Consumer Protection Courts in Pakistan: A Comparative

Analysis with Working of Consumer protection Courts in India.

Thesis statement:

Dozens of consumers are being affected by fraudulent tactics of manufacturers in Pakistan.

To eradicate this maleficent we need to establish consumer courts in every province of
Pakistan.

Introduction:

Consumerism began in USA in early 1900s with the introduction of two Acts namely Food
& Drug Act (1906) and Meat Inspection Act (1906). In 1914, Federal Trade Commission for
Protection of Consumer interests was established. After this USA, UK and other countries
passed many consumer related laws. The World Federation of Consumer Groups was
founded in 1960, namely Consumer International.1 In 1962, President of USA John F.
Kennedy moved the Bill on the protection of consumer interests before the Congress,
comprising right to safety, right to be informed, right to choose and right to be heard.2

In 1970s, Gerald R. Ford US President added Consumer Education to the Consumer

Protection Bill. In 1984, Consumer International formally adopted all these rights.
Consequently, in 1985, UNO approved resolution No. 39/248 recognizing following eight
basic rights of consumers:

1. Right of Protection 2. Right of Representation 3. Right of Compensation 4.Right of

Information 5.Right of Healthy Environment 6. Right to Choose 7.Right to Basic
Necessities 8.Right of Education.3

1
http://www.consumersinternational.org (accessed September 2017)
2
Kennedy,Johan F (15th March,1962) “Johan Kennedy Special Message to the Congress on
Protection the Consumer Interest
3
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/39/a39r298.htm(accessed July 2017)
Notwithstanding the efforts by the Federal and Provincial Governments of the country in
promulgating necessary legislation, consumer protection remains a challenge in Pakistan.
These legislations include: 1. Islamabad Consumer Protection Act, 1995 (ICPA); 2. NWFP1
Consumer Protection Act, 1997 (NCPA); 3.Punjab Consumer Protection Act, 2005 (PCPA);
4.Baluchistan Consumer Protection Act, 2003 (BCPA); and 5. Sindh Consumer Protection
Act, 2015 (SCPA).

All consumer laws in Pakistan contain provisions for the formation of Consumer Courts that
are the main consumer redresser forums, parallel to the existing ordinary courts.

So far, the Government of Punjab has done demonstrably more to promote rights and
interests of consumers by setting up 11 Consumer Protection Councils and Consumer Courts
in 11 districts of the Province, both functioning under a Provincial Consumer Protection
Council and the Lahore High Court, respectively.

The NCPA does not specifically mention the establishment of separate consumer courts but
§14 has vested the powers and enforcement of consumer protection laws with the District
Magistrates. §17 of the NCPA give the Sessions Court appellate jurisdiction against the
orders of the District Magistrate.

In the Federal Capital Territory, the ICPA prescribes the District & Session Courts as the
forum for lodging consumer complaints.

The BCPA requires a consumer court to be presided over by a judge or judicial magistrate
(§12). The forum for appeal of any decision taken lie with the Sessions Court or the High
Court (§18).

The SCPA provides for the formation of both Consumer Protection Councils and Consumer
Courts. However, as the law was promulgated in 2015, the formation of these entities has not
taken place as yet.
As for as, government of Punjab is concerned, there is lack of resources, so only eleven
Courts exist in Punjab, to protect the people from the defective product and faulty services.
These courts exist at far districts so most of the consumer does not go for compensation
through court as travel expenses will be charged so more expenses will cost at the pocket of
consumer. Consumer satisfaction can only be achieved by the expansion of existing system
throughout the province up to Tehsil level.

Judges of consumer courts are not specialized in the subject of consumer protection. They
are adopting long procedure as laid down in Civil Procedure Code and Criminal Procedure
Code. They frame issues as civil nature suits and record undue evidences. They are not
giving proper time to dispose of cases within six (06) months as mandatory in the Act. As
consumer mechanism concept is a relatively new idea introduced in Pakistan. Capacity
building of the Presiding Officers of Consumer Court may be arranged where the consumer
mechanism is running successfully like India which can be viewed as under.

