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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT NAME : METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS

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Sem/Year:V/III
UNIT 1: BASICS OF METROLOGY
Introduction to Metrology – Need – Elements – Work piece, Instruments – Persons – Environment –

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their effect on Precision and Accuracy – Errors – Errors in Measurements – Types – Control – Types
of standards.
PART-A 2 Marks

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Q.No. BT
Questions Competence
Level
1. Distinguish between repeatability and reproducibility. BT-2 Understanding
2.
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What is the difference between allowance and tolerance? BT-2 Understanding
3. Define primary measurement. Give an example. BT-1 Remembering
4. List the Seismic instruments. BT-1 Remembering
5. What are the factors affecting the measuring system? BT-4 Analyzing
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6. Define legal metrology. BT-1 Remembering

7. Illustrate the objectives of metrology BT-3 Applying
8. Summarize the basic components of a measuring system. BT-5 Evaluating
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9. Distinguish between Line standard and End standard. BT-2 Understanding

10. Explain the term Sensitivity of an instrument. BT-5 Evaluating
11. Differentiate between precision and accuracy. BT-2 Understanding
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12. Define the term reliability and Traceability. BT-1 Remembering

13. Give any four methods of measurement. BT-2 Understanding
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14. Define Span. BT-3 Applying

15. Give classification of measuring instruments. BT-3 Applying
16.
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Define parasitic and illegitimate error. BT-1 Remembering

17. Point out the sources of error. BT-4 Analyzing
18. Explain the role of N.P.L. BT-3 Applying
19. What is the difference between correction and correction
BT-4 Analyzing
factor?
20. Distinguish between static and random error. BT-2 Understanding

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PART-B 13 Marks
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What are the various elements of metrology? With examples,
explain how these elements influence the accuracy of BT-4 Analyzing
measurements. (13)
2. Explain the need of standards of measurements in the modern
industrial system and describe the term traceability in BT-2 Understanding
connection with standards. (13)
3. Explain the classification of various measuring methods. (13) BT-3 Applying

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4. Give the structure of generalised measurements system and BT-6 Creating
explain in detail. (13)
5. (a) Illustrate the desirable characteristics of precision
measuring instruments (8) BT-3 Applying

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(b) Discuss about the fundamental and derived units in details. BT-2 Understanding
(5)
6. Describe briefly about, (a) Uncertainty (b) Reporting results BT-1 Remembering
(13)

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7. (a)With suitable example explain the difference between BT-5 Evaluating
precision and accuracy. (8)
(b) Give an example for the Zero order system. (5) BT-2 Understanding
8. Distinguish between and give appropriate examples in each
case, (13)
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(a) Repeatability and Reproducibility BT-2 Understanding
(b) Systematic and random error
(c) Static and dynamic Response
9. Obtain the expression for the step response of a second order BT-2 Understanding
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system. (13)
10. Describe briefly about,
(a) sensitivity and readability (8) BT-1 Remembering
(b) Calibration. (5)
11. What is the need of calibration? Explain the classifications of BT-4 Analyzing
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various standards. (13)

12. Explain the various errors in measurements. (13) BT-1 Remembering
13. What are the various possible sources of errors in BT-5 Evaluating
measurements? Explain in detail. (13)
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14. Briefly explain the various types of input signals. (13) BT-4 Analyzing

PART-C 15 Marks
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1. Briefly explain the significance of Metrology and BT-4 Analyzing

Measurements in industrial application.
2. Explain various errors observed in measuring any industrial
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BT-4 Analyzing
product.
3. Enumerate the desirable characteristics of precision measuring BT-1 Remembering
instruments.
4. Explain the steps to be followed in the measurement process. BT-5 Evaluating

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UNIT-II: LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

Linear Measuring Instruments – Evolution – Types – Classification – Limit gauges – gauge design –
terminology– procedure – concepts of interchange ability and selective assembly – Angular measuring
instruments – Types – Bevel protractor clinometers angle gauges, spirit levels sine bar – Angle
alignment telescope – Autocollimator – Applications.
PART-A 2 Marks
Q.No. BT
Questions Competence

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Level
1. Point out any four precautions to be taken while using gauge
BT-4 Analyzing
blocks.

