Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single

Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEED FOR BIODIESEL
Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines is becoming increasingly important
due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases
from petroleum-fueled engines. As a future prospective fuel, biodiesel has to compete
economically with petroleum diesel fuels. The availability and sustainability of sufficient
supplies of less expensive feedstock will be a crucial determinant delivering competitive
biodiesel to the commercial filling stations. Annual production of milk in India is 150 million
tons per year. Thousands of large dairies are engaged in handling this milk across the country.
Raw chilled milk of cows and buffalos are standardized into market milk and milk products
such as Butter, Ghee, Cream, Peda, Panner, Cheese, Yoghurt, Ice cream and other products.
Large dairies are handling the number of equipment for processing, handling, storage, packing
and transportation of milk and milk products. Enormous quantities of water are used for
housekeeping, sterilizing and washing equipment, during this process residual butter and
related fat which are washed and get collected in effluent treatment plant as a scum. Scum is
a less dense floating solid mass usually formed by a mixture of fat, lipids, proteins, packing
materials etc.
A large dairy, which processes 5 lakh liters of milk per day, will produce
approximately 200–350 kgs of effluent scum per day, which makes it difficult to dispose of.
Most of the dairies dispose of this scum in solid waste disposal site or by incinerating. By
doing so, it is economically wasteful and generates pollutants. Further, scum causes direct as
well as indirect operational difficulties for effluent treatment. Dairy Waste scum was
collected from the effluent area (Fig. 1.1) and scum oil is extracted from it. Scum oil trans
esterified to produce biodiesel which has fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity flash
points similar to biodiesel ASTM standards. In the present study, scum oil methyl ester was
considered as a potential alternative fuel for a computerized compression ignition engine. The
main aim of this study is to investigate the engine performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with scum oil and its diesel blends compared to those
of standard diesel.

Fig. 1.1: Milk Scum

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.
Transport biofuel production expanded 7% year-on-year in 2018, and 3% annual
production growth is expected over the next five years shown in fig 1.2. This falls short of the
sustained 10% output growth per year needed until 2030 to align with the SDS.

Demand of petroleum fuels is depleting due to population growth and enormous

energy usages. Bio Diesel is a clean burning alternative fuel produced from domestic,
renewable resources. Biodiesel is a liquid Biofuel obtained by chemical processes from
vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol that can be used in diesel engines, alone or
blended with diesel oil. Diesel engines are mostly used for economical and better in
operation. But causing environmental and health issues. Bio Diesel is simple to use,
Biodegradable, sustainable, Nontoxic, and Essentially free of Sulphur. Biofuels can provide
up to 27% of world transportation fuel by 2050, IEA report says. The dairy industry is one of
the most polluting of industries, not only in terms of the volume of effluent generated, but
also in terms of its characteristics as well. Turbid white colour and semisolid dairy waste
scum is collected from diary effluent treatment plant and converted into biodiesel.

Fig.1.2: Global Biofuel production 2010-24 vs. SDS Biofuel consumption in 2025 and 2030.

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Performance tests have shown suitability of variety of alternative fuels such as
hydrogen, alcohols, biogas, producer gas and various types of edible and non-edible oils.
However, in Indian context, the bio-origin fuels like alcohols, vegetable oils, and biogas can
contribute significantly towards the problems related to fuel crises.

[1] Manjunath Channappagoudra in this study “Influence of the aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Nano particle additive with biodiesel on modified diesel engine performance” Modification
in the both base bio-fuel and engine design is highly distinctive to accomplish extent fuel
conversion efficiency for the biodiesel operated diesel engine. In the present study, effect of
aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (75 ppm) nanoparticles on the performance of baseline
(unmodified) and modified diesel engine is studied.

[2] Manjunath Channappagoudra et al. in this study “Bio-ethanol additive effect on direct
injection diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics – an
experimental examination” The present investigation explores the effect of dairy scum oil
methyl ester (DSOME) blends and ethanol additive on TV1 Kirloskar diesel engine
performance, combustion and emission characteristics. From the experimental study, it is
concluded that DSOME-B20 (20% dairy scum biodiesel+80% diesel) has shown appreciable
performance and lower HC and CO emissions among all other blends. Hence DSOME-B20 is
optimised as best fuel blend and it is carried for further investigations to study the effect of
bio-ethanol additive on diesel engine performance.