Consumer Protection Act is a concept derived from Tort law. The main theme of the Tort
law is payment of damages to the claimant. So, Consumer Courts have vested power to
award unlimited damages for creation of deterrent effect. These Consumer Courts are
awarding very meager amount of compensation to complainant against demanded in the
claim. They are not considering the actual worth of the damage and never gauge the other
associated variables. It is clearly shown in claim filed before District Consumer Gujranwala
titled “Sheraz Hassan V/s. M/s. Haier Electronics Company”. In which mother in law of
complainant received a fatal electric shock while using defective refrigerator and lost her
life. But the Consumer Court awarded 0.5 million as damages along-with Rs.100, 000/- fine.4

So far as consumer courts have not provided imprisonment in any case up till now.

The Consumer Court has powers Under Section 32 of the Act, where a manufacturer fails to
perform or in any way infringes the liabilities provided in the Act, he shall be punished with

4
“Sheraz Hassan V/s. M/s.Haier Electronics Company”, Order of Consumer Court, Gujranwala in
thecase No.39/09, dated:-01.04.2010
imprisonment which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to hundred
thousand rupees or with both in addition to damages or compensation as may be determined
by the court. But the courts have never exercised the powers of imprisonment against the
culprits. People, who have become disable due to negligence of defective products and faulty
services are being given mere compensation / damages instead of imprisonment to the
culprit, as mentioned in the claim titled Muhammad Ramzan V/s. Asad Surgical Hospital
etc., filed in Consumer Court, Faisalabad in which learned Presiding Officer accepted the
claim of Rs.5, 49,400/- along with fine of Rs.100, 000/- but no imprisonment was awarded. 5
According to section 32(2) of the Act, defendant / claimant who fails or omits to comply
with any order made by the Consumer Court, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term not less than one month which may extend to three years, or with fine not less than five
thousand rupees which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with both.

It is mandatory for the Consumer Court to decide the claim within the stipulated time period
i.e. six (06) months on the basis of evidence produced by both parties. Whereas, the
Presiding Officers of these Consumer Courts never adhere to this provision of the Act,
instead, they keep on prolonging cases on one pretext or other. Despite the presence of six
months mandatory provision, picture shows that there are a lot of cases which are pending
beyond the limit.

Name of District Total pendency

Consumer Court
Over six months Over one year Over two year
Gujranwala 103 3 3 0
Lahore 763 150 222 109
Sahiwal 160 9 3 0
D.G khan 624 7 0 0
Sargodha 11 1 1 0
Sialkot 56 14 6 1
Multan 176 6 1 0
Bahawalpur 340 98 59 19

5
“Muhammad Ramzan V/s. Asad Surgical Hospital ” Order of Consumer Court, Faisalabad in the case
No.536/09, dated:-22.09.2010
 Faisalabad 225 58 82 42
Rawalpindi 31 0 0 0
Total 2503 347 377 171

While in case of other provinces no separate courts have been established so far by the name
of consumer courts. India has 586 district consumer forums and 34 state consumer forums. In
India, a separate ministry is working for the protection and promotion of consumer rights.
The ministry is running a campaign on electronic media title “Jago Grahak Jago” to spread
awareness among consumers. India has central legislation for consumer protection. Indian
consumer protection act, 1986, is working as a central legislation in India. It provides that a
person can file claim within 2 years after arising of the cause of action. District forum is
headed by a person who qualify to be a district judge (claim should not exceed 2
million).appeal lies before a state commission. State commission Is headed by a judge of
high court (claim of more than 2 million and less than 10 million state commission has
original jurisdiction).appeal before national commission which is headed by judge of
supreme court(claim over 10 million national commission has original jurisdiction).Appeal
lies to Supreme court of India. As consumer mechanism concept is a relatively new idea
introduced in Pakistan. Capacity building of the Presiding Officers of Consumer Court may
be arranged where the consumer mechanism is running successfully like India which can be
viewed as under.

