EXAM PRACTICE READING You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below. The History of the Guitar The word ‘guitar’ was brought into English as an adaptation of the Spanish word ‘guitarra which was, in tum, derived from the Greek ‘kithara! Tracing the roots of the word further back into linguistic history, it seems to have been 2 combination of the Indo-European stem ‘guit-; meaning music, and the root “tar, meaning chord Or string. The root tar’ is actually common to a number of languages, and can also be found in the word ‘sitar, also a stringed musical instrument. Although the spelling and pronunciation differ between languages, these key ‘elements have been present in most words for ‘guitar’ throughout history. While the guitar may have gained most ofits popularity ‘a5 3 musical instrument during the modern era, guitar-ike instruments have been in existence in numerous cultures throughout the world for more than 5,000 years. The earliest instruments that the modem eye and ear would recognise as a‘normal'acoustic guitar date from about 500 years ago. Prior to this time, stringed instruments were in use throughout the world, but these early instruments are known primarily from visual depictions, not from the continued existence of music written for them. The majority of these depictions show simple stringed instruments, often lacking some of the parts that define a ‘modern guitar. A number of these instruments have more in common with the lute than the guitar There is some uncertainty about the exact date of the ‘earliest six-string guitar. The oldest one still in existence, which war made by Gactano Vinaccis, is dated 1779. However, the authenticity of six-string guitars alleged to have been made prior to 1790 is often suspect, as many fake> have been Uiscovered dating 10 this era, The early nineteenth century is generally accepted as the time period during which sicstring guitars began taking on their modern shape and dimensions. Thus for nearly ‘two hundred years, luthiers, or guitar makers, have been producing versions of the modern acoustic guitar. GP streams The first electric guitar was not developed until the ‘early twentieth century. George Beauchamp received the first patent for an electric guitar in 1936, and Beauchamp went on to co-found Rickenbacker, originally known a the Electro String Instrument Company. Although Rickenbacker began producing electric guitars in the late 1930s, this brand received most of its fame in the 1960s, when John Lennon used a Rickenbacker guitar for the Beatles’ debut performance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1964. George Harrison later bought a Rickenbacker guitar of his own, and the company later gave him one of their earliest 12-string electric guitars. Paul McCartney also used a Rickenbacker bass guitar for recording, The Beatles continued to use Rickenbacker guitars throughout their career, and made the instruments highly popular among other musicians of the era. The Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation were two other early electric uitar pioneers, both developing models in the early 1950s. Fender began with the Telecaster in 1950 and 1951, and the Fender Stratocaster debuted in 1954, Gibson began selling the Gibson Les Paul, based partially on assistance from jazz musician and auitar innovator Les Paul. in 1952. The majority of present day solid-body electric guitars are still based largely on these three early electric quitar designs. Throughout the history of the guitar, an enormous number of individuals have made their mark on the way in which the instrument was built, played and perceived. Though some of these individuals ore partivulaily well known, like the Beatles or Les Paul, the majority of these people are virtually invisible to most modern guitar fans. ‘By looking at the entire history of the guitar, rather than just recent developments, largely confined to electric, uitars, it is possible to see more of the contributions of earlier generations.Questions 1-7 Complete the sentences. ‘Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer, 1 Despite differences in »‘guit-’ and ‘tar’ appear in the word for ‘guitar’ in many languages. 2 Instruments that we would call acoustic guitars have been made and played for approximately 3 Noone knows the ‘when the first six-string guitar was made, 4 The ‘of acoustic guitars have not changed much in 200 years. 5 A for an electric guitar was issued in the mid-1930s. 6 Les Paul, the well-known guitarist, was involved in the development of the electric guitar 7 Most of the guitar know little about its rich Questions 8-13 Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Instruments similar to the guitar have been played by musicians for over 8 years. What we know about many of these instruments comes from 9 rather than actual physical examples or music played on them. In some ways, these early stringed instruments were closer to 10 than the guitar as we know it today. We do have examples of six-string guitars that are 200 years old. However, the 11 of six-string guitars made by guitar makers (who are also known as 12 ) before the final decade of the eighteenth century is often open to question. Although the electric guitar was invented in the 1930s, it took several decades for electric guitars to develop, with the company Rickenbacker playing a major part in this development. Most 13 electric guitars in use today are similar in design to guitars produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation in the 1950s. b>» BSB, Exercises A-D, p. 11 ‘© Skim the text before you look at the questions to get a general idea of what the text is about Check the Instructions carefully to find out how many words you can use to fill each gap. @ For each question, scan the text to find the relevant part, then read that part carefully to find the exact word or phrase you need. (© Make sure the word or words