[3] Kandasamy et al. in this study “Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine using
Diesel and Biodiesel (Pongamia) Blends with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles as Additive” In this
paper, aluminum oxide nanoparticles as added with Pongamia biodiesel. Experimental study is
focused the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition diesel engine using
biodiesel and biodiesel mixed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles as an additive in different
proportions. The aluminum oxide nanoparticles promote complete combustion in the diesel engine.
The experiments were conducted using biodiesel (B100) with aluminum oxide nanoparticles additive
in proportions of BN100, BN200, BN300, BN400 and BN500 ppm at different brake power.

[4] Rahees K et al. in this study “Production of bio diesel from diary waste scum” diary factory waste
scums are increasingly being considered a valuable resource. However, these wastes may also contain
contaminants, natural or artificial, that may adversely affect the land or water to which they
discharged. The study investigates the potential of using the diary waste scum as feed stock for bio-
diesel production.

[4] Sushma S. et al. in this study “Production of Biodiesel from Hybrid Oil (Dairy Waste
Scum and Karanja) and Characterization and Study of Its Performance on Diesel Engine”
Depletion of petroleum derived fuel and environmental concern has promoted to look over
the bio fuel as an alternative fuel source. But a complete substitution of Petro diesel by bio
fuel is impossible with the use of edible and non-edible oil; hence, in the present study dairy
waste scum oil and Karanja oil (in equal quantities) is used to produce hybrid oil biodiesel by

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transesterification process using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. This way of using dairy waste
scum reduces the cost of production of bio-diesel and the problem related to the disposal of
dairy scum.

[5] Manjunath Channappagoudra et al. in this study “Bio-ethanol additive effect on direct
injection diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics – an
experimental examination” The present investigation explores the effect of dairy scum oil
methyl ester (DSOME) blends and ethanol additive on TV1 Kirloskar diesel engine
performance, combustion and emission characteristics. From the experimental study, it is
concluded that DSOME-B20 (20% dairy scum biodiesel+80% diesel) has shown appreciable
performance and lower HC and CO emissions among all other blends. Hence DSOME-B20 is
optimised as best fuel blend and it is carried for further investigations to study the effect of
bio-ethanol additive on diesel engine performance.

OUTCOME OF LITERATURE REVIEW

 As fossil fuels are depleting in nature so biodiesels can be used as alternative fuel in C.I.
Engines.

 Biodiesel fuel and their different blends burn clearly and completely as that of the pure
diesel.

 Emissions are reduced using biodiesel, as it is biodegradable.

 From the above it can conclude that without modifying the engine design pollutant
emission can be reduced by Dairy Scum Methyl Ester blended fuels.

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Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
 To convert waste diary scum into bio diesel.
 To conduct performance studies on CI engine to check the suitability and advantages of
the blends of dairy scum methyl ester with neat diesel and AL2O3 Nano particles.
 To study the effect of emissions on CI engine fuelled with dairy scum methyl ester with
neat diesel and AL2O3 Nano particles.

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
1. Collected waste diary scum Samarth Dairy and Agro products PVT.LTD Kolhapur, Ankali
plant.

2. Prepared blends of B30 and B30 with AL2O3 additive with equal proportion of waste diary
scum biodiesel with neat diesel.

3. Determined the physical properties like Flash point, Fire point, Calorific value, Density of
each blends.

4. Performance and emission tests are carried out on VCR Engine test setup of single
cylinder, 4 stroke Diesel engines for each blend.

5. Results are taken from each blend and respective graphs indicating performance and
emission characteristics are plotted comparing values of each blend.