Sr.# Name of Cases filed Cases Cases Percent of

agency since 1986 disposed of pending disposal
since 1986
1. National 80014 69253 10761 86.55%
commission
2. State 600097 504834 95263 84.13%
commission
3. District 3242324 2994256 248068 92.35%
 forums
total 3922435 3568343 354092 90.97%
Update on (06.03.2013).

India has developed specific routes for asserting the rights of consumers.

The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 defines consumer law in India. This legislation helps
to protect consumers from any kind of exploitation by availing the means for hearing and
considering and finally settling disputes. This Act also stipulates the goods and service
providers’ responsibilities. In the year 1987, the provisions of this Act became binding
legally.6

To lessen the time period taken to sort out consumer disputes, the Act permits the creation of
quasi-judicial bodies to be formed at district level, state as well as central government levels.
There are at present 604 District Forums along with 34 State Commissions, with the National
Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission functioning at the final level. India boosts itself
to be the only country having specific courts for hearing consumer grievances as per the
CUTS Centre for Consumer Action Research and Training.7

The main function of consumer court is to provide some extra privilege to the consumers and
to maintain fair practice by the seller or the service provider towards the consumer.
Submitting complaint is very simple and consumer has no need to hire any lawyer.
Approaching a consumer court is very simple and extremely cheap as you can represent
yourself without having to hire a lawyer and not required to pay any court fee but just a
nominal fee.

Role of Superior Judiciary in Pakistan is a question mark. They are delivering such
judgments which bar the jurisdiction of Consumer Court as prescribed in section 27 of the
Act. It was reported in 2012 CLD 1428[19], the Honorable Mr. Justice Mehmood Maqbool
Bajwa held in the appeal titled M/S Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited V/S Abdul Hameed

6
http://www.consumerrights.org.in/law.htm(accessed October 2017).
7
ibid
that “since the Consumer Court is not a court of general jurisdiction, therefore, it was its duty
to examine the allegations contained in the complaint in order to determine its jurisdiction”. 8
Overburdened Honorable superior courts may not have time to hear appeal within the
adequate time. So, it is proposed that special bench for consumer affairs may be constituted.

Statement of the Problem:

There is always room for improvement in laws and legislation regarding protection and
redresser of consumers. Consumers are at stake of manufacturer. To redress consumers and
punish manufacturer state shall establish consumer protection courts in every province of
Pakistan .Consumer courts are not working separately in districts. Consumers are confused
as to get their rights.

The research underhand is an attempt to bring into light the fact that consumer courts should
be established in every province of Pakistan .Research are focuses on ideal structure of
establishment of consumer court in Pakistan.

Framing of issues:

The research aimed at following questions:

1) Why is there a need to expand the mechanism of establishment of consumer courts in

every province of Pakistan?
2) What should be qualification of presiding officers of consumer protection courts?
Should they be specialized in consumerism?
3) Is time bar for filing a claim in consumer protection courts enough?should this time
be increased?
4) Should consumer courts been vested with powers of awarding unlimited damages?
5) Why are consumers confused to claim their rights from consumer protection courts?
6) Should there be special bench in higher courts to deal with the claims of consumer
cases?
8
S.M Muneer V Director Enforcement SECP,2012 CLD 1428
Significance of the Study:

Consumer is the largest group in Pakistan which is at the stake of fraudulent manufacturers.
It is suggested in the study that a special mechanism should be made on priority basis for
dispensing of justice under one umbrella i.e. Consumer Court. A brief study will be
conducted on working of consumer courts in Punjab and their establishment in other
provinces of Pakistan. India is running an ideal system on working of consumer courts .a
brief comparison of working of consumer court of Pakistan with India has been conducted
and then suggestions will be made.

Literature review:

While searching on the topic the researcher underwent through various researches.

