on top. The most
abstract question should be visible on the top card and the other questions should be hidden below. The
most specific question (the original question) should be at the bottom of this packet of question cards.

5. Ask the teams to place a rubber band around the packet of question cards, give the packet to another team
and receive a packet from yet another team. (No two teams may exchange their packets with one
another.)

6. Ask the teams to read the question on the top card and spend 3 minutes brainstorming alternative
responses. The team should record its answers on a flip chart or a piece of paper.

7. After 3 minutes, ask the teams to remove the top card and to read the question on the next card. As
before, team members should brainstorm alternative responses for this question for the next 3 minutes,
building on the earlier responses.

8. At the end of 3 minutes, ask the teams to read and respond to the question on the next card. Repeat this
procedure two more times to end with responses to the most specific form of the question.

9. Ask the teams to return their packet of question cards along with the lists of brainstormed responses to
the appropriate teams. The teams should review the responses, select the most useful ideas, and integrate
them into an action plan.

(ZOOM is one of the games from Thiagi's forthcoming book, More Creativity Games. You will find a model for
the creativity process and several games for profiting from opportunities and solving problems in Thiagi's earlier
book, Creativity Games.)

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