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2. Why rocking procedure is followed when measuring with a dial
BT-6 Creating
bore gauge?
3. A 100 mm sine bar was used to measure the tapper angle of the
specimen and the gauge block was 5.055mm. Calculate the BT-3 Applying

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tapper angle.
4. What is difference between gauging and measurements? BT-3 Applying
5. Summarize the various types of linear measuring instruments. BT-5 Evaluating
6. What is the use of Feeler gauges? BT-2 Understanding
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7. List out any four angular measuring instruments used in
BT-1 Remembering
metrology.
8. A vernier scale consists of 25 divisions on 12 mm spacing and
the main scale has 24 divisions on12 mm. What is the least BT-3 Applying
count?
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9. List different types of fits. BT-1 Remembering

10. Define sine center. BT-1 Remembering
11. What are the construction requirements of a good sine bar? BT-2 Understanding
12. Explain Taylor principle in gauge design. BT-5 Evaluating
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13. Illustrate briefly about wringing of slip gauges. BT-3 Applying

14. Name any four instruments used measuring internal diameters
BT-1 Remembering
in components.
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15. Explain the concept of interchangeability. BT-5 Evaluating

16. Define clinometers. BT-1 Remembering
17. Describe the usage of autocollimator. BT-2 Understanding
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18. Explain an angle alignment telescope. BT-4 Analyzing

19. List out the need of angle gauges. BT-1 Remembering
20. Explain the concept of selective assembly. BT-5 Evaluating
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PART-B 13 Marks
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Describe briefly about, Remembering
(a) Write notes on interchangeability. (5) BT-1
(b) Sketch the construction and working of solex pneumatic BT-2
comparator. (8) Understanding

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2. i) Explain with suitable sketches measurements of straightness

BT-3 Applying
using Autocoillmater. (8)
ii) Describe the GO and NOGO gauge design procedure with a
BT-2 Understanding
skech (5)
3. Calculate the limits for a hole shaft pair designated 25
H8/d9.Show graphically the deposition of tolerance zones with
reference to the zero line. The lower deviation for a H type hole
is zero. 25 mm lies in the diameter range 18mm to 30 mm.
BT-3 Applying
Standard tolerance foe IT 8 is 25i and IT 9 is 40i, where "i" is

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the standard tolerance unit in microns and is given as
i(µm)=0.45 3√D+0.001D, (D is in mm).The upper deviation for
d shaft is -16D0.44. (13)
4. (a)Explain the classification of linear measuring instruments.(5) BT-6 Creating

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(b) Explain the vernier height gauge with neat sketch. (8) BT-5 Evaluating
5. Explain the following with neat sketches. (13)
BT-4 Analyzing
(a) Differential screw micrometer and (b) Thread micrometer
6. (a) What is a slip gauge? Write notes on its classifications. (5) BT-2 Understanding

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(b) How slip gauges are manufactured? Write notes on slip
gauge accessories and its calibration. (8) BT-2 Understanding
7. (a)What is a comparator? Explain any two types of Mechanical
comparator. (8) BT-1 Remembering
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(b)Describe the working principle, advantages and BT-2 Understanding
disadvantages of Optical comparator (5)
8. Explain the construction and working principle of an
BT-1 Remembering
autocollimator with neat a diagram and its application. (13)
9. Describe with the help of a neat, any two bevel protractors.(13) BT-2 Understanding
10. Define straightness. Describe any one method of measuring
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BT-1 Remembering
straightness of the surface. (13)
11. Explain working principle of sine bar and why sine bars are not
BT-4 Analyzing
suitable for measuring angles above 450? (13)
12. Describe working principle of angle Dekkor with the neat
BT-1 Remembering
sketch and also write its application. (13)
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13. Explain the following methods, (13)

(a) Measurements of angle by using rollers, (b) Checking the BT-4 Analyzing
angle of taper plug gauge using roller, (c) Measuring of
included angle of an internal dovetail.
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14. Describe brief note on laser as a means of alignment checking.