A paper presented by Saeed Akhtar Ansari, Director, Directorate of Provincial Consumer

Protection Council, Punjab, Lahore. At International Judicial Conference, 2013 is a
important piece of knowledge. The writer has highlighted deeply the issues in the working of
consumer protection courts in Punjab and he has clearly highlighted the absence of consumer
courts in other provinces of Pakistan.9

Another paper presented by Justice (R) Munir Ahmed Mughal has been studied by the
researcher. This paper is to be delivered at the Federal Judicial Academy, Islamabad. It
highlights the key points of Consumer Protection Laws in Pakistan. It discusses the working
of Punjab consumer courts.10

In a paper by Mr. Asad Jamal on topic “consumer protection in Pakistan: Some concerns” it
is discussed that

9
Saeed Akhtar Ansari, “Role of Judiciary in the Consumer Protection”, International Judicial
Conference, 2013, 19th to 21st April, 2013.
10
Munir Ahmed Mughal’ “Consumer Protection Laws In Pakistan”,  Federal Judicial Academy,
Islamabad, December 18, 2011.
Two important areas of concern regarding the state of consumer protection in Pakistan can
be pointed out. One is the lack of will on part of governments to implement the consumer
protection laws as they exist; the other is the lack of well thought-out provision for effect
grievance redress mechanism in terms of both the law as well physical infrastructure.

In order to avoid the mistakes, it may well be recommended that immediate concrete steps be
taken (1) for the wholehearted implementation of the existing laws, and (2) for the removal
of weaknesses and lacunas for efficient consumer redress mechanism.

It is further recommended that quality of human resources available be enhanced by training

and education for better implementation of available laws through the provision of efficient
grievance redress mechanisms, and participation of the citizens and consumer protection
11
associations be increased by making Consumer Protection Councils functional.

In a paper “green consumerism and the social marketing concept: marketing strategies for
the 1990’s.by aAndrea Prothero . This paper examines the impact of these trends on the role
of the marketing department in the J990's. Essentially, when the buying habits of consumers
are being strangely influenced by green and other environmental issues, the paper argues that
the marketing concept and subsequent strategies need to be rethought. The paper then
imaginatively develops the concept of societal marketing within this framework, arguing for
the need for a long term marketing perspective rather than the short term window dressing
approach taken by many marketing departments.12

In paper named “Choice, consumerism and devolution: growing old in the welfare state(s) of
Scotland, Wales and England” ,by Suzanne Moffatt*, Paul Higgs, Kirstein Rummery and Ian
Rees Jones, The introduction of choice and consumer mechanisms in public services has
been identified as a fundamental shift in welfare service provision internationally. Within the
United Kingdom (UK), such mechanisms developed and integrated into English services

11
Asad Jamal, “Consumer Protection in Pakistan” Supreme Court Of Pakistan
Andrea Prothero, “Green Consumerism and the Social Marketing Concept:
12

Marketing Strategies for the 1990s”.Journal of Marketing Management, volume 6, 1990

pg 87-103.
have not been replicated in their entirety in Scotland and Wales. For the first time since the
inception of the UK welfare state, there are now formal differences in entitlement for older
people as a result of devolution. This paper uses comparative policy analysis to review a
range of sources not hitherto brought together in order to explore how these concurrent
developments ,choice and devolution , impact on people over state retirement age. We also
consider the extent to which a more consumerist approach to public services might redress or
increase later life inequalities. Drawing on theoretical research and policy evidence, we
argue that for many people over state retirement age, the prospect of becoming a consumer in
these varied contexts is difficult and unwelcome. We suggest that although it is too early in
the devolutionary process for any significant impact of these divergent policies to
materialize, continued policy divergence will lead to different experiences and outcomes for
older people in Scotland, Wales and England. We conclude that these divergent social
policies offer significant research opportunities, particularly concerning their impact on later-
life inequalities.13