6. Finally conclusion is made based on the graphs plotted.

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
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CHAPTER 5
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
5.1 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

Fig.5.1: Flow chart for Bio Diesel Production

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

5.2 MILK SCUM OIL PREPARATION

Fig. 5.2: Heating and Dehumidification

The sequential treatment of wash water used for cleaning milk silos and another
container in Effluent Treatment plants and other units such as screening chambers, a fat
removal unit, acid phase reactor, anaerobic sludge banker, Aerobic tank and clarifier yields
Milk scum. 10 kg of overall Milk scum thus processed was collected from Samarth Dairy and
Agro products PVT.LTD Kolhapur, Ankali plant and heated to 100oC to drain all the
moisture content away. The milk scum was then filtered to remove coarse and floating
impurities. Finally, after the filtration process, around 6.2 liters of scum oil was obtained.
Heating and Dehumidification is shown in fig. 5.2

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5.3 FFA CALCULATION
. ×( )×( )
FFA Content =

. × . ×
FFA Content =

FFA Content = 12.40%

In first step calculation, % of FFA of Milk Scum is 12.40% so, according to the methodology
% of FFA is > 2.5 hence esterification process is down.

Fig.5.3: Titration for FFA calculation

5.4 TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is the process of reacting a triglyceride with alcohol in the
presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid esters and glycerol. It is difficult to produce ester
from scum oil using an alkaline catalyst (NaOH/KOH) because scum oil used is having high
free fatty acid (FFA). Therefore, a two-step transesterification process is chosen to convert
the nonedible scum oil to its methyl ester. The first step acid catalyzed esterification reduces
the FFA value of the oil to about 2%. The second step, alkaline catalyzed transesterification
process converts the products of the first step to its mono-esters and glycerol. In acid
esterification, 850 ml scum oil is heated to about 50° C; 200 mlmethanol is added and stirred
for a few minutes. With this mixture 10ml H2SO4 is also added and stirred at a constant rate
with 50 to 55 °C for three-hour. After the reaction is over, the solution is allowed to settle for
24 hours in a separating funnel. The excess alcohol along with Sulphuric acid and impurities
floats at the top surface and is removed. The glycerin settles at the bottom and esterified
scum oil the middle portion. Fig.5.4 shows Esterification setup and Fig. 5.5 shows
Esterification process. Fig. 5.6 shows the after-Esterification process.

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Fig. 5.4: Transesterification process setup Fig 5.5: Transesterification process

Fig. 5.6: After Transesterification process

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.
. ×( )×( )
FFA Content =

. × . × .
FFA Content =

FFA Content = 1.41%

In the second step calculation % of FFA of Milk Scum is 1.41% so, according to the
methodology % of FFA is <2.5 hence Transesterification process is down. Fig.4.5 shows FFA
checking setup, Fig.4.6 shows FFA checking process.

5.5. ETERIFICATION

Fig.5.7: Esterification process setup Fig.5.8: Esterification process

In Esterification process,1000 ml of scum is heated to 65° C and is transferred to the

round bottom flask of the esterification setup. 300ml of methanol and 5 gm of NaoH pellets is
added into a beaker in the setup and slowly allowed into the flask containing scum. This
mixture of milk scum, methanol and NaOH pellet is stirred continuously until the FFA forms
a separate top layer. The mixture is then stirred until glycerin forms a separate layer, once
glycerin forms a separate layer, the mixture is allowed to settle for around 12 hours and the
FFA, Impurities floating on the top surface is removed Finally. The Fig.5.7 shows
Transesterification setup, Fig.5.8 shows Transesterification process, Fig.5.9 shows after
Transesterification process

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

Fig. 5.9: After Esterification process

5.7 WATER WASH

Fig. 5.10: First stage of water wash Fig. 5.11: Final stage of water wash

The biodiesel obtained is washed 12 times with hot of 70°c water to remove the
catalyst. If clear wash water is got back it indicates that the catalyst is not present in the
biodiesel. Fig.5.10 shows First stage of water wash, Fig.5.11 shows Final stage of water wash
with clean water at bottom.

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Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 6
BLENDING
Edible or Non-Edible oil can be directly mixed with diesel fuel and may be used for
running an Engine. The blending of vegetable oil with diesel fuel in different proportions
were experimented successfully by various researchers. Different proportions of blends are
carried out like B5, B10, B20 and B30 etc. And Addition of various additives like Al2O3, Mg
and ZnO Nano particles etc. which improves the engine performances. Blend of 30% oil and
70% diesel have shown same results as diesel and also properties of the blend is almost close
to diesel.

