AN ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
PIGEONPEA
1 9 0 0 - 1977

B. S. DAHIYA
GRAM BREEDER

HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

HISSAR

ICRISAT

International Crops Research Institute for t h e Semi-Arid Tropics

ICRISAT Patancheru P.O.
Andhra Pradesh, India 502 324

May 1980
 The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid T r o p i c s (ICRISAT) is a non-
profit scientific educational institute receiving support from a variety of donors, governments,
and foundations. A l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for the information in this publication rests w i t h I C R I S A T .
To those people who are devoted to the improvement of

Cajanus c a j a n with the aim of upgrading the nutri-

tional standard of the diets of people in the devel-

oping countries.
 CONTENTS

FOREWORD ix

PREFACE xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT x i

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

AGRONOMY 13

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 38

BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION 38

BOTANY 55

BREEDING 60

CYTOGENETICS 75

ECONOMICS 80

ENTOMOLOGY 81

GENETICS 94

MICROBIOLOGY L07

PATHOLOGY L10

PHYSIOLOGY 141

UTILIZATION 151

AUTHOR INDEX 159

SUBJECT INDEX 171

WORD INDEX 175

APPENDIX, PIGEONPEA SYNONYMY 183

vii
 FOREWORD

ICRISAT is pleased to publish this annotated bibliography of pigeon-

pea literature, which results chiefly from the efforts of a close
associate, Dr. B. S. Dahiya of Haryana Agricultural University,
who was at Punjab Agricultural University when these references
were compiled. Our joint effort exemplifies the two-way coopera-
tion that multiplies the effectiveness of the r e s e a r c h done by both
I C R I S A T and the Indian national p r o g r a m s .
Interest in pigeonpea, now grown mostly in India, is increas-
ing on an international basis. A recent r e p o r t of the U. S. National
Science Foundation, for example, recommended research to explore
the adaptation of the crop to m a r g i n a l lands in the U S A .
It is our hope that easier access to existing literature on
pigeonpea will help all concerned scientists in planning effective
research for increasing the supply of a highly nutritive food crop
of importance to many millions of people.

L. D. Swindale
Director General
 PREFACE

This bibliography was prepared to provide up-to-date information on pigeonpea

literature. It contains 1275 citations dating from 1900 t h r o u g h 1977, including
a l l t r a c e a b l e r e f e r e n c e s p r i o r t o 1900 and s o m e o f 1978. The annotations are the
authors' original abstracts or summaries, with some editing. W h e r e the papers
or publications do not deal directly with pigeonpea, only the portion relating to
pigeonpea is summarized. The abstracts of papers not directly available w e r e
taken from sources such as Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, or CAB
Abstracts. Titles are presented only in English translation, with one or two
exceptions where the English translation was not available.
The subject index is brief but adequate, I think, to be useful. Since the
bibliography is on pigeonpea, the term "pigeonpea" has been omitted f r o m the
index. A list of pigeonpea synonymy is given at the end.
In a publication of this nature, omissions and errors are inevitable. I
should appreciate having such omissions and e r r o r s brought to my attention, in
order to improve future supplements.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to Drs. L. D. Swindale, Director General, and J. S. Kanwar,

Director of Research, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, for providing facilities at ICRISAT,
w h e r e I could devote m y s e l f entirely to this assignment, and to the authorities
of Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, for granting leave f r o m my
duties there to work on this project.
I am indebted to my colleagues and postgraduate students at P A U and the
staff of the l i b r a r i e s consulted for assistance in compiling the references.
The input of the pigeonpea scientists and secretarial staff of ICRISAT is
gratefully acknowledged; I especially appreciate the early interest expressed in
the project by Dr. John M. Green, Leader of the Pulse P r o g r a m at ICRISAT,
and his sustained encouragement to complete it.
Special mention must be made of the dedicated effort of A. J. Rama Rao,
ICRISAT pulse program secretary, without whom the p r e p a r a t i o n of the final
test of the bibliography would have been m u c h m o r e delayed.
Finally, I am deeply grateful to Vrinda Kumble for her editorial assistance,
and to ICRISAT, the publisher, for making the bibliography available to the
scientists to whom it is dedicated.

B. S. Dahiya

xi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A c t a A l i m e n . Hung. Agriculture Live-Stk India

Acta A l i m e n t a r l a Hungaricae A g r i c u l t u r e and L i v e - S t o c k i n I n d i a

Acta Phytother. Agronomico Compinas

Acta Phytotherapeutica A g r o n o m i c o Compinas

Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . C e y l o n Agron. J .

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Report o f the D i r e c t o r o f Agronomy Journal
A g r i c u l t u r e , Ceylon
A g r o n . T r o p . , Nogent
A g r a U n i v . J . Res. Agronomie T r o p i c a l e , Nogent s u r Marne
Agra U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l o f Research
A l l a h a b a d Fmr
A g r i c . Anitn. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh A l l a h a b a d Farmer
A g r i c u l t u r e and A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y , Uttar
Pradesh Am. J . B o t .
American J o u r n a l of Botany
A g r i c . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v e r s i t y
A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e J o u r n a l , Osmania A n a l y t . Biochem.
University A n a l y t i c a l Biochemistry

A g r i c . Exp. Stn U n i v . Puerto Rico Andhra A g r i c . J .

A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , University Andhra A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal
of Puerto Rico
An. Esc. A g r i c . Queiroz.
A g r i c . Gaz. N.S.W. Annals Escola de A g r i c u l t u r a L u i z de
A g r i c u l t u r a l G a z e t t e o f New S o u t h W a l e s , Queiroz, Pirocicaba
Australia
A n . F a c . F a r m . B i o q u i m . U n i v . S . Marcos
Agric. J . Bihar, Orissa Lima P e r u
A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l o f t h e B i h a r and Anales de la F a c u l t a d de Farmacia y
O r i s s a Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e B l o q u i m i c a . U n i v e r s i d a d N a c i o n a l d e San
Marcos
Agric. J. India
A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal of India Annls Amel. P I .
Annales de l ' a m e l i o r a t i o n des P l a n t e s
A g r i c . Meteor.
A g r i c u l t u r a l Meteorology Ann. A p p l . B i o l .
Annals of A p p l i e d Biology
A g r i c . R e s . , New D e l h i
A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h , New D e l h i A n n . A r i d Zone
A n n a l s o f A r i d Zone
Agric. Situ. India
Agricultural Situation in India A n n . B i o c h e m . E x p l Med.
A n n a l s o f B i o c h e m i s t r y and E x p e r i m e n t a l
A g r i c u l t u r e , Louvain Medicine
A g r i c u l t u r e , Louvain
Ann. B o t .
A g r i c u l t u r a Mod. Habana Annals of Botany
A g r i c u l t u r a M o d e r n a , Habana
Arb. B i o l . Anst. Reichsanst. B e r l .
A g r i c u l t u r a Trop. A r b e i t e n aus d e r B i o l o g i s c h e n R e i c h s a n s t a l t
Agricultura Tropicale fur Land-u-Forstwirtschaft. Berlin

Agriculture, India Archos Venez. N u t r .

Agriculture in India A r c h i v o s Venezolanos de N u t r i c i o n
Pigeonpea Bibliography

A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. Bol. Min. Agric. Brazil

A u s t r a l i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Boletim do M i n i s t e r i o da A g r i c u l t u r e , B r a z i l

Aust. J . P I . Physiol. B o l . R . Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t .

A u s t r a l i a n Journal of Plant Physiology B o l e t i n de la Real Sociedad E s p i n o l a de
Historia Natural
A . M e e t . I n d . S c i . C o n g . , Poona
Annual Meeting of the I n d i a n Science B o l . Sec. A g r i c . Pernambuco
C o n g r e s s , Poona B o l e t i m da S e c r e t a r i a da A g r i c u l t u r a de
Pernambuco
A . Rep. A g r i c . D e p t S i e r r e Leone
Annual Report, A g r i c u l t u r e Department, B o l . Soc. B o t . Mexico
S i e r r e Leone B o l e t i n d e l a Sociedad B o t a n i c a d e l Mexico

A . Rep. Dept A g r i c . T a n g a n y i k a T e r r i t o r y B o l . T r i m . Exp. Agropec.

Annual Report of t h e Department of B o l e t i n T r i m e s t r a l de Experimentaci6n
A g r i c u l t u r e Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y A g r o p e c u a r i a , Lima

A . Rep. Dept A g r i c . Kenya Bolm A g r i c . S a o P a u l o

Annual R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B o l e t i m de A g r i c u l t u r a Sao Paulo
Kenya
Bolm M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. R i o d e J .
A . Rep. Dept A g r i c . N y a s a l a n d Boletim do M i n i s t e r i o da A g r i c u l t u r a ,
Annual Report of t h e Department of I n d u s t r i a e Comercio
A g r i c u l t u r e , Nyasaland
Bombay Dep. A g r i c . L e a f l .
A . Rep. Lands F o r e s t . Dep. S i e r r e Leone Bombay D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e L e a f l e t
A n n u a l R e p o r t , Lands and F o r e s t s D e p a r t -
m e n t , S i e r r e Leone Botanica
Botanica
A . Rev. B i o c h e m . A p p l . R e s . I n d i a
A n n u a l Review o f t h e B i o c h e m i c a l and B o t . J . L i n n . Soc.
A p p l i e d Research i n I n d i a Botanical Journal of Linnaean Society

At ICRISAT B o t a n i q u e (Nagpur)
A t ICRISAT B o t a n i q u e (Nagpur)

Bothalia
Bothalia

Bragantia
B . A . A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. Bragantia
B a n s i l a l A m r i t l a l A g r i c u l t u r e College
Magazine B r a s i l Acucareiro
B r a s i l Acucareiro
B i e t . Ent. Entomol.
B i e t . Entomology E n t o m o l o g i e B u l l . A g r i c . Congo B e i g e
B u l l e t i n A g r i c o l e d u Congo B e i g e
B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
B i h a r A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine B u l l . B o t . Soc. Bengal
B u l l e t i n o f t h e B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y o f Bengal
Biochem. J .
Biochemical Journal B u l l . C a l c u t t a S c h . T r o p . Med.
B u l l e t i n o f the C a l c u t t a School o f T r o p i c a l
Biochim. Biophys. Acta Medicine
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
B u l l . E n t . Res.
B i o l . R e s . Coun. S o c . B i o l . Chem., I n d i a B u l l e t i n o f E n t o m o l o g i c a l Research
B i o l o g i c a l Research C o u n c i l , S o c i e t y o f
B i o l o g i c a l Chemistry, India B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. A g r i c . U n i v . P.R.
B u l l e t i n Estacion Experimental A g r i c u l t u r e
U n i v e r s i t y of Puerto Rico

2
 List of Abbreviations

B u l l . Grain Technol. C u r r . Res.

B u l l e t i n o f G r a i n Technology C u r r e n t Research

B u l l . Nat. I n s t . S c i . , India Curr. S c i .

B u l l e t i n of the National I n s t i t u t e of C u r r e n t Science
Sciences, India
Cytologia
B u l l . U.S. N a t . Mus. Cytologia
B u l l e t i n of the United States National
Museum

B . V . J . A g r i c . S c i . Res.
The B a l w a n t V i d y a p e e t h J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l -
t u r a l and S c i e n t i f i c Research Dep. A g r i c . E c o n . Fm Mgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s
D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics and
Farm Management, U n i v e r s i t y o f West I n d i e s

Dep. A g r i c . T e c h . Rep. C e y l o n
Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e T e c h n i c a l Reports
Cajanus Ceylon
Cajanus (Jamaica)
Dep. A g r i c . Poona, Bombay
Can. J . B i o c h e m . P h y s i o l . Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Poona, Bombay
Canadian J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y and
Physiology D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s
D i v i s i o n o f P l a n t P a t h o l o g y , Department o f
Can. J . Genet. C y t o l . Agriculture, Mauritius
C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s and C y t o l o g y

Can. J . P I . S c i .
Canadian J o u r n a l o f P l a n t Science

Caribb. Agric. E. Afr. Agric. J.

Caribbean A g r i c u l t u r e East A f r i c a n A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l

C a r i b b . Fmr E. A f r . Agric. For. J.

C a r i b b e a n Farmer E a s t A f r i c a n A g r i c u l t u r a l and F o r e s t r y
Journal
Caryologia
Caryologia E l S a l v a d o r M i n i s t . A g r i c . Ganad. C i r e A g r i c .
El Salvador M i n i s t e r i o de A g r i c u l t u r a Y
Cas t a n e a Ganaderia, Cire A g r i c u l t u r e
Castanea
Emp. J . E x p . A g r i c .
CRRI, C u t t a c k Empire J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l A g r i c u l t u r e
C e n t r a l Rice Research I n s t i t u t e , Cuttack
Entomologist
C e r e a l Chem. Entomologist
Cereal Chemistry
Entomologists' Newsletter
C e r e s , Minas G e r a i s Entomologists' Newsletter
Ceres, Minas Gerais
Euphytica
Commun. F o u n d . NEDERF. Amsterdam Euphytica
Communication F o u n d a t i o n , NEDERF.
Amsterdam Experientia
Experientia
Coton F i b r . T r o p .
Coton e t F i b r e s T r o p i c a l e s , Paris Expl A g r i c .
Experimental Agriculture
Crop S c i .
Crop S c i e n c e

3
Pigeonpea Bibliography

FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s Gaz. A g r i c . Mozambique

Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n A g r i c u l - G a z e t t e A g r i c u l t u r e , Mozambique
t u r a l Studies
Genet. Agr.
FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . Genetica A g r a r i a
Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n t
Protection Bulletin Genetica
Genetica
FAO/SIDA Seminar
Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n , Swedish Genetics
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development A g e n c y , Seminar Genetics

Farmer
Farmer, India

Farmer ( K i n g s t o n , J a m . )
Farmer. J o u r n a l o f t h e Jamaica A g r i c u l - Har. J . H o r t . S c i .
t u r a l Society Kingston Haryana J o u r n a l o f H o r t i c u l t u r a l Science

Fd Fmg HAU J . Res.

Food and F a r m i n g Haryana A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l of
Research
Fd Fmg A g r i c .
Food F a r m i n g and A g r i c u l t u r e Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l .
Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment Station
Fd Res. Bulletin
Food R e s e a r c h
H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. S t n P r o g . Rep.
F d T e c h n o l . S e r . F a c . Engg U n i v . W . I n d i e s Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n
Food T e c h n o l o g y S e r i e s , F a c u l t y o f Progress Reports
E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f West I n d i e s
Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn Tech. B u l l .
F e r t i l . News Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n
F e r t i l i z e r News Technical B u l l e t i n

F e r t i l . Technol. H i m a c h a l J . A g r i c . Res.
F e r t i l i z e r Technology H i m a c h a l J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research

F l d Crop A b s t r . H o p p e - S e y l e r ' s Z . P h y s i o l . Chem.

F i e l d Crop A b s t r a c t s Hoppe-Seyler's Z e i t s c h r i f t fur Physiolo-
g i s c h e Chemie
Fm F a c t o r y
Farm and F a c t o r y Hort. Sci.
Horticulture Science
Fm F a r e
Farm F a r e

Fm J .
Farm J o u r n a l
IAEA
Fm News I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c Energy Agency
Farm News
IARI Res. Ser.
Fmg S. A f r . Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Farming i n South A f r i c a Research S e r i e s

Fmr Parliam. ICAR

Farmer and P a r l i a m e n t I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research

F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer ICMR

F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f M e d i c a l Research

4
 List of Abbreviations

ICRISAT Indian J. Ent.

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Crops Research I n s t i t u t e f o r Indian Journal o f Entomology
the Semi-Arid Tropics
I n d i a n J . Expl B i o l .
IDRC Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Research C e n t r e
I n d i a n J. Fm S c i .
IITA I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Farm S c i e n c e s
International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed.
I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s and P l a n t
I m p . Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa Breeding
I m p e r i a l Council of A g r i c u l t u r a l Research,
Pusa I n d i a n J . Med. Res.
I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l Research
Indian Agric.
Indian Agriculturist Indian J. Microb.
Indian Journal of Microbiology
I n d i a n A g r i c . News Diges t
I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r e , News D i g e s t Indian J . Mycol. P I . Path.
I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Mycology and P l a n t
I n d i a n C o t t . Grow. Rev. Pathology
I n d i a n C o t t o n Growing Review
I n d i a n J . M y c o l . Res.
I n d i a n Fmg I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M y c o l o g i c a l Research
I n d i a n Farming
I n d i a n J . Nematol.
I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Nematology
I n d i a n Farmer's Digest
Indian J. Nutr. Dietet.
Indian Forester I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n and D i e t e t i c s
Indian Forester
Indian J. P I . Physiol.
Indian I n s t . Sci. J. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology
Indian I n s t i t u t e of Science Journal
Indian J. P I . Prot.
I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Chem. Indian Journal of Plant Protection
Indian Journal of A g r i c u l t u r a l Chemistry
I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l .
I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res. I n d i a n Lac Research I n s t i t u t e B u l l e t i n
I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research
Indian Phytopath.
Indian J. Agric. Sci. Indian Phytopathology
Indian Journal of A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences
I n d i a n Soap J .
Indian J . Agron. I n d i a n Soap J o u r n a l
I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Agronomy
Indian Vet. J.
I n d i a n J . Anim. S c i . Indian Veterinary Journal
I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Animal Sciences
I n t . Z. Vitamforsch.
I n d i a n J . A p p l . Chem. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-
I n d i a n J o u r n a l of A p p l i e d Chemistry forschung

I n d i a n J . Biochem. Intensive Agric.

Indian Journal of Biochemistry Intensive Agriculture

I n d i a n J . Biochem. B i o p h y s . I n t e r n . B u l l . Plant Prot.

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y and International Bulletin on Plant Protection
Biophysics
ISI
Indian Standards Institution

5
Pigeonpea Bibliography

J. Agric. Bihar Orissa J . Hered.

Journal of A g r i c u l t u r e , B i h a r and O r i s s a Journal of Heredity

J. A g r i c . Res. J. I n d i a n A p p l . Chem,
J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research J o u r n a l of I n d i a n A p p l i e d Chemistry

J . A g r i c . Res. J. I n d i a n B o t . Soc.
Journal of A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, North Journal of the I n d i a n B o t a n i c a l Society
Caucasus
J . I n d i a n Chem. S o c .
J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. J o u r n a l o f the I n d i a n Chemical S o c i e t y
Journal of A g r i c u l t u r a l Science, Cambridge
J. I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i .
J. A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . Journal of the Indian Society of S o i l
Journal of the A g r i c u l t u r a l Society of Science
T r i n i d a d and Tobago
J. Jamaica A g r i c . Soc.
J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. J o u r n a l o f t h e Jamaica A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y
Journal d ' A g r i c u l t u r e Tropicale et de
Botanique Appliquee J. Karnatak Univ.
Journal of the Karnatak U n i v e r s i t y
J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico
Journal of Agriculture of the University J. Madras U n i v .
of Puerto Rico J o u r n a l o f t h e Madras U n i v e r s i t y

J . Am. S o c . A g r o n . J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . Baroda

J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f Agronomy J o u r n a l of the Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v e r -
s i t y , Baroda
J . Assoc. Advan. A g r i c . S e c t . A f r i c a
J o u r n a l o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f Advances in J . Mysore A g r i c . E x p l U n i o n
Agriculture Section, Africa J o u r n a l o f t h e Mysore A g r i c u l t u r a l and
Experimental Union
J. Aust. I n s t . Agric. Sci.
Journal of the Australian I n s t i t u t e of J . N a t . A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon
A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences Journal of the National A g r i c u l t u r e
S o c i e t y of Ceylon
J . B d A g r i c . B r . Guiana
J o u r n a l o f t h e Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f J. N a t . Cancer I n s t .
B r i t i s h Guiana J o u r n a l o f t h e N a t i o n a l Cancer I n s t i t u t e

J. C o l l . A g r i c , Gwalior J. Nematol.
Journal of the College of A g r i c u l t u r e , J o u r n a l o f Nematology
Gwalior
J. Nutr.
J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . R e s . A u s t . Journal of Nutrition
J o u r n a l o f t h e C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c and
I n d u s t r i a l Research, A u s t r a l i a J. Nutr. Dietet.
J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n and D i e t e t i c s
J . C y t o l . Genet.
J o u r n a l o f C y t o l o g y and G e n e t i c s J . Papua N . G u i n e a A g r i c .
J o u r n a l o f Papua New Guinea A g r i c u l t u r e
J. Econ. E n t .
J o u r n a l o f Economic E n t o m o l o g y J . P r o c . I n s t . Chem.
J o u r n a l and P r o c e e d i n g s o f the I n s t i t u t i o n
J. Empire E x p l A g r i c . of Chemists, I n d i a
J o u r n a l o f Empire E x p e r i m e n t a l A g r i c u l t u r e
J . Postgrad. Sch. I A R I , D e l h i
J . Fd S c i . J o u r n a l o f the Postgraduate S c h o o l , I n d i a n
J o u r n a l o f Food S c i e n c e A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , D e l h i

J. Fd S c i . Technol. J . R e s . MAU
J o u r n a l o f Food S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y J o u r n a l o f Research M a h a r a s h t r a A g r i c u l t u -
ral University

6
 List of Abbreviations

J . R e s . Ranchi U n i v . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r .

J o u r n a l of Research Ranchi University Memoirs o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e
i n I n d i a (Chemical S e r i e s )
J. Sci. Fd Agric.
J o u r n a l o f t h e S c i e n c e o f Food and Mem. I m p . C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . T r i n i d a d
Agriculture (Mycol. Ser.)
Memoirs o f t h e I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f T r o p i c a l
J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. Agriculture in Trinidad (Mycological
J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Series)
Research
Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c , Uganda
J. S o i l Wat. Conserv. I n d i a Memoirs o f t h e Research D i v i s i o n , D e p a r t -
J o u r n a l o f S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n i n ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Uganda
India
Mod. A g r i c .
J . S t o r . P r o d . Res. Modern A g r i c u l t u r e
J o u r n a l o f S t o r e d P r o d u c t s Research
Mut. Breed. Newsletter
J. U n i v . Poona Mutation Breeding Newsletter
J o u r n a l o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Poona
Mycologia
JNKVV Res. J . Mycologia
J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a
Research J o u r n a l M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . T a n g a n y i k a
M y c o l o g i c a l C i r c u l a r , Department o f
A g r i c u l t u r e , Tanganyika

Mycopath.
Mycopathologia
Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
Kanpur A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine Mycopath. Mycol. A p p l .
Mycopathologia et Mycologia A p p l i c a t a
Kew B u l l .
Kew B u l l e t i n Mysore A g r i c . J .
Mysore A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal
Kew B u l l . ( M i s c . I n f o r m . )
Kew B u l l e t i n ( M i s c e l l a n e o u s Information) Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i .
Mysore J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e

Labdev J . S c i . T e c h n o l .
Labdev J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
Nagpur A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine
L e a f l . Dep. A g r i c . U.P.
L e a f l e t Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c . R e s . N o . )
U t t a r Pradesh Nagpur A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine
( S p e c i a l Research Number)

Nature
Nature

Madras A g r i c . J . Naturwissenschaften
Madras A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal Naturwissenschaften

Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . R e s . J . Nematropica
Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Nematropica
Research J o u r n a l
N u t r . A b s t r . Rev.
Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a B o t . S e r . N u t r i t i o n A b s t r a c t s and Reviews
Memoirs o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e
in India (Botanical Series)

7
Pigeonpea Bibliography

N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . P I . Sci. Letters

N u t r i t i o n Reports International (USA) P l a n t Science L e t t e r s

Nutrition P I . Soil
Nutrition P l a n t and S o i l

Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
Poona A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine

Poult. Sci.
PAG B u l l . P o u l t r y Science
P r o t e i n A d v i s o r y Group B u l l e t i n
PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med.
P a k i s t . J . Biochem. P u e r t o R i c o J o u r n a l o f P u b l i c H e a l t h and
Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry T r o p i c a l Medicine

P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. P r o c . A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a
P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and Proceedings of the A g r i c u l t u r a l Society
I n d u s t r i a l Research of Nigeria

PANS Proc. Bihar Acad. A g r i c . S c i .

P e s t i c i d e A r t i c l e s and News Summaries P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e B i h a r Academy o f
A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences
Pantnagar J . Res.
Pantnagar J o u r n a l of Research Proc. Bd A g r i c . I n d i a
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e
PAU R e s . J . of India
Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research
Journal P r o c . C a r i b b . S o c . F d Crop S c i .
Proceedings of the Caribbean Society of
Pb H o r t . J. Food Crop S c i e n c e
Punjab H o r t i c u l t u r a l Journal
P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr.
P e r f . E s s e n t . O i l s Res. Proceedings of the Eighth I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Perfumes and E s s e n t i a l O i l s R e s e a r c h B o t a n i c a l Congress

Pesticides P r o c . Eleventh I n t . Grassland Congr.

Pesticides Proceedings of the Eleventh I n t e r n a t i o n a l
G r a s s l a n d Congress
Philipp. Agric.
Philippine Agriculturist P r o c . F i r s t E . A f r . H o r t . Symp.
Proceedings o f the F i r s t East A f r i c a n
Phytochem. H o r t i c u l t u r e Symposium
Phytochemistry
P r o c . F i r s t N i g e r i a n G r a i n Legume C o n f .
Phytopath. Proceedings of the F i r s t N i g e r i a n Grain
Phytopathology Legume C o n f e r e n c e

Phytopath. Z. Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B)

Phytopathologische Zeitschrift P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n d i a n Academy o f
Sciences ( S e c t i o n B)
PKV R e s . J .
Punjabrao K r i s h i Vidyapeeth Research P r o c . I n d i a n General Congr. N. D e l h i
Journal Proceedings of the I n d i a n General Congress,
New D e l h i
P I . Biochem. J .
Plant Biochemistry Journal P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Congr.
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n d i a n S c i e n c e Congress
P I . D i s . Reptr
P l a n t Disease Reporter P r o c . L i n n . S o c . London
Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of
P I . Prot. Bull. London
Plant Protection B u l l e t i n , New D e l h i

8
 List of Abbreviations

Proc. Nat. Acad. S c i . , I n d i a Qd.Agric. J.

P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N a t i o n a l Academy o f Queensland A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal
Sciences of I n d i a
Q u a l . P l a n t . P I . Fds Hum. N u t r .
P r o c . N i n t h I n t . Grassland Congr. Q u a l i t a s P l a n t a r u m , P l a n t Foods f o r Human
Proceedings of the N i n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Nutrition
G r a s s l a n d Congress

P r o c . N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . Conf.
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N o r t h Queensland
A g r o s t o l o g y Conference
Radiat. Bot.
P r o c . Second E n t . M e e t . , Pusa Radiation Botany
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Second E n t o m o l o g i s t s '
M e e t i n g , Pusa, I n d i a Raj. J. Agric. Sci.
Rajasthan Journal of A g r i c u l t u r a l Science
P r o c . Seventh Ann. Meet. C . F . C . S . ,
M a r t i n i q u e , Guadeloupe R a n c h i A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J .
Proceedings of t h e Seventh Annual Meeting Ranchi A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research
o f C e n t r a l Food Crop S o c i e t y , M a r t i n i q u e , Journal
Guadeloupe
R a n c h i U n i v . J . A g r i c . Res.
P r o c . S i x t h I n t e r n . Congr. M i c r o b i o . Ranchi U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l
Proceedings of the S i x t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Research
Congress o n M i c r o b i o l o g y
Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i
P r o c . S o c . Exp. B i o l . Med. R e p o r t o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e ,
Proceedings of the Society f o r Experimental New D e l h i
B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e
Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda
P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . S o c . F l a . R e p o r t , Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Bermuda
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S o i l and Crop S c i e n c e
Society of Florida Rep. Dep. A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a
R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Bihar
P r o c . Symp. F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s and O r i s s a
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Symposium o n F e r t i l i t y
of Indian Soils Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bombay
R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Bombay
P r o c . Symp. G . B . Pant U n i v . A g r . T e c h .
Pantnagar Rep. Dep. A g r i c . C e n t . P r o v . B e r a r
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Symposium, Govind Report o f the Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
B a l l a b h Pant U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s and B e r a r
and T e c h n o l o g y , P a n t n a g a r
Rep. Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s
P r o c . Symp. P r o t e i n s Mysore Report o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Symposium o n P r o t e i n s , Mauritius
Mysore
Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda
P r o c . T w e n t i e t h Ann. Meet. I n d . S c i . Congr. Report o f the Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
Poona Uganda
Proceedings of the T w e n t i e t h Annual Meeting
o f t h e I n d i a n S c i e n c e C o n g r e s s , Poona Rep. D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana
Report, D i v i s i o n of A g r i c u l t u r e , British
P r o g . Fmg Guiana
Progressive Farming
Rep. D i v . P l a n t I n d . A u s t r a l i a
P u n j a b Fmr Report, D i v i s i o n of Plant Industry,
P u n j a b Farmer Australia

Rep. M i n i s t . A g r i c . Rhod. N y a s a l d .
Report o f the M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
Rhodesia, Nyasaland

9
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Rep. P . R i c o U n i v . A g r i c . E x p . S t n Science
R e p o r t , Puerto Rico U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l Science
Experiment S t a t i o n
S c l e n t . Monogr. Coun. A g r i c . Res. I n d i a
Res. B u l l . MAU S c i e n t i f i c Monograph, C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l -
Research B u l l e t i n M a h a r a s h t r a A g r i c u l t u r a l t u r a l Research, I n d i a
U n i v e r s i t y , Marathwada
S c i e n t i s t , Pak.
Res. J . R a n c h i U n i v . S c i e n t i s t , Pakistan
Research J o u r n a l R a n c h i U n i v e r s i t y
S c l e n t . Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t t . , New D e l h i
Revta A g r i c . Costa R i c a S c i e n t i f i c Report o f the A g r i c u l t u r a l
Revista de A g r i c u l t u r a , Costa Rica Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i

R e v t a A g r i c . Guatem. S c l e n t . Rep. I m p . I n s t . A g r i c . Res. Pusa

R e v i s t a A g r i c o l a Guatemala S c i e n t i f i c Reports o f the I m p e r i a l
I n s t i t u t e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h , Pusa
Revta Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c .
R e v i s t a Cubana d e C i e n c i o A g r i c o l a Seed Fm
Seed Farms
Revta d e l a F a c u l t a d e d e A g r o n o m i c a
R e v i s t a de la F a c u l t a d e de Agronomica Seed Res.
Seed Research
R e v t a F a c . A g r i c . U n i v . C e n t . Venez.
Revista de la Facultad de A g r i c u l t u r a , Seed Wld
U n i v e r s i d a d C e n t r a l d e Venezuela Seed W o r l d

Revta P e r u . E n t . A g r i c . Senckenberg. b i o l .
R e v i s t a Peruana d e E n t o m o l o g i a A g r i c o l a Senckenbergiana b i o l o g i a

Rhodesia A g r i c . J . Soil S c i . Soc . Am. J .

Rhodesia A g r i c u l t u r a l Journal S o i l S c i e n c e S o c i e t y o f America J o u r n a l

Riz Rizic. Span

Riz e t R i z i c u l t u r e Span

Rur. I n d i a S u n s h i n e S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep.

Rural I n d i a S u n s h i n e S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r n l Research R e p o r t

R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . S u r i n . Landb.

R u r a l Review S o c i e t y o f R u r a l B r a s i l Surinaamse Landbouw

SABRAO J. Technology
S o c i e t y f o r Advancement o f B r e e d i n g Technology
Researches i n A s i a and Oceania J o u r n a l
The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n
SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n
S o c i e t y f o r Advancement o f B r e e d i n g
Researches i n A s i a and Oceania N e w s l e t t e r Toxicon
Toxicon
S. A f r . Sug. J .
S o u t h A f r i c a n Sugar J o u r n a l T r . P r i k l . B o t . Genet. S e l e k . (USSR)
Trudy P r i k l a d n o i B o t a n i k e G e n e t i k e i
Samaru A g r i c . N e w s l e t t e r S e l e k t s e i , L e n i n g r a d (USSR)
Samaru A g r i c u l t u r a l N e w s l e t t e r
T r a n s . Bose R e s . I n s t .
Sci. Cult. T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e Bose Research I n s t i t u t e
S c i e n c e and C u l t u r e

10
 List of Abbreviations

T r a n s . B r . M y c o l . Soc. Z. Angew. E n t o m o l .
Transactions of the B r i t i s h Mycological Z e i t s c h r i f t f U r Angewandte E n t o m o l o g i e
S o c i e t y , London
Z. Angew. Z o o .
T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . Z e i t s c h r i f t fur Angewandte Z o o l o g i e
T r a n s a c t i o n s and P r o c e e d i n g s o f the
B o t a n i c a l Society of Edinburgh Z. Ernahrwiss. Suppl.
Z e i t s c h r i f t ftlr Ernahrwissenschaft Suppl.
Trop. A g r i c . (Trinidad)
Tropical Agriculturist (Trinidad) Z. Natur.
Zeitschrift fur Natur Forschung
T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon
Tropical Agriculture, Ceylon Z. pflanzk. pflanzs.
Z e i t s c h r i f t f U r p f l a n z e n k r a n k h e i t e n und
T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r . , Japan pflanzenschutz
T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Research S e r i e s ,
Japan Z b l . Bakt.
Zentralblatt fUr Bakteriologie
Trop. Ecol.
T r o p i c a l Ecology Zuchter
Zuchter
T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l .
T r o p i c a l G r a i n Legume B u l l e t i n

Trop. Grasslands
T r o p i c a l Grasslands

Trop. S c i .
T r o p i c a l Science

Tropenpflanzer
Tropenpflanzer

Turrialba
Turrialba

USAID
U n i t e d S t a t e s Agency for International
Development

W . A f r . J . B i o l . A p p l . Chem.
West A f r i c a n J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l and
A p p l i e d Chemistry

Wealth o f I n d i a
Wealth of I n d i a

W o r l d Crops
W o r l d Crops

11
 Agronomy

AGRONOMY Three Cajanus v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d d u r i n g 1972

gave s i m i l a r seed y i e l d s , b u t i n 1973 c v
T - 2 1 gave a h i g h e r y i e l d t h a n Pusa A g e t i
and S h a r d a . I n 1 9 7 3 , d i f f e r e n c e s were
o b s e r v e d between t h e v a r i e t i e s i n t h e f i v e
y i e l d characters studied. Early planting
ABRAMS, R. 1 9 7 5 . and 50-cm row s p a c i n g were b e t t e r t h a n
S t a t u s of r e s e a r c h on pigeonpeas in Puerto l a t e p l a n t i n g and 75-cm row s p a c i n g .
Rico. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n
G r a i n Legumes, 13-16 J a n , 1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT,
Hyderabad, I n d i a . 141-148. 1 AIYER, A . K . Y . N . 1 9 4 9 .
Mixed c r o p p i n g i n I n d i a . Indian J. Agric.
Discusses importance o f t h e c r o p ; i t s Sci. 19:439-443. 5
c u l t i v a t i o n , weed c o n t r o l , l i m e and f e r t i -
l i z e r s , d a t e o f p l a n t i n g , row w i d t h , p l a n t D e t a i l s of the v a r i o u s crops w i t h which
populations, cultural practices. Breeding p i g e o n p e a i s grown i n m i x t u r e and o f t h e
programs, i n h e r i t a n c e , v a r i e t y - e n v i r o n m e n t p r o p o r t i o n s i n w h i c h i t i s sown. The
i n t e r a c t i o n s , d i s e a s e s and i n s e c t s , p r o c e s - l i s t s are f o r m i d a b l e — f o r example, i n the
s i n g , and o t h e r q u a l i t y a s p e c t s a r e a l s o case of Cajanus indiaus, the r e p o r t i n g
discussed. s t a t e s and p r o v i n c e s g i v e a t o t a l o f 6 5
types of m i x t u r e s .

ABRAMS, R . , and F . J . J U L I A . 1973.

AIYER, A . K . Y . N . 1949.
Effect of planting time, plant population,
Mixed c r o p p i n g i n I n d i a . P a r t I I . Mixed
and row s p a c i n g o n y i e l d and o t h e r c h a r a c -
c r o p p i n g w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o some p r i n c i p a l
t e r i s t i c s o f p i g e o n p e a s , Cajanus aajan ( L . )
c r o p s : Redgram. Indian J. Agric. Sci.
Millsp. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico
19(4):524-527. 6
57(4):275-285. 2
Red gram i s grown i n m i x t u r e w i t h one o t h e r
The e f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , p o p u l a t i o n ,
c r o p , o r w i t h two o r more o t h e r s , u p t o s i x .
and row s p a c i n g was s t u d i e d w i t h s p e c i a l
The t o t a l number o f m i x t u r e s i s 6 5 ; o f these
r e f e r e n c e t o mechanized p i g e o n p e a p r o d u c -
17 c o n t a i n more t h a n two c r o p s . Pulses
tion. Date o f p l a n t i n g , row s p a c i n g , and
enter i n t o 36 mixtures. The p r o p o r t i o n s i n
p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n had n o e f f e c t o n seed s i z e
w h i c h seeds o f t h e d i f f e r e n t components a r e
o r number o f seeds p e r p o d , b u t pods p e r
mixed a l s o v a r y w i d e l y . The d i f f e r e n t p r o -
p l a n t increased markedly w i t h increased
p o r t i o n s f o r r e d gram a r e l i s t e d .
s p a c i n g and w i t h e a r l y p l a n t i n g s . Yield
tended to be h i g h e r at lower s p a c i n g
between rows and a t h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s , AKINOLA, J . O . , and P . C . WHITEMAN. 1 9 7 5 .
r e g a r d l e s s o f row s p a c i n g . Agronomic s t u d i e s o n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 1 . F i e l d responses
t o sowing t i m e . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res.
ABRAMS, R . , and F . J . J U L I A . 1 9 7 4 .
26(1) : 43-56. 7
E f f e c t o f m e c h a n i c a l , c u l t u r a l , and c h e m i -
c a l weed c o n t r o l o n y i e l d and y i e l d compo- V e g e t a t i v e and r e p r o d u c t i v e r e s p o n s e s o f
n e n t s of p i g e o n p e a s , Cajanus aajan ( L . ) two e a r l y m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g
Millsp. A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico C. aajan a c c e s s i o n s to e i g h t s o w i n g d a t e s
58(4):466-472. 3 were i n v e s t i g a t e d . Preflowering to pod-
r i p e n i n g d u r a t i o n s v a r i e d , d e p e n d i n g upon
Prometryne (preemergent), paraquat ( p o s t -
i n t e r a c t i o n s between c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s and
e m e r g e n t ) , m e c h a n i c a l , and handweeding
the p h o t o p e r i o d i c responses of the acces-
t r e a t m e n t s i n c r e a s e d g r e e n - p o d y i e l d and
sions. Quantitative short-day, day-neutral,
pod number per p l a n t , i n f o u r d e t e r m i n a t e
o r n e a r l y d a y - n e u t r a l , and i n t e r m e d i a t e
and f o u r i n d e t e r m i n a t e l i n e s , w i t h t h e
p h o t o p e r i o d i c forms were i d e n t i f i e d . Rela-
chemicals g i v i n g the greatest i n c r e a s e .
t i o n s h i p between day l e n g t h , r a d i a t i o n ,
The t r e a t m e n t s had n o e f f e c t , h o w e v e r , o n
g r o w i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , and seed y i e l d / h a
p l a n t h e i g h t , number o f days t o f l o w e r ,
based o n i n d i v i d u a l m o n t h l y h a r v e s t s and
seed w e i g h t , o r seed number p e r p o d .
h a r v e s t i n d e x were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a s o w i n g
d e n s i t y of 2,990 p l a n t s / h a . Optimum s o w i n g
AHLAWAT, I . P . S . , C . S . SARAF, and A. SINGH. d a t e s w e r e l a t e November t o m i d - J a n u a r y f o r
1975. d r y seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e l a t e - m a t u r i n g
S t u d i e s on t h e performances of pigeonpea a c c e s s i o n s , and n o t l a t e r t h a n December f o r
v a r i e t i e s t o d a t e s o f p l a n t i n g and row p e r i o d i c green-pod p i c k i n g i n the e a r l y
spacing. Indian J. Agron. 20(3): maturing accessions.
245-247. 4
Pigeonpea Bibliography

AKINOLA,. J . O . , and P . C . WHITEMAN. 1 9 7 5 . I n f o r m a t i o n (much o f i t b r i e f ) i s r e v i e w e d

Agronomic s t u d i e s o n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanue o n taxonomy and n o m e n c l a t u r e , v a r i e t i e s ,
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 2 . Responses t o cytology, p o l l i n a t i o n , hybridization,
sowing d e n s i t y . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. h e r i t a b i l l t y , induced m u t a t i o n s , growth
26(l):57-66. 8 p e r i o d and s o w i n g d a t e s , y i e l d c o m p o n e n t s ,
p r o t e i n l e v e l s and q u a l i t y , and r e s i s t a n c e
V e g e t a t i v e and seed y i e l d s i n Cajanue aajan
to fusarium udum.
a c c e s s i o n UQ-1 w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a t n i n e
sowing d e n s i t i e s r a n g i n g f r o m 6,727 t o
215,278 p l a n t s / h a . Dry-matter y i e l d / p l a n t ALLES, W.S. 1 9 5 8 .
declined asymptotically w i t h increasing Some s t u d i e s o n r u n - o f f and i n f i l t r a t i o n .
sowing d e n s i t y , w h i l e t h e d r y - m a t t e r y i e l d / T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 4 ( 3 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 6 . 11
h a v s . d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e s c r i b e d
I n Ceylon, r u n - o f f p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s o i l
by a p a r a b o l i c c u r v e . The h i g h e s t d r y -
p r o f i l e , i n f i l t r a t i o n c a p a c i t y , and s o i l
m a t t e r y i e l d / h a , 2 2 . 9 5 m e t r i c t o n s , was
l o s s have been s t u d i e d o n p l o t s p l a n t e d
p r o d u c e d at a s p a c i n g of 0 . 3 0 5 x 0 . 3 0 5 m
w i t h s o r g h u m / p i g e o n p e a (C. aajan) and w i t h
(107,639 p l a n t s / h a ) . At higher densities,
c o t t o n , b o t h c l e a n - c u l t i v a t e d and m u l c h e d .
i n c r e a s e d s t a n d m o r t a l i t y and r e d u c e d
numbers o f pods p e r p l a n t r e s u l t e d i n
severe y i e l d r e d u c t i o n s . Reduced pod AMBIKA, SINGH, and S.K. SHARMA. 1 9 6 9 .
number p e r p l a n t was r e l a t e d t o s i g n i f i - Red gram i s a p a y i n g g u e s t . Intensive
c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e number o f p o d - Agric. 6(11):18-19. 12
p r o d u c i n g b r a n c h e s and i n t h e i n f l o r e s c e n c e -
b e a r i n g stem l e n g t h . Interactions of y i e l d Red gram ( P i g e o n p e a ) y i e l d s w e l l and f e t c h e s
component, l e a f - a r e a i n d e x , and o t h e r p l a n t good p r o f i t s . The d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f
characters are discussed. r e d gram c u l t i v a t i o n d i s c u s s e d a r e mixed
c r o p p i n g w i t h legumes and o t h e r s , r o t a t i o n
c r o p p i n g , methods and t i m e o f g r o w i n g and
AKINOLA, J . O . , and P . C . WHITEMAN. 1 9 7 5 . p e s t s and d i s e a s e s .
Agronomic s t u d i e s on p i g e o n p e a (Cajanue
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 3 . Responses t o
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 2 4 .
defoliation. A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res.
26(l):67-69. 9 Dholl (Cajanue indicus): A Natal farm crop.
Notes o n i t s c u l t i v a t i o n . S . A f r . Sug. J .
Two e a r l y - m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g 8:239. 13
a c c e s s i o n s o f C . aajan grown i n t h e f i e l d
f o r 161 days w e r e c u t t o s t u b b l e s 9 0 c m i n
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 2 7 .
h e i g h t e v e r y 4 , 8 , 1 2 , and 1 6 weeks d u r i n g
Maize and t u r i n Gokak c a n a l a r e a . Bombay
a 72-week p e r i o d . E v i d e n c e f r o m t o t a l and
Dep. A g r i c . L e a f l . 13. 14
s e a s o n a l d r y - m a t t e r and n i t r o g e n y i e l d s ,
s t a n d s u r v i v a l , and s t u b b l e y i e l d a t t h e
end o f t h e t r i a l s u g g e s t e d t h a t 8 - and 1 2 - ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 3 .
week c u t t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s c o u l d b e s u c c e s s - Cajanue i n d i c u s S p r e n g . Bol. Min. Agric.
f u l l y integrated to incorporate cattle B r a z i l . 32(1):95-96. 15
g r a z i n g and f o r a g e and seed p r o d u c t i o n
i n t o a s i n g l e management s y s t e m . The l a t e -
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 5 .
m a t u r i n g a c c e s s i o n s were b e t t e r a d a p t e d t o
Shaping the f u t u r e o f H a w a i i ' s a g r i c u l t u r e .
c u t t i n g , provided t h a t basal green leaves
Report o f the Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i -
always remained on t h e s t u b b l e . Reduction
ment S t a t i o n f o r t h e B i e n n i u m e n d i n g June
of plant height by d e f o l i a t i o n in accession
20, 1944. p. 115. 16
UQ-50 t o f a c i l i t a t e s u b s e q u e n t h a r v e s t i n g
l e d t o a r e d u c e d a n n u a l seed y i e l d . The I n H a w a i i r e d u c e d v i g o r and h i g h e r m o r t a -
f i r s t seed c r o p was l o s t , because t o p p i n g l i t y w e r e r e p o r t e d i n t h e C . aajan r a t o o n
removed t h e r e p r o d u c t i v e m a t e r i a l . crop than in the p l a n t c r o p . A further
d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d f o l l o w i n g t h e second
r a t o o n c r o p , d u r i n g w h i c h m o r t a l i t y was
AKINOLA, J . O . , P.C. WHITEMAN, and E . S .
i n c r e a s e d f r o m 12.9% by c u t t i n g at 76 cm
WALLIS. 1 9 7 5 .
t o 32.6% b y c u t t i n g a t 7.6 c m above g r o u n d
The agronomy of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanue c a j a n ) ,
level: I t was f o u n d t h a t m e c h a n i c a l
Rev. S r . P a s . CAB. F d . Crops 1 : 5 7 . 10
harvesting with an oscillating-type cutter
b a r ( i n s t e a d o f a c o r n b i n d e r ) caused r o o t
snapping, p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h c u t t i n g heights
o f l e s s t h a n 3 0 cm.

14
 Agronomy

ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 6 . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 3 .
Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f Science L i n e s o w i n g o f a r h a r and J a u r . Allahabad
and A g r i c u l t u r e , B a r b a d o s , f o r t h e y e a r Fmr 2 7 ( 3 ) : 1 1 6 - 1 1 8 . 22
1944-45. 17
L i n e sowing (sowing i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s o r
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e w o r k summarized o n rows) does n o t i n i t s e l f g i v e c r o p s more
c o t t o n and s u g a r , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f I n d i a n p l a n t f o o d o r w a t e r b u t i t does h e l p each
maize and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i t h Cajanus p l a n t t o g e t i t s s h a r e o f f o o d and w a t e r .
indiaus, Phaseolus aureus , P. mungo , and I t s a d v a n t a g e s o v e r b r o a d c a s t method a r e
p e r e n n i a l k a v i r o n d a sorghum a r e r e p o r t e d . given. A l s o Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) can
b e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l y grown i n c o m b i n a t i o n
with arhar. The d i s t a n c e between t h e l i n e s
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 9 .
o f a r h a r s h o u l d b e 6 t o 8 f t ( 1 . 8 t o 2 . 4 m);
Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i -
between seeds in a r o w , 2 i n c h e s (5 c m ) .
c u l t u r e , Colony o f S i e r r a Leone f o r t h e
I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f o t h e r crops w i t h arhar i s
year 1948. Freetown. 51 p p . 18
also suggested.
Pigeonpea is expanding as a c r o p ; f i v e
v a r i e t i e s a r e u n d e r t r i a l and e x p e r i m e n t s
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 6 .
on the e f f e c t of f e r t i l i z e r s on d i f f e r e n t
crops i n c l u d e pigeonpea. The A g r i c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s o f Mysore S t a t e
( T u r — C a j a n u s oajan). Mysore A g r i c . J .
31(4):207-213. 23
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 0 .
Cajanus oajan. In W e a l t h of I n d i a . (Raw
ANONYMOUS. 1958.
material) 1 1 : 6 - 1 1 . New D e l h i : C o u n c i l o f
A n n u a l r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i -
S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h . 19
c u l t u r e , Ghana. Agronomic R e s e a r c h .
A m o n o t y p i c genus c o m p r i s i n g C. oajan, an 1955-56:8. 24
i m p o r t a n t leguminous c r o p , w i d e l y d i s t r i -
A t Kwadoso, t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t f a l l o w
b u t e d i n t h e t r o p i c s and c u l t i v a t e d e x t e n -
c r o p s grown f o r 3 y e a r s was measured by a
s i v e l y f o r i t s e d i b l e seeds. Sanskrit:
f i r s t t e s t crop of maize. F a l l o w c r o p s and
Adhaki, t u v a r i , t u v a r i k a ; H i n d i , Bengali
maize y i e l d s (dry g r a i n ) w e r e : pigeonpea
and M a r a k a n - T a g o r e : M a l - T h u v a r a . An
{Cajanus oajan) 1 , 6 9 1 l b / a c r e ( 1 , 8 9 6 k g / h a ) ;
annual o r p e r e n n i a l shrub. Plant is pro-
permanent c r o p p i n g (no f a l l o w ) 1,127 l b / a c r e
b a b l y n a t i v e o f A f r i c a and i t i s now grown
(1,243 k g / h a ) .
i n almost a l l the t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e s o f the
world i n c l u d i n g A f r i c a , America, I n d i a ,
A u s t r a l i a , H a w a i i , E a s t and West I n d i e s . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 9 .
Details of c u l t i v a t i o n , pests, diseases, The w o r k o f IRCT d u r i n g 1957 ( F r e n c h ) .
and y i e l d . Coton F i b r . T r o p . 1 9 5 9 . 1 4 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 2 8 5 . 25
I n a t r i a l w h i c h s t a r t e d i n 1 9 5 6 , compa-
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 0 . r i s o n s were made between m a i z e , Canavalia
Tanganyika Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , s p . , and Cajanus oajan, as p r e c e d i n g c r o p
Annual Report f o r 1948. Dar-es-Salaam. f o r c o t t o n ; m a i z e was c o n s i d e r e d t h e b e s t
173 p p . 20 because i t y i e l d s a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f
g r e e n m a t t e r , w h i c h i s r e l a t i v e l y easy t o
Investigations reported include the e f f e c t
plow i n .
of a 3-year r o t a t i o n of elephant grass,
p i g e o n p e a , o r c o n t i n u o u s maize o n a s u b s e -
quent maize c r o p . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 1 .
Crop p r o d u c t i o n t r i a l s and new c r o p s . Rep.
D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana 1959 ( n . d . ) ;
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 .
36-37. 26
Nyasaland P r o t e c t o r a t e . Annual r e p o r t o f
t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e f o r the year Cajanus oajan and some o t h e r c r o p s were
1 9 4 8 . P t . 2 . E x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k , Zomba. s u c c e s s f u l l y grown o n w e l l - d r a i n e d beds o f
15 p p . 21 c o a s t a l and pegassy c l a y . The p o s s i b i l i t y
o f i n c l u d i n g these crops i n a r i c e r o t a t i o n
O r g a n i c m a n u r i n g and m u l c h i n g e x p e r i m e n t
was a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . D h a l (C. oajan)
designed to determine the e f f e c t of b u r y i n g
grown o n w e l l - d r a i n e d c o a s t a l c l a y w h i c h
crop r e s i d u e s , to i n v e s t i g a t e v a r i o u s o t h e r
r e c e i v e d 0 . 2 5 t o 0 . 5 t o n s (560 t o 1,120
methods o f a d d i n g humus t o t h e s o i l , and
k g / h a ) o f l i m e s t o n e + 0 . 5 cwt (56 k g / h a )
to a s c e r t a i n the e f f e c t of p r o t e c t i n g the
each o f s u l f a t e o f p o t a s h and t r i p l e s u p e r -
s o i l d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n , e i t h e r b y means
p h o s p h a t e / a c r e y i e l d e d 600 t o 700 l b d r y
of a cover crop (pigeonpea) or by m u l c h i n g .

15
Plgeonpea Bibliography

s e e d / a c r e (672 t o 785 k g / h a ) a t t h e f i r s t Emphasized t h a t s p e c i f i c a r e a s s h o u l d b e

p i c k i n g , and a f t e r r a t o o n i n g , a f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e d where c r o p p i n g i n t e n s i t y c a n b e
600 t o 700 l b / a c r e 5 t o 6 months l a t e r . i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e use o f p u l s e s . Formu-
l a t e d a s t u d y on ways and means of r e d u c i n g
losses of f i x e d n i t r o g e n . Though e x p e r i -
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 8 .
mental evidence i s not c o n c l u s i v e , i t i s
Green m a n u r e . Seed Wld 1 0 3 ( 8 ) : 2 2 . 27
assumed t h a t a s m a l l b u t s i g n i f i c a n t
Plgeonpea (Cajanue c a j a n ) cv Norman has amount o f n i t r o g e n i s l e f t b e h i n d b y g r a i n
been d e v e l o p e d as a new g r e e n manure c r o p legumes f o r u t i l i z a t i o n b y t h e s u c c e e d i n g
f o r N and S C a r o l i n a , USA. In t r i a l s crop.
d u r i n g 4 y e a r s , a v e r a g e y i e l d s f r o m Norman
w e r e 3 . 7 5 t o n s DM/acre ( 8 , 4 0 7 k g / h a ) ,
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 4 .
compared w i t h 2 . 5 t o n s / a c r e ( 5 , 6 0 5 k g / h a )
Report o f the F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
f r o m C r o t a l a r i a and h a i r y i n d i g o (lndigo-
1972-73. U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s ,
fera hireuta) • Norman is r e s i s t a n t to t h e
S t . A u g u s t i n e , T r i n i d a d . 186 p p . 32
two m a i n r o o t - k n o t nematodes ( M e l o i d o g y n e
spp.) found in N C a r o l i n a . Trials reported include studies of v a r i e t a l
c h a r a c t e r s and t h e e f f e c t o f s o w i n g d a t e ,
plant density, f e r t i l i z e r application,
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 .
g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s , and h e r b i c i d e s o n y i e l d s
P r o f i t s t r i p l e i f arhar i s adequately
o f p l g e o n p e a and o t h e r c r o p s . Work o n
fertilized. Fm J. 12(11-12) :14-15. 28
a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s and d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c -
P r o f i t s per h e c t a r e under the s t a n d a r d t i o n , d r y - m a t t e r i n t a k e , and a p p a r e n t
p r a c t i c e amounted t o R s . 9 6 4 . 5 2 ; t h i s d i g e s t i b i l i t y of various pasture species
p r o f i t i n c r e a s e d t o Rs. 1,686.40, ( i n c l u d i n g p a n g o l a g r a s s and Cyanodon
R s . 1 , 9 4 7 . 2 2 , and Rs. 2 , 3 4 1 . 2 9 when t h e dactylon) is described.
c r o p r e c e i v e d l o w , medium, and h i g h r a t e s
respectively of the phosphatic f e r t i l i z e r s .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 5 .
These a r e a b o u t 7 5 , 1 0 2 , and 143% i n c r e a s e s
New r e d gram pays w i t h b e t t e r p r a c t i c e s .
i n p r o f i t over the standard p r a c t i c e a s
Fm J. 1 6 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 33
a g a i n s t t h e i n c r e a s e of a b o u t 24 and 57%
i n costs i n c u r r e d . The new r e d g r a m , P - 4 7 8 5 , i s e a r l y and
h i g h y i e l d i n g and gave a p r o f i t a s h i g h a s
R s . 1 6 2 2 / h a i n a s s h o r t a t i m e a s 150 d a y s .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 2 .
New v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram w i t h new manage-
Know y o u r f o o d s : Red g r a m . N u t r i t i o n .
ment p r a c t i c e s a r e bound t o g i v e a b e t t e r
6(4):27-29. 29
r e t u r n over the o l d v a r i e t i e s .
Red gram i s a p o p u l a r p u l s e c r o p grown
throughout I n d i a . A very hardy c r o p , it
ANTICHAN, C. 1 9 5 2 .
i s grown g e n e r a l l y a s a m i x e d c r o p w i t h
Cover c r o p s f o r Guinea p l a n t a t i o n s . Fruits
j o w a r , b a j r a , m a i z e , and c o t t o n . The p l a n t
d ' o u t r e Mer. 7 : 3 3 9 - 3 4 1 . 34
c a n t h r i v e o n a l l s o i l s ; u s e f u l a s a hedge
and p r e v e n t s s o i l e r o s i o n . The n u t r i t i v e A l i s t o f 2 3 e r e c t and 1 6 c r e e p i n g l e g u m i -
v a l u e o f r e d gram and i t s use i n c o m m e r c i a l nous p l a n t s s u i t a b l e f o r use a s c o v e r
consumption are t a b u l a t e d . c r o p s , and amount o f seed n e c e s s a r y p e r
h e c t a r e , average h e i g h t , r e s i s t a n c e t o
d r o u g h t , and t o l e r a n c e t o c u t t i n g b a c k .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 4 .
F o r m i d d l e G u i n e a Cajanus i n d i c u s was
A r h a r has a b i g r o l e . Fm f a r e 1(9):
f o u n d one o f t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y e r e c t
11-13. 30
species.
R e s e a r c h e r s have i d e n t i f i e d q u i c k - g r o w i n g ,
compact b r e e d s o f t h i s p u l s e w h i c h g i v e i t
APONTE APONTE, F. 1 9 6 3 .
a s i g n i f i c a n t place in the c o u n t r y ' s food
Plgeonpea c u l t i v a t i o n i n P u e r t o R i c o .
economy. These v a r i e t i e s a l s o a v o i d f r o s t
Caribb. A g r i c . 1(3) :191-197. 35
and f i t w e l l i n r o t a t i o n s .
The c u l t i v a t i o n i s v e r y s i m p l e and i s m o s t -
l y conducted o n the poorest s o i l s i n the
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 4 . southwestern p a r t of the i s l a n d . Among t h e
Symposium o n i n t e r and m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g o f t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i n u s e , Kaki i s t h e most
short duration v a r i e t i e s of pulses f o r a popular w i t h the canneries. It is an early
m a j o r advance i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b i o l o - v a r i e t y , y i e l d i n g a f i r s t c r o p i n December
g i c a l n i t r o g e n and p r o t e i n r e s o u r c e s . A u g . and a s e c o n d c r o p i n F e b r u a r y .
1 3 - 1 4 , 1 9 7 4 . I A R I , New D e l h i . 31

16
 Agronomy

APPADURAI, R. and K . V . SELVARAJ. 1 9 7 4 . and combined a s u r e a and t r i p l e s u p e r -

Note on the groundnut-redgram m i x t u r e in phosphate r e s p e c t i v e l y . Foliar-applied
l o w e r Bhawani P r o j e c t a r e a . Madras A g r i c . n u t r i e n t s d i d n o t have s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s
J. 61(9):803-804. 36 o n g r e e n - p o d y i e l d , p l a n t h e i g h t , seed
weight, p r o t e i n content, or seed-to-pod
T h r e e y e a r s o f t r i a l s i n b o t h seasons
r a t i o o f t h e two c u l t i v a r s . Cv Kaki
showed s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l income i n
y i e l d e d more g r e e n pods w i t h h e a v i e r seeds
mixed crop over t h e pure crop of groundnut.
and grew t a l l e r t h a n d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
The r e d gram v a r i e t y 1 1 4 1 ( C o - 1 ) can b e
l i n e 2B-bushy. The s e e d - t o - p o d r a t i o f o r
r a i s e d p r o f i t a b l y as a mixed crop w i t h
2B-bushy was h i g h e r t h a n t h a t f o r K a k i ,
g r o u n d n u t c v TMV-2.
b u t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was a l m o s t t h e same i n
t h e two c u l t i v a r s .
ARGIKAR, G . P . 1 9 6 8 .
G r o w i n g o f p u l s e s i s b e s e t w i t h many
BAINS, S . S . 1 9 6 8 .
problems. I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 5 - 1 8 . 37
Pulses are popular f o r mixed c r o p p i n g .
Some causes o f l o w p u l s e y i e l d s i n I n d i a I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 - 2 2 . 42
are discussed, p a r t i c u l a r l y s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
P r o f i t a b l e crop m i x t u r e s g e n e r a l l y comprise
to diseases. Drought t o l e r a n c e ; r e s i s t a n c e
a c e r e a l and a p u l s e and t h e r e a r e good
t o pod b o r e r s , b r u c h i d s , and mealy b u g s ;
reasons f o r the p o p u l a r i t y o f sowing pulses
n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t y ; c o o k i n g , c a n n i n g , and
mixed w i t h o t h e r c r o p s . Recent d e v e l o p -
p a r c h i n g q u a l i t i e s ; b r e e d i n g f o r heavy
ments o n i n t e r c r o p p i n g o f p u l s e s a r e summa-
m a n u r i n g , i r r i g a t i o n , and n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n
rized.
are also discussed.

BALASUBRAMANYAM, R . , and SUNDARAM, S. 1 9 4 7 .

ARIYANAYAGAM, R.P. 1 9 7 5 .
A r e v i e w o f e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h legumes
Status o f research o n pigeonpeas i n T r i n i - p r e c e d i n g c o t t o n i n Madras p r o v i n c e . I n d i a n
dad. P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n C o t t o n Grow. Rev. 1 : 8 7 - 9 5 . 43
G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 J a n , 1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT,
Hyderabad, I n d i a . 131-140. 38 The r e v i e w has amply d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i n
p l a n n i n g f u t u r e t r i a l s , i t would b e unwise
Importance of pigeonpea research o r g a n i z a - to go in f o r pulses other than groundnut,
t i o n , microbiology, microclimatology, t u r ( C . c a j a n ) , g r a m , and h o r s e gram f o r
drought hardening, crop physiology, seed and p i l l i p e s a r a , i n d i g o , and g u a r a
agronomy, b r e e d i n g , germplasm c o l l e c t i o n , f o r g r e e n manure. P u l s e s f i g u r e i n most
p r o b l e m s o f a g r o n o m i c and n u t r i t i o n a l o f t h e m i x t u r e s a s a c h i e f component.
q u a l i t y are discussed.

BHAN, V . M . , M. SINGH, and R.A. MAURYA. 1 9 7 0 .

ARW00TH, N . L . 1 9 7 4 . Weed c o n t r o l i n f i e l d c r o p s a t P a n t n a g a r .
P r o d u c t i o n and r e s e a r c h o n f o o d legumes i n I n d i a n Research R e p o r t 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 . PANS
Thailand. T r o p . A g r i c . Res. Ser. 16(4):690-701. 44
6:93-100. 39
T r i f l u r a l i n , a l a c h l o r (CP 5 0 1 4 4 ) , and
The m a i n r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n v a r i e t a l prometryne were a p p l i e d a t v a r i o u s concen-
i m p r o v e m e n t , c r o p management, s o i l f e r t i - t r a t i o n s t o c o n t r o l weeds i n Cajanus aajan:
l i t y , and seed m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f p i g e o n p e a A l l t h r e e c h e m i c a l s gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y
and o t h e r l e g u m e s . higher y i e l d s over c o n t r o l . Pigeonpea i n
p l o t s r e c e i v i n g p r o m e t r y n e a t 1.5 k g / h a
AYYAR, A . K . Y . N . 1 9 5 8 . and t r i f l u r a l i n a t 1.5 k g / h a p r o d u c e d
Red g r a m . I n F i e l d Crops o f I n d i a . 5th ed. considerably higher y i e l d s . A l a c h l o r had
Bangalore: Govt. P r e s s . 113-118. 40 some t o x i c e f f e c t o n t h e c r o p p l a n t s .
H i g h e s t d r y m a t t e r o f weeds a t 3 0 t h day
was shown a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r o m e t r y n e
BADILL0-FELICIAN0, J . , R. ABRAMS, and a t 1.5 k g / h a . However, d r y m a t t e r o f t h e
R. P I E T R I . 1 9 7 7 . c r o p was n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y
Effect of foliar-applied f e r t i l i z e r s on a p p l i c a t i o n of the three h e r b i c i d e s .
p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus cajan). J. A g r i c .
U n i v . P. Rico 6 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 . 41
BHATAWADEKAR, P . U . , S . S . CHINOY, and
Two p i g e o n p e a c u l t i v a r s w e r e t e s t e d : N u t r i - K.M. DESHMUKH. 1 9 6 6 .
l e a f a t a r a t e o f 2 . 2 4 k g / h a was f o l i a r - Response o f b a j r a - t u r m i x e d c r o p t o n i t r o g e n
applied at weekly, biweekly, t r i w e e k l y , and p h o s p h a t e f e r t i l i z a t i o n under d r y f a r m -
and m o n t h l y i n t e r v a l s . E q u i v a l e n t amounts ing conditions o f Sholapur. Indian J.
o f N and P w e r e a p p l i e d b i w e e k l y , s e p a r a t e l y Agron. 11:243-246. 45

17
Plgeonpea Bibliography

N i t r o g e n and p h o s p h o r i c a c i d w e r e t r i e d a t control plots. The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h y i e l d

f o u r l e v e l s , each s i n g l y and i n c o m b i n a t i o n . o f the u n f e r t i l i z e d p l o t s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o
B a j r a r e s p o n d s t o b o t h n i t r o g e n and p h o s - weed and p e s t c o n t r o l . Examination of
p h o r i c a c i d i n the form o f s i n g l e super- c o s t s and r e t u r n s showed t h a t t h e use o f
phosphate. Tur responds t o p h o s p h o r i c a c i d f e r t i l i z e r and manure was h i g h l y p r o f i t a b l e .
applied in the form of s i n g l e superphos-
phate. Y i e l d s tend t o decrease w i t h
CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P . C . BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 .
i n c r e a s e d dosage o f n i t r o g e n .
Ridge-planted k h a r i f pulses: high y i e l d
despite waterlogging. I n d i a n Fmg
BRAR, Z . S . , J . S . G I L L , and MUKAND SINGH. 21(3):8-9. 51
1976.
I n 1968-69 t r i a l s i n t h e k h a r i f (summer
T - 2 1 , a new a r h a r f o r P u n j a b . I n d i a n Fmg
monsoon) s e a s o n , s o w i n g Cajanus c a j a n o n
26(3):28-29. 46
r i d g e s i n c r e a s e d a v e r a g e seed y i e l d s b y
The new a r h a r (Cajanue aajan) cv T - 2 1 gave 30.7% o v e r y i e l d o f 2 , 1 8 0 k g / h a when sown
seed y i e l d s o f 640 t o 1,160 k g / h a a t t h r e e in f l a t . I n a second t r i a l i n 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 ,
locations in Punjab. The n e t p r o f i t was C. aajan sown at a s p a c i n g of 2 0 , 3 0 , and
higher in arhar/wheat r o t a t i o n than in 40 cm between p l a n t s in 50-cm rows gave
maize/wheat r o t a t i o n . a v e r a g e y i e l d s o f 2 , 8 7 0 , 2 , 3 7 0 , and 2 , 0 1 0
kg/ha, respectively.
CARRIERE, E.A. 1 8 7 4 .
Cajanue indicus. Revue H o r t i c o l e . CROSS, L . C . , and S.M. THOMAS. 1 9 6 8 .
191-193. 47 P l g e o n p e a . Texaco Food Crop D e m o n s t r a t i o n
Farm, U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s ,
St. Augustine. 52
CHANDRA MOHAN, J. 1 9 6 9 .
Effect of l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n on the y i e l d
of pulses. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 6 ( 2 ) : DAFTARDAR, S . Y . , and N.K. SAVANT. 1 9 7 1 .
85-86. 48 I n f l u e n c e o f c o m p e t i t i o n between r o o t
c o l l o i d s f o r c a t i o n s o n K/Ca r a t i o i n
Reports the e f f e c t o f l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n
plant tops. P I . Soil 34(1):201-202. 53
o n y i e l d o f r e d gram (Cajanue aajan) and
h o r s e gram (Dolichos biflorus) grown in P e a r l m i l l e t and p i g e o n p e a w e r e grown i n
t h e l o w e r Bhawani P r o j e c t A y a c u t , d u r i n g mixed stands i n p o t s o f c l a y loam s o i l .
t h e m a i n c r o p p i n g season o f 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 . The K:Ca r a t i o i n p l a n t t o p s i n c r e a s e d
with increasing representation of pearl
m i l l e t in the mixture.
CHOWDHURY, S . L . 1 9 6 9 .
P u l s e c r o p s - more p r o d u c t i v e t h a n you
think. I n d i a n Fmg 1 9 ( 6 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 . 49 DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and J . N . KAUL.
1974.
The news o f a r h a r ( p i g e o n p e a ) y i e l d i n g o v e r
Changes i n g r o w t h h a b i t o f p i g e o n p e a
5000 kgs of g r a i n p e r h e c t a r e may come as
(Cajanue aajan ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) due t o l a t e
a surprise. S u i t a b l y spaced and a d e q u a t e l y
sowing. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 8 3 ( 2 ) :
f e r t i l i z e d , t h e c r o p p r o d u c e d 5200 kgs a t
379-380. 54
Pantnagar. This i s about f i v e times the
average y i e l d o f arhar i n the s t a t e . A Four e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s were sown i n
s t i l l higher g r a i n y i e l d (7,990 kgs) o f m i d - J u n e ( n o r m a l ) and m i d - J u l y ( l a t e ) .
t h i s c r o p has a l s o been r e p o r t e d f r o m E f f e c t o f l a t e s o w i n g was g r e a t e s t o n t h e
outside India. highest y i e l d i n g v a r i e t y (Pant-A2) f o r
p l a n t w i d t h and h e i g h t , pod number p e r
CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P.C. BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 . main b r a n c h and p e r p l a n t , and g r a i n y i e l d .
P r o f i t s t r i p l e when a r h a r i s a d e q u a t e l y The v a r i e t y T - 2 1 gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s
fertilized. I n d i a n Fmg 2 0 ( 1 2 ) : 2 7 - 3 0 . 50 under l a t e - s o w n c o n d i t i o n s .

I n f e r t i l i z e r e x p e r i m e n t s o n a p o o r sandy
loam s o i l t r e a t e d w i t h superphosphate a t DALAL, R.C. 1 9 7 4 .
r a t e s o f 3 3 , 6 7 , and 100 k g o f P 2 O 5 / h a and E f f e c t o f i n t e r c r o p p i n g maize w i t h p i g e o n -
w i t h 1 5 , 3 0 , and 4 5 m e t r i c t o n s o f m a n u r e / peas o n g r a i n y i e l d and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e .
h a Cajanue c a j a n y i e l d e d 2 , 0 3 0 , 2 , 3 4 0 , and Expl A g r i c . 19(3):219-224. 55
2,760 kg/ha r e s p e c t i v e l y , on the super-
Maize cv X - 3 0 6 and p i g e o n p e a cv G1-274A
p h o s p h a t e p l o t s and 1 , 9 0 0 , 2 , 3 6 0 , and
( d w a r f ) were sown ( i ) a s p u r e s t a n d s , ( 1 1 )
2 , 8 4 0 k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o n t h e manured
i n a m i x e d s t a n d (sown t o g e t h e r o n t h e same
p l o t s , a s a g a i n s t 1,290 k g / h a f o r t h e
h i l l i n t h e same r o w ) and ( i i i ) i n a l t e r n a t e

18
 rows. A s i m i l a r t r i a l was g i v e n f o u r l e v e l s d i f f e r e n t aspects o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n
of N at sowing. G r a i n y i e l d o f m a i z e and i r r e s p e c t i v e o f r a i n f a l l , the p o s s i b i l i t i e s
seed y i e l d o f p i g e o n p e a were l o w e r i n ( i i ) o f d r i l l i n g aqueous N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , o f
and ( i i i ) t h a n i n ( i ) . Maize i n ( i ) a p p l y i n g f i l m - f o r m i n g and r e f l e c t a n t a n t i -
produced t h e h i g h e s t g r a i n y i e l d / h a per t r a n s p i r a n t s , and o f d o u b l e - c r o p p i n g w i t h o u t
week. M a i z e / p i g e o n p e a i n ( i i i ) gave t h e i r r i g a t i o n are discussed.
h i g h e s t p r o t e i n y i e l d / h a p e r week and
a b s o r b e d t h e h i g h e s t amounts o f K , C a , and
DERIEUX, M. 1 9 7 0 .
Mg. Y i e l d s o f seed and p r o t e i n / h a p e r week
R e s u l t s o f p r e l i m i n a r y t r i a l s o n two l e g u -
and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e w e r e l o w e s t w i t h
mes used f o r f o o d : Cajanus c a j a n and Vigna
pigeonpea i n ( i ) . The p r o b l e m o f i n t e r -
sinensis. P r o c . 7 t h Ann. meet. C . F . C . S .
c r o p p i n g maize and p i g e o n p e a u n d e r optimum
M a r t i n i q u e - Guadeloupe. 1969.
conditions of f e r t i l i z e r N application is
164-172. 58
discussed.
Pigeonpea t r i a l s i n d i c a t e d t h a t y i e l d s o f
f r e s h seeds a r o u n d 2 , 7 5 0 k g / h a a r e a t t a i n -
DALAL, R . C . , and P. QUILT. 1 9 7 7 .
a b l e w i t h a d a y l e n g t h - i n s e n 8 l t i v e and a
E f f e c t o f N , P , l i m i n g , and M o o n n u t r i t i o n
s h o r t - d a y v a r i e t y sown i n J u n e ; l a t e r
and g r a i n y i e l d o f p i g e o n p e a . Agron. J.
sowing g r e a t l y reduced the y i e l d . A plant
69(5):854-857. 56
d e n s i t y o f 3 2 , 0 0 0 / h a r e s u l t e d i n somewhat
The m a i n N t r e a t m e n t s ( 0 , 1 2 , 20 and 30 kg higher y i e l d s than lower d e n s i t i e s .
N / h a ) , P CO, 5 0 , 100 and 250 kg P / h a ) , and
l i m e ( 0 , 1 , 2 5 0 , 2 , 5 0 0 and 5 , 0 0 0 k g CaCO 3 /
DERIEUX, M . , C. SUARD, and C. VINCENT.
ha) were a r r a n g e d i n b l o c k s i n a m o d i f i e d
1971.
c e n t r a l composite d e s i g n . The s u b t r e a t m e n t
Some d a t a o n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f p i g e o n p e a i n
Mo was a p p l i e d at two r a t e s (0 and 0 . 2 5
Guadeloupe ( F r e n c h West I n d i e s ) . Annls.
kg/ha). N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n a s measured b y
Amel. P I . 21:373-407. 59
acetylene reduction assay, nodule w e i g h t ,
d r y m a t t e r and g r a i n y i e l d , and n u t r i e n t Compared g e r m i n a t i o n i n n i n e v a r i e t i e s and
u p t a k e b y p i g e o n p e a were o b s e r v e d . g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t i n f i v e c o l l e c t e d
Although f e r t i l i z e r N s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m T r i n i d a d , t h e West I n d i e s , P a k i s t a n ,
r e d u c e d t h e N f i x a t i o n , t h e t o t a l K and N and G u a d e l o u p e . V a r i a b i l i t y in morpholo-
u p t a k e , g r a i n y i e l d , and F e and C u c o n c e n - g i c a l and some p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s ,
t r a t i o n s i n t h e p l a n t were n o t a f f e c t e d . such a s p h o t o p e r i o d i s m , i s d e s c r i b e d i n
A p p l i e d Mo had no e f f e c t on any of t h e studies of a large c o l l e c t i o n including
p l a n t parameters c o n s i d e r e d , p o s s i b l y t a l l and d w a r f v a r i e t i e s f r o m 200 s o u r c e s
because i t was p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t i n t h e West I n d i e s , A f r i c a , and P a k i s t a n .
amounts i n s o i l . Liming s i g n i f i c a n t l y T r i a l s f o r f e r t i l i z e r r e s p o n s e and s o i l
i n c r e a s e d t o t a l Ca, Mg, and P u p t a k e b y adaptation are r e p o r t e d , using the T r i n i d a d
pigeonpea b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased Mn cv G-154/32 as s t a n d a r d . The p o s s i b i l i t y
concentration in the p l a n t by r a i s i n g s o i l o f b r e e d i n g and s e l e c t i o n i n Guadeloupe i s
pH. F e r t i l i z e r P s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased b r i e f l y discussed.
d r y - m a t t e r y i e l d ( a t 7 weeks o f c r o p growth)
and t o t a l P u p t a k e b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y
decreased Z n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the p l a n t . DHILLON, MANMOHAN SINGH. 1 9 7 2 .
The t e n d e n c y f o r i n c r e a s i n g g r a i n y i e l d E f f e c t of p l a n t i n g dates on the performance
w i t h h i g h e r r a t e s o f l i m i n g and o f P of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . )
s u g g e s t e d t h a t optimum r a t e s o f P and T - 2 1 sown u n d e r d i f f e r e n t row s p a c i n g s i n
l i m i n g should be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d . arhar-wheat r o t a t i o n s . M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s .
Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Ludhiana,
Punjab, I n d i a . 60
DE, R. 1 9 7 4 .
Development o f a g r o n o m i c p r a c t i c e u n d e r DORASAMI, L . S . 1 9 4 0 .
unfavourable rainfed conditions. Proc. The c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s i n Mysore S t a t e .
F i r s t FAO/SIDA s e m i n a r o n i m p r o v e m e n t and J . Mysore A g r i c . E x p l . U n i o n . 1 9 ( 1 - 4 ) :
production o f f i e l d food crops f o r p l a n t 63-68. 61
s c i e n t i s t s f r o m A f r i c a and t h e Near E a s t .
The most i m p o r t a n t p u l s e s grown i n t h e
C a i r o , Egypt. 495-504. 57
state are Dolichos biflorus, pigeonpea
D u r i n g t h e r a i n y seasons o f 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 3 , r e d (Cajanus indicue), Dolichos lablab, Cicer
gram (Cajanua c a j a n ) c v . Pusa A g e t i gave arietinum, Phaseolus mungo, and Phaseolus
t h e most s t a b l e y i e l d ( 1 , 9 0 0 k g ) and cowpea aureus. C. indicue o c c u p i e s 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s
and g r a i n sorghum were l e a s t s t a b l e . The ( 4 8 , 6 0 0 h e c t a r e s ) and i s grown a s a p u r e

19
Pigeonpea Bibliography

d r y c r o p o r i n some cases a s a m i x e d c r o p . I n r a i n f e d f i e l d t r i a l s o n a red s o i l near

I t i s d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t and s u c c e s s f u l i n Hyderabad, I n d i a , v a r i o u s i n t e r c r o p p i n g
d r y s e a s o n s , when o t h e r c r o p s have f a i l e d . p a t t e r n s o f sorghum, p l g e o n p e a , c a s t o r ,
T h e r e a r e many v a r i e t i e s of C. indious b u t p e a r l m i l l e t , cowpea, l a b l a b , f i n g e r m i l l e t ,
t h e two m a i n t y p e s a r e : ( i ) t h e p e r e n n i a l s o y b e a n , and b l a c k gram w e r e s t u d i e d f o r
t y p e , w h i c h assumes a t r e e - l i k e a p p e a r a n c e mutual c o m p e t i t i v e e f f e c t s . Highest t o t a l
and i s a l l o w e d t o grow more t h a n a y e a r , y i e l d s w e r e o b t a i n e d when sorghum was grown
and ( i i ) t h e a n n u a l v a r i e t y w h i c h i s grown a t the h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n t e s t e d (220,000
as a f i e l d c r o p . Breeding work to e v o l v e p l a n t s / h a ) and i n t e r c r o p p e d w i t h sorghum o r
good s t r a i n s i s i n p r o g r e s s . w i t h plgeonpea. Reducing t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f
sorghum t o b e t t e r accommodate i n t e r c r o p s
reduced y i e l d f o r which the i n t e r c r o p s d i d
ENYI, B.A.C. 1973.
n o t compensate. In both years g r a i n y i e l d s
E f f e c t s o f i n t e r c r o p p i n g maize o r sorghum
o f sorghum grown a t h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s
w i t h cowpea, p l g e o n p e a , o r b e a n s . Expl
( a t l e a s t 220,000 p l a n t s / h a ) g e n e r a l l y
Agric. 9(1):83-90. 62
s u r p a s s e d y i e l d s f r o m p l o t s o f sorghum
A l l i n t e r c r o p p i n g treatments decreased L A I , intercropped w i t h plgeonpea.
p l a n t f r e s h w e i g h t a t a n t h e s i s , and s t o v e r
and g r a i n y i e l d s o f t h e c e r e a l s compared
w i t h the pure stands. I n sorghum, g r a i n GAHLOT, K . S . N . , RAM VISHAL, and
y i e l d was d e c r e a s e d more by cowpeas and S . J . VISHWAKARMA. 1 9 7 8 .
pigeonpeas than b y beans, b u t i n m a i z e , Urd ' T . 9 ' a s i n t e r c r o p w i t h A r h a r ' T . 2 1 . '
cowpeas and beans d e c r e a s e d y i e l d s more I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 1 0 ) : 7 - 8 . 67
than pigeonpeas. I n t e r c r o p p i n g sorghum The y i e l d d a t a o f a r h a r and u r d and e c o n o -
w i t h pigeonpeas i n c r e a s e d t o t a l g r a i n mics of i n t e r c r o p p i n g are p r e s e n t e d . One
y i e l d by 65.9%. row o f T - 9 between two rows o f a r h a r
p l a n t e d 80 cm a p a r t produced 27.47 q u i n t a l s
EVANS, A . C . , and H.W. MITCHELL. 1 9 6 2 . ( 2 , 7 4 7 k g ) o f a r h a r and 6 . 6 1 q u i n t a l s
S o i l f e r t i l i t y studies i n Tanganyika. 1 . (661 k g ) o f m a s h / h a .
Improvement t o c r o p and g r a s s p r o d u c t i o n
o n a l e a c h e d sandy s o i l i n Bukoba. E. A f r . GALBAN, E. 1 9 5 5 .
Agric. For. J. 27(4):189-196. 63 Cajanus i n d i c u s - F l o r i d a h e r b s and p l a n t s .
T r i a l s d u r i n g 1 9 5 7 - 6 0 w i t h N , P , K , Ca, Acta Phytother. 2(2):1-7. 68
and f a r m y a r d manure on m a i z e and p l g e o n p e a
on poor g r a s s l a n d . Plgeonpea responded GIDWANI, H . M . , M.C. AGARWAL, and
most to K and Ca in t h e absence of FYM; L . N . DUBEY. 1 9 6 7 .
b o t h c r o p s r e s p o n d e d w e l l t o FYM even a t Crop r o t a t i o n f o r r e c l a i m e d r a v i n e l a n d s .
o n l y 5 t o n s / a c (5 m t / h a ) . J . S o i l Wat. Conserv. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 5 - 6 0 . 69
The d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t ( i )
FAO. 1 9 6 1 . B a j r a + A r h a r - M u s t a r d and ( i i ) B a j r a -
A g r i c u l t u r a l and h o r t i c u l t u r a l seeds - Cowpea a r e t h e b e s t r o t a t i o n s f o r t h e t r a c t
t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n , c o n t r o l , and d i s t r i b u - a s compared t o B a j r a c o n t i n u o u s l y , w h i c h i s
t i o n . FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s . 5 5 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 0 . 64 at present the usual p r a c t i c e followed by
the c u l t i v a t o r . These r o t a t i o n s a l s o b u i l d
FOREMAN, A. 1 9 6 5 . u p s o i l f e r t i l i t y and cause l e s s s o i l and
Plgeonpea t r i a l s . Farmer (Kingston, water loss than Bajra continuously.
Jamaica) 7 0 : 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 . 65
Comparative t r i a l s o f t h e v a r i e t i e s K a k i G I R I , R . , and R. DE. 1 9 7 7 .
and S a r a g a t e a d o u n d e r t a k e n f r o m 1963 t o Canopy managements u n d e r r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s .
1965 i n Jamaica a r e d e s c r i b e d . A new w h i t e I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 1 ) : 2 1 - 2 2 . 70
" n o - e y e " t y p e , s m a l l e r t h a n any known The seed y i e l d s i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus
v a r i e t y and b e l i e v e d t o b e a m u t a n t , i s c a j a n ) c v Pusa Ageti grown a t a s p a c i n g o f
mentioned. I t appears t o b r e e d t r u e . 5 0 x 2 0 c m i n p u r e s t a n d s o r when i n t e r -
c r o p p e d w i t h b l a c k gram (Vigna mungo) cv
FREYMAN, S . , and J . VENKATESWARLU. 1 9 7 7 . T - 9 b e t w e e n t h e rows were 1,700 and 1,580
Intercropping on rainfed red s o i l s of the kg/ha, respectively. Seed y i e l d s o f
Deccan P l a t e a u , I n d i a . C a n . J . P I . S c i . V . mungo w e r e 700 k g / h a . Similar results
57(3) : 697-705. 66 were a l s o o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r .

20
GOODING, H . J . 1 9 6 2 . and number o f b r a n c h e s between c u l t i v a r s
The a g r o n o m i c a s p e c t s o f p l g e o n p e a s . Fld and s p a c i n g s were s i g n i f i c a n t . Fresh-pod
Crop A b s t r . 1 5 : 1 - 5 . 71 y i e l d s were 0 . 5 t o 1 0 . 0 t / h a . C v 1 7 spaced
a t ( i i ) averaged 4.96 t / h a , b u t a t ( i )
This Is a r e v i e w of pigeonpea agronomy,
y i e l d e d < 1.5 t in f i v e sowings and > 4 t
i n c l u d i n g sowing, spacing, manuring, har-
in three sowings. Sowing i n l a t e May
v e s t i n g , and d i s e a s e s and p e s t s . The
appeared t h e most e f f i c i e n t , g i v i n g a l a r g e
i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s legume i n I n d i a and t h e number o f pods p e r d a y , p e r f l o w e r i n g
t r o p i c s and s u b t r o p i c s i s d i s c u s s e d and b r a n c h , and p e r m e t e r o f h e i g h t . Daylength
i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d o n i t s r o t a t i o n a l and had a d o m i n a n t i n f l u e n c e on g r o w t h and
g r e e n m a n u r i a l v a l u e s , and i t s use a s a y i e l d , b u t p a r t o f t h i s e f f e c t c o u l d have
f o r a g e and p a s t u r e c r o p . Gives a b r i e f been a r e s p o n s e t o r a d i a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n
account of breeding work. to photoperiod.

GUPTA, T . N . 1 9 7 0 .
HAMMERTON, J . L . , and R . E . PIERRE. 1 9 7 1 .
V a r i e t a l - c u m - r o w spacing-cum p l a n t popula-
Cajanus cajan - t h e p i g e o n or gungo p e a ,
t i o n s t u d i e s on pigeonpea. 8 6 p p . M.Sc.
Cajanus. Trinidad 4(2) :81-88. 76
(1970) T h e s i s . G.B. P a n t U n i v e r s i t y o f
A g r i c u l t u r e and T e c h n o l o g y , P a n t n a g a r , I n t h e West I n d i e s , t h e p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 72 cajan) i s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p r o t e i n s o u r c e
i n t h e human d i e t . General i n f o r m a t i o n i s
given on v a r i e t i e s , v a r i e t y s e l e c t i o n ,
HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 1 .
agronomy, s o w i n g d a t e , s p a c i n g , c o n t r o l o f
A s p a c i n g / p l a n t i n g d a t e t r i a l w i t h Cajanus
w e e d s , i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s , and y i e l d s .
cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Trop. Agric. T r i n .
A note is included on the p o s s i b i l i t y of
48(4):341-350. 73
mechanical h a r v e s t i n g of the crop.
The e f f e c t o f s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g d a t e o n
t h e g r o w t h and y i e l d o f two d w a r f l i n e s
HANAGODIMATH, S . B . 1 9 7 6 .
of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan) r e c e n t l y
E f f e c t o f s k i p row c u l t i v a t i o n and m i x e d
d e v e l o p e d i n T r i n i d a d was s t u d i e d . Where
c r o p p i n g o f t u r (Cajanus cajan L.) on the
t i m e o f p l a n t i n g had n o e f f e c t , y i e l d p e r
y i e l d o f m a i n and r a t o o n c r o p o f CSH-1
p l a n t increased w i t h i n c r e a s i n g area per
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ( L . ) Moench.)
p l a n t from 0.21 to 2.32 m2. Y i e l d per ha
Thesis A b s t r a c t s . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 6 - 1 7 . (M.Sc.
decreased w i t h i n c r e a s i n g area per p l a n t .
Thesis). 77
Y i e l d components were n o t a f f e c t e d b y
c l o s e s t spacings (30,000 - 42,000 p l a n t s /
ha). HERRERA, P.G. 1 9 6 7 .
E f f e c t o f h e i g h t o f c u t t i n g o n pigeonpea
and k a o h a o l e . Agric. Trop. 23:34-42. 78
HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 2 .
Weed c o n t r o l w o r k i n p r o g r e s s a t t h e U n i - P i g e o n p e a p l a n t s c u t a t 0.15 o r 0 . 7 5 m
v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s . P a r t 2 . PANS a f t e r having a t t a i n e d a h e i g h t of 0.50 to
18(2):173-182. 74 1.50 m d i d n o t v a r y m a r k e d l y i n p r o t e i n
content. The number o f c u t s and d e r i v e d
I n t r i a l s w i t h pigeonpeas, the y i e l d o f t o t a l yields increased as c u t t i n g heights
d r y peas f r o m unweeded p l o t s was 1,020 k g / r o s e f r o m 0 . 1 5 t o 0 . 7 5 m , and a s p l a n t
h a and f r o m weeded p l o t s 1,160 k g / h a . height before d e f o l i a t i o n increased from
Y i e l d s were f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d t o 1 , 3 8 0 , 0 . 5 0 t o 1.50 m.
1 , 2 2 0 , and 1,200 k g / h a b y p r e - e m e r g e n c e
a p p l i c a t i o n s of 1.1 kg p r o m e t r y n e , 1.1 kg
p r o m e t r y n e + 2 . 2 kg d i p h e n a m i d , and 1.7 kg HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1 9 6 0 .
chloroxuron/ha, respectively. The g r o w i n g o f m a i z e . Gaz. A g r i c . Mozam-
b i q u e . 12(138) :325-331. 79

HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 6 . One o f t h e a s p e c t s o f maize c u l t i v a t i o n

E f f e c t s o f p l a n t i n g d a t e o n g r o w t h and discussed i s i t s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h other
y i e l d o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) p l a n t s such as Cajanus cajan and Vigna
Millsp.). J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 8 7 ( 3 ) : nilotica.
649-660. 75
In 1972 d w a r f p i g e o n p e a cv 17 and cv 20 HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1 9 6 0 .
were sown a t 4-week i n t e r v a l s a t s p a c i n g s Fodder p l a n t s f o r e n s i l a g e . Gaz. Agric.
o f ( i ) 0 . 9 x 0 . 9 m and ( i i ) 0 . 4 5 x 0 . 4 5 m. Mozambique. 1 2 ( 1 3 2 ) : 1 3 3 - 1 3 6 . 80
P l a n t h e i g h t a t f l o w e r i n g was l e s s i n e a r l y
sown p l o t s . Differences in plant height

21
Plgeonpea Bibliography

I n Mozambique s t o c k b r e e d e r s have d i f f i - organic matter f o r plowing in per

c u l t y feeding c a t t l e d u r i n g dry months. a l q u e i r e ( 1 a l q u e i r e = 24,200 s q . m . ) .
Cajanus oajan and f o u r o t h e r l e g u m i n o u s
p l a n t s have been f o u n d s u i t a b l e f o r
I R V I N E , F.R. (EDITOR). 1 9 6 3 .
p r o d u c i n g enough r e s e r v e f o d d e r f o r t h e s e
scarce p e r i o d s . A t e x t book o f West A f r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r a l
s o i l s and c r o p s (2nd e d ) . London: Oxford
University Press. 86
HUBBELL, D . S . (EDITOR). 1 9 6 3 .
A f i e l d guide to t r o p i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e f o r
JOSHI, K . R . , and P.M. KULKARNI. 1 9 3 6 .
t h e U n i o n o f Burma. USAID, Burma. 81
Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) and t u r
(Cajanus indiaus) i n J a i p u r State. Proc.
I L J I N , W.S. 1 9 5 4 . I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 2 3 : 4 3 3 . 87
Y i e l d and c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f commer-
This study tested p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f ( i )
c i a l l y f e r t i l i z e d plants i n the t r o p i c s .
s e c u r i n g s u p p l i e s o f s i l a g e c h e a p l y and
P l a n t a n a l y s i s and f e r t i l i z e r p r o b l e m s .
c o n v e n i e n t l y and ( i i ) i n t r o d u c i n g e a r l y
P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr.
M a l v i t u r , w h i c h escapes f r o s t , a s a s u b -
143-150. 82
crop by s p a c i n g a d j u s t m e n t s . The row
Cajanus indiaus i s one o f t h e c r o p s i n c l u - s p a c i n g o f 8 i n c h e s f o r b a j r a gave maximum
ded i n use o n r e d l a t e r i t i c and more f o d d e r y i e l d b u t was l e s s p r o f i t a b l e t h a n
f e r t i l e clay s o i l s . T a b l e s show t h e e f f e c t b a j r a and t u r w i t h a s p a c i n g o f 1 5 " (38 cm)
of f e r t i l i z e r s on the chemical composition o r 2 1 " (53 cm) grown a l o n e o r i n a s s o c i a -
of the c r o p s . tion. A m i x e d c r o p o f f o u r rows o f b a j r a
and two rows o f t u r was f o u n d s u i t a b l e
b o t h f o r income and s u p p l y o f g r a i n and
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
fodder.
NEW DELHI. 1 9 7 1 .
New v i s t a s in p u l s e p r o d u c t i o n . New D e l h i :
I A R I . 109 p p . 83 KALYAN SINGH. 1 9 7 2 .
P l a n t d e n s i t y , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n and
The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e ; p l a n t p r o d u c t i o n :
f e r t i l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
g e n e t i c i m p r o v e m e n t , agronomy o f p u l s e
oagan M i l l s p . ) under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s .
c r o p s , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n , use o f p u l s e
P h . D . (1972) T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l
c r o p s i n r o t a t i o n s , improvement o f n u t r i -
Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 88
t i o n a l q u a l i t y , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , diseases
and i n s e c t p e s t s o f p u l s e c r o p s .
KALYAN SINGH, and R. PRASAD. 1 9 7 6 .
E f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o r u s and r h i z o -
INDIAN CENTRAL COTTON COMMITTEE. 1954,
b i u m i n o c u l a t i o n o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and
T h i r t y - t h i r d Annual R e p o r t . 1954.
n u t r i e n t uptake o f pigeonpea. Indian J.
30-63. 84
Agron. 21(3):266-270. 89
Intercropping of cotton w i t h groundnut,
I n t r i a l s w i t h f o u r Cajanus oajan c u l t i -
t u r (Cajanus indicus), mung, and maize.
v a r s , i n c r e a s i n g t h e P2O5 r a t e s f r o m 0 t o
The most r e m u n e r a t i v e p r a c t i c e was g r o w i n g
100 k g / h a i n c r e a s e d seed N and p r o t e i n
two rows o f c o t t o n a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h t e n
c o n t e n t s and N and P u p t a k e in seeds +
rows o f g r o u n d n u t s .
si.ems; seed P c o n t e n t s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i -
cantly affected. A p p l i c a t i o n of 25 kg
INFORZATO, R. 1 9 4 7 . N/ha a t s o w i n g o r seed i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h
Note on t h e r o o t i n g s y s t e m o f Cajanus r h i z o b l u m s t r a i n A r h a r - U had i n c o n s i s t e n t
oajan and i t s i m p o r t a n c e as a g r e e n e f f e c t s o n seed N , P , and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t
manure. Bragantia. 7:125-126. 85 and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e i n d i f f e r e n t y e a r s .
On an a v e r a g e , c r o p s t o o k up 115 kg N
Cajanus oajan (C. indicus) is an A s i a t i c and 16 kg P 2 0 5 / h a .
legume v a l u a b l e i n Sao P a u l o a s g r e e n f e e d
f o r c a t t l e and f o r r e s t o r i n g f e r t i l i t y t o
KALYAN SINGH, and RAJENDRA PRASAD. 1 9 7 5 .
exhausted s o i l s . The r o o t i n g s y s t e m was
I t pays t o f e r t i l i z e a r h a r u n d e r r a i n f e d
s t u d i e d i n a row o f e i g h t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
conditions. F e r t i l . News 2 0 ( 2 ) :
2-year-old plants approximately 4.5 m in
28-30. 90
height. The t o t a l r o o t w e i g h t was 1 , 2 3 7 . 0 4
g , o f w h i c h 90.67% was f o u n d i n t h e t o p P i g e o n p e a r e s p o n d e d w e l l t o p h o s p h o r u s and
3 0 c m ; t h e w e i g h t o f t h e a e r i a l p a r t s was to bacterial f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The g r a i n
17,200 g. A s a g r e e n manure i t can y i e l d increased s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h increa-
f u r n i s h 1 4 , 9 6 8 k g r o o t s and 2 0 8 , 1 2 4 k g s i n g l e v e l s of phosphorus, w i t h the highest

22
 Agronomy

y i e l d o b t a i n e d f r o m 100 k g P 2 O 5 / h a . R h i z o - Date o f p l a n t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d
b i u m c u l t u r e t r e a t m e n t was f o u n d t o b e t h e y i e l d a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e p l a n t i n g s done o n
b e s t among s e e d l i n g t i m e t r e a t m e n t s . The June 1 and June 1 5 . P o d s / p l a n t and t o t a l
v a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e h i g h e s t amount d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n were r e d u c e d b y t h e
of grain/ha. l a t e r sowings. Harvest index increased
w i t h delay i n p l a n t i n g .
KALYAN SINGH, RAJENDRA PRASAD, and
S . L . CHOUDHURY. 1 9 7 5 . KAUL, J . N . , H.S. SEKHON, and B . S . DAHIYA.
E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y row s p a c i n g and p l a n t 1975.
population on pigeonpea. I n d i a n J. Agron. I n t e r - c r o p p i n g s t u d i e s w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus
20(4) : 331-336. 91 cajan). I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed.
The optimum v a l u e o f p l a n t r e c t a n g u l a r i t y , 35(2):242-247. 96
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e maximum g r a i n y i e l d o f The p l a n t i n g o f one row o f e i t h e r mash
t h e c r o p , was at a row s p a c i n g of 50 cm (V. mungo) or mung (V. r a d i a t a ) in between
and a p o p u l a t i o n o f 7 5 , 0 0 0 p l a n t s / h a . two rows of a r h a r , spaced 75 cm a p a r t ,
V a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e most g r a i n . i n c r e a s e d t h e a r h a r y i e l d , whereas g r o u n d -
n u t and soybean s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d a r h a r
KASASIAN, L. 1 9 6 4 . yield. I n t e r c r o p p i n g w i t h maize reduced
C h e m i c a l weed c o n t r o l i n p i g e o n p e a s . the arhar. The i n t e r c r o p p i n g o f maize and
Caribb. Agric. 2(4):721-743. 92 soybean p r o v e d t o b e a l o s i n g p r o p o s i t i o n .

D u r i n g 2 y e a r s , e x c e l l e n t weed c o n t r o l f o r
at l e a s t 3 weeks, w i t h no e f f e c t on the KHAN, A . R . , and B . P . MATHUR. 1 9 6 2 .
y i e l d o f p i g e o n p e a s , was g i v e n b y p r e e m e r - Studies o n t i l l a g e . X I I I . E f f e c t o f v a r i a -
gence a p p l i c a t i o n o f 1 k g p r o m e t r y n e / h a . t i o n i n the depth o f c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h
Subsequent c o n t r o l was m a i n t a i n e d b y d i f f e r e n t methods o f p h o s p h a t e a p p l i c a t i o n
d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 0.5 l b p a r a q u a t / a c . o n the y i e l d o f pigeonpea ( C a j a n u s c a j a n ) .
(0.6 kg/ha). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 32:35-38. 97
The r e s u l t s c o n f i r m t h o s e o f p r e v i o u s
experiments conducted w i t h d i f f e r e n t
KASASIAN, L. 1 9 6 8 .
crops. Deep p l o w i n g (up to 25 cm) was n o t
C h e m i c a l weed c o n t r o l i n t r o p i c a l r o o t and
conducive t o s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n
vegetable crops. Expl A g r i c . 4:1-16. 93
pigeonpea y i e l d . The c o u n t r y p l o w was
C h e m i c a l weed c o n t r o l i n s i x r o o t c r o p s found to be a s u i t a b l e implement on weed-
and f o u r t e e n v e g e t a b l e c r o p s commonly f r e e l a n d and t h e b r o a d c a s t method o f
grown i n t h e t r o p i c s i s r e v i e w e d . Preemer- p h o s p h a t e a p p l i c a t i o n was f o u n d s u p e r i o r
gence a p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 t o 4 l b ( 0 . 9 t o to placement.
1.8 k g ) Amiben i s recommended i n West
I n d i e s f o r C . c a j a n ; a l s o a f t e r emergence,
KHAN, T . N . , and J . K . ASHLEY. 1 9 7 5 .
d i r e c t e d sprays o f paraquat. In Trinidad,
Factors a f f e c t i n g p l a n t stand in pigeonpea.
n o i n j u r y was caused b y p r e p l a n t i n g a p p l i -
Expl A g r i c . 11(4):315-322. 98
c a t i o n s o f 3 t o 6 l b ( 1 . 3 t o 2 . 7 k g ) EPTC
i f 3 days e l a p s e d between s p r a y i n g and Some f a c t o r s t h a t may i n f l u e n c e emergence
s o w i n g , whereas s o w i n g a f t e r o n l y 1 day and e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
r e t a r d e d emergence and g r o w t h o f p i g e o n - c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n Uganda i n c l u d e
peas. I n Guyanese e x p e r i m e n t s a b a s a l l y s e e d i n g d e p t h , seed d r e s s i n g , seed g r a d i n g ,
d i r e c t e d s p r a y o f a l i q u a t gave e x c e l l e n t s e e d i n g r a t e , v a r i e t y , and t e m p e r a t u r e .
weed c o n t r o l w i t h l i t t l e o r n o c r o p The e f f e c t o f s e e d i n g r a t e was d e p e n d e n t
injury. Fourteen to 35-day-old plants o n mean g e r m i n a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e
were s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d b y MCPB. f i e l d , but c i r c u m s t a n t i a l observations o n
o t h e r f a c t o r s o f p o s s i b l e consequence i n
KATYAL, S . L . 1 9 5 6 . determining p l a n t stand are also discussed.
Your c r o p s . No. 17 - A r h a r . Fd Fmg
8(12):352-354. 94
KILLINGER, G . B . 1 9 5 8 .
New a g r o n o m i c c r o p s f o r F l o r i d a . Sunshine
KAUL, J . N . , and H . S . SEKHON. 1 9 7 5 . S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep. 1 3 : 3 - 5 . 99
Response o f p i g e o n p e a t o d a t e s o f p l a n t i n g
The n o n s y n c h r o n y of p o d - r i p e n i n g has made
and p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l s . Indian J. Agron.
mechanical h a r v e s t i n g o f pigeonpea d i f f i -
20(4):376-377. 95
cult. A s p i g e o n p e a was a new c r o p i n

23
Pigeonpea Bibliography

F l o r i d a , t h e use o f combine h a r v e s t e r s was KYNEUR, G.W., and R.W. WALKER. 1 9 6 2 .

extended t o t h i s crop a l s o , but t h e r e were The p e r f o r m a n c e o f legume i n t r o d u c t i o n a t
some l o s s e s due t o h a r v e s t i n g . K a i r i Research S t a t i o n , Q u e e n s l a n d . Proc.
N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . C o n f . 1 4 / 4 . 103
KRAUSS, F . G . 1 9 3 2 . C. c a j a n has been f o u n d u s e f u l as a compo-
The p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus indicus): its nent i n mixed grass/legume s t a n d s . In
i m p r o v e m e n t , c u l t u r e , and u t i l i z a t i o n i n p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s p i g e o n p e a was
Hawaii. Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . c o n s i d e r e d a p r o m i s i n g legume i n m i x e d
64:1-46. 100 stands. I t may a l s o b e used a s a legume
The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f p i g e o n p e a a r e i n monsoon e n v i r o n m e n t s . Other aspects of
described i n d e t a i l . I n t r o d u c t i o n . Botany, m i x e d c r o p p i n g have a l s o been d i s c u s s e d .
h i s t o r y and n o m e n c l a t u r e , i m p r o v e m e n t :
b r e e d i n g , need o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , s u g g e s - LAKER, J . S . 1 9 7 0 .
t i o n s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s , P i g e o n p e a - Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p .
culture: Tillage, planting, fertilizing, I n A g r i c u l t u r e i n Uganda ( E d . ) J . D . Hameson,
i r r i g a t i o n , harvesting, curing, threshing, pp. 245-246. London: Oxford' U n i v e r s i t y
and m i l l i n g . Uses o f t h e p i g e o n p e a . Press. 104
Feeding v a l u e . Pigeonpeas as a c o v e r
g r e e n manure and r o t a t i o n c r o p . Plowing
under p i g e o n p e a s : I n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n - L A L , R. 1 9 7 6 .
peas. P r a c t i c a l experience of growers. N o - t i l l a g e e f f e c t s o n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s under
d i f f e r e n t crops i n Western N i g e r i a . Soil
S c i . Soc. Am. J . 4 0 ( 5 ) : 7 6 2 - 7 6 8 . 105
KULKARNI, L . G . 1 9 6 9 .
I n t r i a l s i n 1973-1974, d i f f e r e n t crop
I n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e d gram
r o t a t i o n s such a s e a r l y / l a t e m a i z e ,
(Cajanus c a j a n ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e
cowpea/cowpea, m a i z e / c o w p e a , s o y b e a n /
t o Andhra P r a d e s h . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong.
s o y b e a n , m a i z e / s o y b e a n and p i g e o n p e a /
Assoc. 5 6 ( 4 ) : 5 2 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 101
m a i z e were grown o n p l o t s o n w h i c h n o -
Red gram o c c u p i e s l a r g e a r e a s b u t i t s t i l l a g e m a i z e had grown s i n c e 1970 and
y i e l d s a r e a s l o w a s 350 t o 375 1 b s / a c w h i c h had t h e n been c o n v e n t i o n a l l y t i l l e d
(392 t o 420 k g / h a ) i n A . P . This is o r t r e a t e d w i t h 2 . 5 k g p a r a q u a t / h a 1 week
because p l a n t t y p e i s b u s h y , accommodating before sowing. During the e a rl y season,
a p o p u l a t i o n of o n l y about 10,000 p l a n t s c o n t i n u o u s n o - t i l l a g e maize y i e l d e d h i g h e r
p e r a c r e , and has a d u r a t i o n o f 210 t o than plowed maize. Maize i n r o t a t i o n w i t h
240 d a y s . Because o f i t s l o w y i e l d , i t p i g e o n p e a y i e l d e d more t h a n c o n t i n u o u s
is p l a n t e d as a mixed or border c r o p , or maize.
p l a n t e d i n m a r g i n a l lands o f low w a t e r -
retentive capacity. I t s productive L A L , S. 1 9 7 7 .
stage coincides w i t h dry periods a f t e r Increasing pulse production. I n d i a n Fmg
r a i n y season. Thus, n e i t h e r the crop 27(7):3-5. 106
has b e e n t r i e d as a pure crop n o r
Some measures based on a v a i l a b l e t e c h n o l o g y
have a t t e m p t s been made t o r a i s e i t
are suggested f o r i n c r e a s i n g the produc-
under f e r t i l i z e d o r i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s .
t i o n of pulses through increasing y i e l d s
and a r e a u n d e r p u l s e s .
KUMAR, P . , and N . S . CHAUHAN. 1 9 7 6 .
P r o b l e m s and p r o s p e c t s o f l a c - h o s t
LANDRAU, J . R . P . , and G. SAMUELS. 1 9 5 9 .
b r e e d i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 8 ) : 3 1 . 102
The e f f e c t s o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s o n
The w i l d t r e e s p e c i e s Butea monosperma y i e l d s of pigeonpea. J. Agric. Univ. P.
and Sahleiahera oleosa, the usual hosts Rico. 43(7):69-72. 107
o f t h e l a c i n s e c t Kerria lacca, are not
Data a r e p r o v i d e d o n t h e f e r t i l i z e r r e s -
considered s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l f o r breeding
ponses o f C . oagan o n c l a y s o i l s i n t e r m s
programs because o f t h e i r l o n g l i f e c y c l e
o f seed y i e l d . U p t o 250 k g each o f N ,
and l a r g e s i z e . Polyploid plants of the
P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O/ha gave n o f a v o r a b l e g r e e n
s h r u b b y legume M o g h m i a macrophylla, a
pod y i e l d r e s p o n s e ( o n a u n i t a r e a b a s i s ) .
s u i t a b l e h o s t , have been o b t a i n e d and t h e
p u l s e c r o p Cajanus c a j a n i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d
a possible host worth developing.

24
 Agronomy

LAXMAN SINGH, S.K. MAHESHWARI, and LENKA, D . , and R.K. SATPATHY. 1 9 7 6 .