BT-2 Understanding
(13)
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PART-C 15 Marks
1. Calculate the tolerances, fundamental deviations and limits of
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sizes for the shaft designated as 40H8/f7.Standard tolerance for

IT 7 is 16i and IT 8is 25i. Where ‘i’ is the standard tolerance BT-3 Applying
unit. Upper deviation for ‘f’ shaft is -5.5D0.41,40 mm lies in
the diameter range 30-50 mm.
2. Design a workshop type progressive type Go-Not-GO plug
gauge suitable for 25H7, with following information:
i. 25 mm lies in the diameter step of 18-30 mm BT-3 Applying
ii. i = 0.453√D+0.001D
iii. IT7 = 16i

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3. Explain the significance of Linear and angular measurements. BT-5 Evaluating

4. How laser is used in measurement? Explain the basic principle
BT-4 Analyzing
involved in any one applications.

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UNIT III: ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

Basic concept of lasers Advantages of lasers – laser Interferometers – types – DC and AC Lasers
interferometer –Applications – Straightness – Alignment. Basic concept of CMM – Types of CMM –
Constructional features – Probes – Accessories – Software – Applications – Basic concepts of
Machine Vision System – Element – Applications.
PART A 2 Marks
Q.No. BT
Questions Competence

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Level
1. On what factor the accuracy of laser interferometer mainly
BT-1 Remembering
depends?

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2. Why is laser preferred in engineering metrology? BT-5 Evaluating
3. Name the different types of interferometer. BT-1 Remembering
4. Point out the application of Laser Interferometry. BT-4 Analyzing
5. Give the advantages of laser interferometer. BT-2 Understanding

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6. Why monochromatic light used in an interferometer instead of
BT-5 Evaluating
white light?
7. Mention the various geometric checks made in machine tools. BT-1 Remembering
8. Differentiate straightness and flatness. BT-4 Analyzing
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9. Discuss the applications of computer aided inspection. BT-2 Understanding
10. Define axial slip of a machine tool. BT-1 Remembering
11. Explain briefly about wavelength. BT-5 Evaluating
12. List any four possible causes of errors in CMM. BT-1 Remembering
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13. Point out the applications of CMM in machine tool metrology BT-5 Evaluating
14. What is meant by “Qualifying the tip” in CMMs? BT-1 Remembering
15. Illustrate briefly about alignment test on machine tools. BT-3 Applying
16. Give the disadvantages of CMM. BT-2 Understanding
17. Briefly describe the term Machine vision. BT-2 Understanding
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18. What is CNC CMM? BT-5 Evaluating

19. Point out the advantages of machine vision system? BT-2 Understanding
20. Write any four application of artificial vision system in
BT-1 Remembering
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manufacturing industries.

PART-B 13 Marks
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Q.No Questions BT Competence

Level
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1. (a) Discuss the different types of light sources? (5)

BT-1 Remembering
(b)Explain the working principle of DC Laser interferometer
BT-4 Analyzing
with neat diagram. (8)
2. (a)Describe the different types of ACLI. (5) BT-1 Remembering
(b) Discuss the sources of errors in ACLI (8) BT-5 Evaluating
3. (a) Explain the construction and working of a laser Telemetric BT-5 Evaluating

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system with a neat sketch. (5)

(b) Explain the working principle of laser scanning gauge. (8) BT-4 Analyzing
4. (a)With a neat sketch explain the dimensional measurements
BT-5 Evaluating
using laser gauge. (8)
(b)Summarize how to use laser interferometer to predict
BT-2 Understanding
machine tool accuracies. (5)
5. (a)With a neat sketch describe the working of AC laser
BT-1 Remembering
interferometer. (8)