In paper “the growing responsibilities of marketing “by Robert j. Levidge. The impact of
marketing on society is increasing as marketing becomes broader in function and scope. The
social responsibilities of marketing practitioners and educators are also expanding. These
responsibilities and related dangers and opportunities for service to society during the next
decade are discussed in this article.14

In a book “handbook for consumers rights problems and remidies”’byD.S Mehta the writer
discusses the consumer rights problems and remedies in different aspects and fields. The
basic purpose in this publication was to bridge the information gap. The writer have covered
decisions of consumer courts relating to banks,insurers,railways,airlines,P&T
department,housing agencies, industries and business organizations ,medical and education
services,etc.the cases selected are of general nature and wide interest. The large number of
13
Suzanne Moffatt,Paul Higgs,Kirstein Rummery&Ian Jones, “Consumerism and Devolution: Growing
old in the welfare state(s) of Scotland, Wales and England” ,Cambridge journal Ageing & Society, Cambridge
University Press (2011):1-22.
14
Robert j. Levidge”The Growing Responsibilities of Marketing” American Marketing Journal, Vol.
34, No. 1 (Jan. 1970): 25-28.
chapters also deals with CPA in general, including the suggested amendments to make act
more effective. The disputes between private parties, employers-employees, owners-tenants,
tax matters are not covered.15

In an article “protection of consumer rights through judicial and extra judicial mechanism in
india”by Shahsi Nath Mandal. The writers discuss that the battle for consumer protection
has to be fought by many agencies. The Government has to play an important role, by
enacting suitable laws and enforcing them effectively.  Steps have been taken by the
Government of India by way of enactment of various Acts and other measures to help
consumers. Indian Penal Code, Standards of Weights and Measures Act, Motor Vehicle Act,
are some of the Acts. Despite these Acts, the fact remains that very little could be achieved in
the field of consumer protection. India is the only country in the world which has exclusive
courts for consumer redresser. This has been internationally praised including the developed
countries. The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) has succeeded in bringing about fair play
in the supply of goods and services to a large extent. The Act applies to almost all goods and
services. Still, the present scenario is not very encouraging. Unfortunately the consumer
courts have become replica of legal courts, as the procedure is no longer simple and quick.
The consumer redressal process is relatively cumbersome and more expensive and time-
consuming than desired. The process involves engaging a professional personnel, requires
time for filing the case and attending the court proceeding and certain other formalities like
producing the bill, warranty cards etc. These procedures need to be made simpler and
quicker for making the process more meaningful and realistic.16

“Consumer protection -problems and prospects” by Sheetal Sahoo and Aman Chatterjee.
This paper attempts to explore and identify consumer awareness regarding consumer,
responsibilities and Consumer Protection Act, 1986. It is patently obvious that consumers are
not only the largest economic group but also the pivots of all the economic activities. It is

15
D.S Mehta ,Handbook for Consumers Rights Problems and Remedies, Allied Publishers
Limited,2002.
16
Shahsi Nath Mandal “Protection of Consumer Rights through Judicial and Extra Judicial Mechanism
in India”,SSRN,Posted on 10 nov 2010.date written 4 april 2009.
also true that the very consumers are the most unaware or voiceless group in most of the
countries of the world. There are plethora’s of laws and other mechanism to ensure the
welfare of consumers, yet they have no power to order where he can make his purchase at
will. 17

Protection of Consumers’ Rights: A Socio-Legal Challenge in India by Shashi Nath Mandal.

In modern era the consumers are called the king of the market but this concept of consumer
field is not beyond a shadow of doubt because in reality the consumers are still the most
deprived part of the market and are in a disadvantageous position due to non-fortification of
their rights. They are suffering from lots of undesired elements such as misleading
advertisements, underweight goods, unsatisfied services etc. Consequently the battle for
consumer protection has to be fought by many consumer association/agencies. The
Government has also done lots but still to play an important role, by enacting suitable laws
and enforcing them effectively. The consumers have to be aware not only of the commercial
aspects of sale and purchase of goods, but also of the health and security aspects. There are
500 consumer associations, which are working in the field of consumer protection. They deal
with various aspects of consumer exploitation. They called for strong legal measures to
ensure that the manufacturers and sellers observe uniformity and transparency in prices,
stocks and quality of their goods. Enactment of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was one of
the most important steps taken to protect the interests of consumers.18