D. SHABMA. 1 9 7 1 . Response o f p l g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s t o l e v e l s
E f f e c t o f d a t e o f p l a n t i n g and p l a n t p o p u - o f n i t r o g e n and p h o s p h a t e i n l a t e r i t e s o i l .
l a t i o n o n g r o w t h , y i e l d , y i e l d components Indian J. Agron. 21(3):217-220. 111
and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus
The t r i a l s w i t h t h r e e p l g e o n p e a c u l t i v a r s
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J. Agric. Sci.
showed t h a t a v e r a g e seed y i e l d s were
41(6):535-538. 108
i n c r e a s e d f r o m 880 k g / h a w i t h o u t N t o
Row s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g d a t e s d i d n o t 1,070 k g / h a w i t h 2 0 k g N / h a , were n o t
influence yields or protein content of f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d w i t h 4 0 k g N/ha and were
plgeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The h i g h e s t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 830 k g / h a w i t h o u t P t o
y i e l d o f 1,124 k g / h a was o b t a i n e d w i t h a 1,070 t o 1,170 k g w i t h 8 0 and 120 k g P 2 O 5 /
p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n o f 60,000 p l a n t s / h a . P l a n t ha, respectively. C v R-60 gave t h e h i g h e s t
h e i g h t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y p l a n t - y i e l d o f 1,370 k g / h a .
i n g d a t e s , t h e maximum h e i g h t o f 220 c m
being o b t a i n e d w i t h the e a r l y p l a n t i n g o n
L0USTAL0T, A . J . , and R. FERROR. 1 9 5 0 .
May 2 0 , and t h e minimum o f 140 c m w i t h t h e
S t u d i e s o n t h e p e r s i s t e n c e and movement o f
l a t e r planting on July 5. In early
sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e i n t h e s o i l . A g r o n .
p l a n t i n g s h e i g h t and number o f b r a n c h e s
J. 42:323-327. 112
were i n c r e a s e d , b u t t h e e f f e c t i v e p o d -
b e a r i n g l e n g t h was r e d u c e d . I n greenhouse e x p e r i m e n t s , a s i n f i e l d
e x p e r i m e n t s , TCA was more t o x i c to Zea mays
t h a n to Cajanus indicus.Toxicity to t h e s e
LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and
p l a n t s d e c r e a s e d w i t h t h e passage o f t i m e ;
S.K. MAHESHWARI. 1 9 7 3 . t h e r a t e and d e g r e e o f t h i s d e c r e a s e was
P l g e o n p e a does b e t t e r i n m i x t u r e w i t h g r e a t e s t a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s and i n s o i l
dwarf sorghums. JNKW R e s . J . 7 ( 2 ) : s t o r e d a t 45°C. Toxicity entirely dis-
100-101. 109 appeared w i t h i n w e e k s . At a l l rates of
The g r o s s p r o f i t (sorghum and p l g e o n p e a a p p l i c a t i o n TCA t o x i c i t y d i s a p p e a r e d w i t h i n
seed) i n m i x e d c r o p p i n g w i t h d w a r f v a r i e t y 1 month i n s a t u r a t e d s o i l , w i t h i n 2 months
o f sorghum was h i g h e s t . The s t a n d a r d i n s o i l w i t h a medium m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , and
p r a c t i c e o f i n t r a r o w p l a n t i n g o f plgeonpea a f t e r a longer period in clay s o i l . In
i n sorghum rows was b e t t e r t h a n i n t e r r o w . f i e l d t r i a l s , plots treated w i t h only 30 l b .
Sorghum was b e n e f i t t e d i n t h e m i x t u r e a t TCA p e r a c r e r e m a i n e d p r a c t i c a l l y f r e e o f
the cost of plgeonpea. E a r l y and medium p e r e n n i a l g r a s s e s and Cyperus r o t u n d u s
v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea were e q u a l l y f o r 4 months a f t e r t r e a t m e n t .
productive in the mixtures.
LOVADINI, L . A . C . , and H.A.A. MASCARENHAS.
LAXMAN SINGH, and M.P. SHRIVASTAVA. 1 9 7 6 . 1974.
C u l t i v a t i o n systems and v a r i e t a l a d a p t a - Time of p l a n t i n g of p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan
t i o n o f p l g e o n p e a i n Madhya P r a d e s h . (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Bragantia 33:5-7. 113
I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 3 6 ( 3 ) : S i x p l a n t i n g t i m e s were compared i n
293-300. 110 P i n d o r a m a , Sao P a u l o . P l a n t i n g in October,
C u l t i v a t i o n systems o f p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus November, December, and J a n u a r y i n i t i a t e d
c a j a n ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) were s t u d i e d i n 4 3 flowering in A p r i l . Among t h e f i r s t t h r e e
d i s t r i c t s o f Madhya P r a d e s h t o r e l a t e t h e p l a n t i n g s t h e d i f f e r e n c e was o n l y 6 d a y s ,
v a r i a t i o n in c u l t i v a r adaptation to whereas f o r p l a n t i n g s i n J a n u a r y , F e b r u a r y ,
systems. Seven b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s o f and March t h e d i f f e r e n c e was 1 6 , 3 0 , and 7 8
c r o p p i n g s y s t e m s were i d e n t i f i e d , i m p o r - days r e s p e c t i v e l y . Time o f p l a n t i n g a l s o
t a n t ones b e i n g : s o l e , i n t e r c r o p p i n g , a f f e c t e d p l a n t h e i g h t , w i t h March p l a n t i n g s
mixed c r o p p i n g , m i x e d - c u m - i n t e r c r o p p i n g , being s h o r t e s t ( 1 . 1 1 m). The b e s t t i m e o f
bund c u l t i v a t i o n , and s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n . p l a n t i n g would thus be January.
S t u d y o f o v e r 900 c u l t i v a r s r e v e a l e d n i n e
d i s t i n c t p l a n t and m a t u r i t y t y p e s a s
MAGISTAD, O . C , and O.N. ALLEN. 1 9 3 3 .
adapted t o d i f f e r e n t c r o p p i n g systems.
E f f e c t of l i m i n g on the growth of p i g e o n -
Minor v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n each group a l s o
peas i n H a w a i i a n s o i l s . Philipp. Agric.
existed.
21:654-664. 114

The f o l l o w i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made on

s o i l s f r o m l i m e d and u n l i m e d p l o t s : p H
values, replaceable hydrogen, replaceable
c a l c i u m , t o t a l base exchange c a p a c i t y , and

25
Pigeonpea Bibliography

percentage s a t u r a t i o n . Recorded g r o w t h o f d e p t h , t e x t u r e , and a v a i l a b l e m o i s t u r e

pigeonpea p l a n t s , green w e i g h t s , d r y content. The d e e p , w e l l - d r a i n e d , medium
w e i g h t s , and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e p l a n t s r i c h loamy s o i l s have p r o d u c e d c r o p s w i t h
i n pounds p e r a c r e were t a b u l a t e d . The good y i e l d f o r 5 y e a r s o r m o r e . The a n n u a l
r e s u l t s warrant the conclusion t h a t lime t y p e s c o u l d b e grown w e l l o n l i g h t , l o o s e ,
was b e n e f i c i a l i n r e s t o r i n g t h e c r o p p r o d u c - d r y , and g r a v e l l y s o i l s . O n heavy and c l a y
t i v i t y o f the s o i l s , w i t h pigeonpea a s a n s o i l s t h e c r o p was s e n s i t i v e t o w a t e r -
indicator crop. Increases in crop growth logging.
were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g r e a t e r s o i l p H
v a l u e s , more r e p l a c e a b l e c a l c i u m , and a
g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f base s a t u r a t i o n . MEHTA, T . R . 1 9 6 8 .
Pulses c o u l d p l a y a l a r g e r r o l e i n I n d i a n
agriculture. I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 . 120
MAHATIM SINGH, B . S . SAUMITRA, KALYAN SINGH,
and R.K. SINGH. 1 9 7 7 . I n s p i t e o f low y i e l d s , the pulse crops are
I n t e r c r o p arhar f o r higher p r o f i t . Indian e x t e n s i v e l y grown f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s , one
Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 9 . 115 r e a s o n b e i n g t h a t many p u l s e s g i v e p r o f i t -
able y i e l d s under c o n d i t i o n s o f m o i s t u r e
The h i g h e s t y i e l d was o b t a i n e d w i t h a r h a r s t r e s s , w i t h very l i t t l e c u l t i v a t i o n .
alone. I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f soybean, s e t a r i a , Mixed c r o p p i n g o f r e d gram w i t h sorghum
and sawan d e l a y e d t h e m a t u r i t y o f a r h a r . and i n u p l a n d paddy a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
H i g h e s t n e t r e t u r n (42.4%) o v e r p u r e c r o p
of a r h a r was o b t a i n e d when u r d was used as
intercrop. MELLO, F . A . F . d e , and M. deO. C. do BRASIL.
1960.
C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of some g r e e n m a n u r e s .
MANJHI, S . , S . L . CHOWDHURY, and An. Esc. A g r i c . Queiroz 17:347-350. 121
A . G . KANITKAR. 1 9 7 4 .
Influence of v a r i e t i e s , planting dates, Data on chemical c o m p o s i t i o n are g i v e n f o r
row s p a c i n g s and f e r t i l i z e r n u t r i e n t s o n Cajanus c a j a n and s i x o t h e r legume s p e c i e s .
t h e y i e l d and y i e l d components o f p i g e o n -
pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Indian MENEZES, O . B . d e . 1 9 4 4 .
J. Agric. Sci. 43(11):998-1001. 116 Spacing requirements w i t h pigeonpea. Revta
Among t h r e e v a r i e t i e s , T - 2 1 , A S - 1 0 , and A g r i c . Piracicaba. 19:399-412. 122
Sharda ( A S - 8 ) , grown i n 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 0 i n I n d i a , Red, y e l l o w , s p o t t e d , and b l a c k - s e e d e d
Sharda had t h e h i g h e s t mean g r a i n y i e l d v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a were used i n
( q / h a ) , T - 2 1 had t h e most pods p e r p l a n t , spacing experiments. Red- and b l a c k -
and AS-10 had t h e h i g h e s t 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t seeded v a r i e t i e s p r o v e d i n f e r i o r . For t h e
in 1970. Sharda had t h e h i g h e s t p r o t e i n o t h e r s , s p a c i n g at 2 m x 1 m and 1 m x 2 m
c o n t e n t i n b o t h y e a r s , and a l s o showed t h e gave h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n 2 m x 2 m, espe-
g r e a t e s t response t o phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n . c i a l l y w i t h t h e s p o t t e d v a r i e t y , w h i c h was
the best. The r e s u l t s seem t o b e o f l e s s
i n t e r e s t t h a n t h e manner o f a r r i v i n g a t
MARCUS, A. 1 9 3 3 .
t h e m , much o f t h e p a p e r b e i n g t a k e n u p
Die straucherbse, Cajanus indicus.
w i t h s t a t i s t i c a l computations.
Tropenpflanzer. 36(6):245-250. 117

MARTIN, JOHN H . , and W.H. LEONARD. 1 9 6 7 . MILES, J . F . 1 9 3 9 .

Cajanus cajan: In P r i n c i p l e s of f i e l d crop The need f o r a legume i n N o r t h e r n Queens-
production. 2nd E d i t i o n . New Y o r k : land. P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f Cajanus c a j a n
M a c m i l l a n . 732 p p . 118 looked i n t o . J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . Res.
Aust. 12:289-293. 123

MEHTA, T . R . 1 9 5 5 .
MILLS, P . F . L . 1 9 6 1 .
C u l t i v a t i o n of pulses in U t t a r Pradesh,
P i g e o n p e a a s a p a s t u r e legume i n t h e h i g h
A g r i c . Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh
r a i n f a l l sandveld r e g i o n o f Southern
6:8-16. 119
Rhodesia. Rhodesia A g r i c . J . 5 6 ( 3 ) :
P i g e o n p e a i s t h e second most i m p o r t a n t 171-1.72. 124
m a j o r p u l s e c r o p grown i n I n d i a n e x t t o
Some r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e g i v e n on t h e
B e n g a l gram (C. arietinum), w i t h n e a r l y
g r o w i n g o f p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n . I t may
2 . 5 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s sown a n n u a l l y and o v e r
be used as a d r y - s e a s o n p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t
600 k g d r y s e e d / h a p r o d u c e d . The s u r v i v a l
and as g r e e n m a n u r e .
o f p e r e n n i a l p i g e o n p e a depends o n s o i l

26
 Agronomy

MISHRA, K . C . , H . N . PANDEY, and K . L . MUKHERJEE. aspects of pigeonpea are d i s c u s s e d . These

1968. a r e : n o m e n c l a t u r e , o r i g i n and d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
Crop-weed c o m p e t i t i o n f o r p h o s p h a t e d e s c r i p t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , t r a d e and economic
nutrition. Trop. E c o l . 9:243-250. 125 v a l u e , and uses a s f o o d s t u f f , f e e d s t u f f ,
m e d i c i n e , and f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s , i n c l u -
P o t e x p e r i m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d t o s t u d y
d i n g r e a r i n g o f s i l k w o r m s (Boroceras
i n t r a s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t i o n i n gram, p e a r l
cajani).
m i l l e t , and p i g e o n p e a b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r
density. Interspecific competition bet-
ween t h e s e c r o p s and t h e i r d o m i n a n t weed MUKHERJEE, D. 1 9 6 0 .
c o m p e t i t o r s was a l s o e v a l u a t e d . Results S t u d i e s on s p a c i n g of Cajanus cajan (L.)
indicate that individual plants suffer Millsp. Indian J . Agric. S c i . 30:
b a d l y due t o o v e r c r o w d i n g b u t t h e biomass 177-184. 129
per u n i t area s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e s w i t h
increase in density. Crop-weed c o m p e t i - In a f i e l d experiment w i t h pigeonpea, s i x
t i o n s t u d i e s have r e v e a l e d t h r e e k i n d s o f s p a c i n g s r a n g i n g f r o m 60 x 60 to 120 x 120
interspecific association effects. c m were compared w i t h b r o a d c a s t s o w i n g a t
the r a t e of 13 kg s e e d / h a . During 5
successive y e a r s , the p l o t s w i t h the
MOHAMED A L I , A . , and J. CHANDRA MOHAN. 1 9 7 3 . 60 x 60 cm s p a c i n g ( a b o u t 3 0 , 0 0 0 p l a n t s / h a )
Water management p r a c t i c e s f o r r e d g r a m and a l w a y s gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s . The
horsegram i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n Fmr average i n c r e a s e over broadcast sowing
Digest 6(2):29-30. 126 ( r e s u l t i n g in a stand of 90,000 to 100,000
p l a n t s / h a ) was 30%, b u t i n y e a r s w i t h
The i m p o r t a n c e o f one o r two " p r o t e c t i v e "
unfavorable r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n , this
i r r i g a t i o n s when t h e s o i l m o i s t u r e t o u c h e s
d i f f e r e n c e tended to be reduced.
the lowest o f a v a i l a b i l i t y i s emphasized.
I r r i g a t i o n a t the c r i t i c a l stages, i . e . ,
s e e d i n g , f l o w e r i n g , and pod f o r m a t i o n MUKHERJEE, D. 1 9 6 2 .
should n o t be a v o i d e d . M o i s t u r e can b e P u l s e s i n West B e n g a l . Indian Agric.
conserved d u r i n g crop growth by bunding, 6:54-61. 130
b a s i n l i s t i n g , c r i s s - c r o s s r i d g i n g , and
chisel trenching. The main p u l s e c r o p s grown i n West B e n g a l
a r e g r a m , l e n t i l s , mung, k a l a i (Mash) and
k h e s a r i i n t h e p o s t - m o n s o o n season and
MOREL, R . , and P. QUANTIN. 1 9 6 4 . a r h a r , mung, and k a l a i i n t h e monsoon.
The i n f l u e n c e o f f a l l o w s o n s o i l r e g e n e - The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s have been d i s c u s s e d :
r a t i o n i n t h e Soudan-Guinean c l i m a t e o f Area and p r o d u c t i o n u n d e r d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s ,
Central A f r i c a . Agron. Trop. p r o d u c t i o n and r e q u i r e m e n t o f p u l s e s i n
19(2):105-136. 127 West B e n g a l , and i n c i d e n c e o f p e s t s and
diseases.
R e g e n e r a t i o n o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y can b e
accelerated by practicing a r t i f i c i a l
instead of n a t u r a l f a l l o w . Among t h e NAIR, G . G . K . , and B . V . MEHTA. 1 9 5 8 .
v a r i o u s legumes t e s t e d , Cajanus i n d i c u s A n o t e o n z i n c c o n t e n t s o f p l a n t s i n Goradu
p r o v e d t o b e t h e most e f f e c t i v e i n soil. I n d i a n J. Agron. 3(2) :116-117. 131
restoring soil f e r t i l i t y .
Leaves o f f r u i t - t r e e s have t h e maximum
u p t a k e o f z i n c ; g r a s s e s t h e minimum. In
MORTON, J . F . 1 9 7 6 . d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r , z i n c c o n t e n t s can b e
The p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) , arranged t h u s : f r u i t - t r e e s , legumes,
h i g h p r o t e i n , t r o p i c a l bush l e g u m e . c e r e a l s , and g r a s s e s . Of the f o u r pulses
Hort. Sci. 11(1):11-19. 128 a n a l y z e d , t u r was f o u n d t o c o n t a i n t h e
h i g h e s t amount o f z i n c ( 4 3 . 0 p p m ) .
One o f t h e o l d e s t o f f o o d c r o p s , t h e
p i g e o n p e a r a n k s f i f t h i n i m p o r t a n c e among
e d i b l e legumes o f t h e w o r l d and o c c u p i e s NANNE, E. 1 9 3 4 .
f i r s t place in I n d i a . I n e a s t e r n Kenya, El g a n d u l (Cajanus indicus). Revta. Agric.
i t s t a n d s s i x t h among t h e l e a d i n g f o o d Guatem. 1 2 ( 5 ) : 3 1 1 - 3 1 3 . 132
commodities. I n Uganda, t h e p i g e o n p e a i s
now d e c l a r e d t o b e t h e f a s t e s t g r o w i n g
NATARAJAN, M . , and T . M . V I T T A L . 1 9 7 5 .
cash crop f o r c a n n i n g . T h i s legume has
Promising pulse v a r i e t i e s f o r i n t e r c r o p p i n g
been a s t a p l e f o o d i n P u e r t o R i c o and t h e
and m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n
Bahamas f o r g e n e r a t i o n s . I n many o t h e r
J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 9 1 - 2 9 9 . 133
p a r t s o f the t r o p i c s , i t i s a neglected
crop w i t h a n u n r e a l i z e d p o t e n t i a l . Various

27
Pigeonpea Bibliography

D i s c u s s e s t h e scope o f e x t e n d i n g t h e c u l t i - phosphorus d e r i v e d f r o m below t h e 1 0 - i n c h

v a t i o n o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) a s a m i x e d (25 cm) l a y e r c o r r e s p o n d e d w i t h t h e p r o p o r -
c r o p w i t h r a g i , g r o u n d n u t , j o w a r , and t i o n o f d i c o t y l e d o n o u s r o o t s i n t h e subsoil
bajra. I n t h e a r e a s where t u r i s grown
as a pure c r o p , i n t r o d u c t i o n of green
gram and b l a c k gram as m i x t u r e s needs OKE, O . L . 1 9 6 9 .
further t r i a l s . Sulphur n u t r i t i o n of legumes. E x p l . A g r i c .
5:111-116. 138
A p p l i c a t i o n o f s u l f u r , alone o r i n combi-
NEME, N.A. 1 9 5 5 .
nation w i t h P, s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased the
Pigeonpea c u l t i v a t i o n . Agronomico
number, y i e l d , and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f
Compinas. 7 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 2 4 - 2 8 . 134
r o o t n o d u l e s o n p i g e o n p e a and g u a r . Sulfur,
I n f o r m a t i o n is given on the growing of a p p l i e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s w i t h NPK,
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) f o r g r e e n manure i n c r e a s e d t h e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t and y i e l d
in Brazil. o f p l a n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t had n o s i g n i -
f i c a n t e f f e c t on N content. Sulfur at
2 0 ppm, a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h P ,
NICHOLS, R. 1 9 6 4 .
increased the methionine content of
Studies on the major-element d e f i c i e n c i e s
pigeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t the e f f e c t
o f t h e p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus aajan) i n sand
decreased a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f S . In
culture. 1 . F o l i a r symptoms o f t h e m a j o r -
g e n e r a l , h i g h e r values of methionine were
element d e f i c i e n c i e s . P 1 . S o i l 2 1 ( 3 ) :
o b t a i n e d i n the presence o f S than i n i t s
377-387. 135
absence.
A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f f o l i a r symptoms f r o m
n o d u l a t e d and n o n n o d u l a t e d p l a n t s grown i n
PALO, A . N . 1 9 7 2 .
sand c u l t u r e and a n a n a l y t i c a l key a r e
P r o d u c t i o n o f f o o d legumes i n t h e P h i l i p -
presented f o r the diagnosis of N, P, K,
pines w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o leguminous
Ca, Mg, and F e d e f i c i e n c i e s i n p i g e o n p e a .
vegetables. T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r .
6:189-195. 139
NICHOLS, R. 1 9 6 5 .
D a t a a r e g i v e n o n t h e y i e l d s , seed p r o t e i n
Studies on the major-element d e f i c i e n c i e s
c o n t e n t s and v a r i e t i e s of Vigna sinensis,
o f t h e p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n sand
V. radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Visum
c u l t u r e . 2 . The e f f e c t s o f m a j o r - e l e m e n t
sativum, Cajanus aajan, Doliahos lablab,
d e f i c i e n c i e s o n n o d u l a t i o n , g r o w t h and
and o t h e r legumes grown i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s .
mineral composition. P1. Soil 22(1):
Prospects f o r producing the normally
112-116. 136
i m p o r t e d d r i e d peas and beans a r e a l s o
Data a r e g i v e n o n t h e m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n discussed.
o f t h e l e a v e s o f n o d u l a t e d and n o n n o d u l a t e d
p i g e o n p e a s grown i n sand c u l t u r e a t
PANDEY, H . N . , K . C . MISHRA, and K . L . MUKHERJEE.
d e f i c i e n c y l e v e l s o f N , P , K , Ca, M g ,
1971.
and F e . The d e f i c i e n c i e s a f f e c t e d r o o t
Phosphate u p t a k e and i t s i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n
growth, which in t u r n determined the
some c r o p p l a n t s and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d
i n t e n s i t y of n o d u l a t i o n , expressed as
weeds. Ann. B o t . 3 5 ( 1 4 0 ) : 3 6 7 - 3 7 2 . 140
dry weight of nodules or number/plant.
D e f i c i e n c i e s of Ca, P, and Mg had t h e I n p e a r l m i l l e t , p i g e o n p e a , w h e a t , and
greatest e f f e c t i n reducing p l a n t growth c h i c k p e a , and i n s i x weed s p e c i e s r a t e o f
and i n t e n s i t y o f n o d u l a t i o n . P 3 2 u p t a k e and i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o l e a v e s
depended o n age and s p e c i e s . Rate o f
uptake increased w i t h time i n a l l s p e c i e s ,
NYE, P . H . , and W.N.M. FOSTER. 1 9 6 1 .
b u t i n c o r p o r a t i o n of P was at a maximum
The r e l a t i v e u p t a k e o f p h o s p h o r u s b y c r o p s
d u r i n g e a r l y stages of growth.
and n a t u r a l f a l l o w f r o m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s
o f t h e i r r o o t zone. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb.
56(3):299-306. 137 PANDEY, R . B . 1 9 7 7 .
Studies on crop m i x t u r e s . M.Sc. (1977)
Maize d e r i v e d 7% and p i g e o n p e a 11% f r o m
T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa
b e l o w 1 0 i n (25 cm) a f t e r 8 0 d a y s .
Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, India. 141
P i g e o n p e a f e e d s much c l o s e r t o i t s b a s e
than the cereals u n t i l the 50th day.
Pigeonpea i n i t s second y e a r e x t r a c t e d PANIKKAR, M.R. 1 9 6 1 .
l i t t l e more p h o s p h o r u s f r o m t h e s u b s o i l G r o w i n g p u l s e c r o p s . I I . Redgram. F e r t i l .
than it d i d in the f i r s t . The amount o f News 6 ( 5 ) : 7 - 1 0 , 1 5 . 142

28
 Agronomy

Red gram r e q u i r e s more a t t e n t i o n t h a n o t h e r PARSONS, D . J . 1 9 6 2 .

legumes because i t i s a m u l t i p u r p o s e legume The systems o f a g r i c u l t u r e p r a c t i s e d i n
c r o p t h a t y i e l d s n u t r i t i o u s g r a i n and Uganda. 3 . The n o r t h e r n s y s t e m s . P t . 1 .
v a l u a b l e f o r a g e and a l s o e n r i c h e s t h e s o i l The L a n g o - A c h o l i s y s t e m . P t . 2 . The West
by i t s growth. Production could be stepped N i l e systems. Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c .
up by better c u l t i v a t i o n practices, p a r t i - Uganda 3. 1 9 6 0 . 66 p p . 147
c u l a r l y m a n u r i n g ; n i t r o g e n and p h o s p h o r u s
The c r o p s grown i n some o r a l l o f t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n s c o u l d d o u b l e o r even t r i p l e
s e v e r a l e c o l o g i c a l zones i n c l u d e c o t t o n ,
yields.
f i n g e r m i l l e t , p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) ,
s o r g h u m , sesame, c a s s a v a , cowpea, b e a n ,
PANIKKAR, M.R. 1 9 6 8 . and m a i z e . These d i s t r i c t s o f Uganda a r e
G r a i n legumes p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n p r o g r e s - s i t u a t e d a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 2,000 t o 4,000
sive farming. I n d i a n Pmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 9 - 1 1 . 143 f t (609 t o 1,218 m ) and r e c e i v e 3 5 t o 6 0
i n c h e s ( 8 7 . 5 t o 150 cm) r a i n f a l l / y e a r .
Pulses are important i n the o v e r a l l c r o p -
ping spectrum of I n d i a n f a r m i n g , e i t h e r
a l o n e o r a s m i x t u r e s , and i n v a r i a b l y a s PATHAK, G.N. 1 9 7 0 .
the l i n c h p i n o f crop r o t a t i o n s . Their Red g r a m . In P u l s e Crops of I n d i a .
r o l e in m u l t i p l e or relay cropping is also P. Kachroo ( e d i t o r ) . New D e l h i : ICAR. 148
significant.
Discussed d i f f e r e n t aspects of r e d gram:
I m p o r t a n c e , a r e a and p r o d u c t i o n , a g r o n o m y ,
PANKAJA REDDY, R . , P . P . TARHALKAR, and genetics, plant breeding, cytogenetics,
N . G . P . RAO. 1 9 7 7 . n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and d i s e a s e s and
I m p r o v e d p i g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s f o r mono- and pests.
intercropping. I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 4 ) : 3 - 4 . 144
The v a r i e t i e s H Y - 1 , H Y - 2 , and HY-4 have PATRO, G . K . , and G.C. TOSH. 1 9 7 3 .
been r e l e a s e d f o r g e n e r a l c u l t i v a t i o n . Relative e f f i c i e n c y of herbicides on con-
V a r i o u s i n t e r c r o p p i n g systems based o n t r o l o f weeds i n r e d gram ( C a j a n u s c a j a n
combinations of c e r e a l (sorghum), pulse (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Andhra A g r i c . J .
( a r h a r and soybean) and o i l s e e d s ( g r o u n d - 20(3-4):65-70. 149
n u t and c a s t o r ) were compared f o r t o t a l
V a r i t o x (Na s a l t o f T C A ) , T r o p o t o x (Na s a l t
p r o d u c t i v i t y , n u t r i t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y , and
o f MCPB), and E n b u t o x (Na s a l t o f 2 , 4 - D B )
economic p r o f i t a b i l i t y .
were t r i e d a t a dose o f 2 . 2 4 k g a . i . / h a ,
b o t h as preemergence and p o s t e m e r g e n c e
PANNU, J . S . , and J . S . SAWHNEY. 1 9 7 5 . sprays. Of the herbicides t r i e d , V a r i t o x
E f f e c t of arhar on the n i t r o g e n r e q u i r e - ( T C A ) , s p r a y e d preemergence o r p o s t e m e r -
ments o f t h e s u c c e e d i n g wheat i n a n i n t e n - g e n c e , was f o u n d t h e most e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t
sive r o t a t i o n . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. d o m i n a n t weeds and r e c o r d e d maximum g r a i n
35(2):253-256. 145 y i e l d s and n e t p r o f i t s p e r h e c t a r e .
R e s i d u a l p h o s p h o r u s f r o m a r h a r showed s i g -
nificant beneficial effects on grain yield PAUL, S . , and R . P . SINGH. 1 9 7 7 .
of succeeding wheat. Comparison o f w h e a t Response o f a r h a r v a r i e t i e s t o methods o f
y i e l d s from no-phosphorus p l o t s o f a r h a r - phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n . A l l a h a b a d Fmr
w h e a t and f a l l o w - w h e a t r o t a t i o n s showed 48(2):175-177. 150
t h a t each l e v e l o f n i t r o g e n r e c o r d e d s i g -
A l l arhar v a r i e t i e s exhibited s i g n i f i c a n t
n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r wheat y i e l d i n t h e f o r m e r
y i e l d response t o phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n .
r o t a t i o n than in the l a t t e r . For l a t e - s o w n
Not o n l y t h e number o f pods p e r p l a n t b u t
(December 3 ) w h e a t s u c c e e d i n g a r h a r , 100 k g
l e n g t h o f pod ( c m ) , number o f c l u s t e r s p e r
N/ha was a d e q u a t e .
p l a n t , and 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t a l l showed
significant increases. The p h o s p h o r u s
PANSE, V . G . , M.D. DANDAWATE, and p l a c e m e n t method gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r
S . B . BOKIL. 1 9 4 7 . y i e l d (938 k g / h a ) t h a n t h e b r o a d c a s t
Summary o f p a s t e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k o n w h e a t , method (725 k g / h a ) .
m i l l e t s , o i l s e e d s , and p u l s e s . Delhi:
Army P r e s s , p p . 1 1 7 - 1 4 7 . 146
PAUL, W.R.C. 1 9 5 1 .
N o t e s o n Legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon
107:225-228. 151

29
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Notes o n legumes u n d e r t r i a l b o t h a s c o v e r PUGH, B.M. 1 9 5 8 .

crops and f o r a g e p l a n t s . Describes v a r i e - A r h a r . P r o d u c t i o n o f f i e l d crops i n I n d i a .
ties o f p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus oajan, t h a t w i l l Allahabad: K i t a b i s t a n . pp. 188-194. 157
seed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n Ceylon.

PUTTARAJAPPA, P . K . 1 9 4 3 .
PAUL, W.R.C. 1 9 5 3 . Grow more p u l s e s . Togari (Cajanus indiaue).
Notes on legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon Mysore A g r i c . J . 2 1 : 1 0 6 . 158
109:27-35. 152
T o g a r i ( p i g e o n p e a ) , one o f t h e c h i e f p u l s e s ,
Observations are recorded on the behavior i s grown i n K a r n a t a k a a s a m i x t u r e w i t h
o f v a r i o u s legumes u n d e r t r i a l i n C e y l o n r a g i and n o t a s a p u r e c r o p . I t grows
as g r e e n manure and c o v e r c r o p s or as b e t t e r i n stony s o i l than i n b l a c k o r red
forage crops. S e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f Cajanus soils. T o g a r i t a k e s 1 2 days f r o m s o w i n g t o
cajan are described f o r green manuring. seedling. A t seven and h a l f months t h e
crop is harvested.
P I E T R I , R . , R. ABRAMS, and F . J . J U L I A .
1971. PYNAERT, L. 1 9 3 3 .
Influence of f e r t i l i t y level on the protein L ' A m b r e v a d e , Cajanus indiaue. Bull. Agric.
c o n t e n t and a g r o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r s o f p i g e o n - Congo B e i g e . 2 0 : 4 5 9 - 4 7 4 . 159
peas i n a n o x y s o l . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico
55(4):474-477. 153
QUADROS, A . S . de 1 9 5 0 .
I n a t r i a l , p i g e o n p e a c v K a k i was g i v e n Damage b y f r o s t t o a r h a r ( t u r ) and how t o
either no f e r t i l i z e r or various levels of prevent i t . Rur. I n d i a 1 3 ( 3 ) : 1 3 4 - 1 3 5 . 160
N , P , and K , w i t h and w i t h o u t Ca, M g , and
On the b a s i s of m a t u r i t y , a l l I n d i a n types
two l e v e l s o f c a l c i u m s i l i c a t e . Fertilizer
o f a r h a r can b e e a s i l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o
t r e a t m e n t s had n o e f f e c t o n g r e e n pod y i e l d ,
e a r l y and l a t e . I t i s suggested t h a t the
d a t e o f f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t , 100-seed
i n i t i a l seed r a t e i n m i x t u r e s b e r e d u c e d t o
weight or p r o t e i n content of the dry seed.
a l e v e l below t h a t adopted f o r s i n g l e c r o p ,
not only to minimize competition f o r s o i l
POPENOE, W. 1 9 4 8 . m o i s t u r e between the crops b u t a l s o t o
The p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus indious or Cajanus i n s u r e a r h a r a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e damage b y
oajan). A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e v a l u e of frost.
Cajanus f o r c u l t i v a t i o n i n c e n t r a l A m e r i c a .
Rev. A g r i c . C o s t a R i c a . 2 0 : 4 7 5 - 4 7 8 . 154
RACHIE, K . O . , and R . T . WURSTER. 1 9 7 1 .
The p o t e n t i a l of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus aajan
PRASAD, M . V . R . , and R . P . SINGH. 1 9 7 5 . M i l l s p . ) as a h o r t i c u l t u r a l crop in East
Inter-cropping of short duration grain Africa. P r o c . F i r s t E . A f r . H o r t . Symp.
legumes i n sown p a s t u r e s and f i e l d c r o p s . K a m p a l a , Uganda. 1 9 7 0 . 161
I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 35(2):
271-275. 155
RAJANI, H . J . , and R . B . PATEL. 1 9 5 6 .
S u g g e s t s d e v e l o p i n g s u i t a b l e systems o f Cajanus indicus - approximate composition
i n t e r c r o p p i n g and c r o p r o t a t i o n f o r b e t t e r o f manures and f e r t i l i z e r s . Poona A g r i c .
r e t e n t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f f i x e d n i t r o - C o l l . Mag. 4 7 ( 2 ) : 1 3 0 . 162
gen. A n i n t e r c r o p o f a r h a r i n r a g i and
Available information on the plant n u t r i e n t
mung and a r h a r i n b a j r a have i n c r e a s e d t h e
c o n t e n t s o f v a r i o u s manures and f e r t i l i z e r s
y i e l d o f p r i n c i p a l c r o p t o some e x t e n t .
i s c o m p i l e d f r o m t h e d a t a o f Bombay S t a t e .
Cajanus indicus ( g r e e n manure) has N 1 . 1 2 ;
PREMSEKHAR, S . , and A. SUBRAMANIAM. 1 9 6 1 . P 2 O 5 0 . 3 6 ; K 2 O 0 . 7 2 ; and CaO 0 . 4 8 .
Time o f s o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s h o r t d u r a -
t i o n r e d g r a m (Cajanus c a j a n ) No. 1 1 4 1 .
RAMANATHAN, G . , N. PALANISAMY, and
Madras A g r i c . J . 4 8 ( 3 ) : 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 . 156
K . K . KRISHNAMOORTHY. 1 9 7 7 .
I n t r i a l s w i t h t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g r e d gram Response o f Co-2 r e d g r a m t o ' P ' a p p l i c a -
1 1 4 1 , grown u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n a s a s h o r t - tion. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) :
d u r a t i o n c r o p , t h e m i d - M a r c h s o w i n g gave 671-672. 163
t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f d r y pods ( 1 , 3 5 4 1 b / a c ,
Of the d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of P t e s t e d , the
o r 1,516 k g / h a ) and seeds (743 l b / a c , o r
maximum l e v e l o f 7 6 . 4 k g P 2 O 5 / h a gave
832 k g / h a ) .
s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n pod and g r a i n y i e l d .
I t was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t P u t i l i z a t i o n and
c r o p r e s p o n s e w e r e maximum a t 7 6 . 4 k g / h a .

30
 Agronomy

RAMANUJAM, S. 1 9 7 2 . legumes as a g r e e n manure i n c r e a s e s t h e

Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f p u l s e r e s e a r c h (2). r i c e y i e l d s b y 25%, i f i n i t i a l l e v e l s o f
I n d i a n Fmg 2 1 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 - 2 1 , 2 4 . 164 production are low. The i m p o r t a n c e o f
maximum y i e l d p e r u n i t o f l a n d p e r y e a r i s
Summarizes i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g s o f a c o m p r e -
stressed. I t i s proposed t o i n t r o d u c e
h e n s i v e and c o n c e n t r a t e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m
s u i t a b l e r o t a t i o n schedules i n c l u d i n g
o n t h e agronomy o f p u l s e c r o p s i n I n d i a .
e d i b l e legumes.
Deals w i t h f e r t i l i z i n g , p l a n t d e n s i t y ,
i n t e r c r o p p i n g , and t i m e o f p l a n t i n g o f
various pulse crops. One o f t h e i m p o r t a n t RENARD, M. 1 9 4 9 .
f i n d i n g s f o r pigeonpea i s i t s response t o Regeneration of the exhausted s o i l s of the
P fertilizing. The h i g h e s t y i e l d s o f French Sudan. B u l l . A g r i c . Congo B e i g e .
pigeonpea were o b t a i n e d w i t h 60,000 p l a n t s / 40:2173-2188. 169
ha. Slow s e e d l i n g g r o w t h o f p u l s e c r o p s
makes c h e m i c a l w e e d i n g e s s e n t i a l f o r h i g h
RICHHARIA, R.H. 1 9 4 8 .
yields. During the e a r l y growth p e r i o d ,
P r o g r e s s r e p o r t o f t h e r e s e a r c h scheme o n
cowpea, mungbeans, or soybeans can be
pulses in Bihar f o r the year 1947-48. 170
i n t e r p l a n t e d i n pigeonpea w i t h o u t
affecting its yield.
RI0LLAN0, A . , A. PEREZ, and C. RAMOS.
1962.
RAO, K . S . 1 9 7 6 .
E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , v a r i e t y , and p l a n t
Response of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n )
p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e f l o w e r i n g and y i e l d o f
v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus.
p i g e o n p e a s {Cajanus aajan L . ) . J. A g r i c .
M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 6 ) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i U n i v . P. Rico 46(2) :126-134. 171
Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 165
Three p i g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s were sown o n t h e
1 5 t h o f each month f r o m J u l y 1954 t o June
RATHI, S . S . , D. SINGH, and R.C. MALIK.
1955. Depending o n t h e d a t e o f s o w i n g ,
1974.
t h e number o f days t o f l o w e r i n g r a n g e d f r o m
Response o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n a r h a r (Cajanus
125 t o 320 days i n t h e v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o
aajan) t o d a t e s o f s o w i n g , row s p a c i n g and
and K a k i and f r o m 174 t o 430 days i n t h e
phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n . F e r t i l . News
l a t e v a r i e t y Saragateado. Plant height
19(2) :27. 166
r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 9 t o 4 . 5 m i n t h e f i r s t two
Date o f s o w i n g , row s p a c i n g , and l e v e l s o f v a r i e t i e s and f r o m 1.5 t o 4 . 4 m i n S a r a g a -
phosphate s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d a r h a r teado. A l l three v a r i e t i e s flowered i n the
yield. Sowing o f June 1 0 gave t h e h i g h e s t s h o r t - d a y season, i r r e s p e c t i v e of sowing
y i e l d , and 50-cm row s p a c i n g y i e l d e d h i g h e r date. No s i g n i f i c a n t differences in y i e l d
t h a n 7 5 - and 100-cm s p a c i n g s . A signifi- were o b s e r v e d between p l a n t i n g d i s t a n c e s
c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n between d a t e s o f s o w i n g w i t h i n t h e row o f 0 . 6 , 0 . 9 , and 1.2 m .
and r a t e s o f p h o s p h a t e p l a c e m e n t was
observed, highest grain y i e l d being o b t a i -
ROCHE, P. et al. 1 9 5 5 .
ned when t h e June 10 s o w i n g was f e r t i l i z e d
Use o f g r e e n manures i n r i c e - f i e l d s i n
w i t h 8 0 k g P 2 O 5 / h a . Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n
Lake A l a o t r a r e g i o n ( M a d a g a s c a r ) . Riz.
gave c o n s i s t e n t and s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s
Rizic. 1(4):141-144. 172
i n g r a i n y i e l d under a l l dates o f s o w i n g .
Soybean and Cajanus indious a r e recommended
a s g r e e n manures f o r i n c r e a s i n g r i c e
RAVENZA, M . V . B . , and M.A. BARR0TA. 1 9 5 3 . yields. These legumes a r e grown a s c a t c h
F i r s t e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Cajanus indious. c r o p s under i r r i g a t i o n ; t h e i r p l a c e i n t h e
Rev. F a c . A g r i c . U n i v . C e n t . Venez. rotation is after r i c e . They a r e sown i n
L. 2 1 1 - 2 1 5 . 167 June and plowed u n d e r i n November, w h i l e
r i c e o c c u p i e s t h e ground f r o m December t o
REEM, H.W. 1 9 6 8 . May.
The p o t e n t i a l f o r legumes i n t r o p i c a l a g r i -
c u l t u r e and t h e i r r o l e i n s o l v i n g t h e w o r l d R0CKW00D, W . G . , and R. LAL. 1 9 7 4 .
food s u p p l y . P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . S o c . M u l c h t i l l a g e : A t e c h n i q u e f o r s o i l and
F l a . 27:347-357. 168 water conservation in the t r o p i c s . Span
The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f legume p r o d u c t i o n t o 17(2):77-79. 173
improve w o r l d food supply are emphasized. Systems o f m u l c h - t i l l a g e ( Z e r o t i l l a g e )
Attention is paid to s o y b e a n s , p u l s e s , and cropping on t r o p i c a l s o i l s are discussed.
groundnuts a s food crops i n B r a z i l , I n d i a , I n p l o t t r i a l s , y i e l d s o f cowpea, m a i z e ,
I r a n , A f r i c a and F a r E a s t . The use o f and p i g e o n p e a were s i m i l a r f o r m u l c h

31
Pigeonpea Bibliography

t i l l a g e and p l o w e d t r e a t m e n t s , e x c e p t d u r - of 27 days. This f i n d i n g suggests the

i n g p e r i o d s o f d r o u g h t s t r e s s , when y i e l d s p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a more u n i f o r m p r o d u c t
of m a i z e and cowpea were 50 and 25% h i g h e r c o u l d b e canned b y h a r v e s t i n g t h e peas
w i t h mulch t i l l a g e . Y i e l d s o f soybean w e r e o n l y once a t a p r e d e t e r m i n e d s t a g e o f
lower w i t h mulch t i l l a g e t h a n w i t h plowed development.
treatments.

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 4 .
SABNIS, T . S . 1 9 4 3 . A p p l i c a t i o n of the shear press to determine
Cajanus i n d i c u s - N o t e s o n A g r i c u l t u r a l the degree o f m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas. J.
Crops ( A r h a r ) , L e a f l . Dep. A g r i c . U . P . 174 A g r i c . U n i v . P. Rico 47(3) :212-216. 178
T r i a l s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer
SAHU, D . , and S. PATTNAIK. 1 9 6 2 . s h e a r p r e s s a f f o r d s a r a p i d and s u f f i c i e n t l y
E v a l u a t i o n o f a v a i l a b l e phosphorus s t a t u s a c c u r a t e means o f a s s e s s i n g t h e d e g r e e o f
o f O r i s s a s o i l s b y greenhouse t e s t s . m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas f o r c a n n i n g . Matu-
Pigeonpea - F e r t i l i z a t i o n . P r o c . Symp. r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e : a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e
F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s . 7 8 - 8 3 . August 3 - 4 , s o l i d s c o n t e n t , s t a r c h c o n t e n t , t o t a l solids
1962, Madras, I n d i a . Also in B u l l . Nat. c o n t e n t , and p e r c e n t a g e o f y e l l o w p e a s .
I n s t . S c i . , I n d i a . 26:72-83 (1964). 175
The p h o s p h o r u s s t a t u s o f t w e l v e s o i l s SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.M. CANCEL, and
c o l l e c t e d from d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of Orissa J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 0 .
was e v a l u a t e d b y t h e g r e e n h o u s e t e c h n i q u e . M a t u r i t y indices f o r pigeonpeas. J. Agric.
On the basis of the dry matter of t e s t U n i v . P. Rico 4 0 ( 2 ) : 6 0 - 6 9 . 179
p l a n t s (Cajanus c a j a n ) o b t a i n e d u n d e r
d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r s c o u l d b e used a s
t h e s o i l s have b e e n c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e a n i n d e x o f m a t u r i t y o f p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus
groups. Group I : S o i l s t h a t r e s p o n d e d t o cajan): c o n t e n t o f m o i s t u r e , s t a r c h ,
a p p l i c a t i o n o f P u p t o 60. k g / a c . Group I I : a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s and t o t a l s o l i d s ;
S o i l s t h a t responded t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ; and i n t e n s i t y o f g r e e n
p h o s p h o r u s b u t t h e y i e l d ceased t o i n c r e a s e pigmentation.
beyond 4 5 k g / a c . Group I I I : S o i l s t h a t
responded t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f P b u t t h e SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , and G. COLOMCOVAS.
y i e l d ceased t o i n c r e a s e beyond 3 0 k g / a c . 1964.
The d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t r e s p o n s e t o P Advantages t o t h e farmer o f h a r v e s t i n g a l l
a p p l i c a t i o n i s n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any t h e pods o f p i g e o n p e a s a t t h e same t i m e .
s i n g l e f a c t o r , such a s t e x t u r e , m o i s t u r e - B u l l . E s t a c . E x p . A g r i c . U n i v . P.R.
h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y , organic carbon c o n t e n t , 131:1-13. 180
or available P2O5 contents.
The c o m m e r c i a l method o f h a r v e s t i n g b y
repeated p i c k i n g s gives higher y i e l d s than
SALETTE, J . E . , and J . M . COURBOIS. 1 9 6 8 . h a r v e s t i n g a l l pods a t o n c e . However, t h e
Agronomic a s p e c t s o f p i g e o n p e a i n M a r i e - wages r e q u i r e d f o r c o m m e r c i a l h a r v e s t i n g
Galante. P r o c . C a r i b b . S o c . F d Crop S c i . a r e much h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e new
6:32-37. 176 method. Thus f a r m e r ' s g r o s s income i s
h i g h e r when h e h a r v e s t s o n l y o n c e .
A s t r a i n l o c a l t o M a r i e - G a l a n t e showed a
3 4 t o 45% y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o 112 k g P 2 O 5
SANDHU, H . S . , S . S . BRAR, and G . S . G I L L .
and 134 k g K 2 O / h a , whereas a n i n t r o d u c t i o n
f r o m P u e r t o R i c o showed n o r e s p o n s e . This 1973.
A r h a r - w h e a t i s a good r o t a t i o n . Prog.
indicated that varieties d i f f e r consider-
Fmg 9 ( 1 0 ) : 8 . 181
ably in n u t r i e n t requirements.
Sowing a r h a r T - 2 1 o n June 1 , a f a r m e r can
sow t h e f o l l o w i n g w h e a t c r o p b y November
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 3 .
20, which is not too l a t e f o r wheat. The
V a r i a t i o n s i n m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas d u r i n g
r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n
the harvesting period. B u l l . E s t a c . Exp.
can be adopted p r o f i t a b l y .
A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 1 7 0 : 1 - 2 1 . 177
The p e r c e n t a g e o f m a t u r e g r e e n p i g e o n p e a s SANTON, W . R . , J. DOUGHTY, R. ORRACA-TETTEH,
(Cajanus indicus) f i t for processing in and W. STEDE. 1 9 6 6 .
t h e K a k i and S a r a g a t e a d o s e l e c t i o n s i n G r a i n legumes i n A f r i c a . Rome: FAO.
Puerto Rico i s a t i t s h i g h e s t value d u r i n g 191 p p . 182
the e a r l y stages of the h a r v e s t i n g season,
and d e c r e a s e s t o a minimum w i t h i n a p e r i o d

32
 Agronomy

SARAF, C . S . , A. SINGH, and I . P . S . AHLAWAT. Pantnagar. Indian J . Agron. 21(2):

1975. 131-134. 187
Studies on i n t e r c r o p p i n g of compatible
When p i g e o n p e a was grown ( i ) i n p u r e s t a n d s
crops w i t h pigeonpea. Indian J. Agron.
i n rows 1 5 c m a p a r t and ( i i ) w i t h seven
20(2):127-130. 183
soybean c u l t i v a r s d r i l l e d between two rows
Cajanus aajan i n p u r e s t a n d s o r i n t e r - o f p i g e o n p e a , t h e a v e r a g e seed y i e l d s w e r e
c r o p p e d w i t h V. radiata, V. mungo , cowpea, s i m i l a r : 2 , 4 4 0 k g and 2 , 1 3 0 t o 2 , 5 1 0 k g / h a
and soybean gave a v e r a g e seed y i e l d s o f respectively. Soybean gave a n a d d i t i o n a l
1 , 6 3 0 , 1 , 7 2 0 , 1 , 6 4 0 , 1 , 5 3 0 , and 1,690 seed y i e l d o f 760 t o 1,160 k g / h a , t h e
k g / h a r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h e i n t e r c r o p s gave highest y i e l d being w i t h cv J - 3 . Inter-
seed y i e l d s o f 1 9 8 , 1 1 0 , 4 2 4 , and 114 c r o p p i n g w i t h p i g e o n p e a r e d u c e d soybean
kg/ha, respectively. Intercropping of y i e l d b y 50% o v e r p u r e - s t a n d y i e l d s .
m a i z e and sorghum in Cajanus aajan m a r k e d -
l y decreased i t s y i e l d s .
SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1 9 6 3 .
Economic methods t o f o r m and i m p r o v e p a s -
SARDAR SINGH, and V . B . SAHASRABUDHE. t u r e s w i t h t h e legumes Doliahos lablab,
1957. Cajanus aajan and Glycine javaniaa. Rural
E f f e c t o f o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c s o n t h e Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 4 3 : 1 6 - 1 7 . 188
yield o f j o w a r (Sorghum vulgare), arhar
T h i s p a p e r d e a l s w i t h t h e p r o b l e m o f how
(Cajanus aajan) and g r o u n d n u t (Araahis
t o grow g r e e n f o d d e r e c o n o m i c a l l y d u r i n g
hypogaea) and a f t e r - e f f e c t o n r a i n f e d
d r y w i n t e r months o n p o o r s o i l s , u n d e r
cotton. Indian J . Agron. 1 ( 3 ) :
c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o those p r e v a i l i n g i n
151-157. 184
t h e S t a t e o f Sao P a u l o , B r a z i l .
Ammonium s u l f a t e d e p r e s s e d t h e y i e l d o f
a r h a r (Cajanus aajan) . T h e r e was no a p p r e -
SELLSCHOP, J . , and H.M. MULLER. 1 9 5 3 .
c i a b l e e f f e c t of superphosphate on the
The p i g e o n p e a o r d h a l b e a n . Fmg S . A f r .
arhar crop. A p p l i c a t i o n o f superphosphate
28:159-160. 189
o r o f f a r m compost t o t h e p r e c e d i n g c r o p
i n d i c a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e s i d u a l response o n G e n e r a l n o t e s a r e g i v e n on Cajanus aajan,
cotton. w h i c h i n S o u t h A f r i c a does b e s t i n t h e warm
l o w v e l d where f r o s t s s e l d o m o c c u r .

SAVILLE, A . H . , and W.A. WRIGHT. 1 9 5 8 .

N o t e s o n Kenya a g r i c u l t u r e . 3 . O i l s e e d s , SEN, A . N . 1 9 5 6 .
p u l s e s , legumes and r o o t c r o p s . E. A f r . N i t r o g e n economy o f s o i l u n d e r r a h a r . J.
Agric. J. 2(1):1-9. 185 I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i . 6 ( 3 ) : 1 7 1 - 1 7 6 . 190

N o t e s o n c l i m a t e , s o i l s , c u l t i v a t i o n , and S t u d i e s were c o n d u c t e d o n n i t r o g e n u p t a k e
h a r v e s t i n g methods and m a j o r uses o f a of a c r o p of r a h a r (Cajanus aajan), t h e
number o f l e g u m e s , i n c l u d i n g p i g e o n p e a nitrogen status of the s o i l a f t e r harvest,
(Cajanus indicus). S p a c i n g s , seed r a t e s , and t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n b o t h .
y i e l d s p e r a c r e and t i m e t o m a t u r i t y a r e The o b s e r v a t i o n s r e c o r d e d f o r 3 y e a r s w i t h
a l s o t a b u l a t e d f o r each c r o p . a l a t e v a r i e t y o f r a h a r (NP-51) showed t h a t
t h e u p t a k e o f n i t r o g e n and n i t r o g e n f i x a -
t i o n b y r a h a r was g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d b y t h e
SAXENA, M . C . , and D . S . YADAV. 1 9 7 5 . a p p l i c a t i o n o f N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , s i n g l y
Some a g r o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f p i g e o n p e a s as w e l l as in c o m b i n a t i o n . Rahar was f o u n d
and c h i c k p e a s . Proc. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l to be an e x h a u s t i v e crop r a t h e r than a
Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 1 3 - 1 6 Jan recuperative one. Nitrogen content of the
1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . s o i l under r a h a r c o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d i f i t s
pp. 32-62. 186 leaves are allowed to be incorporated w i t h
D e s c r i b e s t r i a l s o n e f f e c t s o f seedbed the s o i l . Rahar d i d n o t d e r i v e a s much
p r e p a r a t i o n methods, sowing methods, sowing b e n e f i t from r o o t nodule organisms as o t h e r
r a t e s and d a t e s , s p a c i n g , f e r t i l i z e r s , legumes. Nodules were found to remain on
t r a c e e l e m e n t s , seed i n o c u l a t i o n , weed t h e p l a n t o n l y u p t o 8 t o 1 2 weeks g r o w t h
c o n t r o l , i r r i g a t i o n , growth substances, and t h e amount o f n i t r o g e n f i x e d b y r a h a r
and m i x e d c r o p p i n g o n seed y i e l d s o f d u r i n g 3 6 t o 4 0 weeks t o t a l e d 100 t o 250
c h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a . 1 b / a c (112 t o 280 k g / h a ) .

SAXENA, M . C . , and D . S . YADAV. 1 9 7 6 .

P a r a l l e l c r o p p i n g o f soybeans w i t h p i g e o n -
pea u n d e r humid s u b - t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f

33
Plgeonpea Bibliography

SEN, S . , K. SENGUPTA, S . C . SUR, and SHERIFF, N . M . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN. 1 9 7 0 .

D. MUKHERJEE. 1 9 6 6 . A study on the seedling m o r t a l i t y in r e d -
A s t u d y o n m i x e d c r o p p i n g o f a r h a r (Cajanus gram i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e mode o f a p p l i c a t i o n
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J. Agron. of f e r t i l i z e r s . Madras A g r i c . J .
11:357-362. 191 57:439-441. 195
A r h a r grown i n l i n e s (62 c m x 6 2 c m ) , i n Sowing o f seeds and a p p l y i n g f e r t i l i z e r i n
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h aus paddy sown b r o a d c a s t a separate s m a l l f u r r o w as c l o s e as p o s s i -
at 69.21 kg/ha, brought the highest y i e l d b l e i s t h e b e s t method f o r u n i f o r m p o p u l a -
o f g r a i n and t h e maximum n e t p r o f i t p e r t i o n stand o f r e d gram. Direct application
hectare. Y i e l d o f a r h a r and a u s each o f f e r t i l i z e r s under d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s
s u f f e r e d i n the mixed c r o p , b u t t h e t o t a l n o t o n l y reduces g e r m i n a t i o n b u t a l s o
g r a i n y i e l d was h i g h e r . Losses were induces h i g h e r s e e d l i n g m o r t a l i t y .
i n c u r r e d when two l e g u m i n o u s c r o p s were
grown i n m i x t u r e , and a r h a r grown a s a
pure crop brought very l i t t l e p r o f i t . SINGH, D . , and A . A . SHAH. 1 9 5 0 .
A r h a r as a g r e e n m a n u r e . P u n j a b Fmr
2:15. 196
SEN, S . , S . C . SUR, K . C . GUPTA, and T . K . DE.
1970.
SINHA, K . S . , and M.P. SINGH. 1 9 5 6 .
A f u r t h e r study on spacing requirement of
Mixed c r o p p i n g of m a i z e (Zea mays). Proc.
Cajanua oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . A l l a h a b a d Fmr
Bihar Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 5:134-137. 197
44(3):153-157. 192
I n some p a r t s o f I n d i a c r o p s such a s a r h a r
An e x p e r i m e n t w i t h Cajanua c a j a n showed
and g r o u n d n u t a r e grown a l o n g w i t h m a i z e .
t h a t : ( i ) a t Berhampore a s p a c i n g o f 3 0 x
I n t h i s p r a c t i c e a r h a r ( p i g e o n p e a ) and
3 0 c m was b e s t ; ( i i ) a t K a l y a n i a s p a c i n g
m a i z e a r e sown i n t h e same row and g r o u n d -
of 30 x 90 cm was b e s t ; ( i i i ) heavy p r e -
n u t i s sown i n between two rows o f m a i z e
c i p i t a t i o n s i n September/October reduced
and a r h a r . Early maturing arhar v a r i e t i e s
t h e number o f p o d s , and ( i v ) u n i f o r m t o t a l
suit this practice well.
r a i n f a l l during the growing period from
May t o A u g u s t , was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
uniform growth. SINGH, L . , S . K . MAHESHWARI, and D. SHARMA.
1971.
E f f e c t o f d a t e o f p l a n t i n g and p l a n t p o p u -
SEWA RAM, and GAJENDRA G I R I . 1 9 7 3 .
l a t i o n o n g r o w t h , y i e l d , y i e l d components
A n o t e on r e s p o n s e of r e d g r a m (Cajanus
and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
oajan L . ) v a r i e t i e s t o v a r y i n g f e r t i l i t y
oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J. Agric. Sci.
levels. Indian J. Agron. 18(1):103. 193
41(6):535-538. 198
Different f e r t i l i t y levels significantly
P i g e o n p e a c v T - 2 1 was sown o n f o u r d a t e s
i n f l u e n c e d b o t h a r h a r g r o w t h and g r a i n
a t p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n s o f ( i ) 40,000 ( i i )
yield. The optimum l e v e l o f f e r t i l i t y
5 0 , 0 0 0 and ( i i i ) 6 0 , 0 0 0 / h a i n rows 7 5 and
f o r a r h a r was 2 5 : 5 0 : 0 ( N : P : K ) . Varietal
100 c m a p a r t . Seed y i e l d s were h i g h e s t
d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
( 1 . 3 8 t / h a ) i n t h e c r o p sown o n May 2 0
and d e c l i n e d w i t h s u c c e s s i v e l a t e r s o w i n g s .
SHARMA, N . L . 1 9 7 6 . P l a n t p o p u l a t i o n ( i i i ) gave h i g h e r seed
E f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o r u s and s u l p h u r y i e l d s ( 1 , 21 t / h a ) than ( i ) or ( i i ) . Seed
o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f a r h a r (Cajanua c a j a n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was n o t a f f e c t e d b y any o f
( L . ) ) . Seed Fm 2 ( 5 ) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 194 the treatments. P l a n t s were t a l l e r i n t h e
c r o p sown f i r s t t h a n i n c r o p s sown l a t e r .
The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n i n c r e a s e d
The number o f p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y b r a n -
significantly with additions of nitrogen,
ches w e r e h i g h e s t i n e a r l y sown c r o p s and
p h o s p h o r u s , and s u l f u r . The p r o t e i n
at the lowest p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n . The
c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 21.78% t o 23.96%
number o f pods p e r p l a n t was h i g h e r w i t h
w i t h n i t r o g e n , f r o m 22.35% t o 23.98% w i t h
p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n ( i ) than w i t h ( i i ) o r
p h o s p h o r u s , and 20.89% t o 24.00% w i t h
(iii).
sulfur levels. C o m b i n a t i o n s o f two o r
three nutrients also resulted in grain
w i t h a higher protein content. A positive SINGH, S . B . 1 9 4 7 .
and s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n was o b s e r v e d A new and l u c r a t i v e r o t a t i o n f o r s u g a r c a n e .
b e t w e e n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n and I n d i a n Fmg 8 : 1 8 1 - 1 8 2 . 199
t h e l e v e l s o f N , P , and S .

34
 Agronomy

The r o t a t i o n i s g r o u n d n u t - a r h a r - The a d v a n t a g e s o f g r e e n m a n u r i n g f o r
sugarcane. The f i r s t two a r e sown t o g e t h e r sugarcane s o i l s are enumerated. Cajanus
" w i t h t h e b r e a k o f t h e monsoon" t h e Cajanus c a j a n i s one o f t h e g r e e n manures most
2 1 / 2 t o 3 f t . (76 t o 9 2 cm) a p a r t i n l i n e s i n d i c a t e d f o r Sao P a u l o c o n d i t i o n s .
9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m ) a p a r t , w i t h groundnut between
i n l i n e s 1 8 i n . (45 cm) a p a r t . A f t e r the
SUGAWE, G . T . R . 1 9 7 4 .
g r o u n d n u t has b e e n h a r v e s t e d i n November,
Response o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) t o
i t s p l a c e i s taken b y sugarcane p l a n t e d
v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus and s p a c i n g .
in February. The Cajanus i s h a r v e s t e d i n
M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u
M a r c h , b y w h i c h t i m e t h e s u g a r c a n e has
K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r ,
begun to g r o w . Some a d v a n t a g e s c l a i m e d
India. 205
f o r t h i s r o t a t i o n a r e : t h e two l e g u m i n o u s
c r o p s , one d e e p - r o o t e d and t h e o t h e r
s h a l l o w - r o o t e d , f e r t i l i z e the s o i l f o r the SUAREZ, J . J . , and D. HERREARA. 1 9 7 1 .
s u g a r c a n e and t h e f a r m e r h a r v e s t s two cash Response o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n
and f o o d c r o p s , w i t h o u t i r r i g a t i o n o r M i l l s p . ) a t d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n s submit-
m a n u r e , and a good s u g a r c a n e c r o p o v e r a ted to d i f f e r e n t heights of c u t t i n g .
p e r i o d of 2 y e a r s . R e v t a . Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) :
71-75. 206

SMARTT, J . 1 9 7 6 . Pigeonpeas w e r e sown a t 9 0 , 1 0 5 , and 120

Tropical Pulses. Tropical Agriculture cm between rows and 4 5 , 6 0 , and 90 cm
S e r i e s . L o n d o n : Longman. 200 between p l a n t s and c u t a f t e r t h e f i r s t
h a r v e s t a t 3 0 o r 6 0 cm. Seed y i e l d s w e r e
I n c l u d e s c h a p t e r s : O r i g i n and h i s t o r y o f h i g h e r and t i m e s o f f l o w e r i n g and m a t u r i t y
p u l s e c r o p s . Botany o f Pulse Crops. Pulses 3.5 months l e s s f o r t h e f i r s t t h a n f o r
i n human n u t r i t i o n . P h y s i o l o g y o f g r o w t h , the ratoon c r o p . Spacing d i d n o t a f f e c t
d e v e l o p m e n t and r e p r o d u c t i o n . M i n e r a l n u t r i - yield. C u t t i n g at 30 cm reduced p l a n t
t i o n and p r o d u c t i v i t y , c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s number and y i e l d i n t h e r a t o o n c r o p .
and c r o p h a n d l i n g . P e s t s and p e s t c o n t r o l .
B r e e d i n g and improvement o f p u l s e s . The
economic i m p o r t a n c e o f p u l s e c r o p s . SURINDER SINGH, and R.C. SINGH. 1 9 7 6 .
Economics o f m i x e d c r o p p i n g i n p i g e o n p e a
( a r h a r ) u n d e r Haryana c o n d i t i o n s . HAU J .
SOHAN SINGH. 1 9 7 6 . Res. 6 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 7 1 - 1 7 5 . 207
A r h a r s h e l t e r s young l i t c h i p l a n t s . Prog.
Fmg 1 2 ( 6 ) : 1 6 . 201 The y i e l d o f m i d - m a t u r i n g a r h a r was n o t
r e d u c e d when i t was sown w i t h s h o r t - d u r a -
Arhar, besides p r o t e c t i n g l i t c h i plants t i o n and d w a r f i n t e r c r o p s , whereas t h e
a g a i n s t h o t w i n d s , f r o s t , and c a t t l e , y i e l d of early maturing arhar v a r i e t i e s
m i n i m i z e s w e e d i n g a n d , b e i n g a legume c r o p , was a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . A r h a r + mung gave
enriches the s o i l as w e l l . the highest r e t u r n s .

S0L0C0TZI, E . H . 1 9 4 7 . TH0MPST0NE, E. 1 9 2 0 .
The beans and o t h e r s o f t h e l e g u m i n o s a e C u l t i v a t i o n of " P e s i n g o n " Cajanus indicus,
c u l t i v a t e d i n Chiapas. B o l . Soc. B o t . Burma c u l t i v a t o r s L e a f l e t - 5 5 . Rangoon:
Mexico. 5 : 4 - 6 . 202 Govt. P r i n t i n g Press. 208
P h a s e o l u s i s t h e legume most commonly grown
i n t h e Mexican State o f Chiapas. It is TIWARI, A . S . , L . N . YADAV, L. SINGH, and
r e p r e s e n t e d by many s p e c i e s . Cajanus C . N . MAHADIK. 1 9 7 7 .
i n d i c u s i s also found i n the t r o p i c a l S p r e a d i n g p l a n t t y p e does b e t t e r i n p i g e o n -
p a r t s of the S t a t e . Vigna and C r o t a l a r i a p e a . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 7 : 7 - 1 0 . 209
are also found.
In mixed c r o p p i n g , a s p r e a d i n g t y p e of
p i g e o n p e a does b e t t e r and a p p e a r s more
SOLOMON, S . , and G.P. ARGIKAR. 1 9 5 6 . adaptable to d i f f e r e n t plant spacings,
P e r e n n i a l t u r . Farmer 7 ( 1 2 ) : 1 3 - 1 5 . 203 showing a h i g h e r y i e l d .

SOUSA, J . A . , and C.A. GENTIL. 1 9 5 9 . TRIVEDI, K.A. 1963.

Green m a n u r i n g o f s u g a r c a n e f i e l d s . Brasil E f f e c t o f ( i ) s p a c i n g and ( i i ) NPK o n t h e
Acucareiro 54(5):12-15. 204 y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f p i g e o n p e a . M.Sc.(1963)
T h e s i s . B . A . A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 6 : 8 8 . 210

35
Pigeonpea Bibliography

UKIRDE, R.H. 1 9 7 5 . VERTEUIL, L . L . 1 9 6 2 .

Response o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) The p i g e o n p e a scheme. J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n .
v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus 62(2):252-255. .217
and s p a c i n g . M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 5 ) T h e s i s .
J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a ,
Jabalpur, I n d i a . 211 VERTEUIL, L . L . 1 9 6 3 .
Some o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e p i g e o n p e a i n d u s -
try. J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 3 ( 2 ) :
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Tur - Progress of a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h
and d e v e l o p m e n t i n Bombay S t a t e . Dep. Problems t o b e s o l v e d i n c l u d e t h e presence
A g r i c . Poona. 2 1 . 212 o f i n s e c t l a r v a e i n t h e peas and f l u c t u a -
t i o n s i n the supply; the p o s s i b i l i t y o f
u t i l i z i n g t h e s h e l l s and t h e b r e e d i n g o f
VEERASWAMY, R . , V . P . A . RAJASEKARAN, more s u i t a b l e v a r i e t i e s s h o u l d r e c e i v e
G. SELVAKUMARI, and N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. attention. Y i e l d s up to 4 tons of pods/ha
1972. have been a t t a i n e d .
E f f e c t o f p h o s p h o r i c a c i d and o r g a n i c
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of Indian a g r i c u l t u r e . L o n d o n : E y r e and
The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a b a s a l d r e s s i n g Spottiswood. pp. 26, 46-47, 119, 198,
w i t h 2 2 . 4 k g o f P2O5 i n t h e f o r m o f s u p e r - 233-235. 219
p h o s p h a t e and 5 m t / h a o f compost w i l l
i n c r e a s e t h e y i e l d o f r a i n f e d r e d gram b y
a b o u t 13%. WALLIS, E . S . 1 9 7 6 .
Agronomy of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan).
P r o c . T r o p i c a l Grassland Soc. o f A u s t r a l i a .
VEERASWAMY, R . , R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA- Trop. Grasslands 10(3):230-240. 220
KUMARI, and P. BADRI NARAYANAN. 1 9 7 2 .
C. c a j a n cv UQ-50 was sown on 15 O c t o b e r
Studies on the spacing of redgram (Cajanus
and 14 December 1 9 7 3 , and 4 March 1 9 7 4 , to
cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J .
g i v e p l a n t d e n s i t i e s o f 10,000 t o 110,999/
59(8):435-436. 214
ha. Dry seed y i e l d s r a n g e d f r o m 1,030 k g /
A s p a c i n g of 90 cm b e t w e e n rows and 30 cm h a w i t h 1 0 , 0 0 0 p l a n t s sown o n 4 March t o
b e t w e e n p l a n t s w i t h i n t h e row a p p e a r s t o 4 , 4 8 0 k g w i t h 3 3 , 3 3 3 p l a n t s sown o n
b e t h e optimum s p a c i n g . Nine d i f f e r e n t 14 December.
s p a c i n g s v a r y i n g f r o m 90 x 20 cm to 150 x
40 cm w e r e t r i e d and a b r o a d c a s t s o w i n g
WALLIS, E . S . , P . C . WHITEMAN, and
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gave a y i e l d i n c r e a s e o f 51.78% o v e r t h e
P i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . )
c o n t r o l and r e q u i r e d o n l y 9 k g / h a o f seed
research i n A u s t r a l i a . Proc. F i r s t I n t e r -
a s compared w i t h t h e 1 2 . 5 0 k g / h a u s u a l l y
n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n Legumes, 1 3 - 1 6
used i n b r o a d c a s t s o w i n g .
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149-166. 221
VEERASWAMY, R . , R. RATHNASWAMY, and
Describes t h e agronomic aspects o f p i g e o n -
G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1 9 7 4 .
pea, i n c l u d i n g response t o p h o t o p e r i o d ,
S t u d i e s on t h e mixed c r o p p i n g of redgram
d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n under d i f f e r e n t
and g r o u n d n u t u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n . Madras
c o n d i t i o n s , p r o d u c t i o n t r i a l s , and aims
Agric. J. 61(9):801-802. 215
and o b j e c t i v e s .
The e x p e r i m e n t has shown t h a t a mixed crop
o f g r o u n d n u t TMV-2 and r e d gram Co-1 in t h e
WATKINS, J . M . , and J . M . CANO. 1 9 5 0 .
r a t i o o f 6 : 1 i s more p r o f i t a b l e than a pure
Improve your s o i l s by sowing legumes.
crop of e i t h e r groundnut or r e d gram.
E1 Salvador M i n i s t . de A g r i c . y Ganaderia.
C i r e . A g r i c . No. 2 3 . 222
VERMA, G. 1 9 5 5 .
A number of legumes a r e recommended as
M i x e d c r o p p i n g w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) .
green manure, i n c l u d i n g p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
A g r i c . Anim. Husb., U t t a r Pradesh.
cajan). Seeding r a t e s f o r growing pigeon-
6(2-3):42-53. 216
pea as a seed c r o p and f o r g r e e n manure
are g i v e n .

36
 Agronomy

WATSON, K . A . , and P.R. GOLDSWORTHY. 1 9 6 4 . a d a p t a t i o n , number o f seeds p e r p o u n d ,

S o i l f e r t i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n the s e e d l i n g r a t e s , and s u i t a b l e s p a c i n g s .
middle b e l t of N i g e r i a . Emp. J . E x p .
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WILLIAMS, S . J . A . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1 9 7 1 .
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t h s o f f a l l o w have shown t h a t where o n l y a Fmr 3 ( 1 ) : 1 9 . 227
s h o r t f a l l o w can be a l l o w e d , Cajanus cajan
or Andropogon gayanus as p l a n t e d c o v e r s In Trinidad, preliminary results of f i e l d
were more e f f i c i e n t t h a n n a t u r a l r e g e n e - t r i a l s w i t h d w a r f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus s p p . )
showed t h a t t h e e a r l y f l o w e r i n g and t h e
ration. There i s evidence t h a t f e r t i l i z e r s
d w a r f h a b i t o f t h e p l a n t s a l l o w e d dense
a r e a s e f f e c t i v e a s manure i n m a i n t a i n i n g
p l a n t i n g and m e c h a n i z a t i o n . A d e n s i t y of
f e r t i l i t y under c o n t i n u o u s c r o p p i n g .
1 6 5 , 0 0 0 p l a n t s / h a in rows and m e c h a n i c a l
h a r v e s t i n g y i e l d e d 2,500 kg/ha a f t e r a
WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1 8 8 9 . c r o p p i n g p e r i o d o f 111 days a s compared
Cajanus cajan. D i c t i o n a r y of t h e Economic w i t h 4 , 5 0 0 k g / h a and a c r o p p i n g p e r i o d o f
Products of I n d i a , pp. 12-15. C a l c u t t a : 210 days f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l methods o f
Supdt. Govt. P r i n t i n g . 224 cultivation. Mechanical h a r v e s t i n g cost
was 20% o f t h e c o s t o f t r a d i t i o n a l manual
picking.
WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1 9 0 8 .
The c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t s of I n d i a - An
abridgment o f , " D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e Econo- WILSIE, C.P. 1935.
m i c P r o d u c t s o f I n d i a . " L o n d o n : John Seed p r o d u c t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h legumes in
Murray. 1189 p p . 225 Hawaii. J . Am. Soc. A g r o n . 2 7 :
784-790. 228
P i g e o n p e a i s known i n I n d i a a s C a d j a n ,
tuvar (Tuver), t u r , thor, arar ( u r o r ) , T h i s study of the response of C. cajan
rahar d h a l , l a h a r , o r o h a , gelamah, t o g a r l , t o s p a c i n g o b s e r v e s t h a t each p l a n t t r i e s
k a n a l u , and p e h - y e n - k l y u n g . Watt a l s o t o f i l l t h e a v a i l a b l e space s u r r o u n d i n g
n o t e s t h a t C . i n d i c u s bicolor i s r e f e r r e d i t , the r a t e o f f i l l i n g f o r a given c u l t i -
t o a s t h e Congo o r A n g o l a p e a , and v a r depending on the sowing d e n s i t y . But
C. i n d i c u s flavus, as t h e n o - e y e p e a in t h e l i m i t a t i o n s imposed b y s p a c i n g have
t h e West I n d i e s . The p l a n t was p r o b a b l y n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The p l a n t - s p a c e
i n t r o d u c e d b y s l a v e t r a d e r s i n t o t h e West r e l a t i o n s h i p i s the p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f
I n d i e s and N o r t h A m e r i c a f r o m A f r i c a . a given c u l t i v a r to e x p l o i t the e n v i r o n -
I n n o r t h e r n B e n g a l and Assam t h e a r h a r ment. S p a c i n g more w i d e l y t h a n 1.52 x
i s s p e c i a l l y grown a s a f o o d p l a n t f o r 2.29 m r e s u l t e d in a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c l i n e
the l a c i n s e c t . S i l k was p r o d u c e d i n i n y i e l d , w h i c h was l o w e s t a t a s p a c i n g
Madagascar b y s i l k w o r m f e d o n t h e o f 3.05 x 3.05 m,
pigeonpea.

YADAHALLI, Y . H . 1 9 7 3 .
WHYTE, R . O . , G. NILSSON-LEISSNER, and I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f redgram w i t h m a i z e and
H.C. TRUMBLE. 1 9 5 3 . ragi is p r o f i t a b l e . C u r r . Res.
Legumes i n A g r i c u l t u r e . Rome: FAO. 2 1 : 2(6) :37. 229
367 p p . 226
I n t e r c r o p p i n g r e d gram w i t h m a i z e , r a g i
The s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n ( E l e u s i n e c o r a c a n a ) , g r o u n d n u t , and s o y -
a t p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e o n members o f l e g u m i - bean gave t o t a l y i e l d s ( s e e d , g r a i n ,
nosae i s s u r v e y e d . Problems o f agronomists u n s h e l l e d n u t s ) o f 1 . 8 6 , 1 . 1 9 , 1 . 1 3 , and
and o t h e r s engaged i n r e s e a r c h a r e r e v i e w e d . 1 . 1 1 t / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , compared w i t h
Part I contains t h i r t e e n chapters dealing 0.57 t / h a f o r pure stands o f r e d gram.
w i t h economic b o t a n y o f l e g u m e s , e c o l o g i c a l
and b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p , legumes i n t r o p i c s
YADAHALLI, Y . H . , G. JAYARAM, and
and s u b t r o p l c s , e t c . The c e n t e r s o f o r i g i n
G. SHIVASHANKAR. 1 9 7 6 .
o f t h e c h i e f l e g u m i n o u s g e n e r a and s p e c i e s
Redgram v a r i e t y Hyd-3C w i t h h i g h e r p l a n t
are d e f i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o V a v i l o v ' s propo-
p o p u l a t i o n y i e l d s more t h a n d o u b l e t h a t o f
sals. Part II provides information on the
variety Co-1. C u r r . Res. 5 ( 3 ) :
c h i e f c h a r a c t e r s and uses o f t h e d i f f e r e n t
133-134. 230
g e n e r a and s p e c i e s , and f o r i m p o r t a n t
c r o p s , a l s o o n t y p e s and v a r i e t i e s . The I n c r e a s i n g the d e n s i t y from 50,000 to
survey concludes w i t h t a b u l a t e d information 7 5 , 0 0 0 p l a n t s / h a i n c r e a s e d seed y i e l d s
o n p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l f r o m 1.88 t o 2 . 0 8 t / h a i n t h e new Cajanus

37
Pigeonpea Bibliography

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on major pulse crops - p r i n c i p a l l y on
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JADHAV, P . S . , T . C . J A I N , and
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the I n d i a n l i t e r a t u r e . 1969-1973. Hydera-
s e l e c t i o n of promising v a r i e t i e s , produc-
b a d : ICRISAT. 116 p p . 236
t i o n p a c k a g e , l a n d and i t s p r e p a r a t i o n ,
f e r t i l i z a t i o n , s o w i n g , weed c o n t r o l , A n o n a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y scanned f r o m
mixed c r o p p i n g , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , and 4 4 I n d i a n p e r i o d i c a l s and d e a l i n g w i t h
harvesting. g e n e r a l a s p e c t s (196 t i t l e s ) , sorghum
( 2 0 7 ) , p e a r l m i l l e t ( 1 1 2 ) , Eleusine
coracana ( 4 6 ) , Visum sativum ( 3 1 ) , c h i c k -
YADAV, D . S . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1 9 7 5 .
pea ( 9 1 ) , and p i g e o n p e a ( 2 0 ) . Title
A l l about arhar c u l t i v a t i o n . I n d i a n Fmr
index; author index.
Digest 8 ( 6 ) : 7 - 8 . 232
The e s s e n t i a l components o f p r o d u c t i o n
technology f o r a r h a r , such a s s e l e c t i o n o f
promising v a r i e t y , s u i t a b l e land, f e r t i l i -
z a t i o n , s o w i n g , weed c o n t r o l , i r r i g a t i o n
and d r a i n a g e , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , m i x e d B I O C H E M I S T R Y A N D N U T R I T I O N
c r o p p i n g , and h a r v e s t i n g a r e b r i e f l y
described.
A B D I , H . , and M.K. SAHIB. 1 9 7 6 .
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f l y s i n e i n d i f f e r e n t legumes
and some s p e c i e s of Amaranthus s e e d s .
J. Fd S c i . T e c h n o l . 13(5) : 237-239. 237
P r o t e i n and l y s i n e c o n t e n t o f seven common-
B I B L I O G R A P H I E S l y o c c u r r i n g l e g u m i n o u s seeds have been
determined. P r o t e i n o f h o r s e gram seed
has h i g h e s t l y s i n e c o n t e n t . Black gram,
BARRIOS, G . A . , and V . D . RAMOS. 1 9 7 3 . p e a , and r e d gram p r o t e i n s a r e a l s o r i c h
V e n e z u e l a n b i b l i o g r a p h y o f l e g u m i n o u s seed in l y s i n e . Leguminous s e e d c o a t s c o n t a i n
crops. Maracay, Venezuela, M i n i s t e r i o de n o n p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n and some bound l y s i n e .
A g r i c u l t u r a y C r i a . 44 p p . 233 Most o f t h e l y s i n e o f t h e seed i s p r e s e n t
The b i b l i o g r a p h y c o v e r s Vigna sinensis, in albumin f r a c t i o n s ; a small p o r t i o n is
P h a s e o l u s aureus, Ph. m u n g o , Dolichos f o u n d i n t h e g l o b u l i n and g l u t e l i n f r a c -
lablab, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba, Lens t i o n s ; and v e r y l i t t l e l y s i n e i s c o n t a i n e d
esculenta, Cajanus c a j a n , Glycine max, and in the prolamine.
Ph. l u n a t u s and i n c l u d e s s e c t i o n s o n
d i s e a s e s and v a r i e t i e s .
AHMAD, S . U . , F . H . SHAH, and M.S. CHAUDHRY.
1975.
CHAPMAN, T . , and E. HERRERA. 1 9 6 1 . E f f e c t o f c o o k i n g o n t h e e s s e n t i a l amino
L i s t o f completed research work c a r r i e d out a c i d c o n t e n t and n e t p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n
at the Imperial College of T r o p i c a l A g r i - (NPU) o f common p u l s e s . P a k i s t . J.
c u l t u r e on crop husbandry. I. Short term S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 1 3 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 8 . 238
crops. J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 1 ( 4 ) : F i v e commonly grown p u l s e s w e r e e v a l u a t e d
489-503. 234 f o r t h e i r t o t a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t , a v a i -
The l i s t i n c l u d e s p u b l i s h e d and u n p u b l i s h e d l a b l e e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s ( c o o k e d and
work (Student theses d e p o s i t e d i n t h e u n c o o k e d ) , and NPU ( c o o k e d and u n c o o k e d ) .
l i b r a r y o f t h e ICTA) d a t i n g f r o m 1 9 2 1 . The T a b u l a t e d r e s u l t s showed 2 3 . 9 t o 25.3%
crops covered i n c l u d e c o t t o n , groundnut, c r u d e p r o t e i n and a d e q u a t e amounts of EAA
cowpea, p i g e o n p e a , m a i z e , s o r g h u m , and e x c e p t f o r m e t h i o n i n e ( 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 1 7 % ) and
millets. tryptophan (0.19-0,28%). C o o k i n g b y conven-
t i o n a l methods caused v a r y i n g l o s s e s o f
amino a c i d s b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e NPU. The
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r p e r c e n t The f o o d l e g u m e s , w h i c h a r e m a j o r s o u r c e s
NPU o f cooked and uncooked p u l s e s : b l a c k o f p r o t e i n and o t h e r i m p o r t a n t n u t r i e n t s
gram 4 3 . 8 5 and 5 0 . 3 0 ; Bengal gram 5 7 . 9 0 and i n many d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , have been
6 1 . 9 0 ; l e n t i l 4 0 . 7 0 and 4 3 . 1 0 ; g r e e n gram s e r i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d i n terms o f r e s e a r c h
4 2 . 7 0 and 5 5 . 2 0 ; r e d gram 3 2 . 3 0 and 5 7 . 3 0 . necessary t o improve t h e i r low p r o d u c t i v i t y
and t o c o r r e c t d e f e c t s i n n u t r i t i o n a l and
food acceptance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . This
AHMED, BASHIR, S . L . MEHRA, and
c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t a t e m e n t i d e n t i f i e s such
G. BHARlHOKE. 1 9 4 8 .
d e f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e most p r e v a l e n t f o o d
T h i a m i n c o n t e n t o f common P u n j a b f o o d
legume c r o p s and p r o p o s e s t o legume b r e e d -
s t u f f s i n t h e raw and cooked s t a t e ( A r h a r ) .
ers d e s i r a b l e procedures f o r a c h i e v i n g
A n n . B i o c h e m . E x p . Med. 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 8 9 - 9 2 . 239
i n c r e a s e d y i e l d and i m p r o v e d n u t r i t i o n a l
V i t a m i n B 1 was e s t i m a t e d i n c e r e a l s , pulses, and f o o d - u s e q u a l i t i e s i n t h e s e s t a p l e
v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , and a few o t h e r f o o d s . foods.
Most v e g e t a b l e s and f r u i t s w e r e v e r y poor
s o u r c e s , b u t p u l s e s and c e r e a l s c o n t a i n e d
AXTMAYER, J . H . , and D.H. COOK. 1 9 3 3 .
2 to 6 µg v i t a m i n B 1 / g . The u s u a l methods
N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f f o o d s t u f f s used i n
o f c o o k i n g a r e d e s c r i b e d w i t h some n o t e s
P u e r t o R i c a n d i e t a r y 5 . The v i t a m i n A
o n t h e p r o b a b l e l o s s e s o f v i t a m i n B 1 . The
contents of arracacha, e g g p l a n t , squash,
p e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n m a k i n g wheat i n t o c h a p a -
chayote, pigeonpea, chickpea, s t r i n g beans,
t i was 2 0 t o 3 0 , i n m a k i n g r i c e p u l a o 6 0
mamey, r e d p e p p e r , b o i l e d g r e e n p l a n t a i n ,
to 6 8 , in making pulses i n t o c u r r y 35 to o k r a and c a s s a v a . PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p .
5 3 , and i n making v e g e t a b l e s i n t o c u r r y Med. 8 : 4 0 7 - 4 1 2 . 244
25 t o 2 8 .
The v i t a m i n A c o n t e n t — i n u n i t s p e r g o f
e d i b l e p o r t i o n — of n a t i v e food s t u f f s as
AHSAN, R . , F. R I A Z , B . K . Z A I N , and
d e t e c t e d by t h e Sherman and M u n s e l l method
M. ZAIN-UL-ABEDIN. 1 9 6 8 .
a r e r e p o r t e d ( i n t h e o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e food
N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o n some p u l s e s commonly
s t u f f s appear) t o b e 4 . 0 0 , 0 . 3 3 , 2 . 0 0 , too
consumed i n P a k i s t a n . P a k i s t . J . Biochem.
small t o measure, 3 . 0 0 , 0 . 5 , 1 0 . 0 , 4 0 . 0 ,
1:16-20. 240
3 3 . 0 , 2 0 . 0 , 6 . 0 , and 0 . 5 .
The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f C . c a j a n seed i s
q u i t e h i g h a t t h e 20% p r o t e i n l e v e l , b u t
AXTMAYER, J . H . , and S. SILVA. 1 9 3 2 .
t h e seed p r o d u c e d d i g e s t i v e d i s t u r b a n c e s
N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f f o o d s t u f f s used i n
when f e d t o m i c e o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d a s t h e
Puerto Rican d i e t a r y 3 . The v i t a m i n G
major d i e t a r y c o n s t i t u e n t .
( B 2 ) c o n t e n t o f r i p e p l a n t a i n (Musa paradi-
eiae L . ) and p i g e o n p e a ( g a n d u l ) (Cajanus
AKHBAR, S . , N.A. KHAN, and T. HUSSAlN. cajan L . ) . PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med.
1973. 8:1-4. 245
Amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n and n u t r i t i v e v a l u e Ripe p l a n t a i n and p i g e o n p e a s c o n t a i n e d 0 . 5
of a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) grown in P e s h a - and 2 B o u r q u i n u n i t s o f v i t a m i n G ( B 2 ) p e r
war r e g i o n . P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. gram, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
16(34):130-131. 241
A n a l y s i s o f a r h a r seeds gave t h e f o l l o w i n g BACHARACH, A . L . 1 9 4 1 .
r e s u l t s : 21.4% c r u d e p r o t e i n c o n t a i n i n g The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d i n
7.05% l y s i n e ; 2.27% h i s t i d i n e ; 0.88% human and a n i m a l f o o d s (Cajanus cajan).
m e t h i o n i n e ; 8.36% l e u c i n e ; 1.73% f a t ; and N u t r . A b s t r . Rev. 1 0 : 4 5 4 - 4 6 5 . 246
2.94% a s h . Net p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n , t r u e
d i g e s t i b i l i t y , and b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e w e r e The n i c o t i n i c a c i d c o n t e n t o f r e d gram i s
4 6 . 0 , 8 5 . 8 , and 53.7% r e s p e c t i v e l y . 5 . 3 mg/100 g . The b i o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e
o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d o r i t s amide i s t h a t i t
i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r n o r m a l g r o w t h and
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 3 6 . h e a l t h o f p i g s and dogs and can a l s o
S u l f u r content of g l o b u l i n s from pigeon- p r e v e n t o r c u r e some d i s e a s e i n t h e s e
peas. Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn Report f o r species.
t h e y e a r 1 9 3 5 . 25 p p . 242

BAGCHI, K . , and S. CHOUDHURY. 1 9 4 9 .

ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 3 . Copper c o n t e n t o f some I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s
P . A . G . s t a t e m e n t ( N o . 22) o n u p g r a d i n g (Red g r a m ) . A n n . B i o c h e m . E x p . Med. 9 ( 2 ) :
human n u t r i t i o n t h r o u g h t h e improvement o f 107-112. 247
f o o d l e g u m e s . PAG B u l l . 3(2):1-4. 243

39
Pigeonpea Bibliography

The c o p p e r (Cu) c o n t e n t o f 7 5 I n d i a n f o o d a t 15% l e v e l , t h e y a r e s u p e r i o r t o t h e

s t u f f s was d e t e r m i n e d b y a c o l o r i m e t r i c p r o t e i n s o f B e n g a l gram i n p r o m o t i n g
method w i t h d i e t h y l - d i t h i o c a r b a m a t e growth.
reagent. P o s s i b i l i t i e s of Cu d e f i c i e n c i e s
in the d i e t s of Indians are discussed.
BASU, K . P . , and M.K. HALDAR. 1 9 3 9 .
B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e s o f p r o t e i n s o f Cicer
BANERJEE, B . M . , and V . B . TANDON. 1 9 7 0 , arietinum ( B e n g a l gram) and Cajanus i n d i c u s
Carotenoids: precursors of v i t a m i n A in ( A r h a r ) b y t h e b a l a n c e s h e e t and g r o w t h
precooked I n d i a n l a d y ' s f i n g e r , greenpea methods. J . I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 1 6 :
and d a l a r h a r . Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 209-218. 252
8-B(2):76-79. 248
The b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f p r o t e i n s o f
S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y s t u d i e s w i t h precooked C. arietinum and Cajanus indicus was d e t e r -
accelerated f r e e z e - d r i e d food products mined by t h e b a l a n c e - s h e e t method and by
showed t h a t l a d y ' s f i n g e r , g r e e n p e a , and the growth o f young r a t s . In the balance-
d h a l a r h a r c o n t a i n a - and 3 - c a r o t e n e s a s s h e e t e x p e r i m e n t s , C. arietinum has a
p r e c u r s o r s o f v i t a m i n A , l i c o p e n e , and h i g h e r b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e t h a n Cajanus indi-
other b i o l o g i c a l l y i n a c t i v e isomers, CU8. In the growth methods, the growth
- c a r o t e n e making the major c o n t r i b u t i o n r a t e p e r gram o f p r o t e i n i n t a k e p r o d u c e d
towards t h e v i t a m i n A potency i n a l l t h e by C. arietinum at 15% c o n c e n t r a t i o n of
three foods. p r o t e i n i s l e s s than t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g value
f o r Cajanus indicus, w h i l e a t l o w e r c o n c e n -
t r a t i o n s o f p r o t e i n s , C . arietinum p r o d u c e s
BANERJEE, S. 1 9 6 1 .
more g r o w t h .
B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e and e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d
c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f some p u l s e s .
P r o c . Symp. o n P r o t e i n s . M y s o r e , I n d i a : BASU, N . M . , G.K. RAY, and N.K. DE. 1 9 4 7 .
355-356. 249 Cajanus indicus. On t h e v i t a m i n C and
c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t o f s e v e r a l h e r b s and
The ten e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s i n s e v e n
f l o w e r s used i n A y u r v e d i c m e d i c i n e (Cajanus
pulses were e s t i m a t e d m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l l y .
indicus). J . I n d i a n Chem. S o c . 2 4 :
Amino a c i d c o n t e n t p e r 100 g p r o t e i n w a s ,
358-360. 253
in descending o r d e r : Phaseolus radiatus,
Pisum sativum, Lathyrus sativus, Ph. mungo, O f t h e v a r i o u s h e r b s e x a m i n e d , m a t u r e neem
Cajanus cajan, Lens esculenta, and Cicer l e a v e s a r e v e r y r i c h ; t e n d e r neem l e a v e s ,
arietinum. P r o t e i n r a n g e d f r o m 17% i n v e s a k , d h a n i a , and b a b l a t h o r n l e a v e s q u i t e
Ph. r a d i a t u s t o 25% i n L . s a t i v u s . B i o - r i c h , b o t h i n c a r o t e n e and v i t a m i n C . The
l o g i c a l values were e s t i m a t e d w i t h r a t s . a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) l e a v e s have f r e e
The p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o s o f f i v e v i t a m i n C 5 0 mg/100 g , and c a r o t e n e i n
p u l s e s r a n g e d f r o m 1.16 f o r L. esculenta µ p e r 100 g - 3 , 1 0 0 . 0 . The s t u d y was
to 1.87 f o r Ph. vadiatus. undertaken to throw l i g h t on the p o s s i b l e
r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e m e d i c i n a l p r o p e r -
t i e s o f t h e s e h e r b s and t h e i r v i t a m i n C
BASSIR, 0 . , and F . I . IKEGWUONU. 1 9 7 5 .
and c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t s .
The i n - v i v o e f f e c t s o f phytochem a g g l u t i -
n i n s o n a t p a s e and f u m a r a s e enzymes i n t h e
r a t : Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea, BISWAS, H.C. 1 9 4 3 .
Cajanus cajan, Phaeeolus lunatus, V. umbel- I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the saponin content of
lata and Glycine max. Toxicon 1 3 ( 5 ) : the Indian pulses. S c i . C u l t . 9:165. 254
371-374. 250
A comparative t e s t of the saponin content
o f t h e p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g r e d gram was made.
BASU, K . P . , and M.C. MALAKAR. 1 9 3 9 . The method o f e x t r a c t i n g and p u r i f y i n g t h e
C a l o r i f i c value of Indian foodstuffs. saponin i s g i v e n . A l l the a v a i l a b l e dhals,
J . I n d i a n Chem. S o c . 1 6 : 4 2 7 - 4 3 2 . 251 or p u l s e s , c o n t a i n saponin to an apprecia-
ble extent.
A comparative study of the b i o l o g i c a l value
of p r o t e i n s of Cicer arietinum and C. cajan
was c o n d u c t e d f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f n i t r o - BOSE, R . D . , P.M. GANGULI, and S . N . UMAR.
gen b a l a n c e and f o r t h e p r o m o t i o n o f g r o w t h 1938.
i n young r a t s . A detailed analysis of C o o k i n g t e s t s w i t h Pusa t y p e s o f p i g e o n -
these crops is g i v e n . I t was c o n c l u d e d peas (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Proc.
t h a t t h e p r o t e i n s o f Cajanus a r e somewhat I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 2 5 ( 3 ) : 2 1 4 . 255
i n f e r i o r t o t h e p r o t e i n s o f B e n g a l gram a t
l o w l e v e l s (5% and 10%) o f i n t a k e , whereas

40
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

The u l t i m a t e t e s t o f a l l f o o d c r o p s i s t h e i r a t t r i b u t e d t o s o i l and c l i m a t i c factors.

c o o k i n g v a l u e ; h e n c e , a l l improvement p r o -
grams s h o u l d i n c l u d e c o o k i n g t e s t s . E i g h t y - CHOUDHURY, KAMAL, and M.M. RAHMAN. 1 9 7 3 .
s i x P u s a t y p e s o f a r h a r (Cajanus) and s i x F a t t y acids in d i f f e r e n t pulses produced
h y b r i d s were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r c o o k i n g q u a - and consumed i n B a n g l a d e s h . J. Fd S c i .
l i t y and c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e m a i n g r o u p s . Technol. 24(4):471. 259
Some c o r r e l a t i o n was p r e s e n t b e t w e e n t a s t e
The t o t a l f a t r a n g e d f r o m 1 t o 1.7% o f d r y
and a d h e r e n c e o f h u s k t o d h a l , c o l o r o f raw
w e i g h t in musuri (Lens esaulenta), arhar
and cooked d h a l , and c o o k i n g t i m e . N o
{Cajanus indicus), m a t a r (Pisum sativum),
r e l a t i o n s h i p was o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e t a s t e
khesari (Lathyrus sativus), and m a s h - k a l a i
o f d h a l and t h e h a b i t , m a t u r i t y , o r f l o w e r -
(Phaseolus mungo). The f a t f r o m m u s u r i ,
i n g o f p l a n t , pod c o l o r , s i z e and shape o f
a r h a r , m a t a r , and k h e s a r i had 18 to 28%
g r a i n , y i e l d , p e r c e n t a g e o f h u s k , and
p a l m i t i c a c i d and 5 4 t o 57% l i n o l e i c a c i d .
c o n s i s t e n c y o f cooked d h a l .
The u n s a t u r a t e d : s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d r a t i o s
i n t h e f a t e x t r a c t s ranged f r o m 2 . 3 f o r
BRAHAM, J . E . , M.N. ROLANDO, B. RICHARDO,
arhar to 4.4 f o r musuri.
and J . ROBERTO. 1 9 6 5 .
The e f f e c t o f c o o k i n g and o f amino a c i d
CUBAS, A . C . 1 9 5 0 .
supplementation on the n u t r i e n t value of
N u t r i t i o n a l s t u d y o f p i g e o n p e a {Cajanus
the p r o t e i n of the gandul or pigeonpea
indiaus). A n . Fac. Farm. B i o q u l m U n i v .
(Cajanus indicus). ( S p a n i s h / E n g l i s h summary).
S. Marcos ( L i m a , P e r u ) 1:87. 260
Archos Venez. N u t r . 1 5 : 1 9 - 3 2 . 256
S t u d i e s showed t h a t p i g e o n p e a meal 20-mlnute DAKSHINAMURTHI, K. 1 9 5 5 .
a u t o c l a v e d a t 121°C, supplemented w i t h 0 . 1 % C h o l i n e c o n t e n t o f some S o u t h I n d i a n f o o d
t r y p t o p h a n and 0.3% m e t h i o n i n e , was c o m p a r a - s t u f f s (dhal a r h a r ) . Curr. S c i . 24(5):
b l e t o c a s e i n i n r a t d i e t s f e d a t 10% p r o - 194. 261
t e i n l e v e l . Cajanus seeds and meal w e r e
C e r e a l s and common v e g e t a b l e s a r e l o w i n
f o u n d d e f i c i e n t i n s u l f u r , amino a c i d s ,
c h o l i n e , an important n u t r i t i o n a l element,
and t r y p t o p h a n .
dhal arhar {Cajanus indiaus) contains
BRESSANI, R . , and L . G . E L I A S . 1 9 7 7 . a p p r e c i a b l e amounts o f c h o l i n e .
The p r o b l e m o f legume p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y ,
p p . 6 1 - 7 2 . I n N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and DANIEL, V . A . , B . L . M . DESAI, R. SUBRAMANYA,
methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d - T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, M. SWAMINATHAN,
e r s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g Group o n N u t r i - and H . A . B . PARPIA. 1 9 6 8 .
t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s and Methods o f E v a l u a t i o n The s u p p l e m e n t a r y v a l u e o f B e n g a l g r a m ,
f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . r e d g r a m , s o y b e a n , a s compared w i t h s k i m
TS7e. 257 m i l k powder t o p o o r I n d i a n d i e t s based o n
r a g i , k a f f i r c o r n , and p e a r l m i l l e t .
A n a n a l y s i s o f the low p r o t e i n - d i g e s t i b i l i t y Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 5(4):283-291. 262
o f legume g r a i n s and p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f o r
i t . I f t h e s e a r e i d e n t i f i e d and c o u l d b e Soybean at 5 to 6% l e v e l s was f o u n d as
e l i m i n a t e d , beans w i l l make a b e t t e r n u t r i - e f f e c t i v e a s B e n g a l gram o r r e d gram a t
t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t h a n t h e y have made 15 to 16% l e v e l as a s u p p l e m e n t to t h e p o o r
d u r i n g t h e 4 , 0 0 0 y e a r s s i n c e t h e i r consump- I n d i a n d i e t s based o n r a g i , k a f f i r c o r n ,
t i o n b e g a n . The p a p e r d i s c u s s e s t h e p r o b l e m and p e a r l m i l l e t .
o f legume p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y and t h e r o l e
p l a y e d i n i t b y each o f t h e s e f a c t o r s : DANIEL, V . A . , R. LEELA, R. SUBRAMANYA,
a n t i - p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s , heat treatment, T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, RAJALAKSHMI,
w a t e r - s o l u b l e n i t r o g e n f r a c t i o n s o f cooked M. SWAMINATHAN, and H . A . B . PARPIA. 1 9 6 5 .
beans, p r o t e i n s r e s i s t a n t to enzymatic The s u p p l e m e n t a r y v a l u e o f p r o t e i n s and
h y d r o l y s i s , s e e d c o a t p i g m e n t s , and r a t e o f soybean a s compared w i t h t h o s e o f B e n g a l
passage o f f o o d r e s i d u e s . g r a m , r e d gram and s k i m m i l k powder t o
poor I n d i a n d i e t s based o n r i c e and
CHATTOPADHYAYA, H . , and S. BANERJEE. 1 9 5 1 . wheat. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet.
S t u d i e s o n t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t o f some 2(3):128-133. 263
common I n d i a n p u l s e s . Fd Res. 1 6 ( 3 ) :
The s u p p l e m e n t a r y v a l u e o f soybean ( a t 5 . 5
230-231. 258
t o 6.0% l e v e l ) , B e n g a l g r a m , and r e d gram
E s t i m a t e s t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t o f some ( a t 1 5 . 0 t o 16.0% l e v e l ) t o p o o r I n d i a n
common f o o d s t u f f s i n B e n g a l . The c h o l i n e d i e t s based on r i c e (PRD) and wheat (PWD),
c o n t e n t , expressed as c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e on p r o v i d i n g a b o u t 2.5% e x t r a p r o t e i n i n t h e
d r y b a s i s (mg/100 g m ) , was 201 ( ± 2 . 2 ) . case o f r i c e d i e t s and 2.2% i n t h e case o f
V a r i a t i o n s in chemical composition are w h e a t d i e t s , has been s t u d i e d b y g r o w t h

41
Pigeonpea Bibliography

experiments using a l b i n o r a t s . I t was c o n - DEVADAS, R . P . , R. G I R I J A B A I , and

c l u d e d t h a t s o y b e a n a t 5 . 5 t o 6.0% l e v e l N. SNEHLATA. 1 9 6 7 .
has t h e same s u p p l e m e n t a r y v a l u e as B e n g a l E f f e c t o f m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n s u p p l e -
gram o r r e d gram a t 1 5 . 0 t o 16.0% l e v e l . m e n t a t i o n t o two i m p r o v e d s t r a i n s o f r e d
gram o n p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n b y a l b i n o r a t s .
DANIEL, V . A . , D. NARAYANASWAMY, B . L . M . DESAI, Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 4(4):300. 267
S. KURIEN, M. SWAMINATHAN, and H . A . B . PARPIA. Even a f t e r t h e p r o t e i n o f t h e s e l e c t e d
1970. s t r a i n s o f r e d gram ( 1 1 4 1 and SA-1) was
Supplementary v a l u e o f v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h t h e amino a c i d s m e t h i o -
r e d gram (Cajanus cajan) to p o o r d i e t s n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n , t h e p r o t e i n q u a l i t y
b a s e d o n r i c e and r a g i . Indian J. Nutr. d i d n o t e q u a l t h a t o f skim m i l k powder.
Dietet. 7(6):358-362. 264 T h i s m i g h t b e due e i t h e r t o t h e i n s u f f i c i e i t
q u a n t i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e amino a c i d s w e r e
The i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f 8.5% r e d gram d h a l i n
s u p p l e m e n t e d , o r t o o t h e r l i m i t i n g amino
p o o r r i c e d i e t and 16.7% r e d gram d h a l i n
a c i d s , such a s l y s i n e , i n t h e d i e t .
p o o r r a g i d i e t , a l o n g w i t h v i t a m i n s and
m i n e r a l s , markedly improves t h e o v e r a l l
n u t r i t i v e value of the d i e t as judged by DEVADAS, R . P . , R. SAMBAMURTHY, and
t h e g r o w t h o f young r a t s . R. ROWLANDS. 1 9 6 4 .
N u t r i t i v e value of the p r o t e i n s of blends
o f r e d gram d h a l , m i l k , r i c e and p e a s .
DANIEL, V . A . , P. RAJAN, K . V . SANJEEVARAYAPPA,
Indian J. Nutr. D i e t e t . 1(3) :182-183. 268
K . S . SRINIVASAN, and M. SWAMINATHAN. 1 9 7 7 .
E f f e c t o f i n s e c t i n f e s t a t i o n o n t h e chemi- Groups o f f o u r male r a t s w e r e g i v e n d i e t s
c a l c o m p o s i t i o n and t h e p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y w i t h a b o u t 8 % p r o t e i n d e r i v e d f r o m skimmed
r a t i o o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f B e n g a l gram and m i l k ; r e d gram d h a l ; and a m i x t u r e o f
red gram. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. skimmed m i l k and r e d gram d h a l 1 : 5 . The
14:70-74. 265 p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) o f t h e
skimmed m i l k d i e t was 2 . 6 , t h a t o f t h e
B e n g a l gram and r e d gram w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o
d h a l d i e t was o n l y 0 . 5 8 . The r e p l a c e m e n t
infestation with Callosobruchus chinensis
o f 1 p a r t i n 6 o f t h e r e d gram b y skimmed
f o r a p e r i o d of 5 months. The u r i c a c i d
m i l k i n c r e a s e d t h e PER t o 1 . 6 .
c o n t e n t o f t h e i n f e s t e d B e n g a l gram and
r e d gram was 211 mg/100 g and 205 mg/100 g,
respectively. A s i g n i f i c a n t reduction in DEVI, L . S . 1954.
t h r e o n i n e c o n t e n t o f i n f e s t e d B e n g a l gram B i o - a s s a y o f heavy m e t a l s b y A s p e r g i I l u s
and l y s i n e and t h r e o n i n e c o n t e n t s o f r e d niger—sensitivity of a new s t r a i n . Proc.
gram was o b s e r v e d . The PER v a l u e s of I n d i a n A c a d . S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 4 0 ( 1 ) : 1 - 7 . 269
u n i n f e s t e d and i n f e s t e d B e n g a l gram w e r e
The s t a n d a r d ' M ' s t r a i n o f Aspergillus
1.80 and 1.16 and t h o s e of r e d gram were
niger v a n T e i g h , w h i c h i s used i n l a b o r a -
1.23 and 0 . 6 8 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
t o r i e s as a b i o l o g i c a l t e s t to detect
m i n u t e t r a c e s o f some heavy m e t a l s has
DEVADAS, R . P . , EAPEN MARY, and A. SUSHEELA. been compared w i t h a new s t r a i n o f t h e
1968. same f u n g u s , i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e r h i z o s p h e r e
E f f e c t o f s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s k i m m i l k and o f Cajanus c a j a n , and d e s i g n a t e d a s
i t s combination w i t h multipurpose food or M.U.B.L.I. T h i s new s t r a i n a p p e a r e d t o
r e d gram d h a l o n t h e n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s o f b e l e s s s e n s i t i v e t o t r a c e s o f manganese,
children. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. and more s e n s i t i v e t o c o p p e r , and p e r h a p s
5(3):206-214. 266 molybdenum, t h a n t h e ' M ' s t r a i n .