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(b)Explain the usage of laser interferometer in straightness
BT-4 Analyzing
testing. (5)
6. Describe the working principle of a dual frequency laser

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interferometer with a neat sketch (13) BT-2 Understanding
7. (a) Discuss the working principle of the NPL Flatness
BT-1 Remembering
interferometer. (8)

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(b) What is meant by alignment test on machine tools? Give its
BT-1 Remembering
importance. (5)
8. Explain the construction and working of various types of
BT-2 Understanding
CMM (13)
9.
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(a) List out the applications of CMM (8) BT-4 Analyzing
(b) Point out the advantages and disadvantages of CMM. (5) BT-4 Analyzing
10. (a) Discuss about the various causes of errors in CMM (5)
BT-1 Remembering
(b) List out the methods of operating and controlling a CMM
BT-1 Remembering
(8)
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11. (a) Briefly explain the important features available in CMM

BT-5 Evaluating
software. (8)
(b) With neat diagram explain the working principle of tough
BT-2 Understanding
trigger probes. (5)
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12. (a) Define machine vision. Name four types of machine vision
BT-1 Remembering
systems. (8)
(b) Describe in details of functions of machine vision system
BT-1 Remembering
(5)
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13. (a) Illustrate the features of flexible inspection system. (8) BT-3 Applying
(b)Explain the various steps of machine vision system in
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metrology (5) BT-3 Applying

14. (a) Explain the applications of machine vision system. (8) BT-1 Remembering
(b)Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Machine
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vision system. (5) BT-3 Applying

PART-C 15 Marks
1. Explain any two advanced measurement techniques used in the BT-5 Evaluating
metrology and measurement.
2. Generalize the needs, types & constructional features of Co- BT-2 Understanding
ordinate Measuring Machine.
3. What are the significance of CMM? How Gears are measured BT-5 Evaluating

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using CMM
4. A Machine Vision system recovers useful information about a
scene from its two dimensional digitized image. What are the BT-2 Understanding
stages in machine vision process?

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UNIT IV: FORM MEASUREMENT

Principles and Methods of straightness – Flatness measurement – Thread measurement, gear
measurement, surface finish measurement, Roundness measurement – Applications.

PART A 2 Marks
Q.No. BT
Questions Competence
Level

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1. Define straightness of a line in two planes BT-1 Remembering
2. Calculate the “best size wire” for checking a effective diameter
BT-2 Understanding
of a M10X2.5 thread

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3. Define a) Lead and b) Pitch. BT-1 Remembering
4. What is the helix of M 50x3 2-start threads? BT-1 Remembering
5. List out the reasons for the occurrence of progressive errors in
BT-4 Analyzing
screw threads.

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6. Define straightness of axes. BT-1 Remembering
7. Explain the drunken error in screw threads. BT-5 Evaluating
8. Name the various methods for measuring pitch diameter. BT-5 Evaluating
9. How Taylor’s principle is applied for screw thread gauge? BT-2 Understanding
10.
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The outside diameter of a gear is 110 mm and the number of
BT-5 Evaluating
teeth is 20. What is the module of gear?
11. What is meant by back lash and run out in the spur gear? BT-1 Remembering
12. Discuss about “material ratio” with reference to surface finish
BT-2 Understanding
measurement.
13. Give any four methods by which surface finish can be
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BT-2 Understanding
measured.
14. Discuss about a profilometer. BT-2 Understanding
15. How surface roughness is assessed? BT-3 Applying
16. Name the devices used for roundness measurement. BT-1 Remembering
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17. Point out any four methods of measuring roundness. BT-4 Analyzing
18. List out the sources of Out of roundness. BT-4 Analyzing
19. How is roundness measured in the laser squared circle method? BT-3 Applying
20. Write down the limitations of using V block to check lobes on
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BT-3 Applying
work piece.