“Judicial approaches on consumer protection in India”by Dr. VG Shinde. There are several
legislations have been enacted for protection of the consumers. In India before the adoption
of the Constitution old laws made some efforts to protect the interest of consumers. Supreme
Court has commendable service in protecting and preserving the rights of the consumers as
well as sensitizing the society concerning the rights of the consumers. It is social
responsibility of the Government to protect the rights of the consumers to create awareness

17
Sheetal Sahoo and Aman Chatter Jee, “Consumer Protection –Problems and
Prospects”,.SSRN,posted on 16 Aug 2009,written,14 aug 2009.
Shashi Nath Mandal ,“Protection of Consumers’ Rights: A Socio-Legal Challenge in
18

India”,SSRN ,posted on 12 nov 2010,revised 17 nov 2010,date written,6 oct,2010.

among them as to their rights. The state should act as trustee for the citizen or consumers.
The consumer satisfaction should be given importance; on other hand Government should
protect the business. Supreme Court played dynamic role for protection and preservation of
interest of consumer.19I

“Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Consumer Complaint Redressal Agencies under

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986”,by Sudhir Tarote Sukdeo Ingale. In this paper, the
authors have bird’s eye view of the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 dealing
with jurisdictional overlapping, summary proceeding, power to grant interim relief, review
powers, appeal, lack of the status of ‘Court of Record’ etc. The authors found some defects
in the functioning of the existing framework of the Consumer Complaint Redressal Agencies
and have suggested in which way the procedural reform shall go further for better protection
of substantive rights of consumer. The scope of this paper is limited to the procedural rights
of consumer and does not explore substantive rights of consumer.20

Research Methodology:
The research strategy would be quantitative in nature. Heavy reliance has been placed on the

library and desk research methodology in accomplishing this study. The primary sources

include instruments related to consumer protection courts and secondary sources include

journals, textbooks and internet search relevant to the topic. Writer elaborated that consumer

is at stake of seller because there is little contract between them. Seller makes exaggerated

advertisements which they do not need to fulfill hence consumer is left with very few

avenues of redress. In many cases consumers suffer so they need a redresser forum in the

Dr. VG Shinde , “Judicial Approaches on Consumer Protection in India”, ,Intenational

19

Journal of Law,volume 4,(2017): 191-193.

Sudhir Tarote Sukdeo Ingale , “Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Consumer
20

Complaint Redressal Agencies under The Consumer Protection Act, 1986” , ( Conference
Proceedings of National Seminar on Globalisation, Market and Consumer Protection organised
by AURO University, Surat during November 23-24, 2013 (2013).)
form of consumer courts in which the manufacturer and seller can be tried and consumer can

be compensated.

Tentative outlines
 Introduction

 Statement of the Problem

 Literature Review

 Issues Framed
Chapter#1

1.1: Introduction

1.2: What is consumerism?

1.3: Consumer protection: need and importance

1) To protect against poor quality

2) To stop unethical practices
3) To see consumer justice done

1.4: Countrywide wants to keep consumer safe.

1.5: Role of judiciary in consumer protection.

1.6: Need for consumer protection courts.

Chapter#2

1.1: Introduction

1.2: Applicable legislation

1)Balochistan consumer protection act: 2003.

2)Islamabad consumer protection act: 1995.

3)Kpk consumer protection act: 1997.

4)Punjab consumer protection act: 2005.

5)Punjab consumer protection rules: 2009.

6)Sindh consumer protection act: 2015.