The n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s and p h y s i c a l d e v e -
lopment were h i g h e r f o r E 1 , r e c e i v i n g skim DHINGRA, P . K . , and N . B . DAS. 1 9 5 9 .
m i l k m u l t i p u r p o s e f o o d (MPF) payasam, t h a n N u t r i t i v e values o f pure s t r a i n s o f I n d i a n
E 2 r e c e i v i n g s k i m m i l k - r e d gram d h a l p a y a - P u l s e s . A n n . B i o c h e m . E x p . Med. 1 9 :
sam, a l t h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e n o t 245-248. 270
significant. A c o m b i n a t i o n o f r e d gram
The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f two s t r a i n s
d h a l and s k i m m i l k i n t h e p r o t e i n r a t i o
each o f B e n g a l , b l a c k , g r e e n , and r e d
o f 1:1 can b e a n e f f i c i e n t s u b s t i t u t e f o r
grams'; l e n t i l ; and pea was e s t i m a t e d . The
an equal q u a n t i t y , by p r o t e i n content, of
t o t a l p r o t e i n ranged from 2 0 . 1 1 t o 32.37%;
skim m i l k . The use o f r e d gram d h a l i n
p h y t i n P r a n g e d f r o m 2 2 . 6 3 t o 50.23% o f
t h i s manner can h e l p t o r e d u c e I n d i a n
the t o t a l P. Marked v a r i a t i o n among
dependence o n i m p o r t s o f s k i m m i l k f r o m
s t r a i n s was n o t e d i n t o t a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t ,
abroad.
ether e x t r a c t s , crude f i b e r , Fe, t o t a l P ,

42
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

and p h y t i n P. The PER of t h e p u l s e s was Legumes a r e i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e s o f p r o t e i n s

lower than that of casein. in the developing countries. For i n c r e a -
s i n g legume p r o d u c t i o n , Rhizobium i n o c u l a -
t i o n and o t h e r i m p r o v e d a g r i c u l t u r a l
E L I A S , L . G . , F . R . CRISTALES, R. BRESSANI,
p r a c t i c e s a r e recommended. Also improving
and H. MIRANDA. 1 9 7 6 .
p r o c e s s i n g methods and i m p r o v i n g d i g e s t i -
Chemical c o m p o s i t i o n o f n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f
b i l i t y o f legumes w i l l a u t o m a t i c a l l y
some g r a i n legume s e e d s . Turrialba
increase consumption, thus meeting the
26(4) :375-380. 271
need f o r p r o t e i n s i n I n d i a n d i e t s .
The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n and n u t r i t i o n a l
v a l u e o f t h e seeds o f 1 5 c u l t i v a r s o f
GHOSE, S . N . 1 9 2 2 .
common bean ( 6 ) , cowpea ( 7 ) , p i g e o n p e a ( 1 ) ,
The e x a m i n a t i o n o f some I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s
and soybean ( 1 ) w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n E 1
for their vitamin content. Biochem. J .
Salvador. The r e s u l t s show t h a t : ( i )
16(1):35-41. 275
p r o t e i n contents o f a l l samples, except
soybean, v a r i e d from 20.6 t o 27.9%; ( i i ) The l e n t i l s examined i n c l u d e d a r h a r ( s m a l l
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f soybean was 4 1 . 5 % ; size, yellow-ochre v a r i e t y ) . Cajanus indi-
( i i i ) l y s i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h , cus Spreng., along w i t h other l e n t i l s
w h i l e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y e x a m i n e d , showed good c o n t e n t o f v i t a m i n B .
l o w ; and ( i v ) common bean c u l t i v a r s showed
the lowest values f o r p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y
GOPALAKRISHNA, T . , R.K. MITRA, and
r a t i o ( 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 4 6 ) , f o l l o w e d b y pigeonpea
C.R. BHATIA. 1 9 7 7 .
( 0 . 8 9 ) , cowpea ( 1 . 4 0 ) , and soybean ( 2 . 1 5 ) .
Seed g l o b u l i n s of 'Cajanus cajan'. Qual.
P l a n t P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 7 ( 3 - 4 ) :
E L I A S , L . G . , M. HERNANDEZ, and R. BRESSANI. 313-326. 276
1976.
Seed g l o b u l i n s o f Cajanus c a j a n , a w i d e l y
The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f p r e c o o k e d legume
c u l t i v a t e d l e g u m e , were p u r i f i e d and c h a -
f l o u r s processed by d i f f e r e n t methods.
racterized. O f t h e 78% s a l t - s o l u b l e seed
N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . 1 4 ( 4 ) : 3 8 5 - 4 0 3 . 272
p r o t e i n s , 61% were g l o b u l i n s ; t h e s e w e r e
T h r e e s p e c i e s o f legumes ( P h a s e o l u s v u l g a - f u r t h e r separated i n t o three f r a c t i o n s .
ris, Vigna sinensis, and Cajanus C a j a n ) The α - f r a c t i o n was i n s o l u b l e a t p H 4 . 7
were p r o c e s s e d u n d e r v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s t o and c o n s i s t e d o f two s u b f r a c t i o n s . Frac-
test e f f e c t on n u t r i t i v e value. Whole and t i o n s β and y were s o l u b l e a t p H 4 . 7 . A l l
g r o u n d b e a n s , soaked f o r 1 8 h o u r s i n 3 t h e f r a c t i o n s were c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s g l y c o -
l i t e r s w a t e r / k g o f beans, were a u t o c l a v e d p r o t e i n s b y cesium c h l o r i d e c e n t r i f u g a t i o n .
a t 1 6 l b p r e s s u r e (121°C) f o r 1 5 , 3 0 , and The p r o t e i n s c o n s i s t e d o f s u b u n i t s h e l d
45 minutes. D i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of together by covalent disulphide linkages.
p i g e o n p e a was 47%; at 15 m i n u t e s c o o k i n g Amino a c i d a n a l y s i s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t g l o -
t i m e , PER v a l u e o f w h o l e g r a i n s was 1.94 b u l i n f r a c t i o n s showed t h a t t h e γ f r a c t i o n
and p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y was 8 0 . 4 % . PER was c o m p a r a t i v e l y r i c h i n s u l f u r amino
v a l u e decreased w i t h i n c r e a s e d cooking acids.
t i m e ; t h u s , 1 5 m i n u t e s was c o n s i d e r e d
enough c o o k i n g t i m e .
GOPALAN, C , and S . C . BALASUBRAMANIAM.
1966.
EVANS, I . M . , and D. BOULTER. 1 9 7 5 . The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f I n d i a n f o o d s and
S-methyl-L-cysteine content f o r various t h e p l a n n i n g o f s a t i s f a c t o r y d i e t s . New
legume m e a l s . Q u a l . P l a n t P I . Fds Hum. D e l h i : ICMR. 277
Nutr. 24(.3-4):257-261. 273
S - m e t h y l - L - c y s t e i n e c o n t e n t o f seed meal GUPTA, G . L . , S . S . NIGAM, S . D . SASTRY, and
p e r 16 g N w a s : Ph. vulgaris, 0 . 8 7 g; R . L . CHAKRAVARTI. 1 9 6 9 .
V . r a d i a t a , 0 . 5 g ; cowpea, 0 . 5 6 g ; Ph. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the e s s e n t i a l o i l from
lunatus, 0 . 4 3 g ; p e a , 0 . 0 4 4 g ; p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . Perf. Essent.
0.033 g . The n u t r i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e and O i l s Res. 6 0 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 3 2 9 . 278
the interference in methionine determi- P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s showed t h a t e s s e n t i a l
n a t i o n o f t h i s amino a c i d a r e d i s c u s s e d . o i l p r e s e n t i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f Cajanus
c a j a n was a s f o l l o w s : Seeds 0 . 0 0 2 ; f r u i t s
GAUR, Y . D . , and A . N . SEN. 1 9 7 3 . 0 . 0 3 ; f l o w e r s 0 . 0 5 ; l e a v e s 0 . 1 6 ; and t e n d e r
R o l e o f legumes and Rhizobium i n s o l v i n g stems 0 . 1 1 % . The o i l d i s t i l l e d f r o m
the p r o t e i n problem i n I n d i a . Qual. Plant l e a v e s and s o f t steins ( y i e l d 0.15%) showed:
P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 8 5 - 3 0 6 . 274

43
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Copaene 2 1 . 3 ; a l p h a - s e l i n e n e 2 0 . 4 ; b e t a - HERIWA, R . N . , and N.G. MAJOR. 1 9 5 1 .

s e l i n e n e 1 6 . 3 ; gamma-selinene 2 4 . 5 ; a l p h a - E f f e c t of autoclaving on the n u t r i t i v e
b e t a and gamma-endesmol 8 . 1 ; s e s q u i t e r p e n e v a l u e o f B e n g a l g r a m , d h a l a r h a r and
( u n i d e n t i f i e d ) , 1 . 9 ; and o t h e r s ( K e t e n e , lentil. C u r r . S c i . 20(2) : 4 0 . 282
e s t e r s , a l c o h o l s , and m e n o t e r p e n e s ) 7.6%.
The f l o u r was a u t o c l a v e d and t r i e d o n
albino rats. Rats f e d o n raw a r h a r d h a l
HABIB, F . G . K . , G . H . MAHRAS, S . H . H I L A L , d i e t g a i n e d more w e i g h t t h a n t h o s e o n a u t o -
G . N . GABRIAL, and S.R. MORCOS. 1 9 7 6 . c l a v e d d h a l b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t
P h y t o c h e m i c a l and n u t r i t i o n a l s t u d i e s o n s i g n i f i c a n t , whereas w i t h a u t o c l a v e d B e n g a l
p i g e o n p e a and k i d n e y beans c u l t i v a t e d i n gram d h a l d i e t t h e g a i n i n w e i g h t was more
Egypt. Z. Ernahrwiss Suppl. 1 5 ( 2 ) : t h a n w i t h raw B e n g a l g r a m .
224-230. 279
Pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) and HULSE, J . H . 1 9 7 5 .
K i d n e y beans (Ph. vulgaris L. v a r . G u i z a Problems o f n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o f p i g e o n -
I I I ) w e r e e i t h e r l e f t raw o r cooked i n pea and c h i c k p e a and p r o s p e c t s o f r e s e a r c h .
b o i l i n g water f o r 1 h r . Samples were a i r P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n
d r i e d , g r o u n d , and s u b j e c t e d t o v a r i o u s Legumes 1 3 - 1 6 Jan 1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT. H y d e r a b a d ,
studies. Raw p i g e o n p e a and k i d n e y bean I n d i a . 189-208. 283
c o n t a i n e d (DM b a s i s ) : 2 5 . 2 and 23.2%
G i v e s d a t a o n c h e m i c a l and amino a c i d com-
p r o t e i n ; 4 . 1 2 and 3.49% a s h ; 1.85 and
p o s i t i o n o f c h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a , c o n -
1.32% e t h e r e x t r a c t ; and 6 8 . 7 8 and 71.99%
c l u d i n g t h a t b o t h legumes, e s p e c i a l l y
carbohydrates. Phytochemical studies
chickpea, represent valuable but conside-
revealed that both the species contained
r a b l y u n d e r - e x p l o i t e d sources o f e d i b l e
carbohydrates and/or g l y c o s i d e s ; f l a v o n o i d s ,
protein.
u n s a t u r a t e d s t e r o l s , a n d / o r s a p o n i n s and
trypsin inhibitor. E x t r a c t i o n w i t h NaOH
gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f p r o t e i n N f o r HULSE, J . H . , K.O. RACHIE, and
both species. Amino a c i d a n a l y s i s i n d i - L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1 9 7 7 .
c a t e d b o t h s p e c i e s were d e f i c i e n t i n N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a l u a -
m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s , p p . 7 - 2 8 .
Cooking i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n t e n t s o f l e u c i n e , I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g Group o n n u t r i t i o n a l
i s o l e u c i n e , and t h r e o n i n e , c o n t e n t s o f s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r
o t h e r amino a c i d s d e c r e a s e d o r w e r e f o o d legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 284
unchanged. Cooking destroyed t h e t r y p s i n
i n h i b i t o r s and h a e m o g l u t i n i n s . The f o o d legumes a r e i m p o r t a n t and e c o n o m i -
c a l s o u r c e s o f p r o t e i n and c a l o r i e s a s w e l l
a s c e r t a i n v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s e s s e n t i a l
HANUMANTHA RAO, K . , and N. SUBRAMANIAM. t o human n u t r i t i o n . Topics discussed in
1970. t h i s book i n c l u d e ( i ) n u t r i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s
E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f common- t o w h i c h legume b r e e d e r s s h o u l d g i v e
l y used I n d i a n p u l s e s b y p a p e r c h r o m a t o - a t t e n t i o n ; ( i i ) recommended p h y s i c a l and
graphy. J. Fd Sci. Technol. 7 ( 1 ) : 3 1 . 280 c h e m i c a l methods o f a n a l y s i s ; ( i i i )
recommended methods o f b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a -
The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t s o f B e n g a l
t i o n , ( i v ) r e l a t e d background m a t e r i a l .
g r a m , b l a c k g r a m , r e d g r a m , g r e e n g r a m , and
l e n t i l s were 3 3 . 5 , 4 0 . 6 , 3 7 . 0 , 3 9 . 1 , and
3 9 . 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y and t h e i r p r o t e i n s c o r e s HULSE, J . H . , K . 0 . RACHIE, and
w e r e 3 2 , 2 9 , 3 2 , 2 6 , and 1 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1 9 7 7 .
Pulse p r o t e i n s are mainly d e f i c i e n t i n Biological evaluation of protein quality of
t r y p t o p h a n and t o t a l s u l f u r amino a c i d s . legumes. I n N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and
methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume
breeders. I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g Group o n
HARTMAN, C . P . , N.G. DIVAKAR, and
n u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f
U . N . NAGARAJA RAO. 1 9 7 3 .
e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s .
Qualitative studies on d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of
IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 2 9 - 3 4 . 285
pulses. J. Fd S c i . Technol. 10(4):
195-196. 281 The amino a c i d s c o r e i s a u s e f u l g u i d e t o
the p o t e n t i a l n u t r i t i v e value of the pro-
I t i s f e a s i b l e t o i d e n t i f y d i f f e r e n t pulses
tein. The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e r a t b i o -
by chromatography of p h e n o l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s
assays, p r e p a r a t i o n o f samples, r e l a t i v e
present. This helps in d e t e c t i n g food
NPR, c a l c u l a t i o n of NPR. RPV m o d i f i e d ( o r
a d u l t e r a t i o n by i d e n t i f y i n g Lathyrus
s l o p e r a t i o a s s a y ) , d r y m a t t e r and p r o t e i n
B o t i v u s i n r e d gram and B e n g a l g r a m .
d i g e s t i b i l i t y , and t e s t f o r g r o s s t o x i c i t y .

44
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

IKEGWUONU, P . I . , and 0 . BASSIR. 1 9 7 6 . c o n t e n t was o v e r 1 % , e x c e p t i n g a r d e n p e a s ,

The t o x i c i t y o f p h y t o c h e m i c a l a g g l u t i n i n s l e n t i l s , and p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus indicus).
to c h i c k e m b r y o s : Glycine max, Phaseolus L y s i n e was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n a l l , f l u c t u a -
l u n a t u s , Cajanus cajan, Arachis hypogaea, t i n g between 6 . 8 2 and 7.99%.
Vigna unguiculata. Hepatocyte f a t t y i n f i l -
t r a t i o n . Toxicon 14(2):139-141. 286
JERMYN, M . A . , and Y . M . YE0W. 1 9 7 5 .
A class of l e c t i n s present in the tissues
JAFFE, W.G. 1 9 5 0 . o f seed p l a n t s . Aust. J. Pl. Physiol.
B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f some legumes i m p o r t a n t 2:501-531. 290
i n Venezuelan d i e t . A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r .
I n legume seeds t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e s p e -
1:107-126. 287
c i f i c glycoprotein l e c t i n i s concentrated
Data a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r m o i s t u r e , p r o t e i n , i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s d i s t i n c t
ash, f i b e r , f a t , carbohydrates, d i g e s t i b i - globular bodies. The p u r i f i c a t i o n and
l i t y o f p r o t e i n s b y r a t s , and i n vitro analysis of the g l y c o p r o t e i n from a s e l e c -
b i o l o g i c a l value of protein for r a t s , w i t h t i o n of species is described. Hydroxy-
or without a d d i t i o n of methionine and/or p r o l i n e and g l u c o s a m i n e a r e p r e s e n t and
tryptophan. Based o n t h e s e d a t a , t h e t h e m a j o r s u g a r s a r e g a l a c t o s e and
legumes a r e a r r a n g e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r arabinose. Neither the function of l e c t i n
o f v a l u e s , s o y a n e g r a ( G l y c i n e soja), c h i c k - nor the reasons f o r i t s e x t r a o r d i n a r y
pea (Cicer arietinum), h y a c i n t h bean e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. Lectins
( D o l i c h o s lablab), k i d n e y bean ( P h a s e o l u s f r o m C. aajan have been s t u d i e d in more
vulgaris), cowpea {Vigna sinensis) , garden d e t a i l by physiochemical techniques.
pea (Pisum sativum), l e n t i l (Lens esau-
lenta), and p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan). In
a l l t h e legumes e x c e p t p i g e o n p e a , methionine JOHNSON, R . M . , and W.D. RAYMOND. 1 9 6 4 .
was t h e l i m i t i n g amino a c i d ; i n p i g e o n p e a , The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f some t r o p i c a l
t r y p t o p h a n a l s o was d e f i c i e n t . food p l a n t s . 2 . Pigeonpeas and cowpeas.
Trop. S c i . 6:68-73. 291
A review of l i t e r a t u r e on the chemical
JAFFE, W.G. 1 9 5 0 .
c o m p o s i t i o n o f seeds o f p i g e o n p e a {Cajanus
P r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y and trypsin inhibitor
indiaus) and cowpea {Vigna sinensis). Data
a c t i v i t y o f legume s e e d s . P r o c . Soc. E x p .
a r e p r o v i d e d o n t h e c o n t e n t s and n a t u r e o f
B i o l . Med. 7 5 : 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 . 288
c a r b o h y d r a t e s , p r o t e i n s and amino a c i d s ,
N o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was f o u n d between v i t a m i n s , f a t s , and some o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s .
t h e d i g e s t i b i l i t i e s o f raw and a u t o c l a v e d
p i g e o n p e a s , cowpeas, o r l e n t i l s , and
KADWE, R . S . , K.K. THAKARE, and N . N . BADHE.
trypsin i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t i e s of three
1974.
legumes w e r e o n l y between 1 . 7 8 and 2 . 7 7 x
A n o t e o n t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and m i n e r a l
10-4 u n i t s per g.
composition of t w e n t y - f i v e v a r i e t i e s of
pulses. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 11(2):
JAFFE, W . G . , M. GROSS, S . A . MOSQUEDA, 83-85. 292
S. GARCIA, H. OLIVARES, C. EMBDEN,
Seeds o f v a r i e t i e s o f s i x s p e c i e s were
B. NOLBERGA, and H. SARANZ. 1 9 5 7 .
analyzed. The f o l l o w i n g v a r i e t i e s had t h e
N u t r i t i v e c o n t e n t o f legumes w i d e l y e a t e n
h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s w i t h i n each
in Venezuela. A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r .
species. S i n d k h e d a - 1 - 1 (Vigna mungo),
8:97-106. 289
Kopergaon (V. radiata); EB-3 and Hyderabad
I n t a k e o f legumes i s h i g h , e s p e c i a l l y i n (Cajanus aajan); K-33 (Doliahos biflorus);
lower s o c i a l groups. The a v e r a g e a n n u a l 88 {Phaseolus aaonitifolius) and S-19-4-2
i n t a k e p e r head i s 1 3 k g , p r o v i d i n g a d a i l y {V. sinensis). T a b u l a t e d d a t a show t h e
p r o t e i n i n t a k e of 8 g p e r p e r s o n . The 3 4 c a l c i u m , p h o s p h o r u s , magnesium, and i r o n
samples examined w e r e r i c h i n p r o t e i n s and c o n t e n t i n each v a r i e t y . In g e n e r a l , the
v i t a m i n B complex b u t p o o r i n c a r o t e n e , v a r i e t i e s S i n d k h e d a - 1 - 1 , Kopergaon, Hydera-
and t h e i r v i t a m i n C w o u l d b e l o s t i n p r o - b a d , 148 {C. aajan), K - 3 3 , 2 - 4 , and
longed cooking. In relation to physiolo- S - 1 9 - 4 - 2 had t h e b e s t n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e .
g i c a l requirements v i t a m i n B 1 , n i c o t i n i c
a c i d , and r i b o f l a v i n w e r e most i m p o r t a n t .
No appreciable q u a n t i t y of B12 was found.
Fe c o n t e n t was h i g h , P was f a i r , b u t Ca was
low. Amounts o f m e t h i o n i n e and c y s t i n e
were s m a l l e x c e p t i n c h i c k p e a s . Tryptophan

45
Pigeonpea Bibliography

KAUL, A . K . , and S . P . SHARMA. 1 9 7 1 . O f f o u r v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , JNAL-530 has t h e

Research o n combining n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t y highest o i l content. The two v e g e t a b l e -
with high y i e l d . I n Recent r e s e a r c h o n t y p e v a r i e t i e s , JNAL-139 and J N A L - 5 3 0 , had
t h e improvement o f p r o t e i n and n u t r i t i v e a h i g h e r t o t a l p o l y s a c c h a r i d e and a l o w e r
p r o p e r t i e s o f f o o d s and f e e d p l a n t s . I A R I c r u d e f i b e r c o n t e n t t h a n t h e two s e e d - t y p e
Res. S e r . 6 : 7 - 3 2 . 293 v a r i e t i e s , JNAL-394 and J N A L - 1 4 8 .
C o l o r i m e t r i c methods were used t o d e t e r m i n e
s u l f u r and w e t h i o n i n e i n a number o f p u l s e s . LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, A . D . DEODHAR, and
W i t h 295 s a m p l e s , c r u d e s u l f u r and m e t h i o - Y . K . SHARMA. 1 9 7 3 .
n i n e c o n t e n t s were n o t c o r r e l a t e d , Variation in p r o t e i n , methionine, t r y p t o -
r - -0.04. phan and c o o k i n g p e r i o d i n p i g e o n p e a
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J.
Agric. Sci. 43(8):795-798. 298
K O L I , BHARATI, D I P A L I ROY, and S . P . NETKE.
1973. F o u r t e e n g e n o t y p e s of C. cajan w e r e e v a l u a -
E f f e c t o f i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f soybean m e a l o n t e d f o r p h e n o t y p i c and g e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n
p r o t e i n q u a l i t y o f d i e t s composed o f i n two seasons f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f seed
c e r e a l s and r e d g r a m (Cajanus cajan). m e t h i o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n ( l i m i t i n g amino
JNKVV R e s . J . 7(3):120-126. 294 a c i d s ) ; and c o o k i n g t i m e . None o f t h e
q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r s were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f ACSB ( a u t o c l a v e d g r o u n d
seed s i z e o r days t o m a t u r i t y .
soybean) f o r RGD (Red gram d h a l ) i n 1 0 . 1 %
and 12.5% p r o t e i n d i e t s d i d n o t i m p r o v e t h e
p r o t e i n q u a l i t y as judged by the gain in LOCSIN, A . M . 1 9 3 5 .
w e i g h t a n d PER. However, marked i m p r o v e - Nitrogen p a r t i t i o n in three native v a r i e -
ment i n p r o t e i n q u a l i t y was o b t a i n e d when t i e s of pigeonpeas. Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
AGSB was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r 50% RGD p r o t e i n Millsp. P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 24:481-487. 299
i n 14.4% p r o t e i n d i e t . The s u b s t i t u t i o n
The d i a m i n o f r a c t i o n o f t h e t h r e e v a r i e t i e s
o f e n t i r e RGD i n 14.4% d i e t w i t h AGSB
c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h amounts o f a r g i -
improved the n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n by 4 1 % .
n i n e and l y s i n e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e
t h r e e v a r i e t i e s b e i n g s l i g h t , and f a i r
KROBER, O.A. 1 9 6 8 . amounts o f h i s t i d i n e . The p e r c e n t a g e
N u t r i t i o n a l quality in pulses. J . Postgrad. n i t r o g e n i n t h e monoamino f r a c t i o n o f t h e
Sch. I A R I , D e l h i . 6(2) :157-160. 295 t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i s about o n e - h a l f o f the
t o t a l amino a c i d s p r e s e n t . A comparison
The f i r s t o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s n u t r i t i o n a l
o f t h e amino a c i d c o n t e n t o f p i g e o n p e a
work o n pulses i s the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f
w i t h t h a t o f soybean and cowpea shows
high-protein genetic m a t e r i a l . From t h i s
c e r t a i n p e c u l i a r i t i e s such a s t h e a p p a r e n t
m a t e r i a l h i g h - p r o t e i n v a r i e t i e s o f good
absence o f c y s t i n e i n p i g e o n p e a and i t s
y i e l d p o t e n t i a l are to be developed.
p r e s e n c e i n soybean and cowpea, t h e absence
P r o t e i n q u a l i t y a s measured b y amino a c i d
o f h i s t i d i n e i n cowpea and i t s p r e s e n c e i n
balance is also i m p o r t a n t . Pulse proteins
pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s .
tend to be high in l y s i n e . Cereal p r o t e i n s
in general tend to be low in l y s i n e . The
pulses are a n a t u r a l h i g h - l y s i n e supplement LOMBARD, J . H . , and D . J . de LANGE. 1 9 6 5 .
to t h e c e r e a l g r a i n s w i t h which they are The c h e m i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t r y p t o p h a n
usually eaten. The p u l s e p r o t e i n s t e n d t o i n f o o d s and m i x e d d i e t s . A n a l y t . Biochem.
b e l o w i n t h e s u l f u r amino a c i d s and i n 10:260-265. 300
some cases l o w i n t r y p t o p h a n .
A sample o f f o o d c o n t a i n i n g 600 m g p r o t e i n
was m i x e d w i t h 25 ml 0 . 0 5 NaOH, 10 ml
KUPPUSWAMY, S . , M. SRINIVASAN, and enzyme s o l u t i o n f r e s h l y p r e p a r e d b y s h a k i n g
V. SUBRAMANIAN. 1 9 5 8 . 2 g p a p a i n w i t h 100 m l w a t e r f o r 2 m i n u t e s
P r o t e i n i n f o o d s : p p . 3 5 - 6 0 . New D e l h i : and f i l t e r i n g , and a d d i n g 10 d r o p s 5% NaCN.
ICMR. 296 The m i x t u r e k e p t a t 7 0 ° o v e r n i g h t was
c o o l e d , w a t e r was added t o 100 m l , and 5 - m l
p r o p o r t i o n s were m i x e d w i t h 5 ml 0 . 1 N KOH
LAXMAN SINGH, NEEUM SINGH, M.P. SHRIVASTAVA, and 3 m l C C 1 4 , shaken f o r 1 0 m i n u t e s , and
and A . K . GUPTA. 1 9 7 7 . then c e n t r i f u g e d f o r 10 minutes. Super-
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and u t i l i z a t i o n o f v e g e t - n a t a n t f l u i d , 1 m l , was m i x e d w i t h 1 m l 5 %
a b l e t y p e s o f p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus c a j a n p - d i m e t h y l a m i n o b e n z a l d e h y d e i n HC1 and 5 m l
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. HC1 and a f t e r 10 m i n u t e s , 2 d r o p s 0.2%
14(1):8-10. 297 NaNO2 w e r e a d d e d . The c o l o r i n t e n s i t y was

46
 B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n

measured a t 5 9 0 µ . The r e c o v e r y o f t r y p t o - seed meal were a b l e t o r e p r o d u c e ; s e c o n d -

phan r a n g e d f r o m 9 6 . 7 t o 1 0 1 . 6 % . g e n e r a t i o n r a t s f e d w i t h t h e same d i e t w e r e
not. When t h e meal was f e d a t a l e v e l t o
f u r n i s h 8% of p r o t e i n , the a d d i t i o n of
LUSE, R.A. 1 9 7 6 .
c y s t i n e d i d not improve the growth o f r a t s ;
S c r e e n i n g legume germplasm and f i e l d t r i a l s
t h e a d d i t i o n o f c y s t i n e , however, markedly
f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y . Proc.
i m p r o v e d g r o w t h when t h e seed meal f u r n i s h e d
I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet o n G r a i n Legume
11% o f t h e p r o t e i n . The f i r s t g r o w t h -
Improvement. Seed q u a l i t y / B i o c h e m i s t r y .
l i m i t i n g f a c t o r o f prepared pigeonpea
9 - 1 3 June 1 9 7 5 . I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a .
g l o b u l i n s appears t o b e t r y p t o p h a n .
110-114. 301
A r e p o r t on the screening of the 5,000-
MITRA, C . R . , and M.M. CHAKRAVARTHY. 1 9 5 6 .
e n t r y w o r l d cowpea c o l l e c t i o n , s o y b e a n s ,
F i x e d o i l o b t a i n e d f r o m some I n d i a n p u l s e s ;
and o t h e r g r a i n legumes a t I I T A , and t h e
t h e component f a t t y a c i d s o f Cajanus c a j a n .
v a r i a t i o n i n s u l f u r , n i t r o g e n , and p r o t e i n
I n d i a n Soap J . 21:143-144. 305
i n cowpea l i n e s i n u n i f o r m and advanced
y i e l d t r i a l s : data are t a b u l a t e d f o r The o i l e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e seeds w i t h
1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , and p e t r o l e u m e t h e r ( y i e l d 1.4%) had t h e f o l l o w -
s u l f u r , n i t r o g e n r a t i o ( a v e r a g e v a l u e s and ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : Iodine value (Wijs,
1
r a n g e f o r each t r a i t ) f o r cowpea (113 / 2 h r ) 1 0 3 . 6 s a p o n . e q u i v . 3 1 8 . 3 , n 4 0 1:4754
l i n e s ) , l i m a bean ( 3 1 ) , p i g e o n p e a ( 3 5 ) , p e r f a t t y a c i d s (as o l e i c a c i d ) 0 . 2 % , and
soybean (74), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus unsaponifiable 6.1%. The m i x e d f a t t y a c i d s
(13), and Sphenostylis stenocarpa (36). had i o d i n e v a l u e 1 1 4 . 2 and s a p o n . e q u i v .
2 7 7 . 0 and were made u p o f l i n o l e n i c 5 . 5 6 ,
l i n o l e i c 5 1 . 4 , o l e i c 6 . 3 3 , and s a t u r a t e d
MILLER, C D . 1 9 2 8 .
a c i d s 36.7%. The f a t t y a c i d component i s
The v i t a m i n A and B c o n t e n t o f t h e p i g e o n -
s i m i l a r to t h a t of o t h e r legumes. The
pea ( C a j a n u s c a j a n ) . J . A g r i c . S c i . Camb.
high percentage of u n s a p o n i f i a b l e matter
6:8-16. 302
i s r a t h e r s t r i k i n g , b u t t h i s has a l s o been
C . c a j a n seed i s d e f i c i e n t i n t h e e s s e n t i a l n o t e d i n some o t h e r f a t s d e r i v e d f r o m
amino a c i d s ; f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s f o r v i t a m i n Leguminosae.
c o n t e n t showed t h a t i t i s a l s o d e f i c i e n t i n
v i t a m i n A b u t c o n t a i n s a l a r g e amount o f MITRA, S . N . , and B.R. ROY. 1 9 6 0 .
v i t a m i n B. In terms of v i t a m i n B, C. cajan Further studies on the d e t e c t i o n of Metanil
is an excellent food. yellow i n pulses ( d a l ) . Sci. Cult.
25(9):539-540. 306

MILLER, C . D . , B. BRANTH00VER, N. SEKIGUCHI, Metanil yellow is a nonpermissible c o a l - t a r

H. DENING, and A. BAUER. 1 9 5 6 . dye i n p u l s e s , m a i n l y a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) .
V i t a m i n v a l u e s o f f o o d s used i n H a w a i i . The p r e s e n c e o f l a r g e amounts o f s t a r c h i n
Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn Tech. B u l l . 30. 303 p u l s e s sometimes p r e v e n t e d t h e f u l l e x t r a c -
t i o n o f t h e dye i n aqueous s o l u t i o n and
D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f b o t h raw and cooked
a l s o hampered t h e p r o c e s s o f w o o l - d y e i n g .
g r e e n seed o f p i g e o n p e a i n d i c a t e d t h a t
These d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e removed e n t i r e l y b y
a t m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f 6 6 t o 69% t h e
extraction with alcohol. The method o f
s h e l l e d raw and cooked pea c o n t a i n e d
e x t r a c t i o n is described here along w i t h a
r e s p e c t i v e l y , 0 . 3 9 8 and 0 . 4 1 2 m g t h i a m i n e ,
simple chromatographic t e s t f o r the i d e n t i -
0 . 2 5 6 and 0 . 2 2 6 m g r i b o f l a v i n , and 2 . 4 3 t o
f i c a t i o n of metanil yellow.
2 . 3 3 m g n i a c i n p e r 100 g o f e d i b l e f o o d .
I n t e r m s o f v i t a m i n B , c a r o t e n e , and
a s c o r b i c a c i d , C . c a j a n r a n k e d among t h e MITRA, S . N . , and S . C . ROY. 1 9 5 7 .
h i g h e s t o u t o f 285 f o o d i t e m s used i n Detection of Metanil y e l l o w in pulses (Dal).
Hawaii. Curr. S c i . 26(3):89. 307
Metanil yellow, a harmful coal-tar dye, is
MILLER, C D . , and R . C ROBBINS. 1 9 3 6 . sometimes used t o c o l o r c e r t a i n t y p e s o f
N u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f Cajanus p u l s e s , m a i n l y a r h a r (Cajanus cajan); i t s
indicus. J. A g r i c . Res. 5 3 : 2 8 1 - 2 9 3 . 304 d e t e c t i o n in r o u t i n e analysis of pulses is
of considerable importance. Three t e s t s
F i r s t - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made good g r o w t h b u t were found u s e f u l : p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t , w o o l -
s e c o n d - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made o n l y f a i r d y e i n g t e s t , and c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c t e s t . The
g r o w t h when f e d p i g e o n p e a seed m e a l a t a c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method c a n b e used t o detect
l e v e l t o p r o v i d e 18% o f p r o t e i n i n t h e m e t a n i l y e l l o w i n p u l s e products such a s
diet. F i r B t - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s f e d pigeonpea besan ( c h i c k p e a f l o u r ) and s w e e t m e a t s .

47
Pigeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y

MODI, J . D . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1976. I r r a d i a t i o n of pigeonpea seed w i t h 1 to 3

Studies on the starches of r a g i and red Mrad doses at a Y - i r r a d i a t i o n f l u x of 15
gram. J. Fd S c l . Technol. 1 3 ( 1 ) : Krad/min increased the l e v e l o f t y r o s i n e i n
9-10. 308 t o t a l amino a c i d s , increased f r e e amino
Starches I s o l a t e d from r a g l and red gram a c i d c o n t e n t , increased d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f
had I o d i n e a f f i n i t y of 3.08 and 3.13% p r o t e i n in vitro by pepsin and t r y p s i n ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The g e l a t i n i z a t i o n tempera- changed the d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r o t e i n among
tures ranged from 56 to 72°C; when tested peaks obtained on e l u t i o n from a Sephadex
in an amylograph, both these starches were G-200 column, and d i d not a f f e c t the
found to be s t a b l e to heat up to 90°C. trypsin inhibitor a c t i v i t y .

NENE, S . P . , U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN.

MTENGA, L . A . , and T. SUGIYAMA. 1974.
1975.
A note on the amino a c i d composition of
E f f e c t of gamma r a d i a t i o n on physico-
some legume seeds grown in Tanzania.
chemical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of red gram
E. A f r . A g r i c . For. J. 39(3):307-310. 309
(.Cajanus oajan) s t a r c h . J. Fd S c i .
Amino acid contents of cowpea, groundnut, 40(5):943-947. 313
Ph. vulgaris, Cajanus oajan, and soybean
The t o t a l reducing sugars of i r r a d i a t e d
seeds grown in Tanzania are presented.
pulse showed no s i g n i f i c a n t increase over
the c o n t r o l . This suggests t h a t the
MUNSELL, HAZEL E. 1949-50. breakdown of s t a r c h in red gram was p r o -
Composition of food p l a n t s of c e n t r a l bably l i m i t e d t o higher m a l t o d e x t r i n s .
America. I and V I I . Honduras. I I , I I I , and Though the q u a n t i t y of t o t a l nonreducing
V I I I . Guatemala. I V . E l Salvador. V . sugars was not a f f e c t e d by i r r a d i a t i o n ,
Nicaragua. V I . Costa R i c a . Fd Res. cooking s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased r a f f i n o s e
14:144-164. 15:16-33. 310 and stachyose c o n t e n t s . Degradation of
red gram s t a r c h has also been observed in
The composition of various food p l a n t s from
terms of a decrease in g e l a t i n i z a t i o n
Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
v i s c o s i t y and an increase in s o l u b i l i t y
and Costa Rica set out in t a b u l a r form w i t h
on h e a t i n g .
b r i e f notes on each p l a n t . Analyses are
given f o r the f o l l o w i n g , among o t h e r s :
Vigna unguiaulata, Cajanus oajan, Ph. NENE, S . P . , U.K. VAKIL, C. BANDHYOPADHYAY,
limensis, Ph. vulgaris, Pieum sativum, and A. SREENIVASAN. 1975.
Cioer arietinum, Lene aulinaris, and E f f e c t of gamma-irradiation of redgram
Doliohos lablab. (Cajanus oajan) l i p i d s . Acta Alimen. Hung.
4(4):373-380. 314
NENE, S . P . , U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN. No changes in the t o t a l or n e u t r a l l i p i d
1975. composition were observed in red gram
Improvement i n the t e x t u r a l q u a l i t i e s o f i r r a d i a t e d at 1 Mrad dose l e v e l s . S i m i l a r -
i r r a d i a t e d legumes. Acta Alimen. Hung. l y , saturated and unsaturated f a t t y acids
4(2):199-209. 311 were not a f f e c t e d by r a d i a t i o n treatment.
Radiation prevented development of r a n c i -
Gamma-irradiation of pulses reduced t h e i r
d i t y and o f f - f l a v o r s d u r i n g storage f o r
cooking time by v a r y i n g degrees (8.39%
8 months. Prevention of o x i d a t i o n under
r e d u c t i o n w i t h 1 Mrad), as measured by a
such c o n d i t i o n s can be a t t r i b u t e d to the
texture-meter. I n i t i a l l y high h y d r a t i o n
s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t o f phospholipids i n the
r a t e on soaking and cooking s t a b i l i z e d
presence of tocopherols as w e l l as to low
during prolonged cooking and r e s u l t e d in
moisture c o n t e n t . However, p o l a r l i p i d s
b e t t e r and more uniform t e x t u r e i n i r r a -
seemed to undergo decomposition on
d i a t e d red gram. B e t t e r v i t a m i n B r e t e n -
irradiation.
t i o n observed i n i r r a d i a t e d cooked red
gram, is a t t r i b u t e d to the reduced cooking
time. NIGAM, V . N . , and K.V. G I R I . 1961.
Sugar in p u l s e s . Can. J. Biochem. P h y s i o l .
39:1847-1853. 315
NENE, S . P . , U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN.
1975. Ethanol e x t r a c t s of ground seeds of red
E f f e c t of gamma i r r a d i a t i o n on red gram gram (C. oajan) and other pulses were ana-
{.Cajanus oajan) p r o t e i n s . J. Fd S c l . lyzed by c i r c u l a r paper chromatography.
40(4):815-819. 312 About 10% of dry weight was saccharides;
sucrose 1.3 to 2 . 7 , r a f f i n o s e 0.4 to 1 . 1 ,

48
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

stachyose 1.8 to 2.7 and verbascose 3.0 to PAL, R.K. 1939.

4.2%. Sucrose was most v a r i a b l e . Germi- A review of l i t e r a t u r e on the n u t r i t i v e
n a t i o n t e s t s showed t h a t f r u c t o s e is value o f p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i .
l i b e r a t e d , oligosaccharides disappear, and 9(1):133-137. 319
sucrose, which probably forms the i n t e r -
mediary breakdown p r o d u c t , remains more or Bengal gram has proved to be the best of a l l
less c o n s t a n t . Hydrolase a c t i v i t y remained the p u l s e s . Green gram is also very good,
low f o r the f i r s t 3 days of g e r m i n a t i o n . e s p e c i a l l y when combined w i t h r i c e and m i l k
products. Black gram has high n u t r i t i v e
value as a p r o t e i n . Other pulses such as
NIYOGI, S . P . , N. NARAYANA, and B.G. DESAI. l e n t i l or red gram may be taken only
1931. o c c a s i o n a l l y . Red gram also acts b e t t e r
Studies on n u t r i t i v e value of I n d i a n vege- than Bengal gram or any other v a r i e t y when
t a b l e food s t u f f s . I . N u t r i t i v e value o f i t i s eaten w i t h r i c e .
pigeonpea (Cajanus indious) and f i e l d pea
(Pisum arvense L i n n . ) . I n d i a n J. Med. Res.
13:1217-1229. 316 PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1963.
The s o l u b l e carbohydrates of some I n d i a n
The most important p r o t e i n f r a c t i o n of the legumes. Naturwissenschaften. 50:95. 320
pulses is a g l o b u l i n m o i e t y . The percent-
age composition of amino acids in pulse T o t a l s o l u b l e carbohydrates in g per 100 g
g l o b u l i n expressed as percent of p r o t e i n were in Cajanus indious 8 . 0 , Cioer arieti-
was e s t i m a t e d . The amino a c i d composition num 6 . 7 , Phaeeolus mungo 6 . 5 , Crotalaria
of common I n d i a n pulses is l i s t e d on a mediaaginea 7 . 4 , Cassia obtusifolia 5 . 5 6 ,
comparative b a s i s . C. oooidentalis 5.52. The l a s t two
contained maltose, l a c t o s e , and r a f f i n o s e
and a l l had glucose and sucrose.
NORTON, G. 1976.
Plant proteins. Canada: B u t t e r w o r t h s .
156 pp. 317 PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1963.
A comparative study of the chemical compo-
The three sources of p l a n t p r o t e i n s , namely, s i t i o n and n u t r i t i v e value of some common
c e r e a l s , o i l s e e d s , and legumes, have been I n d i a n pulses and soybean. Ann. Biochem.
considered under the headings of p r o d u c t i o n Exp. Med. 23:457-460. 321
and demand. The w o r l d production of
pigeonpeas from 1965 to 1974 was almost Cajanus oajan contained per 100 g, moisture
s t a t i c , except f o r 1967 and 1974, when the 11.20%, p r o t e i n 22.31%, f a t 1.45%, ash
production was lower. The production of 3.21%, Ca 0.128 g, P 0.205 g, Fe 7.62 mg
legumes i s very d i f f i c u l t t o deal w i t h and in mg, r i b o f l a v i n 138, thiamine 48, and
s t a t i s t i c a l l y because of confusion over n i c o t i n i c acid 49. Amino a c i d compositions
nomenclature. D i f f e r e n t aspects of p l a n t were s i m i l a r in pigeonpea and soybean.
p r o t e i n s have also been discussed. Diets c o n t a i n i n g 10% of the r e s p e c t i v e
p r o t e i n s were steamed; b i o l o g i c a l values
were 64.8 (pigeonpea) and 57.5 (soybean)
OKE, O.L. 1967. and d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 8 6 . 2 , 9 1 . 4 ,
Chemical s t u d i e s on some N i g e r i a n p u l s e s . p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o s were 0.82 and
W. A f r . J. B i o l . A p p l . Chem. 9:52-55. 318 0 . 5 0 . Although pulses contained less
p r o t e i n than soybeans, they were considered
Cowpea (V. unguiculata), groundnut, lima
superior because they d i d not need proces-
bean (Ph. lunatus), pigeonpea (C. oajan),
s i n g t o destroy a n t i g r o w t h f a c t o r s .
and soybean were analyzed. In soybean Ca
was 0 . 3 0 , in others 0.05 to 0.10%; P was
0 . 0 4 , in others 0.31 to 0.54%. Values of PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1964.
N and f i v e major and e i g h t minor m i n e r a l Free amino acids in some e d i b l e and i n e d i -
elements are t a b u l a t e d . Oxalic a c i d was b l e I n d i a n legumes. Hoppe-Seyler's Z.
0 . 1 in cowpea, in others 0.4 to 0.6%. P h y s i o l . Chem. 3 3 3 : 3 9 - 4 1 . 322
P h y t i n and P ranged from 30 in soybean to
Free amino acids were detected by paper
133 mg % in cowpea o r , percent of t o t a l P,
chromatography in Cajanus oajan, Cioer
from 13 in pigeonpea to 33 in groundnut.
arietinum, Ph. mungo, Ph. radiatus,
HCN was 1 In cowpea, 30 mg % in lima bean,
L. esaulenta, Piswn sativum (green and
none in other p u l s e s .
w h i t e v a r i e t i e s ) , Vigna oatjang, Glycine
max, and in three nonedible w i l d legumes.
No legume contained a l l the e s s e n t i a l amino
acids but Cajanus oajan, Cioer arietinum,
and Lens esoulenta each had seven.
Plgeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y

PREMA, L . , and P.A. KURUP. 1973. value of 0.58 obtained f o r red gram a l o n e .
Hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y o f t h e p r o t e i n The PER of a m i x t u r e of 3.6 p a r t s of r i c e
i s o l a t e d from Cajanue cajan in h i g h f a t proteins and 4.4 p a r t s of pea p r o t e i n s was
c h o l e s t e r o l d i e t fed r a t s . Indian J. 1.80, as compared w i t h 2.60 f o r skim m i l k
Biochem. Biophys. 10(4):293-296. 323 powder.
Marked r e d u c t i o n in t h e t o t a l and f r e e
c h o l e s t e r o l , p h o s p h o l i p i d , and t r i g l y c e r i d e RAMA RAO, M.V., M.R. TARA, and C.K. KRISHNAN.
contents of a l l the three t i s s u e s was 1974.
observed a t a l l the l e v e l s s t u d i e d . The C o l o r i m e t r i c e s t i m a t i o n of tryptophan
animals r e c e i v i n g 10% l e v e l show l i p i d content of p u l s e s . J. Fd S c i . Technol.
l e v e l s very s i m i l a r t o those i n the animals 11(5):213-216. 327
fed normal d i e t . The p r o t e i n f r a c t i o n i s
heterogeneous and contains 7.8% carbohy- The c o l o r i m e t r i c procedure developed by
d r a t e s . About 85% of the p r o t e i n is Spies and Chambers (1948, 1949) has been
p r e c i p i t a t e d at 75% s a t u r a t i o n w i t h applied to determine tryptophan content of
(NH^SO^; the p r e c i p i t a t e contains a l l proteins of pulses. I t i s observed t h a t
the hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y o f the p r o t e i n . the amount of sodium n i t r i t e to be added
f o r the r e a c t i o n needs to be increased to
0 . 1 ml of 0.02% s o l u t i o n as against the
PUSHPAMMA, P. 1975. recommended 0.1 ml of 0.05% s o l u t i o n . This
E v a l u a t i o n o f n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e s , cooking b r i n g s out more c o l o r . With t h i s m o d i f i -
q u a l i t y and consumer preferences of g r a i n c a t i o n , the tryptophan content of pulses
legumes. Proc. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Work- i n v e s t i g a t e d was in the range of 0.7 to
shop on Grain Legumes, 13-16 Jan 1975. 1.78 g/16 g N as against the l i t e r a t u r e
ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 213-220. 324 values of 0.5 to 0.8 g/16 g N.
Data on chemical composition of seeds of
pigeonpea and chickpea and of s u b c e l l u l a r RAMASASTRI, B.V., and P. SRINIVASA RAO.
f r a c t i o n s of groundnut cotyledon obtained 1968.
in nonaqueous s o l u t i o n , and on the cooking Some s t u d i e s on the n u t r i t i v e value of r i c e
q u a l i t i e s of these legumes. v a r i e t i e s and pulses. J. Postgrad. Sch.
IARI, D e l h i . 6(2):113-122. 328
RAI, KALPANA, DIPALI ROY, and S.P. NETKE. The d i g e s t i b i l i t y of the carbohydrate
1973. content of four of the commonly used
E f f e c t of i n c o r p o r a t i o n of soybean meal on pulses — green gram, red gram, black
p r o t e i n q u a l i t y of d i e t s composed of gram, and Bengal gram — was s t u d i e d .
cereals and red gram (CajanuB oajan). In vitro amylolysis w i t h the use of ground
Part I I . JNKW Res. J. 7(3) .-146-151. 325 raw and cooked pulses and w i t h the i s o l a t e d
starches revealed d i f f e r e n c e s i n the r a t e s
The s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB (autoclaved ground
o f h y d r o l y s i s o f the s t a r c h present i n
soybean) in 10.1% and 12.0% p r o t e i n d i e t s
these p u l s e s .
d i d n o t cause any improvement In p r o t e i n
q u a l i t y . I n 14.2% p r o t e i n d i e t , the sub-
s t i t u t i o n by 25% caused s i g n i f i c a n t increase RAMIAH, P.V., and P. SATYANARAYANA. 1938.
in nitrogen retention. The b e n e f i c i a l Studies i n the q u a l i t y o f c r o p s . I I .
e f f e c t s of s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB f o r RGD N u t r i t i v e values o f p r o t e i n s o f d i f f e r e n t
(Red gram d h a l ) , could only be obtained in v a r i e t i e s of red gram (Cajanue indiaus).
d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g 14% p r o t e i n , in which more Madras A g r i c . J. 26(4) :134-136. 329
than h a l f the p r o t e i n was provided by RGD.
D i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s of red gram obtained
l o c a l l y and from the h i l l s were compared
RAJAMMAL, P . D . , R. SAMBAMURTHY, and f o r t h e i r n u t r i t i v e v a l u e s , and i t was
R. RAJESWARI. 1964. found t h a t the l o c a l v a r i e t y has a h i g h
The n u t r i t i v e value of the p r o t e i n s of p r o t e i n content and d i g e s t i b i l i t y v a l u e .
blends of redgram d h a l , m i l k , r i c e and
peas. J. N u t r . D i e t e t . 1:182-183. 326
RANGANATHAN, S. 1938.
The p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) of a The a v a i l a b l e i r o n in some common I n d i a n
m i x t u r e of red gram dhal and skim m i l k food s t u f f s determined by the ot-a-dipyridine
powder and r i c e and peas was determined at method. I n d i a n J. Med. Res. 2 5 ( 3 ) :
8% l e v e l of p r o t e i n i n t a k e over a p e r i o d 677-684. 330
of 4 weeks. The PER of a m i x t u r e of three
One hundred common I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s have
p a r t s of red gram p r o t e i n and one p a r t of
been analyzed f o r t h e i r a v a i l a b l e i r o n by
m i l k p r o t e i n s was 1.6, as compared w i t h a

50
 Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n

a chemical method i n v o l v i n g the use of ROYES, W.V., and A.C. FINCHAM. 1975.
a - a - d i p y r i d i n e . The method evolved by Grain q u a l i t y in Cajanus and Cioer. First
Kohler et al has been Improved. The food I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop on Grain Legumes.
s t u f f s analyzed were found to vary widely 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a .
i n percentage o f t o t a l i r o n a v a i l a b l e . 209-212. 334
Leafy vegetables and condiments and s p i c e s ,
u s u a l l y considered good source of i r o n , Means f o r e s t i m a t i n g p r o t e i n q u a l i t y , amino
show a low percentage a v a i l a b i l i t y , w h i l e acid p r o f i l e s , breeding f o r amino acid
the other groups of f o o d s t u f f s c o n t a i n i r o n c o n t e n t s , problems and other considerations
of which about 30 to 40% is a v a i l a b l e . o f n u t r i t i o n are discussed.
Pigeonpea has 23.3% of t o t a l i r o n available.
RUDRA, M.K., and L.M. CHOWDHURY. 1950.
RANGANATHAN, S . , A.R. SUNDARARAJAN, and Methionine content of cereals and legumes.
M. SWAMINATHAK. 1937. Nature 166:568. 335
Survey of the n u t r i t i v e value of I n d i a n Methionine was estimated c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y
food s t u f f s . I n d i a n J . Med. Res. and the percentage value obtained f o r red
24(3):689-706. 331 gram was 0.15. It was considered t h a t
Pulses are a good source of p r o t e i n , l a t h y r i s m in animals fed on vetch pea is
c o n t a i n i n g on an average 24.47%. They are connected w i t h the low methionine content
somewhat r i c h e r than cereals in most che- of this plant.
m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s and, on the average,
more than twice as r i c h in p r o t e i n s . SANKARAN, S . , and V. SRINIVASAN. 1963.
D e t a i l e d analyses of v a r i o u s chemical Evaluation of red gram types f o r cooking
c o n s t i t u e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t food s t u f f s are q u a l i t y . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 0 ( 1 ) :
t a b u l a t e d . More emphasis should be l a i d 470-472. 336
on b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e of p r o t e i n s , and on The cooking q u a l i t y of nine introduced
the concentrations and a v a i l a b i l i t y of c u l t i v a r s of red gram (Cajanus aajan) was
mineral s a l t s . poorer than t h a t of c u l t i v a r S A - 1 . Since
there is evidence of a s i g n i f i c a n t negative
c o r r e l a t i o n between cooking time and protein
RAO, P.S. 1969.
c o n t e n t , these types were presumably
Studies on t h e d i g e s t i b i l i t y of carbohydra-
i n f e r i o r t o the standard also i n q u a l i t y .
tes in p u l s e s . I n d i a n J. Med. Res.
57(11):2151-2157. 332
SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , J.C. MAMARIL,
In vitro d i g e s t i b i l i t y s t u d i e s of raw and
J.A. EUSEBIO, and R.R. GONZALES. 1968.
cooked Bengal gram, green gram, red gram,
Studies on P h i l i p p i n e leguminous seeds as
and black gram and t h e i r starches w i t h
p r o t e i n foods. I . Evaluation o f p r o t e i n
commercial a-amylase i n d i c a t e d t h a t carbo-
q u a l i t y in some l o c a l beans based on t h e i r
hydrates of green gram are b e t t e r digested
amino acid p a t t e r n s . P h i l i p p . A g r i c .
than any other pulses i n v e s t i g a t e d .
52(4):211-217. 337
Amino acid compositions of ( i ) mungo (Fha-
RATHNASWAMY, R., R. VEERASWAMY, and
eeolus aureus) ( i i ) paayap (Vigna sinensis)
G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. ( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and ( i v )
Studies on red gram (Cajanus oajan ( L . ) t a p i l a n (Phaseolus oaloartus) bean d e t e r -
M i l l s p . ) seed c h a r a c t e r s , cooking q u a l i t y mined by a modified ion-exchange method
and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . Madras A g r i c . J. a f t e r h y d r o l y s i s were compared w i t h the
60(6):396-398. 333 amino acid composition of whole egg.
An assessment was made of the seed charac-
t e r s , cooking q u a l i t y , and p r o t e i n contents
SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , R.R. GONZALES,
of the annual and p e r e n n i a l types of red
J.A. EUSEBIO, and P.F. ALCANTARA. 1968.
gram. The p e r e n n i a l types MS-9537,
Studies on P h i l i p p i n e leguminous seeds as
PLS-362, and PLS-363 had bigger and heavier
p r o t e i n foods. I I . E f f e c t o f heat o n the
seeds than those of the annuals and S A - 1 .
b i o l o g i c a l value of mungo, paayap, t a p i l a n ,
The annual t y p e s , which were r i c h e r in
and kadyos beans. P h i l i p p . A g r i c .
p r o t e i n (21.1%),also cooked more e a s i l y .
5 2 ( 4 ) : 218-232. 338
To assess the q u a l i t y of p r o t e i n s in ( i )
mungo (Phaseolus aureus) (11) paayap (Vigna
sinensis) ( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and
(iv) tapilan (Phaseolus oaloartus), feeding

51
Pigeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y

experiments were conducted o n p i g s . Milk SIVARAMAN, E . , and MAGGIE MENACHERY. 1 9 6 7 .

p r o t e i n p r o v e d s u p e r i o r t o a l l beans s t u - S t u d i e s o n t h e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e s o f cowpea
died. T o a s t i n g t h e beans f o r 3 0 m i n . a t (Vigna c a t j a n g ) and t u r d h a l ( C a j a n u s
80 + 5°C i m p r o v e d p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y and cajan). Indian Vet. J. 44(2):162-169. 342
apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y . T o a l e s s e r degree, The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t u r d h a l (Cajanus
h e a t i n g a l s o improved t o t a l w e i g h t gains c a j a n ) and cowpea was i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g
o f t h e baby p i g s . Feed e f f i c i e n c y and albino rats. Cowpea f l o u r f e d f o r 2 8 days
a p p a r e n t b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f beans ( i i i ) i n a d i e t a t a n 18% p r o t e i n l e v e l o n n i t r o -
p r o t e i n s proved i n f e r i o r . gen b a s i s , p r o m o t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r
growth response i n the r a t s than t u r dhal
SHARDA, D . P . , K. PRADHAN, and s u p p l i e d through an i s o p r o t e i m i c d i e t . No
PRAHLAD SINGH. 1 9 7 6 . d i f f e r e n c e was n o t i c e d b e t w e e n t h e d i e t s
A n o t e o n t h e e f f e c t o f damaged p u l s e s i n in t h e i r a b i l i t y to support the formation
t h e d i e t o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e and c a r c a s s o f r e d c e l l s , h e m o g l o b u l i n , and plasma
quality of growing-finishing pigs. Indian p r o t e i n i n the normal growing r a t s .
J. Animal S c i . 4 6 ( 1 2 ) : 6 7 7 - 6 7 9 . 339 Assessment o f t h e h e m o p o i e t i c r e s p o n s e i n
a d u l t a n i m a l s b y t h e p h e n y l h y d r o z i n c anae-
Damaged p u l s e s (C. i n d i c u s and V. mungo) m i a t e c h n i q u e showed t h a t f o r p r o m o t i n g
used f o r g r o u n d n u t and m a i z e (10%) i n p i g h e m o g l o b i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e two p u l s e p r o t e i n
s t a n d a r d d i e t s , showed t h a t a v e r a g e d a i l y diets are less e f f i c i e n t than the control
g a i n , f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , and p r o t e i n e f f i - diet containing casein. The s i g n i f i c a n c e
c i e n c y r a t i o tended to be g r e a t e r on the o f these observations i s discussed b r i e f l y .
pulse d i e t . C a r c a s s y i e l d was n o t a f f e c -
ted. Carcass l e n g t h , p r o p o r t i o n o f l e a n
c u t s , and t o t a l l e a n t e n d e d t o b e g r e a t e r SRIKANTIA, S.G. 1 9 7 5 .
and b a c k - f a t l e s s i n p i g s g i v e n 10% p u l s e s . C h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a : Some n u t r i t i o n a l
aspects. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n
G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 J a n 1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT.
SHARMA, Y . K . , A . S . TIWARI, K . C . RAO, Hyderabad, I n d i a . 221-223. 343
and A. MISHRA. 1 9 7 7 .
S t u d i e s o n c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s and t h e i r Production, n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , attempts
i n f l u e n c e on c o o k a b i l i t y in pigeonpea. t o improve n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , l i m i t i n g
J. Fd S c i . Technol. 14(1):38-40. 340 amino a c i d s , v a r i a t i o n i n p r o t e i n and
amino a c i d s . Other n u t r i e n t s , t r y p s i n
Estimation of e i g h t chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s i n h i b i t o r s , and f l a t u s f o r m a t i o n a r e
i n 2 2 c u l t i v a r s o f pigeonpea r e v e a l e d s i g - described.
n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among c u l t i v a r s f o r
most o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s s t u d i e d . None o f
t h e s e c o n s t i t u e n t s was f o u n d a s s o c i a t e d SUNDARAM, P . S . , R.V. NORRIS, and
w i t h cooking p e r i o d , except p h y t i c a c i d V. SUBRAMANIAM. 1 9 2 9 .
c o n t e n t , w h i c h showed p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n Studies on the p r o t e i n of I n d i a n food
of appreciable magnitude. The v a r i e t i e s stuffs. I I . The p r o t e i n o f t h e p i g e o n p e a
r e q u i r i n g minimum t i m e f o r c o o k i n g w e r e (Cajanue indicus). Indian I n s t . S c i . J.
S - 7 , E B - 3 8 - 7 0 , J A - 3 , NP(WR)-15, and 12(A):193-205. 344
UPAS-120. The seeds o f a r h a r c o n t a i n two g l o b u l i n s ,
C a j a n i n and c a j a n i , w h i c h a c c o u n t f o r 58%
SINGH, S . , H . D . SINGH, and K . C . SIKKA. and 8%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n ,
1968. d i f f e r i n g f r o m each o t h e r i n t h e i r s u l f u r
D i s t r i b u t i o n of n u t r i e n t s in the anatomical and t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t s . The g l o b u l i n s
p a r t s o f common I n d i a n p u l s e s . Cereal a p p e a r t o b e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e genus
Chem. 45:13-18. 341 and i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t y p e s
and v a r i e t i e s . They a r e r i c h i n t y r o s i n e
Values a r e t a b u l a t e d f o r p r o x i m a t e c o n s t i - and m o d e r a t e l y r i c h i n c y s t i n e , a r g i n i n e ,
t u e n t s , P , Ca, and F e i n w h o l e p e a , l e n t i l , and l y s i n e . The p r i n c i p a l p r o t e i n o f
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) , mungbean Cajanus, cajanin, is deficient in essential
( P h a e e o l u s aureus), f r e n c h bean ( P . vulga- diamino a c i d s .
ris) , cowpea (V. sinensis) and g u a r
(Cyamopeie tetragonoloba). The e m b r y o ,
t h e r i c h e s t p a r t , was o n l y 1.0 t o 2 . 3 % o f SUNDARARAJAN, A . R . 1 9 3 8 .
the whole seed. C o t y l e d o n s ( 8 3 . 0 t o 90.4% Phytin-phosphorus content of I n d i a n food
o f s e e d , e x c e p t f o r g u a r , 42.8%) a c c o u n t stuffs. I n d i a n J . Med. Res. 2 5 ( 3 ) :
f o r a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e and 685-691. 345
m i l l i n g t o remove s e e d c o a t and embryo w o u l d
have l i t t l e e f f e c t .

52
 B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n

The p h y t i n - p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f 6 7 f o o d E i g h t p l a n t s p e c i e s were t e s t e d o n r a t s f o r
s t u f f s has been d e t e r m i n e d . In cereals a p r o d u c t i o n of esophageal cancer. Cajanua
h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l phosphorus i s i n d i c u s was n o t e f f e c t i v e i n c a u s i n g c a n c e r .
present as p h y t i n , while in vegetables, Cancers w e r e caused b y Acacia v i l l o s a r o o t ,
w i t h c e r t a i n e x c e p t i o n s , the p h y t i n per- Melochia tomentoea, Heliotrophum angiosper-
centage is s m a l l or a b s e n t . The c o n d i m e n t s mum and Krameria ixina. E x t r a c t s of
and s p e c i e s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n g e n e r a l occupy K . ixina w i t h t a n n i n s removed d i d n o t
an intermediate p o s i t i o n . A large propor- cause c a n c e r .
t i o n o f the phosphorus i n pulses a l s o
exists as p h y t i n .
TARA, M . R . , and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1 9 7 2 .
Changes i n e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t o f
SUSHEELAMMA, N . S . , and M . V . L . RAO. 1 9 7 4 . a r h a r d a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) o n d e h y d r a t i o n .
S u r f a c e - a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i n b l a c k gram J. Fd S c i . Technol. 9(2) :76. 349
(V. mungo) and i t s r o l e i n t h e t e x t u r e o f
T r y p t o p h a n and g l u t a m i c a c i d s w e r e h i g h e r ,
leavened foods c o n t a i n i n g the legume.
and i s o l e u c i n e , v a l i n e , and t y r o s i n e i n
J. S c i . Fd Agric. 25(6):665-673. 346
a r h a r d h a l were l o w e r t h a n t h a t r e p o r t e d i n
A s u r f a c e - a c t i v e f r a c t i o n w i t h the charac- l i t e r a t u r e . P r e c o o k i n g and d r y i n g o f t h e
t e r i s t i c s o f a g l o b u l i n and a n a r a b i n o - d h a l w i t h o r w i t h o u t P a p a i n t r e a t m e n t was
g a l a c t a n t y p e p o l y s a c c h a r i d e w e r e shown t o f o u n d t o have n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e
o c c u r in V. mungo. These two components protein scores. Methionine followed by
appeared t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c h a r a c - i s o l e u c i n e was t h e l i m i t i n g amino a c i d i n
t e r i s t i c t e x t u r e o f leavened foods c o n t a i n - t h e p r o t e i n s o f t h e d h a l , raw o r p r o c e s s e d .
i n g the legume. Lower f o a m - f o r m i n g
a c t i v i t y was f o u n d i n C . arietinum,
TARA, M . R . , and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1 9 7 5 .
V, radiata, and C. c a j a n .
Changes i n f r e e amino a c i d s o f a r h a r d h a l
(Cajanus c a j a n ) i n p r o c e s s i n g . J. Fd S c i .
SWAMINATHAN, M. 1 9 3 8 . Technol. 12(2) : 71-74. 350
The r e l a t i v e amounts o f t h e p r o t e i n and
N e a r l y 40% o f t h e n i n h y d r i n p o s i t i v e
non-protein nitrogenous constituents
c o n s t i t u e n t s were c o m p r i s e d o f p e p t i d e s ,
o c c u r r i n g i n f o o d s t u f f s and t h e i r s i g n i -
mostly glutamyl peptides, of phenylalanine.
ficance in determination of the d i g e s t i -
A l l n a t u r a l amino a c i d s were f o u n d t o b e
b i l i t y coefficient of proteins. Indian
present, glutamic acid being highest, w i t h
J . Med. R e s . 2 5 ( 4 ) : 8 4 7 - 8 5 5 . 3A7
a s p a r a g i n e and g l u t a m i n e n e x t . During
The r e l a t i v e amounts o f p r o t e i n and n o n p r o - processing of the d h a l , a s l i g h t increase
t e i n nitrogenous constituents occurring in i n p e p t i d e s was f o u n d . Fart of the alanine
certain cereals, pulses, nuts, oilseeds, a p p e a r s t o b e bound t o p r o t e i n s i n s u c h a
c o n d i m e n t s , v e g e t a b l e s , and m i l k h a v e been way t h a t i t i s r e l e a s e d b y t h e m i l d h y d r o -
determined by t h e S t u t z e r method. The l y t i c conditions of processing. Arginine
a v e r a g e amounts o f n o n p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n ( 7 . 5 µ m o l e / g ) was f o u n d i n h i g h e r amounts
expressed as percent of t o t a l n i t r o g e n t h a n o t h e r amino a c i d s .
o c c u r r i n g i n t h e d i f f e r e n t groups o f f o o d -
s t u f f s , were a s f o l l o w s : c e r e a l s 5 ;
TARA, M . R . , T . N . RAWAL, and M.V.R. RAO.
p u l s e s 9 ; n u t s and o i l s e e d s 5 ; c o n d i m e n t s
1972.
6 ; v e g e t a b l e s 1A; and m i l k 9%. If the
E f f e c t of processing on the proteins of
p r o t e i n content of a food is determined
a r h a r d h a l (Cajanus cajan). Indian J.
by m u l t i p l y i n g the nitrogen content by
Nutr. Dietet. 9:208-212. 351
6.25, the d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of
p r o t e i n s may b e u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , o w i n g t o Percentage of p r o t e i n s e x t r a c t e d by v a r i o u s
t h e p r e s e n c e o f v a r y i n g amounts o f n o n p r o - s o l v e n t s was d e t e r m i n e d , and was 2 8 . 6 for
t e i n n i t r o g e n , w h i c h may b e p o o r l y a v a i l - w a t e r and 6 5 . 9 f o r NaCl s o l u t i o n . Percen-
able in d i g e s t i o n . t a g e e x t r a c t e d b y w a t e r was 3 3 . 3 for pre-
cooked and d e h y d r a t e d d h a l ( P D ) ; 4 4 . 2 for
p a p a i n - t r e a t e d d h a l ( P T D ) ; b y NaCl s o l u t i o n
TARA, M . R . , C.W. LEE, J . F . MORTON, 2 0 . 0 and 2 4 . 1 respectively. F r e e amino
T . J . KAPADIA, and L . J . DUNHAM. 1 9 7 4 . a c i d c o n t e n t decreased w i t h p r o c e s s i n g but
Sarcoma i n d u c e d i n r a t s b y e x t r a c t s o f was h i g h e r f o r PTD t h a n f o r PD. Extracts
p l a n t s and b y f r a c t i o n a t e d e x t r a c t s o f of processed d h a l were a u t o c l a v e d f o r 30
Krameria irina. J . N a t l Cancer I n s t . min at 15 lb pressure. Percentage s o l u b l e
52:445-448. 348 p r o t e i n s r e m a i n i n g i n s o l u t i o n was 8 0 t o
100 s h o w i n g t h a t h e a t d e n a t u r a t i o n had

53
Pigeonpea Bibliography

taken place t o the f u l l e s t e x t e n t d u r i n g a m a j o r g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n t h a t was homo-

the preliminary processing. Further experi- geneous between p H 3 . 0 and 1 2 . 0 , w i t h
ments showed t h a t t h e d e c r e a s e i n s o l u b l e i s o e l e c t r i c point at pH 4.65.
proteins in the solvents occurred in the
f i r s t 6 minutes of steaming.
TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1 9 6 2 .
P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s o n i n d i g e n o u s seed
TAWDE, S. 1 9 6 1 . p r o t e i n s . 5 . Amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f r e d
I s o l a t i o n and p a r t i a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f gram (Cajanus indicus) meal and g l o b u l i n
r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) t r y p s i n i n h i b i - fractions. J . S c i . I n d u s t . R e s . 21C:
t o r . A n n . B i o c h e m . E x p . Med. 2 1 : 162-163. 354
359-366. 352
Amino a c i d s were e s t i m a t e d b y c i r c u l a r
Red gram t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r has a t y p i c a l paper c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n r e d gram m e a l and
p r o t e i n - l i k e UV a b s o r p t i o n r a n g i n g between i t s three globulin f r a c t i o n s . Except t h a t
252 and 2 7 8 µ . I t r e s e m b l e s g l y c o p r o t e i n p r o l i n e and t r y p t o p h a n w e r e a b o u t t w i c e a s
in nature; reacts stoichiometrically with h i g h , values f o r meal agreed f a i r l y w e l l
c r y s t a l l i n e t r y p s i n ; i s q u i t e a c t i v e over w i t h those of o t h e r s . M e t h i o n i n e and
a p H r a n g e o f 2 . 5 t o 1 0 . 1 ; and i s f a i r l y c y s t i n e , 0 . 2 0 and 0.89% o f t h e m e a l , w e r e
heat-stable. The v a r i o u s n o r m a l a c i d m e a s u r a b l e i n o n l y one f r a c t i o n , 0 . 4 2 and
e x t r a c t s o f r e d gram m e a l a n a l y z e d f o r 3.02%. T h i s f r a c t i o n had most o f t h e
t r y p s i n i n h i b i t i o n showed maximum a c t i v i t y e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s b u t was p o o r i n
w i t h 0 . 0 5 N HC1 e x t r a c t w i t h a p H v a l u e l y s i n e , t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . No
of 4 . 4 . The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f h i s t i d i n e was f o u n d .
t h i s i n h i b i t o r showed t h e absence o f
h i s t i d l n e and p r e s e n c e o f l o w amounts o f
t r y p t o p h a n , c y s t i n e , and m e t h i o n i n e , and TAWDE, S . , and K . V . G I R I . 1 9 6 0 .
l a r g e r amounts o f l e u c i n e , t h r e o n i n e , P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s o n i n d i g e n o u s seed
p r o l i n e , and l y s i n e compared t o t h a t o f proteins. 4 . P e p t i z a t i o n o f r e d gram
l i m a b e a n , p a n c r e a t i c , and ovomucoid (Cajanus indicus) p r o t e i n s and t h e i r c h a -
trypsin inhibitors. racterization by electrophoresis. J. Sci.
I n d u s t . Res. 1 9 C : 1 9 0 - 1 9 4 . 355
Cajanus indicus c o n t a i n s 2 3 . 8 1 % p r o t e i n .
TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1 9 6 0 .
A m e a l - t o - w a t e r e x t r a c t a n t r a t i o o f 1:5
F r a c t i o n a t i o n and i s o l a t i o n and e l e c t r o -
s o l u b i l i z e s 80% o f p r o t e i n s i n 120 m i n .
p h o r e t i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f r e d gram
The i s o e l e c t r i c ( p e r c e n t ) p o i n t s o f t h e s e
globulins. Symposium o n p r o t e i n s . Biol.
p r o t e i n s have been f o u n d t o b e a b o u t p H
R e s . Coun. S o c . B i o l . Chem., I n d i a .
4.0. A l k a l i n e s a l t s are found t o b e b e t t e r
1:8-13. 353
extractants of proteins. Sodium b i c a r b o -
The f r a c t i o n a t i o n o f r e d gram p r o t e i n s was nate s o l u t i o n at a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 0.001 M
carried out by ( i ) extraction with d i f f e - p r o v e d t o b e t h e most e f f e c t i v e e x t r a c t a n t .
r e n t s o l v e n t s , ( i i ) d i a l y s i s o f sodium Maximum e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e
chloride extract against water, ( i l l ) p r o t e i n c o m p o n e n t s , one m a j o r and two m i n o r ,
f r a c t i o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h ammonium o c c u r s b e t w e e n p H 7 and 8 . 6 , i o n i c s t r e n g t h
sulfate. A l l t h e f r a c t i o n s were t e s t e d 0.1.
f o r t h e i r homogeneity e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c a l l y .
The d i s p e r s i b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
T R I P A T H I , R . D . , G . P . SRIVASTAVA, M.C. MISRA,
these p r o t e i n s s t u d i e d by successive
and S . C . SINHA. 1 9 7 5 .
e x t r a c t i o n in various solvents — water,
Comparative s t u d i e s i n the q u a l i t y charac-
10% N a C l , 0 . 2 5 M NaOH — and s e p a r a t e l y
t e r i s t i c s o f e a r l y and l a t e v a r i e t i e s o f
i n 75% a l c o h o l , showed t h e absence o f
r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . Indian J.
p r o l a m i n e n i t r o g e n and a l o w c o n t e n t o f
A g r i c . Chem. 8 ( 1 ) : 5 7 - 6 1 . 356
gluten nitrogen. Though NaCl s o l u t i o n
e x t r a c t e d the major p o r t i o n of the g l o b u - When grown u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s ,
l i n s , water also extracted globulins to e i g h t l a t e - m a t u r i n g C . c a j a n c u l t i v a r s were
some e x t e n t . D i a l y s i s o f NaCl e x t r a c t superior to eight early-maturing cultivars
a g a i n s t w a t e r y i e l d e d a f a i r l y homogeneous i n seed y i e l d s ; 1 0 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t ; d h a l
f r a c t i o n , while the f r a c t i o n s obtained w i t h ( s p l i t s e e d s ) r e c o v e r y p e r c e n t a g e ; and
2 0 , 4 0 , and 60% ammonium s u l f a t e s a t u r a t i o n d h a l , p r o t e i n , and m e t h i o n i n e y i e l d s . The
were a l l found t o b e h e t e r o g e n e o u s . Of a l l e a r l y - m a t u r i n g c u l t i v a r s had h i g h e r seed
t h e methods u s e d , d i l u t i o n and f r a c t i o n a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s ( 2 0 . 6 2 t o 25.5%) t h a n
p r e c i p i t a t i o n was f o u n d t o b e t h e b e s t f o r l a t e - m a t u r i n g ones ( 1 9 . 9 5 t o 2 1 . 7 5 % ) ;
i s o l a t i o n o f r e d gram g l o b u l i n s , y i e l d i n g m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t s were s i m i l a r .

54
 Botany

VANGALA, R . R . , and E. MENDEN. 1 9 6 9 . VISWANATH, B . , R . J . LAKSHMANA, and

The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f some A f r i c a n P.A. RAGHUNATHASWAMI AYYANGAR. 1 9 1 6 .
legumes. I n t . Z. Vitamforsch. 39: Some f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e c o o k i n g q u a l i t y
203-209. 357 of d h a l (Cajanus indicus). Mem. Dep.
Amino a c i d s w e r e e s t i m a t e d i n p i g e o n p e a A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r i e s . 4 ( 5 ) :
(Cajanus c a j a n ) , b l a c k e y e d pea (Vigna s i n e n - 149-163. 360
sis), cowpea (v. unguiculata), l i m a bean The s t u d y has been l i m i t e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g :
(Ph. l u n a t u s ) , and Centrosema pubescene. (i) the e f f e c t of the composition of the
T h e r e was l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n raw w a t e r upon t h e r a t e o f c o o k i n g , ( i i ) t h e
and cooked p r o d u c t s . E x c e p t f o r cooked i n f l u e n c e of the f a t content on the r a t e
p i g e o n p e a s , t h e r e was p o o r agreement b e t - of cooking, ( i i i ) differences in the rate
ween c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s and v a l u e s o b t a i n e d o f c o o k i n g due t o v a r i e t y , ( i v ) d i f f e r e n c e s
by animal experiment. I t was c o n c l u d e d i n t h e r a t e s o f c o o k i n g due t o methods o f
t h a t p r o t e i n q u a l i t y depends n o t o n l y o n p r e p a r i n g d h a l , (v) the i n f l u e n c e o f v a r i -
amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n b u t a l s o o n such ous s a l t s o n t h e l i q u e f a c t i o n o f s t a r c h .
h e a t l a b i l e f a c t o r s a s enzyme i n h i b i t o r s The d i s s o l v e d s a l t s f o u n d i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s
and h e m a g l u t i n i n . e x e r t a marked i n f l u e n c e o n t h e t i m e t a k e n
t o cook d h a l . The a d d i t i o n o f s o d i u m
b i c a r b o n a t e o r sodium c a r b o n a t e t o a h a r d
VIJAYALAKSHMI, D . , S. KURIAN, D. NARAYANA-
water m a t e r i a l l y hastens the c o o k i n g .
SWAMY, S . V . RAO, and M. SVAMINATHAN. 1 9 7 2 .
The f a t c o n t e n t o f d h a l p l a y s a v e r y
B l o o d amino a c i d s t u d i e s i n t h e w e a n i n g r a t
important part in rate of cooking. Dhals
o n d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g raw and cooked r e d
f r o m d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s have v a r y i n g
gram. Indian J. Nutr. Dietet. 9(3):
rates of cooking.
129-134. 358

Amino a c i d c o n t e n t and t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r
a c t i v i t y o f raw and cooked r e d gram were
determined. Plasma amino a c i d s c o r e s
i n d i c a t e d t h a t m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n
w e r e t h e f i r s t l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s i n r e d BOTANY
g r a m ; l y s i n e and t h r e o n i n e w e r e e a s i l y
a v a i l a b l e from the p r o t e i n s . Enzymatic
d i g e s t i o n s t u d i e s showed l y s i n e , m e t h i o n i n e , AKINOLA, J . O . , and P . C . WHITEMAN. 1 9 7 2 .
t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n t o b e e q u a l l y A n u m e r i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Cajanus c a j a n
a v a i l a b l e f r o m raw and cooked r e d g r a m , ( L . ) M i l l s p . a c c e s s i o n s based o n m o r p h o l o -
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r o f g i c a l and a g r o n o m i c a t t r i b u t e s . Aust. J.
r e d gram d i d n o t a f f e c t l i b e r a t i o n o f amino A g r i c . Res. 2 3 : 9 5 5 - 1 0 0 5 . 361
acids during d i g e s t i o n of the p r o t e i n s .
N i n e t y - f i v e accessions from eleven coun-
PER o f r a w r e d gram was l o w ( 0 . 6 8 ) , b u t
t r i e s were f i e l d - g r o w n and s t u d i e d t h r o u g h -
i m p r o v e d w i t h c o o k i n g ( t o 1 . 4 3 ) and w i t h
out a year. U s i n g t h e MULTCLAS h i e r a r c h i -
s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o -
c a l p r o g r a m and a v e r s i o n o f B u r r ' s
phan ( t o 1 . 9 3 ) .
Euclidean system, t h e accessions were
c l a s s i f i e d i n t o 15 groups on t h e b a s i s
VIJAYARAGHAVAN, P . K . , and P.R. SRINIVASAN. of 31 a t t r i b u t e s .
1953.
E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d and c o m p o s i t i o n o f
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 0 .
some common I n d i a n p u l s e s . J. N u t r .
News and N o t e s . A f r i c a : E d i b l e A f r i c a n
51:261-271. 359
legumes. Riz. R i z i c . 1960. 362
The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f
Cajanus c a j a n and a number of legumes a r e
f i v e common I n d i a n p u l s e s and Vigna c a t j a n g
i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h n o t e s o n p o p u l a r names and
has been r e p o r t e d . Unlike l y s i n e , which
botanical characteristics.
i s a l i m i t i n g amino a c i d f o r c e r e a l s , t h e
l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s f o r p u l s e s w e r e f o u n d
t o b e m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . BASUDEV, R. 1 9 3 3 .
The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c h e m i c a l S t u d i e s i n t h e development o f t h e female
s c o r e e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d i n d e x and g a m e t o p h y t e i n some l e g u m i n o u s c r o p p l a n t s
b i o l o g i c a l value is discussed. of India. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 3(6):
1098-1107. 363
The d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e f e m a l e g a m e t o p h y t e
was s t u d i e d in Cajanus indious and o t h e r

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legumes. The c u r v a t u r e o f t h e o v u l e s i s CONFODONTIS, V . G . 1 9 5 7 .

t o w a r d s t h e apex o f t h e o v a r y . Ovules a r e Cajanus oajan L. Senckenberg. Biol.
more o r l e s s c a m y l o t r o p o u s . The s y n e r g i d s 38(5-6):405-415. "366
o f Cajanus p o s s e s s w e l l - d e f i n e d f i l i f o r m
apparatus. The p o l a r n u c l e i m i g r a t e
t o w a r d s e a c h o t h e r and f u s e t o f o r m t h e DATTA, P . C . , and ARATI DEB. 1 9 7 0 .
p r i m a r y endosperm n u c l e u s . The h a p l o i d F l o r a l b i o l o g y o f Cajanus oajan ( L i n n )
number o f chromosomes i s e l e v e n . Millsp. var. bicolor. D.C. ( P a p i l i o n a c e a e ) .
B u l l . B o t . Soc. B e n g a l . 2 4 ( 1 - 2 ) :
135-145. 367
BROUK, B. 1 9 7 5 .
I n t h e two v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , f l o w e r i n g
P l a n t s consumed b y man. L o n d o n : Academic
p e r i o d appeared to be i n f l u e n c e d by weather
Press. 479 p p . Pigeonpea: p. 125. 364
conditions. Many f l o w e r s f a l l o f f b y
P i g e o n p e a o r Cajanus c a j a n ( f a m i l y L e g u m i - a b s c i s s i o n i n t h e 4 days between a n t h e s i s
nosae) i s p r o b a b l y a n a t i v e o f A f r i c a . I t and f r u i t s e t t i n g . A h i g h percentage of
was c u l t i v a t e d i n a n c i e n t E g y p t a t l e a s t cleistogamous f l o w e r s were found e a r l y i n
2 , 0 0 0 y e a r s B . C . , a s i s p r o v e d b y t h e seeds the f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d . F e r t i l i z a t i o n occurs
f o u n d i n t h e tombs o f t h e S e v e n t h D y n a s t y . 5 h o u r s a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n and t h i s l o n g
I t i s a l s o p r o b a b l e t h a t p i g e o n p e a was p e r i o d may e x p l a i n t h e l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n
b r o u g h t t o I n d i a i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s , and o f flowers f a i l i n g t o form f r u i t s .
i t d i v e r s i f i e d t h e r e i n t o many t y p e s . Two
v a r i e t i e s can b e r e c o g n i z e d : C . c a j a n v a r .
DE, D . N . 1 9 7 6 .
flavue w h i c h has g r e e n g l a b r o u s pods
O r i g i n , e v o l u t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
u s u a l l y w i t h t h r e e seeds and i n c l u d e s t h e
Cajanus and P h a s e o l u s : W e s t e r n Ghats as a
Tur c u l t i v a r s e x t e n s i v e l y c u l t i v a t e d i n
microcentre (Abstract). I n d i a n J . Genet.
I n d i a , and C. oajan v a r . bicolor w h i c h has
h a i r y , d a r k maroon podB u s u a l l y c o n t a i n i n g P1. Breed. 36(1) :141-142. 368
f o u r t o f i v e seeds and i n c l u d i n g a r h a r A s t u d y o f Cajanus and i t s m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y
c u l t i v a r s , grown i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a . and t a x o n o m i c a l l y c l o s e s t r e l a t i v e Atyloeia
i n d i c a t e d t h a t a n e r e c t f o r m o f Atyloeia
has g i v e n r i s e t o t h e c u l t i v a t e d Cajanus.
COBLEY, L . S . 1 9 5 6 .
A s t u d y o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e 2 5 known
An i n t r o d u c t i o n to the botany of t r o p i c a l
species of Atylosia i n d i c a t e d that the
crops. P i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) . L o n d o n :
f o r e s t o f t h e Upper W e s t e r n Ghats i n I n d i a
Longman , G r e e n , pp. 158-160. 365
i s t h e c e n t e r o f o r i g i n o f Cajanus.
Pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e
t r o p i c s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e more a r i d a r e a s ,
DE CANDOLLE, A . P . (EDITORS). 1 8 8 6 .
since i t i s a deeply r o o t i n g , p e r e n n i a l
O r i g i n o f c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s (2nd e d ) .
p l a n t and f a i r l y d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t . The
New Y o r k : H a f n e r . 1 9 5 9 . 369
seeds a r e used t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s a s a
pulse. The p l a n t i s o f a n c i e n t o r i g i n and
i t s home was p r e s u m a b l y i n t h e A f r i c a n DURGA PRASHAD, M . M . K . , and B . L . NARASIMHA
subcontinent. The A f r i c a n t y p e s a r e f a i r l y MURTHY. 1 9 6 3 .
uniform. The I n d i a n t y p e s d i f f e r i n many Some o b s e r v a t i o n s o n a n t h e s i s and p o l l i n a -
characters. The young stems a r e a n g l e d t i o n i n r e d gram {Cajanus oajan). Andhra
and h a i r y . The l e a v e s a r e a l t e r n a t e A g r i c . J. 10:161-167. 370
t r i f o l i a t e s t r u c t u r e s , petioles are
F l o w e r buds a t t a i n e d f u l l d e v e l o p m e n t i n t o
grooved. The l e a f l e t s a r e o v a l , e n t i r e ,
flower in 19 days. F l o w e r s opened b e t w e e n
and s l i g h t l y h a i r y , t h e t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t
3 5 ° and 44 C, t h e maximum number o p e n i n g
considerably l a r g e r than the l a t e r a l s . The
between 4 3 ° and 4 4 ° C . The maximum d e h i s -
inflorescences are shorter than the leaves.
cence o f a n t h e r s was b e t w e e n 3 8 ° and 4 0 ° C .
Each f l o w e r has a h a i r y f o u r - l o b e d c a l y x .
T h r i p s seem t o b e t h e a g e n t f o r s e l f -
The stamens a r e d i a d e l p h o u s and t h e o v a r y
p o l l i n a t i o n i n t h i s c r o p ; i n s e c t s such a s
i s t a p e r i n g s t r u c t u r e , covered w i t h shiny
b l i s t e r b e e t l e s and honey bees v i s i t i n g
brown s i l k y h a i r s . The pods a r e s t r a i g h t ,
a f t e r t h e f l o w e r opens a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
constricted. The seeds a r e r o u n d i s h ,
cross p o l l i n a t i o n to a l i m i t e d e x t e n t .
reddish-brown in c o l o r but v a r y i n g from
A f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n i t t o o k 3 5 days f o r
fawn t o p u r p l e . There i s a w h i t e e l l i p t i -
m a t u r a t i o n of the pod.
c a l h i l u m , and g e r m i n a t i o n i s h y p o g e a l .
 Botany

DUTH1E, J . F . , and J . FULLER. 1 8 8 3 . A number o f s t r a i n s o f p i g e o n p e a o c c u r i n

F i e l d and g a r d e n c r o p s o f t h e N o r t h W e s t e r n the i s l a n d s . The f l o w e r c o l o r o f t h e s e v e n
p r o v i n c e s and Oudh, 2 . R o o r k e e , I n d i a . common s t r a i n s i s y e l l o w , b u t t h a t o f o t h e r
pp. 20-22. 371 strains is reddish. The seed c o l o r v a r i e s
from n e a r l y w h i t e to dark brown. The
The f o r m Cajanus f l a v u s i s known u n d e r t h e
s t r a i n s also d i f f e r g r e a t l y i n t h e i r growth
name t u r and i s commonly c u l t i v a t e d i n
h a b i t s and seed p r o d u c t i o n . Development o f
Madhya P r a d e s h , w h i l e C . b i c o l o r i s t h e
a s t r a i n b e t t e r adapted to g r a z i n g would be
arhar of Uttar Pradesh.
most a d v a n t a g e o u s .

F.A.O. 1959.
HUTCHINSON, J . B . (EDITOR). 1 9 6 7 .
T a b u l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t r o p i c a l and s u b -
Key t o t h e f a m i l i e s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s o f
t r o p i c a l g r a i n legumes. Rome: FAO.
the w o r l d . London: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y
PP 4 5 - 6 2 . 372
Press. 377
Includes i n f o r m a t i o n on d i f f e r e n t aspects
o f p i g e o n p e a , s u c h a s o r i g i n , common names,
HUTCHINSON, J . B . (EDITOR). 1 9 7 4 .
and u s e s .
Evolutionary studies in world crops.
D i v e r s i t y and changes i n t h e I n d i a n sub-
GANGULI, D . K . , and D . P . SRIVASTAVA. 1 9 6 9 . continent. L o n d o n : Cambridge U n i v . P r e s s .
V a r i a b i l i t y studies in arhar (Pigeonpea). 175 p p . 378
Ranchi A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 4 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 373
T h i s b o o k , d e v e l o p e d f r o m a symposium h e l d
I n t r i a l s w i t h 1 0 pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s , a t I A R I , New D e l h i i n 1 9 7 0 , i s a n a c c o u n t
t h e r e was a w i d e r a n g e o f p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a - of the e v o l u t i o n of crops in the I n d i a n
t i o n i n t h e number o f l e a v e s , p o d s , and s u b c o n t i n e n t and c o n s i s t s o f f i v e p a r t s .
seeds p e r p l a n t and i n p l a n t h e i g h t and P a r t 3 , "Crops o f South A s i a and A f r i c a , "
seed y i e l d p e r p l a n t ; a n a r r o w r a n g e i n i n c l u d e s a c h a p t e r on p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
t h e number o f t o t a l and f r u i t i n g b r a n c h e s c a j a n ) b y D . N . De. Part 5, e n t i t l e d
p e r p l a n t , pod l e n g t h , number o f seeds p e r " R e v i e w , " i n c l u d e s two c h a p t e r s b y J . B .
p o d , and 1 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t . Environmental H u t c h i n s o n o n "Crop P l a n t E v o l u t i o n i n the
f a c t o r s had t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e o n seed I n d i a n s u b c o n t i n e n t " and o n "The C h a l l e n g e
yield/plant. o f t h e New A g r i c u l t u r e . "

GOPINATH, D.M. 1 9 4 5 . KAUL, C . L . , and S . P . SINGH. 1 9 6 9 .

C l e i s t o g a m y i n some o f t h e f l o w e r s o f V a l i d i t y of s t a i n tests in determining
Cajanus i n d i c u s L . Curr. S c i . 41:74. 374 p o l l e n v i a b i l i t y o f some p a p i l i o n a c e o u s
plants. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 39:
The f l o w e r s o f Cajanus a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e
1050-1055. 379
chasmogamic, h a v i n g s u c h i n s e c t v i s i t o r s a s
Megachile lanata and Apis florea. Anthesis P o l l e n grains of e i g h t species belonging to
takes place 24 hours b e f o r e the opening of seven g e n e r a o f P a p i l i o n a c e a e w e r e s t u d i e d
the f l o w e r s . From September t o November and s c o r e d f o r v i a b i l i t y . Nitro-BT-
the percentage of e c o l o g i c a l c l e i s t o g a m i c s t a i n e d , g e r m i n a t e d , and a c e t o c a r m i n e -
f l o w e r s goes up to 80 . The e x a c t e d a p h i c s t a i n e d p o l l e n samples were c o m p a r e d ,
f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r such a f e a t u r e have because t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a c e t o c a r m i n e
n o t been d e t e r m i n e d . t e s t has been q u e s t i o n e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
A h i g h l y p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e
t h r e e t e s t s s u g g e s t s t h a t a l l o f them a r e
HECTOR, J . M . 1 9 3 6 . r e l i a b l e i f f r e s h samples a r e u s e d . But
I n t r o d u c t i o n to the botany of f i e l d crops. w i t h s t o r e d p o l l e n t h e t h r e e t e s t s some-
V o l . I I . Noncereals Johannesburg: C e n t r a l t i m e s showed marked v a r i a t i o n s .
News A g e n c y . 709 p p . 375
D e s c r i b e d Cajanus as a m o n o t y p i c g e n u s .
KRAUSS, F . G . 1 9 1 1 .
Leguminous c r o p s f o r H a w a i i . Hawaii A g r i c .
HOSAKA, E . Y . , and J . C . RIPPERTON. 1 9 4 4 . Exp. Stn B u l l . 2 3 : 1 - 3 0 . ( 2 1 - 3 0 ) . 380
Legumes i n t h e H a w a i i a n r a n g e s . Hawaii P i g e o n p e a , commonly c a l l e d t h e P o r t o R i c a n
A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 9 3 : 7 - 7 9 ( 2 4 - 2 5 ) . 376 p e a , a f t e r t h e s o u r c e f r o m w h i c h i t was
The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f p i g e o n p e a a r e f i r s t introduced. I t s g e n e r a l p l a n t morpho-
described b r i e f l y : H a b i t , stem, l e a f , logy is described. I t s uses a s c a t t l e
s t i p u l e s , f l o w e r , s e e d , p o d , seed d i s t r i - f o r a g e , s o i l i m p r o v e r (due t o i t s l o n g
b u t i o n and h a b i t a t , i m p o r t a n c e , and u s e s . s t r o n g t a p r o o t s ) , c o v e r c r o p , and g r e e n

57
Pigeonpea Bibliography

manure a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . Two v a r i e t i e s , ROYES, W.V. 1 9 7 6 .

o l d t y p e No. 218 and new t y p e Mo. 2 1 9 , a r e P i g e o n p e a s : Cajanus c a j a n ( L e g u m i n o s a e :
described. papilionaceae). In E v o l u t i o n of crop
plants. N.W. Simmonds, E d . L o n d o n :
Longman pp. 154-156. 388
LACKEY, J . A . 1 9 7 7 .
A r e v i s e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t r i b e Phaseo-
leae, Leguminosae, Papilionideae and i t s SEN, N . K . , and I. MUKHOPADHYAY. 1 9 6 1 .
r e l a t i o n t o canavanine d i s t r i b u t i o n . Bot. S t u d i e s i n embryo c u l t u r e o f some p u l s e s .
J . L i n n . Soc. 74:163-178. 381 Indian Agric. 5:43-56. 389
The e m b r y o n i c axes o f g r a m , a r h a r , and horse
NAIR, P . K . K . K . , and A. SEN. 1 9 6 4 . gram seeds c o u l d b e c u l t u r e d i n d i f f e r e n t
O n t h e t i s s u e s i n t h e p e t a l s o f Cajanus n u t r i e n t media. R a n d o l p h ' s and W h i t e ' s
cajan S p r e n g . Curr. S c i . 33(12): media p r o v e d t o b e e q u a l l y good f o r t h e
376-377. 383 c u l t u r e o f arhar embryos. Supplementation
o f t h e d i f f e r e n t media w i t h v i t a m i n B
The d i s t a l p a r t s o f a l l p e t a l s a r e membra-
c o n t a i n i n g 1 ppm t h i a m i n , 5 ppm n i c o t i n i c
nous and a r e composed o f e l o n g a t e d r e c t a n -
a c i d , and 1 ppm p y r i d o x i n e , m a r k e d l y
gular c e l l s . B e f o r e t h e p e t a l comes o u t o f
i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f r o o t l e t s i n a l l
c a l y x , t h e spongy t i s s u e i n t h e w i n g i s
t h e s p e c i e s and gave s t o u t e r s e e d l i n g s i n
u n i f o r m and n o b a n d i n g o c c u r s . The spongy
a r h a r and h o r s e g r a m . A d d i t i o n of n u t r i e n t
banded t i s s u e o n t h e a b a x i a l s i d e o f t h e
s o l u t i o n to the s o i l mixture at the time of
w i n g s may p o s s i b l y b e t h e s e a t o f n e c t a r
transplantation is highly beneficial.
i n Cajanus c a j a n , p r o v i d i n g easy a c c e s s t o
honey b e e s .
SHAMA RAO, H . K . , and S. NARAYANASWAMY.
OCHSE, J . J . 1 9 3 1 . 1976.
Vegetables of the Dutch East I n d i e s . Anatomical anomalies i n t i s s u e c u l t u r e -
English ed. Buitenzorg. Java. 384 i n d u c e d r o o t s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p .
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B ) .
Ochse g i v e s t h e M a l a y a n name o f p i g e o n p e a
83(5):207-209. 390
a s K a t j a n g , o r K a t j a n g K a y o o ; t h e Javanese
and t h e M a d u r e s i name as Goode, or K a t j a n g I n t e r n a l perturbation as a r e s u l t of i r r a -
g o o d e ; and t h e Sudanese name as H e e r i s or d i a t i o n was marked i n 1 0 K r - t r e a t e d r o o t s
Katjang h e e r i s . H e f u r t h e r n o t e s t h a t one i n w h i c h each x y l e m g r o u p was r e d u c e d t o a
becomes s l e e p y upon e a t i n g t o o many o f t h e s i n g l e m e t a x y l e m v e s s e l w i t h few o r n o
raw s e e d s , w h i c h may have s l i g h t l y n a r c o t i c p r o t o x y l e m e l e m e n t s , s e c o n d a r y g r o w t h was
properties. a b s e n t c o n s e q u e n t o n l o s s o f cambium, and
t h e phloem was t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o f i b r o u s
tissue.
OZA, G.M. 1 9 7 2 .
What i s t h e n a t i v e home o f t h e p i g e o n p e a ?
Indian Forester: 98(8):477-478. 385 SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, H.K. SHARMA, and
R.R. PARASHAR. 1 9 7 1 .
T h i s n o t e shows t h a t Cajanus cajan probably
P l a n t t y p e s i n a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
originated in India.
M i l l s p . ) and t h e i r b e a r i n g o n v a r i e t a l
improvement. SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 3(2):
PURSEGLOVE, J . W . 1 9 6 8 . 109-112. 391
Cajanus c a j a n L . In T r o p i c a l c r o p s , d i c o -
Pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t growing
tyledons. 2 . L o n d o n : Longman,
d u r a t i o n s can b e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t a l l
pp. 236-241. 386
c o m p a c t , t a l l o p e n , medium h e i g h t c o m p a c t ,
medium h e i g h t o p e n , and d w a r f bushy t y p e s .
RANGASAMY, P . , R. VEERASWAMY, and E a r l y t o medium-maturing v a r i e t i e s are gene-
C. RAMALINGAM. 1 9 7 5 . r a l l y medium h e i g h t open t y p e , w h i l e i n t h e
S t u d i e s o n f l o w e r i n g and pod s e t i n r e d g r a m l a t e g r o u p t a l l compact t y p e s p r e d o m i n a t e .
(Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . Y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e
J. 62(5):295-298. 387 s p r e a d o f t h e p l a n t , number o f s e c o n d a r y
branches, e f f e c t i v e pod-bearing l e n g t h ,
F i v e v a r i e t i e s were s t u d i e d . S - 4 1 gave t h e and pod n u m b e r / p l a n t . The a d a p t a b i l i t y o f
h i g h e s t pod s e t and C o - 1 t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . p l a n t types i n d i f f e r e n t growing c o n d i t i o n s
The p o d - t o - g r a i n - w e i g h t r a t i o o f S-31 was is discussed from the viewpoint of
1 3 : 1 ; t h a t o f S-42 was 1 . 8 : 1 . S-42 had t h e selection.
highest 100-grain weight.

58
 Botany

SHAW, F . J . F . 1 9 3 4 . WENHOLZ, H. 1 9 2 0 .
Improved v a r i e t i e s of crops produced at Pigeonpea. A g r i . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 1 ( 1 2 ) :
Pusa (Tur). Agriculture Live-Stk, India. 888. 397
4(5):471. 392
P i g e o n p e a i s a p e r e n n i a l summer legume t h a t
E i g h t y - s i x t y p e s o f t u r {Cajanus aajan) grows q u i c k l y and r e a c h e s a h e i g h t of 6 or
were i s o l a t e d a t ( o l d ) P u s a , I n d i a , and 7 ft (1.8 to 2.1 m) at m a t u r i t y . The m o r -
t e s t e d f o r y i e l d i n g a b i l i t y and r e s i s t a n c e phology of the p l a n t is d e s c r i b e d . The
to w i l t disease. Seven p r o m i s i n g t y p e s seed i s s i m i l a r i n appearance t o t h e g r e y
f r o m them w e r e r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . f i e l d pea, which i s i n favor f o r pigeons,
O f t h e s e s e v e n , y i e l d i n g 1,300 t o 1,900 b u t w h i c h i s o n l y about h a l f the s i z e . Only
1b/ac (1,456 t o 2,128 k g / h a ) , t h r e e (type t h e young g r o w t h and t h e l e a v e s a r e s u i t a -
1 5 , 1 6 , and 51) w e r e e r e c t l a t e t y p e s , and ble for fodder. The b e s t use can b e t o
t h e r e s t ( t y p e 2 4 , 6 4 , 8 0 , and 82) were p l a n t a hedge a l o n g a p o u l t r y o r p i g e o n -
spreading l a t e . Types 1 6 , 5 1 , and 8 0 were y a r d , and a l l o w t h e seed t o f a l l and b e
wilt resistant. Morphological characters picked up by b i r d s . Owing t o t h e s u c c u -
o f t h e seven t y p e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . l e n c e o f t h e young s h o o t s and l e a v e s t h e
c r o p a s a f o d d e r i s b e s t used f o r g r a z i n g .
A f a i r c r o p o f seed i s f r o m 1 / 2 t o 3 / 4 t o n
SHAW, F . J . F . , A . R . KHAN, and H. SINGH.
p e r a c r e ( 1 . 1 2 t o 1.7 m t / h a ) .
1933.
Studiee in Indian pulses. (3). The t y p e s
o f Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . I n d i a n J. WESTPHAL, E. 1 9 7 4 .
Agric. Sci. 3:1-36. 393 P u l s e s i n E t h i o p i a , t h e i r taxonomy and
agricultural significance. Centre f o r
General i n f o r m a t i o n on the p o s s i b l e o r i g i n
A g r i c u l t u r a l P u b l i s h i n g and D o c u m e n t a t i o n ,
and c u l t i v a t i o n p r e c e d e s a n o t e o n p o l l i -
Wageningen. 263 p p . ISBN. 9 0 . 220
nation ( i n c l u d i n g the extent of n a t u r a l
0501-1. 398
c r o s s i n g ) as observed under c o n d i t i o n s in
B i h a r and a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o r p h o - Cajanus d e r i v e d f r o m t h e Malay p l a n t name
l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s w i t h a key t o t h e v a r i - K a t j a n g b y w h i c h some pod o r bean i s m e a n t .
ous t y p e s and a l s o a d e s c r i p t i v e l i s t o f I n f o r e i g n ears t h e word K a t j a n g sounded
8 6 o f them. The q u e s t i o n o f w i l t r e s i s - l i k e C a j a n and t h i s v e r n a c u l a r name t h u s
tance is touched upon. s p e l l e d was L a t i n i z e d a s Cajanus. Its
t a x o n o m y , e c o l o g y , h u s b a n d r y , and uses a r e
described.
SHUKLA, S . P . 1 9 6 7 .
On p o l y e m b r y o n y in Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
Millsp. Sci. Cult. 33(2):80-81. 394 WHYTE, R.O. 1 9 7 6 .
An environmental i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the
The o c c u r r e n c e o f more t h a n one embryo i n
o r i g i n o f Asian food legumes. Indian J.
a s i n g l e seed and t h e i r s u b s e q u e n t g r o w t h
Genet. P1. Breed. 3 5 ( l ) : 6 1 - 6 8 . 399
i n t o e s t a b l i s h e d s e e d l i n g s was n o t i c e d i n
Cajanus c a j a n . On t h e b a s i s of seed g e r - I t i s suggested t h a t i n c o n t i n e n t a l Asia
m i n a t i o n , the frequency of polyembryony t h e change o f l e g u m i n o u s h e r b s f r o m a
r e c o r d e d was as much as 1.66%. Frequency formerly predominantly perennial state to
o f b i - and t r i - e m b r y o n a t e seeds was a l s o communities c o n t a i n i n g a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n
recorded. T h e r e were i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e of annuals o r i g i n a l l y occurred as an
m i d d l e s e e d l i n g always dominates over expression of the p h y s i o l o g i c a l stress
l a t e r a l ones. caused b y e n v i r o n m e n t s u n f a v o r a b l e t o t h e
persistence of the perennial species. The
o p e r a t i v e f a c t o r s t h a t w o u l d have been
SUBRAMANYAM, K. 1 9 5 0 .
i n v o l v e d i n such a change a r e c o n s i d e r e d .
A n t h e s i s i n Cajanus indicus Spreng. Curr.
Sci. 19:215. 395
It is pointed out that information on
anthesis is of importance in crop breeding.
O b s e r v a t i o n s o n a n t h e s i s i n t h e C . indicus
v a r i e t y 216-061 are r e p o r t e d .

VENKATESWARA RAO, P. 1 9 7 3 .
Development and a n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e s i n
Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . P h . D . (1973)
Thesis. Sardar P a t e l U n i v e r s i t y , V a l l a b h
V i d y a n a g a r , G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 118 p p . 396

59
Pigeonpea Bibliography

B R E E D I N G ABRAMS, R . , J. VELEZ-FORTUNO, and

J. GARCIA LOPEZ. 1 9 6 9 .
The i n t e r a c t i o n o f v a r i e t y and e n v i r o n m e n t
i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) t r i a l s .
J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico. 5 3 ( l ) : 6 l - 6 6 . 404
S t a t i s t i c a l analysis of f i e l d t r i a l s with
ABODUNDE, S.O. 1 9 6 5 .
2 0 v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan),
I n t r o d u c t i o n of pulses from I n d i a to
o v e r 3 c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s a t two l o c a t i o n s
Northern Nigeria. Samaru A g r i c . N e w s l e t t e r .
showed a c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f e c t o f v a r i e t i e s
7(3):40-42. 400
on y i e l d , date of f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t ,
Pigeonpea s e l e c t i o n 1 1 4 1 , i n t r o d u c e d from and seed w e i g h t . Data i n d i c a t e d t h a t
Madras s t a t e ( I n d i a ) i n t o N i g e r i a , was p e r f o r m a n c e o f v a r i e t i e s may b e s i g n i f i -
grown i n o b s e r v a t i o n p l o t s . The s t r a i n i s c a n t l y dependent o n y e a r s , whereas n o
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e common N i g e r i a n v a r i e t y , e f f e c t was o b s e r v e d f o r t h e l o c a t i o n s .
w i t h a d u r a t i o n of 4 to 5 months. Crops o f This suggests t h a t v a r i e t a l i n t r o d u c t i o n
t h i s v a r i e t y c o u l d b e grown i n A p r i l o r i n o f t h i s crop should b e preceded b y r e p l i -
July. I n d i a n methods o f p r o c e s s i n g t h e c a t i o n of t e s t s over at l e a s t 3 years to
seed i n t o s p l i t peas ( D h a l ) a r e d e s c r i b e d . obtain reliable information.

ABRAMS, R. 1 9 6 7 . ANONYMOUS. 1 9 3 5 .
Studies on n a t u r a l cross p o l l i n a t i o n in The gungo or p i g e o n p e a . Jamaica Agric.
pigeonpeas (Cajan cajan). J. Agric. Univ. Soc. 39:330. 405
P. Rico. 51(1):1-21. 401
The home o f gungo o r p i g e o n p e a was i n t h e
A n a v e r a g e o f 5.8% c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n t o o k E a s t , p r o b a b l y i n I n d i a , where i t i s
p l a c e b e t w e e n rows 8 f t . ( 2 . 4 4 m ) a p a r t i n e x t e n s i v e l y grown. I t i s now f o u n d t h r o u g h -
Puerto Rico. No n a t u r a l hybrids r e s u l t e d out the t r o p i c s . In Jamaica, although
f r o m p l a n t s a r t i f i c i a l l y s e l f e d and b a g g e d . n e v e r grown o n a l a r g e s c a l e , i t i s a n
a r t i c l e of the d i e t . As a f a i r l y high
percentage o f cross f e r t i l i z a t i o n takes
ABRAMS, R . , and J. VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1 9 6 1 .
place n a t u r a l l y , the i s o l a t i o n o f pure
Radiation r e s e a r c h w i t h p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus
v a r i e t i e s i s less simple than f o r other
cajan) r e s u l t s o n X 1 and X 2 g e n e r a t i o n s .
leguminous c r o p s . Some s u p e r i o r s t r a i n s
J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico. 45(4):
e x i s t i n Jamaica, f o r example, v a r i e t i e s
197-204. 402
N o - e y e , P o p u s , T a m a r i n d , and M i n t o .
I r r a d i a t i o n w i t h gamma r a y s e x c e e d i n g
16,000 roentgens or exposure to neutrons
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 3 9 .
f o r more t h a n 2 h o u r s i m p a i r e d t h e v i a b i -
Changes i n t h e n o m e n c l a t u r e o f i m p r o v e d
l i t y o f p i g e o n p e a ( v a r i e t y K a k i ) seeds and
v a r i e t i e s of crops bred at the I m p e r i a l
reduced p l a n t h e i g h t in the X1 g e n e r a t i o n .
A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e . Nagpur
The X 2 g e n e r a t i o n was c o n s i d e r a b l y more
A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 . 406
v a r i a b l e than the parent v a r i e t y w i t h
r e s p e c t t o p l a n t h e i g h t and t i m e o f A l i s t o f t h e o l d and new names o f t h e
flowering. v a r i e t i e s o f c r o p s under d i s t r i b u t i o n i s
given. For Rahar (C. c a j a n ) t h e o l d and
new names a r e as f o l l o w s :
ABRAMS, R . , and VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1 9 6 2 .
R a d i a t i o n r e s e a r c h w i t h p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus O l d name New name
aajan): r e s u l t s on X 3 and X 4 g e n e r a t i o n s .
Pusa Type 15 I.P. 15
J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico. 46(1): '' 24 '' 24
34-42. 403 '' 51 " 51
R a d i a t i o n by means of gamma r a y s and n e u - '' 64 '' 64
t r o n s produced mutations i n pigeonpeas, '' 80 '' 80
s h o w i n g e a r l i e r and l a t e r f l o w e r i n g d a t e s
than the parent v a r i e t y . This could r e s u l t
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 3 .
i n a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n season i n
Annual r e p o r t of the I m p e r i a l Council of
Puerto Rico. Y i e l d improvement was l a r g e
A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h f o r 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 , New
enough t o b e d e t e c t e d i n t r i a l s w i t h modern
Delhi. 407
designs. Some o f t h e g e n e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c s could be f i x e d by repeated s i n g l e - Improvement o f p i g e o n p e a studied; selec-
plant selection. t i o n f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e was made and w o r k
s t a r t e d i n Madras f o r s e l e c t i n g h i g h -

60
 Breeding

yielding strains. Some i m p r o v e d v a r i e t i e s o f c r o p p l a n t s

evolved by the IARI are g i v e n . In pigeon-
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 3 . pea t h e v a r i e t i e s l i s t e d a r e NP(WR)15 and
Progress r e p o r t of the I n s t i t u t e of Plant NP(WR)18; b o t h a r e l a t e m a t u r i n g , h i g h
I n d u s t r y , Indore, Central I n d i a f o r the y i e l d i n g , and w i l t r e s i s t a n t .
y e a r e n d i n g 3 1 s t May 1 9 4 3 . 408
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 6 .
Cajanus indicus : The i m p r o v e d s t r a i n I P - 1 5
New v a r i e t y o f p i g e o n p e a . Farmer, K i n g -
has been d e v e l o p e d , s u i t a b l e f o r M a l w a , and
f u r t h e r work i s being c a r r i e d out t o deve- s t o n , Jam. 71(9-10):213-215. 414
lop a better s t r a i n . P i g e o n p e a g r o w i n g i n Jamaica i s b e i n g
p r o m o t e d t h r o u g h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and
development o f b e t t e r v a r i e t i e s . The
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 6 .
Puerto Rican v a r i e t y Kaki proved to be the
Progress r e p o r t of the I n s t i t u t e of Plant
highest y i e l d e r , another promising v a r i e t y
I n d u s t r y , I n d o r e , C e n t r a l I n d i a , f o r the
b e i n g No-eye f r o m S t . Thomas, w h i c h commands
y e a r e n d i n g 3 1 s t May, 1 9 4 4 . 32 p p . 409
a premium because o f e x c e l l e n t f l a v o r and
Cajanue indicus : Samples of l o c a l t u r high s u i t a b i l i t y for canning. One o f t h e
(pigeonpea) c o l l e c t e d from v a r i o u s l o c a l i - l o c a l l y found v a r i e t i e s i s a very l a r g e -
t i e s i n c e n t r a l I n d i a were t e s t e d a g a i n s t seeded t y p e and t h e o t h e r i s c a p a b l e o f
I n d o r e S e l e c t i o n No. 5 and E.R. 38 f r o m p r o d u c i n g pods t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .
the C e n t r a l Provinces; Indore S e l e c t i o n
N o . 5 showed a g e n e r a l s u p e r i o r i t y .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 .
I n d o r e No. 5 i s b e i n g m u l t i p l i e d f o r
Pulse v a r i e t i e s developed a t I A R I . Indian
distribution.
Fmg 2 1 ( 1 0 ) : 4 7 . 415
T h r e e a r h a r v a r i e t i e s , Pusa A g e t i , M u k t a ,
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 7 .
and S h a r d a a r e r e l e a s e d . Pusa A g e t i has
I n d i a , U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s , Annual A d m i n i s -
dwarf p l a n t s , c l u s t e r e d pods. I t s seeds
t r a t i o n Report o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e Depart-
a r e s h i n y b r o w n , b o l d , and a t t r a c t i v e .
ment, f o r the year ending 30th June,
B e i n g e a r l y m a t u r i n g , i t escapes f r o s t .
1945. A l l a h a b a d . 86 p p . 410
Mukta m a t u r e s i n a b o u t 170 d a y s , has
Work o n p u l s e s i n v o l v e d Cajanus c a j a n a l s o . f a i r l y w i d e a d a p t a b i l i t y , and i s r e s i s t a n t
About 600 s e l e c t i o n s , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a l l - to w i l t . Sharda i s medium t a l l , s e m i -
I n d i a c o l l e c t i o n of C. cajan v a r i e t i e s , s p r e a d i n g , m a t u r e s i n a b o u t 165 t o 170
w e r e s t u d i e d and some t y p e s p r o m i s e d days. It is best s u i t e d as a h i g h - y i e l d i n g
s p e c i a l w i l t r e s i s t a n c e , h a r d i n e s s , and rainfed crop.
high y i e l d .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 1 .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 8 . P a r t i c u l a r s o f new s t r a i n s o f c r o p s approved
Annual A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report o f the D e p a r t - f o r release by the f i f t h meeting of the
ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s , f o r S t a t e Seed Committee on 2 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 0 . Madras
the year 1946-47: 83 pp. 411 Agric. J. 58(2):51-53. 416

V a r i e t a l t r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s have The r e d gram s e l e c t i o n 1 1 4 1 , s i n c e p r o p o s e d

e n a b l e d c e r t a i n i m p r o v e d seed t y p e s t o b e f o r r e l e a s e a s C O - 1 , i s nonseason b o u n d ,
recommended and d i s t r i b u t e d t o v a r i o u s w i t h a s h o r t d u r a t i o n o f 4 1 / 2 months. It is
r e s e a r c h s t a t i o n s i n I n d i a and a b r o a d . s u i t a b l e f o r growing e i t h e r as a pure or a
m i x t u r e c r o p b o t h under i r r i g a t e d and
unirrigated conditions. As an u n i r r i g a t e d
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 4 . c r o p , i t e q u a l s SA-1 i n y i e l d b u t i s
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report of t h e D i r e c t o r of
shorter in duration. I t i s suited t o the
A g r i c u l t u r e , T r i n i d a d and T o b a g o , f o r t h e
w h o l e o f T a m i l Nadu f o r g r o w i n g a l l
y e a r ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1 9 5 2 . 54 pp.
through the year.
(Mimeographed). 412

O t h e r c r o p s : S e l e c t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n -
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 2 .
pea i s i n p r o g r e s s .
New redgrams y i e l d more i n l e s s time.
Intensive Agric. 10(3):6. 417
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 5 . Pusa A g e t i , S h a r d a , and Mukta a r e b e t t e r
I m p r o v e d c r o p v a r i e t i e s and t h e i r y i e l d s . v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram t h a n t h e e x i s t i n g
I n d i a n Fmg 1 5 : 3 5 - 3 8 . 413 ones. Their c u l t i v a t i o n , f e r t i l i z a t i o n ,
w e e d i n g , and p e s t c o n t r o l a r e d i s c u s s e d .