PART - B 13 Marks
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Q.No Questions BT Competence

Level
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1. (a)Define straightness. Explain the principle of testing BT-1 Remembering

straightness using laser interferometer. (8)
(b)How will you test the straightness using Spirit level and
autocollimator. (5) BT-4 Analyzing
2. With a neat diagram describe the working principle of
measurement of minor diameter of internal and external BT-1 Remembering
threads. (13)

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3. (a)Explain gear tooth vernier method of measuring the gear

tooth thickness. (8) BT-5 Evaluating
(b) Explain Base tangent method and Constant chord method of
measuring the gear tooth thickness. (5) BT-5 Evaluating

4. (a) Summarize how the tooth thickness of the gear is measured

in the base tangent method. (8) BT-2 Understanding
(b) Derive the expression for the tooth thickness of the gear in
BT-2 Understanding
this method. (5)

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5. (a) Compare plug and Ring screw gauges. (8) BT-1 Remembering
(b) Explain adjustable thread gauge. (5) BT-5 Evaluating
6. Explain how a gear can be checked using Parkinson gear tester Understanding
also mentions its limitations. (13) BT-2

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7. Briefly explain the step by step procedure for determining the
BT-1 Remembering
flatness of a surface with the neat sketch (13)
8 (a) Discuss about Tomlinson surface meter. (5) BT-4 Analyzing
(b) Describe a method to find out flatness of a surface plate. (5) BT-2 Understanding

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9. (a)Describe the method of roundness measurement using V-
block. (8) BT-4 Analyzing
(b)Explain V block and three point probe methods of
BT-4 Analyzing
measurement of roundness. (5)
10.
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Name the important elements of screw thread with neat sketch.
BT-1 Remembering
(13)
11. (a) Explain the various methods of analyzing surface finish. (5) BT-5 Evaluating
(b)Describe the various symbols used for representation of
surface texture. (8) BT-2 Understanding
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12. (a)Draw and explain the measurement of effective diameter of a

screw thread using three wires. (5) BT-1 Remembering
(b)Explain how to measure the specifications of the screw
thread by using the tool makers’ microscope? Discuss in BT-1 Remembering
details. (8)
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13. (a)Show graphically the laser source and interferometer BT-3 Applying
arrangement for measuring straightness error along the main
axis of a horizontal machining centre. (8)
(b)Explain Gleason Gear testing machine (5) BT-1 Remembering
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14. (a) Brief about roundness error definitions. (8) BT-1 Remembering
(b) Write notes on circumferential confining gauge. (5) BT-1 Remembering
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PART-C 15 Marks

1. Explain how V block and 3 point probes are used for BT-5 Evaluating
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measurement roundness.
2. With neat sketch explain the Talysurf measurement for surface BT-4 Analyzing
measurement.
3. What are the applications of surface roughness measurements BT-4 Analyzing
in production industry and its significance?
4. Explain roundness measuring methods. BT-5 Evaluating

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UNIT V: MEASUREMENT OF POWER, FLOW AND TEMPERATURE

Force, torque, power - mechanical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic and Electrical type. Flow measurement:
Venturimeter, Orifice meter, rotameter, Pitot tube – Temperature: bimetallic strip, thermocouples,
electrical resistance thermometer – Reliability and Calibration – Readability and Reliability.
PART A 2 Marks
Q.No. Questions BTLevel Competence
1. Describe the working principle of thermocouple. BT-2 Understanding

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2. Name any four methods employed for measuring torque. BT-1 Remembering
3. Distinguish between force and torque. BT-1 Remembering

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4. What is a bourdon tube? BT-2 Understanding
5. Explain why measuring instruments are calibrated? BT-5 Evaluating
6. Describe the working principle behind strain gauges. BT-2 Understanding

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7. Point out any two advantages of thermocouples. BT-4 Analyzing
8. Describe the principle behind electrical resistance thermometer. BT-2 Understanding
9. Generalize the function of load cells. BT-6 Creating
10.
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Name any four instruments used for measuring temperature. BT-1 Remembering
11. Explain the principle of temperature measurement using
BT-4 Analyzing
thermocouple.
12. What is the principle of bimetallic thermometer? BT-5 Evaluating
13.
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Give the applications of a bimetallic strips. BT-1 Remembering