Bio diesel are produced using edible and Non edible oils using different processes like
Transesterification, Pyrolysis etc. these fuels cannot be used directly in C.I Engines (Some of
are directly Usable.) because of its high viscosity, high density, gels at cold temperature and
low heating value so these fuels are blended with diesel to make it compatible to use in diesel
engines.

B30 contains 30% of biodiesel and 70% of diesel, B100 contains 100% biodiesel and
B30+ Al2O3 contains 30% of biodiesel and 70% of diesel + 100 ppm (0.10 gm) of Nano
particles is more compatible with nearly all diesel equipment’s and shows better performance
and Emission characteristics compared other blends and Neat diesel without any
modifications in the engines.

6.1. FUEL PROPERTIES

Table 6.1: Physical properties of fuels
Parameters Diesel DSME B30 B30+ Al2O3
Flash point (ºC) 54 90 60 58
Viscosity (cSt) 2.8 3.0 3.1
Density (Kg/m3) 830 835 835
Calorific value (KJ/Kg) 42000 30963 39721 39780

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CHAPTER 7
ENGINE SET UP
The test engine used is a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. It produces 5.2 KW
of rate power at 1500 rpm with a compression ratio of 18:1. The engine is cooled using the
water. The engine is started either by hand cranking or electric starter. Detailed specifications
of the test engine are listed below in the table 7.1.

Fig. 7.1: Computerised Single cylinder 4 stroke Diesel Engine (VCR Engine)

Figure 7.1 shows the block diagram for engine test rig; computer was used to note
down the various parameters from the experiment. The experiments are carried out at the
rated speed of 1500 rpm at different load conditions. The eddy current dynamometer is used
to vary the load by applying the load. Engine is first operated by the diesel oil for the heating
purpose and then the different blends of fuels are used to run the engine. Rate of flow of fuels
will be noted by the burette and cylinder pressure is controlled by the control panel, and
Exhaust gas are analysed using digital Gas analyser.

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.
7.1. ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Table 7.1: Engine Specifications
VCR Engine
Serial No. Parameters Specifications
1 Type TV1 (Kirloskar made)
2 Software Used Engine Soft.
3 Nozzle opening pressure 200-250 bar
4 Governor type Mechanical centrifugal type
5 No of cylinders Single Cylinder
6 No. of strokes 4 strokes
7 Fuel H. S. Diesel / Bio Diesel
8 Rated power 5.2 KW at 1500 rpm
9 Cylinder Diameter (bore) 87.5 mm
10 Stroke length 110 mm
11 Compression ratio (variable) 12 to 18:1
Air measurement manometer
12 Made/Type MX201- U type
13 range 100-0-100 mm
Eddy current Dynamometer
15 Model/Type AG-10/ Eddy current
16 Maximum 7.5 KW at 1500-3000 Rpm
Gas Analyser
17 Made AVL
18 Maximum Gas Analysed 5
19 Gases Analysed CO, CO2, O2, HC, NOx

7.2. STUDY OF VCR ENGINE PERFORMANCE (computerised mode)

To study the performance of 1 cylinder, 4 stroke, Diesel engine connected to eddy
current dynamometer in computerised mode.

7.2.1. Adjustment of the Compression ratio

 Slightly loosen the 6 nos. vertical Allen (socket headed) bolts provided on both sides of
the tilting cylinder block.
 Loosen the lock nut of the adjuster and rotate the adjuster by using spanner for tilting the
cylinder block.
 Adjust the desired compression ratio (17.5) by referring the scale provided on the CR
indicator (near the adjuster).
 Tighten the lock nut of the adjuster.
 Gently tighten the vertical Allen bolts (6 nos.).