61
Pigeonpea Bibliography

ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 3 . a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n under n o r m a l w e a t h e r
A n o t e on r e q u i r e d legume r e s e a r c h . PAG conditions.
Bull. 3(4):11-14. 418

The i m p o r t a n c e o f g r a i n legumes i s empha- ARIYANAYAGAM, R . P . 1 9 7 6 .

sized. For i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t i v i t y O u t - c r o s s i n g and i s o l a t i o n i n p i g e o n p e a s .
the f o l l o w i n g aspects are discussed: T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 1 4 - 1 7 . 423
( i ) increasing the genetic p o t e n t i a l of
seed y i e l d , ( i i ) i m p r o v i n g p h o t o s y n t h e t i c Using marker p l a n t s , the degree o f o u t -
e f f i c i e n c y , ( i i i ) improving the sink c r o s s i n g was measured i n a p i g e o n p e a p o p u -
p o t e n t i a l , ( i v ) improving the n u t r i t i o n lation. O u t c r o s s i n g was l i k e l y t o o c c u r
of pulse c r o p s , (v) improving the n u t r i t i v e w i t h a 3 % p r o b a b i l i t y beyond 4 3 f t (13 m ) ;
v a l u e o f p u l s e c r o p s , ( v i ) a g r o n o m i c manage- seeds h a r v e s t e d f r o m w i t h i n t h i s d i s t a n c e
ment and p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , ( v i i ) c o l l e c t i o n , should conform t o standard p u r i t y r e q u i r e -
a s s e s s m e n t , and m a i n t e n a n c e o f g e r m p l a s m . ments. I t was recommended t h a t i n a d j a c e n t
p l o t s o f two c u l t i v a r s , 2 7 f t ( 8 . 2 m ) o f
g u a r d rows i n each a d j o i n i n g p l o t w o u l d
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 4 . p r o v i d e a n adequate b a r r i e r .
Co.1 r e d g r a m - a new s h o r t - d u r a t i o n and
high-yielding variety. F m News 2 ( 2 ) :
BADAMI, V . K . 1936.
21. 419
Improvement o f c r o p s i n Mysore ( A r e v i e w o f
T h i s v a r i e t y y i e l d s u p t o 1,600 k g / h a and twenty-five years' work). J . Mysore A g r i c .
i s r e a d y f o r h a r v e s t i n g i n 135 t o 140 days E x p l . Union 17:113-137, 190-207. 424
a f t e r s o w i n g , w h i c h i s 6 t o 1 0 weeks
The p r e s e n t a r e a under t o g a r i (Cajanus
e a r l i e r t h a n many o t h e r v a r i e t i e s . Co.l
indicus) needs t o b e t r i p l e d o r t h e y i e l d
i s s u i t a b l e f o r growing w i t h A r a c h i s
r a i s e d b y 300%, t o meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f
hypogaea, i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n p r o t e i n ,
pulses of the s t a t e . Pusa s e l e c t i o n s have
and has a n a t t r a c t i v e f l a v o r when c o o k e d .
given high y i e l d s . T - 5 1 has g i v e n t h e
h i g h e s t y i e l d o f 800 l b s p e r a c r e (896 k g /
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 4 . h a ) ; T - 4 1 and T-16 come n e x t w i t h y i e l d s o f
I m p r o v e d a r h a r e v o l v e d a t JNKVV Campus, 666 and 533 l b s p e r a c r e (745 and 597 k g /
Jabalpur. Mod. A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) : 9 4 . 420 ha), respectively. The o t h e r t y p e s T - 8 0 ,
T - 8 2 , and T - 5 0 have a l s o been t e s t e d . Some
Most a v a i l a b l e a r h a r v a r i e t i e s a r e l a t e
o f t h e s e p r o d u c e heavy t o n n a g e o f g r e e n
m a t u r i n g , w i t h low y i e l d p o t e n t i a l . To
m a t t e r and a r e w e l l s u i t e d a s g r e e n manures,
e l i m i n a t e these shortcomings, an attempt
e s p e c i a l l y where t h e sannhemp c r o p i s b a d l y
was made a t J N K W , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a , d u r i n g
attacked by moth.
1971-1972 t o i s o l a t e a d e s i r e d m u t a n t f r o m
radiation treatment. The m u t a n t r e c o v e r e d
had much b i g g e r p o d s , l a r g e r f l o w e r s , BHARGAVA, R.N. 1 9 7 5 .
and l a r g e r seeds a s compared t o t h e n o r m a l Two new v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r f o r B i h a r .
diploid, T-21. The m u t a n t , b e s i d e s m a t u - I n d i a n Fmg 2 5 ( 1 ) : 2 3 . 425
r i n g e a r l i e r , gave h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n T - 2 1 .
Cajanus cajan K a n k e - 9 , d e r i v e d f r o m a c r o s s
between BR-60 and p e r e n n i a l C. c a j a n , is a
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 5 . semierect, medium-maturing, h i g h - y i e l d i n g
U . S . Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t , v a r i e t y o f good c o o k i n g q u a l i t y . It is
Office of Agriculture. Technical Assis- r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum. Kanke-3 is a
tance Bureau. International Agricultural s e l e c t i o n f r o m a c r o s s b e t w e e n BR-183 and
R e s e a r c h N e t w o r k i n G r a i n Legumes. p e r e n n i a l C. c a j a n and has a b u s h y , s p r e a d -
6:11. 421 ing habit. I t matures s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r
t h a n Kanke-9 and i s o f g o d c o o k i n g q u a l -
The d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f i m p r o v e m e n t in
ity. I t i s h i g h - y i e l d i n g and m o d e r a t e l y
g r a i n legumes a r e d i s c u s s e d .
r e s i s t a n t t o F . udum and f r o s t .

ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 6 .
BHASKARAN, K. 1 9 5 4 .
Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y develops e a r l y matu-
Crops and c r o p improvement i n H y d e r a b a d .
r i n g v a r i e t i e s of arhar. I n d i a n Fmr
A g r i c . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v . 1 :
Digest. 9(8):7-8. 422
60-63. 426
The e a r l y s t r a i n s , Pant A - 1 , A - 2 , A-3 and
T u r (Cajanus cajan) w h i c h i s b e l i e v e d t o
UPAS-120 a r e a l s o h i g h - y i e l d i n g , escape
have o r i g i n a t e d i n A f r i c a , has been u n d e r
f r o s t damage, and can b e h a r v e s t e d b y t h e
large-scale c u l t i v a t i o n for a long time.
f i r s t week o f November. Suitable for

62
 Breeding

Two w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f t u r , C-11 and o f seeds p e r p o d . Number o f days t o f l o w e -

C - 2 6 , have been r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n r i n g and number o f p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y
to farmers. branches w i t h h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y were a l s o
l i n k e d w i t h h i g h g e n e t i c g a i n , p r o b a b l y due
to additive effects.
BRESSANI, R . , and L . G . E L I A S . 1 9 7 7 .
Tentative n u t r i t i o n a l objectives in the
major food crops f o r p l a n t breeders p p . CHATURVEDI, S . N . , and R.P. SHARMA. 1 9 7 8 .
51-61. I n N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and EMS-induced s t e r i l e m u t a n t s i n r e d g r a m .
methods o f e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume Curr. Sci. 47(5) :173-174. 431
breeders. I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g Group
Six m a l e - s t e r i l e mutants obtained i n the
o n n u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f
M 2 g e n e r a t i o n f r o m 0.2% EMS t r e a t m e n t were
e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC
c l a s s i f i e d i n t o two g r o u p s : TSM ( T a l l
P u b l . TS7e. 427
s t e r i l e m u t a n t ) and SSM ( S p r e a d i n g s t e r i l e
S e l e c t i o n o f good c r o p s must b e based o n mutant). The f l o w e r i n g o n t h e s e m u t a n t s
p r o d u c t i o n / h e c t a r e a s t h e f i r s t component was l a t e b y n e a r l y two m o n t h s . The f l o w e r
of p r o d u c t i v i t y , modified by the n u t r i - s t r u c t u r e s were m o d i f i e d i n t o a c o n e . None
t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and f i n a l l y b y a t e c h n o l o - o f t h e s e m u t a n t s p r o d u c e d any f r u i t due t o
gical index. The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e : the h i g h degree o f p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y
v a r i a b i l i t y i n n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t , food (78.06 to 92.13%).
consumption p a t t e r n s , n u t r i t i o n a l charac-
t e r i s t i c s o f c e r e a l g r a i n s and legume
CHAVAN, V . M . , N . B . K A J J A R I , F . B . KURTAKOTI,
f o o d s , approach t o a r r i v i n g a t n u t r i t i o n a l
and V . K . ANGADI. 1 9 5 7 .
s t a n d a r d s , t h e i n c r e a s e d i n t a k e o f legume
I m p r o v e d t u r s t r a i n s f o r Dharwar D i s t r i c t .
g r a i n s a t t h e expense o f c e r e a l g r a i n s , and
Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 ( 4 ) :
p r o p o s e d p r o t e i n and amino a c i d l e v e l s i n
251-253. 432
some b a s i c f o o d s .
C u l t u r e s T - 1 3 6 - 1 and 24 have g i v e n 33%
higher g r a i n y i e l d than the l o c a l check.
BURNETT, F. 1 9 4 9 .
The s t a n d , b r a n c h i n g , and b e a r i n g h a b i t o f
R e p o r t o n A g r i c u l t u r e i n Malaya f o r t h e
t h e new s t r a i n s w e r e g o o d . Besides h e i g h t ,
year 1947. K u a l a Lumpur, 1 9 4 9 . 86 p p . 428
number o f b r a n c h e s a r e a l s o t a b u l a t e d .
P l a n t i n t r o d u c t i o n s i n c l u d e d Cajanus c a j a n .
These a r e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f e n t o m o l o g i c a l
CHOPDE, P.R. 1 9 6 9 .
and p a t h o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
Mutagenic e f f e c t s o f X-ray i r r a d i a t i o n o n
Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . MKV A g r i c .
CAMPBELL, J . S . , and H . J . GOODING. 1 9 6 2 . C o l l . Parbhani. 433
Recent d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f
food crops i n T r i n i d a d . Trop. A g r i c .
DECORY, R. 1 9 6 3 .
Trin. 39:261-270. 429
P l a n t s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o Madagascar and
A r e v i e w o f s e l e c t i o n and b r e e d i n g w o r k o n l o c a l toponymy. ( F r e n c h ) . J. Agric. Trop.
p i g e o n p e a , d a s h e e n , y a m , and o t h e r f o o d Bot. Appl. 10(5-7):204-218. 434
crops. This annotated l i s t o f p l a n t s i n c l u d e s :
r i c e , maize, Colocasia antiquarian, Cannabis
CHANDRA, T . , B.K. TRIPATHI, and R . P . KATIYAR. indica, Voandzeia subterranea, groundnut,
1975. Cajanus indicus, Lablab vulgaris, Manihot
G e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y , h e r i t a b i l i t y and g e n e - utilissima, and Ipomoea batatas.
t i c advance o f y i e l d and i t s components i n
A r h a r (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . DESHPANDE, R . B . , L . M . JESWANI, and A . B . J 0 S H I .
Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 1963.
6:95-99. 430 Breeding o f w i l t r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f
Among 2 3 s t r a i n s o f a r h a r , a w i d e r a n g e o f pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed.
p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was o b s e r v e d i n a l l 23:57-63. 435
t h e p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s e x c e p t pod l e n g t h and The v a r i e t y N P - 5 1 , w h i c h i s l a r g e - s e e d e d
number o f seeds p e r p o d . A high genotypic and r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum, was c r o s s e d
c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y was e x h i b i t e d w i t h the h i g h - y i e l d i n g NP-24; t h i s r e s u l t e d
b y y i e l d p e r p l a n t , number o f p r i m a r y and i n f o u r p r o m i s i n g h y b r i d s o f w h i c h NP(WR)-
s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s , and number o f days t o 1 5 gave h i g h y i e l d s a t s i x s t a t i o n s . In
flowering. H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s were order to incorporate earliness w i t h w i l t
h i g h f o r a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s e x c e p t number r e s i s t a n c e , NP-51 was c r o s s e d w i t h T-132

63
Pigeonpea Bibliography

and B r a z i l i a n and Jamaican v a r i e t i e s were t h e i r pods w i t h i n a s h o r t i n t e r v a l , and

a l s o c r o s s e d w i t h NP-41 and NF(WR)-15, and w h i c h a r e t o a marked e x t e n t i n d e p e n d e n t
p r o m i s i n g l i n e s have been o b t a i n e d . of the sowing d a t e . The p a p e r r e p r e s e n t s '
the t e x t of a l e c t u r e .
DHARMAPAL SINGH, and J . M . SAHAI. 1 9 5 8 .
A new gram and a new a r h a r f o r U . P . GOUD, J . V . , and R.V. LAKSHMI. 1 9 7 2 .
farmers. I n d i a n Fmg 8 ( 1 ) : 1 5 - 1 6 . 436 S.5 a p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y o f r e d gram f o r
dryland. C u r r . Res. 1 ( 6 ) : 4 4 . 441
Type 105 ( a r h a r ) i s a t a l l , s p r e a d i n g
v a r i e t y , l a t e m a t u r i n g and t a k i n g 140 days S-5 gave a y i e l d o f 839 k g / h a . It is a
to f l o w e r . The seed i s m e d i u m - s i z e d and bushy, dwarf p l a n t t y p e , s u i t e d t o h i g h
brown. Y i e l d s 1,800 t o 2 , 2 0 0 k g / h a . p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y , maturing e a r l i e r than
M a t u r e s 1 0 days e a r l i e r t h a n Type 1 7 . the l o c a l v a r i e t y . I t c o u l d b e used f o r
b o t h p u r e c r o p and m i x e d c r o p and s t i l l b e
a d j u s t e d t o a m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g sequence
ESH, G . C . , T . S . DE, and U.P. BASU. 1 9 5 9 .
even i n d r y l a n d s .
I n f l u e n c e o f g e n e t i c s t r a i n and e n v i r o n -
ment o n t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f p u l s e s .
Science 129:148-149. 437 GOVANDE, G.K. 1 9 5 0 .
New s t r a i n s o f p u l s e s and m i l l e t s i n Baroda
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on Cajanus cajan, Cicer
State. I n d i a n Fmg 1 1 : 1 5 3 - 1 5 4 . 442
arietinum, Phaseolus aureus, Ph. mungo,
Vigna sinensis, Lens esculenta, Lathyrus The p u l s e s and l e s s e r m i l l e t s improvement
sativus and Pisum sativum at t h e B e n g a l scheme f o r Baroda i n t h e y e a r 1948-1949
Immunity Research I n s t i t u t e , C a l c u t t a , o b t a i n e d n o c o n c l u s i v e r e s u l t s o n Cajanus
showed b o t h s t r a i n and l o c a l i t y t o b e indicus. S e l e c t i o n s Dehgam 35 and V i j a p u r
important factors influencing protein 4 9 were p r o m i s i n g .
content.
HANDIQUE, L . K . 1 9 5 1 .
F.A.O. 1975. Annual r e p o r t o f the Department o f A g r i c u l -
R e p o r t o f t h e TAC w o r k i n g g r o u p o n t h e t u r e , Assam, f o r t h e y e a r e n d i n g 31st March,
b i o l o g y of y i e l d of g r a i n legumes. Rome: 1950. P a r t 1 . 357 p p . 443
FA0. 438
Cajanus c a j a n : Many c u l t l v a r s i n t r o d u c e d
Discusses p r o d u c t i v i t y of g r a i n legumes, from nearby I n d i a n States f o r i n c l u s i o n i n
p l a n t a r c h i t e c t u r e and y i e l d , p h o t o s y n t h e - t h e b r e e d i n g program proved s u s c e p t i b l e t o
s i s , factors affecting nitrogen f i x a t i o n , Fusarium w i l t . From some 100 p r o m i s i n g
and o t h e r r e l a t e d a s p e c t s . s e l e c t i o n s , several t r u e - b r e e d i n g pure
l i n e s were i s o l a t e d ; t h e s e combine d e s i r a b l e
y i e l d c a p a c i t y and q u a l i t y w i t h w i l t
FENNELL, M.A. 1 9 6 3 .
resistance.
Present s t a t u s of research on e d i b l e l e g u -
mes i n W e s t e r n N i g e r i a . Proc. F i r s t Nige-
r i a n G r a i n Legume C o n f . 1 9 6 3 : 1 6 - 2 9 p p . 439 HAWTIN, G . C . , K.O. RACHIE, and J . M . GREEN.
1977.
P r o g r e s s i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f l o c a l and
Breeding strategy f o r the n u t r i t i o n a l
i n t r o d u c e d v a r i e t i e s o f Vigna c a p e n s i s ,
improvement o f p u l s e s , pp. 43-50. In
g r o u n d n u t , Cajanus c a j a n , Phaseolus c o c c i -
N u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and methods o f e v a -
neus, Ph. lunatus and soybean is r e p o r t e d .
l u a t i o n f o r f o o d legume b r e e d e r s . Inter-
Hope 5989 i s a v a r i e t y o f Cajanus c a j a n
n a t i o n a l W o r k i n g Group o n N u t r i t i o n a l
from the United States w i t h tolerance to
S t a n d a r d s and Methods o f E v a l u a t i o n f o r
Meloidogyne,
Food Legume B r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l .
TS7e. 444
GOODING, H . J . 1 9 6 0 . The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d :
Some p r o b l e m s of p i g e o n p e a i m p r o v e m e n t .
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screening methods, g e n e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,
The w o r k done i n T r i n i d a d o n p i g e o n p e a genetic v a r i a t i o n , environmentally-induced
(Cajanus indicus) i m p r o v e m e n t b e f o r e 1937 v a r i a t i o n , genotype x environment i n t e r -
is r e v i e w e d . I n 1 9 5 6 , a f r e s h s t a r t was a c t i o n s , h e r i t a b i l i t y , major genes, minor
made, t h e p r o g r a m b e i n g d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s genes, l i n k a g e , t r a n s g r e s s i v e s e g r e g a t i o n ,
the p r o d u c t i o n o f green pods. I t aims a t c o r r e l a t i o n , b r e e d i n g methods f o r n u t r i -
o b t a i n i n g d w a r f and s e m i d w a r f s t r a i n s t i o n a l improvement, p o p u l a t i o n improvement,
w h i c h a r e e a r l y b e a r e r s and p r o d u c e a l l and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n n u t r i t i o n a l i m p r o v e -
ment.

64
 Breeding

HOWARD, A . , G . L . C . HOWARD, and A . R . KHAN. Three h i g h - y i e l d i n g , e a r l y , s e m i d w a r f bush

1919. l i n e s are described. C I T A - 1 was mass-
Studies in the p o l l i n a t i o n of Indian crops. s e l e c t e d f r o m TUC-5543 and has y e l l o w
I . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a . ( B o t . S e r . ) f l o w e r s and g r e e n p o d s . CITA-2, derived
10:195-200. 445 f r o m TUC-5103, has d a r k m a r o o n - b l o t c h e d
pods and good d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e . CITA-3
A t t h e Pusa A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e ,
d e r i v e d f r o m TUC-1463-1 i s e r e c t , b e a r i n g
i t was o b s e r v e d t h a t n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n
r e d - v e i n e d f l o w e r s and m a r o o n - b l o t c h e d
p i g e o n p e a o c c u r s t o t h e e x t e n t o f 14%.
green pods. A f a m i l y o f soy t y p e s has been
b r e d w i t h few o r n o b r a n c h e s , p r o f u s e
HUTCHINSON, J . B . , and V . G . PANSE. 1 9 3 6 . f r u i t i n g o n t h e m a i n s t e m , and a h i g h l y
The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f i m p r o v e d s t r a i n s o f d e t e r m i n a t e and b a s i p e t a l o u s h a b i t .
crop plants i n c e n t r a l I n d i a , Rajputana:
Cajanus indicus. Agriculture Live-Stk
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
India. 6:397-432. 446
1931.
Summarizes r e s u l t s o f 195 r a n d o m i z e d r e p l i - Work on Cajanua aajan at P u s a . Sclent.
c a t e d t r i a l s w i t h 106 s t r a i n s o f d i f f e r e n t Rep. I m p . I n s t . A g r i c . Res. P u s a ,
crops, i n c l u d i n g t u r (pigeonpea), in the 1929-30, C a l c u t t a . 451
seasons 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 3 5 , a t 4 2 c e n t e r s i n
The i m p e r i a l Economic B o t a n i s t r e p o r t s o n
C e n t r a l I n d i a and R a j p u t a n a ( R a j a s t h a n ) .
the attempt t o o b t a i n w i l t - r e s i s t a n t
The t u r ( A r h a r ) s t r a i n M a l v i i s recommended
s t r a i n s of r a h a r (C. aajan) and on t h e
f o r J a i p u r , A l w a r , and D a t i a . It is con-
study of the i n h e r i t a n c e of v a r i o u s charac-
cluded that l o c a l adaptation i s strong i n
t e r s such a s f l o w e r , s e e d , and pod c o l o r ;
most, i f not a l l , o f the crops s t u d i e d ,
pod h a b i t ; g r o w t h h a b i t , and i m m u n i t y t o
and t h a t t h e maximum c r o p improvement can
w i l t disease i n t h i s species.
be achieved by l o c a l breeding work.

INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

ICRISAT. 1 9 7 4 .
1946.
Pigeonpea. A t ICRISAT. July/Aug/Sept.
S c i e n t i f i c reports of the Indian A g r i c u l -
2-3. 447
t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e
The b r e e d i n g - l i n e c o l l e c t i o n m a i n t a i n e d a t y e a r ended 30 J u n e , 1 9 4 6 . 109 p p . 452
ICRISAT c o n t a i n s 3659 e n t r i e s . In 21
Cajanua aajan: Work on w i l t (Fusarium
c r o s s e s w i t h u p t o 1,000 p o l l i n a t i o n s p e r
udum) r e s i s t a n c e was c o n t i n u e d . Hybrid
c r o s s a maximum pod s e t of 4 2 . 1 % was
C 3 8 - 3 - 1 , f r o m t h e c r o s s between I P - 2 4 and
recorded. I n t e r a c t i o n s between p l a n t i n g
I P - 5 1 , appeared t o b e c o m p l e t e l y immune t o
d a t e and days t o f l o w e r s u g g e s t t h a t o t h e r
a r t i f i c i a l i n f e c t i o n i n the f i e l d . IP-80
f a c t o r s are i n v o l v e d i n the p h o t o p e r i o d -
and I P - 4 1 showed o n l y 1% l o s s . The
f l o w e r i n g response.
e x i s t e n c e o f d u p l i c a t e genes g o v e r n i n g t h e
c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e " C a w n p o r e " m u t a n t was
ICRISAT. 1 9 7 4 . confirmed.
P i g e o n p e a i m p r o v e m e n t . In ICRISAT A n n u a l
Report 1973-1974. Hyderabad, I n d i a .
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
35-40. 448
1947.
S c i e n t i f i c reports of the Indian A g r i c u l -
I I T A . 1973. t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e
G r a i n legume improvement p r o g r a m . In I I T A y e a r ended 30 J u n e , 1 9 4 7 . 131 p p . 453
Report. Ibadan, N i g e r i a . 78 pp. 449
Cajanus cajan: The F 3 of a c r o s s between
Cajanua: Of s e v e n C. aajan l i n e s t e s t e d , NP-69 and Cawnpore-132 was s e l e c t e d f o r
3D-8111 (UC 5 5 4 3 - 1 ) , 3D-8127 (UC 1 3 8 1 - 1 ) , e a r l y m a t u r i t y , Fuasrium w i l t r e s i s t a n c e ,
and 3D-8104 (UC 5 1 0 3 - 1 ) a r e p r o p o s e d f o r and b o l d - s e e d e d n e s s . NP t y p e s and o t h e r
release. They a r e h i g h - y i e l d i n g , s e m i d w a r f m a t e r i a l were t e s t e d f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e .
(120-150 cm), o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n (106-140 The i n h e r i t a n c e o f t h e Cawnpore, b u n c h y ,
d a y s ) , and r e s i s t a n t t o most d i s e a s e s i n and s e p a l o i d m u t a n t s was s t u d i e d . The
Ibadan. s e p a l o i d c h a r a c t e r depends upon s i n g l e
p a i r s o f r e c e s s i v e g e n e s , and i s c l o s e l y
l i n k e d w i t h simple l e a f .
I I T A . 1975.
International Institute of Tropical Agri-
c u l t u r e ( I I T A ) Annual Report 1974. Ibadan,
Nigeria. 199 p p . 450

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t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e
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r e s i s t a n c e to w i l t (Fusarium udum), m a t u -
New C. aajan v a r i e t i e s have been d e v e l o p e d
r i t y and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s . Some o f t h e
f o r c u l t i v a t i o n a t 72,000 p l a n t s / h a — a s
m a t e r i a l d e r i v e d from t h e crosses between
against 35,000/ha f o r o l d e r v a r i e t i e s —
NP-69 and NP-132 showed n o w i l t i n f e c t i o n .
w i t h g r o w t h p e r i o d s o f 5 t o 6 months and
I n t h e Burma c o l l e c t i o n , New Era 4 0 - 6 was
y i e l d s of 2,700 k g / h a . These i n c l u d e Pusa
f r e e from w i l t disease as in the previous
A g e t i , Sharda, and M u k t a . The y i e l d s and
year. Data f r o m t h e c r o s s between n o r m a l
growth periods of r e c e n t l y developed
p l a n t s and a m u t a n t w i t h s i m p l e l e a v e s and
v a r i e t i e s of Ciaer arietinum, C. aajan,
sepaloid flowers i n d i c a t e t h a t leaf type
Vigna mungo, V. vadiata, V. sinensis, and
and f l o r a l c h a r a c t e r depend upon a s i n g l e
Lens escuulenta a r e t a b u l a t e d .
gene p a i r .

J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 2 .
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
The p h i l o s o p h y and s o c i a l p u r p o s e of some
1954.
recent plant breeding research. Indian
S c i e n t i f i c reports of the Indian A g r i c u l -
Fmg 2 2 ( 4 ) : 5 - 8 . 460
t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e
y e a r s ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1952 and 1 9 5 3 . Summarized b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h and new v a r i e -
108 and 114 p p . 455 t i e s of s e v e r a l crops developed at the
I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e .
Cajanus aajan: W i l t - r e s i s t a n t b u t , in most
Three r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d v a r i e t i e s o f
c a s e s , l a t e - m a t u r i n g , s e l e c t i o n s have been
Cajanus c c a j a n , m a t u r i t y 5 to 6 m o n t h s ,
d e v e l o p e d , c r o s s e s a r e t o b e made w i t h a n
a r e Pusa A g e t i , S h a r d a , and M u k t a .
e a r l y m a t u r i n g B r a z i l i a n s t r a i n t o combine
e a r l i n e s s and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e .
J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 6 .
I n d u c e d m u t a t i o n s and i m p r o v e d p l a n t t y p e s
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
in pulses. E v a l u a t i o n o f seed p r o t e i n
1956.
a l t e r a t i o n s by mutation breeding. Part 3.
S c i e n t i f i c reports of the Indian A g r i c u l -
V i e n n a : IAEA. p . 2 0 9 . 461
t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e
y e a r ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1 9 5 6 . 142 p p . 456 Mutation studies using i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s
and c h e m i c a l mutagens have been i n p r o g r e s s
Pigeonpea-wilt incidence in 64 early h i g h -
f o r p i g e o n p e a and Vigna mungo. These have
y i e l d i n g l i n e s f r o m NP-51 x U P - t y p e 1 3 2 ,
r e s u l t e d i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a number o f
B r a z i l x N P - 4 1 , NP-51 x J a m a i c a 4 0 - 2 8 B ,
p l a n t t y p e s , m u t a n t s , and a l s o v a r i a b i l i t y
and NP(WR)-15 x NP-51 r a n g e d f r o m 0 . 0 to
o f y i e l d components such a s pod n u m b e r ,
10.2%. Some l i n e s y i e l d e d 30 to 100% more
pod s i z e , seed s i z e , and number o f f r u i t i n g
than the best c o n t r o l . Lines from B r a z i l x
branches.
NP-41 and NP-51 x Jamaica 40-28B e q u a l l e d
EB-3 and EB-38 i n e a r l i n e s s .
J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 7 .
Development o f h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s o f
INDIAN COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.
p u l s e s : P e r s p e c t i v e , p o s s i b i l i t i e s , and
1967. experimental approaches. Proc. F i r s t
R e g i o n a l P u l s e Improvement P r o g r e s s R e p o r t .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n Legumes.
5 : 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 . New D e l h i : ICAR. 457
13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. H y d e r a b a d ,
Experiments on d i f f e r e n t aspects of I n d i a . 177-188. 462
pigeonpea a r e d e s c r i b e d .
Discusses the concept o f h a r v e s t index in
g r a i n legumes. New v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a
J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 1 . and t h e i r m a t u r i t y a s p e c t a r e a l s o d e s -
New p l a n t t y p e s i n p u l s e s . I n d i a n Fmg cribed .
21(8):9-10. 458
Developments i n t h e improvement o f g r o w t h
h a b i t and h a r v e s t i n d e x ( e c o n o m i c y i e l d :
t o t a l y i e l d ) a r e r e p o r t e d i n Cajanus c a j a n ,

66
 Breeding

JESWANI, L . M . 1 9 6 8 . KADAM, B . S . , R.M. KULKARNI, and S.M. PATEL.

Pulse p r o d u c t i o n in I n d i a - Impact of r e s e - 1945.
arch programs. J . Postgrad. Sch. I A R I , N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n Cajanus aajan ( L . )
Delhi. 5(2):196-201. 463 M i l l s p . i n t h e Bombay-Deccan. Indian J.
Genet. P1. Breed. 5:60-62. 468
Outlines the importance of pulses, t h e i r
a r e a , and p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . The Data are g i v e n o n t h e e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l
basic o b j e c t i v e of the coordinated p r o j e c t c r o s s i n g i n C . aajan. Under c o n d i t i o n s a t
f o r t h e pulses i s t o c r e a t e genotypes t h e c e r e a l - b r e e d i n g s t a t i o n , N i p h a d , 15%
s u p e r i o r t o t h o s e now b e i n g grown b y c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n occurred on the average.
cultivators in different agroclimatic
areas of the c o u n t r y . The g e n e r a l and
KAUL, C . L . , and S . P . SINGH. 1 9 6 7 .
s p e c i f i c problems i n d i f f e r e n t p u l s e crops
S t a m i n a l and f u n c t i o n a l male s t e r i l i t y
are also discussed. The i m m e d i a t e o b j e c -
induced by chemical treatment in p a p i l i o -
t i v e o f t h e p u l s e improvement p r o j e c t i n
naceous p l a n t s . Indian J. Agric. Sci.
I n d i a i s t o enhance c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e p r e -
37(4):264-269. 469
s e n t low y i e l d s per h e c t a r e o f p u l s e c r o p s .
Nondehiscence o f a n t h e r s was o b s e r v e d i n
Cajanus c a j a n and o t h e r p u l s e s t r e a t e d w i t h
JESWANI, L . M . 1 9 7 0 .
0 . 5 and 1.0% FW 4 5 0 . S p r a y i n g of C. aajan
Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f
and Crotolaria juncea w i t h 0 . 2 5 to 0.5%
r e s e a r c h w o r k o n g e n e t i c improvement o f
d a l a p o n or 0 . 5 to 10% FW 450 r e s u l t e d in
pulse crops. I n d i a n A g r i c . News D i g e s t
e x u d a t i o n o f p o l l e n c y t o p l a s m i n - s l t u . Such
2(4):127-130. 464
t r e a t m e n t s may r e p l a c e hand e m a s c u l a t i o n .
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f problems i n p u l s e crop
improvement has been s t r e s s e d . The p r o b - KELKAR, S . G . , and P . S . PANDYA. 1 9 3 4 .
lems a r e w e l l d e f i n e d and t h e s o l u t i o n s A new method of s e l f i n g " t u r " (Cajanus
can b e f o u n d t h r o u g h w e l l - p l a n n e d e x p e r i - indicus) flowers. Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
mental approaches. High-yielding, short- 26:108-111. 470
duration, disease-resistant varieties that
A f t e r v a r i o u s methods were t r i e d and
f i t w e l l i n accepted cropping p a t t e r n s are
r e j e c t e d , a new t e c h n i q u e f o r s e l f i n g
to be developed.
Cajanus indiaus by s m e a r i n g t h e bud f r o m
the c a l y x t o the t i p o f the standard w i t h
JESWANI, L . M . 1 9 7 5 . m e l t e d c a n d l e wax was f o u n d b e s t and i s
V a r i e t a l i m p r o v e m e n t o f seed legumes i n described here.
India. Cicer arietinum. Cajanus aajan.
Ph. aureus. Ph. mungo. p p . 9 - 1 8 . In P i r i e ,
KHAN, T . N . 1 9 7 3 .
N.W. ( E d . ) . International Biological
A new a p p r o a c h t o t h e b r e e d i n g o f p i g e o n -
Programme. N o . 4 . Food p r o t e i n s o u r c e s .
pea (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) : f o r m a t i o n o f
C a m b r i d g e : Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .
composites. Euphytica 22(3):373-377. 471
260 p p . 465
I t i s suggested t h a t the h i g h p o t e n t i a l f o r
cross p o l l i n a t i o n be u t i l i z e d in the forma-
JESWANI, L . M . , and P . H . VAN-SCHAIK. 1 9 6 8 .
t i o n of random-mating composites. A simple
Coordinated pulse p r o j e c t - i t s prospects.
b r e e d i n g scheme based o n s u c h c o m p o s i t e s i s
I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 466 proposed.
Various aspects of the p r o j e c t discussed
a r e : C o o r d i n a t e d r e s e a r c h scheme, i m p r o v e d
KHAN, T . N . , and K . O . RACHIE. 1 9 7 2 .
v a r i e t i e s , q u a l i t y f a c t o r s , and r e a s o n s
P r e l i m i n a r y e v a l u a t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f
f o r poor g r a i n y i e l d s o f legumes. Empha-
p i g e o n p e a germplasm i n Uganda. E. A f r .
s i z e s t h a t s o l u t i o n s t o these d i f f i c u l t i e s
A g r i c . For. J. 38(l):78-82. 472
can be found t h r o u g h a w e l l - p l a n n e d , w e l l -
c o o r d i n a t e d , and w e l l - f i n a n c e d r e s e a r c h I n t r i a l s i n 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 0 , seed y i e l d s o f
effort. pigeonpea ranged from 0.89 t / h a f o r the
l o c a l c v C I V E I t o 1,225 t and 1.228 t / h a
f o r l i n e s 1 6 and 9 5 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Seed
JOSHI, S.N. 1968. y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t
Research i n S t a t e s : Gujarat. I n d i a n Fmg w i d t h , l e n g t h o f m a i n b r a n c h , number o f
17(11):34-36. 467 pods p e r main b r a n c h and p e r p l a n t ,
P i g e o n p e a o c c u p i e s 16% o f t h e a r e a under t h r e s h i n g f a c t o r , and g r a i n : s t r a w r a t i o .
pulses in the State of Gujarat. Tur 1 5 - 1 5 ,
a w h i t e - s e e d e d medium e a r l y v a r i e t y has
been d e v e l o p e d .

67
Plgeonpea Bibliography

KHAN, W . M . A . , N. SIVASWAMY, and KRISHNAN, R.H. 1 9 6 8 .

K . R . RAMASWAMY. 1 9 7 3 . Research i n S t a t e s : M a d r a s . I n d i a n Fmg
S e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e r e d gram (Cajanus cajan 17(11) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 477
(L.) Millsp.) strains to different
The i m p r o v e d p u l s e s t r a i n o f r e d g r a m ,
mutagens. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) :
SA-1 r e l e a s e d , p u r e - l i n e s e l e c t i o n f r o m a
406-407. 473
local strain. A v e r a g e y i e l d was 750 k g / h a ;
Seeds w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o X - r a y s , e t h y l when sown m i x e d c r o p , 370 k g / h a .
methane s u l f o n a t e (EMS) and d i e t h y l s u l f o -
n a t e (DES). S t r a i n SA-1 seems t o b e more
KROBER, O . A . , M.K. JACOB, R.K. LAL, and
t o l e r a n t t o t h e mutagens t h a n C o - 1 . DES
V . K . KASHKARY. 1 9 7 0 .
beyond 0.25% k i l l e d t h e seeds c o m p l e t e l y .
E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y and l o c a t i o n o n t h e p r o -
T h e r e w e r e g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e
t e i n content of pulses. Indian J. Agric.
two s t r a i n s a s shown b y t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y
Sci. 40(12):1025-1030. 478
to the mutagens.
Samples o f d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g
plgeonpea, from the A l l - I n d i a Coordinated
KILLINGER, G . B . 1 9 6 8 .
V a r i e t a l T r i a l s were analyzed f o r p r o t e i n
P l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) D r u c e ) , a
content. Significant varietal differences
u s e f u l crop f o r F l o r i d a . P r o c . S o i l Crop
were f o u n d i n f i v e o f t h e s e v e n c r o p s .
S c i . Soc. F l a . 28:162-167. 474
There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s due t o
P l g e o n p e a i s used f o r human f o o d , l i v e s t o c k l o c a t i o n in a l l the crops. P u l s e samples
f e e d , and shade f o r c o f f e e t r e e s i n many f r o m Hyderabad a r e among t h e l o w e s t i n
p a r t s o f C e n t r a l and S o u t h A m e r i c a and o t h e r protein content.
t r o p i c a l areas throughout the w o r l d .
Norman, a new v a r i e t y , shows p r o m i s e of
KULKARNI, U.G. 1 9 7 3 .
p r o d u c i n g s u f f i c i e n t seed i n F l o r i d a t o
M u t a g e n i c e f f e c t s of EMS, MMS and C o l c h i -
make i t a p r o f i t a b l e m a c h i n e - h a r v e s t a b l e
c i n e i n t u r , Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p .
seed c r o p . P l g e o n p e a can b e used i n
V a r i e t y C - 1 . M.Sc. (1973) T h e s i s . Marath-
F l o r i d a as a seed, cover, g r a z i n g , hay,
wada K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , M a h a r a s h -
or windbreak crop.
tra. India. 479

KRAUSS, F . G . 1 9 2 1 .
KUMAR, L . S . S . 1 9 5 7 .
The p l g e o n p e a - i t s c u l t u r e and u t i l i z a -
P u l s e s - H i s t o r y and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e
tion in Hawaii. Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn
Economic B o t a n i s t ' s S e c t i o n , 1 9 0 8 - 5 8 .
Bull. 46:1-23. 475
Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 8 ( 2 - 3 ) : 7 - 1 4 . 480
The p l g e o n p e a was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o H a w a i i
S e l e c t i o n was c o n t i n u e d i n t u r . The p r o -
from Puerto Rico. The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f
d u c t i o n o f i n t e r g e n e r i c c r o s s between
plgeonpea crop are d i s c u s s e d : i n t r o d u c t i o n ,
Atylosia and Cajanus r e s u l t e d i n e v o l v i n g
b o t a n y and a g r i c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y , c l i m a t i c
a few h y b r i d s r e s i s t a n t t o w i l t .
and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s . P l a n t i n g : t h e hay
c r o p , h a r v e s t i n g , c u t t i n g ; t h e seed c r o p ,
harvesting, threshing. Plgeonpea a s f e e d : LAL, M.S. 1 9 6 8 .
f e e d i n g v a l u e , m i l l i n g and m i x i n g f e e d s , Research i n S t a t e s : Madhya P r a d e s h . Indian
suggested f e e d i n g r a t i o n s . Plowing under Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 2 6 - 3 1 . 481
of p i g e o n p e a s . P l g e o n p e a s as a c o v e r and
The a s p e c t s d i s c u s s e d a r e : a r e a u n d e r
g r e e n m a n u r i n g c r o p and f o r r o t a t i o n s .
p u l s e s , p r o d u c t i o n , and d e v e l o p m e n t o f
P e s t s and d i s e a s e s .
high-yielding varieties of different
pulses. Three v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea
KRAUSS, F . G . 1 9 2 7 . a r e l i s t e d : T u r I P I - 5 , K h a r g o n e - 2 , and
Improvement o f t h e p l g e o n p e a , g e n e t i c Gwalior-3.
a n a l y s i s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s and c r e a t i o n
o f new v a r i e t i e s t h r o u g h h y b r i d i z a t i o n and
L A L , S. 1 9 7 6 .
selection. J. Hered. 18:227-232. 476
Improved v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg
The h e r i t a b i l i t y o f a number o f q u a n t i t a - 26(7):3-7. 482
t i v e c h a r a c t e r s and t h e i r g e n e t i c b e h a v i o r
Agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f e i g h t e a r l y m a t u -
as dominance and r e c e s s i v e n e s s has been
r i n g , s i x m i d s e a s o n , and s i x l a t e m a t u r i n g
demonstrated.
c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) a r e
d e s c r i b e d , w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i r seed
y i e l d p o t e n t i a l and a d a p t a b i l i t y r e g i o n s i n
India.

68
 Breeding

L A L , S . , and S . C . SINHA. 1 9 7 2 . MANN, HAROLD, H. 1 9 4 7 .

"Prabhat" - an e x t r a e a r l y v a r i e t y of red Cajanus indiaus - p u l s e g r a i n c r o p s i n the
gram. Fmr P a r l i a m . 7 ( 7 ) : 1 8 - 2 4 . 483 Middle East. J . Empire E x p l A g r i c .
15(6):258. 488
Emphasizes t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a n e a r l y m a t u -
r i n g v a r i e t y f o r successful arhar c u l t i v a - P i g e o n p e a , one o f t h e most e x t e n s i v e l y
tion. P r a b h a t , which arose as a segregant grown p u l s e s i n I n d i a , i s nowhere more t h a n
f r o m v a r i e t y T - 2 1 , m a t u r e s i n 110 t o 115 a c u r i o s i t y i n the M i d d l e E a s t , though i t
days. The p l a n t t y p e i s d e t e r m i n a t e , w o u l d seem t o have a p o s s i b l e f u t u r e i n
bunchy, f l a t - t o p p e d . The b o t a n i c a l c h a - many p a r t s o f t h e a r e a . It is suggested
r a c t e r s o f P r a b h a t , i t s agronomic r e q u i r e - t h a t pigeonpea might be u s e f u l l y i n t r o d u c e d
m e n t s , and i t s r o l e i n m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g into Iran (Persia).
are also d e s c r i b e d .
MBOWE, F . F . A . 1 9 7 5 .
LAWANI, S . M . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1 9 7 5 . G r a i n legume r e s e a r c h i n T a n z a n i a . Trop.
A n n o u n c i n g p u l s e c u l t i v a r s and germplasms G r a i n Legume B u l l . 2:2-3. 489
f o r the hulotrops. T r o p . G r a i n Legume
Research f r o m 1972 to 1974 on g r o u n d n u t
Bull. 1(1) :12. 484
( v a r i e t a l i m p r o v e m e n t , s p a c i n g , and f e r t i -
G r a i n legume germplasms f o r t h e humid l o w - l i z e r t r i a l s ) , cowpea ( v a r i e t y and f e r t i l i -
l a n d t r o p i c s a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n are z e r , s p a c i n g , and s o w i n g d a t a t r i a l s ) and
announced i n t h i s b u l l e t i n . Three o u t - pigeonpea ( l o c a l c u l t i v a r e v a l u a t i o n ) i s
s t a n d i n g cowpea and t h r e e p i g e o n p e a c u l t i - b r i e f l y described.
vars are described.
MEHTA, D . N . , and B . B . DAVE. 1 9 3 1 .
LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and A . D . DEODHAR. S t u d i e s in Cajanus indiaus. Mem. Dep.
1974. Agric. India (Bot. S e r . ) . 19:1-25. 490
E f f e c t of environment on p r o t e i n content of
Includes morphological descriptions of the
seeds and i m p l i c a t i o n s i n p u l s e i m p r o v e -
v a r i o u s types i n c u l t i v a t i o n , the d u r a t i o n
ment. P r o c . 2nd G e n e r a l Cong. SABRAO.
o f t h e f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d , methods o f p o l l i -
New D e l h i , I n d i a . 7 3 1 - 8 0 8 . 485
n a t i o n , data on the e x t e n t of n a t u r a l
From t h i s r e v i e w , w h i c h i s m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d c r o s s i n g , and a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n w h i c h
w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n o n soybean and p i g e o n p e a , two f o r m s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d , one s h o r t and
i t i s concluded t h a t sampling techniques, r i p e n i n g e a r l y , the other t a l l , r i p e n i n g
methods o f p r o t e i n and amino a c i d e s t i m a - late.
t i o n , and g e n o t y p e x e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e r -
a c t i o n s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e t h e speed
MENEZES, O . B . De. 1 9 4 3 .
and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s e l e c t i o n programs
S t u d i e s o n t h e g e n e t i c s o f p i g e o n p e a . Bolm
f o r h i g h p r o t e i n c o n t e n t among s e g r e g a t i n g
M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. R i o d e J .
or p u r e - l i n e populations of pulse crops.
32(10):69-83. 491
The s p e c i e s Cajanus indiaue S p r e n g . is
MAESEN, L . J . G . van d e r . 1 9 7 5 . d e s c r i b e d and t h e h i s t o r y o f i t s i n t r o d u c -
Germplasm c o l l e c t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n i n tion into cultivation is outlined. An
Cicer and Cajanus. First International account i s given o f the f l o r a l b i o l o g y o f
Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan t h e p l a n t and t h e method o f a r t i f i c i a l
1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT. H y d e r a b a d , I n d i a . pollination. The c o r r e c t chromosome number
229-238. 486 is r e g a r d e d as n = 11 and n o t n = 9 as
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Ciaer and Cajanus, r e p o r t e d b y Basudev. The p l a n t grows
c o l l e c t i o n o f p r i m i t i v e s p e c i e s , o r i g i n and e x t e n s i v e l y i n a s e m i - w i l d s t a t e i n the
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Cajanus, o b t a i n i n g g e r m - Baixada Zones.
p l a s m , e x p l o r a t i o n and c o l l e c t i o n , methods
o f c o l l e c t i o n , documentation, maintenance MILES, J . F . 1 9 4 9 .
o f g e r m p l a s m , and e v a l u a t i o n f o r a number Plant introduction t r i a l s in central
of characters are described. c o a s t a l Queensland. 1936-46. Rep. D i v .
Plant I n d . A u s t r a l i a . 6:134 p p . 492
MANE, S . S . 1 9 7 5 . S t u d i e s were made o f t h e c l i m a t e and s o i l s
Genetic v a r i a b i l i t y in M3 progenies of C-11 o f t h e a r e a and o f t h e n a t u r a l p a s t u r e s .
and v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n The b e s t s p e c i e s among t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . M a r a - p r o t e i n c r o p s was Cajanus bicolor. Various
thwada K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , small-scale t r i a l s i n d i c a t e the s u i t a b i l i t y
Maharashtra, I n d i a . 487

69
Plgeonpea Bibliography

o f c r o p s f r o m I n d i a and o t h e r monsoon NANJAPPA, B. SHIVARAJ, and R.V. P A T I L .

countries for tropical Australia. 1976.
Co-1 v a r i e t y performs w e l l i n b l a c k s o i l s
MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and R. VEERASWAMY. in t r a n s i t i o n a l t r a c t of North Karnataka.
1977. C u r r . Res. 4(3):40-41. 497
G e n o t y p i c and p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f Among f i v e l i n e s o f C . c a j a n w i t h a matu-
m u t a n t s i n r e d gram (Cajanua cajan ( L . ) r a t i o n p e r i o d o f 150 t o 155 d a y s , C o - 1
Millsp.). Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 ) : ( h e i g h t 1 0 4 . 8 cm) gave t h e h i g h e s t mean
44-45. 493 y i e l d ( 1 , 2 9 8 k g / h a ) and had t h e h i g h e s t
number o f pods p e r p l a n t and pods c o n t a i n -
F i f t e e n r e d gram m u t a n t s (13 f r o m gamma
i n g t h r e e seeds. S-8 ( h e i g h t 1 3 0 . 5 cm)
i r r a d i a t i o n and two f r o m EMS t r e a t m e n t s o f
gave t h e n e x t h i g h e s t y i e l d ( 1 , 2 3 2 k g / h a )
t h e s t r a i n Co-1) i n M 5 g e n e r a t i o n were
and T - 2 1 ( h e i g h t 1 2 6 . 0 cm) had t h e h i g h e s t
studied. There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e -
number o f pods c o n t a i n i n g f i v e s e e d s .
rences f o r a l l the c h a r a c t e r s . The g e n e t i c
advance was h i g h f o r pod w e i g h t , number o f
pods p e r p l a n t , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The PAL, B . P . 1 9 3 4 .
m u t a n t s showed a p o s i t i v e s h i f t i n t h e i r Recent p r o g r e s s i n p l a n t b r e e d i n g a t Pusa -
mean v a l u e s . Rahar. Agriculture Live-Stk India 4(5):
511-512. 498
MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN, I n a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n undertaken t o produce
and R . S . ANNAPPAN. 1 9 7 7 . t y p e s o f r a h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) r e s i s t a n t
Red gram Co.3 - an economic m u t a n t s t r a i n t o w i l t (Fusarium v a s i n f e c t u m A t k . ) , 8 0
f o r T a m i l Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) : types t h a t proved very r e s i s t a n t to the
561-564. 494 d i s e a s e were i s o l a t e d . The r e s i s t a n c e i s
n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any i m p o r t a n t m o r p h o -
M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h i n r e d gram
logical characters. Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , and
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) has r e s u l t e d
5 1 were i d e n t i f i e d a s h i g h y i e l d i n g . Type 5 1
in t h e development of a h i g h - y i e l d i n g
is erect, w i l t - r e s i s t a n t , with large
m u t a n t S-18 ( C o - 3 ) s u i t a b l e f o r c u l t i v a t i o n
y e l l o w - b r o w n s e e d s , y i e l d i n g w e l l and
u n d e r b o t h r a i n f e d and i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s .
s h o u l d p r o v e t o b e o f much economic v a l u e .
I t s d u r a t i o n i s 130 d a y s . On an average
Type 5 i s e x t r e m e l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o w i l t .
i t r e c o r d s 1,300 k g / h a and 1,200 k g / h a
The i n h e r i t a n c e o f f l o w e r c o l o r depends
u n d e r i r r i g a t e d and r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s ,
upon two f a c t o r s and i s l i n k e d w i t h seed
o r 9 . 8 and 9 . 1 k g / h a / d a y r e s p e c t i v e l y .
color. The f a c t o r s f o r d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e
A s p e c i a l a d v a n t a g e o f Co-3 i s i t s r e s i s -
are not l i n k e d w i t h those f o r morpholo-
t a n c e t o r o o t r o t and t o l e r a n c e t o w i l t
gical characters. Inheritance of resis-
and p o d b o r e r s .
t a n c e depends upon m u l t i p l e f a c t o r s .

MUKHERJEE, D . , and S. SEN. 1 9 6 5 .

PANKAJA REDDY, R . , DALJIT SINGH, and
B-7 i s t h e a r h a r f o r West B e n g a l . Indian
N . G . P . RAO. 1 9 7 5 .
Fmg 1 4 ( 1 1 ) : 1 1 , 2 8 . 495
Character a s s o c i a t i o n in plgeonpea.
B-7, s e l e c t e d from m a t e r i a l obtained from I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 3 5 ( 1 ) :
various sources, is superior in y i e l d to 119-122. 499
commonly grown t y p e s of Cajanus indicus.
Four c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d i n 877 l i n e s
The g r a i n s a r e s i l v e r w h i t e and t h e v a r i e t y
from f o u r m a t u r i t y groups. The d a t a i n d i -
i s recommended f o r t h e d i s t r i c t s o f M a l d a ,
cated t h a t as the maturation period
M u r s h i d a b a d , and N a d i a ; f o r t h e f i r s t two
i n c r e a s e d , pod number, y i e l d , and seed
o f t h e s e d i s t r i c t s T-7 i s a l s o recommended.
size also increased. Pod number and seed
s i z e w e r e t h e most i m p o r t a n t components
NADARAJAN, N. 1 9 7 6 . of yield. I t i s considered that h y b r i d i -
I n d u c e d m u t a g e n e s i s i n r e d g r a m (Cajanus z a t i o n between d i f f e r e n t m a t u r i t y g r o u p s
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . M i c r o and macro may b e e f f e c t i v e i n c o m b i n i n g e a r l i n e s s
mutations. M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . Tamil w i t h h i g h y i e l d s and l a r g e r s e e d s .
Nadu A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , C o i m b a t o r e ,
T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 496 PANTON, C . A . , L . B . COKE, and R . E . PIERRE.
1972.
Seed p r o t e i n improvement i n c e r t a i n legumes
t h r o u g h i n d u c e d m u t a t i o n s : P l g e o n p e a , kidney
b e a n s , s o y b e a n s . In: N u c l e a r t e c h n i q u e s f o r
seed p r o t e i n i m p r o v e m e n t . P r o c . Research

70
 Breeding

C o o r d i n a t i o n Meet. Neuherberg, 1972, a l l the c o r r e l a t i o n s . Among a l l t h e y i e l d

1973. 500 components, p o d s / p l a n t i s t h e most e f f e c -
t i v e y i e l d determinant and s h o u l d b e g i v e n
PATHAK, G . N . , and JAIMANGAL SAHAI. 1 9 6 0 . weightage in s e l e c t i o n programs.
Type 7 : A new a r h a r f o r m i x e d c r o p p i n g i n
kharif. I n d i a n Pmg 1 0 ( 2 ) : 3 7 . 501 PRASAD, S . N . 1 9 5 8 .
S e l e c t e d f r o m m a t e r i a l f r o m Lucknow, S e g r e g a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s i n a r h a r (Cajanus
Cajanus c a j a n Type 7 is a l a t e - r i p e n i n g , cajan). A l l a h a b a d Fmr 3 2 : 3 0 5 - 3 0 8 . 506
e r e c t , brown-seeded v a r i e t y s u i t a b l e f o r The p e r c e n t a g e o f n a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n
a l l d i s t r i c t s i n U t t a r Pradesh. I t has a in C. aajan r a n g e s f r o m 0 . 0 9 to 48 , as
1 0 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t of 120 g, as a g a i n s t 74 g reported by d i f f e r e n t workers. The s p e c i e s
f o r T-17 and 8 1 g f o r T - 1 0 5 . is also included in the class of o f t e n
cross-fertilized plants. In spite of a l l
PATHAK, G . N . , and K . P . SINGH. 1 9 6 1 . precautions c o n t r o l l i n g mechanical m i x t u r e ,
s e g r e g a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s has been o b s e r v e d
Type 2 1 a r h a r ( p i g e o n p e a ) o u t d o e s Type 1 .
in plots of d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s . The m a i n
I n d i a n Frag 1 1 ( 8 ) : 1 5 . 502
cause o f v a r i e t y d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h i s c r o p
The new Cajanus aajan v a r i e t y T - 2 1 i s e a r l y is natural cross-pollination. Methods t o
maturing (6 months), profusely branched, maintain v a r i e t a l p u r i t y are suggested.
t a l l , and s e m i s p r e a d i n g . I t has more seeds
p e r pod t h a n T-1 and t h e brown seeds cook
and t a s t e b e t t e r . The 1 0 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t i s RACHIE, K.O. 1 9 7 6 .
76 g. Over 2 y e a r s , i t y i e l d e d 57% more Goals and p r o g r e s s i n G L I P . June 1 9 7 5 . Proc.
than T - l . I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s M e e t , o n G r a i n Legumes
I m p r o v e m e n t . 9-13 J u n e , 1 9 7 5 . I I T A . I b a d a n ,
Nigeria. 1-5. 507
PATIL, J . A . 1957.
Topics b r i e f l y covered in t h i s progress
T-84 - A n i m p r o v e d t u r s t r a i n . Farmer
r e p o r t o n t h e g r a i n legume improvement
8(12):29-30. 503
p r o g r a m (GLIP) i n c l u d e ( 1 ) t h e u t i l i z a t i o n
The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f T - 8 4 , a o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s , l i n k a g e b r e a k i n g ,
n e w l y d e v e l o p e d p i g e o n p e a s t r a i n , and a and male s t e r i l i t y t o p r o d u c e many c r o s s e s
package o f p r a c t i c e s f o r o b t a i n i n g h i g h e s t in a s i n g l e growth season; ( i i ) the deve-
y i e l d from i t are g i v e n . Its reaction to l o p m e n t o f e l i t e s t r a i n s o f cowpea, s o y -
d i s e a s e s i s d e s c r i b e d and y i e l d c o m p a r i s o n s b e a n , p i g e o n p e a ( f o u r e a c h ) , and l i m a beans
made w i t h l o c a l s t r a i n s . ( t h r e e ) ; ( i i i ) t h e development o f a
pigeonpea f a m i l y w i t h a wide range in
h e i g h t (60 t o 220 c m ) ; and ( i v ) i m p r o v e d
P A T I L , M . K . , and M.N. KAMAT. 1 9 5 0 .
r e s i s t a n c e t o p e s t s and d i s e a s e s .
Control of p l a n t disease through disease
r e s i s t a n c e i n Bombay. Poona A g r i c . C o l l .
Mag. 40(4):6-ll. 504 RACHIE, K.O. 1 9 7 6 .
P i g e o n p e a s and m i s c e l l a n e o u s b e a n s . P r o c .
A general d i s c u s s i o n on breeding f o r
I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s M e e t , o n G r a i n Legumes
d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i s p r e s e n t e d and t h e
Improvement. Seed Q u a l i t y / B i o c h e m i s t r y .
t e c h n i q u e used i n I n d i a f o r o b t a i n i n g c r o p
9-13 J u n e , 1 9 7 5 . I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a .
plants resistant to Fusarium w i l t is
21-26. 508
outlined. I n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) much
r e l i a n c e was p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d o n f i e l d S i x h i g h - y i e l d i n g , e a r l y m a t u r i n g C . aajan
r e s i s t a n c e t o w i l t , but the r e s u l t s o f v a r i e t i e s w e r e grown i n t r i a l s a t 2 0 s i t e s
p o t t e s t u n d e r u n i f o r m c o n d i t i o n s a t Poona i n A f r i c a , A s i a , and t h e A m e r i c a s . B r i e f
have d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e need f o r s t a n d a r d i - data are also presented from v a r i e t a l
z a t i o n of the breeding technique. t r i a l s o f the o t h e r g r a i n legumes.

POKLE, Y . S . , and L . C . MOHATKAR. 1 9 7 6 . RACHIE, K . O . , and W.D. ROCKWOOD. 1 9 7 3 .

P a t h a n a l y s i s o f y i e l d components i n Research i n g r a i n legume i m p r o v e m e n t .
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanuss c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Span 16(1):9-12. 509
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 8 : 2 3 - 2 4 . 505
Work a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f
Path a n a l y s i s i n 4 0 v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e has i n c l u d e d a p r e l i -
r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e p o d s / p l a n t had h i g h e r minary e v a l u a t i o n of about 6,178 accessions
d i r e c t e f f e c t t h a n shown b y i t s c o r r e l a t i o n o f 2 0 g e n e r a and s p e c i e s . Breeding work in
w i t h y i e l d and a l s o i n d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d Cajanus c a j a n i s m e n t i o n e d .

71
Pigeonpea Bibliography

RAJ, D . , L. ANAVARADHAM, K. MUMWAR BASHA, SAXENA, M . C . , D . S . YADAV, and N . P . SINGH.

and A. RAJAMANI. 1 9 7 7 . 1973.
Performance of redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) Grow new v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg
M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s under b l a c k s o i l c o n d i - Digest 6(7):17-20. 515
tions. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) :
The h i g h - y i e l d i n g and e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e -
570-572. 510
t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a , Pant A - 2 and P a n t A - 3 ,
C o - 1 was f o u n d a d a p t a b l e f o r t h e r a i n f e d developed by Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y a r e
black s o i l area o f the southern d i s t r i c t s d e s c r i b e d , w i t h methods o f c u l t i v a t i o n .
of T a m i l Nadu. On t h e b a s i s of equal Agronomic r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r o b t a i n i n g h i g h e r
y i e l d , d u r a t i o n , and p e r - d a y p r o d u c t i o n y i e l d s are also given.
c a p a c i t y , c o u p l e d w i t h b i g g e r seed s i z e ,
v a r i e t i e s K h a r g o n e - 2 and S-8 may a l s o be
popularized to provide d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n of SAXENA, S . S . 1 9 6 8 .
genotypes as an insurance a g a i n s t t h e Research i n S t a t e s : U t t a r P r a d e s h . Indian
v a g a r i e s o f t h e monsoon. Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 3 2 - 3 3 . 516
Area under pigeonpea remains s t a t i c . Ave-
RAMANUJAM, S. 1 9 7 1 . r a g e y i e l d i s 1,300 k g / h a ; t h e a i m o f
Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f P u l s e R e s e a r c h 1 . c u r r e n t research is to double the average.
I n d i a n Fmg 21(10) :17-19. 511 I m p o r t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea are T - 2 1 ,
T - 1 7 , and T - 7 .
In arhar high performing v a r i e t i e s T-21
( U . P . ) , P - 4 7 8 5 , P-4587 m a t u r i n g i n a p e r i o d
SEN, S . K . , and S . C . SUR. 1 9 6 4 .
o f 150 t o 160 days and g i v i n g h i g h y i e l d s
were i d e n t i f i e d . Some o t h e r g e n o t y p e s l i k e A s t u d y o n v i c i n i s m i n p i g e o n p e a s {Cajanus
S5 ( A g e t i ) and S8 ( S h a r d a ) c a p a b l e of cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Agricultura Louvain.
g i v i n g 2 , 0 0 0 t o 2 , 5 0 0 k g / h a and m a t u r i n g i n 12:421-426. 517
160 days w e r e s e l e c t e d a t I A R I f r o m c r o s s e s The e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g b e t w e e n two
i n v o l v i n g N . P . v a r i e t i e s and v a r i e t i e s v a r i e t i e s , separated by a d i s t a n c e of 4 ft
introduced from B r a z i l . With e a r l y matu- ( 1 . 2 m ) was 3.2%. This f i g u r e f e l l below
r i n g v a r i e t i e s arhar-wheat r o t a t i o n i s 1% when t h e d i s t a n c e was i n c r e a s e d to 16 to
possible. 3 2 f t ( 4 . 8 t o 9.7 m ) . No c r o s s i n g occurred
a t d i s t a n c e s o f 3 6 f t and 4 0 f t ( 1 1 and 1 2
m). Taeniothrips distalis a p p e a r s to be
ROHEWAL, S . S . , B.C. JOSHI, and S . P . SINGH.
t h e most i m p o r t a n t c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i n g a g e n t .
1966.
Arhar S-103, an e r e c t type y i e l d i n g h i g h .
I n d i a n Fmg 1 6 ( 3 ) : 3 1 . 512 SHAMBULINGAPPA, K . G . , G. SHIVASHANKAR, and
R. SREEKANTARADHYA. 1976,
S-103 i s a t a l l and e r e c t v a r i e t y o f
HY-3a and HY-3c new p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t i e s o f
Cajanus cajan, w i t h p r o f u s e pod f o r m a t i o n .
r e d g r a m f o r B a n g a l o r e and s u r r o u n d i n g
The seeds a r e l a r g e and brown and t h e
regions. C u r r . Res. 5(3):41-42. 518
p l a n t s are h i g h l y t o l e r a n t of Fusarium
udum. The v a r i e t y HY-3c w i t h 2 , 1 0 0 and 2 , 2 0 0 k g /
h a and HY-3a w i t h 1,900 k g / h a w e r e h i g h e s t
yielders in 2 years' t r i a l s . Both are
RUBAIHAYO, P . R . , and C . L . A . LEAKEY. 1 9 7 3 .
b o l d - s e e d e d , w i t h 4 t o 7 seeds p e r p o d ,
P r o t e i n improvement i n beans and soybeans
s w e e t , and s u i t e d f o r c a n n i n g p u r p o s e s .
by m u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g . In Nuclear T e c h n i -
D i f f e r e n t characters of the v a r i e t i e s
ques f o r Seed P r o t e i n Improvement 631.
are g i v e n .
52/UN. p p . 291-296. 513

SHARMA, D . , and J . M . GREEN. 1 9 7 5 .

SAXENA, K . B . , D. SHARMA, and J . M . GREEN.
P e r s p e c t i v e o f p i g e o n p e a and I C R I S A T ' s
1976.
breeding program. First International
Pigeonpea r a t o o n i n g - an a i d to b r e e d e r s .
Workshop o n G r a i n Legumes, 1 3 - 1 6 J a n 1 9 7 5 .
T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 4 : 2 1 . 514
ICRISAT. H y d e r a b a d , I n d i a . 1 9 - 3 0 . 519
I t was f o u n d t h a t r a t o o n i n g p i g e o n p e a
P r o v i d e s d a t a o n p i g e o n p e a p r o d u c t i o n and
plants f a c i l i t a t e d cross-pollination bet-
discusses s p e c i a l problems i n pigeonpea
ween e a r l y and e a r l y x m e d i u m - f l o w e r i n g
breeding. The ICRISAT b r e e d i n g p r o g r a m i s
cultlvars. L e s s f l o w e r d r o p was o b s e r v e d
on ratooned plants than on nonratooned, outlined.
e s p e c i a l l y w i t h e a r l y m a t u r i n g t y p e s . The
e f f e c t o f r a t o o n i n g o n seed and f o r a g e
y i e l d is being investigated.

72
 Breeding

SHARMA, D . , and M . P . SHRIVASTAVA. 1 9 7 4 . Discusses t h e p l a n t i n g o f the newly deve-

A n i n d u c e d u s e f u l m u t a n t o f Cajanus c a j a n l o p e d p i g e o n p e a v a r i e t y (Cajanus c a j a n )
(L.) Millsp. JNKW Res. J . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : UPAS-120, w h i c h t a k e s o n l y 150 to 190 days
263-266. 520 t o m a t u r e a g a i n s t 250 t o 300 days f o r
traditional varieties. This allows farmers
F o l l o w i n g i r r a d i a t i o n o f t e t r a p l o i d seeds
i n I n d i a t o grow h i g h - y i e l d i n g w h e a t v a r i e -
o f T - 2 1 , 148 s e e d l i n g s w e r e g r o w n , o f w h i c h
t i e s a f t e r a pigeonpea c r o p .
3 0 had r e v e r t e d t o t h e d i p l o i d s t a t e ( 2 n =
22) and 54 w e r e a n e u p l o i d . Among t h e
d i p l o i d s was a p l a n t d e s i g n a t e d No. 9, SINGH, H . P . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1 9 7 7 .
w h i c h had numerous p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s and Challenges i n arhar p r o d u c t i o n . Indian
p o d s , and l a r g e r f l o w e r s , p o d s , and seeds Fmg 2 7 ( 4 ) : 9 - 1 0 , 1 3 . 526
than i t s parent. The m u t a n t f l o w e r e d and
T h e r e i s need o f d e v e l o p i n g v a r i e t i e s
matured e a r l i e r than the p a r e n t , d i s p l a y e d
responsive to production i n p u t s , i d e n t i f i -
h i g h p o l l e n f e r t i l i t y , and was c h a r a c t e -
c a t i o n o f h i g h e f f i c i e n c y legume b a c t e r i a .
r i z e d b y pods s t r e a k e d g r e e n a t t h e b a s e .
Some o f t h e f a c t o r s f o r i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c -
t i o n are discussed.
SHIVAPURI, T . N . 1 9 4 3 .
Selection of s t r a i n s in arhar (pigeonpea).
SINGH, K . B . 1 9 7 3 .
P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 30(3) : 1 0 4 . 521
P u n j a b can t a k e o n A r h a r i n a b i g w a y .
I n d i a n Fmg 2 2 ( 1 0 ) : 1 9 . 527
SIDHESWAR PRASAD, RAM PRAKASH, and
The a c r e a g e under a r h a r i s v e r y s m a l l i n
M.A. HASSAN. 1 9 7 2 .
the Punjab. The m a i n r e a s o n i s l a t e m a t u -
N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
r i t y , w h i c h causes h i g h f r o s t m o r t a l i t y .
cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Mysore A g r i c . J . S c i .
T - 2 1 v a r i e t y d e v e l o p e d f r o m a c r o s s T1 x
6:426-429. 522
T-190 i n U . P . gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d and
S t u d i e s i n seven v a r i e t i e s showed t h a t a l s o matured e a r l i e s t , under the Punjab
n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 3.79 conditions. T h i s v a r i e t y gave o n a n
t o 2 5 . 6 6 % , d e p e n d i n g o n v a r i e t y and s i t e . average o f 2,500 k g g r a i n y i e l d / h a .
BR-15 and BR-13 showed h i g h e s t c r o s s
p o l l i n a t i o n w i t h 2 6 . 6 6 and 24.74% r e s p e c -
SINGH, K . B . , R . S . MALHOTRA, and R . P . J A I N .
t i v e l y , and BR-10 showed l e a s t w i t h 3.79%.
1973.
Arhar is a p o t e n t i a l k h a r i f pulse of
S I L , S.N. 1914. P u n j a b . P r o g . Fmg 9 ( 1 0 ) : 6 . 528
Improvement o f r a h a r b y s e l e c t i o n . J.
The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e -
A g r i c . Bihar Orissa. 1:25-29. 523
t i e s o f a r h a r has opened t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of c u l t i v a t i o n on a l a r g e scale in the
SINGH, B . B . 1 9 7 3 . state. Amongst t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e -
E f f e c t o f g a m m a - i r r a d i a t i o n o n g r o w t h and t i e s , T - 2 1 i s t h e e a r l i e s t t o m a t u r e and
y i e l d o f pigeonpea. Har. J. Hort. S c i . has t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d p o t e n t i a l u n d e r
2(3-4):83-87. 524 Punjab c o n d i t i o n s . Important h i n t s for
the c u l t i v a t i o n of arhar are g i v e n .
P i g e o n p e a seeds w e r e i r r a d i a t e d w i t h C o b a l t
60 gamma r a y 8, 1 0 , 2 0 , and 30 K r . Radia-
t i o n - i n d u c e d changes i n t h e l e n g t h o f SINGH, L . , A . S . TIWARI, and B.R. SINGH.
s h o o t , number o f b r a n c h e s , number o f pods 1976.
p e r p l a n t , 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , and g r a i n Y i e l d g a i n s b y s e l e c t i o n f o r seed c h a r a c -
y i e l d per p l a n t , i n d i c a t e d t h a t l e n g t h t e r i s t i c s i n a n adapted l o c a l c u l t i v a r o f
o f s h o o t was n e g a t i v e l y , whereas o t h e r p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
c h a r a c t e r s were p o s i t i v e l y , c o r r e l a t e d T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 1 8 . 529
u p t o r a d i a t i o n dose o f 1 0 K r . T h e r e was
Progeny o f l o c a l b o l d - and b r o w n - s e e d e d
s i g n i f i c a n t increase in grain y i e l d at
p i g e o n p e a t y p e s gave a n i n c r e a s e d seed
1 0 K r i r r a d i a t i o n dose o v e r c o n t r o l and
y i e l d o f 1 8 . 2 9 and 1 4 . 4 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
o t h e r dosages.
compared w i t h t h e u n s e l e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n .
Progeny o f s m a l l and l i g h t - b r o w n - s e e d e d
SINGH, B . B . , S . C . GUPTA, and B . D . SINGH. s e l e c t i o n s showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d
1974. yield. Increased y i e l d i n t h e brown-seeded
N o t e o n 'UPAS-120' a n e a r l y - m a t u r i n g m u t a n t t y p e s was p a r t l y due t o r e d u c e d l e v e l s o f
o f pigeonpea. Indian J. Agric. Sci. seed-borne i n f e c t i o n . Plant h e i g h t , pod-
54(4):233-234. 525 b e a r i n g l e n g t h , and days t o m a t u r i t y w e r e

73
Pigeonpea Bibliography

s i m i l a r i n t h e s e l e c t e d and n o n s e l e c t e d TURNER, F. 1 8 9 2 .
populations. New c o m m e r c i a l c r o p s f o r New S o u t h W a l e s .
The c u l t i v a t i o n o f t h e p i g e o n p e a o r
SINGH, S . P . 1 9 5 5 . Catjang. A g r i c . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 ( 6 ) :
Improved v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e crops i n U t t a r 6-8. 535
Pradesh. A g r i c . Anim. Husb. U t t a r Pradesh. P i g e o n p e a o r C a t j a n g was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o
6(2-3):58-60. 530 A u s t r a l i a d u r i n g t h e 1890s and grows w e l l
i n t h e warmer p a r t s a s a s u i t a b l e c r o p f o r
I n f o r m a t i o n o n improved v a r i e t i e s o f
f o d d e r and a l s o a s a v e g e t a b l e f o r c u l t i -
Cajanus c a j a n , Ph. mungo, Ph. aureus,
v a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a o f New
Vigna sinensis, Glycine max, Cicer arieti-
South Wales.
num, Pisum sativum, and Lens esuulenta.

SRINIVASAN, V . , and K. JAYABHIMA RAO. 1 9 5 2 . VAHEEDUDDIN, S. 1 9 5 8 .

P r o g r e s s o f P u l s e s Improvement w o r k i n Evolving w i l t r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s i n red
Madras. Madras A g r i c . J . 3 9 ( 9 ) : gram. Andhra A g r i c . J . 5 : 1 6 3 - 1 6 4 . 536
478-484. 531 Out o f a l a r g e number o f r e d gram s t r a i n s
t e s t e d , C - 1 1 , C - 2 8 , and C-36 p r o v e d s u p e -
E i g h t y e a r s ' r e s e a r c h i s o l a t e d a few h i g h -
r i o r i n y i e l d and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . The
y i e l d i n g c u l t i v a r s o f d i f f e r e n t pulses
names o f t h e s e s t r a i n s have been changed
s u i t a b l e f o r general c u l t i v a t i o n . These
f r o m C - l l , C - 2 8 , and C-36 t o S T - 1 , S T - 2 ,
p u l s e s a r e z o n a l i n p e r f o r m a n c e and i n any
and S T - 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
program o f improvement t h i s aspect s h o u l d
be c o n s i d e r e d .
VEDA, 0 . 1 9 7 1 .
Evaluation of genetic stock of arhar
SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , and H.K. J A I N . 1 9 7 2 .
(Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) f o r r e s i s t a n c e
Food legumes i n I n d i a ' s a g r i c u l t u r e . P r o c .
a g a i n s t i t s i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t p e s t s i n M.P.
Symp. n u t r i t i o n a l i m p r o v e m e n t o f f o o d
M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 1 ) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru
legumes b y b r e e d i n g . 3-5 J u l y 1 9 7 2 .
K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya
PAG ( F A O ) . Rome, I t a l y . 532
Pradesh, I n d i a . 537
I m p o r t a n c e o f g r a i n legumes i n I n d i a n a g r i -
c u l t u r e , r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r l o w y i e l d s and
VEERASWAMY, R . , and N. M0HAMED SHERIFF.
t h e s t r a t e g y o f b r i n g i n g t h e g r a i n legumes
1973.
to a respectable l e v e l of production are
discussed. A r t i f i c i a l c r o s s i n g i n Cajanus aajan ( L . )
Millsp. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) :
1826-1827. 538
SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , M.S. NAIK, A . K . KAUL,
T o assess t h e s u c c e s s o f r e d gram h y b r i d i -
and A . AUSTIN. 1 9 7 1 .
z a t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t hours o f t h e day,
Choice o f s t r a t e g y f o r t h e g e n e t i c upgra-
a r t i f i c i a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n s w e r e made
ding of protein properties in cereals,
from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at i n t e r v a l s of h a l f
m i l l e t s and p u l s e s . Indian J. Agric. Sci.
an h o u r . The c r o s s e s made d u r i n g 10 a . m .
41:393-406. 533
t o 1 0 . 3 0 a . m . gave maximum s u c c e s s . A very
Suggests a n a p p r o a c h f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e l o w pod s e t was r e c o r d e d f r o m 1 p . m . t o
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y o f c e r e a l s , 2 p.m. T h e r e was a v i s i b l e r e d u c t i o n i n
m i l l e t s , and p u l s e s . The v a r i a b i l i t y f o r t h e l e n g t h o f pods and number o f seeds p e r
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n c h i c k p e a and p i g e o n p e a pod i n t h e c r o s s e d pods a s compared w i t h
can b e i n d u c e d t h r o u g h mutagens a s i t i s the parents.
not prevalent in the present c o l l e c t i o n s .
VEERASWAMY, R . , G.A. PALANISWAMY, and
TER HORST, K. 1 9 6 1 . R. RATHNASWAMY. 1 9 7 3 .
S e l e c t i o n o f pulses i n Surinam. 6 . M i s c e l - N a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n i n Cajanus aajan
l a n e o u s p u l s e s new c r o p s . S u r i n . L a n d b . ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Lablab nigev M e d i k u s .
9(3):75-80. 534 Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 8 2 8 . 539
Of f i v e species of pulses t e s t e d , pigeon- C o - 1 , w i t h r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s and
peas grew w e l l , b u t s e t good seed only in g r e e n pods w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s , and P-315
dry weather. Among n o n l e g u m i n o u s crops, w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and g r e e n pods w e r e
sorghum and sesame a p p e a r e d t o b e suitable selected. When r e d gram was grown i n
crops t o f o l l o w r i c e . a l t e r n a t e r o w s , 13.7% n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was
observed.

74
 Cytogenetics

VEERASWAMY, R . , P. RANGASAMY, and t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n o f 24,883 p l a n t s . Proge-

N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. 1 9 7 5 . n i e s f r o m 5 , 2 0 1 bagged p l a n t s c o n t a i n e d
Co-2 r e d g r a m - a new s t r a i n w i t h e a r l y o n l y n i n e n a t u r a l h y b r i d s , p r o b a b l y due t o
m a t u r i t y and i m p r o v e d p l a n t t y p e . Madras f a u l t y technique. Comparisons w i t h t h e
Agric. J. 62(9):541-543. 540 results of previous investigators d e f i n i t e -
Co-2 i s a c o m p a c t , e r e c t p l a n t t y p e s u i t e d l y s u g g e s t t h a t much more n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g
f o r mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h groundnut. It o c c u r s when d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s a r e grown
m a t u r e s i n 110 t o 115 days and i s c a p a b l e in adjacent rows. Since the anthers
o f y i e l d i n g 1,500 k g / h a u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n d e h i s c e a day b e f o r e t h e f l o w e r o p e n s ,
and 750 k g / h a u n d e r r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g must
Per day p r o d u c t i v i t y i s a l s o h i g h . The b e due t o e i t h e r a d i f f e r e n t i a l g r o w t h
s t r a i n i s p h o t o i n s e n s i t i v e and f a i r l y r a t e of the p o l l e n from v a r i o u s sources or
t o l e r a n t t o Fusarium and Rhizoctonia wilt some i n h i b i t i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l o r m o r p h o l o -
and r o o t - r o t d i s e a s e s u n d e r f i e l d g i c a l factor that prevents s e l f i n g before
conditions. the flower opens. The f l o w e r i n g s t a g e a t
which f e r t i l i z a t i o n n o r m a l l y occurs should
therefore be i n v e s t i g a t e d .
VEERASWAMY, R . , and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1 9 7 2 .
Red gram Co.1 - an i m p r o v e d s h o r t - t e r m
s t r a i n f o r Tamil Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . WOODFORD, R.C. 1 9 4 8 .
59(3):177-179. 541 Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l -
t u r e , Assam, f o r t h e y e a r e n d i n g 3 1 s t March,
S e l e c t e d f r o m l o c a l Cajans c a j a n m a t e r i a l , 1948. 352 p p . 545
Co-1 g i v e s h i g h y i e l d o f g o o d - q u a l i t y g r a i n
and shows some t o l e r a n c e o f d r o u g h t . Legumes: V a r i e t a l t r i a l s o f p u l s e s were
c a r r i e d out at the Jorhat farm. Improve-
ment of Cajanus indicus, Phaseolus mungo
VIDHYASEKARAN, P . , and G. ARJUNAM. 1 9 7 6 . v a r . Roxb. and Ph. radiatus i s r e c e i v i n g
A new r e d g r a m v a r i e t y r e s i s t a n t t o r o o t - attention. Several h i g h - y i e l d i n g selec-
rot. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 3 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 6 . 542 t i o n s of Cajanus indicus have been made.
S-18 was c o m p l e t e l y f r e e o f t h e d i s e a s e
w h i l e S-5 and Co-2 showed 45% and 20%
incidence respectively. Thus S-18 a p p e a r s
to be a promising type w i t h h i g h r o o t - r o t
and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e .
C Y T O G E N E T I C S

WAKANKAR, S . M . , and P . S . SANGWAN. 1 9 5 5 .

Madhya B h a r a t ' s new p u l s e s t r a i n s y i e l d AKINOLA, J . O . , A . J . PRITCHARD, and
more. I n d i a n Fmg 4 : 1 1 - 1 2 . 543 P . C . WHITEMAN. 1 9 7 2 .
Chromosome number in p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
The p i g e o n p e a s t r a i n recommended f o r c u l t i -
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . J . Aust. I n s t . Agric.
v a t i o n is G w a l i o r - 3 , a s t r a i n s e l e c t e d from
Sci. 38:305-308. 546
Ambah t e h s i l o f n o r t h e r n Madhya P r a d e s h .
V i g o r o u s , l a t e - m a t u r i n g (240 d a y s ) , w i t h Cytological studies of 95 i n t r o d u c t i o n s
b o l d , fawn-colored seeds, i t y i e l d s a n f r o m 11 c o u n t r i e s show t h a t 2 n • 2 x - 2 2 .
a v e r a g e 1,000 1 b / a c ( 1 , 1 2 3 k g / h a ) , 25% Information is included on v a r i a t i o n in
more t h a n t h e l o c a l v a r i e t y . Another e l e v e n m o r p h o l o g i c a l and a g r o n o m i c
s t r a i n is U j j a i n - 7 , a s e l e c t i o n from U j j a i n , characters.
which i s e a r l y m a t u r i n g , w i t h b o l d seeds,
t a k i n g a b o u t 170 days t o r i p e n .
BENDALE, V.W. 1 9 7 2 .
Studies on a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s in C2 generation
W I L S I E , C . P . , and M. TAKAHASHI. 1 9 3 4 . o f p e r e n n i a l t u r , Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . )
N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n the pigeonpea. M i l l s p . and Gokarna ( C l i t o r i a ternatea
J . A g r i c . Res. 49:923-927. 544 Linn.). M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s . Marathwada
K r i s h i Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra,
T h r e e s t r a i n s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . ,
India. 547
breeding t r u e f o r the recessive pure y e l l o w
f l o w e r and s e l f g r e e n pod when p l a n t e d i n
a l t e r n a t e rows w i t h s t r a i n s b e a r i n g t h e BHATTACHARJEE, S . K . 1 9 5 6 .
dominant r e d o r r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s Study o f a u t o t e t r a p l o i d Cajanus c a j a n
and r e d - o r b l a c k - b l o t c h e d p o d s , y i e l d e d (Linn.) Millsp. Caryologia 9:149-159. 548
percentages of heterozygotes or n a t u r a l
h y b r i d s r a n g i n g from 13.98 to 15.86 in a

75
Pigeonpea Bibliography

T e t r a p l o i d o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e seed o f a DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1 9 7 2 .

c o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d 4 n p l a n t had s i g n i f i c a n t - Homology between Cajanue and Atyloaia
l y f e w e r b r a n c h e s and nodes o n t h e m a i n genomes: O r i g i n of Cajanus. In: Advance
stem t h a n t h e d i p l o i d c o n t r o l s . The 4 n Notes of Symposium on Genome Concept -
and 2 n p l a n t s showed o n l y s l i g h t d i f f e r e n - Eukaryota. 5 9 t h I n d i a n S c i . Cong. ( S e c t .
ces i n l e a f and l e a f l e t measurements and i n B o t . ) . pp. 1 0 - 1 1 . 554
l e a f number. The t e t r a p l o i d s were i n
The two g e n e r a Cajanus and Atyloaia a r e
g e n e r a l more v a r i a b l e i n g r o w t h r a t e and
separated only on the b a s i s of presence or
i n o t h e r characters s t u d i e d than the
absence o f s t r o p h i o l e . The chromosome
diploids. M u l t i v a l e n t f o r m a t i o n and
number of Cajanus is 2n ■ 2 2 , t h e same as
i r r e g u l a r i t y i n d i s j u n c t i o n i n the 4 n
t h a t of A. lineata, A. seriaea, and
p l a n t s r e s u l t e d in 62.4 + 11.01% of
A. scarabaeoides. There i s b r o a d s i m i l a r -
abortive pollen grains. The a v e r a g e
i t y between t h e i r chromosomes. The
sizes of the f e r t i l e p o l l e n g r a i n of 2n
p a c h y t e n e chromosomes of a Cajanus x
and 4n p l a n t s were 4 7 . 1 7 µ and 5 0 . 3 4 µ ,
A. lineata h y b r i d e x h i b i t c o m p l e t e p a i r i n g
respectively.
o f a l l t h e chromosomes e x c e p t a few t e r m i -
n a l and i n t e r s t i t i a l r e g i m e s o f h o m o l o g u e s .
BHATTACHARYYA, SUNILKUMAR. 1 9 7 6 . P a c h y t e n e k a r y o l o g y i n d i c a t e d t h a t Atylosia
Cytogenetics of Indian pulses. Ph.D. lineata is closest to Cajanus aajan.
(1976) T h e s i s . University of Calcutta, Cajanus i s a m o n o t y p i c genus and i t moved
C a l c u t t a , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 549 from I n d i a to other p a r t s of the w o r l d .
The g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and g r e a t e s t
abundance of b o t h Cajanus and Atylosia a r e
DAFE, G.A. 1 9 6 6 .
f o u n d i n t h e W e s t e r n Ghats and t h e M a l a b a r
Some s t u d i e s i n C 2 g e n e r a t i o n o f a u t o t e t r a -
coast. The c o n c l u s i o n was d r a w n t h a t t h e
p l o i d s p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
b r o a d - l e a f evergreen f o r e s t area on the
Millsp.). Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c
Western coast o f I n d i a i s the c e n t e r o f
Res. N o . ) , p. 107. 550
o r i g i n o f Cajanus.
I n d u c e d p o l y p l o i d s - t e t r a p l o i d s ( n - 22)
w e r e s t u d i e d and v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f
DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1 9 7 2 .
s t e r i l i t y observed. They were u s u a l l y
C e n t r i c f u s i o n and s t a r f o r m a t i o n a t p a c h y -
l a t e r i n m a t u r i t y , s h o r t e r i n h e i g h t , more
t e n e of Cajanus-Atylosia h y b r i d s . In:
e r e c t , and had l o n g e r and t h i c k e r l e a v e s ,
P r o c . Symposium o n C y t o g e n e t i c s i n t h e
more b r a n c h e s , and t h i c k e r s t e m s . Flower
E v o l u t i o n and Improvement o f P l a n t s , O c t o -
p a r t s were a l s o l a r g e r . Seeds c o n t a i n e d
b e r , 1972. S r i n a g a r , Kashmir, I n d i a . 555
more n i t r o g e n t h a n t h e i r p a r e n t s . Wide
v a r i a t i o n i n f e r t i l i t y was o b s e r v e d . The c u l t i v a t e d c r o p Cajanus aajan ( T u r ,
A r h a r , P i g e o n p e a ) has been s u c c e s s f u l l y
h y b r i d i z e d w i t h t h r e e s p e c i e s o f Atylosia,
DARLINGTON, C . D . , and A . P . WYLIE (EDITORS).
v i z . A. lineata, A. seriaea, and
1955.
A. scardbaeoides. The p a c h y t e n e a n a l y s i s
Chromosome a t l a s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s .
i n d i c a t e d a h i g h d e g r e e o f chromosomal
A l l e n and U n w i n : L o n d o n . 551
homology between t h e two g e n e r a . The
centromeres of the b i v a l e n t s fuse together
DATTA, P . C . , and N. SAHA. 1 9 7 2 . to form a t y p i c a l star-shaped c o n f i g u r a t i o n
A few t r i a l s o f h y b r i d i z a t i o n i n E u p h a s e o - during pachytene, which v a r i e s from c e l l to
l e a e and C a j a n e a e . Castanea 3 7 ( 4 ) : c e l l in different hybrids. Such s t a r
294-297. 552 formation is extremely rare in the parents.
The i m p l i c a t i o n s o f s t a r f o r m a t i o n a r e
discussed.
D'CRUZ, R . , and A . S . JADAV. 1 9 7 2 .
A n e u p l o i d y i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L .
Millsp.). Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . R e s . DEODIKAR, G . B . , and C.V. THAKAR. 1 9 5 6 .
J. 3(1):61-62. 553 Cyto-taxonomic evidence f o r the a f f i n i t y
b e t w e e n Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . and c e r t a i n
A t a l l p l a n t w i t h l a r g e r l e a v e s and
e r e c t s p e c i e s of Atylosia W. & A. Proc.
f l o w e r s t h a n n o r m a l was f o u n d w i t h 2 x = 2 2
I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B ) . 43:37-45. 556
and t h e s e f o r m e d 1 1 l l a t metaphase I . One
p l a n t w i t h 2 3 chromosomes a p p e a r e d t o have M o r p h o l o g i c a l , t a x o n o m i c , and c y t o l o g i c a l
e x t r a v i g o r o f p l a n t and s e e d . e v i d e n c e , homology o f n o r m a l w i t h m u t a n t
c h a r a c t e r s , and t h e h i g h d e g r e e o f f e r t i -
l i t y of intergeneric hybrids indicate a
c l o s e a f f i n i t y b e t w e e n C . i n d i c u s and

76
 Cytogenetics

c e r t a i n e r e c t s p e c i e s o f Atylosia, parti- l e a f and f l o w e r s i z e , t h e t e t r a p l o i d c h a -

c u l a r l y A. lineata and A, seriaea. Accord- r a c t e r s showed a n i n c r e a s e i n c o m p a r i s o n
i n g t o o b s e r v a t i o n s o n chromosome m o r p h o l o - w i t h the d i p l o i d s . An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of
g y , A , seriaea i s more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o m e i o s i s i n t h e t e t r a p l o i d showed t h a t t h e
C. aajan t h a n A. lineata. Structural number o f m u l t i v a l e n t s f o r m e d i s f a i r l y
changes i n t h e chromosomes may have p l a y e d high, resulting in partial s t e r i l i t y .
a m a j o r r o l e i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f two
genera. Atylosia s p p . may be u s e f u l as a
KUMAR, L . S . S . , H . K . S . RAO, and M.V. THOMBRE.
f o r a g e legume and a l s o i n b r e e d i n g v a r i e -
1966.
t i e s o f C , aajan c o m b i n i n g h a r d i n e s s ,
perennial h a b i t , tolerance to drought, I n t e r s p e c i f i c and i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a -
and r e s i s t a n c e t o p e s t s and d i s e a s e s . t i o n i n the breeding o f crop p l a n t s .
A. lineata and A. seriaea have shown a I n d i a n J . G e n e t . P 1 . B r e e d . 26A:
h i g h d e g r e e o f r e s i s t a n c e t o pod b o r e r 114-120. 561
(Exelastis atomosa) and Fusarium udum. Twenty-one t r u e t r i p l o i d F1 h y b r i d s
Taxonomic i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e e r e c t d e r i v e d f r o m d i p l o i d Pennisetum typhoides X
s p e c i e s o f Atylosia i n Cajanus is t e t r a p l o i d P. purpureum were c o m p l e t e l y
suggested. s t e r i l e and b a c k c r o s s i n g t o e i t h e r p a r e n t
was u n s u c c e s s f u l . An a n a l y s i s of the
c y t o l o g i c a l and m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s
JOSHI, K.S. 1966.
o f i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d s between Cajanus and
Studies on the a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s of t u r
Atylosia i s also presented.
(Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l
reference to t h e i r u t i l i z a t i o n in breeding.
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c . R e d . N o . ) , KUMAR, L . S . S . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1 9 5 8 .
p. 1 1 1 . 557 An i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d of Cajanus aajan
( L . ) M i l l s p . X Atylosia lineata W. and A.
The a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s w e r e l a t e i n m a t u r i t y
J . U n i v . Poona 1 2 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 562
and showed v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f s t e r i l i t y .
C o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n f e r t i l i t y occurred
i n b o t h n a t u r a l and i n d u c e d a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s . KUMAR, L . S . S . , M.V. THOMBRE, and R. D'CRUZ.
The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e r t i l i t y 1958.
t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e b r e e d i n g methods such Cytological studies of an intergeneric
as recurrent s e l e c t i o n is discussed b r i e f l y . h y b r i d o f Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . and
Atylosia lineata W. & A. Proc. Indian
Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 47:252-262. 563
KHAMANKAR, Y . G . 1 9 6 6 .
Induction of polyploidy by colchicine D e t a i l s a r e p r e s e n t e d o f t h e chromosome
t r e a t m e n t i n some o f t h e c r o p p l a n t s . m o r p h o l o g y and m i c r o s p o r o g e n e s i s o f
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c . R e s . N o . ) : C. c a j a n , A. lineata, and t h e F 1 h y b r i d s
101-102. 558 b e t w e e n t h e s e two s p e c i e s ; i n each case
t h e chromosome number was f o u n d to be
2 n = 22. The p a r e n t s w e r e t h o u g h t to be
KRISHNASWAMY, N . , and G.N.R. AYYANGAR. 1 9 3 5 . c l o s e l y r e l a t e d because o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y
Chromosome number in Cajanus indiaus
b e t w e e n t h e i r chromosome c o m p l e m e n t s .
Spreng. Curr. S c i . 3:614-615. 559
However, s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s between
The chromosome number of d h a l , Cajanus chromosomes of t h e two s p e c i e s may have
indiaus S p r e n g . , a n i m p o r t a n t I n d i a n p u l s e , a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e p a r t i a l a b o r t i o n o f seed
had n o t been d e t e r m i n e d b e f o r e . The method and t h e l o w p e r c e n t a g e o f p o l l e n g e r m i n a -
o f bud f i x a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d . The m e t a - t i n g i n t h e h y b r i d , i n w h i c h a l s o some
phase p l a t e gave 1 1 p a i r s ; t h i s number 1 1 q u a d r i v a l e n t s , b r i d g e s , and f r a g m e n t s w e r e
i s t h e b a s i c number o f t h e Phasioleae, o f seen d u r i n g m e i o s i s . C. aajan had been
w h i c h Cajanus i s o n e . A number o f s e c o n d - c r o s s e d w i t h A . lineata i n o r d e r t o combine
a r y n u c l e i were a l s o seen. the w i l t r e s i s t a n c e o f the l a t t e r w i t h the
d e s i r a b l e agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e
former.
KUMAR, L . S . S . , A. ABRAHAM, and
V . K . SRINIVASAN. 19A5.
Preliminary note on autotetraploidy in NAITHANI, S . P . 1 9 4 1 .
Cajanus indiaus S p r e n g . Proc. I n d i a n Acad. Cytological studies on Indian pulses, Part
S c i . (Sect. B ) . 21:301-306. 560 1. The s o m a t i c chromosomes and t h e p r o -
chromosomes o f Cajanus. Proc. Nat. Acad.
C o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d t e t r a p l o i d s w e r e compa- S c i . India 11:67-73. 564
r e d w i t h d i p l o i d s f o r m o r p h o l o g i c a l and
other characters. With the exception of

77
Pigeonpea Bibliography

The chromosomes and t h e i r b a h a v i o r i n PHIRKE, T . S . 1 9 6 6 .

Cajanus ( 2 n - 22) a r e d e s c r i b e d . Somatic Some s t u d i e s o n p o l y p l o i d s i n t u r (Cajanus
p a i r i n g is found. Prochromosomes s h o w i n g cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l reference
a n u m e r i c a l correspondence to t h e chromo- to their u t i l i z a t i o n in breeding. Nagpur
somes a r e f o r m e d i n t h e r e s t i n g n u c l e u s , A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c . Res. N o . ) :
and i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e 101. 569
s p i n d l e attachment regions of the
Seeds o f v a r i e t i e s EB-3 and EB-38 w e r e
chromosomes.
t r e a t e d w i t h HNO 3 , H C l , and c h l o r a l h y d r a t e .
P r o g e n i e s s h o w i n g g i g a s c h a r a c t e r s were
PANDE, V . N . 1 9 6 6 . s t u d i e d and a l l showed 2 n = 2 2 chromosomes.
C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n Cajanus and Atylo- Some w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n
sia. D I l T (1966) T h e s i s . Indian I n s t i t u t e h e i g h t , pod s i z e , y i e l d , and g r a i n w e i g h t ,
o f T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l , and w e r e c r o s s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h n o r m a l
India. 565 types.

PANKAJA REDDY, R . , and N. GANGA PRASADA RAO. REDDY, L . J . 1 9 7 3 .

1975. Interrelationship of Cajanus and Atylosia
S o m a t i c v a r i a t i o n i n Cajanus cajan. s p e c i e s a s r e v e a l e d b y h y b r i d i z a t i o n and
Curr. S c i . 44(22) :816-817. 566 pachytene a n a l y s i s . P h . D . (1973) T h e s i s .
I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Kharagpur,
The o u t c r o s s i n g i n t h i s s p e c i e s i s e s t i m a -
West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 570
t e d a t l e s s t h a n 10%. Off types in t r u e -
b r e e d i n g v a r i e t i e s f r e q u e n t l y range from 10
t o 30%. Experiments were t h e r e f o r e REDDY, L . J . , and D . N . DE. 1 9 7 8 .
c a r r i e d out on true-breeding v a r i e t i e s S o m a t i c c a r y o t y p e s o f Cajanus c a j a n and
i n which several plant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h r e e s p e c i e s o f Atylosia. Genetica ( I n
were observed on i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s as w e l l Press). 571
a s o n each s h o o t o n each p l a n t . Most
The s o m a t i c chromosomes of Cajanus and of
v a r i a t i o n s o b s e r v e d appear t o b e s o m a t i c ,
Atylosia lineata, A. seriaea, and A. scara-
although f u r t h e r s t u d i e s are r e q u i r e d .
baeoides a r e s m a l l and come u n d e r t h e same
length groups. Cajanus p o s s e s s e s t h r e e
PATHAK, G . N . 1 9 4 8 . m e t a c e n t r i c chromosomes a s a g a i n s t f o u r
C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of a spontaneously i n a l l t h e Atylosia s p e c i e s . A. seriaea
o r i g i n a t e d t e t r a p l o i d Cajanus cajan M i l l s p . p o s s e s s e s two s a t e l l i t e d chromosome p a i r s
I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 8 : 6 8 - 7 1 . 567 i n c o n t r a s t t o one s a t e l l i t e d chromosome
p a i r i n Cajanua and t h e o t h e r two Atylosia
A n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d ( n = 22) species. D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t
of C. cajan is described. Its cytological f i v e p a i r s o f chromosomes a r e common t o
b e h a v i o r i n t h e p o l l e n m o t h e r c e l l s was a l l the species of both the genera.
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the f o r m a t i o n of 0 to 11 B e s i d e s , Cajanus and A. lineata p o s s e s s
q u a d r i v a l e n t s and i r r e g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n seven i d e n t i c a l chromosome p a i r s and Caja-
o f t h e chromosomes a t anaphase I and I I ; nus and A. seriaea and Cajanus and
t h e p o l l e n g r a i n s showed u p t o 80% s t e r i l i t y . A. scarabaeoides e x h i b i t s i x p a i r s of
i d e n t i c a l chromosomes e a c h . Thus o n t h e
PATHAK, G . N . , and R . S . YADAVA. 1 9 5 1 . basis of somatic k a r y o l o g y , of the three
S p o n t a n e o u s l y o r i g i n a t e d h e x a p l o i d and species of Atylosia s t u d i e d , A. lineata
t e t r a p l o i d p l a n t s i n Cajanus oajan M i l l s p . i s c l o s e s t t o Cajanus.
Curr. S c i . 20:304. 568

N a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d s ( n = 2 2 ) and ROY, ASHOK. 1 9 6 4 .

h e x a p l o i d s ( n = 33) have been o b s e r v e d . I n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a t i o n o f Cajanus and
The h e x a p l o i d s s e t n o s e e d . Out o f t h e Atylosia. D1IT (1964) T h e s i s . Indian
n i n e t e t r a p l o i d s , f i v e p r o d u c e d some s e e d . I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West
I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t chromosome d o u b l i n g Bengal, I n d i a . 572
may have o c c u r r e d i n d i p l o i d s and some
n a t u r a l t r i p l o i d s , possibly as the r e s u l t ROY, ASHOK, and D . N . DE. 1 9 6 5 .
of cold conditions during a h a i l storm. I n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a t i o n o f Cajanus and
Atylosia. Sci. Cult. 31:93-95. 573
The e x i s t e n c e o f a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t -
ween t h e two g e n e r a i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e
s i m i l a r i t y i n chromosome number ( 2 n ■ 2 2 ) ,

78
 Cytogenetics

m o r p h o l o g y , and c e r t a i n a n a t o m i c a l f e a t u r e s , SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , D. SHARMA, and

and b y t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e c r o s s C . c a j a n LAXMAN SINGH. 1 9 7 3 .
F C 9334 x A . scarabaeoidee. It is t h e r e - Karyotype a n a l y s i s in 15 v a r i e t i e s of
f o r e p r o p o s e d t h a t Atylosia b e i n c o r p o r a t e d Cajanus aajan (L.) Millsp. and Atylosia
i n t o t h e genus Cajanus, w i t h c y t o t a x o n o m i c lineata (W. and A . ) . Cytologia 38(2):
revision of the l a t t e r . 219-227. 578
A chromosome number of 2n - 22 was f o u n d
SHARMA, C . N . 1 9 6 7 . i n 1 5 v a r i e t i e s o f C . aajan and i n
S t u d i e s on t h e Cajanus and Atylosia h y b r i d . A . lineata. One p a i r o f s a t e l l i t e d c h r o -
D I I T (1967) T h e s i s . Indian I n s t i t u t e of mosomes was o b s e r v e d in 13 o u t of t h e 15
T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l , v a r i e t i e s ; P-958 d i d n o t have t h e s a t e l
India. 574 l i t e s and NP-69 had a h e t e r o m o r p h i c p a i r
w i t h one member o f t h e p a i r p o s s e s s i n g a
satellite. Karyotype a n a l y s i s revealed
SHRIVASTAVA, M.P. 1 9 7 5 .
c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r v a r i e t a l v a r i a t i o n regard-
E f f e c t o f gamma i r r a d i a t i o n o n d i p l o i d and
i n g arm r a t i o , t o t a l l e n g t h , and r a t i o o f
t e t r a p l o i d seeds o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
l o n g e s t and s h o r t e s t chromosomes. This
Millsp. Curr. S c i . 44(5):167-168. 575
v a r i a t i o n i s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h any m o r -
Normal d i p l o i d and c o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d t e t r a - p h o l o g i c a l and agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e
p l o i d seeds were t r e a t e d a t f i v e doses o f v a r i e t i e s , although P-458, the v a r i e t y
- r a y s and s t u d i e d f o r g e r m i n a t i o n , p e r c e n t - w i t h o u t s a t e l l i t e s , was d i s t i n g u i s h e d
age s u r v i v a l , s e e d l i n g h e i g h t , and number from the other v a r i e t i e s by i t s obovate
of leaves. In d i p l o i d s , i n c r e a s i n g doses, t r i f o l i a t e leaves. The chromosome m o r p h o -
15 to 60 K r a d , r e s u l t e d in a decrease f o r l o g y o f A . lineata c l o s e l y r e s e m b l e d t h a t
a l l these c h a r a c t e r s . In the t e t r a p l o i d s , of C. aajan T = 2 1 .
1 5 Krad r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d g e r m i n a t i o n ,
h e i g h t , and number o f l e a v e s compared w i t h
SIKDAR, A . K . 1 9 6 5 .
untreated seeds. At higher doses, germi-
C y t o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n Atylosia and
n a t i o n remained s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e
i t s h y b r i d i z a t i o n w i t h Cajanus. DIIT
d i p l o i d s e x c e p t a t t h e h i g h e s t dose o f
(1965) T h e s i s . Indian I n s t i t u t e of Tech-
6 0 K r a d , when i t was l e s s . Survival in a l l
n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l ,
cases was h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e d i p l o i d s ;
India. 579
h e i g h t was g r e a t e r a t a l l doses e x c e p t
6 0 K r a d , when i t was t h e same a s i n t h e
d i p l o i d s ; and t h e number o f l e a v e s i n a l l SIKDAR, A . K . , and D.N. DE. 1 9 6 7 .
cases was h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e d i p l o i d s . C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f two s p e c i e s o f
Atylosia and Cajanus aajan. B u l l . Bot.
Soc. Beng. 21(1):25-28. 580
SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , and R.K. J O S H I . 1 9 7 2 .
A smear t e c h n i q u e f o r r o o t t i p chromosome
p r e p a r a t i o n o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . SINGH, S . P . 1 9 4 7 .
JNKW R e s . J . 6:59-60. 576 A new method of a p p l i c a t i o n of a c e n a p h -
thene. S c i . C u l t . 12:593-594. 581
Of s i x chemicals t e s t e d , - bromonaphthalene
was most s u c c e s s f u l i n p r e t r e a t m e n t f o r A method o f t r e a t i n g seeds w i t h a c e n a p h -
Feulgen s t a i n i n g . At somatic metaphase, thene i n l a r d i s o u t l i n e d . The e f f e c t s o f
2n - 22 was o b s e r v e d . acenaphthene t r e a t m e n t o n Cajanus c e l l s a r e
described. I t i s t h o u g h t t h a t chromosome
doubling might be induced by v a r y i n g the
SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , LAXMAN SINGH, and c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e acenaphthene and t h e
R.K. JOSHI. 1 9 7 2 . d u r a t i o n of the treatment.
I n d u c t i o n and c y t o m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f
a u t o t e t r a p l o i d y i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
Millsp. JNKW Res. J . 6:47-50. 577 SINGH, VEDPAL. 1 9 5 9 .
Retardation in the r a t e of germination of
A l l 13 t e t r a p l o i d s induced by c o l c h i c i n e Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . seeds t r e a t e d
t r e a t m e n t showed r e d u c e d seed s e t and with colchicine. Agra U n i v . J . R e s . ( S c i . )
yield. C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s showed m e i o t i c 8 ( 1 ) : 35-38. 582
i r r e g u l a r i t i e s b u t p h y s i o l o g i c a l imbalan-
ces w e r e a l s o a p p a r e n t l y i n v o l v e d i n
causing s t e r i l i t y . SINHA, S . S . N . , and S . B . AKHAURY. 1 9 6 9 .
E f f e c t o f g a m m a - r a d i a t i o n and E . M . S . o n
Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong.
Assoc. 56(3):348-349. (Abstract). 583

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Dry dormant seeds o f C . c a j a n w e r e t r e a t e d chapter i s devoted t o the geographical

w i t h - r a y s at 5 and 10 Kr and w i t h EMS of d i s t r i b u t i o n of the production of pulses,
0.5% and 1% s t r e n g t h . Gamma-rays p r o d u c e d and a n o t h e r t o a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s ; , and
more marked e f f e c t s t h a n EMS i n r e d u c i n g area response of p u l s e s .
percentage of g e r m i n a t i o n , i n c r e a s i n g time
t a k e n f o r g e r m i n a t i o n , and r e t a r d i n g s e e d -
HENDERSON, T . H . 1 9 6 5 .
l i n g growth. Gamma r a y s a l s o p r o d u c e d more
b r e a k s i n chromosomes t h a n EMS. Shoot Some a s p e c t s of p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n )
g r o w t h s u f f e r e d more t h a n r o o t w i t h b o t h farming in T r i n i d a d . Occas. S e r . 3 . Dep.
mutagens. Various c y t o l o g i c a l abnormali- A g r i c . E c o n . Fm Fgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s .
t i e s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n r o o t s grown f r o m 40 p p . 590
t r e a t e d seeds. There appear t o b e s i m i l a - M a i n l y o n t h e economics o f p i g e o n p e a f a r m -
r i t i e s i n t h e t r e n d and p a t t e r n o f a b n o r - i n g , b u t based o n 1964 s u r v e y o f 439
m a l i t i e s caused b y b o t h t h e m u t a g e n s . growers. Some a g r o n o m i c d a t a a r e i n c l u d e d .
The y i e l d s r a n g e d f r o m 200 t o 5000 l b f r e s h
green pods/ac.
SINHA, S . S . N . , and S . B . AKHAURY. 1 9 7 1 .
R a d i a t i o n s t u d i e s i n Cajanus cajan dose
r e s p o n s e : chromosome a b e r r a t i o n s and t h e i r HENDERSON, T . H . 1 9 6 6 .
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SIVASAMY, N. 1 9 7 5 . I n the Americas, pigeonpea i s mostly h a r -
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cajan. M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . T a m i l Nadu + seed) to meet t h e demand f o r g r e e n
A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Coimbatore, Tamil v e g e t a b l e s and c a n n i n g . In a survey of
Nadu, I n d i a . 585 g r o w e r s i n T r i n i d a d , g r e e n pod p r o d u c t i o n
r a n g e d f r o m 224 to 5600 k g / h a , a b o u t 80%
o f y i e l d s b e i n g l e s s t h a n 2240 k g / h a .
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855-858. 592

TIDKE, P.M. 1 9 6 1 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o know how a w h o l e s a l e

Studies on the induced t e t r a p l o i d s of pea, p r o d u c e m a r k e t c a t e r i n g b o t h t o u r b a n and
p i g e o n p e a and w a t e r h y a c i n t h . M.Tech. r u r a l customers f u n c t i o n s . The s o u r c e s o f
(1961) T h e s i s , Indian I n s t i t u t e of supply, the d i f f i c u l t i e s o f the c u l t i v a t o r s
T e c h n o l o g y , K h a r a g p u r , West B e n g a l , i n r a i s i n g and m a r k e t i n g t h e c r o p , and t h e
India. 587 answers t o t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d .

VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, R . B . SINGH, MITRA, R.N. 1 9 5 9 .

and B . D . SINGH. 1 9 7 6 . Land and l a b o u r n e c e s s a r y f o r c a l o r i c and
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different states of India. I t was f o u n d
t h a t p u l s e s , e s p e c i a l l y r e d g r a m , a r e much
more e c o n o m i c a l s o u r c e s o f p r o t e i n s t h a n
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ECONOMICS r e d gram a r e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l s o u r c e s o f
c a l o r i e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t e r m s o f b o t h human
and b u l l o c k l a b o r .
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P i g e o n p e a (Cajanus indicus). In: F i e l d and
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terms o f t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e a s w e l l a s o f
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price relationships w i t h other foods. One
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i n v e s t i g a t e d which is yet awaiting
A d e t a i l e d s t u d y made i n 1 0 s e l e c t e d
identification.
d i s t r i c t s i n Madhya P r a d e s h , I n d i a s h o w i n g
reasons f o r a t r e n d in which pigeonpea
(Cajanus indicus) and i t s a s s o c i a t e d c r o p s AHMAD, T. 1 9 4 0 .
a r e b e i n g r e p l a c e d b y wheat t o a c o n s i d e r - O n t h e b i o l o g y o f Euderus l i v i d u s ( A s h m ) ,
able extent. Extension of i r r i g a t i o n a p a r a s i t e o f Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . Indian
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Rico. D u r i n g 1957-58 a t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n
o f 6 5 5 , 0 0 0 k g g r e e n peas was r e p o r t e d ,
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US d o l l a r s . Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i -
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SILVESTRE, P . , and M. SOITOUT. 1 9 6 5 . Experiments on the c o n t r o l of i n s e c t pests

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g r a i n legume improvement and p r o d u c t i o n i n 4% DDT r e d u c e d i n s e c t a t t a c k .
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g r e a t l y r e d u c e d , and a r e c o r d c r o p o b t a i n e d
i n 1959, f o l l o w i n g the s u c c e s s f u l i n t r o d u c -
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ANONYMOUS. 1 9 6 1 .
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AHMAD, D. 1 9 7 6 . c u l t u r e o f t h e Colony o f M a u r i t i u s f o r t h e
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measures i s emphasized and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y incidence of t h i s pest coincides w i t h the

of getting comparatively r e s i s t a n t lines in peak r a i n f a l l p e r i o d s i n T r i n i d a d .
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A g r i c u l t u r a l p e s t s o f I n d i a and S o u t h - E a s t pigeonpea i n T r i n i d a d . B u l l . E n t . Res.
A s i a . In: P e s t s o f P u l s e C r o p s . L u d h i a n a : 59(4):737-757. 610
K a l y a n i P u b l i s h e r s . 175 p p . 606
I n T r i n i d a d , t h e o n l y s e r i o u s pod b o r e r
A b o u t 150 i n s e c t s have b e e n r e c o r d e d f e e d - attacking pigeonpea is Ancylostomia sterco-
i n g o n 1 0 i m p o r t a n t p u l s e c r o p s grown i n r e a Z e l l . , which breeds throughout the
d i f f e r e n t parts of I n d i a . Of t h e s e , about year. The eggs a r e l a i d o n t h e young pods
one dozen i n s e c t s , i n c l u d i n g pod b o r e r s , and t h e l a r v a e f e e d o n t h e d e v e l o p i n g seeds
stem b o r e r s , l e a f m i n e r s , f o l i a g e c a t e r - and l a t e r p u p a t e i n t h e s o i l . The c o m p l e t e
p i l l a r s , c u t w o r m s , j a s s i d s , a p h i d s , and l i f e cycle r e q u i r e s 26 to 32 days. Eight
white f l i e s are important. The l i f e - c y c l e s s p e c i e s o f p a r a s i t e s were r e a r e d f r o m t h e
o f t h e plume moth ( E x e l a s t i s atomosa) and larvae of Ancylostomia. L i f e h i s t o r y
r e d gram pod f l y (Agromyza o b t u s a M . ) , t h e s t u d i e s and r e a r i n g t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e
e x t e n t o f damage, and c o n t r o l measures t o s i x commonest s p e c i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d .
be taken are d i s c u s s e d .

BINDRA, O.S. 1 9 6 5 .
BALASUBRAMANIAN, G . , R. RABINDRA JEBAMONI, Biology and b i o n o m i c s of Clavigralla gib-
P . P . VASUDEVA MENON, and T . R . SUBRAMANIAN. bosa S p i n o l a , t h e pod bug o f p i g e o n p e a .
1976. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 35:322-334. 611
C o n t r o l o f r e d gram pod b o r e r s w i t h s p r a y
There was c o n s i d e r a b l e o v e r l a p p i n g o f
formulations. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 4 ) :
g e n e r a t i o n s and s i x g e n e r a t i o n s were p o s s i -
251-252. 607
b l e f r o m November t o May. The p e s t c o u l d
E n d o s u l f a n 0.07% was s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r s i n b e c o l l e c t e d o n l y f r o m Cajanue c a j a n . A n
c o n t r o l l i n g pod b o r e r s . The t r e a t m e n t s effective parasite, Hadronotus antestiae
monocrotophos, m a l a t h i o n + f e n i t r o t h i o n , Dodd, was f o u n d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e
d i m e t h o a t e , and f e n t h o a t e w e r e e q u a l l y p a r a s i t i z i n g the eggs.
e f f e c t i v e in reducing the incidence of
pod b o r e r s and g e t t i n g h i g h e r y i e l d s .
BINDRA, O.S. 1 9 6 8 .
C a r b a r y l b o t h a t 0 . 1 % and 0.25% r e g i s t e r e d
Insect pests of pulse crops. I n d i a n Fmg
l e s s pod b o r e r damage.
17(11):12-14. 612

More t h a n 150 s p e c i e s o f i n s e c t s a r e known

BARROW, R.M. 1 9 6 8 .
t o a t t a c k p u l s e c r o p s i n I n d i a and o f t h e s e
B i o n o m i c s o f a l e a f - e a t i n g b e e t l e (Diphau-
a b o u t 25 cause s e r i o u s damage. Red gram
laca n. s p . ) on p i g e o n p e a (Cajanue cajan)
s u f f e r s serious losses from a t t a c k not only
in T r i n i d a d . P r o c . C a r i b b . F d Crops S o c .
b y c a t e r p i l l a r s b u t a l s o pod f l y , plume
6 t h Annual M e e t i n g , T r i n i d a d . 6:
m o t h , and pod b u g . A l a r g e number o f o t h e r
38-41. 608
insects which are not serious pests i n d i v i -
A h i g h l e v e l o f h o s t s p e c i f i c i t y was demon- d u a l l y a l s o cause a p p r e c i a b l e damage
s t r a t e d by the l e a f - e a t i n g f l e a - b e e t l e collectively.
s p e c i e s of Diphaulaca. O n l y Cajanue c a j a n
and no o t h e r legume was consumed. The peak

82
 Entomology

BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1 9 7 1 . CHAUDHARY, R . R . P . , and A . K . BHATTACHARYA.

Tur pod b u g , Clavigralla gibboea Spinola 1974.
(Coreidae : Hemiptera) • Pesticides Keeping pests of arhar at b a y . I n d i a n Fmr
5 ( 2 ) : 3 - 4 , 32. 613 Digest 7(7) : 2 3 , 33. 617
Clavigralla includes two species, A r h a r i s l i a b l e t o a t t a c k b y a number o f
C. gibboea S p i n , and C. horrens D o h r n . , i n s e c t p e s t s , t h e r e d gram pod f l y and t u r
w h i c h i n f e s t l e g u m i n o u s c r o p s and suck pod f l y and t u r pod c a t e r p i l l a r b e i n g t h e
their juice. The f o r m e r i s more commonly most s e r i o u s . O t h e r s , t h e t u r pod b u t t e r -
p r e v a l e n t and i s o f g r e a t e r economic fly (Catoahryaopa anejus) and a r h a r l e a f
importance in I n d i a . The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s webber o r l e a f r o l l e r (Euaosma c r i t i c a ) a r e
of t h i s pest are d i s c u s s e d : v a r i o u s stages not so s e r i o u s . C o n t r o l measures a r e
of development; d i s t r i b u t i o n of host described.
plants, primarily pigeonpea; l i f e h i s t o r y ,
s e a s o n a l h i s t o r y , and number o f g e n e r a t i o n s ;
n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f damage; n a t u r a l CRUZ, CARLOS. 1 9 7 5 .
e n e m i e s ; and c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s . O b s e r v a t i o n s o n pod b o r e r o v i p o s i t i o n and
i n f e s t a t i o n o f pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s .
J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico. 5 9 ( l ) : 6 3 - 6 8 . 618
BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1 9 7 2 .
T h i r t e e n v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanue
T u r pod f l y , Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l o c h .
c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) were p l a n t e d t o d e t e r -
(Diptera : Agromyzidae) • Pesticides
mine pod b o r e r o v i p o s i t i o n p r e f e r e n c e s and
6 ( 7 ) : 1 1 - 1 2 , 22. 614
i n f e s t a t i o n percentages. Etiella zinoke-
T u r pod f l y , Melanagromyza (Agromyza) nella and Heliothis virescens w e r e the
obtusa M a l l o c h . was f i r s t r e c o r d e d i n predominant s p e c i e s . Oviposition of
1906 u n d e r t h e name " T u r - p o d f l y " o n Heliothia began on f l o w e r buds b u t pods
Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) . I t has a l s o been were p r e f e r r e d where a v a i l a b l e , e x c e p t f o r
d e s c r i b e d u n d e r t h e name "Red-gram a g r o - v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o , T r i n i d a d 5 6 9 0 , and
myza" b u t t h i s name has n o t become w i d e l y T r i n i d a d 6 2 2 2 , where a s i m i l a r p r e f e r e n c e
accepted. The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f o r bud and pods was r e c o r d e d . Variety
i n s e c t , i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and h o s t p l a n t s , Guama p a r t i c u l a r l y was l e s s a t t r a c t i v e
l i f e h i s t o r y , s e a s o n a l h i s t o r y , n a t u r e and for oviposition. V a r i e t i e s Saragateado,
e x t e n t o f damage, n a t u r a l e n e m i e s , and F l o r i d o , and T o t i e m p o showed h i g h e s t i n f e s -
c o n t r o l measures a r e s u m m a r i z e d . t a t i o n rates throughout the season.

BINDRA, O . S . , and S . S . JAKHMOLA. 1 9 6 7 . DAVID, B . V . , and T. SANTHANARAMAN. 1 9 6 4 .

I n c i d e n c e o f and l o s s e s caused b y some F i r s t r e c o r d o f the green n e t t l e s l u g
pod-infesting insects in different varie- caterpillar, Thosea asperiena W l k . , in
t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) India. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 1 2 ) :
Millsp.). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 499-502. 619
37(3):177-196. 615
The s e a s o n a l o c c u r r e n c e and l i f e h i s t o r y o f
In a 2-year study of 50 v a r i e t i e s of t h e g r e e n n e t t l e s l u g c a t e r p i l l a r , Thosea
p i g e o n p e a , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e pod f l y asperiens W l k . , a new p e s t of c h o l a m
(Melanagromyza obtusa) in f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d (Sorghum s p p . ) t h a t a l s o a t t a c k s r e d gram
pods v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m v a r i e t y t o are r e p o r t e d . The l a r v a e d e f o l i a t e t h e
v a r i e t y ; percentages of the a f f e c t e d grains p l a n t s and t h e i r p o i s o n o u s h a i r s a l s o
a v e r a g e d 1 1 . 2 and 1 5 . 8 i n t h e f i r s t and i n f l i c t s e v e r e p a i n i f t h e y happen t o come
second y e a r r e s p e c t i v e l y . In a subsequent i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e human b o d y .
t r i a l w i t h 11 v a r i e t i e s , the incidence on
g r a i n b a s i s p r o v e d t o b e o n l y 50% o f t h a t
DAVID, S. KANAKARAJ. 1 9 6 4 .
o n pod b a s i s . The a v e r a g e y i e l d l o s s was
N o t e on Heliothia armigera H. and Agvomyza
8.35% w h i l e t h a t caused b y a t t a c k s o f t h e
obtusa M . a f f e c t i n g r e d g r a m pods and t h e i r
plume m o t h (Exelastie atomosa) the pulse
control. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 2 ) : 9 0 . 620
beetle (Bruchus bacticus), and t h r e e o t h e r
peste (Heliothia armigera, Catochrysops T h e r e was s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n o f pod
one jus, and Cosmolyoe bactious) amounted b o r e r s w i t h DDT f o r m u l a t i o n s g i v i n g t h e
t o 4 . 0 2 , 0 . 2 8 , and 3.62% r e s p e c t i v e l y . best r e s u l t s in the f i r s t year. DDT i n
t h e f i r s t y e a r and M e t h y l demeton f o l l o w e d
b y D i p t e r e x i n t h e second y e a r r e c o r d e d
CHARI, M . S . , and H . K . PATEL. 1 9 7 0 . the h i g h e s t y i e l d .
Studies on phytotoxic action of carbaryl
o n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
B . A . A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 2 3 : 4 7 - 4 8 . 616

83
Pigeonpea Bibliography

DAVIES, J . C . , and S . S . LATEEF. 1 9 7 5 . T h e r e were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t -

I n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n p e a and c h i c k p e a i n ween p u p a l w e i g h t s o f a r h a r - f e d and g r a m -
I n d i a and p r o s p e c t s f o r c o n t r o l . Proc. fed l a r v a e . There appears t o b e p o s i t i v e
F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n amount o f f o o d consumed
Legumes. 1 3 - 1 6 J a n 1 9 7 5 . ICRISAT. H y d e r a - and p u p a l w e i g h t .
bad, I n d i a . 319-331. 621

L o s s e s i n seed y i e l d s o f p i g e o n p e a and GANGRADE, G.A. 1 9 6 1 .

c h i c k p e a due t o t h e i n c i d e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t T u r pod b u g , Clavigralla gibbosa Spin, in
p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d , c o n t r o l measures Madhya P r a d e s h . Sci. Cult. 27(2):
a g a i n s t them a r e s u g g e s t e d , and t h e p e s t s 101-102. 626
a r e l i s t e d i n two a p p e n d i c e s .
The d u r a t i o n o f t h e i n s e c t ' s l i f e c y c l e
v a r i e s f r o m 39 to 56 d a y s . The eggs a r e
DESHPANDE, B . V . 1 9 6 6 . p a r a s i t i z e d by Hadronotus s p . n o . a n t e s t i a e
Studies on the v a r i e t a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of Dodd. ( S c e l i n o i d a e : H y m e n o p t e r a ) . A red
a r h a r to E. atomosa W. and A. obtuea M. : R e d u v i i d bug was o b s e r v e d i n t h e f i e l d
t h e b i o n o m i c s and e x t e r n a l m o r p h o l o g y o f feeding on an a d u l t bug.
E. atomoaa W. M.Sc. (1966) T h e s i s . J a w a -
h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a ,
GANGRADE, G.A. 1 9 6 3 .
Jabalpur, India. 622
Assessment of damage to t u r (Cajanus cajan)
i n Madhya P r a d e s h b y t h e t u r - p o d f l y .
EGWUATU, R . I . , and T . A . TAYLOR. 1 9 7 6 . Agromyza obtuea M a l l o c h . I n d i a n J. A g r i c .
Aspects o f t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Sci. 33(l):17-20. 627
Acanthomia tomentosicollis Stal. (Heterop-
O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e e x t e n t o f t h e damage
t e r a : C o r e i d a e ) i n Cajanus c a j a n ( P i g e o n -
t o pods and g r a i n s o f f i v e v a r i e t i e s o f
pea). J. Econ. E n t . 69(5) :591-594. 623
p i g e o n p e a r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e damage t o pods
To d e s i g n an i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management r a n g e d f r o m 2 9 t o 100% i n S h a h d o l , 4 5 t o
p r o g r a m f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e bug Acantho- 54% in N o . 1 4 8 , 40 to 54% in H y d e r a b a d ,
ma t o m e n t o e i a o l l i s , a s e r i o u s p e s t of 30 to 60% in Nizamabad and 27 to 58% in
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n N i g e r i a , t h e l o c a l ; whereas i n g r a i n s o f t h e same
s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s i n s e c t was v a r i e t i e s t h e damage r a n g e d f r o m 1 1 . 4 t o
studied. The s p e c i e s was f o u n d t o b e 86.8%, 23.3 to 29.8%, 21.3 to 29.0%,
h i g h l y aggregated, w i t h indices of aggre- 1 3 . 1 t o 3 2 . 3 % , and 1 3 . 2 t o 3 7 . 2 % , r e s p e c -
g a t i o n r a n g i n g f r o m 1 . 6 1 f o r eggs t o 2 . 3 0 tively. A new p a r a s i t e , Euderus agvomyzae,
f o r second i n s t a r nymphs. Indices of p a r a s i t i z e d t h e f u l l - g r o w n maggots i n
a g g r e g a t i o n f r o m t h e second t o t h e f i f t h Madhya P r a d e s h , t h e e x t e n t o f p a r a s i t i s m
nymphal i n s t a r d e c r e a s e d a s t h e nymphs b e i n g 11.3 to 18.7%.
became more m a t u r e .

GANGRADE, G.A. 1 9 6 5 .
FLETCHER, T . B . 1 9 1 7 . Losses t o t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) b y Melanagro-
Leguminous f i e l d c r o p s : p e s t s o f Cajanus myza obtusa M a l l o c h . I n d i a n J. Ent.
indioua (Red g r a m ) . P r o c . Second E n t . 26:364-365. 628
Meet. Pusa. p p . 4 1 - 7 9 . 624
The r a n g e o f p e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n w e i g h t due
Records t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f E x e l a s t i s atomoaa t o i n f e s t a t i o n i s q u o t e d f o r each o f t h e
W . o n a r h a r and g i v e s a n a c c o u n t o f i t s four varieties tested. N o . 148 was l e a s t
l i f e h i s t o r y and t h e damage i t c a u s e s . The a f f e c t e d , w i t h maximum l o s s o f 1.17%.
r e d gram plume m o t h , a t y p i c a l b o r e r , c u t s
t h r o u g h t h e pod and f e e d s o n t h e d e v e l o p i n g
GHOSH, C.C. 1 9 3 7 .
seed i n s i d e . The c a t e r p i l l a r o n h a t c h i n g ,
The p u l s e b e e t l e s (Bruchidae) of Burma.
f i r s t s c r a p e s t h e pod s u r f a c e , c u t s a h o l e
Indian J. Agric. Sci. 7:395-412. 629
and t h r u s t s t h e head i n t o i t t o f e e d o n t h e
seeds f r o m o u t s i d e . Other major pests of O f f o u r b r u c h i d s , t h e two most i n j u r i o u s
pigeonpea are a l s o l i s t e d . a r e Bruohue c h i n e n s i s on p i g e o n p e a
(pesinngon) s p e c i a l l y and a l s o on cowpeas
(Vigna catajang) and Bruohue albocallosus,
GAEKWAD, B . B . , V . M . PAWAR, and G.G. BILAPATE. w h i c h o c c u r s i n s m a l l numbers i n t h e f i e l d s
1977. on p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus indicus). Bruohus
E f f e c t o f f o o d p l a n t s o n g r o w t h and d e v e l o p - o h i n e n s i s i s t h e most common p e s t o n
ment of Heliothie avmigera H u b . Res. B u l l . p i g e o n p e a b o t h i n t h e f i e l d and s t o r e .
MAU. 1 ( 8 ) : 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 . 625

84
 Entomology

G I R I S H , G . K . , K. SINGH, and K. KRISHNAMURTHY. I n E a s t P a k i s t a n ( B a n g l a d e s h ) , t h e pod was

1974. t h e most s e v e r e l y a t t a c k e d p l a n t p a r t . The
S t u d i e s o n t h e o v i p o s i t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t l i k e l i h o o d o f e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t damage
of Calloaobvu.o1n.ue maculatus (Fab.) on was a s c r i b e d to Maruoca teatulalia and
various stored pulses. B u l l . G r a i n Techno!. Zonabria pustulata.
12(2):113-116. 630
The o v i p o s i t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t of Calloso- HEINRICH, C. 1 9 5 6 .
b r u c h u s m a c u l a t u s o n a few s t o r e d p u l s e s A m e r i c a n moths o f t h e s u b f a m i l y P h y c i t i n a e .
were s t u d i e d i n I n d i a . Main f a c t o r s B u l l . U.S. N a t . Mus. N o . 2 0 7 , 581 p p . 635
r e l a t e d t o o v i p o s i t i o n w e r e smoothness o f
The p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) was f o u n d to
t h e s e e d c o a t and s i z e o f t h e g r a i n .
b e t h e commonest h o s t p l a n t b u t specimens
were a l s o c o l l e c t e d a s l a r v a e f r o m c h i c k p e a
GOKHALE, V . G . 1 9 7 3 . (Cicer arietinum) and b l a c k - e y e d pea
Developmental c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f s e v e r a l (Doliohos)'.
p u l s e s i n t h e Bruchidae . 1 . Growth and
d e v e l o p m e n t of C a l l o s o b r u o h u s maoulatua
HEINRICH, W.O. 1 9 6 6 .
( F a b r i c i u s ) on host seeds. B u l l . Grain
"Verruga," a scale pest of coffee in
Technol. 11:28-31. 631
Brazil. W o r l d Crops 1 8 ( l ) : 3 8 - 4 2 . 636
The g r o w t h i n d e x o f t h e i n s e c t p r o v e d t h a t
The o t h e r h o s t p l a n t s o f t h e s c a l e
moth bean (vigna aconitifolia) was of
(Cerococcus c a t e n o r i u s ) i n c l u d e Cajanus
maximum f o o d v a l u e , f o l l o w e d b y g r e e n g r a m ,
cajan. The t y p i c a l symptom i s t h e b r e a k i n g
p i g e o n p e a , and o t h e r l e g u m e s . The i n s e c t ,
of t h e s t e m some 25 cm b e l o w t h e a p e x .
however, completely f a i l e d to develop on
S p r a y i n g w i t h 0.9% m a l a t h i o n o r 0.2%
s o y b e a n , l i m a b e a n , f r e n c h b e a n , and
d i a z i n o n i s recommended.
lentil. A n a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e was
a l s o r e c o r d e d i n t h e mean w e i g h t o f t h e
a d u l t s e m e r g i n g f r o m d i f f e r e n t seed I P E , I . M . 1964.
species. Anatomy o f t h e f i n a l i n s t a r l a r v a o f
Melanagromyza obtusa ( M a l l o c h ) a p e s t on
t h e d e v e l o p i n g seeds of Cajanue indioua
GOVINDAN, R . , H.R. RANGASWAMY, K . C . DEVRAJ,
{Agromyzidae: D i p t e r a ) . Agra U n i v . J .
M.C. DEVAIAH, and B . N . VISWANATH. 1 9 7 7 .
Res. 13(3):59-72. 637
B i o l o g y o f t h e r e d gram bud w e e v i l (Ceutho-
rhynohue a s p e r u l u s F a b r i c i u s ) ( C o l e o p t e r a : The l a r v a l head o f t h e f i n a l i n s t a r i s
Curculionidae). Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . f o l l o w e d b y t h r e e t h o r a c i c and e i g h t a b d o -
11(2):191-194. 632 m i n a l segments. Segmental b o u n d a r i e s a r e
marked b y m u s c l e s c a r s and c u t i c u l a r
The p e r c e n t a g e o f i n f e s t a t i o n v a r i e d f r o m process. M a n d i b l e s , l a b i a l s c l e r i t e s , and
1 0 t o 8 0 , t h e maximum b e i n g i n December. t h e p a r a c l y p e a l phragma c o n s t i t u t e t h e
The g r u b s and a d u l t s caused damage t o cephalopharyngeal s k e l e t o n . The s t u d y a l s o
f l o w e r buds and f l o w e r s . The l i f e c y c l e describes anatomical p e c u l i a r i t i e s of
was c o m p l e t e d i n 1 0 t o 2 2 days w i t h a n d i g e s t i v e and r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m s . Sali-
a v e r a g e o f 1 4 . 5 days d u r i n g J a n u a r y - F e b r u - v a r y a p p a r a t u s and t h e h i s t o l o g y o f t h e
a r y ( i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d 1.92 d a y s ; l a r v a l s a l i v a r y g l a n d s , t h e n e r v o u s and e x c r e t o r y
p e r i o d 4.20 days; prepupal p e r i o d 3.0 days; systems a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d .
pupal p e r i o d 5.83 d a y s ) . The a d u l t
s u r v i v e d f o r 5 days w i t h o u t f o o d and 1 5
days w i t h f o o d u n d e r c o n f i n e m e n t . I P E , I . M . 1966.
A d e t a i l e d morphological study of the
e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l g e n i t a l o r g a n s o f a
GUPTA, S . K . , MANJIT SINGH DHOORIA, and f e m a l e Melanagromyza obtusa ( M a l l o c h ) a
A . S . SIDHU. 1 9 7 1 . s e r i o u s p e s t of Cajanue indioua L.
V a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f pigeonpea i n t h e (Agromyzidae: D i p t e r a ) . Indian J. Ent.
Punjab t o p e s t Sohizotetranychua sp. 28(3):287-298. 638
Sci. Cult. 37:484-485. 633
The d e t a i l s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l m o r p h o l o g y o f
I n t e s t s o f 1 3 v a r i e t i e s o f Cajonus cajan, i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l g e n i t a l o r g a n s o f t h e
P-1141 was t h e l e a s t s u s c e p t i b l e . female f l y are d e s c r i b e d . The a n a t o m i c a l
studies include the g e n i t a l i a - g e n i t a l
HAZARIKA, S . H . , and S. ABDUS. 1 9 6 1 . segments, o v a r i e s , o v a r i o l e s , o v i d u c t s ,
I n s e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus v a g i n a , g e n i t a l chamber, s p e r m a t h e c a e ,
i n d i c u s Spreng) i n East P a k i s t a n . a c c e s s o r y g l a n d s , and h i s t o l o g y .
Scientist (Pak.). 4:18-20. 634

85
Pigeonpea Bibliography

IPE, I . M . 1974. KAPADIA, M.N. 1 9 7 5 .

M o r p h o l o g i c a l , b e h a v i o u r a l , and b i o l o g i c a l Some s t u d i e s o n b i o n o m i c s and c o n t r o l o f
s t u d i e s o f Melanagromyza obtusa (Diptera: b l u e b u t t e r f l y (Euahryaops onejus Fab.) as
A g r o m y z i d a e ) on Cajanus indicus. Z. Angew. a p e s t o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) .
Entomol. 75:89-98. 639 M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l
The b e h a v i o r and b i o l o g y of M. obtusa, U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 643
along w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n of various i n s t a r s ,
and a key f o r t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a r e KAPOOR, K . N . 1 9 6 6 .
given. Bio-ecological studies on Clavigralla
gibbosa S p i n ( C o r e i d a e : H e m i p t e r a ) t h e
JANARTHANAN, R . , G. NAVANEETHAN, K . S . t u r pod b u g . 7 6 p p . M.Sc. ( 1 9 6 6 ) T h e s i s .
J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a ,
SUBRAMANIAN, and G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL.
J a b a l p u r , Madhya P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 644
1972.
Method o f assessment o f Eriophyid m i t e s
o n pigeonpea l e a v e s . Madras A g r i c . J . KHAN, M . Q . , and K. RAMASUBBAIAH. 1 9 5 9 .
59(8):437. 640 B i o n o m i c s and c o n t r o l o f gram c a t e r p i l l a r .
Andhra A g r i c . J . 6 ( 2 ) : 6 8 - 6 9 . 645
A s a f e method f o r e s t i m a t i o n o f Eriophyid
m i t e s has been d e v e l o p e d . T h i s method c a n The gram caterpillar, Heliothis armigera,
a l s o b e used f o r e s t i m a t i n g o t h e r Eriophyid is a s e r i o u s pest of red gram, causing crop
mites in a population as w e l l as f o r v i r u s damage u p t o 50%. Insecticidal trials with
vector relationship studies. BHC and DDT showed t h a t 0.16% DDT is
e f f e c t i v e and e c o n o m i c a l t r e a t m e n t a g a i n s t
Heliothis armigera.
JOPLIN, C.E. 1975.
P u l s e c r o p s o f t h e w o r l d and t h e i r i m p o r -
tant insect pests. P e s t Management Papers KOEHLAR, C . S . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1 9 7 1 .
No. 1. May 1 9 7 5 . Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , Notes o n t h e c o n t r o l and b i o l o g y o f Helio-
( C a n a d a ) . 134 p p . 641 this armigera (Hub) on p i g e o n p e a in Uganda.
E. A f r . A g r i c . For. J. 36(3) :296-297. 646
Summarizes a g r o n o m i c , e c o n o m i c , and n u t r i -
t i o n a l data on 14 major species of p u l s e s . O b s e r v a t i o n s showed t h a t pods and seeds o f
I d e n t i f i e s t h e i n s e c t g e n e r a and s p e c i e s p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) were damaged by
that are important pests of pulses. Three t h e l a r v a e of H. armigera. The a d u l t
common s p e c i e s o f p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t o v i p o s i t e d on the flower buds;
t h o r o u g h l y i n terms o f t h e i r b i o l o g y , w h i l e t h e young l a r v a e f e d e x c l u s i v e l y o n
e c o l o g y , and c o n t r o l . Also discusses the t h e b u d s , t h e o l d e r ones f e d o n t h e seeds
s t a t u s and p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f p e s t manage- of immature pods. The i n s e c t d i d n o t
ment o n p u l s e c r o p s and s e v e r a l i n t e r n a - damage more t h a n 50% of t h e seeds in any
t i o n a l l y important i n s t i t u t i o n s that are pod. E f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l was o b t a i n e d b y
c o n d u c t i n g such work. s p r a y i n g w i t h DDT or DDT + d i m e t h o a t e .
F e n i t r o t h i o n was l e s s e f f e c t i v e , and
c a r b a r y l produced severe p h y t o t o x i c
J O S H I , G. 1 9 7 6 .
effects.
Studies on the larvae of r i c e moth,
Corayra aephalonioa (Stainton) in some
of their characteristic attitudes. KOONER, BANTSINGH., HARCHARAN SINGH, and
Z . Angew. Z o o . 63(4):451-456. 642 K . B . SINGH. 1 9 7 2 .
R e l a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f germplasm o f
The a u t h o r d e s c r i b e s e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h
p i g e o n p e a a g a i n s t t u r pod f l y , Melanagro-
l a r v a e o f C . aephalonioa ( S t n t . ) i n f e s t i n g
myza obtusa M a l l o c h u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s .
h a l f seeds of Cajanus cajan (indicus).
P1. Prot. B u l l . 23(1-2):7-18. 647
The l a r v a e w e r e s e e n t o b i n d t h e h a l f
seeds t o g e t h e r w i t h s i l k e n t h r e a d s and O f 205 l i n e s , H - 9 0 , H - 6 9 , C - 4 2 4 0 , H - 1 0 7 ,
l a t e r t o cement them s o t h a t t h e y a p p e a r e d CC-4229, H - 1 1 1 , N - 1 6 5 , H - 2 9 0 , H - 2 5 0 , H - 2 5 4 ,
l i k e w h o l e d e c o r t i c a t e d s e e d s , and f e e d i n g CC-3444, C C - 2 8 5 1 , CC-3342, and L-13 w e r e
occurred in both halves. Observations most r e s i s t a n t o n t h e b a s i s o f p e r c e n t a g e
o n t h e i r p u p a t i o n and s p i n n i n g t h r e a d s o f i n f e s t e d pods and g r a i n s and w e i g h t
are also recorded. r e d u c t i o n of grains in pods. The i n d i v i -
d u a l r e a c t i o n o f each l i n e t o a t t a c k i s
tabulated.

86
 Entomology

KORYTKOWSKI, C., and M. TORRES. 1 9 6 6 . ( 1 0 % ) , d i s u l f o t o n (5%) and bux (10%) can be

I n s e c t damaging c u l t u r e s o f p i g e o n p e a s a f e l y a d o p t e d f o r package programs f o r r e d
(Cajanus c a j a n ) i n P e r u . Revta P e r u . gram p r o d u c t i o n .
Ent. Agric. 9:3-9. 648

The pod b o r e r Elasmopalpus rubedinellus MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN,

(Zell.) Anaylostomia stercorea ( Z e l l ) and R . J . RABINDRA, T. SURULIVELU, and
Heliothis viresoens (F) are serious pests P . P . VASUDEVA MENON. 1 9 7 7 .
a t t a c k i n g t h i s crop in Peru. There a r e C o m p a r a t i v e e f f i c a c y o f d u s t , s p r a y , and
fourteen pests reported which a t t a c k the granular formulations of insecticides in
p i g e o n p e a c r o p and y i e l d l o s s e s i n some c o n t r o l l i n g t h e pod b o r e r s o f r e d gram
years are q u i t e h i g h . (C. oajan). Indian J. P1. P r o t . 5 ( 1 ) :
83-86. 653
KUPPUSWAMY, S . , and T . R . SUBRAMANIAN. 1 9 7 6 . Two f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d t o
S t u d i e s o n t h e i m p r e g n a t i o n o f gunny bags study the comparative e f f i c a c y of c e r t a i n
w i t h c e r t a i n organophosphorus i n s e c t i c i d e s . g r a n u l a r , s p r a y , and d u s t f o r m u l a t i o n s i n
B u l l . Grain Technol. 1 4 ( l ) : 4 5 - 5 0 . 649 c o n t r o l l i n g t h e pod b o r e r s o f r e d gram
cv SA-1. Soil application of aldicarb
O f f o u r i n s e c t i c i d e s t e s t e d a g a i n s t Callo-
g r a n u l e s ( o n c e ) 4 5 days a f t e r s o w i n g a t
eobruohue ohinensis i n c i d e n c e on r e d gram
1.25 k g a i / h a o r s p r a y i n g o f c h l o r p h e n a m i -
(Cajanus c a j a n ) seeds i n gunny bags d u r i n g
d i n e 0 . 1 % o r d u s t i n g o f c a r b a r y l + BHC
s t o r a g e f o r 4 months t h e s p r a y i n g o f phoxim
( S e v i d o l ) , c a r b o p h e n o t h i o n and t r i c h l o r p h o n
o n one s i d e o f gunny bags was t h e b e s t i n
a t 1 k g a i / h a t w i c e a t 1 5 days i n t e r v a l
t e r m s o f p e s t m o r t a l i t y and p r e v e n t i o n o f
from the pod-formation stage increased the
penetration by beetles.
y i e l d o f r e d gram and c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d
t h e pod b o r e r damage.
LATEEF, S . S . 1 9 7 7 .
A new h y m e n o p t e r a n p e s t Taraostigmodes s p .
MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN.
(Hymenoptera: Taraostigmodae) recorded on
1971.
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) a t
A comparative study of the i n t e n s i t y of
ICRISAT, H y d e r a b a d , I n d i a . Trop. Grain
i n f e s t a t i o n o f t h e pod f l y , Melanagromyza
Legume B u l l . 7:6. 650
(Agromyza) obtusa M a l l o c h on d i f f e r e n t
T a r a o s t i g m o d e s s p . , a new i n s e c t p e s t o f v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) .
pigeonpea, is described. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 8 ( 1 1 ) : 8 4 2 - 8 4 3 . 654
I n f e s t a t i o n was s e v e r e d u r i n g t h e month o f
LAURENCE, G.A. 1 9 7 1 . November i n t h i s t r a c t . Late v a r i e t i e s
I n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n p e a and t h e i r c o n - g e n e r a l l y escaped i n f e s t a t i o n . Maximum
trol. J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 71(4): i n f e s t a t i o n o f pods and g r a i n s was 38.6%
501-504. 651 i n No. 1 1 4 1 , a n e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t y ;
i n l a t e v a r i e t i e s i t ranged f r o m 2.5% t o
B r i e f notes are presented on t h e morphology
19.5%.
o f and damage caused b y v a r i o u s i n s e c t
p e s t s i n f e c t i n g p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n )
i n T r i n i d a d and Tobago. Among t h e most ODAK, S . C . , B.V. DESHPANDE, and
i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t s a r e the green l e a f hopper S . V . DHAMDHERE. 1 9 6 8 .
(Empoasca fabilie), black aphid {Aphis E s t i m a t e o f t h e damage caused b y t h e plume
oraooivora), the b e e t l e Oncideres amputa- moth (Exelaatie atomosa W.) and pod f l y
tor, t h e p h y c i t i d Ancylostomia stercorea, (Melanagromyza obtusa M.) t o t u r . J. C o l l .
and t h e s p i d e r m i t e T e t r a n y c h u s s p p . A g r i c , Gwalior 8 : 1 - 3 . 655
C o n t r o l measures a r e b r i e f l y o u t l i n e d .
Studies at Gwalior (M.P., I n d i a ) d u r i n g
1965-66 w i t h 1 0 v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a
MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, and (Types-1, - 8 7 , -114, -157, -176, Gwalior 3,
A. LEELA DAVID. 1 9 7 4 . A l t a i r , K h a r g o n e - 2 , Hyderabad and Pusa)
Granular i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r the c o n t r o l of i n d i c a t e d t h a t Type T-87 r e c o r d e d n o i n f e s -
pod b o r e r s i n r e d g r a m . Madras A g r i c . J . t a t i o n b y plume moths b u t had maximum l o s s
61(10-12):970-972. 652 i n w e i g h t o f g r a i n s due t o p o d f l y . Highest
l o s s e s due t o t h e s e two p e s t s w e r e 6 . 7 and
Two f i e l d t r i a l s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i n I n d i a
7 . 8 p e r c e n t o f seed w e i g h t and t h e r e was n o
to evaluate the e f f e c t of several s o i l -
apparent r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h l a r v a l popula-
applied granular insecticides on borer
t i o n s , p o s s i b l y due t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b y
a t t a c k in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) . The
varying' l e v e l s of host resistance.
r e s u l t s suggest t h a t g r a n u l a r mephosfolan
Plgeonpea Bibliography

ODAK, S . C . , S . V . DHAMDHERE, and PANDIT, P.V. 1 9 6 5 .

B . V . DESHPANDE. 1 9 6 8 . E f f e c t o f t i m e o f s o w i n g and v a r i e t i e s o f
New r e c o r d of Demarchus pubipennia J a c o b y , t u r o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f i t s major i n s e c t
f e e d i n g o n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) . Indian J. pests, bio-ecological studies on Exelastis
Ent. 30(4):323. 656 atomosa Wlsm. ( P t e r o p h o r i d a e : L e p i d o p t e r a ) ,
t h e t u r plume m o t h . 83 pp. P h . D . (1965)
T h i s b e e t l e was r e c o r d e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e
Thesis. J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa
d u r i n g 1966 a t G w a l i o r ( M . P . ) , I n d i a . The
V i d h y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya P r a d e s h ,
immature s t a g e s o f t h e b e e t l e s a r e f o u n d
India. 660
f e e d i n g o n r o o t s and t h e a d u l t s damaging
t h e l e a v e s b y m a k i n g a l a r g e number o f
i r r e g u l a r homes o n t h e l e a v e s . Due t o t h e PARMANIK, L . M . , and A . C . BASU. 1 9 6 8 .
i n j u r y caused b y t h e g r u b s , t h e p l a n t s Record o f two i n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n p e a
s t a r t drying at an early stage. (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n West B e n g a l . Indian
Agric. 11(2):145-147. 661
ORIAN, A . T . E . 1 9 6 2 . The l i f e c y c l e i s d e s c r i b e d o f Eucosma
P e s t c o n t r o l recommendations made b y t h e critica, a s e r i o u s p e s t of p i g e o n p e a
D i v i s i o n o f Entomology o f t h e Department o f (Cajanus cajan) and of Oxyrhaahis tarandus,
Agriculture, Mauritius. Rev. A g r i c . S u c . a p e s t o f p i g e o n p e a and o f t h e shade t r e e s
Maurice. 41(2) :87-116. 657 Albizzia odorotissima and A. lebbeck.
Damage o f E . critica i s h i g h e s t i n J u l y and
The f o l l o w i n g c r o p s a r e c o n s i d e r e d : beans
A u g u s t , and o f 0 , t a r a n d u s a t t h e end o f
and o t h e r l e g u m i n o u s p l a n t s , s u g a r - b e e t ,
October. Parasites associated w i t h
cabbage, cassava, plgeonpea, E n g l i s h potato,
E . c r i t i c a were r e a r e d i n the l a b o r a t o r y
and sweet p o t a t o .
and i d e n t i f i e d as Apanteles taragamal.

PAL, S.K. 1 9 7 2 .
PAWAR, A . D . , and O.P. BHALLA. 1 9 7 5 .
A note on l e a f w e e v i l . Cyrtozemia c o g n a t a
O c c u r r e n c e o f H e l i o t h i s amrigera (Hubner)
Marshall (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
as a s e r i o u s pest of ' a r h a r ' in Himachal
i n f e s t i n g k h a r i f crops of dryland farming.
Pradesh. Entomologists' Newsletter
Ann. A r i d Zone. 11(1-2):132. 658
5(4) :24. 662
The l e a f w e e v i l Cyrtozemia c o g n a t a M a r s h a l l
The c a t e r p i l l a r s on Cajanus aajan were
was a l s o n o t i c e d on Cajanus c a j a n , a new
observed d u r i n g August-October. They
host for t h i s pest. The a c t i v i t y o f t h e
d e f o l i a t e d the tender p a r t of the p l a n t
p e s t was maximum d u r i n g m o r n i n g and e v e n i n g
i n the e a r l i e r stages b u t l a t e r bored the
hours. Two s p r a y s , a t 1 0 d a y s ' i n t e r v a l ,
pods. I n some f i e l d s t h e i n f e s t a t i o n o f
o f 0.03% Phosphamidan w e r e e f f e c t i v e i n
t h i s p e s t was s o much t h a t h a r d l y a few
c o n t r o l l i n g the pest.
pods o n a p l a n t w e r e l e f t u n a t t a c k e d .

PANCHABHAVI, K . S . , G. THIMMAIAH, and

PAWAR, V . M . , and M.D. JAWALE. 1 9 7 7 .
K . S . MUTALIK DESAI. 1 9 7 2 .
A note on the performance of e a r l y maturing
Report o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s
v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r a g a i n s t damage b y pod
Pascoe. ( C u r c u l i o n i d a e : Coleoptera) on
borers. Res. B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 8 ) :
r e d gram a t D h a r w a r . Sci. Cult. 38(7):
127-128. 663
325-326. 659
T y p e - 2 1 showed l o w e s t p e r c e n t a g e i n c i d e n c e
The i n s e c t was i d e n t i f i e d as Aleidee
of pod b o r e r s . P a n t A - 3 was damaged most
collarie, w h i c h i s d i r t y w h i t e i n c o l o r
by a l l the b o r e r s . P r a b h a t showed l o w e s t
w i t h a p a l e brown h e a d ; a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p -
damage b y pod f l y . At dry-pod stage the
tion is given. This grub, scratching the
v a r i e t i e s w i t h d e t e r m i n a t e p l a n t t y p e such
stem p o r t i o n j u s t below t h e ground l e v e l ,
a s P r a b h a t and P a n t A - 3 s u f f e r e d h e a v i l y
e n t e r s t h e s t e m and f e e d s o n t h e t e n d e r
f r o m pod b o r e r s .
stem i n s i d e ; as a r e s u l t , a g a l l is formed
a t t h e ground l e v e l . There i s n o s i g n o f
damage above t h e g r o u n d l e v e l . The damage PUTTARUDRAIAH, M. 1 9 4 7 .
ranges from 95 to 982. Some o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e b i o l o g y and h a b i t s
o f r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) f l o w e r bud
b o r e r ( E u p r o c t i s s c i n t i l l a n s ) . Mysore
Agric. J. 24:20-24. 664

A s e r i o u s pest on r e d gram, Euproctia scin-

tillane W . , l a a moth b e l o n g i n g t o t h e
g r o u p o f t u s s o c k moths o f t h e f a m i l y

88
 Entomology

Limantridae. Unlike the other l e a f - e a t i n g The g r a i n l o s s as a r e s u l t of damage by

c a t e r p i l l a r s o f t h i s g r o u p , t h i s one was Melanagromyza obtusa, Exelastis atomoaa,
f o u n d t o b o r e i n and f e e d m o s t l y upon buds and B r u c h u s s p . was e s t i m a t e d i n e i g h t
and f l o w e r s o f r e d g r a m . A study of the varieties. The t o t a l l o s s was l o w e s t i n
b i o l o g y and l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h i s i n s e c t o n Type 1 4 8 .
t h e r e d gram c r o p has r e v e a l e d c e r t a i n
marked p e c u l i a r i t i e s .
RAWAT, R . R . , ZILE SINGH, and S . S . JAKHMOLA.
1969.
RAINA, A . K . 1 9 7 1 . Effect of i n f e s t a t i o n of blossom-thrips on
Observations on bruchids as f i e l d pests of pod s e t t i n g i n p i g e o n p e a , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
pulses. Indian J. Ent. 33:194-197. 665 Millsp. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 39(9):
623-625. 670
I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e b e e t l e s o f Callo-
aobruohua ahineneis, after developing insiie I n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e pod f o r m a t i o n i n
t h e p o d s , f a i l e d t o f i n d t h e i r way o u t and p l a n t s t r e a t e d twice a t weekly i n t e r v a l s
consequently died i n s i d e the pods. w i t h a 1 : 1 m i x t u r e o f d i m e t h o a t e 0.03% and
e n d r i n 0.02% a t t h e r a t e o f 750 l i t e r s p e r
h e c t a r e , a r e d u c t i o n o f 36.0% i n pod f o r m -
RAJAGOPALAN, C . L . K . , and J . P . DEVAKUMAR.
a t i o n was o b s e r v e d i n t h e u n t r e a t e d p l a n t s
1965.
as a r e s u l t of i n f e s t a t i o n by blossom-
Preliminary studies on the i n f e s t a t i o n of
thrips.
Agromyza obtusa M a l l , in r e d gram (Cajanus
cajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J .
52(8):345-346. 666 REGUPATHY, A . , and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1 9 7 0 .
Studies on comparative s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of
Of 15 v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , l a t e - m a t u r i n g
seeds o f c e r t a i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n
v a r i e t i e s had t h e l o w e s t pod and seed
(L.) M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s to pulse b e e t l e ,
infestation.
Callosobruohus c h i n e n s i s L . (Bruchidae:
Coleoptera). Madras A g r i c . J . 5 7 ( 2 ) :
RAMAKRISHNAN, C , and P . S . NARAYANASWAMY. 106-109. 671
1964.
Of 18 v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , P-653 , P L S - 2 0 1 ,
I n s e c t i c i d a l c o n t r o l of the pulse b e e t l e ,
P - 6 4 2 , P - 1 0 6 6 , T - 1 7 , and MS-9537 w e r e
(Bruchus theobromae L . ) on r e d g r a m .
c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e s i s t a n t t h o u g h n o t immune.
Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 1 ) : 3 0 - 3 1 . 667
R e s i s t a n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e s e e d s .
For e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f t h e p u l s e b e e t l e Seed c o l o r , seed v o l u m e , seed h a r d n e s s ,
o n r e d g r a m , t r e a t m e n t w i t h t o x a p h e n e 10% and e a r l i n e s s were n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
dust t h r e e times a t t r i w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s resistance.
commencing f r o m t h e t i m e o f f l o w e r i n g , i s
b e s t f o r i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s and t o t a l mone-
SAHARIA, D . , and B. DATTA. 1 9 7 5 .
tary r e t u r n from the crop.
C o n t r o l of Heliooverpa armigera HB; a
s e r i o u s p e s t o f A r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n L . )
RANE, A . E . , and Y . M . TALEY. 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 . i n Assam. Pesticides 9(8):34-35. 672
F i e l d t r i a l w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r the
The e f f i c a c y o f e n d o s u l f a n , c a r b a r y l , and
c o n t r o l o f p e s t s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) .
m a l a t h i o n , each a t t h r e e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 6 : 2 0 - 2 1 . 668
a g a i n s t H. avmigera i n f e s t i n g p i g e o n p e a
A l l the t r e a t m e n t s t e s t e d were s i g n i f i c a n t - v a r . A g e t i ( S - 5 ) was s t u d i e d . The l e a s t
l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e check and a l l o f them mean p e r c e n t a g e i n f e s t a t i o n o f pods and
gave good c o n t r o l of Exelastis atomosa, t h e maximum y i e l d s were o b t a i n e d w i t h
C a t o o h r y s o p s s t r a b o , F . and H e l i o t h i s endosulfan. However, because e n d o s u l f a n
armigera; T r i t h i o n and A l d r l n w e r e f o u n d is h i g h l y t o x i c , a c o n t r o l schedule c o n s i s -
to be comparatively less e f f e c t i v e against t i n g of three sprays, f i r s t w i t h endosulfan
Heliothis damage and Catoohrysops atrabo F. (28 g a . i . / 1 0 0 L w a t e r ) , t h e second w i t h
respectively. m a l a t h i o n (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) and t h e
t h i r d w i t h c a r b a r y l (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) ,
a p p l i e d a t 1 5 - d a y i n t e r v a l s , has been
RAWAT, R . R . , and S . S . JAKHMOLA. 1 9 6 7 . suggested.
Estimation o f losses i n grain y i e l d i n
d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n )
b y pod f l y , plume m o t h , p u l s e b e e t l e and SANGAPPA, H . K . , and E . S . BALARAJU. 1 9 7 7 .
o t h e r means. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 4 ( 1 1 ) : A n o t e on Calloaobruohua o h i n e n a i s L i n n a e u s
601-602. 669 a s f i e l d p e s t o f r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n
S p r e n g a l . ) . C u r r . Res. 6:105-106. 673

89
Plgeonpea Bibliography

I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e g r e e n and y e l l o w i n v i s i b l e w i t h o u t the a i d of a b i n o c u l a r

pods a r e t h e m a i n s o u r c e o f f i e l d i n f e s t a - m i c r o s c o p e — and i s p a l e f l e s h t o o r a n g e
tion. H i g h e s t number o f eggs w e r e l a i d o n in color. V i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p and.
the green pods, f o l l o w e d by y e l l o w , d r y , h o s t range i s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d .
and t e n d e r p o d s . The emergence o f b e e t l e s
t h r o u g h a c i r c u l a r h o l e was a l s o o b s e r v e d .
SINHA, M . M . , R.P. YADAV, and A. KUMAR.
1977.
SAVALIA, B.M. 1 9 7 1 . E v a l u a t i o n o f some i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r t h e
Some s t u d i e s o n b i o n o m i c s and c o n t r o l o f c o n t r o l o f plume moth (Exelasatis atomosa
T u r plume m o t h ( T r i o h o p t i l u s c o n g r u a l i s Walshe) and pod f l y (Melanagromyza obtusa
W a l l e r ) u n d e r Junagadh c o n d i t i o n s . M.Sc. M a l l o c h ) o n r e d gram (Cajanus cajan).
(1971) T h e s i s . Gujarat A g r i c u l t u r a l Pesticides l l ( 3 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 678
U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 67A
The r e d gram c r o p s u f f e r s heavy l o s s e s
f r o m t h e a t t a c k s o f t h e pod b o r e r s
SAXENA, H . P . 1 9 7 4 . E , atomosa and M . o b t u s a . I n f i e l d t r i a l s
Severe and w i d e s p r e a d o c c u r r e n c e o f Maruaa c o n d u c t e d t o e v a l u a t e some i n s e c t i c i d e s ,
t e s t u l a l i s Geyer i n r e d g r a m , Cajanus c a j a n . two r o u n d s o f t r e a t m e n t s were g i v e n , one
Entomologists' Newsletter 4(3) : 2 1 . 675 a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f pod f o r m a t i o n and
a n o t h e r 1 4 days l a t e r . Monocrotophos
This is a f i r s t record of the occurrence in
(Nuvacron) a t the r a t e o f 0.5 k g a . i . / h a
n o r t h e r n I n d i a o f Maruaa teetulalie Geyer,
e f f e c t i v e l y checked t h e i n c i d e n c e o f
a s e v e r e p e s t o f legumes i n p e n i n s u l a r
E . atomosa, w h i l e q u i n a l p h o s ( E k a l u x ) a t
states. Red gram v a r i e t i e s w e r e s e v e r e l y
0.6 k g a . i . / h a d i m e t h o a t e (Rogor) a t
attacked. A l l early maturing v a r i e t i e s
0 . 5 k g a . i . / h a and e n d o s u l f a n ( T h i o d a n ) a t
s u f f e r e d b a d l y due t o t h i s p e s t ; v a r i e t i e s
w i t h a l a r g e number o f f l o w e r s and compact 0.8 k g a . i . / h a proved e q u a l l y e f f i c a c i o u s
i n f l o r e s c e n c e f o r m i n g a canopy s u f f e r e d i n r e d u c i n g pod f l y damage o n e a r l y and
more t h a n t h o s e w i t h f e w e r f l o w e r buds o r l a t e v a r i e t i e s o f red gram, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
more s p r e a d i n f l o r e s c e n c e . Hybrid l i n e s
h a v i n g e i t h e r S-5 ( A g e t i ) o r P r a b h a t a s a SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , S . S . L . KATIYAR, and
d o n o r , were v e r y s e v e r e l y damaged by Maruaa K . M . SRIVASTAVA. 1 9 7 1 .
larvae. Two o t h e r i n s e c t s t h a t w e r e a l s o Damage of Agromyza dbtuea M a l l o c h ( D i p t e r a :
o b s e r v e d w e b b i n g t h e b u d s , f l o w e r s and A g r o m y z i d a e ) t o Cajanus c a j a n L i n n . c r o p .
d e v e l o p i n g pods o f r e d gram were A n a r s i a Labdev. J . S c i . Technol. 9(l):71-73. 679
epiphippias M e y r i c k and Adieura atkineoni
Moore. The t u r pod f l y , Agromyza obtuaa M. is a
serious pest of arhar crops. The p e r c e n t -
age i n f e s t a t i o n o f pods and g r a i n s o f
SAXENA, H . P . 1 9 7 6 . C. oajan L. damaged by t h i s p e s t v a r i e d
Harvest a r i c h crop of arhar through pest f r o m 3 1 . 8 3 t o 4 4 . 2 5 and 1 2 . 5 9 t o 2 8 . 8 3 o n
control. Fmr P a r l i a m . 1 1 ( 6 ) : 1 9 , T - 2 1 v a r i e t y ; 2 8 . 1 6 t o 3 0 . 5 0 and 7.97 t o
29-30. 676 1 2 . 9 0 o n T-7 v a r i e t y ; 2 6 . 3 3 t o 3 4 . 7 5 and
1 0 . 2 0 t o 1 3 . 7 0 o n T-27 v a r i e t y , r e s p e c t i v e -
Emphasizes t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a r h a r and t h e
ly. The r e s u l t s o f t h e s u r v e y i n d i c a t e d
need f o r p e s t c o n t r o l t o o b t a i n h i g h e r
clearly that a l l three v a r i e t i e s — T-21,
grain yields. L i s t s t h r e e main p e s t s :
T - 7 , and T-27 — a r e h e a v i l y a t t a c k e d b y
s t e m f l y , j a s s l d s , and b o r e r s . Groups a r h a r
A. obtuaa M . , c a u s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e c r o p
v a r i e t i e s i n t o e a r l y , medium, and l a t e -
loss.
m a t u r i n g t y p e s and n o t e s t h a t w i t h t h e
introduction of early maturing v a r i e t i e s
the incidence of pod-borers is i n c r e a s i n g . SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA.
1966.
I n s e c t l c l d a l t r i a l s a g a i n s t Agromyza obtuaa
SETH, M . L . 1 9 6 2 .
M. (Diptera: Agromlzidae). Labdev. J .
Transmission of plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y by an
Sci. T e c h n o l . 4:133-135. 680
Eriophyid mite. Indian Phytopath.
15:225-227. 677 Trials with different insecticides carried
o u t a g a i n s t A r h a r (Cajanue oajan) pod
The Eriophyid m i t e , b e l o n g t o t h e o r d e r
b o r e r (Agromyza o b t u s a ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t
A c a r l n a and o c c u r r i n g o n p l g e o n p e a , a c t s a s
e n d r i n ( 0 . 1 6 Z ) a t 900 l i t e r s p e r h e c t a r e
a vector of the v i r u s causing s t e r i l i t y
was f o u n d e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h i s
mosaic d i s e a s e . The m i t e r e m a i n s b u r i e d i n
pest.
between t h e h a i r s o n t h e under s u r f a c e o f
the leaves. It is minute in s i z e —

90
 Entomology

SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA. P l a n t s showed huge g a l l s a t t h e base o f

1971. stems. A new r e c o r d on t h i s c r o p . Damage
I n c i d e n c e o f Agromyza obtuea M . i n d i f f e - v e r y s e v e r e , p l a n t s remained s t u n t e d i n
rent v a r i e t i e s of arhar. Biet. Ent. growth. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the insect
Entomol. 21:243-244. 681 are also given.
The maximum i n c i d e n c e o f A . o b t u s a ( p u l s e
c r o p p e s t ) was r e c o r d e d d u r i n g December i n SURULIVELU, T . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN,
e a r l y v a r i e t i e s and d u r i n g March i n l a t e P . P . VASUDEVA MENON, and R . J . RABINDRA.
varieties of Cajanus cajan. 1977.
E f f i c a c y o f c e r t a i n i n s e c t i c i d e s i n the
SRIVASTAVA, B.K. 1 9 6 4 . c o n t r o l o f r e d g r a m pod b o r e r s . Madras
P e s t s o f p u l s e c r o p s . In: Entomology in Agric. J. 64(1):54-56. 688
India. New D e l h i : E S I . 8 3 - 9 1 . 682 Among a l l t h e t r e a t m e n t s e n d o s u l f a n
r e c o r d e d t h e minimum pod b o r e r damage
A review of I n d i a n work on pests of d i f f e -
under Coimbatore, I n d i a conditions, while
r e n t pulse crops i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea.
monocrotophos, f e n i t r o t h i o n , e n d o s u l f a n ,
and p h o s a l o n e r e g i s t e r e d h i g h y i e l d s .
SRIVASTAVA, O.S. 1 9 7 2 .
Estimation of loss in T-21 v a r i e t y of arhar
TAYLOR, T . , and AJIBOLA. 1 9 7 3 .
(Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) due t o t u r pod f l y
Crop p r o t e c t i o n and legume p r o d u c t i o n i n
(Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch). I n d i a n J.
West A f r i c a . J . Assoc. Advan. A g r i c . S e c t .
Ent. 34(l):82-83. 683
Africa. l(Suppl):5-8. 689
The a v e r a g e p e r c e n t a g e o f i n f e s t a t i o n o f
The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f c r o p p r o t e c t i o n i n
pod and g r a i n and o f l o s s i n w e i g h t a t
legume p r o d u c t i o n i n West A f r i c a i s
medium m a t u r i t y was 3 4 . 5 , 2 9 . 8 , and 6 3 . 4 ,
r e v i e w e d and d i s c u s s e d . Cowpea, p i g e o n p e a ,
and a t h a r v e s t 2 9 . 1 , 3 0 . 8 , and 4 3 . 7 ,
and soybean y i e l d s have been c o n s i d e r a b l y
respectively. The p e r c e n t a g e pod i n f e s t -
i n c r e a s e d b y t h e e f f e c t i v e use o f p e s t i -
a t i o n and l o s s i n w e i g h t was h i g h e r a t
c i d e s and management methods t o c o n t r o l a n
medium m a t u r i t y t h a n a t h a r v e s t , whereas
array of insects attacking various plant
t h e g r a i n i n f e s t a t i o n was h i g h e r a t h a r v e s t .
parts. Present r e s u l t s are s a t i s f a c t o r y
b u t f u r t h e r economy i n p r o d u c t i v i t y and
SRIVASTAVA, O . S . 1 9 7 4 . i n c r e a s e s i n y i e l d may b e r e a l i z e d b y
Chemical c o n t r o l o f the t u r l e a f c a t e r - p e s t / c r o p management programs and use o f
p i l l a r , E u c e l i s critica M e y r . Indian J. improved c u l t i v a r s . Future strategy f o r
Entomol. 36(4):359-360. 684 p e s t c o n t r o l s h o u l d b e based o n a f u n d a -
m e n t a l knowledge of t h e phenology of the
Spraying w i t h e i t h e r dimethoate or endo-
c u l t i v a r s o f g r a i n legumes, t h e i r p l a n t /
s u l f a n and d u s t i n g w i t h c a r b a r y l p r o v i d e d
p e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and a c o m b i n a t i o n o f
effective control of tur leaf caterpillar.
p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n and c r o p improvement
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An insect pest of pigeonpea. J. Bd A g r i c .
THAKUR, D. 1 9 6 4 .
B r . Guiana. 4C4):239. 685
S t u d y o f t h e b i o l o g y and c o n t r o l o f t u r
plume m o t h , Exelastis atomosa W a l s .
SUBRAMANIAN, T . R . 1 9 5 8 . (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). M.Sc.
Glyriaidia maculata as an a l t e r n a t e host (1964) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i
f o r Ceuthorhynchus a s p e r u l u s F a u s t . Madras Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya P r a d e s h ,
Agric. J. 45(11):419. 686 India. 690
The f i r s t r e c o r d o f a n a l t e r n a t e h o s t f o r
t h i s p e s t , commonly known a s r e d gram bud THEVASAGAYAM, E . S . , and L . S . C . CANAGASINGHAM.
w e e v i l and f o u n d o n l y o n r e d g r a m . Biology 1960.
o f t h e i n s e c t was s t u d i e d . Some o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e i n s e c t p e s t s o f
d h a l (Cajanus cajan) and t h e i r c o n t r o l .
T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 6 ( 4 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 8 . 691
SUBRAMANIAN, T . R . , and S. VENUGOPAL. 1 9 5 9 .
A n o t e o n t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f Colobodes The m a j o r p e s t o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g t h e maha
d o l i o h o t i s M a r c h a l l , o n r e d gram a t ( w e t ) season and o f t h e y a l a ( d r y ) season
Coimbatore. Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 4 ) : are discussed. T r i a l s on the c o n t r o l of
139. 687 p e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t d i e l d r i n and e n d r i n

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were v e r y e f f e c t i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y during VENKATA SESHU REDDY, K. 1 9 7 3 .

t h e wet season. S t u d i e s o n t h e gram c a t e r p i l l a r , Heliothie
armigera ( H u b n e r ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
with special reference to i t s biology,
VAISHAMPAYAN, S . M . , and Z. SINGH. 1 9 6 9 .
h o s t p r e f e r e n c e and e s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s i n
C o m p a r a t i v e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f some modern
red gram. 120 p p . P h . D . (1973) T h e s i s .
i n s e c t i c i d e s against t h e blossom t h r i p s o f
U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences,
r e d g r a m (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
Bangalore, Karnataka, I n d i a . 696
Indian J. Agric. Sci. 39(1):52-56. 692

Comparative experiments w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s
VERMA, B . K . , and M . K . H . S I D D I Q U I . 1 9 7 7 .
for the control of t h r i p s , Frankliniella
Control of storage pests through i n e r t
aulphurea and Taeniothrips nigriaornis,
dust. I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 2 1 . 697
i n f e s t i n g f l o w e r s o f pigeonpeas, were
carried out in I n d i a . Of the emulsion S e v e r a l i n e r t d u s t s , such a s a t t a p u l g i t e ,
sprays e v a l u a t e d , the treatments w i t h b e n o t o n i t e , k a o l i n i t e , and s i l i c i o u s e a r t h
d i m e t h o a t e , e n d r i n , and e n d o s u l f a n w e r e c o l l e c t e d from various places of I n d i a
t h e most e f f e c t i v e . were t e s t e d a g a i n s t s t o r a g e p e s t s i n c l u d i n g
b e e t l e (Calloeobruchus c h i n e n s i s ) . Pulses
t r e a t e d w i t h 0.3% a t t a p u l g i t e powder were
VAKMA, B . K . , and MANGALASAIN. 1 9 7 7 .
free of pulse beetle attack.
Daeyahira mendoea and H b . (Lepidoptera :
Lymantridae) a p e s t o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
M i l l s p . i n Hyderabad. Indian J. P1. Prot. VERMA, SHASHI. 1 9 7 5 .
5(l):95-98. 693 Determination of the residues of phorate
( s y s t e m i c i n s e c t i c i d e ) and e n d o s u l f a n
A s u r v e y o f t u r (C. c a j a n ) r e v e a l e d h i g h
(contact i n s e c t i c i d e ) during the develop-
i n f e s t a t i o n o f c a t e r p i l l a r s o f daeyahira
ment o f moong and a r h a r p l a n t s . Entomolo-
mendoea f e e d i n g o n t h e l e a v e s o f t h i s c r o p .
gists ' Newsletter 5 ( 2 ) : 7 - 8 . 698
The c a t e r p i l l a r s of D. mendoea made t h e i r
f i r s t appearance o n t h e t u r crop a t the The l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t
b e g i n n i n g o f O c t o b e r and c o n t i n u e d u n t i l p h o r a t e had s l i g h t h o r i z o n t a l movement i n
t h e end o f November. The l i f e h i s t o r y o f s o i l but i t s uptake by the p l a n t s from the
t h e p e s t , n a t u r e o f damage i t c a u s e s , and t r e a t e d s o i l was v e r y f a s t . Toxicity
c o n t r o l measures a r e d i s c u s s e d . against jassids persisted f o r 40 to 50
days and a g a i n s t t h r i p s f o r 3 3 and 4 3 days
o n mung and a r h a r c r o p s r e s p e c t i v e l y .
VEDA, O . P . , M . L . PUROHIT, and N.K. SOOD.
B a s a l l e a f was s l i g h t l y more t o x i c t h a n
1975.
the top l e a f of both p l a n t s .
V a r i e t a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f a r h a r {Cajanu8
aajan (L.) Millsp.) to Melanagromyza obtuaa
M a l l . ; Exelaetie atomosa Wlsm. and VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1 9 6 8 .
Heliothie armigera Hub. JNKW Res. J. D i s s i p a t i o n o f e n d o s u l f a n o n mung and
9(1-2):7-9. 694 arhar crops. Indian J. P1. Prot. 4(1):
24-31. 699
O f 164 e n t r i e s e v a l u a t e d o n pod b a s i s , n o
s t r a i n was c o m p l e t e l y f r e e f r o m i n f e s t a t i o n The i m p o r t a n c e o f a s s e s s i n g r e s i d u e s o f
by these i n s e c t s . Pod f l y was o b s e r v e d t o x i c m a t e r i a l s i s emphasized. The
a s t h e most s e r i o u s p e s t , c a u s i n g t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f endosulfan i n descending
maximum p e r c e n t a g e o f damaged g r a i n s o r d e r was w i n t e r a r h a r , summer mung, and
(38.95). Based o n pod and g r a i n i n f e c t i o n , monsoon mung. V a r i e t y had n o e f f e c t o n t h e
t h e l i n e P - 5 4 ( b ) was f o u n d l e a s t s u s c e p t - dissipation of endosulfan.
i b l e t o pod f l y .
VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1 9 7 5 .
VEERASWAMY, R. 1 9 5 9 . P e r s i s t e n c e o f p h o r a t e o n mung and a r h a r
I n f l u e n c e of e a r l y sowings on t h e incidence crops. Entomologists' Newsletter
of "Red gram pod f l y " (Agromyza obtuaa 5(3):21. 700
M a l l . ) o n r e d gram (Cajanus i n d i c u s
P h o r a t e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t
Spreng). Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 3 ) :
galerucid beetle, Madurasia obecurella,
99-100. 695
i n f e s t i n g l e a v e s , and s t e m f l y , Melanagro-
The e x t e n t o f damage b y r e d gram p o d f l y myza phaeeoli T y r o n , i n f e s t i n g s t e m s , i n
can be e f f e c t i v e l y reduced by i n t r o d u c i n g the e a r l y stage of the crops.
c e r t a i n suitable modifications in the red
grant c r o p p i n g p r o g r a m .

92
 Entomology

VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1 9 7 5 . l o s s i n g r a i n w e i g h t w e r e 6 8 . 0 3 and 6 6 . 2 3 % ,

P e r s i s t e n c e o f e n d o s u l f a n o n ' m u n g ' and respectively.
'arhar' crops. Entomologists' Newsletter
5(4):25. 701
WALTON, R.R. 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 .
P e r s i s t e n c e o f e n d o s u l f a n r e s i d u e s has been C o n t r o l o f t u r plume moth Exelastis
studied to evaluate the chemical from the atomoea. Report of Agresco. 1961-62. 705
c r o p - p r o t e c t i o n and s a f e t y a n g l e s . Endo-
s u l f a n a t 0.7% was a p p l i e d a t 500 t o 700
WILLIAMS, I . H . 1 9 7 7 .
l i t r e s / h a . a t t h e pod f o r m a t i o n s t a g e . The
Behavior of i n s e c t s f o r a g i n g on pigeonpea
r e s i d u e s o f e n d o s u l f a n i n l e a v e s and pods
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n I n d i a .
w e r e b e l o w t o l e r a n c e l i m i t ( 0 . 5 ppm) i n
Trop. A g r i c . 54:353-363. 706
a b o u t 1 0 and 8 days i n a r h a r and b e l o w
detectable l i m i t at harvest. The p e r s i s - The b e h a v i o r o f i n s e c t s v i s i t i n g t h e
tence of endosulfan in descending order f l o w e r s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . i s
was a r h a r , summer mung, and monsoon mung. described. A l t h o u g h i n s e c t s o f many o r d e r s
E n d o s u l f a n gave 50% k i l l o f j a s s i d s f o r were c a p t u r e d o n t h e f l o w e r s , bees a n d ,
a b o u t 3 to 5 days on mung and a r h a r and i n p a r t i c u l a r , Megaahile s p p . w e r e p r o b a b l y
was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t pod r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n
borers. that occurred. Megaahile s p p . and Apis
dorsata F a b . d i s c r i m i n a t e d between a
c u l t i v a r w i t h f l o w e r s o f normal s t r u c t u r e
VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1 9 7 5 .
and one w i t h f l o w e r s o f a m o d i f i e d
E f f e c t o f p h o r a t e and e n d o s u l f a n t r e a t m e n t s
structure.
o n g r o w t h p a r a m e t e r s o f mung and a r h a r
crops. Entomologists' Newsletter
5(8-9):41-42. 702 YADAV, D. 1 9 6 7 .
Field evaluation of different insecticides
P h o r a t e was a p p l i e d a t 1.5 k g a . i . / h a i n
against t h r i p s , Taeniothrips distalis K a r n y
s o i l a t s o w i n g t i m e and 0.07% e n d o s u l f a n
o f r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
was a p p l i e d a t 500 t o 800 L / h a a t p o d -
M.Sc. (1967) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru
formation stage. The c o m b i n a t i o n o f
K r i s h i Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya
p h o r a t e and e n d o s u l f a n when a p p l i e d a c c o r d -
Pradesh, I n d i a . 707
i n g t o s c h e d u l e gave b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n
against Heliothis armigera Hubner and
Exelastie atomosa Walsingham and s i g n i f i - YADAV, H . S . , G.A. GANGRADE, and S . S . JAKHMOLA.
c a n t l y more pods t h a n w i t h t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s 1974.
individually. N o t e o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h r i p s and
p o d - s e t t i n g in the flowers of pigeonpea.
I n d i a n J. A g r i c . S c i . 44(8) :555-556. 708
VERMA, SHASHI, and N . C . PANT. 1 9 7 6 .
P e r s i s t e n c e o f p h o r a t e i n s o i l and i n Two species of thrips, Frankliniella
p l a n t s d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f mung and 8ulphurea Schmutz, and T a e n i o t h r i p s nigri-
arhar crops. Indian J. P1. Prot. c o r n i s Schmutz w e r e n o t e d v i s i t i n g f l o w e r s
4(l):15-23. 703 o f p i g e o n p e a when t h e buds began t o u n f o l d ,
d e s e r t i n g them o n l y a f t e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n
P h o r a t e was more p e r s i s t e n t i n summer t h a n o f pod d e v e l o p m e n t . Significant differen-
i n t h e monsoon. V a r i e t i e s o f mung had n o ces w e r e n o t i c e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f pods
e f f e c t on the d i s s i p a t i o n of phorate in in relation to different levels of thrips
s o i l and i n p l a n t s d u r i n g b o t h t h e s e a s o n s . population. Absence o f t h r i p s was n o t
D i f f e r e n t c r o p s o f mung and a r h a r have conducive to p o d - s e t t i n g . A moderate
affected the persistence of i n s e c t i c i d e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h r i p s (23 t o 150/10 f l o w e r s )
b o t h i n s o i l and p l a n t s . was p r o b a b l y b e n e f i c i a l t o f e r t i l i z a t i o n
and p o d - s e t t i n g .
VISHAKANTAIAH, M . , M. JAYARAMAIAH, and
B . L . VISWESWARA GOWDA. 1 9 7 3 . YASEEN, M. 1 9 7 5 .
O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t u r pod f l y , Melanagvomyza A f u r t h e r note on the i n t r o d u c t i o n of
o b t u s a M a l l o c h . ( D i p t e r a : Agromyzidae) i n H e l i o t h i s parasites into the lesser
Mysore. C u r r . Res. 2(8):62. 704 A n t i l l e s . PANS 2 1 ( 2 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 7 . 709
The p e s t a p p e a r e d i n s e v e r e f o r m c a u s i n g Tvichogrammatoidae armigera, Compolitie
s u b s t a n t i a l damage t o t h e g r a i n s . The c h l o r o d a e a and E u c e l a t o r i a s p p . w e r e s e n t
a v e r a g e I n f e s t a t i o n o f pod f l y was 8 9 . 2 8 % . to the lesser A n t i l l e s in an e f f o r t to
A maximum o f s i x pupae w e r e o b s e r v e d i n a establish biological control of Heliothis
s i n g l e pod. The damage t o t h e g r a i n s and

93
Plgeonpea Bibliography

armigera. The s u c c e s s o r o t h e r w i s e o f t h e BHATNAGAR, P . S . 1 9 5 5 .

r e l e a s e has n o t y e t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The B r e e d i n g i m p r o v e d a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n
importance o f t h e pest w a r r a n t s f u r t h e r M l l l s p . ) i n U t t a r Pradesh. A g r i c . Anim.
introductions. Husb. U t t a r Pradesh 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 3 8 - 4 1 . 716

A h i s t o r i c a l account of C. c a j a n improve-
ZALAVADIA, R.V. 1 9 7 1 . ment b y s e l e c t i o n , i n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 3 2 , w i t h
Some s t u d i e s o n b i o n o m i c s and c o n t r o l o f h e a d q u a r t e r s a t t h e Government Research
Pulse b e e t l e (Callosobruchus maculatus Farm, Kanpur. H y b r i d i z a t i o n to develop
F a b r i c u s ) under s t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s o f v a r i e t i e s c o m b i n i n g h i g h y i e l d and l a r g e
Saurashtra area. M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 1 ) T h e s i s . seeds was to be u n d e r t a k e n .
G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh,
Gujarat, India. 710
BHATNAGAR, P . S . , P . K . SENGUPTA, L . C . GANGWAR,
J . K . SAXENA, and KUMAR, V. 1 9 6 7 .
A f a s c i a t e d mutant in plgeonpea. Sci.
Cult. 33:120-121. 717
T h i s m u t a n t o f Cajanus c a j a n has p u r p l e
GENETICS c o l o r a t i o n and c u r v e d s t e m s ; t h e b r a n c h e s
a r e fused w i t h the main stem a t t h e p o i n t
o f emergence. Some p l a n t s showed f a s c i a -
AHIRRAO, S . N . 1 9 7 3 . t i o n o f s t e m and b r a n c h e s and some o f t h e
G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajdnue c a j a n main stem o n l y . Many f l o w e r buds w e r e
( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 145 p p . M.Sc.(1973) T h e s i s . p r o d u c e d b u t t h e r e was 11% p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y
Mahatma P h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , in the f l o w e r . Selfing fasciated plants
Maharashtra, I n d i a . 711 and c r o s s e s w i t h n o r m a l D-419-2 and T-163
showed f a s c i a t i o n t o b e r e c e s s i v e .

BAINIWAL, CHAJU RAM. 1 9 7 2 .

Studies on the q u a n t i t a t i v e characters of CHAUDHARI, A . N . 1 9 7 3 .
a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . V , 5 6 . G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n
vi p. M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 2 ) T h e s i s . Haryana A g r i - ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) . 1 1 2 p p . M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 3 ) T h e s i s .
c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , H i s s a r , Haryana, Mahatma P h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i ,
India. 712 Maharashtra, I n d i a . 718

BEOHAR, A . B . L . , and P . K . NIGAM. 1 9 7 2 . CHAUDHARI, A . N . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1 9 7 5 .

C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n a r h a r , Cajanus cajan Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea. Creeping
( L . ) M l l l s p . JNKVV Res. J . 6 ( 1 ) : 5 8 . 713 3-2-8 x purple g r a i n e d . Mahatma P h u l e
A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 6(1):10-14. 719
In t r i a l s with high-yielding late-maturing
p l g e o n p e a c v G w a l i o r - 3 , seed y i e l d p e r Inheritance of d i f f e r e n t morphological
p l a n t was h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d ( p o s i t i v e l y ) c h a r a c t e r s i n plgeonpea such a s h a b i t o f
w i t h t h e number o f b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t . g r o w t h ( 3 : 1 ) , raw pod c o l o r ( 4 9 : 1 5 ) ,
T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n v e i n c o l o r ( 2 1 : 4 3 ) , and s e e d c o a t c o l o r
number o f b r a n c h e s and number o f pods p e r ( 3 : 1 ) has b e e n r e p o r t e d . The f a c t o r f o r
plant. g r o w t h h a b i t (Egh) and raw pod c o l o r
( B l p d l ) was f o u n d t o a s s o r t i n d e p e n d e n t l y .
L i n k a g e v a l u e s between t h e genes Drv
BHANGARE, A . D . 1 9 7 1 .
( v e i n c o l o r ) and P l s d ( s e e d c o a t c o l o r ) have
G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n
been w o r k e d o u t and a s i n g l e l i n k a g e g r o u p
(L.) M l l l s p . ) . 141 p p . M.Sc. (1971) Thesis.
has been s u g g e s t e d .
Mahatma P h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i ,
Maharashtra, I n d i a . 714
CHAUDHARI, A . N . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1 9 7 7 .
Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea. Round l e a f x
BHATIA, C.R. 1 9 7 7 .
N . P . 5 1 . J . Res. MAU. 2(1):17-20. 720
M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g o f g r o u n d n u t , r i c e , and
plgeonpea. Mut. Breed. Newsletter The i n h e r i t a n c e o f g r o w t h h a b i t ( 5 4 : 1 0 ) ,
9:6-7. 715 l e a f l e t shape ( 3 9 : 2 5 ) , v e i n c o l o r ( 9 : 7 ) ,
and s e e d c o a t c o l o r ( 9 : 7 ) has been r e p o r t e d
B r i e f information i s presented o n t r i a l s
i n t h e c r o s s o f Round l e a f x NP-51 o f
w i t h h i g h - y i e l d i n g mutant l i n e s o f these p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) .
crops. The s t u d i e s o f j o i n t s e g r e g a t i o n i n d i c a t e d
t h a t t h e genes o f d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s

94
 assorted independently except i n three high general combining a b i l i t y for other
cases. The c o m p l e m e n t a r y f a c t o r o f v e i n traits.
c o l o r showed a l i n k a g e w i t h t h e b a s i c
f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t shape w i t h a c r o s s o v e r
DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, B . L . BHARDWAJ,
v a l u e o f 24%. The b a s i c f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t
and R.K. BAJAJ. 1 9 7 8 .
shape i s l i n k e d w i t h c o m p l e m e n t a r y f a c t o r
S t u d i e s o n t h e h e r i t a b i l i t y and i n t e r -
of seedcoat c o l o r , w i t h a crossover value
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f some a g r o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r -
o f 7.9%, whereas t h e v e i n c o l o r and t h e
t a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n
seedcoat c o l o r were found to be l i n k e d
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . G e n e t . A g r . ( I n P r e s s ) . 724
w i t h c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 29%.
S i x c u l t i v a r s o f pigeonpea were e v a l u a t e d
f o r seven v a r i a b l e s i n a d i a l l e l experiment
CHAUDHARI, B . B . , and J . A . P A T I L . 1 9 5 3 .
using regression c o e f f i c i e n t s , correlations,
' C r e e p i n g ' , a mutant in
and c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s . Regres-
Millsp. Curr. S c i . 22:153. 721
s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g
A t r u e - b r e e d i n g mutant w i t h a p r o s t r a t e large a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s f o r f l o w e r i n g time
h a b i t o f g r o w t h has been o b s e r v e d . The and p l a n t h e i g h t . Y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y
form arose spontaneously in the F3 of a c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f pods p e r p l a n t ,
c r o s s b e t w e e n two n o r m a l v a r i e t i e s . The number o f g r a i n s p e r p o d , and 1 0 0 - g r a i n
mutant is l i k e l y to be u s e f u l as a cover weight, but negatively correlated w i t h
c r o p , and i n s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n and s t r i p plant height. P l a n t h e i g h t was p o s i t i v e l y
cropping. c o r r e l a t e d w i t h y i e l d and i t s c o m p o n e n t s .
The b e s t i n d e x o f y i e l d among t h e t r a i t s
s t u d i e d was number of pods p e r p l a n t . GCA
DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1 9 7 6 . v a r i a n c e s w e r e l a r g e r t h a n SCA v a r i a n c e s ,
The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n seed s i z e and e x c e p t f o r y i e l d and pods p e r p l a n t ,
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n s u g g e s t i n g p r e d o m i n a n c e o f a d d i t i v e gene
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . effects.
3:18-19. 722
I n 220 l i n e s o f p i g e o n p e a , t h e h i g h e s t seed DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and B . S . BHULLAR.
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s ( > 24%) were f o u n d i n 1977.
l i n e s P - 1 8 6 2 , P - 3 7 6 1 , P - 9 7 8 , H - 1 2 , and H-18 I n h e r i t a n c e o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and i t s
w i t h 100-seed w e i g h t s o f 6 . 5 , 8 . 0 , 8 . 0 , c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h g r a i n y i e l d i n pigeonpea
9 . 7 5 , and 1 0 . 0 0 g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cv (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Qual. Plant
P r a b h a t and P a n t A-9 w i t h l o w e s t 1 0 0 - s e e d P 1 . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 7 ( 3 - 4 ) : 3 2 7 - 3 3 4 . 725
w e i g h t s o f 5.5 and 5 . 7 5 g , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
had p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f 1 7 . 1 5 and 2 2 . 3 2 % . The F 2 mean p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s w e r e g e n e r a l l y
Hy-3A and Hy-3C g e n o t y p e s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t between t h e p a r e n t s , b u t s l i g h t l y c l o s e r
1 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t s o f 1 9 . 5 and 2 0 . 0 g had to the l o w - p r o t e i n p a r e n t . Reciprocal
p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f 2 0 . 5 6 and 1 9 . 5 8 % . d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o t e i n o f F 1 seeds and t h e
There was n o e v i d e n c e o f a g e n e r a l s i g n i - absence o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o t e i n o f
f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between 100-seed w e i g h t F 2 seeds showed t h a t t h e m a t e r n a l g e n o t y p e s
and seed p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . controlled protein content. The b r o a d -
sense h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s v a r i e d f r o m
3 4 t o 62% i n d i f f e r e n t c r o s s e s , i n d i c a t i n g
DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1 9 7 7 . environmental influence on p r o t e i n content
D i a l l e l analysis of genetic v a r i a t i o n in and r e l a t i v e l y l o w a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i -
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan). Expl A g r i c . ance. A minimum o f t h r e e o r f o u r genes
13(2):193-200. 723 control protein content. Low p r o t e i n was
Four c h a r a c t e r s w e r e s t u d i e d i n a d i a l l e l p a r t i a l l y dominant over h i g h . Grain y i e l d
cross o f s i x c u l t i v a r s . Additive inheri- and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e -
t a n c e was i m p o r t a n t i n d e t e r m i n i n g f l o w e r - l a t e d i n F 2 p l a n t s , b u t g r a i n y i e l d and
i n g t i m e , b u t t h e dominance component was p r o t e i n y i e l d were h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d . It
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a d d i t i v e c o m p o n e n t , and i s suggested t h a t f o r t o t a l p r o t e i n produc-
o v e r d o m i n a n c e was o b s e r v e d f o r pod number, t i o n / u n i t area, e f f o r t s should be d i r e c t e d
1 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t , and y i e l d . Heritability towards i n c r e a s e d y i e l d w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g
estimates f o r a l l t r a i t s except f l o w e r i n g p e r c e n t p r o t e i n near average l e v e l s r a t h e r
t i m e w e r e l o w , and t h e b u l k p o p u l a t i o n than s e l e c t i n g f o r high p r o t e i n i n grains
method o f b r e e d i n g was s u g g e s t e d f o r e a r l y alone.
segregating generations. I t i s suggested
t h a t , t o improve e a r l i n e s s , the best cross
would be between p a r e n t s w i t h low g e n e r a l
c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y f o r f l o w e r i n g t i m e and

95
Pigeonpea Bibliography

DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and R. KAPUR. f o r p u r p l i s h b l a c k s p o t t i n g and b r o w n c o l o r

1976. r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e i r concurrent presence
A p r e l i m i n a r y observation on the p r o t e i n g i v i n g p u r p l i s h b l a c k ; i n t h e absence o f
c o n t e n t of pigeonpea c r o s s e s . Trop. Grain b o t h P and R , t h e s e e d c o a t i s w h i t e . There
Legume B u l l . 5:22. 726 is a complete l i n k a g e between o r a n g e - y e l l o w
f l o w e r s and p u r p l i s h b l a c k seeds and b e t -
I n c r o s s e s b e t w e e n two h i g h - p r o t e i n ( H - 1 8
ween y e l l o w f l o w e r s w i t h p u r p l e v e i n s and
and C-4784) and two l o w - p r o t e i n ( H - 1 3 and
green pods.
H-384) l i n e s o f p i g e o n p e a , t h e r e was a
s t r o n g m a t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e o n seed p r o t e i n
content in the F1 h y b r i d . Seeds o f D'CRUZ, R . , and A . B . DEOKAR. 1 9 7 0 .
C-4784 x H-13 had a p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I . N . Green
27%, compared w i t h 18.3% i n H-13 x C-4784. x Red g r a i n e d . Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v .
Res. J . 1:44-53. 730
DAHIYA, B . S . , and D.R. SATIJA. 1 9 7 8 . A s i n g l e gene, designated Sbr, c o n t r o l l e d
I n h e r i t a n c e o f days t o m a t u r i t y and g r a i n spreading branching h a b i t , which is domi-
y i e l d i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n L . nant to e r e c t . S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l p u r p l e
M i l l s p . ) I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. stem ( P s t ) , d o m i n a n t t o g r e e n ; l a n c e o l a t e
(In Press). 727 l e a f l e t s ( L l t ) , dominant t o s h o r t ( L s t ) ,
l o n g p e t i o l e ( L p t ) , d o m i n a n t t o s h o r t ; and
The i n h e r i t a n c e o f days t o m a t u r i t y and
yellow v e n t r a l surface of the standard
g r a i n y i e l d was s t u d i e d i n s i x g e n e r a t i o n s
p e t a l ( Y v s ) , dominant to p a l e y e l l o w . Two
o f two c r o s s e s o f p i g e o n p e a . P a r t i a l domi-
g e n e s , Gppd1 and Gppd 2 c o n t r o l l e d m a r o o n -
nance was o b s e r v e d f o r e a r l y m a t u r i t y .
b l o t c h e d p o d , which i s dominant t o g r e e n ,
H e r i t a b i l i t i e s , b o t h ( B . S ) and ( N . S ) , w e r e
and Br8da and Brsdb have a complementary
c l o s e t o each o t h e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h e i m p o r -
a c t i o n on the red-brown seedcoat. The
t a n c e o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s i n t h e
genes S b r , P s t , L l t , L s t , and L p t f o r m one
e x p r e s s i o n o f days t o m a t u r i t y . Dominance
l i n k a g e g r o u p , w h i l e Gppd and B r s d a f o r m
i n t e r a c t i o n components were g r e a t e r t h a n
another. The gene Yvs i s i n d e p e n d e n t .
t h e a d d i t i v e component f o r t h e i n h e r i t a n c e
of grain y i e l d . There was c o n s i d e r a b l e
l e v e l o f n o n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s f o r these D'CRUZ, R . , S . B . MANKE, and A . B . DEOKAR.
traits. I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t l i n e s w i t h 1970.
h i g h y i e l d and e a r l y m a t u r i t y can b e Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I V . Rahar x
i s o l a t e d which can b e s t f i t i n t o m u l t i p l e Red g r a i n e d . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
cropping patterns. 60:23-26. 731
T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed t h a t t h e t h r e e
DASAPPA,and M. MAHADEVAPPA. 1 9 7 0 . m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d are under
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n g r a i n y i e l d and r e l a t e d independent g e n e t i c c o n t r o l . Branching is
c h a r a c t e r s o f some t u r v a r i e t i e s . Mysore c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e genes R d v d s a and Rdvds b
J. Agric. Sci. 4:212-215. 728 Brown s e e d c o a t i s d o m i n a n t t o w h i t e and
c o n t r o l l e d by Brsd, an i n h l b o t o r Brsdl
Observations were recorded on p l a n t h e i g h t
and a n a n t i i n h i b i t o r B r s d I A . One o f t h e
and s p r e a d , number o f b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t ,
Rdvds g e n e s , B r s d , and B r s d l a r e i n t h e
number o f pods p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t o f 100
same l i n k a g e g r o u p a s t h e genes f o r l e a f l e t
g r a i n s and seed y i e l d p e r p l a n t . Pheno-
s h a p e , L l t , and u n r i p e pod c o l o r B l p d .
t y p i c and g e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s r e v e a l e d
t h a t p l a n t s p r e a d and number o f pods p e r
p l a n t may b e r e g a r d e d a s e f f e c t i v e a t t r i - D'CRUZ, R . , L . S . PACHPOL, and A . B . DEOKAR.
butes o f g r a i n y i e l d . 1974.
Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I X . N.P.51 x
Prostrate. PKV R e s . J . 2 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 8 1 . 732
DAVE, B . B . 1 9 3 4 .
I n h e r i t a n c e o f c h a r a c t e r s i n Cajanus Indi- I n h e r i t a n c e o f g r o w t h h a b i t (54 e r e c t :
---. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 4: 1 0 p r o s t r a t e ) , s t e m c o l o r ( 3 p u r p l e : 1 green),
674-691. 729 v e i n c o l o r ( 3 p u r p l e : 1 y e l l o w ) , pod c o l o r
(39 d a r k : 2 5 s t r e a k e d ) , and s e e d c o a t c o l o r
The mode o f i n h e r i t a n c e o f f l o w e r , p o d , and
( 3 b r o w n : 1 w h i t e ) has been r e p o r t e d .
s e e d c o a t c o l o r s was s t u d i e d . In the F2
I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s showed
d i f f e r e n t s e g r e g a t i o n s such a s 3 : 1 , 9 : 7 ,
t h a t one o f t h e genes o f p r o s t r a t e g r o w t h
1 2 : 3 : 1 were o b t a i n e d . The r e s u l t s a r e
h a b i t was l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f s e e d c o a t
e x p l a i n e d a s b e i n g due t o t h e a c t i o n and
c o l o r a n d one o f s t e m c o l o r w i t h t h a t o f
i n t e r a c t i o n of f i v e f a c t o r s , P, A, C, E,
vein color. The c r o s s o v e r v a l u e s o b t a i n e d
and V. The f a c t o r s ? and R a r e r e s p o n s i b l e
i n t h e t w o cases w e r e 1 5 . 1 9 and 3 3 . 1 9 % ,

96
 Genetics

respectively. Combinations o f o t h e r c h a r a c - e s t a b l i s h e d : S b r , L s t a , and L l t ; and P s t a

t e r s showed t h a t t h e i r genes a s s o r t e d and O y v s a . The o t h e r genes w e r e i n d e p e n -
independently. dent.

D'CRUZ, R . , P . S . P A U L , and A . B . DEOKAR. DEOKAR, A . B . , G.R. BHOLE, and R. D'CRUZ.

1971. 1971.
Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. XII. Purple Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. V I I . Creeping
grained x O b c o r d i f o l i a (N. Green). Mahatma 3-2-8 x P r o s t r a t e . Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c .
P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 2(2): U n i v . Res. J . 2(l):26-37. 736
99-106. 733
Three genes ( C g r a , C g r b l , and Cgrb2) c o n -
The gene c o n t r o l l i n g b r a n c h i n g h a b i t , Sbr t r o l l i n g growth h a b i t segregated 45 erect :
i s i n d e p e n d e n t f r o m t h e genes f o r stem 9 c r e e p i n g : 10 p r o s t r a t e . Two genes
c o l o r P s t ; l e a f l e t shape, L l t ; l e a f t h i c k - ( P v d s l and Pvds2) c o n t r o l v e i n c o l o r o n t h e
n e s s , T n l t ; f l o w e r c o l o r , Oydsa, O y d s b l , b a c k o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and a n o t h e r two
and Oydsb2; pod c o l o r , Gppd; and t e s t a ( G p s t p d and Gpshpd) c o n t r o l pod c o l o r ,
c o l o r B r s d and Wpsd. One l i n k a g e g r o u p which segregated 9 p u r p l e : 3 green w i t h
i n v o l v i n g P s t , T n l t , and L l t was p u r p l e s t r e a k s : 4 g r e e n w i t h p u r p l e shades.
identified. Gpstpd c o n t r o l s g r e e n w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s
and Gpshpd is s u p p l e m e n t a r y . One gene
(Brsd) c o n t r o l s brown seeds. Cgra i s
D'CRUZ, R . , P . S . P A T I L , and A . B . DEOKAR.
l i n k e d w i t h Pvds and B r s d i s l i n k e d w i t h
1973.
Gpshpd.
Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. X I I I . L e a f l e t
s h a p e , f l o w e r and seed c o l o r . Botanique
(Nagpur) 4 ( 2 ) : 1 1 7 - 1 2 4 . 734 DEOKAR, A . B . , B . S . MANKE, and R. D'CRUZ.
1972.
The i n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t s h a p e , f l o w e r
Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. VI. Leaflet
c o l o r , and s e e d c o a t c o l o r was s t u d i e d i n
two c r o s s e s of Cajanus cajan. In t h e c r o s s s h a p e , pod and seed c o a t c o l o u r . Indian
O b c o r d i f o l i a (D) X Round l e a f , r a t i o s o f Agric. 16:193-197. 737
3 round : 1 obcordate l e a f l e t ; 9 y e l l o w The l e a f l e t shape and s e e d c o a t c o l o r c h a -
p u r p l e - v e i n e d : 7 y e l l o w f l o w e r s ; and r a c t e r s were each g o v e r n e d b y a s i n g l e
9 brown : 7 w h i t e were o b t a i n e d . In t h e f a c t o r ( 3 : 1 ) , w h i l e t h e u n r i p e pod c o l o r
c r o s s Round l e a f X P u r p l e g r a i n e d , r a t i o s was f o u n d t o b e caused b y f o u r f a c t o r s
of 3 l a n c e o l a t e : 1 r o u n d l e a f l e t ; (195:61). The genes l e t f o r l e a f l e t shape
9 orange-yellow flowers w i t h purple spots : and Rsd f o r s e e d c o a t c o l o r w e r e f o u n d t o b e
1 w h i t e have been r e c o r d e d . The r a t i o o f l i n k e d w i t h a crossover v a l u e of 21.42%.
3 r o u n d : 1 o b c o r d a t e f o r l e a f l e t shape i s The f o u r f a c t o r s f o r pod c o l o r , B l p l , B l p 2 ,
reported for the f i r s t time. 1 - B l p , and A - l - B l p , were d i f f e r e n t f r o m and
independent o f the f a c t o r s f o r l e a f l e t
shape and s e e d c o a t c o l o r .
DEOKAR, A . B . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1 9 7 2 .
Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. I I . N . Black
x Purple grained. Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . DEOKAR, A . B . , L . S . PACHPOL, and R. D'CRUZ.
U n i v . Res. J . 3 ( l ) : 1 2 - 2 0 . 735 1972.
Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea. X. N.P. 64
S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l b r a n c h i n g h a b i t ( S b r ) ,
x N.P. 8 2 . B o t a n i q u e (Nagpur)
l e a f l e t shape ( L l t ) , p e t i o l e l e n g t h ( L s t a ) ,
3:35-40. 738
and c o l o r o f t h e d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e
standard p e t a l (Oyvsa). Stem c o l o r i s The f o l l o w i n g s e g r e g a t i o n r a t i o s w e r e
c o n t r o l l e d b y one complementary and two obtained from the cross: f o r h a b i t , 9
d u p l i c a t e complementary genes, P s t a , P s t b , spreading : 7 e r e c t ; f o r c o l o r of the
and P s t c r e s p e c t i v e l y . Stipule length v e n t r a l surface of the standard p e t a l ,
segregated 9 l o n g : 7 s h o r t , suggesting 162 y e l l o w : 94 lemon y e l l o w ; and f o r
two c o m p l e m e n t a r y g e n e s , L s t a , and L s t b , pod c o l o r , 117 p u r p l e w i t h g r e e n s t r e a k s :
and t h e c o l o r o f t h e v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f 139 g r e e n w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s . The r e s u l t s
the standard p e t a l segregated 9 orange- i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e genes c o n t r o l l i n g t h e
y e l l o w : 7 y e l l o w , s u g g e s t i n g a n o t h e r two three characters are independent.
c o m p l e m e n t a r y g e n e s , Oyvsa and O y v s b .
T e s t a c o l o r i s c o n t r o l l e d b y two i n t e r a c t -
i n g f a c t o r s , Oyvsa and B r s d , t h e f i r s t w i t h
i n c o m p l e t e dominance r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w h i t e
seeds w i t h p u r p l e s p o t s and t h e second f o r
brown seeds. Two l i n k a g e g r o u p s w e r e
Plgeonpea Bibliography

DEOKAR, A . B . , V . K . SHINDE, and R. D'CRUZ. Cotyledon anape, s t u d i e d i n t h e crosses

1971. described in an e a r l i e r report (abstract
A case of l i n k a g e in p i g e o n p e a . Mahatma 7 4 2 ) , was d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r b y t h e p l e i o -
P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 2 ( 1 ) : t r o p i c a c t i o n o f a l e a f - s h a p e gene o r b y a
92-93. 739 gene c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o t h e l a t t e r , p o i n t e d
l e a f apex and l a n c e o l a t e c o t y l e d o n b e i n g
The F 1 s f r o m a c r o s s between a w h l t e - g r a l n a d
d o m i n a n t o v e r r o u n d i s h l e a f apex and o v a t e
p a r e n t w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and s e l f - c o l o r e d
cotyledon.
v e i n s o n t h e back o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and
a red-grained parent w i t h yellow flowers
and r e d v e i n s s e g r e g a t e d i n t h e r a t i o o f DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S . S . REKHI. 1 9 6 3 .
3 r e d : 1 y e l l o w f o r v e i n c o l o r and Study o f n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n i n
9 r e d : 7 w h i t e f o r seed c o l o r . The genes p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
f o r r e d v e i n s and r e d t e s t a w e r e l i n k e d Proc. Bihar Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 8 - 9 :
w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 8.25%. 135-139. 744
The s t r a i n s Hyderabad and 56 w e r e c r o s s e d
DESHMUKH, N.Y. 1 9 5 9 . w i t h a u n l f o l l a t e m u t a n t and w i t h a m u t a n t
S t e r i l e m u t a n t s i n t u r (Cajanus aajan) • w h i c h had r o u n d e d l e a f a p i c e s . The F 1
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 3 : 2 0 - 2 1 . 740 showed h e t e r o s i s . T r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s and
p o i n t e d a p i c e s were each c o n t r o l l e d b y a
Two s t e r i l e m u t a n t s a r e d e s c r i b e d . One,
s i n g l e d o m i n a n t g e n e , t h e two genes b e i n g
f r o m s t r a i n 1 7 5 , grew t o a h e i g h t o f 9 f t
i n d e p e n d e n t of each o t h e r . On an a v e r a g e
( 2 . 7 m ) compared w i t h t h e p a r e n t s 5 1 / 2 f t
2 5 . 0 1 % n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was f o u n d .
( 1 . 6 7 m) and was u n b r a n c h e d . The o t h e r ,
f r o m s t r a i n 1 4 8 , possessed l a r g e s i m p l e
leaves. The f l o w e r buds d e v e l o p e d i n t o DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L . M . JESWANI. 1 9 5 2 .
bunches o f t h r e a d - l i k e g r e e n s e p a l s . A p r o s t r a t e m u t a n t i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) - a possible s o i l
conservation p l a n t . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 .
DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and T . S . PHIRKE. 1 9 6 2 .
Breed. 12:50-51. 745
F l a t t e n e d pod - a p o i n t m u t a t i o n i n Cajanus
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . A p r o s t r a t e mutant of the plgeonpea of
Mag. 36(2):46-47. 741 possible value as a s o i l conservation p l a n t
was o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 5 0 . The m u t a n t b r e e d s
T r e a t m e n t w i t h c h e m i c a l mutagens has p r o d u -
true to type.
c e d p l a n t s w i t h l a r g e r f l o w e r s and seeds
and f l a t t e n e d p o d s . I t was f i r s t t h o u g h t
t h a t these p l a n t s were p o l y p l o i d s b u t DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L . M . JESWANI. 1 9 5 6 .
i n v e s t i g a t i o n has shown t h a t t h e y a r e A case o f p l e i o t r o p y i n p l g e o n p e a . Curr.
d i p l o i d ( n = 11) and t h a t t h e f l a t t e n e d - Sci. 25:201-202. 746
pod c h a r a c t e r i s due t o a p o i n t m u t a t i o n ,
The o b c o r d a t e l e a f l e t s w i t h m u c r o n a t e
i n h e r i t e d a s a d o m i n a n t monogenic f a c t o r .
a p i c e s and t h e f i l i f o r m k e e l o f t h e f l o w e r ,
c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the v a r i a n t designated
DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S . S . REKHI. 1 9 6 0 . Cajanus obcordifolia by S i n g h et al.,
I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f i n p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus depend upon t h e p l e i o t r o p i c d u p l i c a t e
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Curr. Sci. 29: f a c t o r s L 1 and L 2 . Since the v a r i a n t
237-239. 742 r e s e m b l e s C . aajan i n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f
other c h a r a c t e r s , it should be assigned to
I n crosses i n v o l v i n g the mutants u n i f o l i a t a
this species.
( u n l f o l l a t e p o i n t e d l e a f ) and o v a l - o b l o n g
t r i f o l i a t e ( t r i f o l i a t e leaf w i t h roundish
a p i c e s ) and two v a r i e t i e s b e a r i n g t r i f o l i a - DIVAKARAN, K . , and G. RAMABHADRAN. 1 9 5 8 .
t e leaves w i t h pointed apices, the t r i f o - A m a r k e r gene f o r r e d gram (Cajanus aajan
l i a t e c o n d i t i o n i s monogenic and d o m i n a n t Millsp.). Curr. Sci. 27:100-101. 747
o v e r t h e u n l f o l l a t e , w h i l e t h e p o i n t e d apex
A v a t i a n t w i t h "oblong obovate" l e a f l e t s
i s monogenic d o m i n a n t o v e r t h e r o u n d . The
is described. This c h a r a c t e r appears t o b e
two gene p a i r s s e g r e g a t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y .
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v i g o r and may p r o v e u s e f u l
as a marker f o r improved s t r a i n s .
DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S . S . REKHI. 1 9 6 1 .
I n h e r i t a n c e and l i n k a g e i n Cajanus aajan.
Indian J. Agric. Sci, 31(4): Suppl:
24-26. 743

98
DORAIRAJ, M. STEPHEN, and V. VASANTHARAJ h e i g h t showed s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b i l i t y ;
DAVID. 1 9 6 3 . 1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t showed t h e h i g h e s t h e r i t a -
B i c a r p e l l a r y s y n c a r p o u s p i s t i l i n Cajanus b i l i t y , f o l l o w e d b y number o f b r a n c h e s and
cajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . Sci. Cult. plant spread.
29(1):45. 748
The o c c u r r e n c e o f a n a b n o r m a l f r u i t d e v e - GUNASEELAN, T . , and H.K. HANUMANTHA RAO.
loped from a b i c a r p e l l a r y syncarpous p i s t i l 1976.
i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ( r e d D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n and s t u d y o f t h e
gram) i s r e c o r d e d . The a b n o r m a l f r u i t was c o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s on pigeonpea. Indian
a l m o s t t w i c e t h e s i z e o f a n o r m a l one and J. Agric. Sci. 46(4):175-177. 752
e x h i b i t e d a f o u r - s i d e d a p p e a r a n c e w i t h two
beaks a t t h e a p e x . There was a s i n g l e - A t r i a l of 94 l i n e s derived from 26 v a r i e -
c e l l e d ovary w i t h f o u r d i s t i n c t sutures t i e s of Cajanus aajan was c o n d u c t e d .
a p p e a r i n g even f r o m t h e base o f t h e f r u i t . Discriminant function analysis of six
y i e l d components i n d i c a t e d t h a t f o u r l i n e s
f r o m Shobha, two f r o m T-2 and one each f r o m
GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. S - 5 , A S - 8 , A S - 3 7 , A S - 1 3 , 4 6 5 8 , and
1967. Khargone-2 are p r o m i s i n g f o r f u r t h e r
I n h e r i t a n c e studies in pigeonpea. Ranchi hybridization. The most i m p o r t a n t y i e l d
U n i v . J . A g r i c . Res. 2 : 2 3 - 2 5 . 749 components were p l a n t h e i g h t and number o f
pods.
The s t e m c o l o r p i g m e n t a t i o n showed i n c o m -
p l e t e dominance o f p u r p l i s h p i g m e n t e d s t e m
over the green stem. Lateness in f l o w e r i n g GUPTA, L . N . 1 9 6 8 .
was c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a n t o v e r e a r l i n e s s i n Correlation studies in Arhar. M.Sc.
one c r o s s , and i n c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a n t i n (1968) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i
the other c r o s s . P u r p l e s t a n d a r d was Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 753
d o m i n a n t o v e r t h e y e l l o w o n e , and o r a n g e
wing over y e l l o w . P u r p l e - s t r e a k e d pod was
GUPTA, V . P . , S . C . SETHI, and S. CHANDRA.
dominant over complete green pod. Purple-
s p l a s h e d s e e d c o a t was i n c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a n t 1975.
o v e r c h o c o l a t e s e e d c o a t and l i g h t brown V a r i a t i o n , h e r i t a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n
seedcoat. among y i e l d components i n a r h a r (Cajanus
aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . HAU J . R e s .
5(2) :110-115. 754
GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA.
The h i g h e s t p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was
1972.
o b s e r v e d f o r pod c l u s t e r s p e r f i v e branches,
G e n o t y p i c and p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n
pod c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t ,
s t u d i e s i n a r h a r {Cajanus oajan ( L . )
and seed y i e l d . H i g h v a r i a b i l i t y was a l s o
Millsp.). Indian Agric. 16(1):
n o t i c e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y ,
109-111. 750
1 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t , seeds p e r p o d , and pod
Average l e n g t h o f p o d s , a v e r a g e number o f length in 65 c u l t i v a r s . Estimates of
seeds p e r p o d , and 1 0 0 - s e e d w e i g h t , w h i c h h e r i t a b i l i t y , g e n e t i c a d v a n c e , and c o e f f i -
were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h seed y i e l d , c i e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n
w e r e p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d among t h e m s e l - suggested t h a t s e l e c t i o n f o r h i g h e r
ves. The f o u r c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . , t o t a l y i e l d s s h o u l d b e based o n h i g h e r numbers
branches per p l a n t , f r u i t i n g branches per o f b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t , pod c l u s t e r s p e r
p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t , and l e a v e s p e r p l a n t , and pods p e r p l a n t .
plant - significantly correlated with
y i e l d and among t h e m s e l v e s - m i g h t be
HIREMATH, K . G . , and S . N . TALWAR. 1 9 7 1 .
used a s s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a .
A study on genetic v a r i a b i l i t y in pigeon-
pea (Cajanus c a j a n L . M i l l s p . ) . Andhra
GOVINDA RAJU, D . R . , and H . C . SHARAT CHANDRA. Agric. J. 18:144-148. 755
1972.
Seven q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s w e r e measured
Studies on v a r i a b i l i t y in t u r . Andhra
in 15 varieties. High h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i -
Agric. J. 9(5-6) :155-156. 751
mates and l o w e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance
P l a n t h e i g h t , p l a n t s p r e a d , number o f w e r e f o u n d f o r number o f p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s ,
b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t o f 100 g r a i n s , number o f seeds p e r p o d , pod l e n g t h and
and y i e l d o f seed w e r e s t u d i e d i n 3 6 v a r i e - 100-seed w e i g h t . H i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y and
t i e s o f C . c a j a n and v a l u e s f o r h e r i t a b i - h i g h e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance w e r e
l i t y and g e n e t i c advance e s t i m a t e d f o r each o b t a i n e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , number o f pods
character. A l l characters except plant p e r p l a n t and y i e l d p e r p l a n t .