14. Differentiate primary and secondary transducers. BT-4 Analyzing
15. Define the principle of electrical resistance thermistor. BT-3 Applying
16. Explain the principle involved in fluid expansion thermometer. BT-5 Evaluating
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17. Explain the principles of hot wire anemometer. BT-5 Evaluating

18. Examine how flow in a draft is measured? BT-3 Applying
19.
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What is the principle of optical pyrometer? BT-5 Evaluating

20. Generalize the use of pyrometer. BT-6 Creating
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PART-B 13 Marks
Q.No Questions BT Competence
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Level
1. (a)Explain the method of measuring force using strain gauge BT-4 Analyzing
load cell. (8)
(b)Explain how an eddy current dynamometer works. (5) BT-4 Analyzing
2. (a)Explain the working principle of an electrical resistance BT-5 Evaluating
thermometer. (8)
(b)Explain thermocouples? State its applications. (5) BT-5 Evaluating

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3. (a)Describe briefly how the following are used to measure the BT-1 Remembering
temperature. (5)
(i) Thermocouples
(ii) Pyrometer
(b)Describe briefly the following (8) BT-1 Remembering
(i) Venturimeter
(ii) Rotometer
4. (a)Describe with a neat sketch the proving ring for force BT-2 Understanding

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measurement. (8)
(b)Describe the working principle of hydraulic dynamometer for BT-2 Understanding
measuring the shaft power. (5)

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5. (a)With a neat sketch explain the torque measurement using BT-5 Evaluating
strain gauges. (8)
(b)With neat sketch explain how metallic strips are used
for temperature measurements. (5) BT-5 Evaluating

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6. (a) Explain the following with neat sketch. (8) BT-4 Analyzing
(i) Pitot Tube
(ii) Optical Pyrometer.
(b)Explain the working principle of electrical resistance
BT-2 Understanding
thermisters. (5)
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7. (a)With neat sketch explain the velocity measurement BT-4 Analyzing
using of hot wire anemometer. (5)
(b)Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of a BT-4 Analyzing
McLeod gauge. (8)
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8. (a) Explain working of Pressure thermometer. (5) BT-2 Understanding

(b) Explain working of Resistance thermometer. (8) BT-2 Understanding
9. (a) Explain the following (5) BT-1 Remembering
(i) Reliability
(ii) Calibration
BT-1 Remembering
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(b) Explain readability and reliability. (8)

10. (a)Illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of non- BT-3 Applying
conducting type Thermometers. (5)
(b)Illustrate the applications of Pitot tube in flow measurement. BT-3 Applying
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(8)
11. (a)Compare and contrast venturimeter and orifice meter. (5) BT-4 Analyzing
(b)Discuss the advantages of using electrical type measuring BT-2 Understanding
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instruments? (8)
12. (a)Explain how cup type anemometers are used to measure the BT-4 Analyzing
air movement. (8)
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(b)Discus with neat sketch the working principle of

BT-2 Understanding
Electromagnetic flow meter. (5)
13. (a) List out the advantages of resistance thermisters. (6) BT-1 Remembering
(b)Describe the vane type anemometers are used to measure the BT-2 Understanding
air movement. (7)
14. (a)With neat sketch explain the working principle of ultrasonic BT-5 Evaluating
flow meter. (8)
(b) Generalize the use of bellows in pressure measurement. (5) BT-6 Creating

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PART-C 15 Marks
1. Write a detailed note on calibration of temperature measuring
BT-4 Analyzing
device.
2. Discuss the significance of Power flow and temperature
BT-4 Analyzing
measurement in metrology and measurements.
3. With neat sketch explain different types of torque measurement
BT-3 Applying
techniques and explain any two.

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4. Explain the working of a bimetallic strip type temperature
BT-4 Analyzing
measurement system.

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