1.3: Consumer redressal forums in Pakistan

1) Consumer protection court in Islamabad

2) Consumer protection court in Punjab
3) Consumer protection court in Balochistan
4) Consumer protection court in KPK
5) Consumer protection court in Sindh

Chapter #3

3.1Introduction

3.2Rights of consumers in India

3.3Applicable legislation

3.4Consumer protection act 1986

1) Introduction

2) Establishment of consumer disputes redressal agencies

3) Composition of district forum

4) Jurisdiction of the District forum

5) Manner in which complaint shall be made

6) Procedure on receipt of complaint

7) Finding of district forum

8) Appeal
9) Composition of the state commission

10) Jurisdiction of the stare commission

11) Procedure applicable to state commission

12) Appeal

13) Hearing of the national commission

14) Jurisdiction of the national commission

15) Power and procedure applicable to national commission

16) Power to set aside ex party orders

17) Transfer of cases

18) Circuit benches

19) Vacancy in the office of president

20) Appeal

21) Finality of orders

22) Enforcement of orders by the forum of the state

23) Commission or the national commission

24) Dismissal of involous or vexatious complaints

25) Penalties

Chapter#4

4.1: Conclusion
4.2: Recomendation

Bibliography:

Books

D.S Mehta. Handbook for Consumers Rights Problems and Remedies.Allied Publishers
Limited: 2002.
Cases
S.M Muneeer vs Director Enforcement SECP. CLD 2012 1428.

Articles
Ansari, Akhtar Saeed. “Role of Judiciary in the Consumer Protection”. International Judicial
Conference: 19th to 21st April. 2013.
Dr. VG Shinde . “Judicial Approaches on Consumer Protection in India”.Intenational Journal
of Law: 2017.191-193.

Ingale, Sudhir Tarote .“Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Consumer Complaint

Redressal Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. (Conference Proceedings of
National Seminar on Globalisation. Market and Consumer Protection organised by AURO
University. November: 2013.).

Jamal,Asad.“Consumer Protection in Pakistan”. Supreme Court of Pakistan.

Kennedy,Johan. “Johan Kennedy Special Message to the Congress on Protection the
Consumer Interest”.15th March:1962.
Levidge , j. Robert.”The Growing Responsibilities of Marketing. American Marketing
Journal. (1970): 25-28.
Mandal,Nath Shahsi .“Protection of Consumer Rights through Judicial and Extra Judicial
Mechanism in India”.SSRN: 2010.
Mandal, Nath Shashi. “Protection of Consumers’ Rights: A Socio-Legal Challenge in
India”.SSRN :2010.
Moffatt,Suzanne ,Paul Higgs,Kirstein Rummery&Ian Jones. “Consumerism and Devolution:
Growing old in the welfare state(s) of Scotland, Wales and England”.Cambridge journal
Ageing & Society. (2011):1-22.
Mughal ,Ahmed Munir’ “Consumer Protection Laws In Pakistan”,  Federal Judicial
Academy, Islamabad, December 18, 2011

“Muhammad Ramzan V/s. Asad Surgical Hospital etc” Order of Consumer Court,
Faisalabad in the case No.536/09, dated:-22.09.2010
Sahoo,Sheetal and Aman Chatter Jee, “Consumer Protection –Problems and
Prospects”,.SSRN,posted on 16 Aug 2009,written,14 aug 2009
“Sheraz Hassan V/s. M/s.Haier Electronics Company”, Order of Consumer Court,
Gujranwala in the case No.39/09, dated:-01.04.2010

Prothero, Andrea “Green Consumerism and the Social Marketing Concept: Marketing
Strategies for the 1990s”.Journal of Marketing Management, volume 6, 1990 pg 87-103.
ACTS
Balochistan consumer protection act: 2003.
Consumer protection act: 1986.

Islamabad consumer protection act: 1995.

Kpk consumer protection act: 1997.

Punjab consumer protection act: 2005.

Punjab consumer protection rules: 2009.

Sindh consumer protection act: 2015.

Web Sources
http://www.consumerrights.org.in/law.htm(accessed October 2017).

http://www.consumersinternational.org (accessed September 2017)