99
Pigeonpea Bibliography

J A I N , S . K . , and B . C . JOSHI. 1 9 6 4 . d e v e l o p m e n t o f stamens i n t o p e t a l - o r

E s t i m a t i o n o f l i n k a g e and p e n e t r a n c e p a r a - c a r p e l - l i k e s t r u c t u r e s , and exposed o v u l e s .
meters i n a study o f p e t a l c o l o r i n the The m u t a n t p l a n t s a r e f e m a l e s t e r i l e ,
pigeonpea. Genetics 49:611-615. 756 a l t h o u g h t h e y have 80% s t a i n a b l e p o l l e n .
The mode o f i n h e r i t a n c e o f p e t a l c o l o r and
v e n a t i o n i n t h e p i g e o n p e a has been e x p l a i - JOSHI, S . N . 1 9 7 3 .
ned w i t h a t r i g e n i c m o d e l : y , f o r b a s i c V a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n
c o l o r ; u f o r absence o f v e n a t i o n ; and £ , p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . Madras
the locus t h a t i n t e r a c t s w i t h the y l o c u s . Agrlc. J. 60(6):412-414. 761
L o c i p and y w e r e f o u n d t o b e l i n k e d w i t h a
r e c o m b i n a t i o n frequency of 29.7%. A w i d e r a n g e o f v a r i a t i o n was n o t i c e d i n
seed y i e l d p e r p l a n t , number o f seeds p e r
p o d , pod l e n g t h , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The
JAMBHALE, NASAYAN DHONDI. 1 9 7 4 . v a r i a t i o n i n p l a n t h e i g h t was l a r g e l y due
G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n to environmental f a c t o r s . Most o f t h e
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . c h a r a c t e r s i n d i c a t e d low h e r i t a b l l i t y
Mahatma F h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , estimates. Seed y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y
Maharashtra, I n d i a . 757 c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f pods and number
of branches. From t h e h e r i t a b l l i t y e s t i -
m a t e s , e x p e c t e d g e n e t i c g a i n , and c o r r e l a -
JESWANI, L . M . , and R . B . DESHPANDE. 1 9 6 2 .
t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , i t was seen t h a t t h e
I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s o n some s t e r i l e m u t a n t s
number o f b r a n c h e s and pod number a r e t h e
i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed.
main y i e l d c o m p o n e n t s .
22:236-240. 758
In a sepaloid mutant, simple leaves r e p l a -
KAJJARI, N.B. 1956.
ced t h e n o r m a l t r i f o l i a t e ones and w e r e
A new m u t a t i o n i n Cajanue cajan Millsp.
associated w i t h a sepaloid condition of the
Curr. S c i . 25:333. 762
f l o w e r s ; a second m u t a n t h a d s i m p l e l e a v e s
o n t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e p l a n t and none o n A mutant w i t h obcordate l e a v e s , k e e l p e t a l s
t h e upper p a r t , rudimentary f l o r a l organs, u n i t e d a t t h e t o p , and two o r t h r e e a p o -
d w a r f h a b i t , and t h i n , s t r a g g l i n g b r a n c h e s ; c a r p o u s o v a r i e s was f o u n d . It bred true in
a c l e i s t o g a m o u s m u t a n t possessed t h i c k , the 2 subsequent y e a r s . No c y t o l o g i c a l
puckered t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s . I n a l l the d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h i s m u t a n t and n o r m a l
m u t a n t s t h e a b n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n was p l a n t s w e r e f o u n d , t h e chromosome number
recessive to the normal. f o r b o t h b e i n g 2n - 22.

JOGLEKAR, R . G . , and N.Y. DESHMUKH. 1 9 5 8 . KAPUR, RAMAN. 1 9 7 7 .

M u t a t i o n s i n pigeonpea (Cajanuas c a j a n ) . G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f some q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a -
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 32:23-29. 759 racters at different population levels in
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
A m u t a n t w i t h s i m p l e l e a v e s and a n o t h e r
M.Sc. (1977) T h e s i s . College of A g r i c u l -
w i t h ovate-oblong t r i f o l i a t e leaves,
t u r e , Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y ,
respectively designated var. unifoliata and
Ludhiana, Punjab, I n d i a . 763
var. oval oblong tvifoliata, are described.

KOLHE, A . K . , R.D. GHATGE, A . B . DEOKAR,

J O S H I , B . C . , and S. RAMANUJAN. 1 9 6 3 .
and R. D'CRUZ. 1 9 7 2 .
G e n e t i c s o f two m u t a n t s i n p i g e o n p e a .
G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a . X I V . Round
I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 23:
leaf x Obcordifolia (N-Black). Mahatma
64-66. 760
Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 3 ( 1 ) :
The n o n f l o w e r i n g c o n d i t i o n , f o u n d i n a 21-26. 764
c o l l e c t i o n o f CP-32 f r o m Madhya P r a d e s h ,
A s i n g l e gene c o n t r o l s s p r e a d i n g b r a n c h i n g
is monogenically recessive to f l o w e r i n g
h a b i t (Sbr) which i s dominant t o e r e c t ;
and does n o t a p p e a r t o b e l i n k e d t o t h e
two genes ( B d l b a and L l t ) c o n t r o l p r e s e n c e
p l e i o t r o p i c locus c o n t r o l l i n g t r i f o l i a t e
o f a p e t i o l e , which i s dominant t o absence;
v s . s i m p l e l e a f and n o r m a l v s . s e p a l o i d
two genes ( B d l b a and B d l b b ) c o n t r o l b r o a d
flower. The m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n o f
l e a f l e t base, which i s dominant t o narrow;
the p i s t i l , i s o l a t e d i n a n arhar c u l t u r e
and one gene ( L l t ) c o n t r o l s n o t c h l e s s
from U t t a r Pradesh, is monogenically
l e a f l e t apex, dominant t o n o t c h e d ; b o a t -
r e c e s s i v e t o the normal u n i c a r p e l l a t e
shaped k e e l p e t a l s , d o m i n a n t t o f i l i f o r m ;
c o n d i t i o n ; t h i s a l l e l e a l s o c o n t r o l s the
u n i t e d k e e l p e t a l s , d o m i n a n t t o f r e e ; and
development o f supernumerary p e t a l s , t h e
dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , d o m i n a n t t o o p e n . Red

100
 veins on the dorsal surface of the MENEZES, O . B . De. 1 9 5 6 .
s t a n d a r d p e t a l a r e dominant t o y e l l o w and G e n e t i c s and improvement o f t h e p i g e o n p e a
a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y two genes ( R d v d s a . and (C. i n d i c u s S p r e n g . ) . Ceres M i n a s G e r a i s .
Rdvdsb). A single linkage group involves 10(55):20-44. 768
S b r , R d v d s a , L l t and B d l b b .
Studies on the genetics of t e s t a c o l o r ,
s t a n d a r d p e t a l c o l o r , pod c o l o r , pod s i z e ,
KUMAR, A . , and M.F. HAQUE. 1 9 7 3 . and h a b i t a r e r e p o r t e d . Testa c o l o r
V a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n F2 depended o n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f two l o c i .
p o p u l a t i o n o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n (L.) W h i t e , p r ; c h o c o l a t e , pR; s p o t t e d , P r ; and
Millsp.). Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . b l a c k , PR. Pigmentation of standard p e t a l
7:174-183. 765 was g e n e t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a s f o l l o w s :
Y e l l o w , Apcev o r a p c e v ; y e l l o w s t r e a k e d
Ten c h a r a c t e r s w e r e s t u d i e d i n BR-65 and
w i t h r e d , A p c e v s ; u n i f o r m p u r p l e , APCEvs;
BR-13 and in t h e F 1 and F 2 of BR-65 x
y e l l o w s t r e a k e d w i t h p u r p l e , ApCevs; p u r p l e
BR-13. High h e r i t a b i l i t y values i n the
s t r e a k e d , APCEVs; and b l o o d r e d , APCEVS.
b r o a d sense and h i g h e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c
T h e r e a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f pod p i g m e n t a t i o n :
advance w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e number o f
g r e e n , l d ; g r e e n w i t h maroon m a r k i n g s , L d ;
l e a v e s and number o f seeds p e r p l a n t .
and m a r o o n , L D . The mode o f i n h e r i t a n c e
M o d e r a t e e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance f o r
o f pod s i z e was u n c e r t a i n . Plant height
t h e number o f days t o m a t u r i t y w e r e
and a n g l e o f s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h i n g w e r e
obtained. M o d e r a t e h e r i t a b i l i t y and g e n e t -
quantitatively inherited.
i c advance were e s t i m a t e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t ,
pod number, and y i e l d p e r p l a n t . Seed
y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y and p o s i t i v e l y MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN,
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f l e a v e s , and R. VEERASWAMY. 1 9 7 5 .
b r a n c h e s , p o d s , seeds p e r p l a n t , and p l a n t Studies on the inheritance of c e r t a i n plant
height. I t was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y and c h a r a c t e r s i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f Millsp.). Madras A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 2 ) :
days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g and t o m a t u r i t y . 64-65. 769
The i n h e r i t a n c e o f a few c h a r a c t e r s i s
LAXMAN SINGH, and R . L . PANDEY. 1 9 7 4 . r e p o r t e d , using induced mutants of red
G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f some q u a n t i t a t i v e gram a s one o f t h e p a r e n t s i n t h e c r o s s e s .
c h a r a c t e r s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n (L.)
Millsp.). H i m a c h a l J . A g r i c . Res.
MORBAD, I . R . , and M.S. SOLANKI. 1 9 5 7 .
2(l):l-3. 766
S t u d y o f h e t e r o s i s i n CajanuB aajan. Indian
H e r i t a b i l i t y estimates using s i x popula- J . Genet. P I . Breed. 1 7 : 9 0 - 9 5 . 770
t i o n s from a cross ranged f r o m 54.9 f o r
H y b r i d v i g o r u p t o a maximum o f 2 4 . 5 1 % i n
p l a n t w i d t h t o 9 6 . 6 f o r seed y i e l d ( b r o a d
g r a i n y i e l d was r e c o r d e d . Best-yielding
sense) and f r o m 2 8 . 7 f o r p l a n t w i d t h t o
h y b r i d d i d not o u t y i e l d the b e s t - y i e l d i n g
9 5 . 2 f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g ( n a r r o w s e n s e ) .
p a r e n t b u t b y e x p l o i t i n g more m a t e r i a l o f
A d d i t i v e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s were s i g n i f i c a n t
w i d e r b l o o d , more c o n s p i c u o u s v i g o r c o u l d
f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g and seed s i z e , w i t h
p e r h a p s b e o b t a i n e d , a s has been n o t i c e d
p a r t i a l dominance f o r s m a l l e r seed s i z e . i n some c r o s s e s i n v o l v i n g p e r e n n i a l t y p e s
M a g n i t u d e o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was of t u r . Even i f Cajanus p r o v e s a good c r o p
relatively larger for plant height, plant f o r e x p l o i t i n g heterosis, the d i f f i c u l t y
w i d t h , and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t a s compared t o o f h y b r i d seed p r o d u c t i o n r e m a i n s u n s o l v e d .
nonadditive ones. Characters such as y i e l d
and p l a n t w i d t h had a p r e d o m i n a n c e o f
n o n a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s . MUKEWAR, A . M . , and D . P . MULEY. 1 9 7 4 .
C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s o f some y i e l d compo-
n e n t s i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
MALHOTRA, R . S . , and J . S . SODHI. 1 9 7 7 .
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 : 8 3 - 8 7 . 771
G e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y and d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c -
t i o n s t u d i e s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n S i x t y v a r i e t i e s o f t u r were e v a l u a t e d . The
L.). Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 6 7 7 - g r a i n y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y and s i g n i f i c a n t -
678. 767 l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h bhusa ( c h a f f ) w e i g h t ,
w e i g h t o f pods p e r p l a n t , number o f pods
F o r t y v a r i e t i e s o f p i g e o n p e a when s t u d i e d
p e r p l a n t , number o f b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t ,
f o r s i x characters i n d i c a t e d t h a t branch
and l e n g t h o f p o d . G r a i n y i e l d was n e g a -
number, pod number, and c l u s t e r number f o r m
t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t h e i g h t , 100-
effective selection criteria for yield
g r a i n w e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y , days t o
improvements i n p i g e o n p e a .
f l o w e r i n g , and w i d t h o f p o d .

101
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A mutant b e a r i n g obovate l e a f l e t s w i t h
r o u n d e d base and apex and a d w a r f m u t a n t
P A T I L , J . A . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1 9 6 2 .
b e a r i n g v e r y s m a l l l e a f l e t s have been
Inheritance of white flower colour in
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White f l o w e r c o l o r in a mutant p l a n t
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S t a t i o n , A n n i g e r i , r e s u l t e d from the ope-
components o f p l a n t and f l o w e r i n g h a b i t
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The i n h e r i t a n c e o f i n d e t e r m i n a t e and d e t e r - flowers.
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i n d i c a t e d t h a t the indeterminate types are
favored over determinate forms. Further The i n h e r i t a n c e o f g r o w t h h a b i t , S b r , l e a f -
s t u d i e s o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between p l a n t l e t shape ( L l t ) and c o l o r o f t h e u n r i p e pod
h a b i t and y i e l d a r e i n d i c a t e d . ( B l p ) was s t u d i e d i n t h e F 2 o f t h e c r o s s
b e t w e e n two Cajanus c a j a n m u t a n t s , one
c r e e p i n g , the o t h e r h a v i n g obovate l e a v e s .
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and a g r o n o m i c a l ) i n t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s 35.75% b e t w e e n I and B l p . and 2.93% b e t w e e n
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I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t number, f l o w e r and oajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . Sci. Cult.
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Millsp.). Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . R e s .
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b e a r i n g c h i m e r i c a l l e a v e s was o b s e r v e d .
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n v o l v e d two m u t a n t s , one Some l e a v e s w e r e w h i t e , some n o r m a l g r e e n ,
w i t h creamy w h i t e f l o w e r s and t h e o t h e r and o t h e r s g r e e n w h i t e .
with m u l t i f o l i a t e leaves. Segregation i n
t h e p r o g e n y o f t h e c r o s s b e t w e e n them
RAJU, D . R . G . , and H . C . S . CHANDRA. 1 9 7 2 .
showed t h a t t r i f o l i a t e l e a f i s d o m i n a n t t o
Studies on v a r i a b i l i t y in t u r . Andhra
m u l t i f o l i a t e and t h a t f o u r genes a r e
Agric. J. 19(9-6):155-156. 789
i n v o l v e d : one h y p o s t a t i c , one i n h i b i t o r y ,
and two d u p l i c a t e a n t i - i n h i b i t o r y , d e s i g - Assesses h e r i t a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y i n p l a n t
n a t e d T f , I T f , A 1 I T f , and A 2 I T f , c h a r a c t e r s i n 3 6 v a r i e t i e s o f t u r {Cajanus
respectively. oajan M i l l s p . ) and c o n c l u d e s t h a t ' i m p r o v e -
ment i s needed f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s p l a n t
s p r e a d , number o f b r a n c h e s , and 1 0 0 - g r a i n
P A T I L , J . A . , and N.V. SANDBHOR. 1 9 5 8 .
weight.
' C h i m e r a ' i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) .
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RAM, R . A . , I . B . SINGH, and P. SINGH. 1 9 7 6 .
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and a r o u n d - l e a v e d t y p e . It is thought (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J.
t h a t t h i s i s the f i r s t time the occurrence A g r i c . Res. 10(1):60-62. 790
o f c h i m e r a s has b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r C . c a j a n .
An experiment w i t h 18 g e n e t i c a l l y diverse
s t r a i n s o f r e d gram was c o n d u c t e d i n RBD
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Short s t i g m a , o f f type p l a n t i n pigeonpea t h a t t h e number o f p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s ,
(Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . Curr. S c i . c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t , and h a r v e s t i n d e x a r e
26:253-254. 785 t h e major y i e l d components. The v a l u e o f
A p l a n t o f t h e s t r a i n N-282-7 was f o u n d t o the genotypic c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a b i l i t y
have a s t i g m a w h i c h r e m a i n e d b e l o w t h e ranged f r o m 3 2 . 9 1 t o 66.44%. I t was
a n t h e r s i n s t e a d o f l y i n g above t h e m . No h i g h e s t f o r c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t and l o w e s t
seed was o b t a i n e d b y e i t h e r o p e n - o r f o r pods p e r c l u s t e r . The g r a i n y i e l d and
self-pollination. h a r v e s t i n d e x , i n t h a t o r d e r , were t h e
o t h e r t r a i t s showing h i g h g e n e t i c c o e f f i -
cient of v a r i a b i l i t y . The e s t i m a t e s o f
PATIL, R.B. h e r i t a b i l i t y v a r i e d f r o m 5 0 . 6 1 t o 74.14%.
G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) G e n e t i c advance r a n g e d f r o m 1 0 . 1 1 t o
Millsp.). M.Sc. T h e s i s . Mahatma P h u l e 40.19%.
K r i s h i Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra,
India. 786
RAM, R . A . , P. SINGH, I . B . SINGH, and
P. SHARMA. 1 9 7 6 .
POKLE, Y . S . 1 9 7 6 . P a t h and d i s c r i m i n a n t t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e
P l e i o t r o p i c m u t a n t i n r e d g r a m (Cajanus improvement o f r e d g r a m (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
cajan M i l l s p . ) . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. Millsp.). I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res.
48:42-44. 787 10(2):101-104. 791
The m u t a n t was c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y i t s g i g a s The p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t
l e a f , w i t h c r i n k l e d l e a f s u r f a c e , weak s t e m and pods p e r c l u s t e r c o n t r i b u t e d d i r e c t l y
and b r a n c h e s , d e l a y e d f l o w e r i n g , and b i g a s w e l l a s i n d i r e c t l y t o g r a i n y i e l d and
flowers w i t h free keel petals. Shedding a r e t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r e d m a j o r y i e l d compo-
o f f l o w e r s was 99%; g i g a s l e a f was r e c e s - nents. The h a r v e s t i n d e x , h o w e v e r , c o n t r i -
s i v e t o n o r m a l l e a f and g o v e r n e d b y a buted i n d i r e c t l y to y i e l d as i t s d i r e c t
s i n g l e gene. A l l the characters that go e f f e c t was n e g a t i v e . The f u n c t i o n i n c l u d -
w i t h the gigas l e a f i n d i c a t e the p l e i o t r o - ing four characters v i z . , primary branches,
p i c a c t i o n of t h i s gene. The gene symbols c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t , pods p e r c l u s t e r and
p r o p o s e d a r e N h f o r n o r m a l and n h f o r h a r v e s t i n d e x gave t h e h i g h e s t r e l a t i v e
mutant. e f f i c i e n c y o f 125.29%.

103
Pigeonpea Bibliography

RATHNASWAMY, R . , R. VEERASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, SEN, S . , S.C. SUR, and K. SEN GUPTA.

and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1 9 7 3 . 1966.
Studies on genetic v a r i a b i l i t y of c e r t a i n I n h e r i t a n c e o f dwarfness i n pigeonpea
q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s i n r e d g r a m (Cajanus (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . Zuchter
cajan (L.) M i i l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 36:379-380. 797
60(3):204-206. 792
A d w a r f bush p i g e o n p e a was f o u n d i n a p l o t
A l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s have w i d e p h e n o t y p i c o f t h e c u l t i v a r B r a z i l P / 2 ; i t had b r i t t l e
variation. Among t h e c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d , s t a l k s , l a t e m a t u r i t y , and l o w y i e l d .
p l a n t h e i g h t , branches per p l a n t , c l u s t e r s A s i n g l e r e c e s s i v e gene d e s i g n a t e d a s d ,
p e r p l a n t , pods p e r p l a n t , and days t o appears to be i n v o l v e d . Though n o chromo-
f l o w e r have h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y and s i m i l a r some a b e r r a t i o n s w e r e d e t e c t e d , p o l l e n
genetic g a i n ; as such, these characters f e r t i l i t y i n t h e m u t a n t was o n l y 70%;
may b e c o n s i d e r e d a s r e l i a b l e f o r s e l e c t i o n f e m a l e f e r t i l i t y was n o r m a l .
i n r e d gram.

SHARMA, D . , S . S . BHADOURIA, LAXMAN SINGH,

REDDY, B . V . S . , L . J . REDDY, and A , N . MURTHI. and H.K. SHARMA. 1 9 7 4 .
1977. Genetic a n a l y s i s o f p r o t e i n content i n
R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a n t s i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed.
Miilsp. T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 34(2):230-235. 798
7:11. 793
Genetics o f p r o t e i n through d i a l l e l a n a l y -
A search f o r male s t e r i l i t y i n t h e p i g e o n - s i s of F 1 and F 2 g e n e r a t i o n s r e v e a l e d
pea germplasm c o l l e c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n 7 5 t h a t b o t h g . c . a . and s . c . a . v a r i a n c e s f o r
p l a n t s , grouped i n t o f i v e t y p e s , which a r e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t were h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
b r i e f l y described. The m a g n i t u d e o f a d d i t i v e and n o n a d d i t i v e
components o f v a r i a n c e f u r t h e r c o n f i r m e d
the importance of a d d i t i v e as w e l l as
REKHI, S . S . 1 9 6 6 .
n o n a d d i t i v e gene a c t i o n . In F1 the non-
Studies in the inheritance of i n t e r v a r i e t a l
a d d i t i v e component was p r e d o m i n a n t ; i n F 2
c r o s s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) .
t h e a d d i t i v e and n o n a d d i t i v e components
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c . R e s . N o . ) :
were of equal i m p o r t a n c e . Of the p a r e n t s ,
100. 794
B a i g a n i showed t h e h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t
E r e c t b r a n c h i n g h a b i t was f o u n d t o b e d o m i - ( 2 3 . 2 2 and 23.25%) i n two seasons and had
n a n t t o s p r e a d i n g h a b i t and m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y the highest g . c . a . e f f e c t s .
inherited. P o i n t e d l e a f apex was d o m i n a n t
t o r o u n d apex and a l s o m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y
inherited. Brown seed c o l o r was p a r t i a l l y SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, S . S . BAGHEL, and
o r i n c o m p l e t e l y d o m i n a n t o v e r w h i t e seed H.K. SHARMA. 1 9 7 2 .
c o l o r (Monogenic). F o u r - s e e d e d pods w e r e G e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f seed s i z e i n p i g e o n p e a
d o m i n a n t t o t h r e e - s e e d e d p o d s ; and t h e Cajanus c a j a n . Can. J . G e n e t . C y t o l .
character is also monogenetically 14:545-548. 799
inherited. In a d i a l l e l analysis of ten v a r i e t i e s
d i f f e r i n g i n m a t u r i t y g r o u p and seed s i z e ,
a p r e d o m i n a n c e o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was
RUBAlHAYO, P . R . , and M . F . ONIM. 1 9 7 5 .
f o u n d , m a i n l y i n v o l v i n g p a r t i a l dominance.
A s t u d y o f some c h a r a c t e r s o f p i g e o n p e a .
Seed s i z e had a h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y v a l u e
SABRA0 J . 7(2):183-187. 795
of 0.82.
The h e r i t a b i l i t i e s and i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s
o f t e n c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d . Heritabi-
SHARMA, H . K . , LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA.
l i t y e s t i m a t e s were h i g h f o r days t o
1973.
f l o w e r i n g , pod c o l o r , d e t e r m i n a t e h a b i t ,
Genetic analysis o f flower i n i t i a t i o n i n
and h e i g h t b u t l o w f o r g r a i n y i e l d . There
pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed.
was n o s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
33(3):393-397. 800
i n c i d e n c e of Mycovellosiella cajani and
grain y i e l d . Component a n a l y s i s o f F 1 and F 2 i n d i c a t e d
t h e predominance o f a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i -
SALUNKHE, A . R . 1 9 7 1 . ance and d e g r e e o f dominance was f o u n d t o
Inheritance of certain characters of tur b e i n t h e p a r t i a l dominance r a n g e . Dominant
(Cajanue c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . 331 p p . genes w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a r l y m a t u r i t y .
M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 1 ) T h e s i s . Mahatma P h u l e K r i s h i The p r o p o r t i o n o f d o m i n a n t and r e c e s s i v e
Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, genes i n t h e p a r e n t s was a l m o s t e q u a l .
India. 796 H e r i t a b i l i t y i n t h e n a r r o w sense was h i g h ,

104
 i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i m p r o v e m e n t can b e made SHINDE, V . K . , R. D' CRUZ, and A . B . DEOKAR.
by simple s e l e c t i o n procedures. 1971.
Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. X I . Creeping
SHARMA, H . K . , LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA. 3 - 2 - 8 x Red g r a i n e d . Poona A g r i c . C o l l .
1973. Mag. 61:53-55. 804
Combining a b i l i t y i n d i a l l e l crosses o f Three c h a r a c t e r s w e r e s t u d i e d : g r o w t h
pigeonpea. Indian J. Agric. Sci. h a b i t , color of dorsal surface of standard
43(l):25-29. 801 p e t a l and pod c o l o r . Segregation data in
F 2 showed 13 c r e e p i n g : 3 e r e c t , s u g g e s t i n g
The g e n e r a l c o m b i n i n g a b i l i t y v a r i a n c e s
two f a c t o r s , one o f w h i c h has a n i n h i b i t o r y
were h i g h e r than t h e s p e c i f i c combining
action. D a t a f o r p e t a l c o l o r showed
a b i l i t y variances, i n d i c a t i n g the predomi-
3 y e l l o w w i t h deep r e d v e i n s : 1 y e l l o w
nance o f a d d i t i v e gene a c t i o n f o r a number
w i t h r e d v e i n s ; d a t a f o r pod c o l o r showed
of characters. Ranking o f p a r e n t a l l i n e s
3 green w i t h b l a c k d i f f u s e d : 1 green w i t h
on the basis of general combining a b i l i t y
black streaks. These c h a r a c t e r s showed
e s t i m a t e s showed good agreement w i t h r a n k -
independent assortment.
i n g based o n performance p e r s e . Heterotic
e f f e c t s were h i g h e s t f o r p l a n t h e i g h t and
g r a i n y i e l d and t h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t c o m p o s i t e SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , LAXMAN SINGH, and
v a r i e t i e s could be developed. R.P. SINGH. 1 9 7 6 .
Heterosis i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet.
P I . Breed. 36(2):197-200. 805
SHAW, F . J . F . 1 9 3 6 .
S t u d i e s i n I n d i a n p u l s e s : The i n h e r i t a n c e Mean h e t e r o s i s of 67% was o b t a i n e d f o r
o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and w i l t r e s i s - y i e l d , 96% f o r s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s , and 80%
t a n c e i n Rahar (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) . f o r number o f pods p e r p l a n t . The l a t t e r
Indian J. A g r i c . S c i . 6:139-188. 802 two c h a r a c t e r s c o n t r i b u t e d maximum f o r t h e
i n c r e a s e i n y i e l d ; medium x medium, l o w x
I n a c r o s s b e t w e e n two v a r i e t i e s o f Cajanus
medium c r o s s e s g e n e r a l l y r e s u l t e d i n h i g h
i n d i c u s (Pusa Types T-5 and T - 8 0 ) i n h e r i -
h e t e r o t i c performance. Genetic d i v e r s i t y
tance of f l o w e r c o l o r f o l l o w e d a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
was t h e key t o o b t a i n i n g h y b r i d v i g o r .
r a t i o , t h e F 1 and t h e d o u b l e r e c e s s i v e
b e i n g new p h e n o t y p e s u n l i k e e i t h e r p a r e n t .
E r e c t h a b i t was p a r t i a l l y d o m i n a n t o v e r SHRIVASTAVA, P . S . , A . B . L . BEOHAR, and
s p r e a d i n g ; s h o r t s t a t u r e was d o m i n a n t t o S . C . PANDYA. 1 9 7 3 .
t a l l ; crowded h a b i t o f i n f l o r e s c e n c e was G e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n f o r some n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t
d o m i n a n t t o t h e o p e n ; b r o w n seed o f T - 8 0 a c c u m u l a t i o n and t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h
was d o m i n a n t t o t h e s i l v e r w h i t e o f T-5 y i e l d and m a t u r i t y i n a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n
each i n a 3 : 1 r a t i o . F 2 and F 3 p o p u l a t i o n s (L.) M i l l s p . ) . JNKW Res. J . 1 : 4 3 - 4 6 . 806
w e r e grown i n i n f e c t e d f i e l d s and t h e l o s s
The seed c o n t e n t o f Z n , P , C u , F e , and Mn,
due t o w i l t i n F 2 s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e i n h e r i -
d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n the eight v a r i e -
t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e may b e f o u n d i n a 9 : 7
t i e s s t u d i e d , and h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s
o r 27:37 r a t i o , r e s i s t a n c e b e i n g d o m i n a n t .
i n t h e b r o a d sense were h i g h , r a n g i n g f r o m
R a t i o s o f t h e v a r i o u s p h e n o t y p e s were n o t
0.69 f o r Mn to 0 . 9 1 f o r P. P content
disturbed by the incidence of the disease,
showed a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h number
showing t h a t t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e
o f days t o m a t u r i t y , i n c o n t r a s t t o M n
was n o t l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f any o f t h e
c o n t e n t , w h i c h showed a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a -
morphological characters studied.
tion. A s i g n i f i c a n t negative genotypic
c o r r e l a t i o n between P and Mn c o n t e n t s was
SHERIFF, N . M . , W.M. ALIKHAN, and recorded.
R. VEERASWAMY. 1 9 7 5 .
Studies on the inheritance of c e r t a i n p l a n t
SINGH, A . B . , V . N . YADAV, D. SINGH, and
c h a r a c t e r s i n r e d g r a m (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
S . P . SINGH. 1 9 7 2 .
Millsp.). Madras A g r i c . J . 6 6 ( 2 ) :
C o r r e l a t i o n and h e r i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s i n
64-65. 803
a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
The i n h e r i t a n c e o f a g r o n o m i c a l and o t h e r Indian Agric. 16(1):41-44. 807
m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was s t u d i e d
Y i e l d showed s i g n i f i c a n t and p o s i t i v e p h e -
i n T a m i l N a d u , u s i n g i n d u c e d m u t a n t s a s one
n o t y p i c and g e n e t i c a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h p l a n t
of the parents in crosses. The e r e c t h a b i t
h e i g h t , s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s , and pod l e n g t h .
and t a l l p l a n t h a b i t w e r e f o u n d t o b e
A h i g h d e g r e e o f a s s o c i a t i o n was a l s o
d o m i n a n t and c o n t r o l l e d b y a s i n g l e p a i r
o b s e r v e d between p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s and
of genes.
t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . days t o f l o w e r ,

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s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The SINHA, S . C . , and RAM LAKHAN. 1 9 7 6 .

a s s o c i a t i o n was n e g a t i v e between y i e l d and A new v a r i a n t i n p i g e o n p e a . Indian J.
days t o f l o w e r . The e s t i m a t e o f h e r i t a b i - A g r i c . Res. 10(2):141-142. 81-1
l i t y was maximum f o r pod l e n g t h and minimum
f o r p l a n t h e i g h t ; g e n e t i c advance was m a x i - A c o m p l e t e l y b r a n c h l e s s and e x t r e m e l y t a l l
mum f o r y i e l d . p l a n t was o b s e r v e d i n c u l t u r e 6 1 1 2 . Its
p r o g e n y gave a 15 n o r m a l : 1 v a r i a n t r a t i o .
The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e p l a n t s ,
SINGH, D . N . , R.K. BANSAL, and S . P . MITAL. t h e i r c o m p a r a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n , and u s e f u l -
1942. ness i n b a s k e t m a k i n g a r e d i s c u s s e d .
Cajanus o b c o r d i f o l i a S i n g h . A new s p e c i e s
o f Cajanus . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i .
12:779-784. 808 SINHA, S . C . , J . K . SAXENA, and RAM LAKHAN.
1976.
A new s p e c i e s i s d e s c r i b e d w h i c h has o b c o r - Note o n t h e b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r o f a f a s c i a -
date l e a f l e t s w i t h r e t u s e , mucronate apices t e d m u t a n t i n Cajanus oajan. I n d i a n J.
a s compared w i t h t h e o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 3 ) : 2 0 3 - 2 0 4 . 812
l e a f l e t s w i t h acute t o s l i g h t l y acuminate
Fasciation, a morphological abnormality
a p i c e s of t h e common p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
t h a t r e s u l t s i n the c o a l e s c e n t development
cajan)• There a r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e
o f b r a n c h e s w h i c h f i n a l l y assume a deformed
f l o r a l characters also.
and f l a t t e n e d l o o k , was f o u n d t o b e mono-
genic r e c e s s i v e .
SINGH, K . B . , and R . S . MALHOTRA. 1 9 7 3 .
Y i e l d components i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
SOLOMON, S . , G.P. ARGIKAR, M.S. SALANKI,
oajan L . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) :
and I . R . MORBAD. 1 9 5 7 .
364-366. 809
A s t u d y o f h e t e r o s i s i n Cajanus oajan ( L . )
The s t u d y o n 4 0 s t r a i n s o f p i g e o n p e a showed Millsp. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed.
s i g n i f i c a n t and p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n o f 17:90-95. 813
y i e l d w i t h c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t , pods p e r
Data a r e g i v e n o n a number o f q u a n t i t a t i v e
p l a n t , and s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s . Pods p e r
c h a r a c t e r s o f t e n F 1 h y b r i d s o f Cajanus
p l a n t a l s o showed s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n
oajan s t u d i e d a t B i j a p u r . Increases in
w i t h c l u s t e r s per p l a n t . Path c o e f f i c i e n t
g r a i n y i e l d u p t o 24.51% over t h a t o f the
and r e g r e s s i o n s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d t h a t
p a r e n t s were o b t a i n e d b u t t h e b e s t y i e l d i n g
c l u s t e r s p e r p l a n t i s t h e main y i e l d
h y b r i d gave a l o w e r y i e l d t h a n t h e b e s t
component i n p i g e o n p e a .
parental type.

SINGH, M.K. 1 9 7 1 .
SRINIVASAN, K. 1 9 7 7 .
I n h e r i t a n c e o f seed c o a t c o l o u r i n Cajanus
Studies on induced mutagenesis in redgram
oajan (L.) Millsp. (C. indicus S p r e n g ) .
(Cajanus oajan L . ) . M.Sc. (1977) T h e s i s .
P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. A s s o c . 5 8 ( 3 ) :
T a m i l Nadu A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Coimba-
482-483. ( A b s t r a c t ) . 810
t o r e , T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 814
The g e n e t i c s o f s e e d c o a t c o l o r w e r e s t u d i e d
in t h e F 1 and F 2 g e n e r a t i o n s of two Cajanus
TEERANDAJ, G.H. 1 9 7 3 .
v a r i e t i e s : B / 3 , w i t h b l a c k s e e d c o a t , and
I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s i n t u r (Cajanus oajan
a c o m m e r c i a l v a r i e t y , w i t h w h i t e and
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . 133 p p . M.Sc. (1973)
crimson seedcoat. In both the crosses
Thesis. Mahatma P h u l e K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h ,
monogenic r a t i o s w e r e o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n
Rahuri, Maharashtra, I n d i a . 815
b l a c k and w h i t e and c r i m s o n and b l a c k .
On the basis of the breeding behavior it
was assumed t h a t c r i m s o n i s t h e b a s i c c o l o r THORAT, T . Y . 1 9 5 5 .
c o n t r o l l e d b y gene R , because R i s d o m i n a n t Study o f t h e g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f p i g e o n -
o v e r b l a c k and b l a c k i s d o m i n a n t o v e r b r o w n pea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Thesis.
and w h i t e . T h r e e g e n e s , R , B , and P , may I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e ,
b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r seedcoat c o l o r a t i o n . New D e l h i , I n d i a . 816
The p a r e n t s w i t h b l a c k seeds have t h e
g e n o t y p e r r B B p p ; s i n c e RRBBpp w i l l g i v e a
VEERASWAMY, R . , P. RANGASAMY, A . K , FAZLULLAH
monogenic r a t i o between c r i m s o n and b l a c k ,
KHAN, and N. MOHAMMED SHAREEF. 1 9 7 3 .
t h e c r i m s o n - s e e d e d v a r i e t y W i l l have t h e
H e t e r o s i s i n Cajanus oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p .
g e n o t y p e RRBBpp. The g e n e t i c mechanism and
Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 3 1 7 - 1 3 1 9 . 817
g e n o t y p e s o f t h e p a r e n t s , based o n t h e i r
b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r , h a v e b e e n e x p l a i n e d and
discussed.

106
 Microbiology

The i n t e r v a r i e t a l h y b r i d s i n r e d gram A l l t h e three types o f f l o w e r s (mono-, b l -

between C o - 1 (a short-term, h i g h - y i e l d i n g and t r i - c a r p e l l a r y ) a r e f o u n d o n t h e same
s t r a i n ) and 1 9 g e n e t i c a l l y d i v e r s e v a r i e - p l a n t w i t h concomitant increase i n the
t i e s expressed h e t e r o s i s f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , stamens and c o m p l e t e p o l l e n and o v u l e
p l a n t s p r e a d , number o f b r a n c h e s , number o f sterility.
c l u s t e r s , number of p o d s , and days to 50%
flowering. F i v e h y b r i d s e x p r e s s e d maximum
heterosis for the characters s t u d i e d . The WAKANKAR, S . M . , and L . N . YADAV, 1 9 7 5 .
h y b r i d Co-1 x 8 0 , w h i c h was o u t s t a n d i n g l y P a t h a n a l y s i s o f y i e l d components i n a r h a r
s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r s , showed a mean (Cajanus cajan). I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res.
p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e o f 1 7 9 . 6 and 1 8 8 . 5 9(4):182-186. 821
i n two i m p o r t a n t economic a t t r i b u t e s , C o r r e l a t i o n s and p a t h c o e f f i c i e n t s were
number o f c l u s t e r s and number o f p o d s , estimated w i t h regard to 14 characters in
r e s p e c t i v e l y , over the s u p e r i o r p a r e n t . an F2 p o p u l a t i o n of a cross of v a r .
G w a l l o r - 3 x NP-69. R e s u l t s showed t h a t
more p o d s , s e c o n d a r y b r a n c h e s p e r p l a n t
VEERASWAMY, R . , R. RATHNASWAMY, and
w i t h h i g h seed i n d i c e s , and l i m i t e d
M. MURUGESAN. 1 9 7 5 .
spreading are r e l i a b l e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a .
P a t h a n a l y s i s i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 3 ) :
166-168. 818
I t i s shown f rom d a t a o n 2 1 d i v e r s e g e n o -
t y p e s t h a t ( i ) h e i g h t had a l o w p o s i t i v e
d i r e c t e f f e c t on y i e l d but a high p o s i t i v e MICROBIOLOGY
i n d i r e c t e f f e c t t h r o u g h b r a n c h number, and
a high negative i n d i r e c t e f f e c t through
days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g ; ( i i ) b r a n c h number ARORA, NIRMAL. 1 9 5 6 .
had a h i g h p o s i t i v e d i r e c t e f f e c t o n y i e l d ; M o r p h o l o g i c a l study of the r o o t nodules on
( i i i ) c l u s t e r number p e r p l a n t and pod Cajanus indicus. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong.
number had a p o s i t i v e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t 43(3) :244-245. ( A b s t r a c t ) . 822
t h r o u g h b r a n c h number; and ( i v ) days t o
f i r s t f l o w e r i n g had a m o d e r a t e n e g a t i v e L a r g e , more o r l e s s e l o n g a t e d n o d u l e s a r e
d i r e c t e f f e c t and a h i g h i n d i r e c t e f f e c t s p a r s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d on the r o o t system of
t h r o u g h b r a n c h number. It Is concluded C . aajan. I n f e c t i o n of the r o o t s occurs
t h a t b r a n c h number had t h e g r e a t e s t through root h a i r s . A m a t u r e n o d u l e shows
influence on y i e l d . a w e l l marked b a c t e r o i d a r e a , a p i c a l
m e r i s t e m , and v a s c u l a r z o n e . Two v a s c u l a r
stands a r i s i n g near the r o o t p r o t o x y l e m
VEERASWAMY, R . , R. RATHNASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, supply the nodule. The v a s c u l a r b u n d l e s
and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1 9 7 3 . may b e c o l l a t e r a l , i n v e r s e l y c o l l a t e r a l o r
G e n o t y p i c and p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s i n bicollateral. I n l a t e r s t a g e s t h e y show
Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . the development of secondary e l e m e n t s . The
J. (9-12):1823-1825. 819 r h i z o b i a stimulate the c o r t i c a l c e l l s to
divide. The n o d u l e i s exogenous i n o r i g i n .
A c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n was f o u n d t o e x i s t
The r o o t n o d u l e s o f C . indiaus d i f f e r f r o m
between number o f c l u s t e r s and number o f
the e a r l i e r d e s c r i b e d herbaceous nodules
pods p e r p l a n t o n p h e n o t y p i c b a s i s b u t t h i s
( A l l e n and A l l e n , 1954) i n h a v i n g a s c l e -
a s s o c i a t i o n was r e d u c e d o n t h e g e n o t y p i c
r e i d l a y e r i n the c o r t e x , i n a d i f f u s e
l e v e l by environmental f a c t o r s . These two
method o f t i s s u e d e g e n e r a t i o n , and i n t h e
c h a r a c t e r s were a l s o f o u n d t h e most r e l i a -
f a c t t h a t t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f x y l e m and
ble index of s e l e c t i o n f o r y i e l d . The
phloem i s n o t c o n s t a n t .
highest c o h e r i t a b i l i t y estimate (99.13)
was f o r number of b r a n c h e s and pods p e r
plant. However, p l a n t h e i g h t and number o f BHAGYARAJ, J . , and G. RANGASWAMI. 1 9 6 6 .
days t o f l o w e r a r e a l s o u s e f u l a s p h e n o t y - On the v a r i a t i o n s in rhizosphere e f f e c t s of
pic indices for selection. some c r o p p l a n t s . Curr. S c i . 35(9):
238-239. 823

VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, and Amongst f i v e c r o p s grown i n s i m i l a r c o n d i -

R . B . SINGH. 1 9 7 6 . t i o n s , p i g e o n p e a had t h e g r e a t e s t r h i z o -
EMS-induced m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n in sphere e f f e c t on b a c t e r i a .
Cajanus c a j a n . C u r r . S c i . 4 5 ( 2 ) :
773-774. 820

107
Plgeonpea Bibliography

DART, P . J . , RAFIQUL ISLAM, and A. EAGLESHAM. L I M , G. 1 9 7 7 .

1975. N o d u l a t i o n o f t r o p i c a l legumes i n Singapore.
The r o o t n o d u l e s y m b i o s i s o f c h i c k p e a and Trop. A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) . 54(2) :135-
pigeonpea. Proc. F i r s t International 141. 828
Workshop o n G r a i n Legumes. 1 3 - 1 6 J a n 1 9 7 5 .
A t o t a l of 68 species of legumes, c o m p r i -
ICRISAT. H y d e r a b a d , I n d i a . 6 3 - 8 3 . 824
s i n g 2 7 members o f C a e s a l p i n i o i d e a e , 1 3 o f
P i g e o n p e a r h i z o b i a a r e o f t h e cowpea c r o s s - M i m o s o i d e a e , 27 of P a p i l i o n o i d e a e and one
i n o c u l a t i o n group. Origin of the s t r a i n s , o f S w a r t z i o i d e a e w e r e examined f o r n o d u l a -
p e r f o r m a n c e o f s t r a i n s , and o t h e r o b s e r v a - tion. S l i g h t l y more t h a n h a l f t h e s p e c i e s
t i o n s on n o d u l a t i o n are discussed. examined ( 3 7 ) d i d n o t have r o o t n o d u l e s ;
most o f t h e n o n n o d u l a t i n g s p e c i e s b e l o n g e d
to C a e s a l p i n i o i d e a e . The l a r g e s t number o f
DIATLOFF, A . 1 9 7 1 .
n o d u l a t i n g s p e c i e s (81.5 per c e n t ) were
P e l l e t i n g t r o p i c a l legume s e e d . Qd. A g r i c .
found i n P a p i l i o n o i d e a e . Nodulation is
J. 97:363-366. 825
r e p o r t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e f o r Calliandra
Seed i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h a s u i t a b l e legume inaequilatera ( M i m o s o i d e a e ) . There was no
i n o c u l a n t ensures t h a t b a c t e r i a necessary c o r r e l a t i o n between n o d u l a t i n g a b i l i t y o f
f o r n o d u l a t i o n are i n t r o d u c e d at the time a p l a n t and w h e t h e r i t i s a n i n d i g e n o u s o r
of p l a n t i n g . Lime p e l l e t i n g i s common t o introduced species.
improve n o d u l a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s
a r e d i s c u s s e d : Seed p e l l e t i n g and i t s
MANJUNATH, A. 1 9 7 6 .
benefits; pelleting material; stickers;
N o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n i n Cajanus
i n o c u l a n t ; p r e p a r i n g t h e p e l l e t ; sowing
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . I n f l u e n c e o f dose and
p e l l e t e d seed. F o r Cajanus c a j a n i n o c u l a n t
time o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l n i t r o g e n .
r e q u i r e m e n t i s cowpea t y p e and p e l l e t i n g
M.Sc. T h e s i s . Thesis a b s t r a c t s .
m a t e r i a l i s rock phosphate.
2(3):213. 829

EDWARD, J . C . , and S . C . TRIPATHI. 1 9 7 2 . NANDI, L . A . , and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN.

P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s o f Azotobacter s p p . 1976.
w i t h i n r h l z o s p h e r e and n o n - r h i z o s p h e r e Root n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n
s o i l s o f some c r o p s d u r i n g r a b i . Allahabad s e l e c t e d g r a i n legumes. Trop. Agric.
Fmr 4 6 ( 1 ) : 4 9 - 5 1 . 826 (Trinidad). 55(1):23-32. 830
The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s o f Azotobacter The n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t and t h e amount and
s p p . a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r h l z o s p h e r e and r a t e o f N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n o f some t r o p i c a l
non-rhlzosphere of wheat, hybrid napier- g r a i n legume r o o t s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y
grass, Cicer arietinum, p e a s , and Cajanus n o t o n l y among d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s b u t a l s o
cajan are described. between c u l t i v a r s o f t h e same s p e c i e s
(Cowpea). The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e
JADHAV, T . K . , and L. MONIZ. 1 9 7 2 . t r o p i c a l g r a i n legume r o o t s i n c l u d i n g
Cross i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h Rhizobia of pigeonpea are g i v e n . These r e s u l t s
c u l t i v a t e d and w i l d t u r and Sannhemp. suggest t h a t the c o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s o f
Mahatma P h u l e A g r i c . U n i v . R e s . J . the e f f e c t s o f g r a i n legumes, e s p e c i a l l y
3(1-2):64-66. 827 cowpea, o n s o i l N may b e due i n p a r t t o
varietal difference.
Most e f f e c t i v e s t r a i n s , v i z . , C T - 3 , WT-4,
C S - 3 , and WS-2, o b t a i n e d f r o m t u r and w i l d
tur (Atylosia lineata W. & A . ) and Sannhemp NORRIS, D.O. 1 9 5 9 .
s t r a i n s were u s e d . The s t r a i n s f r o m t u r Legume b a c t e r i o l o g y i n t h e t r o p i c s .
and w i l d t u r gave p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s f o r J. Aust. I n s t . A g r i c . S c i . 25:202-207. 831
n o d u l a t i o n w i t h t h e h o s t o f cowpea and The s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y o f r h i z o b i u m , w h i c h
soybean c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p s b u t f a i l e d was f i r s t i s o l a t e d i n 1 8 8 8 , s t a r t e d w i t h
to produce nodules on t h e h o s t s of o t h e r Beijerinck. The f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f
cross-inoculation groups. S t r a i n s CT-3 and legume b a c t e r i o l o g y i n t h e t r o p i c s a r e
WT-4, f r o m t u r and w i l d t u r r e s p e c t i v e l y , d i s c u s s e d : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Leguminosae;
p r o d u c e d f a i r l y good n o d u l a t i o n o n s i x o u t the question of root h a i r i n f e c t i o n ; the
o f e i g h t h o s t s o f t h e cowpea g r o u p . The f o r m and a p p e a r a n c e o f b a c t e r i a i n c u l t u r e ;
nodules were observed o n t h e t a p r o o t . c l a i m s t h a t t r o p i c a l legumes f a i l t o
n o d u l a t e ; c l a i m s t h a t t r o p i c a l legumes f a i l
to f i x n i t r o g e n ; the p r a c t i c e of inocula-
t i o n i n t r o p i c a l legumes; c a l c i u m n u t r i t i o n
o f r h i z o b i u m and t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r l i m e i n
acid s o i l s .
108
 Microbiology

NORMS, D.O. 1 9 7 0 . RAJU, M.S. 1 9 3 9 .

The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f r e s e a r c h i n legume Studies on the b a c t e r i a l - p l a n t groups. V I .
b a c t e r i o l o g y t o the development o f A u s t r a - V a r i a t i o n in the effectiveness of d i f f e r e n t
l i a n pastures. Proc. X I I n t e r n a t . Grass- s t r a i n s o f n o d u l e b a c t e r i a o f cowpea g r o u p s
l a n d Cong. 13-23 A p r i l 1970. Queensland, ( I I . I n f l u e n c e o f l i g h t o n the e f f e c t i v e -
A u s t r a l i a . 22-30. 832 ness), Cajanus aajan and Dolichos biflorus.
Z b l . Bakt. 11(99):449-460. 835
Research i n legume b a c t e r i o l o g y has p l a y e d
a v i t a l r o l e in A u s t r a l i a n pasture develop-
ment, which i s h e a v i l y dependent o n RAMASWAMY, P . P . , and K . S . NAIR. 1 9 6 5 .
i n t r o d u c e d legume s p e c i e s , b o t h t e m p e r a t e Symbiotic v a r i a t i o n o f Rhizobium from
and t r o p i c a l . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of the n o d u l e s o f redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Madras
s y m b i o t i c a f f i n i t i e s o f Trifolium and A g r i c . J. 52:239-240. 836
Medicago s p p . and a v a r i e t y o f t r o p i c a l
legumes has l e d t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h i g h l y Among the Rhizobiwn i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e
e f f e c t i v e R h i z o b i u m s t r a i n s f o r use a s n o d u l e s o f d i f f e r e n t h o s t s o f t h e same
i n o c u l a n t s and s e r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r s p e c i e s , there i s wide v a r i a t i o n i n the
s t u d y i n g t h e i r f i e l d p e r f o r m a n c e have been capacity t o f i x atmospheric n i t r o g e n i n
d e v e l o p e d and r e f i n e d . The s e t t i n g u p o f the h o s t legume. The n e c e s s i t y f o r s e l e c t -
t h e c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n U-DALS has i n g s u i t a b l e s t r a i n s o f Rhizobium t o
r e s u l t e d i n h i g h q u a l i t y commercial i n o c u - b r i n g a b o u t maximum b e n e f i t t o t h e legume
lants. The d e v e l o p m e n t o f seed p e l l e t i n g crop i s i n d i c a t e d .
p r o c e d u r e s has g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d ease and
e f f i c i e n c y o f f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n many SAXENA, M . C . , K . V . B . R . TILAK, and
circumstances. D.S. YADAV. 1 9 7 5 .
Response o f p i g e o n p e a t o i n o c u l a t i o n and
pelleting. I n d i a n J . Agron. 2 0 ( 4 ) :
OKE, O . L . 1 9 6 7 .
321-324. 837
N i t r o g e n f i x i n g c a p a c i t y o f some N i g e r i a n
legumes. Expl A g r i c . 3 ( 4 ) : 3 1 5 - 3 2 1 . 833 I n o c u l a t i o n increased g r a i n y i e l d over t h a t
of non-inoculated c o n t r o l . During 1972,
The f i x a t i o n o f N i n r o o t n o d u l e s o f
g r a i n y i e l d was maximum i n case o f seed
Cajanus aajan, Centrosema pubescens, and
p e l l e t i n g w i t h l i m e and i n o c u l a t e d w i t h
Stylosanthes gracilis grown i n p o t s i n
IARI c u l t u r e . Various treatments did not
sand s u p p l i e d w i t h a N - f r e e n u t r i e n t
d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y in grain y i e l d during
s o l u t i o n was s t u d i e d i n N i g e r i a . N-fixa-
1973. Maximum n o d u l a t i o n o c c u r r e d d u r i n g
t i o n i n t h e s e legumes a t t a i n e d maxima o f
b o t h t h e y e a r s i n case o f seed p e l l e t e d
1 4 . 5 , 1 0 . 3 , arid 4 . 6 m g p e r day p e r p l a n t ,
w i t h l i m e and i n o c u l a t e d w i t h P a n t n a g a r
respectively. Some 90% or more of t h e N
culture. Maximum r h i z o b i a l number i n
f i x e d was t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m t h e n o d u l e s t o
r h i z o s p h e r e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l i m e -
t h e r e s t o f t h e p l a n t soon a f t e r f i x a t i o n .
p e l l e t e d seeds.
F i x a t i o n p e r g o f n o d u l e s was h i g h e s t f o r
C. aajan d u r i n g t h e e a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t
phase. SETHUNATHAN, N. 1 9 7 0 . .
F o l i a r s p r a y s o f g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s and
r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t i n Cajanus aajan M i l l s p .
PALACIOS, G . , and A . B A R I . 1 9 3 6 .
1 . Q u a n t i t a t i v e changes. PI. Soil
A new m i c r o o r g a n i s m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
33(l):62-70. 838
n o d u l e b a c t e r i a i n Cajanus indicus. Proc.
I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 3 ( 4 ) : The r e s p o n s e o f r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a o f
362-365. 834 pigeonpea t o v a r i o u s growth r e g u l a t o r s
was s t u d i e d . The number o f f u n g i s i g n i f i -
A new o r g a n i s m ( B a c i l l u s c o n c o m i t a n s n o v .
c a n t l y increased in the rhizosphere of
s p . ) i s described which i s found f r e q u e n t l y
s e e d l i n g s s p r a y e d w i t h 2 5 ppm n a p h t h a l e n e
i n s i d e t h e n o d u l e s formed i n Cajanus acetic acid. S i g n i f i c a n t increases i n
indiaus. When i s o l a t e d i n p u r e c u l t u r e b a c t e r i a l numbers o c c u r r e d i n t h e r h i z o -
i t does n o t p r o d u c e n o d u l e s . It gives a s p h e r e o f p l a n t s t r e a t e d w i t h 2 , 4 - D (25
c o n g o - r e d n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n and possesses ppm). G i b b e r e l l i n (100 ppm) o r 0.2X
many o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h d i f f e r e n - m a l e i c h y d r a z i d e g e n e r a l l y depressed the
t i a t e i t f r o m Rhizobium radiaicola and accumulation of microorganisms. However,
B. radiobacter. n o a d d i t i v e 111 e f f e c t s o c c u r r e d when t h e y
were a p p l i e d i n c o m b i n a t i o n . The e f f e c t s
o f i n d o l e a c e t i c a c i d were i n c o n s i s t e n t .

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L e g h a e m o g l o b i n c o n t e n t o f cowpea n o d u l e s
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i n t e r f e r e d w i t h the leghaemoglobin content
A mosaic d i s e a s e of cowpea (Vigna sinensis
o f t h e cowpea r o o t n o d u l e s , w i t h M . incog-
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nita c a u s i n g more r e d u c t i o n t h a n H. aajani.
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A v i r u s i s o l a t e d f r o m cowpea p l a n t s w i t h
SHERIFF, N . M . , R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA-
m o t t l e d , m i s s h a p e n , and d w a r f e d l e a v e s was
KUMARI, A. RAGHUPATHY, and R.H. KRISHNAN.
i n a c t i v a t e d by d i l u t i o n to 1:10,000, heat-
1970.
i n g to 60°C f o r 10 rain., or s t o r a g e in vitro
E f f e c t o f b a c t e r i a l i n o c u l a t i o n f o r pulses
f o r 43 hr at 28 to 30°C. The v i r u s was
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c u l t u r e s on d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , d i d not v i r u s t o o t h e r s i n f e c t i n g cowpea i s b e i n g
i n d i c a t e p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e i n any o f t h e investigated.
pulses f o r increase in g r a i n p r o d u c t i o n .
I t may b e due t o a number o f f a c t o r s such
AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1 9 5 3 .
as n o n s p e c i f i c i t y of the s t r a i n s l i s t e d .
S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s .
B . R h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a o f some o f t h e
SIMHADRI, P . , and K . V . B . R . TILAK. 1 9 7 6 . i m p o r t a n t crop p l a n t s o f South I n d i a .
Comparative performance o f d i f f e r e n t Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B ) .
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(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Pantnagar
Various f u n g i i s o l a t e d from Rhizosphere
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s o i l o f p i g e o n p e a , i n c l u d i n g Fusarium s p p .
I n o c u l a t i o n o f C . c a j a n seeds w i t h R h i z o - are d e s c r i b e d .
bium s t r a i n A 3 i n c r e a s e d n o d u l a t i o n and
l e g h a e m o g l o b i n s y n t h e s i s and gave t h e
AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1 9 5 5 .
h i g h e s t seed y i e l d s ( 2 . 1 6 t / h a ) . Inocu-
Incidence of f u n g i s t i c organism in the
l a t i o n w i t h Rhizobium s t r a i n P N gave t h e
r h i z o s p h e r e o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n )
n e x t h i g h e s t y i e l d , 1 . 7 1 t / h a , compared
i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e s i s t a n c e and s u s c e p t -
w i t h 0.94 t / h a w i t h o u t i n o c u l a t i o n .
i b i l i t y t o w i l t caused b y Fusarium udum
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SINGH, R . , and T . P . MALL. 1 9 7 4 .
S t u d i e s o n t h e n o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n
AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1 9 5 7 .
f i x a t i o n b y i n f e c t e d leguminous p l a n t s .
The d e n s i t y o f t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a
1 . E f f e c t o f a r h a r mosaic v i r u s i n f e c t i o n
o f p i g e o n p e a {Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . )
o n n i t r o g e n v a l u e , n o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n
i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e w i l t caused b y Fusarium
f i x a t i o n b y some p u l s e c r o p s . P I . Soil
udum ( F . merismoides) B u t l e r . Natur-
41(2):279-286. 842
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The a r h a r m o s a i c v i r u s i n f e c t i o n d e c r e a s e d
The r h i z o s p h e r e p o p u l a t i o n o f p i g e o n p e a
t h e number, w e i g h t , and s i z e o f t h e n o d u l e
i n c r e a s e d i n number i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f
i n cowpea and mung b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e n o d u l e
F. merismoides, t h e number of f u n g i d e c r e a -
number and f r e s h w e i g h t i n u r a d p l a n t s .
s i n g b u t t h e number o f b a c t e r i a ' i n c r e a s i n g
The a r h a r mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s r e d u c e d t h e
greatly. The r h i z o s p h e r e o f w i l t e d and
nitrogen f i x a t i o n capacity of infected
d y i n g p l a n t s , however, c o n t a i n e d a g r e a t e r
p l a n t s i n comparison w i t h t h e i r h e a l t h y
number o f f u n g i t h a n b a c t e r i a . The m i c r o -
counterparts.
f l o r a l p o p u l a t i o n i n the rhizosphere o f
w i l t - s u s c e p t i b l e p i g e o n p e a s t r a i n s was
SUBBA RAO, N . S . 1 9 7 6 . l a r g e r than that o f w i l t - r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s ;
F i e l d r e s p o n s e o f legumes i n I n d i a t o i n o - a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f m o i s t u r e t h e r e was n o
c u l a t i o n and f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s / d i f f e r e n c e , w h i c h may b e due t o h i g h
Rhizobium, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus c a j a n , moisture causing errors in s o i l sampling.
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pigeonpea r h i z o s p h e r e . p a n y i n g s t e r i l i t y due t o t h e s u p p r e s s i o n
o f f l o w e r s and f r u i t s may v a r y i n d e g r e e
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AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1 9 5 9 . A n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e d e g r e e
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I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 43: a s p e c i e s of Phoma c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e
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size. The d i s e a s e c o u l d b e p r o d u c e d i n
Some o f t h e f u n g i f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d f r o m
h e a l t h y pigeonpea p l a n t s by i n o c u l a t i o n or
t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f some c r o p p l a n t s , p a r t i -
by s p r a y i n g w i t h a water suspension of
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identified. Three o f them a r e new r e c o r d s
Further study i s a d v i s a b l e .
for the country, v i z . , Melanospora breviro-
strata C. M o r e a u , Aspergillus giganteus
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thora stem b l i g h t o f p i g e o n p e a , caused b y
Phytophthora c a j a n i , can e a s i l y b e m i s t a k e n
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f o r Fuearium w i l t , and t h i s c o n f u s i o n may
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a c c o u n t f o r some o f t h e a l l e g e d f a i l u r e o f
S e c t i o n f o r t h e y e a r e n d i n g 3 1 s t March
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B i h a r , Orissa, f o r the period from
yellow before d r y i n g , w h i l e leaves of
1 Apr 1930 to 31 Mar 1 9 3 1 : 4 2 - 6 5 . 852
p l a n t s a f f e c t e d b y Phytophthora s t e m b l i g h t
Sabour 2 E ' R a h a r ' s e l e c t i o n has g i v e n g r e a t a r e i n i t i a l l y l i g h t g r e e n w i t h upward
s a t i s f a c t i o n b o t h g e n e r a l l y and because o f r o l l i n g and u s u a l l y d r y r a p i d l y . Later,
w i l t and s t e r i l i t y r e s i s t a n c e . Further t h e two d i s e a s e s c a n n o t b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
information on v a r i e t a l resistance is b y l e a f symptoms, s i n c e t h e l e a v e s become
listed. The i n c i d e n c e and s e v e r i t y o f brown and d r y i n b o t h c a s e s . The stems o f
s t e r i l i t y disease vary considerably from p l a n t s a f f e c t e d by these f u n g i are also
y e a r t o y e a r and p r o b a b l y depend o n described.
external factors. A s t r a i n from Pusa,
almost as p r o l i f i c as the h i g h - y i e l d i n g
ANIL KUMAR, T . B . , P . C . HIREMATH, and
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even o n a r t i f i c i a l i n o c u l a t i o n .
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ALAM, M. 1 9 3 3 .
Maximum p r o t e c t i o n was o b t a i n e d u s i n g c a p -
Rahar s t e r i l i t y . P r o c . 20th Ann. Meet.
tan as s o i l drench. T h i r a m and B r a s s i c o l
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43:15-16. 853
s o i l drench. Ceresan w e t and c a p t a n w e r e
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t i e s n o t b e i n g h i g h - y i e l d i n g and o f good
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P i g e o n p e a (Cajanus indicus). A wilt-
the half-bean technique. Similar galls
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f o u n d on mango and p i g e o n p e a c o u l d be
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The t y p e o f Macrophoma c a j a n i ( S y d . and BATISTA, A . C . , and A . F . VITTAL. 1 9 5 2 .

B u t l . ) o n l i v i n g stems o f p i g e o n p e a f r o m M o n o g r a f i a Das e s p e c i e s De P h y l l o s t i c t a em
Pusa i n c l u d e d in synonymy of M. phaseoli. Pernambuco. B o l . S e c . A g r i c . Pernambuco.
Range i s s a i d t o b e w i d e . From F o r m o s a , 19(1-2):1-80. 873
P h i l i p p i n e s , I n d i a , C e y l o n , East A f r i c a ,
Phyllosticta cajani recorded in B r a z i l .
P a l e s t i n e , Egypt, W. I n d i e s , Eastern
U n i t e d S t a t e s , w i t h a l a r g e range of eco-
nomic h o s t s . P a r a s i t i s m appears to be BHARGAVA, S . N . 1 9 6 5 .
i n f l u e n c e d b y e n v i r o n m e n t a l and n u t r i t i o n a l Studies on the charcoal r o t of potato.
effect of hosts. Phytopath. Z. 5 3 ( l ) : 3 5 - 4 4 . 874
Macrophamina phaeeoli i s o l a t e d f r o m p o t a t o
AYALA, A. 1 9 6 2 . was s u c c e s s f u l l y i n o c u l a t e d i n t o wounded
P a r a s i t i s m of b a c t e r i a l nodules by the pigeonpea.
r e n i f o r m nematode. J. Agric. Univ. P.
Rico 4 6 ( 1 ) : 6 7 - 6 9 . 869
BHATNAGAR, P . S . , L . C . GANGWAR, and V. KUMAR.
I n Puerto Rico the b a c t e r i a l nodules o f 1966.
Cajanus i n d i c u s w e r e o b s e r v e d t o b e a t t a c k e d P h y l l o d y i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
by t h e f e m a l e s of t h e nematode Rotylen- Millsp.). Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag.
c h u l u s reniformis . Up to now t h i s nematode 26(1-2):51-52. 875
was known t o f e e d o n l y o n t h e r o o t s o f
various plant species, including nine
BIRD, J . 1 9 6 2 .
leguminous p l a n t s .
A w h i t e - f l y t r a n s m i t t e d mosaic o f Rhynaho-
sia minima and i t s r e l a t i o n t o t o b a c c o l e a f
BALDEV, B . , and K . S . AMIN. 1 9 7 4 . c u r l and o t h e r v i r u s d i s e a s e s o f p l a n t s i n
Studies on the e x i s t e n c e of races in Puerto Rico. Phytopath. 52(3):286
Fusariwn udum c a u s i n g w i l t of Cajanus (Abstract). 876
cajan. SABRAO J . 6(2):201-205. 870
P i g e o n p e a was i n o c u l a t e d w i t h t h e v i r u s in
Of eight lines inoculated with ten isolates t h e greenhouse and f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s
f r o m v a r i o u s I n d i a n s t a t e s , C - 1 1 , NP(WR)-15, were r e c o r d e d .
and S-103 w e r e r e s i s t a n t . From t h e r e s u l t s
of inoculation studies w i t h 24 i s o l a t e s ,
BIRD, J . , and K. MARAMOROSCH (EDITORS).
s u s c e p t i b l e T - 2 1 and r e s i s t a n t NP(WR)-15
1975.
and C - 1 1 , i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t a number o f
T r o p i c a l diseases of legumes. A g r i c . Exp.
p a t h o g e n i c r a c e s o f F . udum e x i s t .
S t n U n i v . P u e r t o R i c o , R i o P i e d r a s , PR.
New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . 184 p p . 877
BARNES, R . F . 1 9 7 3 . Papers p r e s e n t e d a t a w o r k s h o p h e l d i n
B u l l e t i n No. 1 , D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o l o g i c a l P u e r t o R i c o , June 1 9 7 4 . It deals w i t h
S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , r u g a c e o u s , m o s a i c , and b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s
St. Augustine, Trinidad. 871 and w i t h nematodes on common b e a n , cowpea,
A r e c e n t b i b l i o g r a p h y on diseases of p i g e o n p e a , s o y b e a n , l i m a b e a n , and o t h e r
pigeonpea i n d i c a t e s s i x fungus diseases t r o p i c a l legumes.
and two v i r u s d i s e a s e s o c c u r o n p i g e o n p e a
in countries in the region—Puerto Rico, BISHT, N . S . , and A . K . BANERJEE. 1 9 6 5 .
Bermuda, and T r i n i d a d and Tobago. A survey O c c u r r e n c e o f two new v i r u s d i s e a s e s i n
of world l i t e r a t u r e indicated the t o t a l U t t a r P r a d e s h (Cajanus cajan). Labdev
number o f d i s e a s e s r e p o r t e d t o a f f e c t J. S c i . Technol. 3(4):271-272. 878
pigeonpea i s : 2 0 o f f u n g a l o r i g i n , s i x o f
v i r a l , two o f b a c t e r i a l , and two o f unknown A new mosaic d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a i s r e p o r -
origin. t e d , a f f e c t i n g 10% o f t h e c r o p and c a u s i n g
loss of y i e l d . Transmission t o pigeonpea
was b y g r a f t i n g .
BATES, G.R. 1 9 5 7 .
Botany and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. M i n i s t .
A g r i c . Rhod. N y a s a l d . 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 7 9 - 8 6 . 872 BOSE, R.D. 1 9 3 9 .
The r o t a t i o n o f t o b a c c o f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n
New r e c o r d of Cercospora aajani on of w i l t disease of pigeonpea. Agriculture
pigeonpea. Live-Stk I n d i a 6:653-668. 879
The g r o w t h of Fuearium vasinfectum c a u s i n g
pigeonpea w i l t i s r e t a r d e d b y r o t a t i o n w i t h
tobacco, thus e n a b l i n g the pigeonpea to

113
Pigeonpea Bibliography

escape i n f e c t i o n t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t , The symptom e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e d i s e a s e , i t s

p a r t i c u l a r l y at an e a r l y age. Advocates behavior under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , a s w e l l a s
the i n t e r p o s i t i o n of a tobacco crop every i n t h e g l a s s h o u s e , and e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i -
3 o r 4 y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y i n d i s t r i c t s where dence a r e a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a v i r u s
the disease i s s e v e r e . disease. The d i s e a s e i s r e a d i l y t r a n s m i t -
ted by g r a f t i n o c u l a t i o n , but only in a
few cases b y t h e i n o c u l a t i o n o f j u i c e
BUTLER, E . J . 1 9 0 6 .
e x t r a c t e d from leaves of diseased p l a n t s .
The w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a and p e p p e r
I t i s proposed t h a t t h e causal v i r u s o f
A g r i c u l t u r e India 1:25-36. 880
the s t e r i l i t y disease be c a l l e d the
The w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a caused b y 'pigeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic' v i r u s .
Fuearium udum B u t l . i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 1 5
t o 25% m o r t a l i t y o f p l a n t s , and t h i s may b e
CAVENESS, F . E . 1 9 7 4 .
more t h a n 50% i n e p i d e m i c y e a r s . The
P l a n t s p a r a s i t i c nematode p o p u l a t i o n d i f f e -
d i s e a s e a p p e a r s o n young s e e d l i n g s i n
r e n c e s u n d e r n o - t i l l a g e and t i l l a g e s o i l
A u g u s t and h i g h e s t m o r t a l i t y i n m a t u r e
regimes i n Western N i g e r i a . J. Nematol.
p l a n t s i s caused a t f l o w e r i n g t i m e i n
6(4):138 (Abstract). 886
November and December. The d i s e a s e p r o g r e s -
ses i n p a t c h e s ; i t s symptoms a r e d e s c r i b e d . Mixed p o p u l a t i o n s o f Pratylenahus s p p .
were 5 : 1 g r e a t e r i n s o i l and 4 : 1 g r e a t e r
i n m a i z e r o o t s i n p l o t s grown t o maize f o r
BUTLER, E . J . 1 9 0 8 .
s e v e n c o n s e c u t i v e c r o p p i n g seasons ( 3 . 5 y r )
S e l e c t i o n o f pigeonpea f o r w i l t disease.
u n d e r a s o i l management r e g i m e o f t i l l a g e
Agriculture India 3:182-183. 881
and n o n t i l l a g e r e s p e c t i v e l y . Meloidogyne
The e x p e r i m e n t s were c o n d u c t e d t o i d e n t i f y incognita was 3 : 1 g r e a t e r i n n o n t i l l a g e
a s t r a i n o f t u r (C. c a j a n ) r e s i s t a n t t o than t i l l a g e s o i l s . Pigeonpea, soybean,
w i l t disease. A number o f s t r a i n s w e r e and cowpea f o l l o w i n g s i x c o n t i n u o u s c r o p s
c o l l e c t e d and t e s t e d i n a p l o t s e v e r e l y of m a i z e r e d u c e d t h e number of Pratylenahus
i n f e c t e d w i t h fungus. A few o f t h e s e s p p . u n d e r b o t h s o i l management r e g i m e s .
c o l l e c t i o n s showed p r o m i s e and were f o u n d T i l l a g e s o i l s had more t h a n t w i c e t h e
t o b e somewhat r e s i s t a n t . number o f Pratylenahus s p p . than n o n t i l l a g e
s o i l when grown t o p i g e o n p e a and s o y b e a n .
D-D ( 1 - 2 - d i c h l o r o p r o p a n e and 1 - 3 - d i c h l o r o -
BUTLER, E . J . 1 9 1 0 .
propene) a p p l i e d by hand-operated fumigun
The w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a and t h e
a t t h e r a t e o f 600 l i t e r s / h a c o n t r o l l e d
p a r a s i t i s m of Neocosmospora vasinfecta
Pratylenahus s p p . equally well in t i l l a g e
Smith. Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a ( B o t . S e r . )
and n o n t i l l a g e s o i l s .
2:1-62. 882

CHADHA, K . C . , and S . P . RAYCHAUDHURY.

BUTLER, E . J . (EDITOR). 1 9 1 8 .
1966.
F u n g i and d i s e a s e i n p l a n t s . Calcutta:
I n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n s t e r i l i t y v i r u s and
Thacker, Spink pp. 2 4 4 - 2 5 1 . 883
Fusarium udum B u t l . i n p i g e o n p e a . Indian
J. A g r i c . S c i . 36:133-139. 887
BUTLER, E . J . 1 9 2 6 .
Both diseases o f t e n occur simultaneously
The w i l t d i s e a s e s o f c o t t o n and sesamum i n
o n t h e same p l a n t . The i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n
India. A g r i c . J. 21(4):268-273. 884
a v i r u s and a f u n g u s i n t h e i r common h o s t
A d e t a i l e d description is given of a r t i f i - has been r e p o r t e d i n a number o f cases and
c i a l inoculations of seedlings of both u s e f u l r e s u l t s have been o b t a i n e d r e g a r d i n g
hosts w i t h the organisms i s o l a t e d from the epidemiology o f pathogens i n v o l v e d .
w i l t e d p l a n t s , the r e s u l t s o f which,
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l and c u l t u -
CHAKRABARTI, SIPRA, and P. NANDI. 1 9 6 9 .
r a l features of the pathogen, suggest t h a t
E f f e c t o f g r i s e o f u l v i n o n Fuaarium udum
the w i l t - p r o d u c i n g fungi a t t a c k i n g c o t t o n ,
B u t l e r and i t s h o s t p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
seasmum, and p i g e o n p e a i n I n d i a a r e
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Proc. Indian S c i .
s p e c i a l i z e d s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfeatum,
Acad. 56(3):288 (Abstract). 888
the American c o t t o n w i l t o r g a n i s m .
G r i s e o f u l v i n was f o u n d t o b e h i g h l y e f f e c t -
i v e a g a i n s t F . udum. Growth of t h e fungus
CAPOOR, S . P . 1 9 5 2 .
was i n h i b i t e d b y v e r y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
Observations on the s t e r i l i t y disease of
the a n t i b i o t i c . C o n i d i a l g e r m i n a t i o n was
pigeonpea. Indian J. Agric. Sci.
n o t h i n d e r e d even b y h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
22:271-274. 885
b u t t h e germ t u b e was a f f e c t e d . G r i s e o f u l v i n

114
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d i d not r e t a r d growth of seedlings but COSTA, A . S . , J. FRANCO DO AMARAL, A . P . VIEGAS,

lower concentrations (2.5 µg/ml to 0 . 1 µg/ D.M. SILVA, C.G. TEIXEIRA, and E . D . PINHEIRO.
ml) s t i m u l a t e d growth. Shoot was n o t i c e - 1957.
a b l y a f f e c t e d above 1 0 µ g / m l . T h e r e was Bacterial halo b l i g h t of coffee in B r a z i l .
r o l l i n g and m o t t l i n g o f t h e l e a v e s a t P h y t o p a t h . Z. 28(4) :427-444. 893
higher concentrations. I n the presence o f
Pseudomonas s p p . , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a u s i n g
t h e a n t i b i o t i c , r o o t s became e x c e s s i v e l y
h a l o b l i g h t , a l s o gave p o s i t i v e r e a c t i o n
b r a n c h e d , c u r l e d , and h a i r y ; r o o t s t u n t i n g
when i n o c u l a t e d i n t o p i g e o n p e a .
was o b s e r v e d f r o m 5 µ g / m l and a b o v e .

DAKE, G . N . 1 9 7 4 .
CHAKRAVARTHI, B . P . 1 9 5 2 .
S t u d i e s on Fusarium oxysporum f. udum
W i l t o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n B i h a r .
( B u t l . ) Snyder and Hansen c a u s i n g w i l t o f
Causal organism. Fusarium udum B u t l .
t u r . Cajanus ( L . ) M i l l s p . M.Sc. (1974)
B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 ( 1 ) : 9 - 1 0 . 889
Thesis. Marathwada K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h ,
Parbhani, Maharashtra, I n d i a . 894
CHAUBE, H . S . 1 9 6 8 .
Combating d i s e a s e s o f a r h a r and g r a m .
DALE, W.T. 1 9 4 3 .
I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t 1(7):26-27. 890
P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s of the p l a n t v i r u s e s
A number o f p u l s e c r o p s a r e grown i n I n d i a . of Trinidad. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad)
Most o f t h e d i s e a s e s a t t a c k i n g t h e s e c r o p s 20(12):228-235. 895
can b e e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d b y s u i t a b l e
P i g e o n p e a s e e d l i n g s were i n f e c t e d w i t h
p r o t e c t i v e measures a t t h e r i g h t t i m e . The
cowpea mosaic i n g r e e n h o u s e .
p i g e o n p e a d i s e a s e s d i s c u s s e d a r e w i l t and
s t e r i l i t y mosaic. W i l t d i s e a s e becomes
a p p a r e n t when t h e p l a n t s a r e 5 to 6 week DALE, W.T. 1 9 4 9 .
old. V a s c u l a r t i s s u e s o f t h e l o w e r stem O b s e r v a t i o n s o n a v i r u s d i s e a s e o f cowpea
and r o o t s a r e b l a c k e n e d i n s t r e a k s o r in Trinidad. Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 3 6 ( 3 ) :
patches. This d i s c o l o r a t i o n i s c l e a r l y 327-333. 896
v i s i b l e when t h e b a r k o f t h e l o w e r stem i s
Symptoms of cowpea mosaic on p i g e o n p e a .
peeled o f f . Losses f r o m t h i s d i s e a s e can
Ceratoma ruficornis is an e f f i c i e n t v e c t o r .
be minimized by growing w i l t - r e s i s t a n t
v a r i e t i e s s u c h a s NP(WR)-15, - 1 6 , and - 4 2 .
DASTUR, J . F . 1 9 4 6 .
Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Scient.
CHAUDHARY, S . K . , and M. PRASAD. 1 9 7 4 .
Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 :
V a r i a t i o n s i n sugar c o n t e n t s o f h e a l t h y
66-72. 897
and Fusarium oxysporum f. udum i n f e c t e d
p l a n t s o f Cajanus c a j a n . P h y t o p a t h . Z . Of 28 pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d f o r t h e i r
80(4):303-305. 891 r e a c t i o n s to F. udum, I P - 8 0 was immune,
I P - 4 1 and H y b r i d - 5 ( D - 4 1 9 - 2 - 4 ) showed u p
G l u c o s e was p r e s e n t i n h e a l t h y s h o o t and t o 5 % i n f e c t i o n , and t h e r e s t w e r e h i g h l y
r o o t e x t r a c t s o f a l l t e n v a r i e t i e s analyzed. susceptible to w i l t . In an infested f i e l d
Sucrose was p r e s e n t i n h e a l t h y s h o o t s o f p l o t IP-80 developed 4% i n f e c t i o n , C-15,
s i x v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s o f t h r e e A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 , and Thadgam 1 - 4 - 7 up to 7%,
v a r i e t i e s ; f r u c t o s e i n h e a l t h y shoots o f I P - 4 1 12%, and t h r e e o t h e r s were h i g h l y
s e v e n v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s o f one susceptible.
variety. R a f f i n o s e and m a l t o s e were
d e t e c t e d i n t h e h e a l t h y r o o t s and s h o o t s
o f v e r y few v a r i e t i e s . After infection DEIGHTON, F.C . 1 9 2 9 .
by F. oxysporum, a r a p i d d e p l e t i o n of Report of the m y c o l o g i c a l s e c t i o n . Ann.
s u g a r s was d e t e c t e d i n a l l v a r i e t i e s . The Rep. Lands and F o r e s t s Dep. S i e r r e Leone
most s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t i e s , E a r l y 269 and f o r the year 1928: 14-19. 898
E a r l y 3 4 8 , showed t h e h i g h e e t d e p l e t i o n .
A r u s t (Uredo c a j a n i ) was f o u n d to be
common o n t h e o l d e r l e a v e s o f p i g e o n p e a .
CIFERR1, R . , and FRAGOSO R. GONZALEZ. 1 9 2 7 .
P a r a s i t i c and s a p r o p h y t i c f u n g i o f t h e DEIGHTON, F . C . 1 9 3 2 .
Dominican Republic ( 1 0 t h s e r i e s ) . Bot. R. Mycological work. A n n . Rep. A g r i c . Dep.
Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t . 2 7 : 1 6 5 - 1 7 7 . 892 S i e r r e Leone f o r t h e y e a r 1 9 3 1 : 2 0 - 2 5 . 899
Cercospora cajani was f o u n d on living Rhizoctonia w i t h l a r g e s c l e r o t i a was f o u n d
leaves of Cajanus indicus. o n m a i z e and p i g e o n p e a .

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DEY, P . K . 1 9 4 7 . EDWARD, J . C . 1 9 5 4 .
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ment, U.P. 1944-45:38-40 ( P l a n t P a t h o - d i s t i n c t genera o f Sphaeropsidaceae.
logy) . 900 A l l a h a b a d Fmr 2 8 ( 4 ) : 5 . 907

I n c i d e n c e o f p l g e o n p e a w i l t ( F . udum) C u l t u r a l and i n f e c t i o n s t u d i e s i n c l u d i n g
r e d u c e d f r o m 6 6 t o 38% i n a s u s c e p t i b l e Maarophomina phaseoli from plgeonpea a r e
v a r i e t y when grown m i x e d w i t h s o r g h u m . described.

DEY, P . K . 1 9 4 8 . EDWARD, J . C , and S . L . MISHRA. 1 9 6 8 .

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report A g r i c u l t u r e Depart- Heterodera vigni n. s p . and second s t a g e
ment, U.P. 1945-46:43-46 ( P l a n t P a t h o - l a r v a e o f Heterodera s p p . i n U t t a r P r a d e s h ,
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B r e e d i n g w o r k and f i e l d t r i a l s f o r Fusarium During routine examination of f i e l d s o i l s

w i l t r e s i s t a n c e are summarized. and r h i z o s p h e r e s o f c r o p s , Heterodera s p p .
were f o u n d o n r o o t s o f p l g e o n p e a . The
c y s t s were f o u n d t o b e l o n g t o a new s p e c i e s ,
DEY, P . K . 1 9 4 8 .
named H. vigni; t h e m o r p h o l o g y of its
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report A g r i c u l t u r e D e p a r t - females, males, second-stage l a r v a e , c y s t s ,
ment, U.P. 1946-47:39-42 ( P l a n t P a t h o - and eggs is d e s c r i b e d .
logy) . 902
B y g r o w i n g p i g e o n p e a s w i t h sorghum i n
EDWARD, J . C , K . P . SINGH, S . C . TRIPATHI,
a r t i f i c i a l l y infected s o i l s , incidence
M . L . SINHA, and K. RANADE. 1 9 7 7 .
o f F . udum w i l t was r e d u c e d f o r second
R h i z o s p h e r e m y c o f l o r a and Nematodes Fauna
season. V a r i e t y NP-80 p r o v e d most r e s i s -
o f some f i e l d c r o p s and v e g e t a b l e s i n
t a n t ( o n l y 2.3% i n f e c t i o n ) o f a l l t h e
A l l a h a b a d , I n d i a . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 4 8 ( 2 ) :
varieties tested.
131-151. 909
A h i g h e r number o f f u n g i a r e f o u n d a s s o c i a -
DOIDGE, E.M. 1 9 4 1 . t e d w i t h legumes t h a n w i t h n o n l e g u m e s ,
South A f r i c a n r u s t F u n g i . 4. Bothaila i r r e s p e c t i v e of season. Although arhar
4(1):229-236. 903 ( c v T - 2 1 ) i s a l e g u m e , i t r e c o r d s a much
Vromyces dolicholi r e c o r d e d on p l g e o n p e a l o w e r number t h a n o t h e r l e g u m e s , p r o b a b l y
leaves. because i t i s r a i s e d u n d e r r a i n f e d c o n d i -
tions. The o b s e r v a t i o n s show t h a t t h e
p r e s e n c e o f m o i s t u r e and a d e q u a t e amounts
DWIVEDI, R . P . , and H . K . SAKSENA. 1 9 7 5 . o f n u t r i e n t s i n the s o i l could i n f l u e n c e
Web b l i g h t d i s e a s e o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n favorably the m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f f u n g i .
( L . ) M l l l s p . ) caused by Thanatephorus The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s o f r h i z o s p h e r e
auaumeris. I n d i a n J. Fm S c i . f u n g i and nematodes i n t h e r o o t s and i n
3:113-114. 904 t h e s o i l s a r o u n d a r h a r were 1 4 5 , 4 5 4
D i s e a s e s u r v e y s showed p r e v a l e n c e o f t h i s ( 1 g m d r y s o i l ) and. 440 (100 m l s o i l ) .
d i s e a s e i n s e v e r a l improved v a r i e t i e s s u c h
a s P r a b h a t , T - 2 1 , and T - 1 7 . Repeated i s o - F E L I X , S . , and L . ORIEUX. 1 9 6 2 .
l a t i o n s from diseased l e a f t i s s u e y i e l d e d P l a n t d i s e a s e s and t h e i r c o n t r o l i n M a u r i -
c u l t u r e s o f i m p e r f e c t f u n g u s Rhizoctonia tius. D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i -
aolani K u h n . , The web b l i g h t d i s e a s e o f t i u s : B u l l . 95. 910
a r h a r has n o t been s t u d i e d s o f a r . Its
symptoms a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f Notes on t h e c o n t r o l of diseases of ground-
R. solani and R, bataticola. n u t , m a i z e , p l g e o n p e a , p o t a t o e s , and sweet
potatoes.

DWIVEDI, R . S . , and D. K. ARORA. 1 9 7 5 .

Fungal c o l o n i z a t i o n o f s t a l e d agar d i s c s GADEWAR, A . V . , and N.K. RAUT. 1 9 7 6 .
from rhizosphere s o i l inocula of plgeonpea. Translocation of Benlate in germinating
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) seeds and s e e d l i n g s o f Cajans c a j a n .
41(6):571-575. 905 Indian J . Mycol. P I . Pathol. 6 ( 1 ) :
108-109. 911

DWIVEDI, R . S . , a n d R . N . TANDON. 1 9 7 6 . B e n l a t e was f o u n d t r a n s l o c a b l e when

S t u d i e s o n some a s p e c t s o f seed m y c o f l o r a a p p l i e d a s seed d r e s s e r . I t was a l s o
of plgeonpea. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. a b s o r b e d b y t h e r o o t s and t r a n s l o c a t e d
63:63-64. 906 i n t o t h e l e a v e s o f 1-month o l d s e e d l i n g s .

116
 Pathology

GHOSH, M.K. 1 9 7 5 . GOVINDASWAMY, C.V. 1 9 5 1 .

C o n t r o l o f Fusarium w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a b y Some s t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d
various treatments. M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . s o i l m i c r o f l o r a o n Fusarium udum B u t l .
B i d h a n Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , t h e w i l t o r g a n i s m o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 912 aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e
to i t s pathogenicity. Thesis. Indian
A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New
GHOSH, PRODYUT, and S. MUKHERJEE. 1 9 6 9 .
Delhi, India. 916
P r e l i m i n a r y note on the study of m i c r o f l o r a
f r o m t h e r h i z o e p h e r e o f Cajanus c a j a n
Millsp. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 5 6 ( 3 ) : GUNASEKARAN, C . R . , T . S . MUTHUKRISHNAN, and
317-318 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 913 G. RAJENDRAN. 1 9 7 6 .
E v a l u a t i o n o f chemicals f o r c o n t r o l l i n g
M i c r o f l o r a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e fungu s f l o r a
p i g e o n p e a c y s t nematode Heterodera aajani
from the d i f f e r e n t leaves of the r h i z o -
i n red gram. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 5 - 7 ) :
s p h e r e o f C , aajan M i l l s p . w e r e s t u d i e d .
382-383. 917
The s o i l samples w e r e c o l l e c t e d e v e r y 5 c m
a l o n g and around t h e l e n g t h o f t h e tap r o o t The t o t a l absence o f c y s t f o r m a t i o n o f
o f t h e h o s t p l a n t and d e s i g n a t e d a s a , b , H. c a j a n i on the r o o t s of the t r e a t e d
and c , f r o m above downwards and a ' , a " , b ' , plants i n d i c a t e the possible c o n t r o l of
b " , c ' , c " , along corresponding h o r i z o n t a l t h e nematode w i t h t h e two c h e m i c a l s ,
levels. The f r e q u e n c y o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f e n s u l f o t h i o n and c a r b o f u r a n .
the growing c o l o n i e s w i t h 0.01 d i l u t i o n
was f o u n d t o b e 4 a t c - l e v e l , 3 a t c ' - l e v e l
GUPTA, S . C . , and S. SINHA. 1 9 5 1 .
and 2 a t c " - l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t f u n g u s
F u r t h e r a d d i t i o n s t o Synahytria of India.
f l o r a d e c r e a s e d away f r o m t h e r o o t r e g i o n
Indian Phytopath. 4(1):7-10. 918
proper. The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c o l o n i e s
w a s , h o w e v e r , maximum a t b - l e v e l o f t h e D e s c r i p t i o n of Synchytrium phaseoli-radiata,
soil. Many o f t h e f u n g i r e c o r d e d a r e a l s o a new s p . o n p i g e o n p e a i s g i v e n .
a b u n d a n t i n t h e p h y l l o s p h e r e , and a r e
conspicuously saprophytic.
GUPTA, S . L . 1 9 6 1 .
The e f f e c t o f m i x e d c r o p p i n g o f a r h a r
GODBOLE, G . M . , G . N . DAKE, and C.D. MAYEE. (Cajanus indicus Spreng.) w i t h jowar
1967. (Sorghum vulgare P e r s . ) on i n c i d e n c e of
Q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n o f pigeonpea stem arhar w i l t . A g r i c . A n i m . H u s b . U.P.
canker i n t e n s i t y . Res. B u l l . MAU 3(10-12):31-35. 919
1(9):135-136. 914

A s u i t a b l e technique f o r scoring i n f e c t i o n HABISH, H.A. 1 9 7 2 .

grades i s d e v e l o p e d . Different infection A f l a t o x i n i n h a r i c o t bean and o t h e r p u l s e s .
grades f o r m u l a t e d to r e c o r d t h e diseases Expl A g r i c . 8(2):135-137. 920
are g i v e n . V a r i e t i e s s u c h a s B D N - 1 , BDN-2,
F i f t y samples o f t e n p u l s e s were c o l l e c t e d
and C - 1 1 showed m o d e r a t e r e a c t i o n , w h i l e
f r o m K h a r t o u m and t h e n o r t h e r n p r o v i n c e o f
P r a b h a t and K a k i e x h i b i t e d a h i g h d e g r e e
Sudan. M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e p u l s e s was
of susceptibility.
d e t e r m i n e d b y o v e n - d r y i n g and a f l a t o x i n s
w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y TLC. Fungi were d e t e r -
GONZAGA, E . , and L. LORDELLO. 1 9 6 0 . mined i n 5 0 seeds o f each sample b y
I n t e r f e r e n c e o f nematodes i n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n c u b a t i n g b a t c h e s o f f i v e seeds i n a
practices. R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . p e t r i dish l i n e d w i t h moist f i l t e r paper.
40(473) : 1 2 - 1 3 . 915 Tables o f r e s u l t s are g i v e n .

I n B r a z i l i n a r o t a t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n -
pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , t h e p i g e o n p e a c r o p HANSFORD, C.G. 1 9 3 8 .
showed a n i n f e r i o r s t a n d i n i t s c o n s e c u t i v e Annual Report o f the P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t
second y e a r w h i l e t h e p l a n t s i n p l o t s w h e r e 1936. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda, 1 9 3 6 - 3 7
r i c e and p i g e o n p e a w e r e sown a l t e r n a t e l y (Part 2):43-49. 921
were h e a l t h y . T h i s was due t o a heavy
V a r i o u s Fusarium s p p . i n c l u d i n g f o r m s
i n f e s t a t i o n w i t h t w o nematodes w h i c h p r o l i -
b e l o n g i n g to Hypomyces impomoea, lisia,
f e r a t e when p i g e o n p e a i s c u l t i v a t e d and a r e
and gibberella w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m p i g e o n p e a
t h w a r t e d i n t h e i r development b y r i c e .
p l a n t s t h a t had d i e d f r o m t h e t o p downwards.
The G i b b e r e l l a s p p . a p p e a r e d t o b e t h e
primary p a r a s i t e s . A d i f f e r e n t disease
f r o m w i l t i n I n d i a i s caused b y F . vasinfec-
tum.

117
Pigeonpea Bibliography

HANSFORD, C . G . 1 9 4 3 . e a r l i e r t h a n where p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e h i g h ,
C o n t r i b u t i o n s towards t h e fungus f l o r a o f and p l a n t s o f one v a r i e t y p r o d u c e d s i g n i -
Uganda 5. Fungi i m p e r f e c t ! . Proc. Linn. f i c a n t l y greater y i e l d s o f green pods.
Soc. L o n d . 4 3 ( 1 ) : 3 4 - 6 7 . 922
Dendrochium gigasporum i s o l a t e d from dying HUTTON, F . M . , and N . E . GRYLLS. 1 9 5 6 .
pigeonpea stems. Legume ' l i t t l e l e a f , a v i r u s disease of
subtropical pasture species. Aust. J.
A g r i c . Res. 7:95-97. 926
HASAN, ABUL, M. WAJID KHAN, A. RASHID, and
H.K. ABRAR. 1 9 7 5 . The symptoms o f l i t t l e l e a f a r e s i m i l a r t o
Relative efficiency of certain fungicides t h o s e caused b y t h e " b i g - b u d - w i t c h e s b r o o m "
against Colletotrichum spp. Indian J. complex o f v i r u s e s . I t s vector is the l e a f
Mycol. P I . Pathol. 5(1):41. 923 hopper, Oroeius avgentatus (Evans), which
also transmits other viruses. Most o f t h e
A l l the fungicides, v i z . , Brassicol,
s p e c i e s and s t r a i n s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e p r o m i -
t h i r a m , c o p r a n t o l , Dithane Z-78, Dithane
s i n g p a s t u r e l e g u m e s , i n c l u d i n g Cajanus
M - 4 5 , A g r o s a n G . N . ; c a p t a n and DDT s u c c e s s -
c a j a n , possess f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e t o l i t t l e
f u l l y i n h i b i t e d t h e g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n
leaf.
of C. truncatum (pigeonpea i s o l a t e ) .
The b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e was e x h i b i t e d b y
c o p r a n t o l w h e r e p a t h o g e n f a i l e d t o grow I H F I S , T . , R . H . FREVRE, and H . C . KENNARD.
a t any o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t r i e d . It 1937.
was f o l l o w e d b y B r a s s i c o l . C a p t a n and Pellicularia filamentosa on Tephrosa and
Agrosan G.N. were e f f e c t i v e a t h i g h e r Cajanus indicus in Puerto R i c o . FAO P 1 .
concentrations (0.3%). Prot. B u l l . 5(10):159-160. 927
The d i s e a s e c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d b y u s i n g
HIREMATH, R . V . , R.H. BALASUBRAMANYAN, and B o r d e a u x m i x t u r e and Z i n e b .
S . B . PURANIK. 1 9 7 3 .
E f f e c t o f c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e o f Fusarium udum
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
B u t l e r on the rhizosphere m i c r o f l o r a of
1950.
Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Indian J.
S c i e n t i f i c report of the Indian A g r i c u l -
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t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r
F. udum has been shown to p r o d u c e t h r e e t h e y e a r 1 9 4 7 - 4 8 . 182 p p . 928
enzymes v i z . , p e c t i n m e t h y l e s t e r a s e ,
Summary o f w o r k o n Fusarium udum w i l t i s
p o l y g a l a c t u r o n a s e , and c e l l u l o s e in vivo
given.
and i n v i t r o . The c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e was
added t o t h e b a s e o f 2 5 - d a y o l d p i g e o n p e a
s e e d l i n g s grown i n p o t s . Fungal, actino- INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
m y c e t e , and b a c t e r i a l p o p u l a t i o n o f r h i z o - 1953.
sphere s o i l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n S c i e n t i f i c reports o f the Indian A g r i c u l -
nonrhizosphere s o i l . The p l a n t s t r e a t e d t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e y e a r
w i t h c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e d i d n o t show any ended 3 0 t h June 1 9 5 1 . 120 p p . 929
v a r i a t i o n in the fungal population. These
Cajanus cajan: Out o f e i g h t w i l t - r e s i s t a n t
was s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e b a c t e r i a l
v a r i e t i e s and f i v e h y b r i d d e r i v a t i v e s ,
population in the rhizosphere of treated
D - 1 6 - 1 7 - 2 gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . The
p l a n t s w i t h i n 24 hours a f t e r t r e a t m e n t .
v a r i e t i e s N P - 4 1 , C - 3 8 - 1 - 2 , and D - 4 1 9 - 2 - 4
w e r e h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t t o Fusarium udum.
HUTTON, D . G . , and J . L . HAMMERTON. 1 9 7 5 .
I n v e s t i g a t i o n on the r o l e of Rotylenchulus
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.
reniformis in a decline of pigeonpea.
1950.
Nematropica 5(2) :24. 925
In: ICAR A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r 1948-49 D e l h i .
No r e l a t i o n s h i p was f o u n d b e t w e e n numbers pp. 177-190. 930
of Rotylenohulus reniformis in the s o i l
V a r i e t a l t e s t s f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e and
around p l a n t s o f t h r e e pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s
experiments w i t h Bacillus subtilis as
and t h e number o f t h e s e p l a n t s s h o w i n g a
i n h i b i t o r o f Fusarium udum a r e s u m m a r i z e d .
decline. This decline s t a r t s w i t h y e l l o w -
i n g o f new l e a v e s a f t e r t h e f i r s t b e a r i n g ,
p r o g r e s s i v e d i e b a c k o f t w i g s and m a i n s t e m INGHAM, J . L . 1 9 7 6 .
and p r e m a t u r e d e a t h o f many p l a n t s . How- Induced i s o f l a v o n o i d s from f u n g u s - i n f e c t e d
e v e r , w h e r e nematode p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e stems o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) .
s u p p r e s s e d , p l a n t s grew f a s t e r and f l o w e r e d Z. Natur. 39(9-10):504-508. 931

118
 Pathology

From stems i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Helminthosporium n o t a t t r a c t i v e t o E . kern. The l e a f

(Cochliobolus) carbonum, four antifungal h o p p e r p r e f e r s t h e r e d u c e d C/N r a t i o f o u n d
isoflavones (7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 5, 7, in diseased leaves. Detailed studies on
4' - t r i h y d r o x y - ; 5, 7, 2 ' , 4' -tetrahydroxy; t h e n u t r i t i o n p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e l e a f hopper,
5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , - t r i h y d r o x y - 7 - m e t h o x y ) and one i n c l u d i n g enzymatic s t u d i e s , are r e q u i r e d
isoflavonone (5, 2' -dihydroxy-7, 4 ' - f o r understanding of the problem.
dimethoxy-) were i s o l a t e d . The s t r u c t u r e
o f t h e l a s t ( c a j a n o l ) was c o n f i r m e d b y
synthesis from f e r r e i r i n . A s i x t h compound JEHLE, R . A . , and J . I . WOOD. 1 9 2 6 .
was p r o v i s i o n a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a s 5 , 2 ' - D i s e a s e s o f f i e l d and v e g e t a b l e c r o p s i n
didydroxy-7, 4'-dimethoxyisoflavone. the United States i n 1925. P I . D i s . Reptr
(Supp.) 45:152. 937
Diseases r e p o r t e d from Puerto Rico on
ISLAM, N . 1 9 7 0 .
p i g e o n p e a were l e a f s p o t s Cercospora insta-
E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s c a r b o n and n i t r o g e n
s o u r c e s o n g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n o f bilis, Phyllosticta spp., Vellosiella
F. udum. 39 p p . M.Sc. (1970) T h e s i s . cajani, Rhizoctonia ferruginea, damping-off.
B i d h a n Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a ,
K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 932 JESWANI, M . D . , N. PRASAD, and P . D . GEMAWAT.
1977.
M o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n Fusarium
JAIN, A.C. 1949.
l a t e r i t u m f. cajani. Indian J. Mycol. P I .
E f f e c t of c e r t a i n micro-organisms on the
Path. 5(1) : 4 . 938
a c t i v i t y o f Fuearium udum B u t l e r , t h e
c a u s a l a g e n t o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n The p a t h o g e n i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e i n c u l t u r a l
(Linn.) Millsp.) w i l t . 50 pp. Thesis. characters. Single-spore i s o l a t e s from
I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , s i n g l e s t r a i n s have a l s o been o b s e r v e d t o
New D e l h i , I n d i a . 933 v a r y among t h e m s e l v e s w i t h r e g a r d t o g r o w t h
p a t t e r n , segmentation, substrate r e a c t i o n ,
and p i g m e n t a t i o n . D i f f e r e n t i s o l a t e s have
JANARTHANAN, R. 1 9 7 2 .
the capacity o f s e c r e t i n g d i f f e r i n g quan-
O c c u r r e n c e o f t h e p i g e o n p e a c y s t nematode
t i t i e s of metabolic products.
i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n J . Nematol.
2:215. 934
JOFFE, A . Z . 1 9 7 4 .
The p i g e o n p e a c y s t nematode was f o u n d
A modern s y s t e m of Fusarium taxonomy.
p r e s e n t i n T a m i l Nadu and i n f e s t e d cowpeas,
Mycopath. 53(1-4) :201-228. 939
w h i c h may a l s o pose a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m t o
the c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s . A modern s y s t e m c o m p r i s i n g 1 3 s e c t i o n s ,
3 3 s p e c i e s and 1 4 v a r i e t i e s i s p r o p o s e d ,
based o n t h e s t u d y o v e r 3 0 y e a r s , o f t h e
JANARTHANAN, R . , G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL,
m o r p h o l o g y and g r o w t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
K . S . SUBRAMANIAN, G. NAVANEETHAN, and
Fuearium s p p . and t h e i r v a r i a b i l i t y u n d e r
T . K . KANDASWAMY. 1 9 7 3 .
a wide range of c o n d i t i o n s .
A r e p o r t on t h e survey of s t e r i l i t y mosaic
d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e o n r e d gram i n T a m i l
Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 1 ) : 4 1 - 4 4 . 935 JOHNSON, J . 1 9 3 9 .
S t u d i e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f brown r o o t r o t o f
From a s u r v e y made o v e r 9 , 1 4 2 h e c t a r e s i n
t o b a c c o and o t h e r p l a n t s . J . A g r i c . Res.
d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f T a m i l N a d u , i t was
58(11):843-863. 940
o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e d gram s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c
was p r e v a l e n t i n a l m o s t a l l p a r t s o f t h e Symptoms o f a f f e c t e d h o s t and c h a r a c t e r i s -
state. The p e r c e n t a g e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e t i c s o f unknown c a u s a l a g e n t o f b r o w n r o o t
d i s e a s e s u g g e s t s heavy c r o p l o s s e s o f r e d r o t disease are g i v e n . Pigeonpeas were
gram i n T a m i l N a d u . a l s o found to be s u s c e p t i b l e .

JAYARAJ, S . , and A . R . SESHADRI. 1 9 6 7 . KAISER, S . A . K . , and P. K . S . GUPTA. 1 9 6 0 .

P r e f e r e n c e o f t h e l e a f Empoasca kerri Cross p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t w i l t d i s e a s e
P r u t h i (Homoptera: Jassidae) f o r pigeonpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum s p . udum in
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) p l a n t s pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . M y c o l . Res.
i n f e c t e d w i t h s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s . 7:38-39. 941
Curr. S c i . 36(13):353-355. 936
7 7 . 5 0 t o 81.25% c o n t r o l o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t
The h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f c a r b o h y d r a t e i n t h e due to F. oxysporum f. s p . udum c a n be
h e a l t h y p i g e o n p e a p l a n t s o v e r d i s e a s e d ones achieved by p r i o r i n o c u l a t i o n of the host
i n l e a v e s o f medium m a t u r i t y i s p r o b a b l y

119
Plgeonpea Bibliography

w i t h t h e n o n p a t h o g e n i c F . oxyeporum f. s p . KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R . P . SRIVASTAVA.

ciceri and F, oxyeporum f. s p . vasinfectum. 1975.
Microfungi at the r o o t - s o i l i n t e r f a c e of
a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n f e c t e d
KAISER, S . A . K . , and P . K . S . GUPTA. 1 9 7 5 .
b y plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s .
I n f e c t i o n and p a t h o l o g i c a l h i s t o l o g y o f
Technology 11(4) : 434-436. 945
p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . )
i n o c u l a t e d w i t h p a t h o g e n i c and n o n - p a t h o - T h e r e was n o d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t o t a l number
g e n i c f o r m a e s p e c i a l e s of Fusarium oxyspo- o f s p e c i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h e a l t h y and
rum. Z. p f l a n z k . p f l a n z s . 8 2 ( 8 - 9 ) : diseased r h i z o s p h e r e . C e r t a i n f u n g i were
485-492. 942 confined to the rhizosphere e i t h e r of the
healthy or the diseased p l a n t s . Colony
I n o c u l a t i o n studies using the susceptible
c o u n t s / g o f d r y s o i l w e r e more i n t h e
v a r i e t y EB-3 and t h e f o r m a e s p e c i a l e s udum,
healthy p l a n t s than in the diseased ones.
vasinfectum and c i c e r i showed F. oxyeporum
Several Penicillia and Aspergilli, parti-
f . s p . udum t o b e h o s t s p e c i f i c . The o t h e r
cularly t h e members of Aspergillus ustus
formae s p e c i a l e s produced i n i t i a l w i l t
g r o u p , were c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e r h i z o -
symptoms b u t t h e s e e d l i n g s t h e n r e c o v e r e d
s p h e r e u n d e r b o t h d i s e a s e d and h e a l t h y
and d e v e l o p e d new l e a v e s . Hyphae o f a l l
conditions. The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was
t h r e e formae s p e c i a l e s invaded t h e seed-
more p r o m i n e n t i n t h e case o f h e a l t h y
l i n g s , d i s t r i b u t i o n being s i m i l a r , but the
plants.
e x t e n t o f i n v a s i o n b e i n g much g r e a t e r i n
p a t h o g e n i c formae s p e c i a l e s . Vascular
t i s s u e s were p a r t i a l l y a f f e c t e d . KAMAL and AJAY KUMAR VERMA. 1 9 7 6 .
Microfungal f l o r a in the root region of
a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
KALYANASUNDARAM, R. 1 9 5 2 .
F e r t i l . Technol. 13(2-3):155-157. 946
A s c o r b i c a c i d and Fusarium w i l t e d plants.
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) Fungal p o p u l a t i o n i n r h i z o s p h e r e - f r e e s o i l ,
36(3):102-104. 943 r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l and r h i z o p l a n e o f a r h a r
have been s t u d i e d .
Studies in Madras on Fusarium vaeinfeotum
on c o t t o n and F. udum on r e d gram (C.cajan)
showed r e d u c t i o n i n a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t KAMAT, M . N . , and M.K. PATEL. 1 9 4 8 .
o f h o s t l e a v e s and i n c r e a s e i n r e d u c i n g Some new h o s t s of Oidiopsis taurioa (Lev.)
sugars. Conclusion i s that reduction i n Salmon i n Bombay. Indian Phytopath.
c h l o r o p h y l l and r e t a r d a t i o n o f g r o w t h 1(2):153-158. 947
p r e c e d i n g w i l t i n g causes d e c r e a s e i n
T h i s f u n g u s was c o l l e c t e d f r o m p l g e o n p e a
ascorbic acid content.
and o t h e r h o s t s . Each c o l l e c t i o n was f o u n d
t o r e i n f e c t i t s own h o s t o n l y , s h o w i n g t h a t
KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R . P . SRIVASTAVA. t h e f u n g u s was h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d .
1975.
R h i z o s p h e r e m y c o f l o r a s o f some v i r u s i n f e c -
KANDASWAMY, T . K . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
t e d c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
1960.
Millsp.). Technology 1 1 ( 2 - 3 ) : 2 3 4 - 2 3 8 . 944
A n e p i p h y t o t i c o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y
The r h i z o s p h e r e m y c o p o p u l a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t mosaic a t Coimbatore. Madras A g r i c . J .
arhar c u l t i v a r s d i f f e r e d considerably. 47:440-441. 948
T h e r e w e r e m y c o - o r g a n i c makeup d i f f e r e n c e s
No signs of tolerance or resistance to
i n t h e r o o t s o f h e a l t h y and d i s e a s e d p l a n t s .
s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s were n o t e d i n a
The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was a l w a y s g r e a t e r
g r o u p o f o v e r 100 v a r i e t i e s o f Cajanus
i n t h e h e a l t h y p l a n t s than i n t h e i r
oajan, grown a t t h e M i l l e t B r e e d i n g S t a -
diseased c o u n t e r p a r t s . The minimum r h i z o -
t i o n , Coimbatore, I n d i a .
s p h e r e e f f e c t was m a n i f e s t e d b y c u l t i v a r
Prabhat i n f e c t e d w i t h the severe s t r a i n o f
the v i r u s . The r e s u l t s r e a d i l y f i t i n w i t h KERNKAMP, M . F . , and G.A. HEMERIK. 1 9 5 3 .
t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l derangements o f t h e The r e l a t i o n of Ascochyta imperfecta to
plants. The d e g r e e o f q u a n t i t a t i v e r e d u c - a l f a l f a seed p r o d u c t i o n i n M i n n e s o t a .
t i o n in the rhizosphere mycoflora of Phytopath. 43(7):378-383. 949
diseased p l a n t s appeared t o b e d i r e c t l y
Plgeonpea r e a c t e d p o s i t i v e l y to inoculation
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e degree o f the s e v e r i t y
of i n f e c t i o n in c u l t i v a r T-17. with Aeooohyta imperfecta.

