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Syllogism

In logic, a proposition consists of a subject, predicate, and copula. A proposition makes a statement about a subject using a predicate, and a copula indicates the relationship between them. There are four types of propositions: universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, and particular negative. A syllogism is an argument in logic consisting of two premises and a conclusion. The conclusion must be logically connected to the premises. For example, the premises "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man" lead to the conclusion "Socrates is mortal." For a valid syllogism, there must be a major term, minor term, and middle term connecting the premises and

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74 views3 pages

Syllogism

In logic, a proposition consists of a subject, predicate, and copula. A proposition makes a statement about a subject using a predicate, and a copula indicates the relationship between them. There are four types of propositions: universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, and particular negative. A syllogism is an argument in logic consisting of two premises and a conclusion. The conclusion must be logically connected to the premises. For example, the premises "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man" lead to the conclusion "Socrates is mortal." For a valid syllogism, there must be a major term, minor term, and middle term connecting the premises and

Uploaded by

Javed Hussain Nadri
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Syllogism

In logic the term proposition (from the word "proposal") refers to either
(a) the "content" or "meaning “of a meaningful declarative sentence or
(b) the pattern of symbols, marks, or sounds that make up a meaningful
declarative sentence. The meaning of a proposition includes having the
quality or property of being either true or false, and as such propositions
are claimed to be truth bearers.

The Proposition consists of three parts:

Subject: The Subject is that about which something is said.

Predicate: The Predicate is the part of the Proposition denoting that


which is affirmed or denied about the subject.

Copula: The Copula is that part of the Proposition which denotes the
relation between the Subject and the Predicate.

Consider the Proposition 'Man is cultured'.


Here an information is given about the man. So 'Man' is the Subject.
"Cultured" is the quality affirmed for this Subject. So it is the Predicate.
"is" denotes the relation between the Subject and the Predicate. So, it is
the Copula

Proposition can be classified into 4 categories.


 universal affirmative
 universal negative
 particular affirmative
 particular negative

Universal statements: These are statements that tell you


something about an entire category.
Here’s an example of a universal statement:
All dogs are loyal.
This statement relates two categories and tells you that everything in
the category of dogs is also in the category of loyal things. You can
consider this a universal statement because it tells you that loyalty is a
universal quality of dogs.

Particular statements: These are statements that tell you about


the existence of at least one example within a category. Here’s an
example of a particular statement:

Some bears are dangerous.

This statement tells you that at least one item in the category of bears is
also in the category of dangerous things. This statement is considered a
Particular statement because it tells you that at least one particular bear
is dangerous.
Syllogism

In Logic, we are required to deal with a particular type, termed as


Syllogism. It was introduced by Aristotle. In Syllogism, a conclusion has
to be drawn from two propositions, referred to as the Premises.
Premises:

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Conclusion:
Socrates is mortal

Example:

1. All girls are flowers.


2. All flowers are beautiful.
3. All girls are beautiful
In our example the proposition 1 and 2 are premises and third on is the
conclusion derived from the two premises.

Syllogism is concern with three terms

1. Major Term: It is the predicate of the conclusion in our example


beautiful is the major term.

2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion I n our example the minor
term is girls

3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises flower is the
middle term in our example.

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