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7.2.2. Procedure
 Ensure that all the nut bolts of engine, dynamometer, propeller shaft, base frame are
properly tightened.
 Ensure that sufficient lubrication oil is present in the engine sump tank. This can be
checked by marking on the level stick.
 Ensure sufficient fuel in fuel tank. Remove air in fuel line, if any.
 Switch on electric supply and ensure that PPU (Piezo powering unit), FLU
(Dynamometer loading unit), Load indicator and Voltmeter are switched on.
 Start Computer and open "Engine SoftLV" (Double click "Engine SoftLV" icon on the
desktop) Select "Engine Model" open "Configure" in View. Check configuration values
system constants with the Values displayed on engine setup panel. “Apply" the changes,
if any. Click on "PO-PV Graphs" tab.
 Start water pump. Adjust the flow rate of "Rotameter (Engine)" to 250-350 LPH. And
"Rotameter (Calorimeter)" to 75-100 LPH by manipulating respective globe valves
provided at rotameter inlet. Ensure that water is flowing through dynamometer at a
pressure of @ 0.5 to 1 Kg/cm2.
 Keep the DLU knob at minimum position.
 Change the Fuel cock position from "Measuring" to "Tank".
 Start the engine by hand cranking and allow it to run at idling condition for 4-5 minutes.
 Click on "Scan Start" on the monitor.

7.3. ENGINE TESTS

Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its
assigned job that is the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful
mechanical work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of the following tests.

1. Total fuel consumption

2. Specific fuel consumption
3. Brake mean effective pressure
4. Break thermal efficiency
5. Mechanical Efficiency
6. Exhaust emissions

Specific fuel consumption is widely used to compare the performance of different

engine. Mean effective pressure, gives an indication of engine displacement utilization
Higher the mean effective pressure higher will be power developed by the engine for a given.
Displacement Brake thermal efficiency is the true indication of the efficiency with which the
thermodynamic is converted into mechanical work. It also accounts for combustion
efficiency. Exhaust emissions such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, etc, are
nuisance for public environment.

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Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.
7.4. FORMULAE
1. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)

Brake specific fuel consumption is well defined as the quantity of fuel consumed for
each unit of brake developed per hour. It is a pure indication of the efficiency with which the
develops power from fuel.

SFC =

2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)

Brake thermal efficiency is well defined as the ratio of heat equivalent to one KW
hour to the heat in fuel per BP hour.

BTE =

3. Mechanical Efficiency (%)

Mechanical efficiency is well defined as the ratio of brake power (BP) to indicated power
(IP).

Mech Eff =

4. Volumetric Efficiency (%)

Vol Eff =

ᴨ
5. Brake Power = KW

6. Indicated Power = KW

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CHAPTER 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
8.1. ENGINE PERFORMANCE (CR: 17.5)

8.1.1 Engine Performance Characteristics for Neat Diesel.

Table 8.1: Mechanical Efficiency, Brake thermal Efficiency and Specific fuel Consumption
for Neat Diesel.
Speed (rpm) Load (Kg) SFC (Kg/KWh) Mech Eff. (%) BThEff. (%)

1532.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.12 -0.05

1515.00 1.95 1.24 16.41 6.91

1514.00 3.93 0.75 28.39 11.46

1504.00 5.90 0.53 38.17 16.13

1493.00 7.76 0.45 44.58 18.95

1485.00 9.83 0.41 51.03 20.76

8.1.2 Engine Performance Characteristics for B30 blend of Dairy Scum

Methyl Ester.
Table 8.2: Mechanical Efficiency, Brake thermal Efficiency and Specific fuel Consumption
for B30 blend.
Speed (rpm) Load (Kg) SFC (Kg/KWh) Mech Eff. (%) BThEff. (%)

1545.00 -0.05 0.00 -0.55 -0.27

1509.00 2.13 1.14 17.77 7.93

1499.00 4.02 0.70 29.00 12.97

1497.00 6.15 0.54 38.33 16.70

1487.00 8.07 0.46 45.01 19.70

1479.00 9.89 0.43 50.98 21.01

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8.1.2 Engine Performance Characteristics for B30 blend of Dairy Scum

Methyl Ester + Al2O3 Nano particles.
Table 8.2: Mechanical Efficiency, Brake thermal Efficiency and Specific fuel Consumption
for B30 blend.
Speed (rpm) Load (Kg) SFC (Kg/KWh) Mech Eff. (%) BThEff. (%)

1517.00 -0.13 0.00 -1.28 -0.60

1508.00 2.03 1.12 16.97 8.10

1498.00 3.97 0.62 27.64 14.62

1494.00 5.97 0.53 37.75 17.06

1486.00 8.03 0.44 44.97 20.54

1478.00 9.98 0.39 50.05 23.07

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8.2. ENGINE PERFORMANCE

8.2.1. Brake Specific fuel Consumption (Kg/KWh)

Fig. 8.1: Load V/S BSFC

As load increases BSFC has decreased for all fuels. At full load B30 + Al2O3 shows
lowest fuel consumption 0.39 Kg/KW-h. At full load about 4.9% BSFC is reduced with B30
+ Al2O3 when compared to diesel. and about 9.30% BSFC is reduced with B30 + Al2O3 when
compared to B30 Blend (Better combustion due to presence of Nano particles.).