you write in each gap fit grammatically. ‘© Remember that you can't change the form of the words from the text to make them fit. &# You only have a few seconds to read each section before you listen, but you will have ten minutes atthe end to put your answers on the answer sheet. You only hear each listening text once, Read the questions before you start listening and look for key words and phrases. The questions are always in the same order as you hear the answers. @ The time between answers in the recording is short, 50 don't get lett behing while trying to think of an answer. if youmiss something, havea guess based on key words and phrases youhave heard, Then mava on to the next question. o—_ eae oni LISTENING SECTION I Questions 1-6 © Avowo1,7 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 1 Becoming a Friend of Laverton Arts Centre A. costs £15. B costs £50. © doesn't cost anything. 2 How many newsletters do Friends receive each year? A four B one three 3. Friends of the Arts Centre can buy A. more tickets than other visitors. B tickets before other visitors. C books earlier than other visitors. 4. There might be reductions on tickets for events A in the Small Theatre, B in the Main Theatre. € atthe Arts Cinema, 5. The Arts Centre is changing A. the password for its website. B its website address, C the design of its website. 6 Friends of Laverton Arts Centre are A. required to attend a certain number of events B_ not forced to attend a certain number of events, © encouraged to count how many events they attend, Questions 7-10 £% aver, Complete the sentences below. ‘Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 7 The woman has visited the Arts Centre times in total, 8 ‘The first event at the Arts Centre the woman went to was 9 The woman was unaware there was, at the Arts Centre. 10. The woman likes the idea of.SPEAKING PART 1 Let’s talk about what you do. + Do you work or are you a student? Let's talk about free time. + How much free time do you generally get? + Do you prefer going out or staying in when you have spare time? + Do you think it is possible to enjoy yourself without spending money? «+ Are there lots of different things to do where you live? WRITING Plan your writing! Read the writing task below, and fill in the Writing Planner on page 120 BEFORE you complete the task. WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task, ‘Write about the following topic: ‘The table below shows the results of a 20-year study into why adults in the UK attend arts events, Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. ‘Write at least 150 words. Reasons for attending the arts - UK adults (all numbers below are percentages) Desire to see specific performer/artist 58 55 56 Accompanying children 9 15 24 Special occasion/celebration 27 20 9 Work/business 6 10 ul eens UE Ae eco + skim and scan to complete sentences. (Reading) + provide information by giving clear and complete answers to questions. (Speaking) © InlELTS Speaking, you get marks for four different things: 1.fluency and coherence. 2. lexical resource. 3. grammatical range and accuracy. 4,pronunciation. ‘¢ Remember that they don't mark you on WHAT you say, but HOW you say it. In IELTS Writing Task 1, you get marks for four different things: 1etask achievement. 2. lexical resource, 3.coherence and cohesion. 4. grammatical range and accuracy. ‘© Remember that Task is worth more marks than Task, so don't spend more than 20 minutes on Task 1. Make a paragraph plan and always give examples or relevant supporting data © Make sure you write at least 150 words. ¢ Remember to allow a fewminutes to check your work. oe qaears 27 @PEXAM PRACTICE READING You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-10, which are based on the Reading Passage below. Societies and Eating When a meal was simply an assortment of food set before hungry individuals, people ate to satisfy themselves as quickly as possible. As food and the serving thereof became more elaborate and began to assume more social significance, the eating manners of the diners changed ‘also. When forks and knives first made their appearance ‘on the dinner tables of the wealthy, the process of eating ‘a meal began to be transformed into more of a ceremony. Soon, the fashionable were instructing others how to Use their eating utensils and informing them that some eating practices were correct and others incorrect. Later, when the use of knives and forks became more general, the common people began to pattern their behaviour at the dinner table after the wealthy, despite the fact that it was much easier to eat with their hands and a knife in the manner of their ancestors. From the earliest times, eating and drinking together has provided an elementary form of hospitality. Anthropologists have recorded that even in the most primitive of tribal cultures, once people broke bread with strangers, they considered one another on peacetul terms. ‘Once that relationship has been established, the people are under an obligation to protect one another if they are in danger. On Java, the main island of indonesia, hosts of higher social rank pay their infetiors a high compliment if they offer them their half-chewed betel nut. ‘Among all cultures, in ancient or modern times, it has: never been good form to refuse the offer of food or drink. ‘Around the world. to accept stich an offer is considered an act of common politeness, whether one wants it or not. ‘Among the nomadic Bedouins of the desert, it has always been considered a cerious breach of etiquette to ride up to the front of a family’s tent without stopping and eating their bread. QP 26 socienes Different societies developed thelr own etiquette in cother areas of entertaining at home. As soon as guests arrived in the home of an ancient Greek host, for example, servants brought in vases of water so they might freshen themselves. After the guests had washed their hands and