120
 Pathology

KHAN, W.M.A., and R.K. SINGH. 1974. KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1971.
Anthracnose of arhar i n c i t e d by Colletotri- Investigations on the l i f e h i s t o r y of the
chum truncatum- Indian Phytopath. pigeonpea cyst nematode Heterodera cajani.
27:622-624. 950 Indian J. Nematol. 1:44-51. 954
Stem anthracnose of pigeonpea (Cajanus Temperature was an important factor govern-
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) caused by Colletotri- ing the time required to complete the l i f e
chum truncation (Sen.) Andrush and Moore, cycle. At a s o i l temperature of 84°F the
was observed in the l a s t week of September nematode completed one generation in 16
1972. Survey of v a r i e t i e s indicated that days, whereas under cool conditions (10-
only some of the early maturing v a r i e t i e s 25°C/50-75°F) the time required was 45 to
were free from the disease during t h i s 80 days. The nematode was able to repro-
period. ' I n f e c t i o n was confined to main duce parthenogenetically, though it is a
axis and l a t e r a l branches. Defoliation and bisexual species. For rapid m u l t i p l i c a t i o n ,
drying-up of the complete plant were the however males were considered necessary.
ultimate signs of the i n f e c t i o n .

KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1971.

KHANNA, R.N., and R.S. SINGH. 1975. On the number of generations of Heterodera
Microbial populations of pigeonpea r h i z o - oajani, the pigeonpea cyst nematode, in a
sphere in amended s o i l s . Indian J. Mycol. year. Indian J. Nematol. 1:88-90. 955
P I . Pathol. 5(2):131-138. 951
H. cajani could complete nine generations
Count of fungi and actinomycetes had in a year under laboratory conditions.
inverse relationship with plant age in Duration of l i f e cycle was prolonged during
nonamended s o i l , while optimum b a c t e r i a l winter months. The favorable m u l t i p l i c a -
a c t i v i t y occurred at maximum vegetative t i o n of the nematode was from June to
growth of p l a n t . O i l cake was stimulatory September and A p r i l to June.
to microflora and sawdust was i n h i b i t o r y .
The i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t was overcome by
KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1972.
supplemental nitrogen. Rhizosphere of
S u s c e p t i b i l i t y of plants to pigeonpea cyst
pigeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y changed the effect
nematode, Heterodera cajani. Indian J.
of amendments on m i c r o f l o r a . It reduced
Nematol. 2:1-6. 956
stimulatory effects of amendments on
bacteria and actinomycetes but accentuated One hundred and f i v e plant species, repre-
i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t of sawdust on these senting 58 genera in 21 f a m i l i e s , were
groups. tested for t h e i r s u i t a b i l i t y as hosts of
Heterodera oajani', 19 of them (family : Legu-
minosae) were recorded as hosts.
KOSHY, P.K. 1968.
Studies on the cyst-forming nematode of KULDIP SINGH, B.S. DAHIYA, and J.S. CHOHAN.
pigeonpea. Ph.D. (1968) Thesis. Indian 1975.
A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New Evaluation of arhar (Cajanus cajan) germ-
Delhi, India. 952 plasm lines against the s t e r i l i t y disease
in the Punjab. PAU Res. J. 12(3):
327-328. 957
KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1967.
Factors a f f e c t i n g emergence of larvae from Two hundred and t h i r t y - f o u r lines were
cyst of Heterodera oajani Koshy. Indian screened for reaction to the s t e r i l i t y
J. Nematol. 1:209-219. 953 virus in 1973 and 1974. L-3 and P-4785
were resistant and 16 others were t o l e r a n t .
Emergence took place between 15 and 37°C,
with 29°C optimum. More emergence was
obtained from cysts conditioned to 40°C KULKARNI, Y . S . , M.K. PATEL, and
than those at 12°C. Aeration did not S.G. ABHYANKAR. 1953.
affect emergence of larvae. But constant A new b a c t e r i a l leaf spot and stem canker
exposure to l i g h t gave a s i g n i f i c a n t l y of pigeonpea. Indian Phytopath. 5 ( 1 ) :
higher hatch than subjecting to t o t a l 21-22. 958
darkness. Optimum pH was 10.5. Root
Gives an extended account of the disease
leachates from Cajanus aajan stimulated
and i t s causal agent and l i s t s factors
emergence of larvae from cysts. The cysts
conducive to disease development. Since
stored in a i r - d r i e d s o i l under laboratory
the pathogen i n f e c t s pigeonpea alone,
conditions remained viable for at least
showing host range s p e c i f i c i t y , it is
2 years.
proposed as a new species to be called
Xanthomonas c a j a n i .

121
Plgeonpea Bibliography

KULKARNI, Y . S . , M.K. PATEL, and McRAE, W. 1 9 2 4 .

S . G . ABHYANKAR. 1 9 6 0 . Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t .
A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f s p o t and s t e m c a n k e r Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 3 - 2 4 :
of plgeonpea. Curr. S c i . 19(2):384. 959 41-51. 965
A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f s p o t was f i r s t n o t i c e d S e e d - b o r n e s p o r e s of Fusarium udum caused
o n t h e l o w e r l e a v e s o f p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus l i t t l e w i l t o f Rahar ( P l g e o n p e a ) . Seed
c a j a n M l l l s p . ) a t J a l g a o n and Anand i n d i s i n f e c t i o n t r i a l o n 1 - a c r e ( 0 . 4 ha) p l o t s
September 1 9 4 9 . The d i s e a s e symptom and gave 0 . 0 4 and 1.4% w i l t o n t r e a t e d and u n -
i t s a t t a c k on the p l a n t are described. treated plots. Disease found to spread up
t o 9 f t ( 2 . 7 4 m ) t h r o u g h s o i l i n one season,
LEACH, R . , 1 9 3 4 . apparently along r o o t s . Thus p r e v i o u s w o r k
Report of t h e M y c o l o g i s t f o r 1933. A. Rep. on s o i l treatment rendered useless. Green
Dep. A g r l c . N y a s a l a n d . 1 9 3 3 : 5 4 - 5 5 . 960 manure p l u s s u p e r p h o s p h a t e r e d u c e d w i l t
i n c i d e n c e by 25%.
Armillaria meIlea killed pigeonpeas in
infested tea p l a n t a t i o n .
McRAE, W. 1 9 2 6 .
LEACH, R . , and J . WRIGHT. 1 9 3 0 . Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t .
Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 :
C o l l a r and s t e m c a n k e r o f (Cajanus c a j a n )
54-69. 966
p l g e o n p e a caused by a s p e c i e s of Physalo-
spora. Mem. I m p . C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . F u r t h e r d e t a i l s o f f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h green
T r i n i d a d ( M y c o l . S e r . ) 1:12 p p . 961 manure and s u p e r p h o s p h a t e a r e g i v e n .
The p r i m a r y symptoms a r e t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
grey, s c u t i f o r m , dark-edged l e s i o n s avera- McRAE, W. 1 9 2 8 .
g i n g 5 cm l o n g on t h e s t e m and b r a n c h e s . Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t .
The l e s i o n s t u r n d a r k b r o w n a t t h e c o l l a r Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 7 - 2 8 :
r e g i o n and u s u a l l y c a n k e r g i r d l e s t h e 56-70. 967
c o l l a r and k i l l s t h e p l a n t . Description F u r t h e r r e p o r t o f g r e e n manure and s u p e r -
o f Phoma and M a c r o p h o m a a r e g i v e n . Cultu- p h o s p h a t e t r e a t m e n t s i n s t u d y o f Fusarium
r a l studies are b r i e f l y described. wilt. S u g g e s t i o n o f some o t h e r f a c t o r a s
dominant.
LOPEZ ROSA, J . M . 1 9 6 9 .
Phoma s p . The c a u s a l a g e n t o f p l g e o n p e a McRAE, W. 1 9 3 0 .
canker ( A b s t r a c t ) . Phytopath. Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t .
59(10):1348. 962 Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 8 - 2 9 :
51-66. 968
I s o l a t i o n , v a r i e t a l r e a c t i o n s , growth i n
c u l t u r e , and i n o c u l a t i o n o f a Phoma s p . I n c i d e n c e of pigeonpea w i l t (Fusarium vasin-
causing canker i n plgeonpea i n Puerto Rico fectum) was f a v o r e d by s u p e r p h o s p h a t e b u t
are described. c h e c k e d b y g r e e n m a n u r e . A p p l y i n g b o t h gave
i n t e r m e d i a t e r e s u l t s . Top 3 f t (92 cm) o f
MCDONALD, J . , 1 9 2 4 . s o i l was dug o u t and t r e a t e d w i t h superphos-
Anntial r e p o r t o f the M y c o l o g i s t f o r t h e year p h a t e (0.002% s o l u b l e P 2 O 5 ) and m o i s t u r e
1 9 2 3 . A . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Kenya f o r t h e year c o n t e n t r a i s e d t o l o c a l optimum b e f o r e sow-
ended 3 1 s t December 1 9 2 3 : 8 1 - 8 5 . 963 i n g i n September a f t e r t h e r a i n s . N o f u r t h e r
w a t e r i n g was done f o r 5 m o n t h s . L a r g e r r o o t s
D i s e a s e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Madagascar
and b r a n c h i n g r o o t l e t s w e r e more numerous
b u t t e r beans caused b y a f u n g u s s i m i l a r t o
i n t r e a t e d t o p 2 f t ( 6 0 cm) b u t t h e r e was
Vermucularia capsici observed on plgeonpea,
n o marked d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t h i r d f t .
c o n t r o l l e d o n beans b y Bordeaux m i x t u r e .

McRAE, W. 1 9 3 1 .
McRAE, W. 1 9 2 3 .
N o t e o n ' w i l t ' i n Rahar i n p e r m a n e n t p l o t s
Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t .
at Pusa. Proc. Bd A g r i c . I n d i a , 1929.
Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . Pusa 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 :
Appendix 3 : 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 . 969
53-60. 964
D e t a i l s o f f i r s t 2 0 years t r i a l s o f f e r t i -
Fusarium w i l t o f p l g e o n p e a was v e r y s e v e r e
l i z e r s o n Fusarium w i l t a r e d i s c u s s e d .
in the season. M a n u r i a l e x p e r i m e n t s showed
t h a t superphosphate increased disease i n c i -
McRAE, W. 1 9 3 2 .
dence and g r e e n manure d e c r e a s e d i t . Super-
Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t .
p h o s p h a t e a f t e r g r e e n manure r e d u c e d i t .
Rep. I m p . I n s t . A g r i c . R e s . P u s a , 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 :
73-86. 970
Discussed v a r i e t a l trials f o r w i l t disease

122
 Pathology

o n r o t a t i o n l e n g t h and p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y . MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1 9 7 5 .

D e s c r i p t i o n of Colletotriohum cajani and a Resistance of pigeonpea to Phytophthora
Cercospora sp. is also g i v e n . b l i g h t . 1. Total phenolic content. Indian
Phytopath. 28(4):559-560. 975
McRAE, W . , and F . J . F . SHAW. 1 9 2 6 .
The t o t a l p h e n o l i c c o n t e n t i n l e a v e s o f t h e
R e p o r t o n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h Cajanus indicus
r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y A S - 3 , measured 4 t o 6
(Rahar) f o r r e s i s t a n c e to Fusarium vasin-
days a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h P . dreahsleri
f e c t u m ( w i l t d i s e a s e ) . S c l e n t . Rep. A g r i c .
v a r . oajani was g r e a t e r i n i n o c u l a t e d t h a n
Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1925-26:208-212. 971
in uninoculated p l a n t s , while in the sus-
Progress i n s e l e c t i o n for resistance to c e p t i b l e T - 2 1 i t was g r e a t e r i n t h e l e a v e s
w i l t is described. of uninoculated plants.

McRAE, W . , and F . J . F . SHAW. 1 9 3 3 . MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1 9 7 6 .

I n f l u e n c e o f manures o n t h e w i l t d i s e a s e o f E f f e c t o f NPK f e r t i l i z e r s o n t h e Phytoph-
Cajanue indiaus S p r e n g . and i s o l a t i o n o f thora b l i g h t o f p i g e o n p e a . Indian J.
t y p e s r e s i s t a n t t o t h e d i s e a s e . P a r t I I . The Agric. Sci. 46(l):32-35. 976
i s o l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n t t y p e s . S c l e n t . Monogr.
I n t h e absence o f K , h i g h d o s e s o f N i n c r e a -
Coun. A g r i c . Res. P u s a . 7 : 3 7 - 6 8 . 972
sed t h e i n c i d e n c e o f Phytophthora b l i g h t o f
P a r t i c u l a r s of s e l e c t i o n in progress since pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
1923 f o r r e s i s t a n c e o f Cajanus indicus A d d i t i o n of K decreased the i n c i d e n c e ,
S p r e n g . t o Fuearium w i l t . A form d e s i g - r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e p r e s e n c e o r absence o f
n a t e d Type 8 0 p r o v e d h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t and N or P in the s o i l . P d i d n o t have much
Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , 5 1 , and 8 2 w e r e a l s o e f f e c t on disease development.
resistant. N o c o r r e l a t i o n was f o u n d b e t -
ween m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and r e s i s - MAHENDRA PAL, J . S . GREWAL, and A . R . SARBHOy.
tance. A loss of r e s i s t a n c e noted in a 1970.
r e s i s t a n t t y p e grown i n a f i e l d t h a t had A new stem r o t of a r h a r caused by Phytoph-
been u n d e r t h e c r o p f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s was thora. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 3 ( 5 ) : 8 3 - 8 7 . 977
not transmitted to the next generation.
A new d i s e a s e caused by Phytophthora dreahs-
leri T u c k e r v a r . c a j a n i was o b s e r v e d i n
MAHENDRA PAL, and J . s . GREWAL. 1 9 7 5 .
s e v e r e f o r m o n a r h a r v a r . T - 2 1 a t D e l h i and
Physiological studies o n Phytophthora
Kanpur d u r i n g 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 6 9 . A f f e c t e d p l a n t s
dreahsleri var. cajani. Indian Phytopath.
dry up r a p i d l y , causing t o t a l loss to the
28(4):479-482. 973
crop. Brown t o d a r k brown l e s i o n s , d i s t i n -
T h r e e w e e k s ' i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d and M e h r o - c t l y marked f r o m d a r k g r e e n h e a l t h y p o r t i o n s
t r a ' s medium w e r e f o u n d t o b e optimum f o r on t h e stem, appear at ground l e v e l or a
t h e g r o w t h o f t h e f u n g u s . Maximum g r o w t h o f few i n c h e s h i g h e r . H i g h h u m i d i t y c o u p l e d
t h e f u n g u s was r e c o r d e d a t p H 6 . 5 and o p t i - w i t h t h e d i s e a s e may cause r a p i d d e v e l o p -
mum t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e f u n - ment o f stem r o t .
gus was 3 0 ° C . Growth was a l s o good on h e x o -
ses ( D - g l u c o s e , D - f r u c t o s e , D-mannose, and MAHMOOD, M. 1 9 6 2 .
D - g a l a c t o s e ) . The g r o w t h was n e g l i g i b l e o n Factors governing the production of a n t i -
a r a b i n o s e and i n t h e absence o f c a r b o n . b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n and i t s use i n t h e c o n -
t r o l o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t . 101 p p . P h . D . (1962)
MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1 9 7 5 . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research
U t i l i z a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e o f Phytoph- I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 978
thora dreahsleri var. oajani, Indian
Phytopath. 28(4):499-501. 974 MAHMOOD, M. 1 9 6 4 .
Factors governing the production of a n t i -
Ammonium s a l t s i n g e n e r a l s u p p o r t e d good b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n and i t s use i n t h e c o n -
growth of Phytophthora dreahsleri var. t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t . S c i . C u l t . 3 0 ( 7 ) :
cajani, indicating better u t i l i z a t i o n of
352. 979
ammoniacal n i t r o g e n . Maximum g r o w t h was o n
ammonium n i t r a t e . G r o w t h was p o o r o n c a l - The i n c i d e n c e o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t was m a r k e d -
c i u m n i t r a t e and s o d i u m n i t r a t e was n o t u t i - l y r e d u c e d i n s o i l s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h ground-
lized at a l l . M o d e r a t e t o good g r o w t h o f n u t c a k e , m o l a s s e s , and sweet c l o v e r r o o t
t h e f u n g u s was r e c o r d e d o n monoamine d i c a r - m a t e r i a l s on i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h B. subtilis.
b o x y l i c amino a c i d s and amides i . e .
L-aspartic a c i d , L-glutamic a c i d , MAITRA, A . 1 9 7 2 .
L - a s p a r a g i n e , and g l u t a m i n e . S t u d i e s o n some a s p e c t s o f Fusarium w i l t o f
p i g e o n p e a . 5 3 p p . M . S c . 0.972) T h e s i s . U n i -
v e r s i t y o f K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 980

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P a r t i a l i n h i b i t i o n o f Fusarium w i l t symp- o r g a n i s m s (MLO) a s w e l l a s b u l l e t - s h a p e d
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42(18):654-656. 981 i n d i a m e t e r and 240 t o 260 m m i n l e n g t h .
This is believed to be the f i r s t r e p o r t of
P l a n t s were i n o c u l a t e d w i t h the nonpathogen
a n a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n of a p l a n t by a
when 2 weeks o l d and w i t h t h e p a t h o g e n a
r h a b d o v i r u s and MLO.
week l a t e r . An e a r l i e r inoculation w i t h
F. oxyeporum f. s p . c i c e r i or F. oxyeporum
f. sp. vasinfectum delayed the onset of MARAMOROSCH, K . , H. HIRUMI, M. KIMURA,
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s l i g h t l y more p r o n o u n c e d w i t h t h e f o r m e r . Pigeonpeas w i t c h e s ' b r o o m d i s e a s e .
Histological studies indicated that inocu- Phytopath. 64:582-583. 986
l a t i o n w i t h F . oxyeporum f . s p . c i c e r i l e d
Plgeonpea p l a n t s w i t h a w i t c h e s ' broom
t o d e p o s i t i o n o f gum i n t h e v e s s e l s , w h i c h
d i s e a s e o f unknown e t i o l o g y w e r e c o l l e c t e d
n e v e r showed any h y p h a e . The i n o c u l a t i o n
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w i t h nonpathogens delayed t h e onset o f w i l t
I n the s i e v e tube elements t h e r e were l a r g e
symptoms.
accumulations of mycoplasma-like organisms
(MLO) i n t h e d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . Rhabdovirus
M A L I , V . R . , A . M . SHIRSAT, and G.M. GODBOLE.
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guez m a t e r i a l . W i t c h e s ' broom d i s e a s e a t
O c c u r r e n c e o f p l g e o n p e a s t e r i l i t y mosaic i n
Mayaguez m i g h t b e t h e r e s u l t o f t h e com-
M a r a t h w a d a . R e s . B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 1 0 : 1 4 8 -
b i n e d a c t i o n o f Empoasoa t o x i n , MLO, and
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virus. The M L O - a s s o c i a t e d p l g e o n p e a
Recorded f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n M a r a t h w a d a . d i s e a s e of P u e r t o R i c o r e s e m b l e s t h e MLO -
T r a n s m i s s i o n was p o s s i b l e b y b u d - g r a f t i n g , and r h a b d o v i r u s - a s 8 o c i a t e d p i g e o n p e a
a l s o t r a n s m i t t e d by m i t e . The d i s e a s e was disease from the Dominican R e p u b l i c .
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MARAMOROSCH, K . , M. KIMURA, and Y . L . NENE.
MALIK, R . P . 1 9 4 5 . 1976.
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aphonidermatum (Edson) F i t z . I n d i a n J . pigeonpea r o s e t t e disease i n I n d i a .
Agric. Sci. 15:92-93. 983 FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 24(2):33-35. 987

I s o l a t i o n s made f r o m w i l t e d p l g e o n p e a P l e i o m o r p h i c , mycoplasma-like organisms

p l a n t s o f UP-132 v a r i e t y y i e l d e d a s p e c i e s (MLO) were f o u n d i n s i e v e e l e m e n t s o f
of Fythium, Macrophomina phaseoli, a Fuaa- p i g e o n p e a {Cajanue oajan) p l a n t s w i t h
rium d i s t i n c t f r o m F. udum, and Corticium rosette disease. MLO w e r e c o n f i n e d t o
rolfsii. The a u t h o r ' s i s o l a t e i s a c c o r d - p h l o e m and t o phloem parenchyma c e l l s .
i n g l y r e f e r r e d t o F . aphonidermatum. I n o c u - H e a l t h y c o n t r o l p l a n t s were f r e e o f MLO.
l a t i o n w i t h t h e f u n g u s o n p l g e o n p e a stems V i r u s o r v i r u s - l i k e p a r t i c l e s were n o t
j u s t above s o i l l e v e l a f e w days a f t e r show- detected i n these s e c t i o n s .
i n g caused d e s i c c a t i o n o f t h e f o l i a g e and
y o u n g s h o o t s , and i n some p l a n t s o f t h e
MARAMOROSCH, K . , M. KIMURA, H. HIRUMI,
c o l l a r region also.
J . BIRD, and N.G. V A K I L I . 1 9 7 4 .
Diseases of pigeonpea in the Caribbean
MALL, T . P . 1 9 7 5 . a r e a : a n e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y s t u d y . FAO
S t u d i e s o n some v i r u s d i s e a s e s o f p i g e o n - P I . Prot. B u l l . 22(2):32-36. 988
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Cajanus c a j a n , p l a n t s i n t h e C a r i b b e a n
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R h a b d o v i r u s and m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e o r g a n i s m : t h e y e l l o w m o s a i c d i s e a s e has n o t been
N a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n o f Cajanue oajan. v i s u a l i z e d b y e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y and may
Phytopath. 63:202 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 985 be a v i r o i d , r a t h e r than a v i r u B . The
p r o l i f e r a t i o n , o r w i t c h e s ' broom, disease
C. cajan plants w i t h a p r o l i f e r a t i o n d i s - o b s e r v e d i n t h e D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c and t h e
ease w e r e o b s e r v e d g r o w i n g w i l d o n t h e more s e v e r e f o r m o c c u r r i n g i n P u e r t o R i c o ,
n o r t h shore of Hispanola i s l a n d in the have been f o u n d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m y c o p l a s m a -
Dominican Republic near t h e border of H a i t i . l i k e microorganisms, as w e l l as a rhabdo-
P l a n t s w e r e p a l e g r e e n and s h o v e d symptoms type v i r u s .
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MATHUR, R . S . 1 9 5 4 . MITRA, M. 1 9 3 4 .
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i m p o r t a n c e , symptoms, and c o n t r o l o f t h e C r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t
most i m p o r t a n t d i s e a s e s o f p u l s e s i n U t t a r the s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfectum causing
Pradesh, I n d i a . w i l t s o f sunnhemp and p i g e o n p e a w e r e s i m i -
l a r , since c r o s s - i n f e c t i o n could be caused.
MISHRA, D . P . , and R . C . S . MEHRA. 1 9 6 9 . The c o t t o n s t r a i n w i l l n o t i n f e c t t h e s e
c r o p s , nor w i l l t h e i r s t r a i n s i n f e c t cotton.
Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m on Cajanus c a j a n
Fungus o f t e n c a r r i e d o n s e e d . Minor w i l t -
in India. Indian Phytopath. 22:
i n g f u n g i a r e Rhizoctonia s o l a n i and
515-517. 990
Neocosmospora vasinfecta.
C . c u c u r b i t a r u m i s p a t h o g e n i c o n a r h a r and
s e v e r a l g e n e t i c s t o c k s o f economic v a l u e
MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMMED A L I KHAN,
are susceptible to i t . This disease
and S. IYEMPERUMAL. 1 9 7 7 .
a p p e a r s t o have p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e i n
r e l a t i o n to early maturing v a r i e t i e s A note on the study of redgram mutants f o r
of arhar. r e s i s t a n c e t o r o o t - r o t disease under f i e l d
conditions. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) :
691. 995
MISHRA, R . R . , and K.K. PANDEY. 1 9 7 5 .
O f s e v e n r e d gram m u t a n t s w i t h d e s i r a b l e
Studies o n s o i l f u n g i s t a s i s . Part V I I .
c h a r a c t e r s and f o u r c u r r e n t l y grown v a r i e -
Studies on c o l o n i z a t i o n of f u n g i on roots
ties studied for resistance to root-rot
o f Cajanus c a j a n i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l f u n g i -
d i s e a s e f o r t h r e e s e a s o n s , m u t a n t S-18
stasis. F e r t i l . Technol. 12(4): showed t h e l o w e s t i n c i d e n c e t h r o u g h o u t ; m e a n
328-330. 991 r o o t - r o t i n c i d e n c e was o n l y 3.9% i n S - 1 8 , a s
a g a i n s t 6 8 . 1 % i n P r a b h a t and 32.3% i n p a r e n -
The f u n g i s t a s i s o f t h e s o i l samples c o l l e c -
t a l stock, Co-1.
t e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s and c l o s e v i c i n i t y
o f r o o t s u r f a c e and t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o -
MOHANTY, U . N . 1 9 4 2 .
p o p u l a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d . T h e r e was a
P t . 1 . S t u d y o f some I n d i a n A s p e r g i l l i .
c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e s o i l f u n g i -
P t . 2 . The w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a
s t a s i s and t h e s o i l m i c r o p o p u l a t i o n .
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l
r e f e r e n c e t o some methods o f d i s s e m i n a t i o n .
MITRA, M. 1 9 2 5 . 69 pp. T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Rese-
Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Scient. a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 996
Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 4 - 2 5 :
45-57. 992
MOHANTY, U . N . 1 9 4 6 .
S t u d y o f s o i l and f e r t i l i z e r o n w i l t i n c i - The w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
dence c o n t i n u e d . F . udum w i l t was n o t cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e
associated w i t h waterlogging. Average to the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the causal organism
number o f w i l t e d p l a n t s i n p l o t s w i t h i n the host t i s s u e . Indian J. Agric. Sci.
superphosphate 5 x. W i t h g r e e n manure o n l y 16:379-390. 997
1/10. W i t h b o t h t r e a t m e n t s numbers 1.7 x .
Fusarium udum B u t l e r , w h i c h causes w i l t o f
Also demonstrated b u l k o f i n f e c t i o n i n
p i g e o n p e a , f o r m s a b u n d a n t s p o r e masses o n
s o i l , l i t t l e o n seed.
the surface of infected p l a n t s . I t was
f o u n d t h a t t h e s p o r e masses o c c u r o n l y o n
MITRA, M. 1 9 3 1 . branches of i n f e c t e d p l a n t s at a p o i n t
Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Scient. c o n s i d e r a b l y below t h a t w h i c h the fungus
Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . P u s a , 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 : has r e a c h e d i n t h e t i s s u e , and i t i s c o n -
58-71. 993 c l u d e d t h a t t h e s p o r e masses d o n o t f o r m a s
a r e s u l t of primary i n f e c t i o n in the a e r i a l
S u r v e y o f p i g e o n p e a f i e l d s a r o u n d Pusa
p a r t s , b u t a r i s e as a r e s u l t of the outward
showed 15% i n f e c t i o n b y Fusarium w i l t .
spread o f t h e fungus from i n t e r n a l l y i n f e c -
Some w i l t i s a l s o caused b y Rhozoctonia
ted branches. The f u n g u s was n e v e r f o u n d
s o l a n i , i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h w h i c h gave a b o u t
to be c a r r i e d w i t h i n the seeds.
80% p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s .

125
Plgeonpea Bibliography

MUKHERJEE, D . , T. K. DE, and N.R. PARUI. e i t h e r o f these a c t i n g independently b u t i s

1971. t h e combined i n f l u e n c e o f b o t h .
A note on screening of arhar against w i l t
disease. Indian Phytopath. 24:598-
MUNDKUR, B . B . 1 9 3 8 .
601. 998
Phytopathology - mycology: Pigeonpeas:
Of 54 v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan s c r e e n e d A . Rev. B i o c h e m . A p p l . R e s . I n d i a .
f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o Fusarium udum b y a t e c h - 9:112. 1003
n i q u e w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d , none was r e s i s -
A survey of r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e about s t u d y
t a n t b u t n i n e were m o d e r a t e l y r e s i s t a n t .
of cultural characteristics of fungi in
E v i d e n c e was f o u n d f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
pigeonpea i s g i v e n . Wollenweber r e p o r t s
pathogen r a c e s . The r e c h n i q u e a l l o w s f o r
t h a t p i g e o n p e a t h a t had w i l t e d i n a c h a r a c -
the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of races on the basis
t e r i s t i c manner i n t h e f i e l d s a t Pusa
of r e a c t i o n to a set of d i f f e r e n t i a l
yielded the cultures o f Fusarium lateritium
varieties.
v a r . unainatum. In i n f e c t i v e experiments
c o n d u c t e d a t B e r l i n Dahlem, t h e f u n g u s
MULK, M . M . , and M.S. JAIRAJ P U R I . 1 9 7 5 . caused a s e v e r e f o o t r o t o f t h e c r o p . This
Nematodes o f l e g u m i n o u s c r o p s i n I n d i a . experiment i n d i c a t e s t h a t at l e a s t t u r spp.
I V . Two new s p e c i e s of Rotylenchulus F. vaeinfectum and F. lateritium v a r .
filipjev. 1936. (Hoplolaimidae). Indian unainatum, case d i s e a s e s o f p i g e o n p e a i n
J. Nematol. 5:9-14. 999 India. Bose f i n d s t h a t a p i g e o n p e a -
t o b a c c o r o t a t i o n can c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e
O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e made i n measurements o f the disease i n w i l t - s i c k f i e l d s .
the specimens. R. siddiqu s p . n . , 0 . 6 1 -
0.78 mm l o n g ; l i p region w i t h i n d i s t i n c t
s i m u l a t i o n s ; s p e a r 22-24u l o n g ; s p e a r knobs MUNDKUR, B . B . 1 9 4 6 .
r o u n d e d , f o i l h e m i s p h e r i c a l and phasmids Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Sclent.
10-13 a t r i a l a n t e r i o r to anus. R . secondus Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . , New D e l h i , f o r t h e
sp. n. 0.63-0.77 mm l o n g ; l i p r e g i o n T r i e n n i u m ended 3 0 t h J u n e , 1 9 4 4 :
f a i n t l y s t r i a t e d ; spear 24-25µ; spear 57-63. 1004
knobs a n t e r i o r l y p o i n t e d ; t a i l c y l i n d r o i d
Of 20 pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d in pots
and phasmids a t a n a l l e v e l .
a g a i n s t w i l t (F. udum) i n 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 ,
A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 was u n a f f e c t e d . In 1943-44,
MULLER, A . S . 1 9 5 3 . I P - 8 0 , I P - 4 1 , C-38, C-15, A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 ,
A f o l i a r d i s e a s e o f legumes i n C e n t r a l D - 1 6 - 1 2 - 2 , P T - 1 2 , and D - 3 3 - 4 - 2 2 were
America. FA0 P I . P r o t . B u l l . 1 ( 6 ) : resistant. Bulsar w h i t e , reputedly r e s i s -
83-84. 1000 t a n t , was s e v e r e l y i n f e c t e d . In f i e l d
p l o t s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h c u l t u r e s o f fungus
Chaetoseptoria wellmanii was c o l l e c t e d in
and i n f e c t e d d e b r i s , D - 1 6 - 1 7 - 2 , P T - 1 2 , and
Guatemala o n l e a v e s o f p i g e o n p e a . The
D-33-4-22 l o s t r e s i s t a n c e .
d i s e a s e was a l s o f o u n d t o b e s p r e a d i n g o n
v a r i o u s legumes.
NAMBIAR, K . K . N . 1 9 6 7 .
S t u d i e s o n p i g e o n p e a s t e r i l i t y mosaic
MULLER, A . S . , and C. CHUPP. 1 9 4 2 .
disease. P h . D . (1967) T h e s i s . University
Las Cercospora de V e n e z u e l a . B o t . Soc.
of Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1005
Venez. C i e n . N a t . 8 ( 5 2 ) : 3 5 - 3 9 . 1001
Ceraospora c a j a n i has been r e c o g n i z e d i n
NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
Venezuela as a p o t e n t d i s e a s e of p i g e o n p e a .
1968.
I t s symptoms a r e d e s c r i b e d .
S t u d i e s o n p i g e o n p e a s t e r i l i t y mosaic
disease. V I . E f f e c t o f disease o n carbo-
MUNDKUR, B . B . 1 9 3 5 . hydrates. Proc, I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect.
I n f l u e n c e o f t e m p e r a t u r e and m a t u r i t y o n B) 68:295-300. 1006
t h e i n c i d e n c e o f sunn-hemp and p i g e o n p e a
T o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s
w i l t a t Pusa. Indian J. Agric. Sci.
i n v i r u s - d i s e a s e d pigeonpea leaves than i n
5:609-619. 1002 c o m p a r a b l e h e a l t h y l e a v e s a t a l l ages b e l o w
Records made w e e k l y o f t h e d e a t h s o f p i g e o n - t h e Becond l e a f . While the t o t a l carbo-
pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) p l a n t s f r o m Fusarium h y d r a t e c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d w i t h age i n
vaeinfectum. Low s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e between h e a l t h y p l a n t s , n o such r e g u l a r p a t t e r n
1 7 ° and 2 9 ° f a v o r e d t h e d i s e a s e . The was d i s c e r n i b l e i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . Starch
i n f l u e n c e o f s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e and m a t u r i t y and r e s i n w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n
o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f w i l t i s n o t due t o diseased leaves than in healthy leaves but

126
 Pathology

sucrose l e v e l s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y The d i s e a s e was g e n e r a l l y seen on y o u n g

different. Increased l e v e l s of reducing leaves. Stems and p e t i o l e s a l s o showed
s u g a r s and n o n f e r m e n t a b l e r e d u c i n g s u b s t a n - symptoms. In severe cases, the a f f e c t e d
ces w e r e o b s e r v e d i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s o v e r leaves turned y e l l o w , e x h i b i t i n g c r i n k l i n g .
healthy leaves. This species, Oidiopsis taurica, did not
produce t h e p e r f e c t s t a g e . P l g e o n p e a was
r e p o r t e d a s a new h o s t f o r t h i s f u n g u s .
NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
1969.
S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
disease. V I I . E f f e c t on mineral metabolism. 1965.
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 70: S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f
37-41. 1007 plgeonpea. I. Transmission of the disease.
P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 62:
Ca, K, N a , and Mn c o n t e n t s w e r e l o w e r in 73-86. 1012
diseased t h a n in h e a l t h y p l a n t s , Ca decrea-
s i n g w i t h t h e age o f t h e l e a v e s . The p l g e o n p e a s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c was n o t
t r a n s m i t t e d b y sap o r i n s e c t s . T h e r e were
i n d i c a t i o n s t o show t h a t t h e d i s e a s e was
NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. probably s o i l - b o r n e . Decrease i n nematode
1969. p o p u l a t i o n reduced disease i n c i d e n c e , t h e
S t u d i e s o n p l g e o n p e a s t e r i l i t y mosaic r e d u c t i o n being g r e a t e r i n D D - t r e a t e d p l o t s
virus. V I I I . E f f e c t o n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and than i n Nemagon-treated p l o t s . It is
n u c l e i c acids o f plgeonpea l e a v e s . surmised t h a t the disease is probably
Phytopath. 66:91-94. 1008 transmitted b y Rotylenahulus reniformis
A s i g n i f i c a n t reduction in photosynthesis a n d / o r Tylenahorhynahus s p p . A negative
and r a t e o f H i l l r e a c t i o n was r e c o r d e d i n c o r r e l a t i o n was o b t a i n e d between t h e
diseased l e a v e s , photosynthesis being l e a s t p o p u l a t i o n o f p l a n t s and p e r c e n t a g e s o f
in t h e y e l l o w p a t c h e s . RNA and DNA l e v e l s infection.
were h i g h e r i n d i s e a s e d leaves o f a l l ages.
RNA f r a c t i o n s p r e s u m a b l y c o n t a i n e d v i r a l NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
a s w e l l a s p l a n t RNA. 1965.
S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f
NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. plgeonpea. I I . Carbohydrate metabolism o f
1969. infected plants. Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i .
Studies o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic. ( S e c t . B) 6 2 : 1 3 0 - 1 3 9 . 1013
IX. E f f e c t on nitrogen metabolism. The r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c h l o r o p h y l l c o n t e n t
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 70: v i r u s - d i s e a s e d p l g e o n p e a l e a v e s was a s h i g h
200-207. 1009 as 60.9%. C a r o t e n e and x a n t h o p h y l l c o n t e r t s
T o t a l N was h i g h e r i n d i s e a s e d t h a n i n o f d i s e a s e d l e a v e s a l s o showed a d e c r e a s e
healthy leaves a t a l l ages. A l l forms o f as d i d the t o t a l carbohydrate c o n t e n t . The
N , e x c e p t ammoniacal and n o n p r o t e i n , w e r e a c t i v i t y o f c h l o r o p h y l l a s e was i n c r e a s e d
increased. F r e e amino a c i d s , v i z . , v a l i n e , due t o v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . The s y n t h e s i s o f
l e u c i n e , and a r g i n i n e were a t h i g h e r c o n - s u c r o s e i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s was a t a l o w e r
c e n t r a t i o n s i n younger than i n o l d e r r a t e t h a n i n h e a l t h y ones and r e s u l t e d i n
diseased l e a v e s . The h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s derangement o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a c t i v i t y i n
o f amino a c i d s i n t h e bound f o r m i n d i s - diseased p l a n t s . The t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f
eased l e a v e s s u g g e s t s t h e i r p r o b a b l e s u g a r s was r e d u c e d and t h e n a t u r e o f s u g a r s
incorporation i n t o the v i r u s p r o t e i n . t r a n s l o c a t e d was a l t e r e d i n t h e d i s e a s e d
plants.

NARAYANASWAMY, P. 1 9 6 4 .
Studies o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic disease o f NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
r e d gram. P h . D . (1964) T h e s i s . University 1966.
of Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f
India. 1010 plgeonpea. I I I . Nitrogen metabolism o f
infected plants. P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i .
( S e c t . B) 63:288-296. 1014
NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and T. JAGANATHAN.
1975. A d e c r e a s e i n t h e c h l o r o p l a s t l c p r o t e i n and
A n o t e o n powdery m i l d e w d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n - a s l i g h t increase in the cytoplasmic p r o -
pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . t e i n was seen i n t h e d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . T h e r e
S c i . Cult. 41(3):133-134. 1011 was n o a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e

127
Plgeonpea Bibliography

i n the aminoacid content o f p r o t e i n s o f There was d i s e a s e i n t h e f i e l d w h e r e t h e

h e a l t h y and d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . The t o t a l c r o p was sown f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , b u t i t
n i t r o g e n content of the diseased leaves occurred in high percentage in the f i e l d s ■
showed a p r o g r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e o v e r h e a l t h y where grown s u c c e s s i v e l y . The v i r u s i s
d u r i n g the day, from morning t i l l evening. p r o b a b l y t r a n s m i t t e d b y one o r more o f t h e
The f r e e a m i n o a c i d s o f d i s e a s e d l e a v e s s o i l nematode s p e c i e s l i s t e d i n t h e t e x t .
showed v a r i a t i o n s b o t h i n q u a l i t y and
quantity. The p r e s e n c e o f two u n i d e n t i f i e d
NATTRASS, R.M. 1 9 5 8 .
a m i n o a c i d s was d e t e c t e d o n l y i n d i s e a s e d
Report of the Senior P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t .
leaves. The a m i n o a c i d s a l a n i n e , a s p a r a g i n e ,
A . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . K e n y a , 1 9 6 5 .
a s p a r t i c a c i d , and a r g i n i n e , w h i c h were i n
2:9-14. 1018
very h i g h concentrations i n diseased
leaveB at 6 a . m . , were e i t h e r c o m p l e t e l y N o t e o n a b a r k d i s e a s e o f p l g e o n p e a showing
absent o r present o n l y i n v e r y s m a l l s h o r t l o n g i t u d i n a l s p l i t s and s t e m - p i t t i n g
amounts a t 6 p . m . A d e c r e a s e i n t h e C/N l e a d i n g t o D i e - b a c k and c o l l a p s e . Cerco-
r a t i o r e s u l t e d due t o v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . s p o r a c a j a n i and Uromyces dolicholi were
f o u n d as new r e c o r d s .
NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN.
1966. NEMA, KRISHNA G0PAL. 1 9 5 0 .
S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic disease o f I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f c e r t a i n s o i l micro-
p l g e o n p e a . I V . Changes i n a c t i v i t y o f o r g a n i s m s on Fusarium udum B u t l e r , t h e
enzymes i n d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . Proc. Indian p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i l t
Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 6 4 ( 2 ) : 7 8 - 8 2 . 1015 organism. 54 pp. Thesis. Indian A g r i c u l -
t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i ,
The d i a s t a t i c a c t i v i t y i n p l g e o n p e a l e a v e s India. 1019
i n f e c t e d b y PSMV was more t h a n i n t h e
healthy leaves. Very low p e r o x i d a s e
a c t i v i t y was n o t i c e d i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . NENE, Y . L . 1 9 7 3 .
The c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y i n i n f e c t e d l e a v e s V i r a l d i s e a s e s o f some warm w e a t h e r p u l s e
was i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y . The a c t i v i t i e s crops i n I n d i a . P I . D i s . Reptr 5 7 ( 5 ) :
o f n i t r a t e r e d u c t a s e and p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y - 463-467. 1020
mes i n t h e d i s e a s e d l e a v e s showed a n
Four v i r a l d i s e a s e s a t t a c k i n g a l a r g e
i n c r e a s e over t h e h e a l t h y l e a v e s . The
number o f p u l s e c r o p s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .
s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e s e changes i s d i s c u s s e d .
Mung bean y e l l o w mosaic v i r u s , t r a n s m i t t e d
by the white fly, Bemisia tab
NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. aci, i s the
1966. most w i d e s p r e a d and causes s e r i o u s l o s s e s .
S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic disease o f I t affects several pulse crops, including
p l g e o n p e a . V . O r g a n i c a c i d m e t a b o l i s m and plgeonpea.
respiration of infected plants. Proc.
NENE, Y . L . 1 9 7 7 .
I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) 64:
Survey o f p l g e o n p e a d i s e a s e s w i t h s p e c i a l
135-142. 1016
r e f e r e n c e t o w i l t and s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e s .
A general reduction in the organic acid The A l l - I n d i a Workshop o n Assessment o f
c o n t e n t s o f l e a f , p e t i o l e , s t e m , and buds Crop Losses due t o P e s t s and D i s e a s e s .
o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s was o b s e r v e d . Ascorbic 1 2 Sep 1 9 7 7 . U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l
acid contents of d i f f e r e n t tissues e x h i - Sciences, Bangalore, I n d i a . 1021
b i t e d a r e d u c t i o n . M a l e i c a c i d and c i t r i c
D u r i n g r o v i n g s u r v e y s i t was f o u n d t h a t two
a c i d w e r e a b s e n t i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s and
d i s e a s e s , w i l t (Fusarium udum) and s t e r i -
p e t i o l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ; c i t r i c a c i d and
l i t y mosaic ( V i r u s ? ) , were more s e r i o u s
s u c c i n i c a c i d s a c c u m u l a t e d i n s t e m and
t h a n o t h e r s s u c h a s l e a f s p o t s and powdery
r o o t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f the diseased p l a n t s .
mildew. The a v e r a g e w i l t i n c i d e n c e v a r i e d
The r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n was i n c r e a s e d i n
f r o m 1.12 t o 2 2 . 6 1 % . The a v e r a g e s t e r i l i t y
diseased plants throughout the day.
m o s a i c i n c i d e n c e was 1.09 t o 1 2 . 8 4 % . In
some o f t h e f a r m e r s ' f i e l d s t h e i n c i d e n c e
NARAYANASWAMY, P . , A . R . SESHADRI, and o f w i l t v a r i e d f r o m 0 t o 93% and s t e r i l i t y
K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 1 9 6 3 . m o s a i c f r o m 0 to 95%.
P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n s u s p e c t e d nematode
t r a n s m i s s i o n o f redgram s t e r i l i t y mosaic
virus. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 0 ( 2 ) :
109-110. 1017

128
 Pathology

NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1 9 7 6 . 0 R I L L 0 , F . I . , and R . B . VALDEZ. 1 9 5 8 .

A new t e c h n i q u e t o s c r e e n p i g e o n p e a f o r Four d i s e a s e s o f c o f f e e h i t h e r t o u n d e s c r i -
r e s i s t a n c e t o s t e r i l i t y mosaic. Trop. bed i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . Philipp. Agric.
G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 2 3 . 1022 42(7):292-302. 1026
B r i e f notes are given on the l e a f - s t a p l i n g Rhizoctonia b l i g h t was seen on p l g e o n p e a s
technique in which l e a f l e t s from diseased used a s t e m p o r a r y shade f o r c o f f e e t r a n s -
plants infested w i t h mites (Aceria cajani) plants. I t k i l l e d a l l i n f e c t e d p l a n t s and
are stapled to the primary leaves of t e s t p r o d u c e d many l a r g e l i g h t brown s c l e r o t i a
seedlings. The s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h i s t e c h - on leaves. D i s e a s e a l s o caused d e f o l i a t i o n
nique over the t w i g t y i n g technique i s of coffee but no s c l e r o t i a formed. Symp-
indicated. toms and c u l t u r e a r e d e s c r i b e d .

NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1 9 7 6 . OVERMAN, A . J . 1 9 7 4 .

Screening f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o s t e r i l i t y The i n f l u e n c e o f c e r t a i n n e m a t i c i d e s o n
mosaic o f p i g e o n p e a . P I . D i s . Reptr weed p o p u l a t i o n i n sandy s o i l s . Proc.
60(2):1034-1036. 1023 S o i l Crop S c i . S o c . F l a . 3 3 : 7 2 - 7 4 . 1027

The s t e r i l i t y mosaic (SM) i s w i d e l y p r e v a - P r i o r t o s e e d i n g p l g e o n p e a s (Cajanus c a j a n

l e n t in the Indian subcontinent, producing M i l l s p . ) a s a summer c r o p i n May, t h e
complete o r p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y i n a f f e c t e d p l o t s were b r o a d c a s t - t r e a t e d w i t h c a r b o -
plants. I n some f i e l d s 100% i n c i d e n c e was f u r a n ( 1 1 . 2 k g / h a ) , sodium a z i d e ( 2 6 . 9 k g /
observed. Transmission of the causal h a ) , and a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e t w o . The
a g e n t i s t h r o u g h t h e eriophyid m i t e , Aaevia c a r b o f u r a n i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f c r a b -
cajani. Two t h o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d r e d and g r a s s and n u t s e d g e p l a n t s i n t h e second
f o u r a c c e s s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea cover crop t e s t . Sodium a z i d e was n o t
(Cajanus c a j a n ) g e r m p l a s m / c u l t l v a r s , e f f e c t i v e when used a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n
Atylosia s p p . , and Cajanus x Atylosia with carbofuran. R e s i d u a l e f f e c t s were
crosses were screened f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o also realized.
SM, b y u t i l i z i n g a l e a f - s t a p l i n g i n o c u l a -
t i o n technique. Four p i g e o n p e a l i n e s
PADWICK, G.W. 1 9 3 9 .
I C R I S A T - 3 7 8 3 , - 6 9 8 6 , - 6 9 9 7 , - 7 0 3 5 , and one
Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Sclent.
c u l t i v a r (ICRISAT-7179 o r HY-3C) w e r e i d e n -
Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i , 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 :
t i f i e d a s immune. Lines showing o t h e r
105-112. 1028
desirable characters including longer
incubation p e r i o d , less disease incidence, I s o l a t e d f r o m w i l t e d p i g e o n p e a s w e r e several
m i l d symptoms, and f l o w e r i n g i n s p i t e o f d i s t i n c t s p e c i e s o f Fusarium, one o f w h i c h
i n f e c t i o n were a l s o i d e n t i f i e d . a p p e a r e d t o d i f f e r f r o m F . udum and t o
produce severe w i l t i n g , but n o f o o t - r o t .
I d e n t i t y being established.
NEWTON, W . , and J . W . L . P E I R I S . 1 9 5 3 .
Virus diseases of p l a n t s in Ceylon. FAO
P I . Prot. B u l l . 2(2)-.17-21. 1024 PADWICK, G.W. 1 9 4 0 .
Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . Sclent.
Pigeonpea i n Ceylon ( S r i Lanka) i s a f f e c t e d Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i , 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 :
b y y e l l o w m o s a i c and p a l e m o s a i c ; symptoms 103-115. 1029
of both v i r u s i n f e c t i o n s are given.
Experiments w i t h c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t s
w i t h Fusarium w i l t f u n g i a r e d e s c r i b e d .
ONIM, J . F . M . , and P.R. RUBAIHAYO. 1 9 7 6 .
Screening pigeonpea f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o
Mycovellosiella cajani. SABRAO J. PADWICK, G.W. 1 9 4 0 .
8(2):121-125. 1025 Genus Fusarium 5: Fusarium udum B u t l e r .
F. vasinfectum A t k . and F. lateritum v a r .
O f 15,000 p l a n t s c o m p r i s i n g 2,107 v a r i e - uncinatum W.R. Indian J. Agric. S c i .
t i e s , 314 p l a n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r r e s i s - 10(6):863-878. 1030
t a n c e to M. (Cercospora) cajani. When
progeny l i n e s from 1 1 o f these s e l e c t i o n s F u l l descriptions of c u l t u r a l characters of
were grown a t f i v e s i t e s i n Uganda and v a r i o u s i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium c a u s i n g w i l t
K e n y a , l i n e s U C - 7 9 6 / 1 , U C - 2 5 1 5 / 2 , UC-2113/1, i n c o t t o n , p i g e o n p e a , and sunn-hemp.
and U C - 2 5 6 8 / 1 w e r e b o t h r e s i s t a n t and S u g g e s t s F . udum B u t l . v a r . c a j a n i f o r
high-yielding. D i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e was s i g - pigeonpea w i l t , organism b e i n g morpholo-
n i f i c a n t l y and n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h g i c a l l y and c u l t u r a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h , b u t
grain y i e l d . pathogenetically different from, that
c a u s i n g sunn-hemp w i l t .

129
Pigeonpea Bibliography

PADWICK, G.W., M. MITRA, and P . R . MEHTA. PATHAK, P . D . , and D.K. MAHESHWARI. 1 9 7 3 .

1940. D e t e r i o r a t i o n o f seeds o f Cajanus c a j a n
The genus Fusarium I V i n f e c t i o n and c r o s s - L i n n . b y Aspergilli i n s t o r a g e . B.V.J.
i n f e c t i o n t e s t s w i t h i s o l a t e s from c o t t o n A g r i c . S c i . Res. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 9 7 - 1 0 0 . 1036
(Gossypium s p . ) p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n )
and sunn-hemp (Crotalaria juncea). Indian In a sample drawn f r o m s t o r a g e , a b o u t 60%
J. A g r i c . S c i . 10:697-706. 1031 o f t h e seeds w e r e f o u n d d i s t o r t e d and
a p p a r e n t l y in a s t a t e of decay. Mo work
F i f t y - o n e i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium f r o m c o t t o n , has been done s o f a r i n I n d i a o n s t o r a g e
p i g e o n p e a , and sunn-hemp were t e s t e d f o r o f Cajanua cajan s e e d s . In the present
cross-inoculation. O n l y one o f t h e 1 6 s t u d y m y c o f l o r a was i s o l a t e d and t h e e f f e c t
c o t t o n i s o l a t e s caused w i l t i n g , b u t a o f f u n g i o n s t o r a g e was i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r
number o f them p r e v e n t e d n o r m a l g e r m i n a t i o n 180 d a y s . The s u r v i v a l o f m y c o f l o r a o n
o f one o r more o f t h e t h r e e h o s t s . The seeds i n s t o r a g e was a l s o r e c o r d e d .
r e s u l t s showed t h a t most o f t h e w i l t -
producing s t r a i n s are almost i f not
e n t i r e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o the o r i g i n a l P A T I L , B . G . , and J . E . SABLE. 1 9 7 3 .
hosts. A note on the screening of t u r against
w i l t disease. PKV R e s . J . 2 ( 1 ) :
73-76. 1037
PANDEY, K . K . , G.S. MISHRA, and S.K. GROVER.
Some p r o m i s i n g C. c a j a n s e l e c t i o n s f r o m a
1976.
s c r e e n i n g p r o g r a m a g a i n s t Fuearium oxyspo-
Some s t u d i e s o n c h e m o s t e r i l a n t s . 1 . T h i o u -
r u m f . s p . udum a r e t e s t e d .
rea a s fungus growth i n h i b i t o r . Sci. Cult.
42(9):476-477. 1032
PAVGI, M . S . , and R.A. SINGH. 1 9 6 5 .
Increasing concentrations of thiourea
Some p a r a s i t i c f u n g i o n p i g e o n p e a f r o m
caused a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e i n t h e m y c e l i a l
India. Mycopath. Mycol. A p p l . 2 7 ( 1 - 2 ) :
d r y w e i g h t and s u g a r c o n t e n t o f Helmintho-
97-106. 1038
aporium aativum (Cochliobolus sativus)
and Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . udum L i s t o f e i g h t s p e c i e s i n c l u d e s a s new
(F. udum). Cercoseptoria cajanicola, Macrophoma
cajanicola, and Pyrenochaeta cajani.

PARK, M. 1 9 2 9 .
PAVGI, M . S . , and U.P. SINGH. 1 9 6 4 .
Report of the m y c o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n . Dep.
P a r a s i t i c f u n g i from Northern I n d i a .
A g r i c . T e c h . Rep. C e y l o n . Y e a r 1 9 2 8 :
3 . Mycopath M y c o l . A p p l . 2 4 ( 4 ) :
1-6. 1033
355-361. 1039
New r e c o r d o f Oidiopaia s p . c a u s i n g powdery
Among a number o f p a r a s i t i c f u n g i o n
m i l d e w o f p i g e o n p e a l e a v e s has b e e n
different crops, Colletotrichum cajani
reported.
is l i s t e d on pigeonpea.

PARK, M. 1 9 3 5 .
PEARL, R . T . 1 9 2 3 .
Report of the work of the mycological
R e p o r t o f t h e M y c o l o g i s t t o t h e Government
division. Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . C e y l o n .
o f t h e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s and B e r a r . Rep.
1934:D124-D131. 1034
Dep. A g r i c . C e n t . P r o v . B e r a r , f o r t h e
Rust r e c o r d e d on p i g e o n p e a s as Woroninella year ending 30th June, 1922:19-20. 1040
umbilicata h a s been d e s c r i b e d w i t h i t s
The w i l t caused by Fusarium udum was f o u n d
symptoms o n t h e h o s t and t i m e o f s p r e a d .
to be q u i t e severe in p a r t s of Berar.

PATEL. M . K . , and Y . S . KULKARNI. 1 9 4 9 .

PRASAD, M . , and S . K . CHAUDHARY. 1 9 6 6 .
N i t r o g e n u t i l i z a t i o n b y Xanthomonas malva-
S t u d i e s o n the e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t phospho-
cearum (SM) Dowson. Indian Phytopath.
rus concentrations on the p r o d u c t i o n of
2(l):62-64. 1035
c h l a m y d o s p o r e s , m i c r o c o n i d i a and m a c r o -
N i t r o g e n r e q u i r e m e n t s of Fusarium udum w e r e c o n i d i a i n t h e c u l t u r e o f Fuearium udum
i n v e s t i g a t e d together w i t h those o f other Butler. Proc. Nat. Acad. S c i . (Sect. B)
f u n g i and b a c t e r i a . The s o u r c e o f n i t r o g e n 36(l):43-48. 1041
i s n o t the o n l y f a c t o r ; the source o f c a r -
A c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0.064% P i n l i q u i d
bon is a l s o very i m p o r t a n t f o r the growth
medium was optimum f o r m y c e l i a l g r o w t h and
of microorganisms.
c o n i d i a l f o r m a t i o n o f F . udum f r o m p i g e o n -
pea w h i l e c h l a m y d o s p o r e s w e r e f o r m e d i n

130
 Pathology

abundance at only the lowest l e v e l s D e s c r i p t i o n of molecular s t r u c t u r e of

(0.002 - 0.004%). Cajanone is g i v e n . Cajanone, i s o l a t e d by
TLC from a methanolic e x t r a c t of d i r e c t ,
PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1967. m i l l e d pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d
germ tube growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.
E f f e c t of s u l f u r on s p o r u l a t l o n of Fusarium
sp. udum, the pigeonpea w i l t pathogen, at
udum B u t l . J. I n d i a n Bot. Soc. 4 6 ( 1 ) :
45-51. 1042
50 ppm in vitro.

The s u l f u r n u t r i t i o n of Fusarium udum

B u t l e r was s t u d i e d . Ten concentrations of PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and ARATI DAS. 1973.
s u l f u r , supplied as MgSO4 7H2O were t r i e d Amino acids associated w i t h p a t h o g e n i c i t y
f o r t h e i r e f f e c t s o n m y c e l i a l growth, of UV-induced mutants of Fusarium udum.
c o n i d i a l p r o d u c t i o n , and chlamydospore i n c i t i n g w i l t o f pigeonpea. Proc. I n d i a n
f o r m a t i o n . While 0.32% of S was optimum S c i . Cong. Assoc. 60(3):357.
f o r growth and c o n i d i a l p r o d u c t i o n , (Abstract). 1046
chlamydospore formation was best at 0.008% A v i r u l e n t s t r a i n (FU 13) of F. udum was
and 0.016%. Beyond the optimum, growth subjected to U V - r a d i a t i o n . The 0.01% s u r -
as w e l l as s p o r u l a t l o n declined s h a r p l y . v i v a l was most u s e f u l in producing the
highest r a t e of m u t a t i o n . Of the 400 s u r -
v i v i n g colonies s t u d i e d , 8 s t a b l e amino
PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1977.
a c i d - d e f i c i e n t mutants were i s o l a t e d and
R e l a t i o n of pH l e v e l s and v a r i e d n u t r i e n t
characterized. Four of these mutants
media to growth and s p o r u l a t l o n of Fusarium
r e q u i r e d methionine e i t h e r s i n g l y o r a l t e r -
oxysporum f. udum ( B u t l e r ) Sn. et H. Res.
n a t i v e l y w h i l e one mutant (M602) had three
J. Ranchi Univ. 13:214-222. 1043
a l t e r n a t e d e f i c i e n c i e s as methionine/
In Fusarium oxysporum f . udum best m y c e l i a l c y s t e i n e / c i s t l n e . Growth responses of
growth and s p o r u l a t l o n of macroconidia and M602 and a m e t h i o n i n e - r e q u i r i n g mutant
m i c r o c o n i d i a were recorded at pH l e v e l of (M607) were s t u d i e d in vitro. The patho-
6 . 0 ; chlamydospores, however, sporulated g e n i c i t i e s of M602 and M607 were tested on
best at pH 3.5 and l e a s t at pH 6 . 0 . For a s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t y of Cajanus cajan.
macroconldlal and m i c r o c o n l d l a l s p o r u l a t l o n It was observed t h a t i n o c u l a , supplemented
as w e l l as f o r m y c e l i a l accumulation, the w i t h o p t i m a l concentrations of the required
pH l e v e l of 6.5 had a p o s i t i v e adverse amino acids p a r t i a l l y r e s t o r e d the patho-
e f f e c t . With the age of c u l t u r e , the g e n i c i t y of the t e s t mutants which were
comparative performance of the d i f f e r e n t otherwise nonpathogenic. Methionine,
media v a r i e d . The best growth was in however, appeared to have an important
Rawlin's and Richard's media, the s p o r u l a - r o l e i n pathogenesis.
t l o n of macro and m i c r o c o n i d i a were best
in potato-dextrose and Cpapeck's media
respectively. PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and M. CHATTOPADHYAY.
1975.
A n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y of normal and amino
PRASAD, S.N. 1965. a c i d - d e f i c i e n t mutants of Fusarium udum
Studies on s t e r i l i t y disease of ' r a h a r ' i n r e l a t i o n t o c o n t r o l o f w i l t disease o f
(Cajanus c a j a n ) . Allahabad Fmr 3 9 ( 6 ) : Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Indian J.
235-237. 1044 Expl B i o l . 13(1):58-60. 1047
Symptoms of the mosaic v i r u s disease on S e n s i t i v i t y of three UV-induced amino a c i d -
small and c h l o r o t i c leaves and suppression d e f i c i e n t mutants in F. udum and t h e i r
o f f l o w e r i n g are l i s t e d . F i r s t symptoms parent s t r a i n (FU 13) to four a n t i b i o t i c s
i n l a t e v a r i e t i e s appeared 10th day a f t e r was tested in vitro, Aureofungin (100 µg/
the date o f f i r s t f l o w e r i n g . All varieties ml) most e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t e d spore ger-
were more or l e s s s u s c e p t i b l e to the m i n a t i o n , germ t u b e , and m y c e l i a l growth
disease. At h a r v e s t i n g time the i n f e c t e d o f the t e s t s t r a i n s . Pathogenicity t e s t s
p l a n t s were 10 to 35% and 100% in s e m i - l a t e on C. cajan revealed t h a t FU-13 and M-802
varieties. Severely diseased branches d i d were v i r u l e n t and a v i r u l e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
not form flower buds. w h i l e M-602 and M-607 were nonpathogenic.
Selective t o x i c i t y of a n t i b i o t i c s to test
s t r a i n s was discussed in r e l a t i o n to the
PRESTON, N.W. 1977. c o n t r o l o f w i l t disease o f C . cajan.
Cajanone: an a n t i f u n g a l isoflavanone from
Cajanus cajan. Phytochem. 1 6 ( 1 ) :
143-144. 1045

131
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4. Indian Phytopath. 7C2):140-151. 1050 d i f f e r e n t from those so f a r described on
t h i s crop from I n d i a . I t was f o u n d t h a t
Woroninella umbiliaata (B and B r ) P e t c h .
t h e a t t a c k o f t h e p a t h o g e n was v e r y v i r u -
(Synchytrium umbilicatum), w h i c h has b r i g h t
l e n t when t h e c o l l a r r e g i o n s w e r e wounded
orange s p o r a n g i a , recorded on plgeonpea.
b e f o r e t h e i n o c u l a t i o n ; hence i t a p p e a r s
t h a t damage due t o t h e d i s e a s e c a n b e
RANGEL, E. 1 9 1 5 . minimized to a great extent if i n j u r i e s
Fungus p a r a s i t e s o f t h e p l g e o n p e a . Boln. at the c o l l a r regions are avoided.
A g r i c , Sao P a u l o . S e r . 1 6 ( 2 ) :
145-146. 1051
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157-166. 1052
Diplodia c a j a n i f r o m c a n k e r e d p i g e o n p e a s
P h y l l o s t i c t a c a j a n i g i v e n a s new r e c o r d o n is described.
plgeonpea f o r the s t a t e . I t s symptoms and
other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are described.
RAYCHAUDHURY, S . P . 1 9 5 0 .
Studies on canker disease of plgeonpea.
RATHI, Y . P . S . , and Y . L . NENE. 1 9 7 6 . I I . Studies o n r i c e . I I I . Virus disease
Influence of d i f f e r e n t host combinations of plants. D. P h i l . Thesis. Calcutta
o n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung bean y e l - University, India. 1058
low mosaic v i r u s . Pantnagar J . Res.
1(2):107-111. 1053
RAYCHAUDHURY, S . P . 1 9 6 8 .
I n f l u e n c e of d i f f e r e n t source-test combi- Diseases of p u l s e s . I n d i a n Fmg 17(11):
n a t i o n s i n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung 39-43. 1059
bean y e l l o w m o s a i c v i r u s (MYMV) was
W i l t d i s e a s e o f p l g e o n p e a causes s e r i o u s
studied. The minimum a c q u i s i t i o n and i n o -
damage t o t h e c r o p . The d i s e a s e i s i n c i t e d
culation periods required for white f l y
by P. udum. O t h e r d i s e a s e s of p u l s e c r o p s
a d u l t s ( B e m i s i a t a b a c i G e n n . ) t o become
are also discussed.
i n e f f e c t i v e v a r i e d f r o m 1 5 t o 760 m i n . and
1 0 m i n . t o 760 m i n . , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
a d u l t s r e q u i r e l o n g e r a c q u i s i t i o n and ROY, T . C . 1 9 4 9 .
i n o c u l a t i o n p e r i o d s t o i n f e s t B r a g g soybean I . Studies o n the s o i l microorganisms w i t h
and T - 2 1 plgeonpea t h a n t o i n f e c t b l a c k special reference to t h e i r a n t i b i o t i c
gram and mung b e a n . e f f e c t o n F u s a r i u m udum B u t l e r , t h e w i l t
o r g a n i s m o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . )
Millsp.). I I . Some a s p e c t s o f c u l t u r a l

132
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v a r i a t i o n and t a x o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f produced from appressorium. Out o f 139

F . udum B u t l . t h e c a u s a l o r g a n i s m o f w i l t arhar v a r i e t i e s screened, 3/23-36/1 alone
of pigeonpea. 62 pp. Thesis. Indian was f o u n d r e s i s t a n t . B i s d i t h a n e was
A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , New e f f e c t i v e t o some e x t e n t i n c h e c k i n g t h e
Delhi, India. 1060 secondary spread of the disease.

SABET, K . A . 1 9 5 9 . SAKSENA, H . K . , and R.R. UDIT NARAIN SINGH.

S t u d i e s o n t h e b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s o f Sudan 1976.
c r o p s . 3 . O n t h e o c c u r r e n c e , h o s t r a n g e and Mycosphaerella from a l e a f spot of a r h a r
taxonomy o f t h e b a c t e r i a c a u s i n g l e a f (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Indian J.
b l i g h t diseases o f c e r t a i n leguminous Fm S c i . 4 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 . 1064
plants. Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 47:318-
On the basis of the morphological charac-
331. 1061
t e r s , the fungus is i d e n t i f i e d as a species
The c o n c e p t of Xanthomonaa phaseoli is of Mycosphaerella. T h i s appears t o b e t h e
broadened t o i n c l u d e s e v e r a l b a c t e r i a f i r s t record of Mycosphaerella on arhar
causing l e a f b l i g h t s o f legumes, i n c l u d i n g f r o m any p a r t o f t h e w o r l d . This species
t h e new c o m b i n a t i o n X. phaseoli f. s p . has been r e p o r t e d a s t h e p e r f e c t s t a t e o f
c a j a n i w h i c h , u n l i k e most o f t h e o t h e r s p e c i e s of i m p e r f e c t genera such as
special types, infects only on i t s o r i g i n a l Phyllostiota and Cercospora.
h o s t i . e . Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p .

SAMAJPATI, N. 1 9 7 3 .
SABET, K . A . , F. ISHAQ, and 0. K H A L I L . Interaction of near-ultraviolet radiation
1969. and h y d r o g e n - i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n g r o w t h
S t u d i e s o n t h e b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s o f Sudan and s p o r u l a t i o n o f Fusarium udum B u t l .
c r o p s . 7 . New R e c o r d s . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . S c i . Cult. 39(3):127-129. 1065
63(3):357-369. 1062
At p r o p e r pH 5 . 0 , NUV i r r a d i a t i o n can
Xanthomonaa phaseoli f. sp. oajani was a e f f e c t i v e l y induce e i t h e r v e g e t a t i v e growth
new r e c o r d f o r Sudan on p i g e o n p e a . The or s p o r u l a t i o n . A t p H 3 . 5 t o 4 . 5 , and 8 . 0
n o m e n c l a t u r e o f Xanthomonas i s d i s c u s s e d . t h e r e i s n o s p o r u l a t i o n e i t h e r under d a r k
The s t r a i n s o n weeds c a n a l s o i n f e c t o r NUV b u t a t 4 . 5 and 7 . 5 t h e r e i s a s p o -
c u l t i v a t e d crops. r u l a t i o n u n d e r NUV. A t r e a t m e n t of NUV
i r r a d i a t i o n and p H o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f
b o t h o n g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n o f t h e
SAKSENA, H . K . , and K, KUMAR. 1 9 7 1 .
t e s t - f u n g u s are s t u d i e d .
Some a s p e c t s o f e p i d e m i o l o g y and c o n t r o l
of Phyllostiota l e a f s p o t of. a r h a r (Cajanus
cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Proc. N a t . Acad. S c i . SAROJINI, T . S . L 9 4 6 .
I n d i a . (Sect. B) 37(6):399-406. 1063 S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s w i t h
s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o Fusarium udum o n r e d
L e a f s p o t o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p .
gram. P h . D . (1946) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f
caused by Phyllostiota oajani Sydow has
M a d r a s , M a d r a s , T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 1066
been f o u n d t o o c c u r i n i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r -
t i o n s throughout U.P. i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
The d i s e a s e a p p e a r s i n J u l y and p e r s i s t s SAROJINI, T . S . 1 9 5 0 .
throughout the crop season. Two y e a r s ' S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s m i c r o -
d a t a o n d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e i n f i e l d s have n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s and d i s e a s e ; d e v e l o p m e n t
shown t h a t p e r c e n t a g e o f d i s e a s e i n t e n s i t y of Fusarium udum on r e d gram (Cajanus indi-
v a r i e s from 4.3 to 31.8. The d i s e a s e cus L i n n . ) . J . Madras U n i v . ( S e c t . B )
i n t e n s i t y was h i g h ( 2 1 . 2 t o 31.8%) f r o m 19:1-32. 1067
J u l y t o O c t o b e r , a t mean t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e
o f 2 0 t o 30°C and mean h u m i d i t y r a n g e o f
SAROJINI, T . S . 1 9 5 1 .
73 to 89%. The maximum d i s e a s e i n t e n s i t y
S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . P a r t I I .
was o b s e r v e d i n A u g u s t , a f t e r w h i c h i t
Fusarium d i s e a s e on r e d gram (Cajanus
gradually d e c l i n e d , touching i t s lowest
indicus) . Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect.B)
d u r i n g t h e c o o l months o f December and
33(2):49-68. 1068
January. The p a t h o g e n s u r v i v e d i n i n f e c -
t i v e s t a g e f o r more t h a n 1 5 months i n A number o f d i s t i n c t l y v a r y i n g s t r a i n s w e r e
diseased p l a n t refuse i n s o i l , which serves isolated. P a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s w i t h F . udum
as a p r i m a r y source of i n o c u l u m . Spores and i s o l a t e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s t r a i n I and
g e r m i n a t e d i n 6 t o 8 h o u r s and p e n e t r a t i o n s t r a i n s I I and I I I w e r e more v i r u l e n t t h a n
o f l e a f o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h s t o m a t a and i n t a c t the other s t r a i n s . Preemergence w i l t was
s u r f a c e b y means o f a n i n f e c t i o n peg m a i n l y caused b y s t r a i n s V and V I . Micro-

133
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n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n ( b o r o n , manganese, and Myacosphaerella pinoides, and of Cajanus

zinc) provided seedling protection in w i l t - c a j a n r e s i s t a n t t o F . oxyaporum f . s p .
i n f e s t e d s o i l s . P r e s o a k i n g o f seeds i n udum. Similarly resistant v a r i e t i e s of
various concentrations of microelements peas and b l a c k gram a r e a l s o g i v e n .
a l s o i n d u c e d e a r l y g e r m i n a t i o n and b e t t e r
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F. vasinfectum, F. moniliforme, and F. vidian Soil micro-fungi in relation to certain
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l i q u i d medium. A e r a t i o n s t i m u l a t e d myce-
S o i l c o n d i t i o n s o f a p a r t i c u l a r c r o p and
l i a l g r o w t h ( o n b o t h d r y and a s h w e i g h t
i t s m i c r o f l o r a have been shown t o b e
basis) but i n h i b i t e d sporulation ( q u a n t i -
influenced by surface vegetation. This
t a t i v e l y determined). A e r a t i o n had n o
s t u d y compares t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a r h a r
d i r e c t e f f e c t on the pH of the c u l t u r e
( C . c a j a n ) and cowpea ( F . sinensis) on
medium. S p o r u l a t i o n decreased w i t h
t h e m i c r o f u n g i and c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s o i l s
i n c r e a s i n g hours o f a e r a t i o n .
on which they are grown. S o i l samples f r o m
0 t o 3 " , 3 t o 6 " , and 6 t o 9 " ( 0 t o 7.5 cm,
SATHYANARAYANA, G . , and R. KALYANASUNDARAM. 7 . 5 to 15 cm, and 15 to 2 1 . 5 cm) h o r i z o n s
1952. were a n a l y z e d . I t was f o u n d t h a t t h e
S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . V. f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n i n s o i l s under arhar
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gram. Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B) A l s o , more s p e c i e s o f f u n g i a r e f o u n d i n
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t h e m o n i l i a l e s and phycomycetes b e i n g t h e
Symptoms o f t h e w i l t ( F . udum) a r e r e c o r -
most p r e v a l e n t . I n a l l , 5 8 f u n g i were
ded. W i l t symptoms i n r e d gram b y
i s o l a t e d , o u t o f w h i c h 2 7 w e r e common t o
do not culminate in vein clearing as in
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c o t t o n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l and
and 5 c o n f i n e d t o cowpea s o i l s . I t was
well-marked dechlorophyllation presenting
presumed t h a t t h e s o i l m i c r o f l o r a i n t h i s
almost a toxemic c o n d i t i o n . This is f i r s t
case a r e more i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s u r f a c e
seen o n t h e 1 8 t h day a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n .
cover than by the edaphic f a c t o r s . The
The p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e s e v a s c u l a r w i l t s
d i f f e r e n c e s may a l s o b e due t o t h e n a t u r e
i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h the normal uptake o f
o f t h e i r r o o t e x u d a t e s and hence t h e
some o f t h e e s s e n t i a l c h l o r o p h y l l - f o r m i n g
rhizosphere e f f e c t .
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Diseases o f major p u l s e crops in I n d i a .
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PANS 2 0 ( 4 ) : 4 0 9 - 4 1 5 . 1072
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SHUKLA, D . S . 1 9 7 5 . C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c d e m o n s t r a t i o n showed t h e
I n c i d e n c e o f Fuearium w i l t o f pigeonpea in presence o f f u s a r i c a c i d i n a l l a f f e c t e d
r e l a t i o n to s o i l composition. Indian p a r t s ( r o o t s , s t e m , and l e a f ) a f t e r i n o c u -
Phytopath. 28(3):395-396. 1077 l a t i o n o f s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t y T-105 w i t h
m y c e l i u m and s p o r e s o f v i r u l e n t i s o l a t e s
Fuearium udum c a u s i n g w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a of Fuearium lateritium f. sp. eajani.
p l a n t s i n I n d i a i s i n f l u e n c e d b y s o i l com-
p o s i t i o n : the higher the p r o p o r t i o n of
sand i n t h e s o i l , t h e more t h e p e r c e n t a g e SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1 9 6 8 .
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Pythiaceous root parasites of various a g r i - D e g r a d a t i o n o f c e l l w a l l s and d i s o r g a n i z a -
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in these s e c t i o n s . The m a i n f u n c t i o n o f
P i g e o n p e a was f o u n d s u s c e p t i b l e t o most o f t h e s e enzymes i n p a t h o g e n e s i s b y F . l a t e r i -
Pythium s p p . i s o l a t e d f r o m v a r i o u s c r o p s . tium f . c a j a n i i s t o cause t h e breakdown
of the host t i s s u e .
SIDERIS, C . P . 1 9 3 2 .
Taxonomic s t u d i e s i n t h e f a m i l y P y t h i a c e a e . SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1 9 7 0 .
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E f f e c t o f oxamyl a p p l i c a t i o n s o n eelworm
SINGH, D . V . , and A . N . MISHRA. 1 9 7 6 . penetration i n t o roots of tomato, l e t t u c e
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r e s i s t a n t o r t o l e r a n t t o w i l t have p r o v e d
susceptible. Some l i n e s , B o r i 1 9 2 - 1 2 - 5 - 1 - 2 SINGH, N.D. 1 9 7 5 .
and B o r l 1 9 2 - 1 5 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 - 4 2 were m o d e r a t e l y S t u d i e s o n t h e s e l e c t e d h o s t s o f Rotylen-
resistant. ehulu8 reniformis and i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y to
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p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s b u t t h e nematode
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P r o d u c t i o n o f p e c t i c and c e l l u l o l y t i c (Cyanodon dactylon) a f t e r 10 w e e k s . Signi-
enzymes b y a r h a r w i l t f u n g u s . Curr. S c i . f i c a n t reductions occurred in dry weights
31:110-112. 1082 o f t o p s and r o o t s and l i n e a r g r o w t h o f
i n f e c t e d soybean p l a n t s 8 weeks a f t e r
S t u d i e s o n t h e r o l e o f enzymes i n t h e transplanting into naturally infested s o i l .
pathogenesis o f Fuearium lateritium f. sp. I n i t i a l l a r v a e p o p u l a t i o n s o f 500 and 1,000
c a j a n i , t h e a g e n t o f pea w i l t , r e v e a l e d R . r e n i f o r m i s r e d u c e d t h e mean w e i g h t s o f
t h a t the fungus produces c e l l u l o s e a s w e l l r o o t s b y 1 4 . 7 and 5 3 . 7 % , t h e t o p s b y 3 7 . 0
a s p o l y g a l a c t u r o n a s e i n c u l t u r e , and t h e s e and 5 4 . 7 % , and l i n e a r t o p g r o w t h o f soybean
may p l a y a r o l e i n t h e d i s e a s e s y n d r o m e . b y 2 3 . 1 and 27.5% r e s p e c t i v e l y , when com-
pared w i t h noninoculated c o n t r o l s .
SINGH, G . P . , and A . HUSAIN. 1 9 6 4 .
Presence o f f u s a r i c a c i d i n w i l t - a f f e c t e d
p i g e o n p e a p l a n t s . C u r r . S c i . 3 3 ( 9 ) : 2 8 7 . 1083

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SINGH, R . , and T . P . MALL. 1 9 7 4 . Cercospora indica, the diagnosis of w h i c h

E f f e c t o f a r h a r m o s a i c v i r u s o n y i e l d and is given.
c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o f seeds o f some
legumes. Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l .
SINHA, A . K . 1 9 7 5 .
12(4):145-149. 1088
C o n t r o l o f Fuaarium w i l t o f p l g e o n p e a w i t h
F i e l d i n f e c t i o n o f legumes s u c h a s l e n t i l s B a v i s t l n , a systemic f u n g i c i d e . C u r r . Sci.
w i t h a r h a r (plgeonpea) mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s 44(19):700-701. 1093
AMM or ASM r e d u c e d t h e n u m b e r , s i z e , and
Pot t e s t s i n I n d i a r e v e a l e d t h a t c a r b e n -
w e i g h t o f pods and s e e d s ; d e c r e a s e d r e p r o -
d a z i m a p p l i e d a s a s o i l d r e n c h a t 2000 ppm
d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y and seed g e r m i n a t i o n ; and
1 0 days b e f o r e i n o c u l a t i o n o f p l g e o n p e a
d e c r e a s e d t h e N and P compounds and c a r b o -
p l a n t s w i t h Fuaarium w i l t c o n t r o l l e d t h e
hydrates in the seed. Decreases w e r e
disease.
g r e a t e r w i t h s t r a i n ASM t h a n w i t h AMM.

SMALL, W. 1 9 2 2 .
SINGH, R . , and T . P . MALL. 1 9 7 6 .
On t h e o c c u r r e n c e of a s p e c i e s of Fuaarium
A new v i r u s d i s e a s e of a r h a r (Cajanus cajan
i n Uganda. Kew B u l l M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f o r m .
(L.) M i l l s p . ) . Curr. S c i . 45(17):
9:269-291. 1094
635-636. 1089
A f u l l description is given of c u l t u r a l
P l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n I n d i a was
c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e f u n g u s o n d i f f e r e n t media
r e c e n t l y f o u n d t o b e i n f e c t e d b y a new
as w e l l as of a l a r g e s e r i e s of c r o s s -
virus disease. The symptoms and t e s t s
inoculations on different hosts, including
conducted are b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d .
p l g e o n p e a , b e l i e v e d to be t h e same as
Fuaarium udum B u t l . f r o m I n d i a .
SINGH, SHIV BAHADUR.
Studies on l e a f spot disease of arhar
SNYDER, W . C . , and H . N . HANSEN. 1 9 4 0 .
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Ph.D.
The s p e c i e s c o n c e p t i n Fusarium- Am. J .
Thesis. Kanpur U n i v e r s i t y , K a n p u r , U t t a r
Bot. 27:64-67. 1095
Pradesh, I n d i a . 1090
A s p e c i e s c o n c e p t i n Fuaarium i s p r e s e n t e d
which takes f u l l cognizance o f the v a r i a -
SINGH, T . C . N . 1 9 3 5 .
t i o n d i s p l a y e d b y members o f t h i s g e n u s .
S t e r i l i t y o f c r o p p l a n t s and a s t u d y o f
I n e m p l o y i n g t h i s c o n c e p t i n t h e taxonomy
t h e i r r o o t system. Curr. Sci.
o f Fusaria s e c t i o n o f elegans i n p a r t i c u -
4:30-32. 1091
l a r , i t has seemed n e c e s s a r y t o r e v i s e t h e
A p r e l i m i n a r y n o t e on an experiment to system o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h e r e t o f o r e i n u s e .
elucidate the possible physiological basis The n e c e s s i t y o f t h i s r e v i s i o n i s demon-
o f s t e r i l i t y i n Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . s t r a t e d b y t h e a n a l y s e s o f many f o r m e r
I r r i g a t i o n o f groups o f s t e r i l e p l a n t s " s p e c i e s " b y means o f l a r g e numbers o f
with solutions of various salts of potas- single-spore cultures. These a n a l y s e s have
sium o r s o d i u m and i r r i g a t i o n o f t h e shown t h a t t h e p r o g e n y o f a s i n g l e - s p o r e
s t r o n g l a t e r i a l r o o t s of a f u r t h e r group c u l t u r e may f a l l i n t o more t h a n one
w i t h w e l l w a t e r was f o l l o w e d a f t e r a c o u p l e s p e c i e s o r s u b s e c t i o n o f t h e genus a s
o f weeks b y f l o w e r i n g . The c o n t r o l g r o u p s formerly constituted.
showed n o f l o w e r s . Other crop p l a n t s are
to be s i m i l a r l y tested.
SOMANI, R . B . , P . D . WANGIKAR, and V . N . SHUKLA.
1975.
SINGH, U . B . 1 9 3 4 . A new s t e m c a n k e r and d i e - b a c k d i s e a s e of
S t u d i e s on C e r c o s p o r a indica, new s p e c i e s plgeonpea. Indian Phytopath. 28(3):
p a r a s i t i c on Cajanus indicus Spreng. 436-437. 1096
Indian J. Agric. S c i . 4:343-360. 1092
The new v a r i e t i e s PL-8796 and K a k i a r e
The l e a f - s p o t d i s e a s e of Cajanus indicus reported to be susceptible to t h i s disease
caused b y t w o s t r a i n s o f Cercospora occurs w h i c h i s caused b y a s p e c i e s o f Colleto-
commonly. The symptoms o f t h e d i s e a s e and trichum n o t c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e Colletotri-
the morphology are d e s c r i b e d . Between chum c a j a n i s t a t e o f Glomerella c i n g u l a t a .
20°C and 25°C i n f e c t i o n o c c u r s r e a d i l y .
Beat growth of the s t r a i n s takes place at
SPENCE, J . A . 1 9 7 5 .
100% h u m i d i t y . Both t h e s t r a i n s have been
The i m p o r t a n c e o f d i s e a s e s i n r e l a t i o n t o
f o u n d t o b e l o n g t o one s p e c i e s , w h i c h has
t h e g r a i n legume r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m i n t h e
h i t h e r t o n o t b e e n d e s c r i b e d and i s named
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sch. New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . S t u d i e s on South I n d i a n F u s a r i a . The
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J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 34(1):29-56. 1101
The g r a i n legumes p r o g r a m i n t h e E a s t e r n
Caribbean focusses on pigeonpea b r e e d i n g Morphological characters of conidia useful
and s e l e c t i o n , p h y s i o l o g y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , i n d i a g n o s i s have been g i v e n i n d e t a i l .
m i c r o b i o l o g y , c r o p p r o t e c t i o n , agronomy and A l s o w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o F . udum B u t l . , w h i c h
m e c h a n i z a t i o n , f o o d - t e c h n o l o g y , economics causes w i l t d i s e a s e o f p i g e o n p e a .
and d i s e a s e s . The c h a p t e r o n p i g e o n p e a
p o i n t s o u t t h e need f o r a s u r v e y o f p i g e o n -
SUBRAMANIAN, K . S . , G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL,
pea d i s e a s e s and f o r assessment o f p o t e n -
R. JANARTHANAN, and T . K . KANDASWAMY. 1 9 7 3 .
t i a l danger f r o m diseases c u r r e n t l y o f
Studies of the v a r i e t a l resistance of
m i n o r i m p o r t a n c e and more i n t e n s i v e s t u d y
p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) t o s t e r i l i t y
o f d i s e a s e s t h a t have a l r e a d y been shown
mosaic d i s e a s e . Madras A g r i c . J .
to be of importance.
60(1):38-40. 1102
A l l 549 v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d w e r e s u s c e p t i b l e
SREENIVASAYA, M. 1 9 3 2 .
but are c l a s s i f i e d in three categories
Present p o s i t i o n of the problem of spike
depending o n the s e v e r i t y o f v i r u s i n f e c t i o n
disease. Cajanus indicus. Curr. S c i .
observed.
1(5):126. 1098
The s i m p l e s t and t h e r e a d i e s t way o f d i a g - SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1 9 6 1 .
n o s i n g s p i k e i s t h r o u g h t h e e x t e r n a l symp-
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(1961) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y of Madras,
one p l a n t t o a n o t h e r i s t h e c r i t e r i o n o n
Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1103
which i n f e c t i o u s nature of spike disease
has b e e n f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d . in the rege-
n e r a t i o n p l o t s , the sandal p l a n t s associa- SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1 9 6 3 .
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have succumbed t o t h e d i s e a s e . Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) 57:134-138. 1104
The p a t h o g e n i c i t y o f f o u r i s o l a t e s o f
SRIKANTHA MURTHY, G. 1 9 7 5 . F . udum was t e s t e d o n s i x v a r i e t i e s o f
Studies on the nature of persistence in Cajanus c a j a n NP-15 p r o v e d t o b e t h e l e a s t
Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . a g a i n s t w i l t s u s c e p t i b l e and i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t n o
caused b y Fuearium udum B u t l . Mysore J . spores are produced in t h a t v a r i e t y as a
A g r i c . S c i . 9(4) :716-717. 1099 r e s u l t of the lack of proper substrate in
t h e r o o t s y s t e m o r t h e a c t i o n o f some
A n a l y s i s o f two v a r i e t i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n h i b i t o r y substance i n the xylem.
r e s i s t a n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a h i g h e r
content of t o t a l sugar, reducing sugars,
amino n i t r o g e n , amino a c i d s , p h e n o l s , SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1 9 6 3 .
f l a v a n o l s , and a l k a l o i d s . The r e s i s t a n t Fusarium w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a . I I . Changes i n
v a r i e t y a l s o c o n t a i n e d h i g h e r amounts o f the host metabolism. Proc. I n d i a n Acad.
x y l o s e , c y s t e i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n , and l o w e r S c i . ( S e c t . B) 57:178-194. 1105
amounts o f p h e n y l a l a n i n e . B i o a s s a y revealed
I n h e a l t h y p l a n t s o f the three v a r i e t i e s
t h a t c a f f e i c and c h l o r o g e n i c a c i d s and a n
studied, content of c h l o r o p h y l l , ascorbic
u n i d e n t i f i e d p h e n o l i c compound, w h i c h w e r e
a c i d , f r e e r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , and t o t a l M n
present i n the r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y , i n h i b i t e d
were h i g h e s t i n t h e l e a s t s u s c e p t i b l e
spore g e r m i n a t i o n . I t i s considered that
v a r i e t y , N P - 1 5 , and l o w e s t i n t h e most
cysteine counteracts fungal i n f e c t i o n by
s u s c e p t i b l e , NP-24. I n NP-24, the r o o t s
c h e l a t i n g f e r r i c ions which a c t i v a t e the
c o n t a i n e d more t o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s t h a n t h e
Fuearium toxin.
s h o o t s , whereas i n NP-15 t h e r e v e r s e was
true. The Fe/Mn r a t i o i n c r e a s e d w i t h
SU, U THET. 1 9 3 1 . increasing susceptibility. In inoculated
P l a n t d i s e a s e s i n Burma. Intern. Bull. p l a n t s , l o w e r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y was a s s o c i a t e d
P l a n t P r o t . Year V: 141-142. 1100 w i t h a smaller reduction in contents of
c h l o r o p h y l l , a s c o r b i c a c i d , and t o t a l
carbohydrates.

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Manganese amendment t o t h e s o i l was f o u n d
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extent. I n p l a n t s grown i n i n o c u l a t e d c u s (C. c a j a n ) , a p p a r e n t l y f o r the f i r s t
s o i l w i t h 8 0 ppm M n , t h e p a t h o g e n c o l o n i z e d time i n I n d i a , other aspects are a l s o
o n l y in the r o o t s . A t 100 and 200 ppm discussed regarding the pathogen.
t h e r e was c o m p l e t e e x c l u s i o n o f t h e f u n g u s .
F o l i a r s p r a y s and p r e - s o a k i n g o f seeds gave
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even more e n c o u r a g i n g r e s u l t s . The r o l e o f
S e l e c t i o n o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) r e s i s -
M n i n t h e mechanism o f d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e
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Butler). A g r i . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v .
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F u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n Fuaarium oxysporum f .
has r e s u l t e d i n t h e v a r i e t i e s S T - 1 , S T - 2 ,
udum B u t l . Snyder and H u s a i n , c a u s i n g w i l t
and S T - 3 , w h i c h y i e l d e d two t o two and a
o f p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
h a l f t i m e s more t h a n t h e l o c a l t y p e and
M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 5 ) T h e s i s . Marathwada K r i s h i
e x h i b i t e d a h i g h degree of r e s i s t a n c e to
Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra,
F. udum.
India. 1107

VAHEEDUDDIN, S . , and S . N . NANJUNDIAH.

THIRUMALACHAR, M . J . , M.K. PATEL, N . B .
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KULKARNI, and G.W. DHANDE. 1 9 5 6 .
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(Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . Proc. Indian S c i .
t h i r t y - t w o Xanthomonas s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g
Cong. A s s o c . 4 3 ( 4 ) : 2 0 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1113
in India. Phytopath. 46(9):486-488. 1108
A w i l t - s i c k f i e l d was c r e a t e d b y s p r e a d i n g
The a n t i b i o t i c s u s e d showed v a r y i n g d e g r e e s compost made o f w i l t e d p l a n t s . Tur was
o f i n h i b i t i o n o f growth against a l l the grown i n t h i s f i e l d and a s y s t e m a t i c s e l e c -
Xanthomonas s p e c i e s t e s t e d . Xanthomonas t i o n o f p l a n t s was made y e a r a f t e r y e a r .
cajani is included in the 32 species. L a t e r , t h e w o r k was c o n t i n u e d o n l y t o t h e
s e l e c t e d p l a n t s and t h e i r p r o g e n y f o u n d
TUCKER, C M . 1 9 2 7 . resistant. By 1949, t h r e e l i n e s showing
Plgeonpea a n t h r a c n o s e . J . A g r i c . Res. r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e e x t e n t o f 8 0 t o 90%
34(6):589-596. 1109 were i s o l a t e d . I n each y e a r c a r e was t a k e n
t o see t h a t t h e p l o t was t h o r o u g h l y i n f e s -
D e s c r i b e d symptoms of Colletotrichum cajani, t e d w i t h w i l t Fuaarium udum and m a t e r i a l
common i n P u e r t o R i c o . Loss i n y i e l d i s t o b e t r i e d was f l a n k e d b y s u s c e p t i b l e
m a i n l y due t o pod d r o p and seed d e c a y . l o c a l to serve as c o n t r o l . Three s t r a i n s ,
Moisture is important f o r i t s spread. The S T - 1 , S T - 2 , and S T - 3 , w e r e i s o l a t e d ,
d e s c r i p t i o n o f c o n i d i a and t h e i r c u l t u r e showing a range of r e s i s t a n c e of 30 to
is a l s o g i v e n . M o i n f e c t i o n o f Phaeeolus 90%.
vulgaris was observed.

V A K I L I , N . G . , and K. MARAMOROSCH. 1 9 7 4 .
TUCKER, C M . 1 9 2 7 . " W i t c h e s - b r o o m " d i s e a s e caused b y m y c o p l a s -
Report of the P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t . Rep. m a - l i k e o r g a n i s m s o n p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus
P. Rico U n i v . A g r i c . Exp. Stn 1923: cajan) i n P u e r t o R i c o . P I . D i s . Reptr
24-40. 1110 58:96. 1114
R h i s o c t o n i a ferruginea f r o m sugarcane The m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e o r g a n i s m a s s o c i a t e d
caused s e v e r e d a m p i n g - o f f i n p l g e o n p e a w i t h t h e d i s e a s e was p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d
seedlings. Other h o s t s were a l s o i n o c u l a - and l a t e r o b s e r v e d u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o n
t e d , more damage was o b s e r v e d i n d r y s o i l s . microscope. Intensive e f f o r t s should be
P i g e o n p e a s a r e damaged each y e a r b y s t e m made t o f i n d l o c a l s o u r c e s o f r e s i s t a n c e
canker associated with Botryosphaeria and d e v e l o p r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r s . Leaf
xanthocephala, r e p o r t e d as a s a p r o p h y t e h o p p e r s (Empoasca s p p . ) most p r o b a b l y a r e
in India. the insect vectors, transmitting the d i s -
ease f r o m p l a n t t o p l a n t . A possible
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138
 Pathology

a p p l i c a t i o n s , as w e l l as to ensure a VASUDEVA, R . S . , A . C . J A I N , and K . G . NEMA.

d i s e a s e - f r e e c r o p , i s t o develop v a r i e t i e s 1952.
t h a t combine r e s i s t a n c e t o w i t c h e s - b r o o m I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the i n h i b i t o r y a c t i o n o f
w i t h resistance to l e a f hoppers. Baoillua aubtilia on Fuaarium udum B u t l .
t h e fungus c a u s i n g w i l t o f pigeonpea
(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Ann. A p p l .
VAN VELSON, R . J . 1 9 6 1 .
Biol. 39:229-238. 1121
W i t c h e s broom o n p i g e o n p e a i n d u c e d b y mealy
bug (Planococcus) i.e. Pseudococcus citri Effects of temperature, period of incuba-
infestation. J . Papua N . Guinea A g r i c . t i o n , a e r a t i o n , e t c . , o n the p r o d u c t i o n o f
14 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 2 9 . 1115 the i n h i b i t o r y substance are d e s c r i b e d .
The a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s a b s o r b e d b y s o i l
and t o a l e s s e r d e g r e e b y k a o l i n . A suita-
VASUDEVA, R . S . 1 9 4 9 .
b l e b a s i c medium f o r t h e g r o w t h o f Baoillua
S o i l - b o r n e p l a n t d i s e a s e s and t h e i r c o n t r o l ,
aubtilia, p a r t i c u l a r l y in r e l a t i o n to the
Curr. S c i . 18(4):114-115. 1116
production of an a n t i b i o t i c i n h i b i t o r y to
The s p r e a d and c o n t r o l of Fuaarium udum and Fuaarium udum, is d e s c r i b e d .
Baoillua s u b t i l i s a r e d i s c u s s e d .

VASUDEVA, R . S . , and T . G . ROY. 1 9 5 0 .

VASUDEVA, R . S . 1 9 5 5 . The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a o n
The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a Fuaarium udum B u t l . t h e f u n g u s c a u s i n g w i l t
o f Fusarium udum B u t l . o n t h e c a u s i n g o f o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) .
w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus indicus). Proc. Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 38(2):169-178. 1122
S i x t h I n t e r n . Cong. M i c r o b i o . 5:
I n o c u l a t i o n w i t h Fuaarium udum B u t l .
239-242. 1117
p r o d u c e d more w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a i n s t e r i -
l i z e d t h a n i n u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l a t t h e same
VASUDEVA, R . S . 1 9 5 8 . pH. From u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l s w i t h l o w
R e p o r t o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f M y c o l o g y and d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e , n i n e f u n g i , Baoillua
Plant Pathology. Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . aubtilia and an A c t i n o m y c e s were i s o l a t e d .
New D e l h i , 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 8 5 - 1 0 4 . 1118 The number o f i s o l a t i o n s o f a p a r t i c u l a r
o r g a n i s m v a r i e d f r o m month t o month d u r i n g
A b r i e f report of v a r i e t a l resistance to
c r o p p i n g season o f p i g e o n p e a a t D e l h i .
Fu8arium udum w i l t and f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h
I n t e r a c t i o n of Fusarium udum and o t h e r
Bacillus s u b t i l i s a n t i b i o t i c i s g i v e n .
o r g a n i s m s i s o l a t e d was s t u d i e d , Aspergillus
niger and A. terreus s e c r e t e d i n h i b i t o r y
VASUDEVA, R . S . 1 9 5 8 . substances in p o t a t o dextrose b r o t h . The
R e p o r t o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f M y c o l o g y and n a t u r e o f medium employed and p e r i o d o f
Plant Pathology. Rep. A g r i c . R e s . I n s t . growth were i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n t h e
New D e l h i , 1 9 5 6 - 5 7 : 8 6 - 1 0 0 . 1119 production o f the i n h i b i t o r y p r i n c i p l e ,
which Is thermostable. The l o w i n c i d e n c e
The c u l t i v a r S-55 d e v e l o p e d 3.3% i n f e c t i o n
o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t i n u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l may
w i t h Fusarium udum w i l t i n p l o t b u t r e m -
r e s u l t from the i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y o f the
ained w i l t - f r e e i n the f i e l d .
associated m i c r o f l o r a i n the s o i l .

VASUDEVA, R . S . , and C.V. GOVINDASWAMY.

VASUDEVA, R . S . , G.P. SINGH, and M . R . S .
1953.
IYENGAR. 1 9 6 2 .
Studies on the e f f e c t of associated s o i l
Biological activity of bulbiformin in s o i l .
m i c r o f l o r a on Fuaarium udum B u t l . The
Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 5 0 ( 1 ) : 1 1 3 - 1 1 7 . 1123
f u n g u s c a u s i n g t h e w i l t o f p i g e o n p e a (Caja-
nus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) with special refe- Bacillus s u b t i l i s i s c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g
rence t o i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y . Ann. A p p l . the a n t i b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n i n s o i l . Under
Biol. 40(3):573-583. 1120 unfavorable conditions for a n t i b i o t i c
p r o d u c t i o n , such as the presence of r o o t
The f i l t r a t e s of Aspergillus niger and
residues, i n o c u l a t i o n of B. s u b t i l i s into
mixed f i l t r a t e s o f a l l the saprophytes
s o i l r e s u l t s i n a marked l o w e r i n g o f t h e
i n h i b i t e d t h e g r o w t h o f F . udum o n s o l i d
i n c i d e n c e o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t due t o F . udum.
medium. The c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e s a f t e r
passage t h r o u g h s o i l beds f a i l e d t o a f f e c t
VASUDEVA, R . S . , P. SINGH, P . K . SEN GUPTA, and
a d v e r s e l y t h e g r o w t h o f F . udum because o f
M. MAHMOOD. 1 9 6 3 .
change in p H . Aspergillus terreus a p p e a r s
Further studies on the b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y
t o enhance t h e v i r u l e n c e o f F . udum.
of bulbiformin. Ann. A p p l . B i o l .
51(3):415-423. 1124

139
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Amendment o f s o i l w i t h r o o t s o f c e r t a i n WALLACE, G . B . 1 9 3 2 .
l e g u m i n o u s c r o p s , m o l a s s e s , and o i l cake Tanganyika t e r r i t o r y fungus l i s t . Recent
markedly increased the a n t i b i o t i c produc- Records. 1 0 . M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . *
t i o n b y Bacillus subtilis. A s o i l amend- Tanganyike, 23:1-5 (Mimeograph). 1128
ment c o n s i s t i n g o f a c o m b i n a t i o n o f g r o u n d -
n u t cake and m o l a s s e s was a b o u t f i v e t i m e s Fusarium lateritium v a r . uncinatum was i s o -
more e f f e c t i v e t h a n a d e x t r o s e amendment i n l a t e d f r o m r o o t s , c o l l a r and stems o f
increasing the production of b u l b i f o r m i n pigeonpea. R e i n o c u l a t i o n caused d e a t h o f
two s e e d l i n g s .
and a l s o f a v o r e d i t s p e r s i s t e n c e i n t h e
soil. The a n t i b i o t i c was f o u n d t o a c t
s y s t e m i c a l l y and t o b e n o n p h y t o t o x i c when WATERSTON, J . M . 1 9 4 4 .
t a k e n u p b y t h e r o o t s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus Plant Pathology. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda,
cajan) i n p o t e x p e r i m e n t . I n o c u l a t i o n of 1943:7-8. 1129
B . s u b t i l i s i n t o a u t o c l a v e d s o i l amended
w i t h m o l a s s e s , sweet c l o v e r r o o t s , and Uromyces dolicholi new r e c o r d and Sclero-
g r o u n d n u t c a k e r e d u c e d by 88% t h e i n c i d e n c e tinia sclerotionum found f o r the f i r s t time
o f p i g e o n p e a w i l t caused b y Fusarium udum. on pigeonpea pods.

WEISS, F. 1 9 4 5 .
VASUDEVA, R . S . , T . V . SUBBAIAH, M . L . N . SASTRY,
V i r u s e s d e s c r i b e d p r i m a r i l y on leguminous
G. RANGASWAMY, and R . S . IYENGAR. 1 9 5 8 .
v e g e t a b l e and f o r a g e c r o p s . P I . D i s . Reptr
' B u l b i f o r m i n ' , an a n t i b i o t i c produced by
(Suppl.) 154:32-80 (Mimeograph). 1130
Bacillus subtilis. Ann. A p p l . B i o l .
46(3):336-345. 1125 A summary o f a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e -
s e n t e d and d e s c r i p t i o n s g i v e n o f t y p i c a l
Antibiotic is chiefly antifungal. Its
v i r u s e s o c c u r r i n g i n the leguminosae.
presence leads t o f o r m a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r i s -
N o t e s o n o t h e r v i r u s e s and s i m i l a r d i s e a s e s
t i c b u l b s i n t h e s p o r e s and hyphae o f t h e
r e p o r t e d on the leguminous c r o p s .
test fungi. A c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s thermo-
labile. I t i s suggested t h a t the a n t i b i o -
t i c under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t from WIEHE, P.O. 1 9 3 9 .
those of B. aubtilie p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , D i v i s i o n of Plant Pathology. Rep. Dep.
t h e r e f o r e t h e name p r o p o s e d f o r t h i s A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s . 1938:34-39. 1131
antibiotic is bulbiformin. Effective
P i g e o n p e a w i l t o u t b r e a k f o u n d due t o
a g a i n s t F. udum-
Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans.

VENKATA RAM, C . S . 1 9 5 5 .
WILLIAMS, F . J . , K . S . AMIN, and B. BALDEV.
S o i l f u s a r i a and t h e i r p a t h o g e n i c i t y .
1975.
Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B)
Phytophthora stem b l i g h t of Cajanus cajan.
42(4):124-144. 1126
Phytopath. 65(9):1029-1030. 1132
A number o f t r a n s i t i o n a l f o r m s w e r e o b s e r -
A new s t e m b l i g h t d i s e a s e of Cajanus cajan
v e d b e t w e e n t h e v i r u l e n t and a v i r u l e n t
was f i r s t o b s e r v e d i n e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t s
i s o l a t e s p a t h o g e n i c o n c o t t o n and pigeonpea,
i n I n d i a i n 1 9 6 6 , and was e p i p h y t o t i c a t
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Fusaria o c c u r i n s o i l s i n
New D e l h i i n 1 9 6 9 . It is capable of
a m u l t i p l i c i t y of pathogenic forms. In
c a u s i n g w i d e s p r e a d damage. Symptoms a r e
certain strains of highly specialized
d a r k brown t o b l a c k l e s i o n s w h i c h p a r t i a l l y
w i l t Fusaria, F. udum and F. v a s i n f e c t u m
o r e n t i r e l y e n c i r c l e t h e s t e m a t t h e base
h o s t s e l e c t i v i t y was o b s e r v e d and many
o r o n b r a n c h e s u p t o a m e t e r above s o i l
o t h e r s were n o n s p e c i f i c t o t h e h o s t .
level. Rapid w i l t i n g o f f o l i a g e occurs
The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e s e r e s u l t s i n t h e
above t h e l e s i o n . The p a t h o g e n a p p e a r s t o
taxonomy o f Fusaria i s d i s c u s s e d . Mixing
be a new s p e c i e s of Phytophthora.
two i s o l a t e s r e s u l t e d e i t h e r i n s y n e r g i s m
and a u g m e n t a t i o n i n p a t h o g e n i c i t y o r i n
a n t a g o n i s m and d e c r e a s e i n i n f e c t i o n . WILLIAMS, F . J . , J . S . GREWAL, and K . S . AMIN.
1968.
S e r i o u s and new d i s e a s e s o f p u l s e c r o p s i n
WALLACE, G . B . 1 9 3 2 .
I n d i a i n 1966. P I . D i s . Reptr 52:
Report of t h e M y c o l o g i s t . A . Rep. Dep.
300-304. 1133
A g r i c . Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y , 1930;
53-55. 1127 S e v e r a l d i s e a s e s caused c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c -
t i o n i n y i e l d o f p u l s e crops i n I n d i a d u r i n g
Nematospora coryli found in the seeds of
t h e 1966 s e a s o n . S t e r i l i t y mosaic o f
pigeonpea.
Cajanus c a j a n was p r e v a l e n t i n e a s t e r n

140
 Physiology

U t t a r Pradesh. A new y e l l o w symptom PHYSIOLOGY

( p r o b a b l y o f v i r u s o r i g i n ) , and a new w i l t
( c a u s e d by a f u n g u s ) , w e r e seen on Cajanus
c a j a n a t New D e l h i .

WILLIAMS, R . J . , and D . J . ALLEN. 1 9 7 6 .

ABRAMS, R. 1 9 6 0 .
Plgeonpea d i s e a s e s . G r a i n legume t r a i n i n g
c o u r s e . P a t h o l o g y . 1 6 A u g u s t t o 2 6 Novem- E f f e c t o f g i b b e r e l l i c a c i d o n dormant seed
b e r , 1976. IITA, Ibadan, N i g e r i a . and s u b s e q u e n t c r o p s of p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus
58 p p . 1134 cajan). J . A g r l c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 4 ( 1 ) :
21-27. 1137
Plgeonpea appears t o b e r e l a t i v e l y d i s e a s e -
Seed o f c o m m e r c i a l p l g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s
free in Africa. I n N i g e r i a , the only
( K a k i , S a r a g a t e a d o , and F l o r i d o ) w e r e
d i s e a s e o f consequence i s l e a f r u s t , caused
soaked o v e r n i g h t i n g i b b e r e l l i c - a c i d
by livedo oajani S y d . Cercospora l e a f spot
s o l u t i o n s , ( 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , and 5 0 ppm) i n
(Cercospora cajani Henn.) occurs at I I T A .
order to determine the e f f e c t of the acid
V i r u s - l i k e symptoms a r e r a r e . I n East
o n p l a n t h e i g h t , f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d , and
A f r i c a , Fusarium w i l t , powdery m i l d e w
yield. There were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e -
(Leveillula taurica) ( L e v . , A r n . ) and a
rences i n p l a n t h e i g h t between the t h r e e
leafspot (Mycovellosiella cajani P . Henn.
v a r i e t i e s t h a t could be a t t r i b u t e d to the
Rangel e x . T r o t t e r ) may o c c a s i o n a l l y assume
gibberellic-acid treatments. Differences
economic i m p o r t a n c e .
in flowering periods could not be attributed
t o the g i b b e r e l l i c - a c i d t r e a t m e n t s , a s such
WOLLENWEBBER, H.W. 1 9 3 8 . differences are of genetic o r i g i n . Gibbe-
Fusarium-produced diseases of plgeonpea r e l l i c a c i d had n o e f f e c t o n y i e l d o f t h e
(Cajanus c a j a n ) . A r b . B i o l . A n s t . R e i c h - green peas.
sanst. B e r l . 22:339-347. 1135
Expanded L a t i n d i a g n o s i s g i v e n o f Fusarium ADSULE, R . N . , and G.K. BARAT. 1 9 7 7 .
lateritium Nees v a r . uncinatum WR. 1930 Occurrence o f o x y l y l - C o A synthetase in
h e l d i n pure c u l t u r e since i t s i s o l a t i o n Indian pulses. Experientia 33(4):
f r o m p l g e o n p e a i n 1905 b y B u t l e r , s t i l l 416-417. 1138
p a t h o g e n i c , g i v i n g a brown b a s a l r o t . This
The p r e s e n c e o f o x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e was
f u n g u s o n l y a t t a c k s p l g e o n p e a and a p p e a r s
o b s e r v e d i n common e d i b l e p u l s e s . Except-
l e s s s e r i o u s t h a n w i l t caused b y F . udum.
i n g i n c h i c k p e a , t h e changes i n o x a l y l - C o A
synthetase a c t i v i t y o f w i n t e r pulses procee-
YOGESWARI, L. 1 9 4 8 . ded i n s t a g e s . The enzyme r e m a i n e d more
The e l e m e n t n u t r i t i o n o f f u n g i . I . The a c t i v e i n l a t e s t r a i n s than i n early
e f f e c t o f b o r o n , z i n c , and manganese o n s t r a i n s of w i n t e r pulses. The enzyme i n
Fusarium s p e c i e s . Proc. I n d i a n Acad. S c i . summer p u l s e s behaved d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m
( S e c t . B) 28:177-201. 1136 that in winter pulses. On the basis of
a c t i v i t y of oxalyl-CoA synthetase, it is
N u t r i t i o n a l p h y s i o l o g y o f F . udum and
s u r m i s e d t h a t p e a , c h i c k p e a , and l e n t i l
o t h e r s p e c i e s was s t u d i e d . Media w i t h h i g h
may b e p l a c e d i n one g r o u p , summer p u l s e s
C.N r a t i o were f a v o r e d b y t h e f u n g u s .
( p l g e o n p e a , s o y b e a n , g r e e n gram and cowpea)
Optimum p H f o r g r o w t h was 5 . 0 . Responded
in a second g r o u p , and c h i c k p e a o n l y in a
w e l l to various concentrations of boron,
t h i r d group.
z i n c , and manganese. F. udum 0 . 5 ppm of
B, Z n , and Mn was o p t i m u m . Higher concen-
t r a t i o n s were t o x i c . Combination o f e l e - AGARWAL, P . K . , and J . L . KARIHALOO. 1 9 7 5 .
ments was b e t t e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f g e r m i n a t i o n method f o r
alone. p i g e o n p e a s (Cajanus c a j a n ) s e e d . Seed
Res. 3(1):21-25. 1139
Using seeds f r o m o n l y one r e g i o n i n I n d i a ,
i t was f o u n d t h a t a good method t o e f f e c -
tuate g e r m i n a t i o n i s between b l o t t i n g p a p e r
layers o r i n sand a t 3 0 ° C . Seven abnorma-
lities are described.