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8.2.2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)

Fig. 8.2: Load V/S BThEff

The brake thermal efficiency of the blends has increased with increase in applied load
for all fuels. The maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load is 23.07% for B30+Al2O3
which is 2.31% higher than that of diesel and 2.06 % higher than B30 (Due to better
combustion).

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8.3. EMISSION CHARECTERISTICS

8.3.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Fig. 8.3: Load V/S CO

At full load the diesel fuel has shown highest CO emission of 0.18% compared to B30
and B30+Al2O3. Which are 0.15% each. Which is 16.66% lesser. (B30 and B30+Al2O3 have
higher oxygen concentration than the diesel. Hence better combustion and poorer CO
emission).

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8.3.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Fig. 8.4: Load V/S CO2

The CO2 emission is reduced with addition of Al2O3 Nano particles when compared
to diesel and B30 by 4.27% and 2% respectively. (B30 and B30+Al2O3 have higher oxygen
concentration than the diesel. Hence better combustion.)

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8.3.3. Hydro Carbon (HC)

Fig. 8.5: Load V/S HC

At full load diesel has shown maximum HC emission of 52 ppm when compared to
B30 and B30+Al2O3, and is reduced by 7.69% and 13.46% respectively. (Due to better
oxidation of hydro carbons and enhanced combustion).

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8.3.4. Nitrogen Oxides (ppm)

Fig. 8.6: Load V/S NOx

At full load B30 and B30+Al2O2 has shown higher emission of 896ppm when
compared to diesel fuel (due to oxygen presence in biodiesel and improved combustion due
to Nano particle causing higher combustion temperature). NOx can be reduced using after
treatment devices (Catalytic Converters), EGR.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLECET CHIKODI. Page 25

 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION
 At maximum load B30+Al2O3 Showed 2.31% higher brake thermal efficiency than that
of diesel and 2.06 % higher than B30.

 At maximum load about 9.30% of BSFC, 16.66% of CO, 2% of CO2, 6.27% of HC are
reduced with B30 + Al2O3 when compared to B30 Blend.

The addition of Nano particles has contributed the better performance and
emission when compared to Bio Diesel blend and Neat Diesel.

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 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

REFERANCES.

[1] Manjunath Channappagoudra “Influence of the aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Nano particle
additive with biodiesel on modified diesel engine performance” Taylor & Francis & Informa
UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.2019, ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246
(Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20.

[2] Manjunath Channappagoudra, K. Ramesh & G. Manavendra “Bio-ethanol additive effect

on direct injection diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics – an
experimental examination” Taylor & Francis. 12 Sep. 2018, ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-
8246 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

[3] A. Kandasamya and D.B. Jabarajb “Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI

Engine using Diesel and Biodiesel (Pongamia) Blends with Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles
as Additive” International Journal of Vehicle Structures & Systems. 2017, 9(4), 221-224
ISSN: 0975-3060 (Print), 0975-3540 (Online) doi: 10.4273/ijvss.9.4.04© 2017. Mech Aero
Foundation for Technical Research & Education Excellence.

[4] Rahees k and Meera v. “Production of bio-diesel from diary waste scum” International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. July-2014, ISSN 2229-5518.

[5] Sushma.s, Dr. R. Suresh and Yathish K V “Production of Biodiesel from Hybrid Oil
(Dairy Waste Scum and Karanja) and Characterization and Study of Its Performance on
Diesel Engine” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). July
2014, ISSN: 2278-0181.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLECET CHIKODI. Page 27

 Effect of Al2O3 Nano-Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diary Scum Methyl Ester Biodiesel.

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