feet, they stood around gossiping until summoned to dinner. Water was provided several times during the course of the meal for washing the hands. The highest in rank had their hands washed first; the lowest, last. ‘The Romans washed their hands before and after dinner. Small basins were provided for guests for this purpose, and it was a common practice to drop a flower into the water ‘to make it fragrant. This custom has survived today in many homes and restaurants in which a finger bow! with a flower Petal in the water is brought to guests between courses of the meal or after they have finished eating, Egyptians were welcomed to a dinner party by a special servant, who put cil on their heads and washed their hands. Sometimes the [process was repeated during the course of the dinner; and before guests left the table, their hands were washed again. Wealthy Romans rarely invited guests to their homes for the midday meal, but they frequently had visitors for the evening meal, consisting of from three to seven courses. The host gave each guest an exact list of the courses and then led their guests into the dining hall. As they were beina seated, servants draned the members of the dinner Party with a wreath of flowers and offered them a goblet ‘of wine. There was usually a place of honour at the dining tahle The highest in rank sat at the head, the next in rank at the upper end, and the thitd highest in social position sat at the lower end. All guests washed their hands at the table before eating, @ ceremonial washiny tat Leyen wilt the highest in rank and ended with the lowest.Questions 1-5 ta) SLUG sot If you are having difficulty with a multiple-choice question, goonto the next one. When youhave answered the questions you are sure of, go back to any that are causing you difficulty. With those questions, identify the relevant part ofthe text. Read it carefully and work “backwards, crossing out the options that are definitely not correct Choose the correct letter, A, B, Cor D. 1. Eating manners developed as A. food became more important socially. B_ people began to eat more. C people took more time over meals. D_ people became dissatisfied with some dishes. 2 What dictated how eating manners developed? A. practical problems B the shape of utensils changing fashions D developments in cooking 3 In many societies, eating together A. isseen as more healthy. B is assign of civilisation. C gives people a responsibility. D improves people’ social rank. 4 People everywhere are offended when a guest ‘A. doesn't eat or drink anything. B offers food or drink to the host. a. C wants to eat or drink too much. D doesn't like eating bread. 5 Inanancient Greek home, guests were expected to A. symbolically wash a servant’ hands and feet. B let the host wash their hands and feet. C wash each other's hands and feet. D wath theichande and feet more than once, Questions 6-10 ‘Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. 6 The modern custom of providing for guests is similar to an ancient Roman custom. 7 Egyptian families had to deal with guests 8 People were more likely to be invited for. in ancient Rome. 9 Ancient Romans would wear a as they ate. 10 The before a meal in ancient Rome followed a strict order. pee BSB, Exercises A-B.p,21 scenes 35 GP© Always read the instructions carefully s0 you know how ‘many words you should write. ‘© The word or phrase youneed always, appears inthe listening exactly in the form you need itin. Write what you hear. © Donot write more words than required. Donot write complete sentences. ‘# Check your spelling. @]P 26 socieres LISTENING SECTION 2 Questions 1-6 2 avow1, 12 Answer the questions below, Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 1 How long has Sport Aid existed for? 2 Who does Sport Aid mainly benefit? 3 What did the money provide for one village? 4 What is thought to be an important part of development? 5 Where is the main event taking place? 6 What are you advised to wear to the event? Questions 7-10 © Avow1, 12 Choose the correct letter, A, Bor C. 7 You can learn more about different events by contacting A. the radio station. B the town hall. © the organisers 8 The council is more likely to approve A. unusual evento B expensive events. € familiar sports, 9 What do you need to provide if you organise your own event? ‘A’ equipment B prizes © publicity 10 Who is able to organise events? ‘A anybody B local residents only © adults onlySPEAKING PART 2 ‘You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes. You have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes to help you if you wish. # You will be given one ‘minute to think about what you are going: You should say: to say in Part 2 of the + where the city town or village's Speaking module. + what the area slike In general You are allowed to + what the key features of the city, town or village are = notes during this time. and explain what you enjoy most about this town or ct : el aa @ Make a note of the key points you want to make and key WRITING phrases you want to use but don't write Plan your writing! complete sentences. Read the writing task below, and fil in the Writing Planner on page 121 BEFORE you complete the task. WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. ‘Write about the following topic: Task 2s worth more marks than Task 1, 50 spend more time on it (40 minutes). Start witha general introduction to the issue. Avoid using too many words and Write at least 250 words. phrases from the question. Put it into ‘your own words. © Youmust writea minimum of 250 words, so always ‘count them. In many countries, an incroaco in crime has boon blamed on violent images on television and in computer and video games. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Now you have completed Unit 2, you should be able to: + understand how multiple-choice questions work. (Reading) + express and justify your opinion. (Speaking) | sores 37 @GP