141
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ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 . subsequent s t o r a g e l i f e under c e r t a i n

The r o o t s y s t e m o f p l a n t s . Agronomico t e m p e r a t u r e and h u m i d i t y c o n d i t i o n s . A
Campinas 3 ( 3 ) : l - 3 . 1140 range of chemicals — i n c l u d i n g s a l t s such
a s N a C l , p h e n o l s , v i t a m i n s , and a n t i p a t h o -
Cajanus c a j a n : The maximum r o o t i n g d e p t h
g e n i c compounds — added t o t h e w a t e r i n
o b s e r v e d was 2 . 9 5 m b u t 91% o f t h e t o t a l
l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (10 - 5 to 10 - 3 ) gave
r o o t w e i g h t was f o u n d i n t h e f i r s t 3 0 cm.
f u r t h e r improvement i n g e r m i n a b i l i t y .
T w o - y e a r - o l d p l a n t s growing 50 cm a p a r t
furnished the s o i l w i t h a root weight of
14,968 kg per a l q u e i r e (6,160 k g / h a ) , of CHEEMA, K . S . 1 9 7 6 .
w h i c h 1 3 , 5 7 1 k g were f o u n d i n t h e f i r s t T r a n s p o r t , d i s t r i b u t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f
30 cm l a y e r . 14C photosynthate in arhar (Cajanus cajan
L.). M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . G . B . P a n t U n i -
v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and T e c h n o l o g y ,
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 7 0 .
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Report o f t h e f a c u l t y o f a g r i c u l t u r e ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 .
P e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y i n l e a v e s o f Cajanus DEKA, P . C . , A . K . MEHRA, N . N . PATHAK, and
cajan- 269 p p . 1141 S.K. SEN. 1 9 7 8 .
I s o l a t i o n and f u s i o n s t u d i e s o n p r o t o p l a s t s
Plgeonpea: P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s on mature
from p o l l e n t e t r a d s . Experientia
l e a v e s o f Cajanus c a j a n i n d i c a t e t h a t d w a r f
33(2):182-184. 1146
c u l t i v a r s show more p e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y
than t a l l c u l t i v a r s . P o l l e n t e t r a d s and p o l l e n g r a i n s o f Cajanus
cajan, Lea mays, L. c y l i n d r i c a and L. escu-
lentum were t r e a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t
ASANA, R . D . , and M.N. SARIN. 1 9 6 8 .
enzymes. A f t e r 4 h of t r e a t m e n t w i t h 5%
Crop P h y s i o l o g y i n I n d i a . T e c h . B u l l . 1 6
c e l l u l o s e , a b o u t 80% p r o t o p l a s t i s o l a t i o n
I n d i a n Coun. A g r i c . Res. ( A g r i c . S e r . ) .
was o b t a i n e d f r o m p o l l e n t e t r a d s o f
1 9 6 8 . 98 p p . 1142
C. c a j a n and Z. mays and a b o u t 60% f r o m
T h i s r e v i e w d e a l s w i t h a number o f c r o p s , L. oylindrioa and L. esculentum. When
c e r e a l s , and legumes i n c l u d i n g p l g e o n p e a . t h e s e m o n o n u c l e a t e p r o t o p l a s t s were i n c u -
A s p e c t s c o n s i d e r e d i n c l u d e seed g e r m i n a - bated in the presence of 0.05 M CaCl2 in
t i o n , d o r m a n c y , g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t , 0 . 3 M g l u c o s e at pH 1 0 . 5 , 70 to 80%
m i n e r a l n u t r i t i o n and u p t a k e ( N , P , K , f u s i o n was a c h i e v e d .
m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ) growth r e g u l a t o r s , s a l t
t o l e r a n c e , water r e l a t i o n s (water r e q u i r e -
DERIEUX, M. 1 9 6 9 .
ment, drought r e s i s t a n c e ) , v e r n a l i z a t i o n
S t u d y a b o u t t h e f o r m a t i o n and t h e e v o l u t i o n
and p h o t o p e r i o d i s m .
o f t h e seeds o f p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) •
P r o c . C a r i b b . F d Crops S o c . 7 : 2 0 4 -
BALDEV, B . , and S.K. SINGH. 1 9 7 4 . 207. 1147
E f f e c t o f TIBA o n y i e l d and p h o t o s y n t h e t i c I n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f w e t G u a d e l o u p e , when
enzyme i n r e d g r a m . Curr. S c i . 41(4): b l o o m i n g f l o w e r s w e r e marked e v e r y d a y ,
94-95. 1143 a l o w r a t e o f pod s e t t i n g (10 t o 12%)
Seed y i e l d was enhanced b y TIBA a p p l i c a t i o n was n o t i c e d . The maximum w e i g h t o f f r e s h
i n Cv. B S 1 . The c o n c . 100 µ g / m l gave t h e pea i s r e a c h e d 2 7 days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g f o r
maximum y i e l d i n c r e a s e o f 21% o v e r c o n t r o l . the v a r i e t y GI-54/3 o f T r i n i d a d and 2 9
A l s o t h e r e was a g r a d u a l d e c r e a s e i n t h e days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g f o r t h e v a r i e t y
a c t i v i t y o f RUDP c a r b o x y l a s e enzyme w i t h 249623 f r o m I n d i a . At t h i s stage the
t h e i n c r e a s e o f TIBA c o n c e n t r a t i o n . It is q u a l i t y o f t h e pea i s q u i t e good (29%
s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e a c t i o n o f TIBA needs dry matter f o r G I - 5 4 / 3 ) , The d r y w e i g h t
further investigation. o f pea r e a c h e s t h e maximum 3 8 days a f t e r
flowering.

BASU, R . N . , T . K . BOSE, K. CHATTOPADHYAY,

M.D. GUPTA, N. DHAR, C. KUNDU, R. MITRA, DERIEUX, M. 1 9 7 0 .
P. PAL, and G. PATHAK. 1 9 7 5 . R e s e a r c h o n seed s e t t i n g and seed d e v e l o p -
Seed t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f ment i n t h e p l g e o n p e a . P r o c . 7 t h Ann.
v i g o u r and v i a b i l i t y . Indian Agric. M e e t . C . F . C . S . M a r t i n i q u e - Guadeloupe
19(1):91-96. 1144 1969:204-211. 1148

S o a k i n g seeds o f d i f f e r e n t c r o p s ( i n c l u d i n g A b o u t 10% o f t h e f l o w e r s p r o d u c e d p o d s ,
plgeonpea) in water f o r 2 to 6 h o u r s , pod l e n g t h i n c r e a s e d u n t i l t h e 1 1 t h d a y .
followed by d r y i n g , s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased The maximum s i z e and maximum f r e s h w e i g h t

142
 Physiology

o f t h e seeds w e r e a t t a i n e d a f t e r a b o u t 2 8 EZEDIMA, F . O . C . 1 9 6 5 .
d a y s ; t h e d r y - m a t t e r p e r c e n t a g e was t h e n Some f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f
2 9 and 3 7 respectively. A rapid decline g r a i n legumes i n S o u t h e r n N i g e r i a . Proc.
i n f r e s h w e i g h t was seen a f t e r t h e 2 8 t h A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a . 4:48-50. 1153
day. D r y - m a t t e r w e i g h t o f t h e seeds c o n t i -
nued t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l t h e 3 8 t h d a y ; a Pigeonpea i s i n t e r m e d i a t e i n i t s n u t r i t i o -
s l i g h t d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d i n t h e n e x t few nal requirements. Low y i e l d s a r e because
days u n t i l f u l l m a t u r i t y . of d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s in temperature,
heavy o v e r c a s t , and h i g h h u m i d i t y d u r i n g
g r o w i n g season o r f r o m d a y l e n g t h s e n s i t i -
DEY, P.M. 1 9 7 3 . vity. Local s t r a i n s are p r e f e r r e d t o
B . L . A r a b i n o s i d f r o m Cajanus c a j a n A new higher y i e l d i n g introduced v a r i e t i e s .
enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. I n t e r p l a n t i n g may a f f e c t y i e l d and hamper
302(2):393-396. 1149 effective control of pests. Pest c o n t r o l
increases y i e l d s .
A new enzyme, B . L . A r a b i n o s i d a s e , has been
d e t e c t e d i n t h e d o r m a n t seeds o f Cajanus
indicus- T h i s enzyme i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m GHODKI, J . P . , and P.V. SANE. 1 9 7 4 .
- g a l a c t o s i d a s e and does n o t h y d r o l y z e a n S t u d y o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c and m e t a b o l i c r o l e
- ß - g a l a c t o s i d e or an -ß - f u c o s i d e . o f d i f f e r e n t nonleaf green t i s s u e s o f
plants. P r o c . Symp. G . B . P a n t U n i v . A g r i .
Tech. Pantnagar, A p r i l 12-14:
DEY, P . M . , and M. DIXON. 1 9 7 4 .
764-774. 1154
S e p a r a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f -galactosidase
and ß-galactosidase f r o m Cajanus indicus- The r a t e s o f f i x a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
Biochim. Biophys. A c t a . 370:269-275. 1150 C O 2 b y f r u i t s o f r e d k i d n e y bean (Ph.
vulgaris), a r h a r (C. cajan), c o t t o n , and
In Cajanus indicus and ß - g a l a c t o s i d a s e ,
peas a r e d e s c r i b e d .
w h i c h a r e i n s e p a r a b l e b y Sephadex g e l c h r o -
m a t o g r a p h y , have now been s e p a r a t e d by
C M . C e l l u l o s e chromatography. -Galacto- GURURAJA RAO, G . , and G. RAJESWARA RAO.
s i d a s e (EC 3 , 2 . 1 . 2 2 ) has been r e s o l v e d 1978.
i n t o isoenzymes and ß - g a l a c t o s i d a s e S a l i n i t y i n d u c e d changes i n k e t o a c i d s i n
(EC 3 , 2 . 1 . 2 3 ) i n t o t h r e e . Various the leaves of pigeonpea. I n d i a n J. Expl
p r o p e r t i e s o f enzymes have been s t u d i e d , B i o l . 16:270. 1155
each w i t h i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s .
A c c u m u l a t i o n o f p h o s p h e n o l p y r u v a t e and
o x a l o a c e t a t e was f o u n d i n s a l i n i z e d p l a n t s ,
DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1 9 3 7 . w h i l e p y r u v a t e , g l u c o z y l i c a c i d , and k e t o -
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the ' a f t e r r i p e n i n g ' of g l u t a r a t e accumulated i n c o n t r o l p l a n t s
t h e seed (Cajanus c a j a n ) . T r a n s . Bose Res. i n the f i r s t t r i f o l i a t e leaves a t f i v e
I n s t . 10(1934-35):73-91. 1151 stages of development.

DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1 9 3 9 . HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 5 .

C a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y o f Cajanus seed a t d i f f e - E f f e c t s o f d e f o l i a t i o n o n pigeonpeas
r e n t s t a g e s : p r e - r e s t i n g , r e s t i n g and p o s t - (Cajanus cajan). Expl A g r i c . 11(3):
resting. T r a n s . Bose Res. I n s t . B : 177-182. 1156
93-103. 1152
M i l d manual d e f o l i a t i o n o f p i g e o n p e a p l a n t s
P r e r e s t i n g seeds ( i ) w e r e f r e s h b e f o r e had l i t t l e e f f e c t o n pod number, pod w e i g h t ,
b e i n g d r i e d , r e s t i n g ( i i ) , t h o s e t h a t had o r number o f seeds p e r pod i n two e x p e r i -
b e e n d r i e d t o l e s s t h a n 12% m o i s t u r e ; ments. The e f f e c t s o f s e v e r e d e f o l i a t i o n
p o s t r e s t i n g ( i i i ) , t h o s e t h a t had been depended o n t i m i n g and d i f f e r e d b e t w e e n
steeped i n water t o v a r i o u s degrees. In pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s . Late severe d e f o l i a -
( i ) , b o t h c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y and r e s p i r a t i o n t i o n r e d u c e d pod numbers i n b o t h e x p e r i -
(O 2 a b s o r p t i o n ) d r o p p e d r a p i d l y w i t h m e n t s , b u t e a r l y and i n t e r m e d i a t e s e v e r e
d e c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e , a l t h o u g h t h e two defoliation differed in their effects.
curves were n o t p a r a l l e l . In ( i i ) , there Some p h y s i o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e
was some c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y b u t p r a c t i c a l l y r e s u l t s are discussed,
no respiration. In ( i i i ) , catalase increa-
sed r e g u l a r l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e
HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 5 .
above 10%, w h i l e r e s p i r a t i o n d i d n o t s t a r t
E f f e c t s of growth r e g u l a t o r s on pigeonpea
t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l m o i s t u r e was 30%.
(Cajanus c a j a n ) . E x p l A g r i c . 1 1 ( 4 ) :
241-245. 1157

143
Pigeonpea Bibliography

The pod s e t o f p i g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s w i d e l y age o f 7 3 d a y s .

grown in J a m a i c a may be as l o w as 2 to 4%.
T r e a t m e n t w i t h e t h e p h o n (500 ppm) s u b s t a n -
ISWARAN, V. 1 9 7 6 .
t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d pod numbers o f a r u s t -
P h o t o p e r i o d i c s t u d y on p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
susceptible c u l t i v a r by inducing leaf f a l l
oajan). Fd Fmg A g r i c . 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 3 . 1162
and a second f l o w e r i n g . The t r e a t m e n t
r e d u c e d seed number p e r pod i n b o t h c u l t i - T h i s s t u d y showed t h a t p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
vars. Bg ( 2 , 3 0 0 ppm) i n c r e a s e d pod number cajan) a l s o responded t o t h e e f f e c t o f
i n the r u s t - r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r b u t reduced daylength. P i g e o n p e a p l a n t s grown u n d e r
mean pod w e i g h t and seed number p e r p o d . l o n g - d a y c o n d i t i o n s p r o d u c e more f l o w e r s
and t a l l e r p l a n t s , compared w i t h s h o r t - d a y
t r e a t m e n t s , and t h e y i e l d s a r e a l s o h i g h e r .
HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 7 .
The outcome o f t h e s t u d y shows t h a t p h o t o -
P r e d i c t i n g dry w e i g h t s o f pigeonpea p l a n t s p e r i o d and o t h e r f a c t o r s a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e
from n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e measurements. f l o w e r i n g and f r u i t i n g i n p i g e o n p e a .
J . A g r i c . S c i . Camb. 8 8 ( 2 ) : 4 4 9 - 4 5 4 . 1158
I n e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s i x Cajanus c a j a n
IYENGAR, A . K . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1 9 7 5 .
v a r i e t i e s grown i n t h e f i e l d a t one s i t e ,
M o d i f i e d method f o r i s o l a t i o n o f v e r b a s c o s e
h e i g h t a n d s t e m d i a m e t e r was t h e most
f r o m Cajanus c a j a n ( r e d g r a m ) . Indian J.
r e l i a b l e character for predicting t o t a l
Expl. B i o l . 13(3):307-308. 1163
dry weight.
A m o d i f i e d method has been d e v e l o p e d to
i s o l a t e verbascose from legumes. The
HUXLEY, P . A . , and R . J . SUMMERFIELD. 1 9 7 6 .
p r o d u c t i o n has been c o n f i r m e d o n t h e b a s i s
P h o t o m o r p h o g e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f lamp t y p e o n
o f i t s h y d r o l y s i s products, chromatographic
g r o w t h o f some s p e c i e s o f t r o p i c a l g r a i n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and m e l t i n g p o i n t .
legumes i n c o n t r o l l e d e n v i r o n m e n t g r o w t h
cabinets. P I . Sci. Letters 6(1):
25-33. 1159 JERMYN, M.A. 1 9 7 5 .
P r e c i p i t a t i o n r e a c t i o n s between components
T h r e e c u l t i v a r s o f Ph. lunatus, two o f
of plant tissue extracts. Aust. J. P I .
p i g e o n p e a , one o f cowpea, and one o f s o y -
P h y s i o l . 2:533-542. 1164
b e a n w e r e grown i n g r o w t h c a b i n e t s w i t h
i l l u m i n a t i o n from v a r i o u s types of lamps. For t h e l e g u m i n o u s s e e d s , i n c l u d i n g Cajanus
D i f f e r e n t responses t o i l l u m i n a t i o n were oajan, p r e c i p i t a t i o n r e a c t i o n s o c c u r
f o u n d b o t h b e t w e e n s p e c i e s and b e t w e e n between e x t r a c t s o f c o t y l e d o n s and e x t r a c t s
cultivars. Measurements o f l e a f a r e a , o f t i s s u e s o f t h e p a r e n t p l a n t s , even o f
number o f m a i n s t e m nodes and i n t e r n o d e the t e s t s of the seeds. The n a t u r e o f
l e n g t h w e r e measured w i t h i n 2 days o f t h e t h e s e r e a c t i o n s a p p e a r s t o b e t h e same a s
b e g i n n i n g o f f l o w e r i n g and t h e morphogene- those of the i n t e r - s p e c i e s ones. Both
t i c e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f lamp t y p e s o f r e a c t i o n may b e examples o f ways
compared and t h e most s u i t a b l e r e g i m e f o r i n which p l a n t c e l l s recognize s e l f from
i n d i v i d u a l c u l t l v a r s determined. nonself.

IKDRA R A N I . 1 9 6 6 . JERMYN, M . A . , and Y . M . YEOW. 1 9 7 5 .

S t u d i e s o n u r e a s e o f Cajanus - i n d i c u s and A class of l e c t i n s present in the tissues
urease i n h i b i t o r o f melon seeds. Ph.D. o f seed p l a n t s . Aust. J. P I . Physiol.
(1966) T h e s i s . Banaras H i n d u U n i v e r s i t y , 2:501-531. 1165
Varanasl, U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 1160
I n legume seeds t h e m a j o r p a r t o f t h e
s p e c i f i c g l y c o p r o t e i n l e c t i n i s concen-
ISTVAN, P . , E. PENA GARCIA, and t r a t e d i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s
A. LEVIA SANCHEZ. 1 9 7 5 . d i s t i n c t globular bodies. The p u r i f i c a t i o n
A s t u d y o f g r o w t h and a b s o r p t i o n o f m a c r o - and a n a l y s i s o f t h e g l y c o p r o t e i n f r o m a
n u t r i e n t s i n the f i r s t stages o f develop- s e l e c t i o n of species is d e s c r i b e d . Hydro-
ment o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) . x y p r o l i n e and g l u c o s a m i n e a r e p r e s e n t and
Cienclas: Serie 10 Botanies 1:16. 1161 t h e m a j o r s u g a r s a r e g a l a c t o s e and a r a b i -
nose. N e i t h e r the f u n c t i o n o f l e c t i n nor
P i g e o n p e a s e e d l i n g s w e r e grown i n s o l u t i o n the reasons f o r i t s e x t r a o r d i n a r y e v o l u -
c u l t u r e u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s (25 + t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. Lectins from
2 ° C , a n d 1 2 - h r d a y l e n g t h ) , and d a t a c o l l e c - C . oajan have been s t u d i e d i n more d e t a i l
t e d o n t h e i n c r e a s e i n l e n g t h o f s t e m and by physiochemical techniques.
r o o t and i n l e a f a r e a , and o n t h e u p t a k e
o f w a t e r and K , Ca, K g , N , and P , u p t o t h e

144
 Physiology

KABI, J . , and UMA DEVI. 1975. and 1.5% c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , induce male s t e r i -

I n t e r a c t i o n of coumarln and l i g h t on the l i t y but reduce the y i e l d . The 1% s o l u t i o n
germination of the seeds of Cajanus cajan. o f FW-450 a p p l i e d before f l o r a l - b u d i n i t i a -
Proc. I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 62(3):92-93 t i o n induces 100% p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y w i t h
(Abstract). 1166 minimum r e d u c t i o n i n y i e l d .
Coumarln (1.0 x 102m) i n h i b i t e d germination
of Cajanus oajan seeds and l i g h t had no KHAN, M.A., R.P. CHANDOLA, and P.C. TYAGI.
reverse a c t i o n on t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t s of 1973.
coumarln. Amino acids increased in the Laboratory germination t e s t s on arhar
a x i s of the c o n t r o l up to 72 and in the (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . R a j . J .
cotyledons up to 48 hours a f t e r s o a k i n g , A g r i c . S c i . 4 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 2 7 . (From I n d i a n
whereas i n the c o u - t r e a t e d , s l i g h t increase Science Abstracts 1 2 , 9 6 5 ) . 1170
was found a f t e r 24 h o u r s , f o l l o w e d by
decrease. Sugars increased in the a x i s The temperature in the germinating chambers
a f t e r 48 hours in the c o n t r o l and decreased was a l t e r n a t e d 8 hours 20°C and 16 hours
gradually in the treated. The r e s p i r a t i o n 30°C. Dehradun paper and r o l l paper towel
r a t e was g r e a t l y enhanced a f t e r 48 hours gave equal r e s u l t s , s l i g h t l y higher than i n
i n the c o n t r o l a x i s , whereas i n t h e cou- sand. Seeds were counted a f t e r 6 days and
t r e a t e d ones the r a t e was s l i g h t l y enhanced f i n a l count was a f t e r 13 days. The germi-
up to 24 hours f o l l o w e d by a d e c l i n e . n a t i o n was constant at 25°C and 30°C. 35°C
Coumarln showed s i m i l a r i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t s temperature gave s l i g h t l y higher germina-
both i n l i g h t and d a r k . tion.

MADHAVA RAO, K.V. 1970.

KANTA KUSUM, and D. PADMANABHAN. 1964.
Some aspects of p r o t e i n and n u c l e i c acid
In v i t r o c u l t u r e of embryo segments of
changes d u r i n g seed development and germi-
Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Curr. S c i .
n a t i o n of pigeonpea (Cajanus i n d i c u s
33(23):704-706. 1167
Spreng ). Ph.D. (1970) Thesis. S r i
The responses of the r a d i c l e , the plumule, Venkateswara U n i v e r s i t y , T i r u p a t i , Andhra
and the cotyledonary node are not i d e n t i - Pradesh, I n d i a . 1171
c a l . The phenomenon of a p i c a l dominance
p r e v a i l s even in the embryonal stages. The
MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO.
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of primary xylem takes
1974.
place independently in the plumule
G i b b e r e l l i n - l i k e substances i n developing
(endarch), the cotyledonary node ( t r a n s i -
and germinating seeds of pigeonpea (Cajanus
t i o n ) , and the r a d i c l e ( e x a r c h ) . The
i n d i c u s Spreng). I n d i a n J . P I . P h y s i o l .
d e s t i n y of the organs has already been
17(1-2) :65-72. 1172
determined.
The developing and germinating seeds of
C. indioue (Cajanus cajan) contained one
KATHJU, S . , and M.N. TIWARI. 1968.
n e u t r a l and one a c i d i c f r a c t i o n of g i b b e r e -
Nuclear d i s t r i b u t i o n of a c i d phosphatase
l l i n - l i k e substances. The low a c t i v i t y of
in Cajanus i n d i c u s Spreng. Curr. S c i . these substances in developing seeds at
37(3):83-84. 1168 10 days a f t e r anthesis increased up to 30
The autonomous cytoplasmic i n c l u s i o n s , days a f t e r anthesis and decreased t h e r e -
namely lysosymes and m i t o c h o n d r i a , which a f t e r except f o r the n e u t r a l e t h y l acetate
were supposed to be the only centers of f r a c t i o n (NEAF). Their h i g h a c t i v i t y a t
the enzyme a c t i v i t y d i d n o t i n d i c a t e any the 4 t h day of germination decreased up to
a c t i v i t y . The r e p o r t s about the d i s t r i b u - the 10th day a f t e r germination and i n c r e a -
t i o n in nucleus and n u c l e o l i appear to be sed in r o o t s and seedlings w i t h age; the
more convincing f o r the c e l l s o f the a c i d i c e t h y l acetate and a c i d i c chloroform
r a d i c l e of the seedlings of Cajanus f r a c t i o n s showed a higher g i b b e r e l l i n - l i k e
indicus. a c t i v i t y than NEAF and a c i d b u t a n o l
f r a c t i o n s a t a l l stages o f g e r m i n a t i o n .
KAUL, C . L . , and S.P. SINGH. 1967.
E f f e c t s of some growth r e g u l a t o r s w i t h MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO.
gametocidal p r o p e r t i e s on Cajanus cajan 1974.
(L.) M i l l s p . Indian J . Agric. Sci. P r o t e i n and n u c l e i c a c i d metabolism of
37:69-76. 1169 developing and germinating seeds of pigeon-
pea (Cajanus i n d i c u s Spreng) . J. I n d i a n
Maleic h y d r a z i d e , FW-450, and coumarln, B o t . Soc. 53(3-4):249-260. 1173
each a p p l i e d as f o l i a r sprays of 0.55%, 1%,

145
Plgeonpea Bibliography

P r o t e i n and n u c l e i c a c i d m e t a b o l i s m o f t h e enzyme i s f o u n d t o b e 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 w i t h 3 r e a d i -
d e v e l o p i n g and g e r m i n a t i n g seeds o f Cajanus ly a c c e s s i b l e and 11 masked SH g r o u p s . The
indicus Spreng w e r e s t u d i e d . Proteinase l a t t e r react after denaturation only.
and rNase a c t i v i t i e s i n d e v e l o p i n g and
g e r m i n a t i n g seeds were a l s o a n a l y z e d f o r
MEHTA, B . V . , and P . D . KHATRI. 1 9 6 2 .
t o t a l p r o t e i n and RNA c o n t e n t s . The r a t e
A c c u m u l a t i o n and movement o f m i n e r a l s i n
of protein synthesis associated w i t h
p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . ) p l a n t .
d i f f e r e n t o r g a n s were a l s o s t u d i e d u s i n g
J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . Baroda.
14C-L-leucine. The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d
11:109-122. 1177
i n r e l a t i o n t o the p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n
o f each o r g a n . A t a l l s t a g e s o f g r o w t h , c a l c i u m and mag-
nesium are g r e a t e r i n the leaves than o t h e r
o r g a n s , and seeds a r e r i c h e r i n n i t r o g e n ,
MADHAVA RAO, K . V . , and G. RAJESWAR RAO.
p h o s p h o r u s , and p o t a s s i u m t h a n o t h e r
1975.
tissues. The n u t r i e n t s e x p o r t e d i n a
G r o w t h , r e s p i r a t i o n and endogenous a u x i n s
c r o p p r o d u c i n g 1630 l b / a c (1825 k g / h a ) o f
o f d e v e l o p i n g and g e r m i n a t i n g seeds o f
d r y m a t t e r were N - 29 lb (13.15 k g ) ;
p l g e o n p e a (Cajanus indicus Spreng). Seed
P - 9 l b ( 4 . 0 8 k g ) ; K - 10 l b ( 4 . 5 k g ) ;
Res. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 0 . 1174
Ca - 12 lb ( 5 . 4 k g ) ; and Mg - 5 lb ( 2 . 2 k g ) .
I t was o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e maximum d r y w e i g h t
o f t h e seed p r e c e d e d t h e maximum amounts o f
MISHRA, D . , and S.K. M0HANTY. 1 9 6 6 .
r e s p i r a t i o n and endogenous a u x i n s , i n d i c a -
The e f f e c t o f B - N i n e ( N - d i m e t h y l amino
t i n g t h e i r i n v o l v e m e n t and u t i l i z a t i o n
succinamic a c i d ) on the shoot growth of
d u r i n g s y n t h e s i s and a c c u m u l a t i o n o f
Cajanus c a j a n . C u r r . S c i . 3 5 : 3 4 0 -
r e s e r v e substances in the embryo. A close
341. 1178
c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n
and endogenous a u x i n s was a l s o o b s e r v e d B-9 a t t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n (0.50%)
in the germinating seed. Throughout, the i s d e f i n i t e l y i n h i b i t o r y t o the shoot
RF r e g i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to IAA and IAN growth of a r h a r . The cause o f s h o o t
s y n c h r o n i z e d w i t h t h e s t a g e s o f g r o w t h and r e t a r d a t i o n i n t h e t r e a t e d p l a n t s may b e
development, i n d i c a t i n g t h e i r close either an inhibition of c e l l division or
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h these processes. a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e number o f c e l l s .

MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA R A N I . 1 9 6 9 . MISHRA, D . , and S.K. M0HANTY. 1 9 6 6 .

P u r i f i c a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f u r e a s e o f A n o t e o n t h e r e s p o n s e o f c r o p seeds t o
Cajanus indiaus. I n d i a n J. Biochem. pre-sowing treatment w i t h B-Nine. Trop.
7(l):15-20. 1175 A g r i c . (Trinidad) 43:347-349. 1179

Urease f r o m C . indicus, its ultraviolet Seeds o f a number o f c r o p s i n c l u d i n g

a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m , and t h e r m a l d e n a t u r a - p l g e o n p e a were soaked f o r 2 4 h r i n 0 . 1 2 5 ,
t i o n are described. Urease i s i n h i b i t e d 0 . 2 5 , and 0.5% s o l u t i o n o f B-9 ( N - d i m e t h y l -
at high substrate concentrations in T r i s - amino s u c c i n a m i c a c i d ) and t h e n g e r m i n a t e d .
acetlc acid buffers. A l k a l i m e t a l and The i n h i b i t i v e e f f e c t o f B-9 was e v i d e n t
n i t r a t e i o n s a l s o i n h i b i t t h e enzyme. It i n a l l p l a n t s u n d e r t r i a l : 0.5% s o l u t i o n
has been c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s u b s t r a t e (Urea) r e d u c e d t h e l e n g t h o f s e e d l i n g s b y 25% t o
b i n d s t o t h e enzyme t h r o u g h h y d r o g e n 50%, d e p e n d i n g o n s p e c i e s and c u l t i v a r .
bonding, which involves urea p r o t o n s . R i c e and f i n g e r - m i l l e t w e r e a f f e c t e d l e s s
than other crops.

MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA R A N I . 1 9 7 0 .

K i n e t i c b e h a v i o r o f u r e a s e o f Cajanus MITRA, P . , and S. BANERJEE. 1 9 5 8 .
indicus. I n d i a n J . Biochem. 7 ( 3 ) : Studies on the e f f e c t of germination on
162-166. 1176 strepogenin contents of pulses. Indian
2+
J . Med. R e s . 4 6 : 4 9 2 - 4 9 5 . 1180
Cajanus u r e a s e is i n h i b i t e d by Hg , pcMB,
c u 2 + , N - e t h y l m a l e l m i d e and i o d o a c e t a m i d e . S t r e p o g e n l n was e s t i m a t e d i n s i x p u l s e s and
This i n h i b i t i o n i s noncompetitive ( k 1 f o r in casein w i t h Lactobacillus casei as test
H g 2 + = 1.6 x 10 - 8 M ) . The SH c o n t e n t of organism. Phaseolus radiatus, Ph.mungo,
Cajanus u r e a s e has b e e n e s t i m a t e d by and Visum sativum c o n t a i n e d more s t r e p o g e -
amperometric t i t r a t i o n w i t h A g + ions a t nln and Cajanus indiaus. Lens esculenta,
room t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e n a t i v e and d e n a t u - and Cicer arietinum l e s s s t r e p o g e n l n t h a n
red s t a t e s . On the b a s i s of t h e SH c a s e i n ; f o r 48 hours a f t e r germination,
content, the minimal molecular weight of v a l u e s f o r t h e p u l s e s were a l l l e s s t h a n
for casein.

146
 Physiology

MUKHERJEE, D. 1 9 7 4 . o r a c e t o n e were t r i e d . Best c r y s t a l l i z a -

K e t o - a c i d s and amino a c i d s changes i n t i o n was a c h i e v e d , b u t i n p o o r y i e l d , b y
l e a v e s , f l o w e r s and f r u i t s o f Cajanus e x t r a c t i o n w i t h 40% e t h a n o l and p r e c i p i t a -
cajan. J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 5 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : t i o n w i t h a n e q u a l amount o f a b s o l u t e
115-118. 1181 ethanol. The enzyme a p p e a r s t o b e c o m p l e t e -
C o r r e l a t i v e s t u d i e s o n changes i n k e t o acids ly specific for urea.
and f r e e amino a c i d s and amide have b e e n
made i n l e a v e s , f l o w e r s , and f r u i t s o f NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1 9 6 0 .
Cajanus cajan. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f k e t o A s t u d y on u r e a s e f r o m Cajanus oajan. I V .
a c i d s has been f o u n d t o b e much h i g h e r t h a n K i n e t i c study w i t h c r y s t a l l i n e urease.
t h e q u a l i t y o f amino a c i d s i n t h e s e p a r t s . Ann. Biochem. E x p l Med. 2 0 : 1 5 7 - 1 6 4 . 1186
These m e t a b o l i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y k e t o a c i d s ,
a r e r e a d i l y used u p d u r i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a - The optimum pH was f o u n d to be 7 . 2 to 7 . 5
t i o n o f v e g e t a t i v e i n t o r e p r o d u c t i v e phase at substrate concentrations of 0.01 to
and o t h e r a c t i v e g r o w t h p e r i o d s o f t h e 0 . 0 5 M and 7 . 4 t o 7 . 6 a t 0 . 5 M. A pH
plant. h i g h e r t h a n optimum f a v o r s e n z y m e - s u b s t r a t e
complex f o r m a t i o n w h i l e l o w e r p H f a v o r s
decomposition of the products.
MULIMANI, V . H . , and MADAIAH. 1 9 7 4 .
Studies i n urease E C - 3 . 5 - 1 . 5 , d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f Urease i n p l a n t , s e e d s / C a j a n u s indicus, NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1 9 6 4 .
Cuaumis s a t i v u s d r y i m b i b e d seeds s y n t h e s i s . E f f e c t of versene on the a c t i v i t y of urease
J. Karnataka Univ. 19:176-183. 1182 f r o m r e d g r a m . Cajanus oajan. J. P r o c .
I n s t . Chem. 3 6 ( 3 ) : 1 8 8 - 1 9 1 . 1187

NATH, R . L . 1 9 6 0 .
A c t i o n of u r e a s e f r o m Cajanus indiaue on PALIWAL, K . V . , and G . L . MALIWAL. 1 9 7 3 .
b l o o d u r e a i n vivo. J . P r o c . I n s t . Chem. S a l t t o l e r a n c e of some a r h a r (Cajanus indi-
cus) and cowpea ( V . s i n e n s i s ) v a r i e t i e s a t
32(4):165-167. 1183
g e r m i n a t i o n and s e e d l i n g s t a g e s . Ann.
A h i g h l y s o l u b l e p r e p a r a t i o n was made o f A r i d Zone 1 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 4 4 . 1188
u r e a s e f r o m C. indiaue. This preparation
when i n j e c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y i n t o dogs The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t s a l i n i t y l e v e l s
showed t h a t t h e a v e r a g e l o w e r i n g o f b l o o d a t v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f NaCl + CaCl2
u r e a was a b o u t 28% i n 4 5 m i n u t e s . on 23 C. indiaue v a r i e t i e s , and 13 v a r i e -
t i e s o f V . sinensie. Increased s a l i n i t y
r e d u c e d g e r m i n a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e and s e e d l i n g
NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1 9 6 0 . height i n a l l v a r i e t i e s but s i g n i f i c a n t
N o t e o n t h e s t u d y o f Urease f r o m Cajanus v a r i e t a l differences in salt tolerance
indicus (Arhar). B u l l . C a l c u t t a Sch. Trop. were n o t e d .
Med. 8(2):59-60. 1184
Urease was p r e p a r e d f r o m dehusked seeds by PANDEY, R . K . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1 9 7 4 .
v a r i o u s methods. The a c t i v i t y a t 3 7 ° C , Morphological c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in the deve-
d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e method o f N a t h and U l l a h , lopment o f e f f i c i e n t p l a n t types o f a r h a r
was a l m o s t 1.6 t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t a t and g r a m . P r o c . 2nd G e n e r a l Cong. SABRA0,
30°C. The h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y was o b t a i n e d New D e l h i , I n d i a . 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 1 5 . 1189
when e x t r a c t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t w i t h 40%
ethanol. Products from acetone p r e p a r a - The v e g e t a t i v e and r e p r o d u c t i v e phases i n
t i o n s w e r e more s o l u b l e i n w a t e r t h a n t h o s e i d e a l t y p e s of Cajanus c a j a n and Cicer
from ethanol p r e p a r a t i o n s . At lower con- a r i e t i n u m are considered i n r e l a t i o n t o
c e n t r a t i o n s t h e r e was d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and r e s p i r a t i o n . C. arieti-
f i r s t order law, which could be explained num i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o f r o s t
by i n h i b i t i o n by NH 4 + f r o m (NH 4 ) 2 CO3 and s a l i n i t y r e s i s t a n c e .
formed b y the h y d r o l y s i s o f u r e a .
PANDEY, R . K . , M.C. SAXENA, M.H. KALUBARME,
V . B . SINGH, and V . V . S . S . PRASAD. 1 9 7 6 .
NATH, R . L . , and T . K . PRADHAN. 1 9 6 0 .
Genotypic v a r i a t i o n s i n photosynthetic r a t e
A s t u d y on u r e a s e f r o m Cajanus oajan L i n n .
and r e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s i n some g r a i n
M i l l s p . Part I I I . C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . Ann.
legumes. P I . Biochem. J . 3 ( l ) : 7 2 - 8 0 . 1190
B i o c h e m . Exp Med. 2 0 ( 5 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 1185
The r e l a t i v e r a t e o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s (RRP)
E x t r a c t i o n o f t h e c r u d e powder w i t h w a t e r ,
i n Cajanus oajan c u l t i v a r s , a s measured b y
acetone, or ethanol followed by p r e c i p i t a -
14 CO2 f i x a t i o n r a n g e d f r o m 100% i n 1 4 c v .
t i o n w i t h various concentrations of ethanol 14
P a n t A - 3 t o 126% i n c v . UPAS-120. CO2

147
Pigeonpea Bibliography

f i x a t i o n was n o t r e l a t e d t o s p e c i f i c l e a f germ t u b e g r o w t h of Fusarium oxysporum

weight. R e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s d u r i n g 2 0 days f . s p . udum. The p i g e o n p e a w i l t p a t h o g e n ,
a f t e r e x p o s u r e w e r e 63% i n s e e d l i n g s o f at 50 ppm in vitro.
UPAS-120 and 51% in P r a b h a t . The RRP in
13 Vigna aureus c u l t i v a r s r a n g e d f r o m
RACHIE, K . O . , and T . N . KHAN. 1 9 7 2 .
100% i n LM-646 t o 196% i n L M - 2 0 5 . The
E f f e c t o f v a r i o u s d r y i n g and f r e e z i n g
t r a n s l o c a t i o n of 14C from l e a v e s , stems,
t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e v i a b i l i t y o f some g r a i n
and p e t i o l e s t o r e p r o d u c t i v e o r g a n s and
legume s e e d s . SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 4 ( 2 ) :
seeds i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g e . The RRP in 20
79-84. 1195
Cicer arietinum c u l t i v a r s r a n g e d f r o m 100%
i n S - 3 3 0 - 1 t o 224% i n L - 5 5 0 . Pods and The v i a b i l i t y o f seed f o l l o w i n g s t o r a g e a t
s t e m made a c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s u b z e r o t e m p e r a t u r e s a p p e a r e d t o depend o n
photosynthesis. the m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of seed. I t was shown
t h a t legume seeds need n o t have g r e a t e r
m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t t h a n c e r e a l seeds t o
PANDEY, S . N . 1 9 7 5 .
w i t h s t a n d s t o r a g e a t subzero t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
E f f e c t o f p l a n o f i x ( -NAA) o n f l o w e r
a f a c t o r important to the long-term storage
a b s c i s s i o n and p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a r h a r
of g r a i n legume seeds .
(Cajanus c a j a n ) and soybean (Glycine max
(L.) H e r r i l l ) . P e s t i c i d e s 9 ( 9 ) : 4 2 - 4 4 . 1191
REDDY, P . R . , L . V . SUBBA RAO, and
T h i s e x p e r i m e n t showed c l e a r l y t h a t c r o p s
MADHUSUDHAN RAO. 1 9 7 8 .
d i f f e r i n s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s o f hormones
N u t r i t i o n a l d i s o r d e r s i n p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus
f o r m i n i m i z i n g a b s c i s s i o n , and f o r maximum
aajan ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) c v . HY-3C and r e m e d i a l
p r o d u c t i o n o f biomass and g r a i n y i e l d . Low
measures. Sci. Cult. 44(l):36-37. 1196
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 1 0 to 30 ppm) w e r e f o u n d
e f f e c t i v e i n a t l e a s t two phases o f g r o w t h Among t h e s e m i n e r a l d e f i c i e n c i e s , Z n
i n b o t h t h e legumes t r i e d . On the other d e f i c i e n c y was f o u n d t o b e p r e d o m i n a n t
h a n d , h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (40 t o 8 0 ppm) o v e r c a l c i u m and b o r o n . A combined n u t r i -
w e r e e f f e c t i v e a t t h e f i r s t phase o f t i o n a l spray of zinc s u l f a t e , calcium
growth. n i t r a t e , and b o r a z a t 0.2% c o n c e n t r a t i o n
each a t w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s f o r two t i m e s i s
recommended t o overcome t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s .
POKLE, Y . S . 1 9 7 4 .
Foliar abnormality i n f i r s t foliage pairs
of Vigna c a t j a n g and Cajanus c a j a n . RIOLLANO, A. 1 9 6 4 .
Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 : 8 8 - 9 0 . 1192 E f f e c t s o f p h o t o p e r i o d i s m and o t h e r f a c t o r s
o n t h e improvement o f p i g e o n p e a v a r i e t i e s .
A p l a n t w i t h t h r e e f i r s t f o l i a g e l e a v e s was
J. A g r i c . U n i v . P. Rico 48:232-235. 1197
f o u n d i n Cajanus c a j a n . The p r o g e n y r a i s e d
f r o m t h e s e l f e d seeds o f t h e s e p l a n t s was I n P u e r t o R i c o , where t h e a n n u a l d a y l e n g t h
f o u n d t o possess n o r m a l f i r s t f o l i a g e v a r i a t i o n i s n o more t h a n 2 h o u r s , t h e
l e a v e s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e p l a n t was n o t „ early, highest y i e l d i n g varieties of
a mutant. A t e m p o r a r y r e v e r s i o n of a gene Cajanus c a j a n f l o w e r and p r o d u c e most
or polygene b l o c k governing the l e a f h e a v i l y u n d e r t h e s h o r t e r day c o n d i t i o n s ,
c h a r a c t e r may have p r o m o t e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f b u t o n l y one g e n e r a t i o n c a n b e p r o d u c e d
extra foliage. in a year. Under c o n t r o l l e d 8 - h r p h o t o -
p e r i o d s , i t has been f o u n d t h a t two g e n e -
r a t i o n s can b e p r o d u c e d each y e a r and i t
PRADHAN, T . K . 1 9 6 3 . has been s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s t e c h n i q u e
1 . S t u d i e s o n u r e a s e f r o m Cajanus indicus, c o u l d b e used t o a c c e l e r a t e b r e e d i n g .
a r h a r , and 2 . s t u d i e s o n p h o s p h a t e f r o m
P h a s e o l u s vulgaris, F r e n c h b e a n . Ph.D.
(1963) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l c u t t a , SEN GUPTA, J . C . 1 9 5 5 .
West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 1193 The p h y s i o l o g y o f g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t
o f some c r o p p l a n t s . B u l l . B o t . Soc.
Bengal. 9:62-80. 1198
PRESTON, N.W. 1 9 7 7 .
Cajanone: a n a n t i f u n g a l i s o f l a v a n o n e from
Cajanus c a j a n . P h y t o c h e m . 1 6 ( 1 ) : SETHUNATHAN, N. 1 9 7 0 .
143-144. 1194 F o l i a r s p r a y s o f g r o w t h r e g u l a t o r s and
R h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t i n Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p .
Description of molecular s t r u c t u r e of
2 . Q u a l i t a t i v e changes i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e
cajanone is g i v e n . Cajanone, i s o l a t e d b y
and c e r t a i n m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e
TLC f r o m a m e t h a n o l i c e x t r a c t o f d i r e c t ,
plant. PI. Soil 33(1):71-80. 1199
m i l l e d pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d

148
 Physiology

Sprays a f f e c t e d t h e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f W i d e s t Mn/Fe r a t i o o f 3 2 : 1 p r o v e d optimum

i n d i v i d u a l species in the rhizosphere of f o r t h e r e d u c i n g and n o n r e d u c i n g s u g a r s
C. aajan. S p r a y s of 2 - 4 - D , NAA, and I A A - o f t h e s h o o t s , and o n l y n o n r e d u c i n g s u g a r
promoted s t a r c h h y d r o l y z i n g g r o u p , sprays o f the r o o t ; f o r r e d u c i n g sugar c o n t e n t o f
o f M H and g i b b e r e l l i n r e d u c e d t h e i r i n c i - t h e r o o t , t h e r a t i o 1:7 p r o v e d o p t i m u m .
dence. S u g g e s t e d t h a t t r a n s p o r t and a c c u - The a c c u m u l a t i o n o f l a r g e r number o f amino
mulation of carbohydrates in the roots a c i d s i n t h e s h o o t o f t h e manganese-
m i g h t l i m i t t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h i s group o f d e f i c i e n t p l a n t s was e v i d e n c e d .
b a c t e r i a i n MH-and g i b b e r e l l i n - t r e a t e d
plants. The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h
SINGH, A . , and A . PAL. 1 9 6 4 .
r e f e r e n c e t o m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e
plant. The i n f l u e n c e o f molybdenum o n t h e g r o w t h
o f r o o t and s h o o t o f Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c .
Nat. Acad. S c i . I n d i a (Sect. B) 34:
SHAMA RAO, H.K. , and S. NARAYANASWAMY . 142-152. 1203
1975.
The d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s p o n s e o f molybdenum o n
E f f e c t o f gamma i r r a d i a t i o n o n c e l l p r o l i -
t h e l i g h t - l o v i n g and l i g h t - a v o i d i n g p a r t s
f e r a t i o n and r e g e n e r a t i o n i n e x p l a n t e d
of Cajanus aajan was i n v e s t i g a t e d u n d e r
t i s s u e s o f p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . )
controlled pot-culture conditions in
M i l l s p . ) . Radiat. Bot. 15(3):301-305. 1200
diffused daylight. Branching of shoots
Seeds exposed to 5 K r a d p r o d u c e d a c l u s t e r r e m a i n e d unchanged under t h e v a r i o u s m o l y b -
of a d v e n t i t i o u s roots on a c a l l u s i n g denum l e v e l s , t h o u g h t h e r o o t s behaved
medium, w h i l e h y p o c o t y l e x p l a n t s o f g e r m i - d i f f e r e n t l y w i t h t h e dose o f s u p p l y . W h i l e
n a t e d s e e d l i n g s f r o m s i m i l a r seeds p r o d u c e d Moa t r e a t m e n t p r o v e d optimum f o r t h e r a t e
abundant c a l l u s e s , w h i c h on a d i f f e r e n t i a - o f e l o n g a t i o n o f b o t h t h e s h o o t and t h e
t i n g medium, r e g e n e r a t e d s h o o t buds and r o o t , t h e M o was l e a s t c o n d u c i v e . Dry
plantlets. Only c a l l u s e s d e r i v e d f r o m m a t t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n of shoots remained
seeds exposed t o 5 K r a d d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s t a t i o n a r y u n d e r t h e Mob l e v e l o f s u p p l y .
plantlets. However, c a l l u s t i s s u e s d e r i v e d For r e d u c i n g s u g a r s o f b o t h s h o o t s and
f r o m t h e 5 - K r a d t r e a t m e n t s were f r i a b l e r o o t s , Mob t r e a t m e n t p r o v e d o p t i m u m . Mo
and r e l e a s e d p r o t o p l a s t s r e a d i l y and i n d e f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n decrease o f f r e e
l a r g e numbers o n e n z y m a t i c d i g e s t i o n o f t h e amino a c i d s i n s h o o t . With age, glutamic
c e l l w a l l s o f c e l l s grown a s s u s p e n s i o n s . a c i d c o n t e n t was d e p r e s s e d , i r r e s p e c t i v e
Mesophyll c e l l p r o t o p l a s t s obtained from of the l e v e l of Mo s u p p l y . Maximum l e v e l
t h e t i s s u e - c u l t u r e - i n d u c e d p l a n t showed o f molybdenum h e l p e d i n t h e maximum accumu-
s p o n t a n e o u s a d h e s i o n and f u s i o n . l a t i o n o f h i s t i d i n e and l y s i n e a t 4 1 d a y s .
A l a r g e number o f u n i d e n t i f i e d amino a c i d s
a l s o d e v e l o p e d i n t h e Mob t r e a t m e n t .
SHARMA, D . P . , and M. STREIL. 1 9 7 7 .
P h y t o s t e r o l s , t r i f e r p i n c i d and o t h e r l i p i -
d i c c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m Cajanus aajan ( L . ) S0NAVNE, K . M . 1 9 2 8 .
M i l l s p . leaves. Czechoslavak chemical Longevity o f crop seeds. Part I . Agric. J.
communications 4 2 : 2 4 4 8 - 2 4 5 1 . 1201 India 23(4):271-276. 1204
S i x t e e n f a r m - g r o w n c r o p s w e r e examined t o
SINGH, A . , and A . PAL. 1 9 6 3 . a s c e r t a i n l o n g e v i t y o f c r o p seeds i n
R o l e o f manganese i n t h e g r o w t h o f r o o t and storage. Seeds w e r e s t o r e d i n s e a l e d g l a s s
s h o o t o f Cajanus aajan. Proc. N a t . Acad. b o t t l e s w i t h a naphthalene b a l l i n each.
S c i . I n d i a (Sect. B) 33(4)-.571-582. 1202 G e r m i n a t i o n t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t i n d o o r s
in the l a b o r a t o r y by simple methods. The
M o r p h o g e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f i n c r e a s i n g dosage
s t u d i e s showed t h a t w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f
o f manganese o n t h e l i g h t - a v o i d i n g and
g r o u n d n u t , and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , b a j r a
l i g h t - l o v i n g p a r t s o f Cajanus c a j a n
( g e r m i n a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s 2 3 . 8 and 6 1 . 2
(Type 1 ) p l a n t s u n d e r c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f
r e s p e c t i v e l y i n the f i f t h y e a r ) , the crop
i r o n a t 0 . 0 7 ppm i n each case have b e e n
seeds t e s t e d l o s t l i t t l e v i a b i l i t y o v e r
recorded. Manganese d e f i c i e n c y s e r i e s has
5 y e a r s . T u r (C. c a j a n ) showed 8 7 . 1 %
a l s o been i n c l u d e d . Increased supply of
germination. The " h a r d s e e d " o f p u l s e s
manganese s t i m u l a t e d r a m i f i c a t i o n o f r o o t s .
(seeds t h a t f a i l t o g e r m i n a t e i m m e d i a t e l y
I n l i n e a r g r o w t h , manganese s u p p l y o f 2 . 5
a f t e r t h e s o w i n g t o f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d seed)
ppm (Mn. F e . 3 2 : 1 ) p r o v e d d e l e t e r i o u s f o r
t e s t e d l o s t t h i s hardness w i t h i n a year of
shoot as w e l l as r o o t ; the normal supply
h a r v e s t i n g and s t o r a g e .
( 0 . 0 1 ppm, Mn. F e . 1 : 7 ) p r o v e d o p t i m u m .
Dry m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n o f b o t h s h o o t s and
r o o t s i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s e i n Mn. s u p p l y .

149
Pigeonpea Bibliography

SONAVNE, K.M. 1 9 3 4 . c o t y l e d o n s t h e i n c r e a s e was up to 2 days

Longevity o f crop seeds. F a r t I I . Agric. only. The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f c o t y l e d o n
L i v e - S t k . I n d i a 4(3) :287-292. 1205 d e c r e a s e d and t h e amino a c i d s i n c r e a s e d
f o r 3 days f o l l o w e d by a d e c r e a s e . The
S t u d i e s showed t h a t legume seeds s t o r e d i n
amino a c i d s d e c r e a s e . The amino a c i d s
sealed glass b o t t l e s , w i t h a naphthalene
decreased i n embryonic a x e s ; w h i l e the
b a l l i n e a c h , r e m a i n e d v i a b l e even a f t e r
p r o t e i n increased i n i t i a l l y followed by
1 2 y e a r s o f s t o r a g e i n some c a s e s . After a decrease t h e r e a f t e r .
7 years' storage, the germination percent-
age f o r p u l s e s ( e x c e p t K a b u l i g r a m , w h i c h
gave o n l y 42% g e r m i n a t i o n ) , r a n g e d f r o m SUMATHI, S . , and T . N . PATTABHIRAMAN.
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I n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t t r y p s i n was
I n e l e c t r o n s p i n r e s o n a n c e (ESR) s p e c t r a o f
stronger than a c t i v i t y against chymotrypsin,
g r o u n d and u n g r o u n d samples o f p i g e o n p e a and sword bean showed comparable a c t i v i t y
and o t h e r p u l s e s , s i x r e s o l v e d h y p e r f i n e against a l l three proteases. The i n h i b i -
components o f d i f f e r e n t l i n e w i d t h s due t o t o r y a c t i v i t i e s were g e n e r a l l y more t h e r m o -
M n 2+ i o n s and one n a r r o w l i n e due to a l a b i l e under a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s .
f r e e r a d i c a l ( n o t i d e n t i f i e d ) w e r e observed.
M n 2 + i o n s were f o u n d o n l y i n t h e i n n e r seed
t i s s u e s , but the f r e e r a d i c a l occurred SUMMERFIELD, R . J . , P.A. HUXLEY, and
o n l y i n t h e o u t e r c o a t and was t h o u g h t t o F.R. MINCHIN. 1 9 7 7 .
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SPENCE, J . A . , and S . J . A . WILLIAMS. 1 9 7 2 .
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design. Crop S c i . 1 2 ( 1 ) : 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 . 1207 i n c u r r e d i n g r o w i n g c u l t i v a r s o f cowpea,
s o y b e a n , l i m a b e a n , and p i g e o n p e a under
I n T r i n i d a d , p i g e o n p e a s a r e u s u a l l y sown simulated t r o p i c a l conditions in controlled
w i t h r e l a t i v e l y w i d e s p a c i n g i n May-June e n v i r o n m e n t s namely ( i ) ' S a x c i l ' g r o w t h
when t a l l i n d e t e r m i n a t e c v . grow t o 2 . 5 m c a b i n e t s i n w h i c h d a y l e n g t h , day and n i g h t
and d w a r f d e t e r m i n a t e c v . t o 1.5 m , n e c e s - t e m p e r a t u r e s , l i g h t i n t e n s i t y and q u a l i t y ,
s i t a t i n g hand h a r v e s t i n g because o f t h e i r Rh and CO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were p r e c i s e l y
h e i g h t and woody s t e m s . By p l a n t i n g dwarf c o n t r o l l e d and c o u l d b e v a r i e d o v e r t i m e ;
d e t e r m i n a t e c v . i n December, s o t h a t t h e ( i i ) c o m p a r t m e n t a l i z e d g l a s s h o u s e s and
p l a n t s were i m m e d i a t e l y s u b j e c t e d t o a d j o i n i n g d a r k compartments where d a y l e n g t h
flower, inducing short days, small plants and day and n i g h t t e m p e r a t u r e s were a u t o -
about 1 m t a l l were produced, w h i c h c o u l d m a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d and n i g h t - b r e a k
be harvested m e c h a n i c a l l y . With a popula- i l l u m i n a t i o n c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d , and ( i i i )
t i o n o f 1 6 5 , 0 0 0 s u c h p l a n t s / h a a seed y i e l d h e a t e d p l a s t i c - f i l m houses s i m u l a t e d t h e
o f 2 . 5 t / h a was o b t a i n e d , w h i c h compares environment o f wet t r o p i c s i n a l l
f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e commercial y i e l d s o f respects except d a y l e n g t h , f o r growing
t a l l c v . grown a t a b o u t 6 , 6 0 0 p l a n t s / h a . d a y l e n g t h - i n s e n s i t i v e t r o p i c a l legumes t o
m a t u r i t y d u r i n g t h e UK summer m o n t h s .
SUBRAMANIAN, V . , A. MANICKAM, a n d
G. PADMANABHAN. 1 9 7 6 . T A I T T , E . G . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1 9 7 6 .
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t i o n o f r e d g r a m , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) s e e d s . A g r i c . Meteor. 17(3):205-210. 1211
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736-737. 1208 Data are presented on the m i c r o c l i m a t e
above t h e c r o p canopy o f a l a r g e s t a n d o f
Carbohydrate content of cotyledons decrea- p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r o w i n g a t t h e
sed i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y f u r t h e r r i s e , f i e l d s t a t i o n of the University of the
w h i l e i n embryonic a x e s , t h e q u a n t i t y West I n d i e s , T r i n i d a d . There are a l s o
increased i n i t i a l l y followed by a reduction a d d i t i o n a l data on c e r t a i n p h y s i o l o g i c al
and f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e . The s u g a r s c o n t e n t p a r a m e t e r s — s t o m a t a l r e s i s t a n c e and l e a f
o f embryos i n c r e a s e d u p t o 3 d a y s , w h i l e i n w a t e r p o t e n t i a l — and c o m p l e m e n t a r y d a t a

150
 Utilization

f r o m p o t t e d p l a n t s whose s o i l m o i s t u r e was The u r e a s e a c t i v i t y o f e x t r a c t s o f g e r m i -

controlled. nated seeds of Glycine hispida, Dolichos
biflorus, Canavalia, and Cajanus i n d i c u s
THAKURTA, A . G . , and B . K . DUTT. 1 9 3 8 . were h i g h e r than those of ungerminated
I n v e s t i g a t i o n o n t h e oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n o f seeds. The a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e powdered
t h e seed o f Cajanus. T r a n s . Bose. Res. g e r m i n a t e d seeds w e r e somewhat l o w e r t h a n
I n s t . 11(1935-36):39-53. 1212 those of t h e ungerminated seeds. This
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e x t r a c t s and powders
i n d i c a t e s t h a t g e r m i n a t i o n merely increases
VAMADEVAN, V . K . , S. NAYAK, C. SREEDHARAN, the s o l u b i l i t y o f the urease.
and B.K. MANDAL. 1 9 7 3 .
Studies on s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e in
d i f f e r e n t crops. A n n u a l r e p o r t , CRRI, VISWANATH, B. 1 9 1 7 .
C u t t a c k . 1973. 1213 Some enzymes of g e r m i n a t i n g r e d gram
(Cajanus indicus) . A g r i c . J. ( S p e c i a l
Data o n s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e s I n d i a n S c i . Cong. N o . ) 1 2 : 1 0 9 - 1 1 6 . 1218
measured a t t h e f l o w e r i n g s t a g e s i n m a i z e ,
red gram, wheat, k e n a f , m u s t a r d , r i c e bean, A n aqueous e x t r a c t o f t h e g e r m i n a t e d d h a l
sweet p o t a t o , sunnhemp, F r e n c h b e a n , and possesses t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f a n e r e p t a s e ,
peas a r e g i v e n . R i c e bean (V. umbellata) amylase, c y t a s e , m a l t a s e , sucrase, o x i d a s e ,
was t h e most e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z e r o f s o l a r l i p a s e , and u r e a s e . No peptase is present
energy. in the normal seed. Hydrolysis of the
r e s e r v e p r o t e i n t a k e s p l a c e a t a much l a t e r
stage i n g e r m i n a t i o n , whether t h i s h y d r o -
VARADARAJAN, T . , and J. SAKHARAM RAO. l y s i s i s due t o p r o t o p l a s m i c a c t i v i t y o r
1973. t o t h e s e c r e t i o n o f a s e p a r a t e enzyme i n
E f f e c t of temperature pre-treatment on the the course o f germination i s s t i l l d o u b t f u l .
ascorbic acid content in germinating
Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) r e d g r a m . Madras A g r i c .
J. 60(5):339. 1214

The a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t o f r e d gram was

found to be a c c e l e r a t e d at lower tempera-
t u r e s r o u n d a b o u t 30 to 40 C.
UTILIZATION

VEERASWAMY, R. 1 9 5 9 . ABBAS, M. 1 9 3 4 .
F a s c i a t i o n o f s h o o t s i n r e d g r a m (Cajanus The p r e p a r a t i o n o f T h i r u p p a t h u r D h a l l
cajan M i l l . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 7 ) : ( f r o m Cajanus c a j a n ) . Madras A g r i c . J .
276-277. 1215 22(7):245-248. 1219
F i r s t r e c o r d o f f a s c i a t i o n i n pigeonpea Two m e t h o d s — c o m m e r c i a l and o r d i n a r y — of
type Anand-4B. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e dhal p r e p a r a t i o n are discussed. In the
f a s c i a t e d shoot are d e s c r i b e d . It is c o m m e r c i a l m e t h o d , a s u r p l u s o f w a t e r soaks
suggested t h a t f a s c i a t i o n is a p h y s i o l o - i n t o t h e g r a m , m a k i n g i t b u l g e ; when d r i e d ,
g i c a l phenomenon. t h e gram s h r i n k s , becomes l i g h t , and
assumes a b o a t shape w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n i n
the middle. In the o r d i n a r y method, only
VENKATARAMAN, K . , and K. MEENAKSHI.
t h e r e q u i r e d q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r i s used and
1962.
t h e d h a l does n o t s h r i n k b u t w e i g h t s m o r e .
A c t i v a t i o n o f dormant meristems in the
This dhal is known a s G e t t i p a r u p u , w h i l e
cotyledonary a x i l s of Cajanus aajan L i n n .
t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d d h a l i s known a s
Millsp. Madras A g r i c . J. 49(1) :32. 1216
T h a t t i parupu. Variations in s o i l condi-
The g e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e seed i n C . aajan tions also a f f e c t the q u a l i t y of d h a l .
(Linn) M i l l s p . is hypogeal. There were
meristematic tissues in the a x i l s of the
AGUIRRE, E . F . , and M.A. VALDIVIA. 1 9 4 1 .
c o t y l e d o n s , r e m a i n i n g l a t e n t under t h e
Cajanus indicus as a f o r a g e p l a n t . Agri-
suppressive influence of the primary shoot.
c u l t u r a Mod. Habana 2 ( 1 ) : 1 4 8 - 1 5 0 . 1220
A p i c a l dominance has b e e n r e p o r t e d .

VENKATASUBBAN, A . , R. KARNAD, and

N . N . DASTUR. 1 9 3 6 .
Urease a c t i v i t y o f g e r m i n a t i n g s e e d s . Proc.
I n d i a n Acad. S c i . (Sect. B)
4:370-375. 1217

151
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ANANDASWAMY, B . , P. GOPINATH, S. KUPPUSWAMY, t i o n i s t s , d i e t i t i a n s , community d e v e l o p m e n t

and N . Y . R . IYENGAR. 1 9 7 0 . w o r k e r s , s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , and p o p u l a r i z e r s .
Package and s t o r a g e s t u d i e s on precooked The i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l a l s o b e o f v a l u e i n
and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and t u r d h a l (Cajanus d e v e l o p i n g programs t o i n f l u e n c e t h e
c a j a n ) i s consumer p a c k a g e . J. Fd S c i . d i e t a r y h a b i t s o f p e o p l e and t o i n c r e a s e
Technol. 7:43-45. 1221 t h e p r o d u c t i o n and c o n s u m p t i o n o f g r a i n
l e g u m e s , w h i c h o f f e r , i n many c o u n t r i e s ,
R e s u l t s o f a s t u d y o n p a c k a g i n g and s t o r a g e
t h e most f e a s i b l e means o f a t t a c k i n g
o f p r e c o o k e d and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and t u r
protein malnutrition.
d h a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) . U s i n g a consumer
package c o n s i s t i n g o f a d o u b l e p o u c h — a n
i n n e r pouch o f r e g e n e r a t e d c e l l u l o s e f i l m BARLOW, J.W. 1 9 7 1 .
(300 MST) and a n o u t e r pouch o f p o l y c e l l — Color s t a b i l i z a t i o n of peas. United States
gave t h e p r e c o o k e d and d e h y d r a t e d r i c e and P a t e n t 3583, 873. 1226
t u r d h a l a s h e l f l i f e o f 8 0 days u n d e r
The n a t u r a l g r e e n c o l o r o f p i g e o n p e a s i s
a c c e l e r a t e d c o n d i t i o n s o f s t o r a g e a t 37°C
s t a b i l i z e d b y treatment i n the presence o f
and 90% RH.
w a t e r w i t h compounds c a p a b l e o f y i e l d i n g
SO2 a t pH o f 6 . 0 .
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 7 .
Report of the U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii A g r i c u l - BELOSLUDCEVA, N.G. 1 9 6 2 .
t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n f o r the biennium
P i g e o n p e a - a new p l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r
e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1 9 4 6 . 157 p p . 1222
obtaining native shellac. Tr. P r i k l . Bot.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s showed t h a t C . c a j a n i s a G e n e t . S e l e k . (USSR) 3 4 ( 1 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 3 . 1227
good f e e d s t u f f f o r a r a n g e o f d o m e s t i c
D e s c r i b e s 2 4 c u l t i v a r s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s
a n i m a l s and i t has been f o u n d u s e f u l i n
o b t a i n e d f r o m I n d i a and e l s e w h e r e . Some
s w i n e p r o d u c t i o n and f o r d a i r y c a t t l e .
o f the e a r l y m a t u r i n g forms w o u l d , i t i s
thought, be suitable for c u l t i v a t i o n in
ANONYMOUS. 1 9 4 8 . the Soviet Union.
Report o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii A g r i c u l -
t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n f o r the biennium BENEZRA, M . V . , and M.A. BARROETA. 1 9 5 3 .
e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1 9 4 8 . 171 p p . 1223 A p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Quinchoncho
C . c a j a n a s a g r a z i n g c r o p has t h e d i s a d - (Cajanus indicus). Revta Fac. A g r i c . U n i v .
vantage o f poor s u r v i v a l . Grazing swine C e n t . Venez. 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 1 - 2 1 5 . 1228
e n t i r e l y uprooted the stands. Even w i t h
The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e meal f r o m
more l e n i e n t g r a z i n g b y c a t t l e , s e v e r e
Cajanue indiaue c u t a f t e r 60 days was
breakage o f t e n n e c e s s i t a t e d stand renewal
h i g h e r , and t h e c r u d e f i b e r c o n t e n t l o w e r
a f t e r every 3 to 5 y e a r s . The e f f e c t i v e
t h a n t h a t o f good a l f a l f a l e a f m e a l .
o v e r a l l g r a z i n g d u r a t i o n suggested i s
P r o t e i n i n c r e a s e d and i n c r u d e f i b e r , a s h ,
3 years.
f a t , and C a d e c r e a s e d w i t h t h e d e n s i t y o f
cultivation. The meal f r o m f l o w e r i n g
ARAULLO, E . V . 1 9 7 4 . p l a n t s (120 days o l d ) was i n f e r i o r t o t h a t
P r o c e s s i n g and u t i l i z a t i o n o f cowpea, f r o m p l a n t s 6 0 days o l d .
c h i c k p e a , p i g e o n p e a and mungbean. Inter-
a c t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h food science. BODDY, M. 1 9 7 1 .
P r o c . i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y symposium, Who needs p o e t r y when y o u have g o t some
1974. 131-142. 1224
pigeonpeas? The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n .
19 Sep. 1 9 7 1 . 1229
AYKROYD, W . R . , and J. DOUGHTY (EDITORS). An Australian columnist r e c o l l e c t s that
1964. C . c a j a n pea d i s h e s have l o n g been f a m i l i a r
Legumes in human n u t r i t i o n . FAO N u t r i t i o - i n t h e European d i e t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e
n a l S t u d i e s No. 1 9 . Rome; FAO. n o r t h of England.
138 p p . 1225
The n o n o g r a p h g i v e s a n a c c o u n t o f t h e g r a i n CARMEN MURO, J. 1 9 5 6 .
legumes and t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o human Ramie a s a p r o t e i n f o r a g e . B o l . T r i m . Exp.
d i e t s and n u t r i t i o n , based o n t h e a v a i l a b l e Agropec. 5 ( 2 ) : 2 0 - 2 4 . 1230
technical l i t e r a t u r e . I t also deals w i t h
measures t o i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n a n d consump- The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f r a m i e (Bochmeria
t i o n o f t h i s group o f f o o d s . This is nivea) i s l e a s t h a n t h a t o f a l f a l f a
intended f o r agronomists, doctors, n u t r i - (Medicago a p p . ) b u t h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f

152
 aoys (Glycine s o j a ) , p i g e o n p e a (Cajanus GAYWALA, P.M. 1 9 3 8 .
indicus), and g u i n e a g r a s s . The c u l t i v a t i o n of Cajanus aajan and t h e
methods o f p r e p a r i n g m a r k e t a b l e D h a l .
CHAUDHARI, R.M. 1 9 3 6 . Trop. A g r i c . Ceylon 60(1-6) :212-
A note on the p r e p a r a t i o n of dhal (Pulse) 221. 1236
f r o m t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r a i n . Foona A c l o s e o b s e r v a t i o n and s t u d y o f t h e c o n d i -
A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 28(1):30-32. 1231 t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h Cajanus aajan i s c u l t i -
v a t e d i n I n d i a i n d i c a t e s t h a t some v a r i e t i e s
DATE, W . B . 1 9 5 5 . are capable o f successful c u l t i v a t i o n f o r
seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e d r y p a r t s o f C e y l o n .
A n t i o x i d a n t p r o p e r t y o f some legume flours.
The s m a l l - s c a l e p r o c e s s e s o f d h a l - m a k i n g
S c i . C u l t . 21:106. 1232
d e s c r i b e d h e r e a r e f a i r l y s i m p l e and d o
Comparative c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a n t i o x i d a n t not require, expensive o u t f i t s . The
b y d i f f e r e n t legume f l o u r s i n a sweet p r o - r e q u i s i t e number o f d r y sunny days a r e
duct were s t u d i e d . None o f t h e samples a v a i l a b l e i n t h e d r y zones f o r t h e p r e p a -
d e v e l o p e d any r a n c i d i t y a t t h e end o f r a t i o n of dhal. The l o c a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f
2 months. O n l y t h e B e n g a l gram f l o u r d h a l i n Ceylon i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . Under t h e
sample d e v e l o p e d some r a n c i d i t y a f t e r circumstances i t i s q u i t e possible w i t h
4 months. B e n g a l gram has t h e l e a s t some e f f o r t and a t t e n t i o n t o p r o d u c e good
keeping q u a l i t y , a f a c t supported by the q u a l i t y dhal f o r l o c a l consumption. The
phospholipid content f i g u r e s of these crop i t s e l f i s l i k e l y t o prove a n important
flours. r o t a t i o n a l crop or an a p p r o p r i a t e mixed
crop i n the v i l l a g e a g r i c u l t u r e o f t h i s
country, while the preparation of dhal
DHILLON, R . S . , A. SINGH, and A . S . PARMAR.
o f f e r s an o p p o r t u n i t y of being taken up as
1970.
a new and p r o f i t a b l e c o t t a g e i n d u s t r y i n
S t u d i e s o n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f y o u n g mango
the dry zone.
g r a f t s w i t h v a r i o u s green s h e l t e r s .
Pb H o r t . J. 1 0 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 1 3 - 2 2 1 . 1233
GRUBBEN, G . J . H . 1 9 7 0 .
The f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f y o u n g mango
O b s e r v a t i o n s o n l i v i n g s u p p o r t s , hedges
g r a f t s i n the marginal c l i m a t i c conditions
and c l i m b i n g p l a n t s i n d o m e s t i c e n c l o s u r e s
o f t h e c e n t r a l P u n j a b was c o n s i d e r a b l y
in S o u t h Dahomey. Commun. F o u n d . NEDERF.
h e l p e d b y p l a n t i n g banana s u c k e r s t o
Amsterdam. 17 p p . 1237
provide shelters. A l m o s t 90% o f t h e p l a n t s
s u r v i v e d , compared w i t h 62% u n d e r Seebania F a m i l y k i t c h e n g a r d e n s i n Dahomey a r e
aegyptiaaa and 54% u n d e r Cajanus indicus. o f t e n s u r r o u n d e d b y p a l i s a d e s made f r o m
palm leaves supported b y l i v i n g p l a n t s .
E i g h t s u c h p l a n t s a r e h e r e d e s c r i b e d and
DRAPER, C . I . 1 9 4 4 .
illustrated. Cajanus aajan i s among t h e
A l g a r o b a b e a n s , p i g e o n p e a s , and p r o c e s s e d
commonest h e d g i n g p l a n t s l i s t e d h e r e .
g a r b a g e i n t h e l a y i n g mash. Hawaii A g r i c .
The i l l u s t r a t e d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e s e
E x p . S t n P r o g . Rep. 4 4 . 1234
plants include information on p l a n t i n g ,
The seed of C. aajan is n o t commonly used and t h e i r v a l u e f o r s h a d e , f o o d , o r
i n f e e d i n g young c h i c k e n s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g medicinal purposes.
i t i n t o t h e r a t i o n s o f p u l l e t s was f o u n d
b e n e f i c i a l a s i t was n o t t o x i c t o t h e
HENKE, L . A . 1 9 4 3 .
poultry.
Roughages f o r d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i .
Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 92. 1238
ELLIOT, W. 1 8 6 2 .
The u t i l i t y o f C . c a j a n a s a f o r a g e f o r
O n t h e f a r i n a c e o u s g r a i n and t h e v a r i o u s
d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i was d e m o n s t r a t e d
k i n d s o f p u l s e s used i n S o u t h e r n I n d i a .
when podded g r e e n t o p s f e d t o c a t t l e gave
T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . 7 : 2 7 6 -
h i g h e r m i l k p r o d u c t i o n than a l f a l f a gave.
300. 1235
The p i g e o n p e a p l a n t i s known b y many names.
HENKE, L . A . , S . H . WORK, and A.W. BURT.
I n I n d i a Cajanus indioue f l a v u s i s t e r m e d
1940.
(according to E l l i o t ) adhaki, t u v a r a i ,
Beef c a t t l e f e e d i n g t r i a l s i n H a w a i i .
kandu. The p u l s e when s p l i t i s i n g r e a t
Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 8 5 . 1239
and g e n e r a l e s t e e m , a n d f o r m s t h e most
g e n e r a l l y used a r t i c l e o f d i e t among a l l S t u d i e s o n t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f C . aajan a s
classes. a f e e d s t u f f f o r b e e f c a t t l e i n H a w a i i show-
e d t h a t t h e f o r a g e was v a l u a b l e f o r b e e f

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g r a z i n g and f a t t e n i n g and a l s o f o r s w i n e KHARE, R . N . , K. KRISHNAMURTHY, and

production. S . V . PINGALE. 1 9 6 6 .
M i l l i n g losses o f food g r a i n s . P a r t I .
S t u d i e s o n l o s s e s o f r e d gram (Cajanus
HERRERA, P . G . , and L . V . CROWDER. 1 9 6 3 .
cajan) d u r i n g m i l l i n g . B u l l . Grain
I n f l u e n c e o f c u t t i n g , o n t h e herbage y i e l d
Technol. 4(3):125-132. 1244
of p l g e o n p e a s (Cajanue oajan). Agricultura
Trop. 19:521-531. 1240 The p r o c e s s i n g o f p i g e o n p e a g r a i n i n a
m i l l is outlined. The n a t u r e o f v a r i o u s
Crude p r o t e i n y i e l d s f r o m d e f o l i a t e d s t a n d s
p r o d u c t s and b y p r o d u c t s and t h e i r p r o p o r -
t o t a l e d 4,850 kg/ha over a 3-year p e r i o d .
t i o n s a r e shown. While t h e o r e t i c a l output
By deferring d e f o l i a t i o n u n t i l the repro-
o f s p l i t k e r n e l s ( d h a l ) was 8 4 . 7 % , o n l y
d u c t i v e s t a g e , a h i g h e r t o t a l crude p r o t e i n
7 6 . 1 % was r e c o v e r e d i n t h e t e s t r u n and
y i e l d was r e a l i z e d . Regrowth d i d n o t
10% was u n f i t f o r human c o n s u m p t i o n . Loss-
o c c u r when t h e c r o p was c u t a t g r o u n d
e s a r e a s c r i b e d t o f a u l t y r o l l e r s and
l e v e l , compared w i t h c u t t i n g a t h e i g h t s
s h e l l e r s , r a t s , b i r d s , and s t o r a g e i n s e c t s .
o f 1.50 t o 0 . 1 5 o r 0 . 3 0 m, o r o f 1.00 t o
Methods t o a v o i d l o s s e s a r e recommended.
0 . 3 0 m.

KRISHNAMURTHY, K . , G.K. G I R I S H , T. RAMASIVAN,

HEYNES, K. 1 9 1 9 .
S.K. BOSE, K. SINGH, and R . P . S . TOMER.
Food and f o d d e r p l a n t s ( R e d g r a m ) . Kew
1972.
B u l l . 15. 1241
A new p r o c e s s f o r t h e r e m o v a l o f h u s k of
Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . : Pigeonpea, r e d gram u s i n g ' S i r k a ' . B u l l . Grain
Congopea, A n g o l a p e a , D h a l , o r D a l ( I n d i a ) , Technol. 10(3):18. 1245
Bombay T a r e . P e r e n n i a l , u s u a l l y grown a s
I n laboratory t r i a l s , heating the pulse at
an a n n u a l , 8 to 9 f t . The p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e
60°C f o r 3 0 m i n u t e s f a c i l i t a t e d easy
o f s u p p l y t o t h e U.K. i s B r i t i s h I n d i a ,
r e m o v a l o f husk i n r o l l e r s . In a large
a l s o c u l t i v a t e d i n T r o p i c a l A f r i c a , Vene-
dhal m i l l , however, treatment w i t h s i r k a
z u e l a , Madagascar, P h i l i p p i n e s , M a u r i t i u s ,
( f e r m e n t e d s u g a r c a n e m o l a s s e s ) gave b e t t e r
West I n d i e s , G u i a n a , A u s t r a l i a , and o t h e r
q u a l i t y of dhal at less cost than treatment
hot countries. Used a s f o o d - t h e t e n d e r
w i t h mustard o i l .
g r e e n p o d s , t h e young g r e e n p e a s , and t h e
r i p e ones w h o l e , s p l i t , o r g r o u n d i n t o
meal. The young s h o o t s and l e a v e s , s t r i p - KRISHNASWAMI, S . , and D.R. S A I K I A . 1 9 5 9 .
ped o f f a t t i m e t h e peas a r e h a r v e s t e d , Lac c u l t i v a t i o n i n Assam w i t h n o t e s o n use
make good f o d d e r f o r c a t t l e . The p l a n t i s of A r h a r , Cajanus cajan, and o t h e r s p e c i e s
s p e c i a l l y grown i n B e n g a l and Assam f o r as lac hosts. I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l .
f e e d i n g t h e l a c i n s e c t and i n Madagascar Ranchi. 97:7. 1246
and A n t i l l e s f o r f e e d i n g s i l k w o r m s .

KURIEN, P . P . , and H . A . B . PARPIA. 1 9 6 8 .

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1 9 6 5 . P u l s e m i l l i n g i n I n d i a . I : P r o c e s s i n g and
I S I s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r " t u r " Chuni. ISI : m i l l i n g o f T u r a r h a r (Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) .
3160-1965: p p . 8. 1242 J. Fd S c i . Technol. 5(4) : 203-207. 1247

P r e s c r i b e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e methods D h a l m i l l i n g i s a v i t a l i n d u s t r y , f o r more

o f t e s t f o r t u r o r a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) than t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the t o t a l pulses
c h u n i f o r use a s l i v e s t o c k f e e d . produced i n the c o u n t r y are processed i n t o
dhal. However, methods and m a c h i n e r y
c u r r e n t l y i n use a r e l a b o r i o u s and w a s t e -
JAYAL, M . M . , P . S . GUPTA, and V. MAHADEVAN.
ful. I m p r o v e d p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n i q u e and
1970.
machinery are r e q u i r e d . Problems o f d u s t
N u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f a r h a r (Cajanus indicus)
prevention, infestation control, effective
bhoosa f o r f e e d i n g c a t t l e . Indian Vet. J.
q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , and d e v e l o p m e n t and p r o -
47(3):253-260. 1243
d u c t i o n o f improved v a r i e t i e s o f pulses
Fed a s s o l e f e e d , a r h a r bhoosa ( c h a f f ) w i t h b e t t e r m i l l i n g q u a l i t y and y i e l d a r e
c o u l d meet o n l y a p a r t o f t h e d r y m a t t e r , needed o n a c o u n t r y w i d e b a s i s .
d i g e s t i b l e c r u d e p r o t e i n , and t o t a l d i g e s t -
i b l e n u t r i e n t requirements of growing
LIORENS, A . A . , A . JOSE O L I V I E R ! , and
calves b u t in combination w i t h a cereal
J . M . RIOS. 1 9 5 6 .
r o u g h a g e and a n o i l c a k e , i t f o r m e d a
P r o d u c t i o n and m a r k e t i n g o f p i g e o n p e a s i n
s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t i o n and f u l f i l l e d n u t r i e n t
P u e r t o R i c o . ( E and R . S . ) 3 2 . A g r i . E x p .
requirements.
Stn Univ. P. R i c o . 1248

154
 Utilization

P r o d u c t i o n , c a n n i n g , and m a r k e t i n g o f NATH, R . L . , S.K. J A I N , and R. DUTT. 1 9 6 0 .

pigeonpea, a major crop in Puerto R i c o , On the preparation of p r o t e i n - r i c h b i s c u i t
are described. I t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t from p r o t e i n hydrolysates. B u l l . Calcutta
25% o f t h e g r e e n pea p r o d u c e d i n P u e r t o S c h . T r o p . Med. 8 ( 5 ) : 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 . 1253
R i c o was l o c a l l y consumed and d u r i n g t h e
The b i s c u i t s w e r e p r e p a r e d w i t h o r w i t h o u t
1953-54 s e a s o n , 66% o f t h e 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 cases
h y d r o l y s a t e of Cajanus indiaua, arhar,
o f seed canned was s h i p p e d t o New Y o r k f o r
which r a i s e d the p r o t e i n content from 9.5
consumption by immigrant Puerto Ricans.
t o 13%. The p u l s e - f r e e b i s c u i t s had n o
m e a s u r a b l e f r e e amino a c i d s and o n l y
MAHER, C. 1 9 4 9 . 0.15% SH g r o u p s measured as c y s t e i n e .
Economic and s o c i a l s t u d i e s i n t h e i r r e l a - A p a p a i n h y d r o l y s a t e o f s m a l l prawns was
tion to s o i l conservation. B u l l . Agric. n o t s u i t a b l e because i t s o b j e c t i o n a b l e
Congo B e i g e 4 0 : 2 4 3 9 - 2 4 4 5 . 1249 s m e l l c o u l d n o t be removed, b u t a h y d r o -
l y s a t e made w i t h 6 N HC1 gave more p r o m i s e .
The uses of Cajanus c a j a n , a d e e p - r o o t e d
p r o t e c t i v e and r e s t o r a t i v e c r o p , i n
conserving s o i l are discussed. OAKES, A . J . 1 9 7 0 .
Legumes i n t h e U . S . V i r g i n I s l a n d s .
Turrialba 2-(2):151-165. 1254
MANKAD, B . N . , and R.C. THACKER. 1 9 5 8 .
Saccharification of a g r i c u l t u r a l wastes. Legumes as g r e e n manure c r o p s a r e recommen-
1. Hydrolysis of sticks of Bhinu, Vijay ded t o p r o v i d e g r o u n d c o v e r and i m p r o v e
c o t t o n and Tur under d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a - f e r t i l i t y , t i l t h , and w a t e r - h o l d i n g c a p a -
t i o n s o f a c i d and d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s . c i t y of the s o i l s . S e v e r a l legumes have
J . I n d i a n A p p l . Chem. 21(1):25-30. 1250 been e v a l u a t e d a s g r e e n manure c r o p s i n
the V i r g i n I s l a n d s , species p a r t i c u l a r l y
An increase of acid increases the percent adapted l o c a l l y i n c l u d e (Doliohos lablab
y i e l d of reducing sugars. The optimum L., Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea
t r e a t m e n t t i m e i s 1 h r . and t h e optimum L . , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . , cowpea, and
pressure 40-60 l b / s q . i n . velvetbean. Pigeonpea t h r i v e s i n the V i r -
g i n I s l a n d s , where i t i s o f t e n grown a s a n
MATHUR, V . K . , B. PRABHAKARA BHATT, annual. It also serves as windbreak p r i o r
B. BHAGIRATHI, B . S . BHATTI, and H. KATH. to b e i n g t u r n e d under f o r green manure.
1974. The maximum g r e e n m a t t e r i s p r o d u c e d b y
Development o f q u i c k - c o o k i n g d e h y d r a t e d sowing t h e crop broadcast a t t h e r a t e o f
c u r r i e d spinach-dehusked red-gram. 15 to 30 l b / a c (11.7 to 33.0 kg/ha) at the
J. Fd S c i . Technol. 11(2):57-59. 1251 onset o f the f a l l wet season. Yields of
7 to 8 t o n s / a c (16 to 18 m t / h a ) g r e e n
S p i n a c h was d e h y d r a t e d w i t h o u t i m p a i r i n g m a t t e r are produced w i t h i n 5 to 6 months.
i t s g r e e n c o l o r , and t h e d e e p - f a t f r i e d The most s e r i o u s i n s e c t damage o b s e r v e d on
spinach c u r r i e d along w i t h precooked, p i g e o n p e a i s t h a t caused b y pod and s t e m
dehydrated r e d gram. The c u r r i e d p r o d u c t borers.
is found to be s t a b l e up to 1 year both at
a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ( 2 4 - 3 0 ° C ) and a t 3 7 ° C .
PANIKKAR, M.R. 1 9 5 0 .
A l t e r n a t e f u e l - Arhar s t a l k . Indian
NATH, R . L . 1 9 5 9 . Fmg 1 1 : 4 9 6 . 1255
Preparation of p r o t e i n - r i c h biscuits with
protein hydrolysates of pulses. Bull. I n Bombay a r h a r s t a l k i s p r o f u s e l y used a s
C a l c u t t a S c h . T r o p . Med. 7 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 1252 f u e l by c u l t i v a t o r s . D a t a have been c o l l e c -
ted from d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s regarding the
A p a s t e f r o m C a r i c a papaya was m i x e d w i t h y i e l d o f d r y s t a l k s , which ranges from
p a s t e s made f r o m t h e p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g 8 maunds (650 l b s ) to 60 maunds. The
Cajanus indicus, and k e p t f o r 24 h o u r s at h e a t i n g v a l u e o f a r h a r s t e m was a b o u t h a l f
37°C. A f t e r b o i l i n g and s t r a i n i n g , t h e t o t h a t o f a n e q u a l w e i g h t o f good q u a l i t y
r e s i d u e was c o n c e n t r a t e d and m i x e d w i t h coal. I t s use a s a f u e l i s s u g g e s t e d t o
f l o u r , f a t , and s u g a r t o make p a l a t a b l e a v o i d w a s t e f u l b u r n i n g c a t t l e manure.
b i s c u i t s t h a t could be s t o r e d f o r 2 to 3
weeks. P r o t e i n c o n t e n t ranged f r o m 1 1 . 3
t o 1 5 . 5 2 and f r e e amino a c i d N f r o m 123 PATEL, B . M . , and P . C . SHUKLA. 1 9 7 3 .
t o 240 mg p e r 100 g . E f f e c t o f f e e d i n g c l u s t e r b e a n f o d d e r and
p i g e o n p e a f o d d e r o n body w e i g h t s and m i l k
y i e l d o f Kankrej cons. Indian Vet. J.
50(11):1126-1132. 1256

155
Plgeonpea Bibliography

The t u r g o t a r t r e a t m e n t s r e s u l t e d i n l o s s Pigeonpeas soaked i n a 0.2% s o d i u m h y d r o -

i n b o d y w e i g h t o f cows, r e d u c e d d r y m a t t e r x i d e s o l u t i o n f o r 4 hours were s l i g h t l y
i n t a k e , somewhat poor u t i l i z a t i o n o f d i e t - easier to dehydrate than untreated ones; *
a r y n u t r i e n t s , and d e p r e s s e d p r o d u c t i o n a f t e r d e h y d r a t i o n they were a b l e t o absorb
o f m i l k o f low n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y . It more w a t e r . The t r e a t e d p i g e o n p e a s had a
i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e may b e some t o x i c h i g h e r s t a r c h c o n t e n t and a l o w e r s u g a r
p r i n c i p l e and/or s p e c i f i c substances i n content than the untreated ones; the
t u r gotar which i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r these p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e t r e a t e d and u n t r e a -
adverse e f f e c t s . O n t h e o t h e r hand g u a r t e d samples was t h e same.
g o t a r a p p e a r e d t o b e a good q u a l i t y f e e d
and c a n s u s t a i n a b o u t 5 k g o f m i l k p e r d a y .
RAHMAN, A . R . 1 9 6 4 .
E f f e c t o f s t o r a g e and p a c k i n g o n t h e q u a -
PATEL, B . M . , M.S. NAPHADE, and L . D . KAMDEV. l i t y o f d e h y d r a t e d and d e h y d r o f r o z e n pigeon-
1972. peas. J . A g r i c . Univ. P . Rico 4 8 ( 4 ) :
M i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n o f s t r a i n e d rumen 318-326. 1260
l i q u o r o f l a c t a t i n g cows f e d w i t h c l u s t e r -
S t o r a g e i n p o l y t h e n e bags a t room t e m p e r a -
b e a n and p l g e o n p e a f o d d e r . Indian J.
t u r e and a t 37°C r e s u l t e d i n a r e d u c t i o n o f
Microb. 12(l):55-57. 1257
t h e t o t a l s u g a r c o n t e n t ; s t o r a g e i n bags
The o b s e r v a t i o n s o n d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t o f as w e l l as at the higher temperature
protozoa in clusterbean fodder i n d i c a t e reduced the r e c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r c e n t a g e . The
t h a t a l l the genera except h o l o t r i c h s , o v e r a l l q u a l i t y , determined i n o r g a n o l e p t i c
i n c r e a s e d i n p o p u l a t i o n due t o s u p p l e m e n - t e s t s , was h i g h e s t i n t h e f r o z e n p r o d u c t
t a t i o n o f t a p i o c a and m o l a s s e s . In the and l o w e s t i n t h e peas s t o r e d i n p o l y t h e n e
plgeonpea fodder experiment Entodinium bags. However, s i n c e a l l samples w e r e
i n c r e a s e d , w h i l e E p i d i t h i u m and O p y r y o - w e l l accepted, storage of dehydrated
scolex decreased. E n t o d i n i u m was p r e d o m i - p i g e o n p e a s i n p o l y t h e n e bags may b e t h e
n a n t i n CBF e x p e r i m e n t s . The l o w e r most p r o f i t a b l e m e t h o d .
p r o t o z o a p o p u l a t i o n in PPF may be due
to lower a v a i l a b i l i t y of carbohydrates.
RAJAGOPALAN, C.K. 1 9 7 3 .
Red gram d h a l : Fm F a c t o r y 7(8):25. 1261
PULLE, M.W. 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 .
U t i l i z a t i o n o f v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n s i n cheese RIVAS, N . , and E. GOMEZ RIVAS. 1 9 7 5 .
manufacture. J . Nat. A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon Study o f t h e c a n n i n g q u a l i t y o f t h e p i g e o n -
11/12:45-52. 1258 peas (Cajanus c a j a n ) v a r . Panameno. Revta
The p r e p a r a t i o n o f a " c h e e s e " f r o m p l a n t de la F a c u l t a d de Agronomics 8 ( 3 ) :
p r o t e i n s was i n v e s t i g a t e d . Protein extrac- 77-81. 1262
ts were o b t a i n e d from soybeans, green gram, E x p e r i m e n t a l work conducted in Venezuela
and t u r d h a l ; f i l t e r e d t o remove i n s o l u b l e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e Panameno v a r i e t y , when
s e d i m e n t s ; and p r o c e s s e d w i t h a d d i t i o n o f t e s t e d f o r f l a v o r , c o l o r , a r o m a , and
0.4% C a S 0 4 , 1.5% c i t r i c a c i d , 0.5% r e n n e t texture is suitable for canning.
e x t r a c t , 2 % l a c t i c a c i d , and 5 % c u l t u r e
( c u r d o r Y o g h u r t ) . Beany f l a v o r was e l i m i -
n a t e d b y h e a t i n g t o 100°F (38°C) o v e r 3 0 RODRIGUES PEIXOTO, A. 1 9 6 0 .
min. A f t e r 2 t o 4 weeks r i p e n i n g a t 6 0 t o Guandu (Cajanus indicus) and i t s u s e s .
70% R H i n a r e f r i g e r a t o r , t h e s o f t cheese R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 40:79. 1263
p r e p a r e d c o u l d be used as a s p r e a d . To
Cajanue indiaue was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o B r a z i l
produce cheddar-type hard cheese, e n r i c h -
i n t h e days o f t h e s l a v e - t r a d e . I t has
ment w i t h 100% m i l k s o l i d s p r o v i d e d t h e
v a r i o u s u s e s , f o r e x a m p l e , a s human f o o d ,
desirable attributes. Tabulated values f o r
as a f o d d e r , as a g r e e n m a n u r e , as a shade
t h e a p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n and
p l a n t f o r young c o f f e e t r e e s , and a s f u e l .
t a s t e p a n e l s c o r e s showed t h a t soybean
A w i d e r use of Cajanus i n d i c u s by humans
cheese was s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r two i n
would c o n t r i b u t e to improving the p r o t e i n
p r o t e i n and f a t c o n t e n t s .
supply of the B r a z i l i a n population, as the
d r y seeds c o n t a i n a b o u t 18% o f p r o t e i n s .
RAHMAN, A . R . 1 9 6 1 .
The e f f e c t o f c h e m i c a l p r e t r e a t m e n t o n t h e SAMMY, G.M. 1 9 7 1 .
q u a l i t y o f dehydrated pigeonpeas. J. Canning p o t e n t i a l o f t h e p l g e o n p e a c u l t l v a r
A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 3 ) : 1 7 2 - 1 9 1 . 1259 Gl 2 6 / 2 . F d T e c h n o l . S e r . F a c . Engg U n i v .
W. I n d i e s 4 : 4 . 1264

156
 Utilization

C u l t i v a r G 1 2 6 / 2 p l g e o n p e a s w e r e compared the dry ones, ( i l l ) a s i n ( i i ) but e x c l u -

w i t h a canning f a c t o r y supply of f r e s h l y ding the dry pods. The h a r v e s t e d seeds
s h e l l e d pigeonpea o f mixed v a r i e t i e s were canned and t h e p r o d u c t Judged a c c o r d -
p r o c e s s e d and a n a l y s e d i n i d e n t i c a l f a s h i o n . i n g t o t h e c o l o r and t u r b i d i t y o f t h e
The b e s t r e t o r t i n g t i m e was f o u n d t o b e l i q u o r and t h e c o l o r o f t h e p e a s . The
2 5 m i n , w h i c h f o r G l 2 6 / 2 r e s u l t e d i n 20% q u a l i t y o f the product obtained w i t h
s p l i t s , good t e x t u r e , and 2 9 . 4 2 l i g h t h a r v e s t i n g method, ( i i i ) e q u a l l e d t h a t o f
t r a n s m i t t a n c e f o r a 1:5 d i l u t i o n . For t h e ( i ) w i t h the e x t r a advantage o f e a s i e r
m i x e d v a r i e t i e s , t h e s p l i t s w e r e 55%, harvesting operations.
t e x t u r e was g o o d , and l i g h t t r a n s m i t t a n c e
was 24.0% f o r a 1:20 d i l u t i o n . G l 2 6 / 2 had
good c a n n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and gave a SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 4 .
h i g h e r q u a l i t y p r o d u c t t h a n d i d t h e mixed A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e shear press to determine
varieties. the degree of m a t u r i t y of plgeonpeas.
J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 1 2 -
216. 1268
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 1 .
T r i a l s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer
The i n f l u e n c e o f d e g r e e o f m a t u r i t y o n t h e
s h e a r p r e s s a f f o r d s a r a p i d and s u f f i c i e n t -
q u a l i t y o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . J. Agric.
l y a c c u r a t e means o f a s s e s s i n g t h e d e g r e e
Univ. P. Rico. 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 5 1 . 1265
o f m a t u r i t y o f plgeonpeas f o r canning
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the t i n n i n g of plgeonpeas purposes. The maximum p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g s
(Cajanus cajan) in b r i n e showed t h a t a o b t a i n e d when p l g e o n p e a s o f t h e K a k i
s a t i s f a c t o r y product can o n l y be o b t a i n e d v a r i e t y , harvested a t d i f f e r e n t stages o f
from f u l l y mature, but s t i l l green, peas. ripeness from very tender green to o v e r r i p e
O v e r r i p e y e l l o w peas a r e more s t a r c h y t h a n yellow. M a t u r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e :
g r e e n o n e s , and c o n s e q u e n t l y , a b s o r b more alcohol-insoluble solids content, starch
water. The p r e s e n c e o f a n a p p r e c i a b l e c o n t e n t , t o t a l s o l i d s c o n t e n t and p e r c e n t -
p e r c e n t a g e o f y e l l o w peas causes a p r o p o r - age o f y e l l o w p e a s .
t i o n a t e increase in the percentage of
b r o k e n s k i n s and s p l i t p e a s , and t h e b r i n e
becomes d a r k and t u r b i d . SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, and
J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 .
The f r e e z i n g o f p l g e o n p e a s f o r m a r k e t .
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 2 . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 0 5 -
P r o c e s s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f plgeonpeas 206. 1269
o f t h e K a k i and S a r a g a t e a d o s e l e c t i o n s .
Experiments conducted in Puerto Rico
J. Agric. U n i v . P. Rico 4 6 ( l ) : 2 3 - 3 3 . 1266
showed t h a t f r o z e n p l g e o n p e a s (Cajanus
A study to determine the e f f e c t of s e l e c- c a j a n ) can b e k e p t f o r a t l e a s t 2 y e a r s
t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on the product q u a l i t y w i t h o u t any a p p r e c i a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n
of p l g e o n p e a s (Cajanus cajan). The q u a l i t y , p r o v i d e d t h e enzyme s y s t e m i s
s e l e c t i o n s g e n e r a l l y grown i n P u e r t o R i c o completely i n a c t i v a t e d by proper blanching .
f o r canning purposes were compared. No The b e s t r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h f u l l y
marked d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e two v a r i e - m a t u r e g r e e n peas b l a n c h e d i n w a t e r a t a
t i e s were o b s e r v e d , b u t f o r t h e c o l o r o f temperature of 90.5°C f o r 5 m i n u t e s .
t h e b r i n e , w h i c h was l e s s t u r b i d and A marketing t e s t demonstrated t h a t the
l i g h t e r f o r t h e Saragateado s e l e c t i o n . p r o d u c t was w e l l r e c e i v e d b y c o n s u m e r s .
The r e s u l t s o f t h e s h e l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s
and a number o f d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, and
o f plgeonpeas f o r p r o c e s s i n g are
J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 .
discussed.
The e f f e c t o f some p r o c e s s i n g v a r i a b l e s o n
t h e q u a l i t y o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . J . A g r i c .
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 4 . U n i v . P. Rico 45(4) :232-258. 1270
The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e d e g r e e o f m a t u r i t y
S t o r a g e o f u n s h e l l e d peas a t 4 5 F f o r 9
during the harvesting period on the q u a l i t y
days had n o a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t o n t h e q u a -
o f canned p l g e o n p e a s . B u l l . E s t a c . Exp.
l i t y o f canned p r o d u c t . The l e n g t h o f t h e
A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 117:1-16. 1267
b l a n c h i n g p e r i o d was f o u n d t o d e t e r m i n e t o
Plgeonpeas o f t h e v a r i e t i e s S a r a g a t e a d o a c e r t a i n d e g r e e t h e c o l o r and t u r b i d i t y
and K a k i , grown i n P u e r t o R i c o , w e r e h a r - of the b r i n e ; the longer the blanching
vested ( i ) a c c o r d i n g t o the commercial p e r i o d , t h e c l e a r e r and l e s s t u r b i d t h e
method ( s e l e c t i v e p i c k i n g o f r i p e n i n g pods); brine. Holding time before r e t o r t i n g
(ii) b y removal o f a l l t h e pods, i n c l u d i n g and l e n g t h o f c o o l i n g t i m e had n o e f f e c t

157
Plgeonpea Bibliography

o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e canned p r o d u c t . SINGH, JAGDAYAL. 1 9 6 5 .

Contact o f plgeonpeas w i t h i r o n , b r a s s , o r A r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) a s g r e e n s h e l t e r f o r
c o p p e r s u r f a c e was f o u n d t o r e s u l t i n b r i n e young mango t r e e s . Pb H o r t . J. 5 ( 1 ) :
discoloration. The a d d i t i o n o f 2 % s u g a r 9-11. 1274
t o t h e b r i n e was f o u n d t o have n o e f f e c t
A n o v e l method o f p l a n t i n g each mango g r a f t
on the f l a v o r or the o v e r a l l q u a l i t y of
w i t h i n p e r e n n i a l green s h e l t e r s o f a r h a r
canned p e a s . Recommendations a r e made f o r
(Cajanus indicus) was e v a l u a t e d and f o u n d
t h e b e s t p r o c e s s t o use i n c a n n i n g h i g h -
to be i d e a l in preventing sunburn, f r o s t ,
q u a l i t y plgeonpeas.
and c o l d i n j u r y , a t t h e same t i m e was
capable of i n d u c i n g vigorous shoot elonga-
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, J . R . BENERO, t i o n growth. The o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f
and I. HERNANDEZ. 1963. ' b a s i n s o i l ' i n c i d e n t a l l y increased from
The b r i n e - g r a d i n g o f p l g e o n p e a s . J . A g r i c . a r h a r l e a f s h e d , and p r u n i n g s l e f t a l s o
Univ. P. Rico 47(1):14-23. 1271 acted as an e f f e c t i v e mulch.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the grading of pigeon-
peas, e i t h e r before or a f t e r b l a n c h i n g , SQUIBB, R . L . , A. FALLA, J . A . FUENTES, and
in brines of s p e c i f i c g r a v i t i e s ranging H . T . LOVE. 1 9 5 0 .
f r o m 1.09 t o 1.14 were c o n d u c t e d i n P u e r t o V a l u e o f Desmodium, p l g e o n p e a f o d d e r ,
Rico. I n e v e r y case a c l e a r s e p a r a t i o n Guatemalan and U n i t e d S t a t e s a l f a l f a meals
was o b t a i n e d , a l l t h e f l o a t e r s b e i n g y o u n g , i n r a t i o n s f o r baby c h i c k s . Poultry Sci.
t e n d e r peas o f s u p e r i o r c a n n i n g q u a l i t y . 29:482-485. 1275
The s i n k e r s , h o w e v e r , c o n s i s t e d o f a
Desmodium meal and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t ,
m i x t u r e o f g r e e n and y e l l o w ( o v e r r i p e )
p l g e o n p e a f o d d e r m e a l , may r e p l a c e a l f a l f a
peas w h i c h c o u l d n o t b e s e p a r a t e d . Brine-
meal a s a s o u r c e o f c a r o t e n e and o t h e r
g r a d i n g o f plgeonpeas i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l .
e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s i n baby c h i c k r a t i o n s .
This i s o f importance f o r L a t i n American
SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , A . J . RODRIGUES, and t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s a s a l f a l f a grows o n l y i n
J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . l i m i t e d a r e a s , whereas numerous s p e c i e s o f
I m p r o v e d methods o f c a n n i n g p l g e o n p e a s . t h e genus Desmodium grow a b u n d a n t l y
B u l l . A g r i c . E x p . S t n U n i v . P.R. throughout the t r o p i c s . Plgeonpeas y i e l d
157:1-26. 1272 good f o d d e r c r o p s i n c e r t a i n a r e a s and may
b e used t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f
When p l g e o n p e a s (Cajanus c a j a n ) a r e canned
Desmodium m e a l s .
b y a p r o c e s s s i m i l a r t o t h a t used commer-
c i a l l y f o r c a n n i n g peas (Pisum sativum)
t h e b r i n e d a r k e n s and d e v e l o p s a h i g h
t u r b i d i t y which adversely a f f e c t s t h e i r
quality. But an almost c o l o r l e s s b r i n e
o f l o w t u r b i d i t y can b e o b t a i n e d i f t h e
enzyme i s i n a c t i v a t e d b e f o r e s h e l l i n g b y
s t e a m i n g t h e pods a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e .
S h e l l - l i f e s t u d i e s showed t h a t p l g e o n p e a s
canned b y t h e p r e h e a t i n g methods keep f o r
a t l e a s t a y e a r w i t h o u t any change i n
f l a v o r o r u n d e s i r a b l e changes i n t h e c o l o r
and t u r b i d i t y o f t h e b r i n e . Equipment
requirements f o r a commercial p r o c e s s i n g
l i n e are given.

SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1 9 6 5 .
W e i g h t i n c r e a s e o f Zebu C a t t l e g r a z i n g o n
legumes. Dolichos lablab and Cajanus
indicus. P r o c . 9 t h I n t . Grassld Congr.
Sao P a u l o 2 : 9 6 5 - 9 6 8 . 1273
The p o t e n t i a l o f p l g e o n p e a a s a t r o p i c a l
dry-season p r o t e i n supplement f o r increased
b e e f p r o d u c t i o n was i n d i c a t e d i n B r a z i l ,
when C, oajan was sown in c o n t o u r f u r r o w s
in a p a n g o l a g r a s s ( D i g i t a r i a decumbens)
p a s t u r e , Zebu b u l l s g a i n e d a n a v e r a g e o f
3 5 k g i n 9 3 days d u r i n g s e v e r e d r o u g h t .

158
 AUTHOR INDEX

A a r a t i , D e b . , 367 Anonymous, 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , B a j a j , R . K . , 724

A b b a s , M . , 1219 17, 18, 19, 20, 2 1 , 22, B a l a r a j u , E . S . , 673
A b d i , H . , 237 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, B a l a s u b r a m a n i a m , S . C . , 277
A b d u s , S . , 634 29, 30, 3 1 , 32, 33, 242, Balasubramanian, G., 607,
A b h y a n k a r , S . G . , 9 5 8 , 959 243, 362, 405, 406, 407, 6 5 2 , 6 5 3 , 688
408, 409, 410, 4 1 1 , 412,
Abodunde, S . O . , 400 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, Balasubramanian, V . , 830
Abrams, R . , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1 , 418, 419, 420, 4 2 1 , 422, Balasubramanyam, R . , 43
153, 4 0 1 , 402, 403, 404, 6 0 1 , 602, 603, 857, 858, Balasubramanyan, R . H . , 924
5 6 0 , 7 7 3 , 1137 859, 860, 8 6 1 , 862, 863, Baldev, B . , 855, 870, 1132,
A b r a r , M . K . , 923 864, 865, 1140, 1 1 4 1 , 1143
1 2 2 2 , 1223
A d s u a r , J ., 844 Bandhyopadhyay, C . , 314
Antichan, C, 34
A d s u l e , R . N . , 1138 B a n e r j e e , A . K . , 878
Aponte Aponte, F . , 35
A g a r w a l , M . C . , 69 B a n e r j e e , B . M . , 248
A p p a d u r a l , R . , 36
A g a r w a l , P . K . , 1139 B a n e r j e e , S . , 2 4 9 , 2 5 8 , 1180
A r a t i D a s , 1046
Agnlhothrudu, v . , 845, 846, B a n s a l , R . K . , 808
A r a u l l o , E . V . , 1224
8 4 7 , 8 4 8 , 8 4 9 , 850
A r c h i b a l d , J . F . , 866 B a r a t , G . K . , 1138
A g u i r r e , E . F . , 1220 A r g i k a r , G.P., 37, 203, 604, B a r i , A . , 834
A h l a w a t , I . P . S . , 4 , 183 813 B a r l o w , J . W . , 1226
Ahmad, D . , 598 A r i y a n a y a g a m , R . P . , 3 8 , 423 B a r n e s , R . F . , 871
Ahmad, S . U . , 238 A r j u n a m , G , , 542 B a r r i o s , G . A . , 233
Ahmad, T . , 5 9 9 , 600
A r m s t r o n g , G . M . , 867
B a r r o e t a , M . A . , 1 6 7 , 1228
A r m s t r o n g , J . K . , 867
Ahmed, B a s h i r , 239 B a r r o w , R . M . , 608
A r o r a , D . K . , 905
Ahmed, T . , 851 B a s a n t S i n g h , 609
A r o r a , N i r m a l , 822
A h l r r a o , S . N . , 711 B a s s i r , O., 2 5 0 , 286
Arwooth, N . L . , 39
A h s a n , R . , 240 Basu, A . C . , 661
A l y e r , A . K . Y . N . , 5, 6 B a s u , K . P . , 2 5 1 , 252
Asana, R . D . , 1142
Ashby, S . F . , 868
A j i b o l a , 689 Ashley, J . M . , 98 B a s u , N . M . , 253
A k h a u r y , S . B . , 583 584 Athwal, A . S . , 6 0 5 , 606 B a s u , R . N . , 1144
A k h b a r , S . , 241 Austin, A . , 533 B a s u , U . P . , 437
Akinola, J . O . , 7, 8, 9, 10, B a s u d e v , R . , 363
2 2 1 , 3 6 1 , 546 A y a l a , A . , 869 B a t e s , G . R . , 872
A y k r o y d , W . R . , 1225
A l a m , M . , 8 5 2 , 853 A y y a n g a r , G . N . R . , 559 B a t i s t a , A . C . , 873
A l c a n t a r a , P . F . , 338 Ayyar, A . K . Y . N . , 40 B a u e r , A . , 303
A l l K h a n , W.M. see A x t m a y e r , J . H . , 2 4 4 , 245 B e l o s l u d c e v a , N . G . , 1227
Mohamed A l l K h a n , W. B e n d a l e , V . W . , 547
A l l e n , D . J . , 1134 Benero, J . R . , 179, 1269,
1 2 7 0 , 1 2 7 1 , 1272
A l l e n , O . N . , 114
A l l e s , W.S., 11 B e n e z r a , M . V . , 1228
A l v a r e z , G . L . A . , 854 B a c h a r a c h , A . L . , 246 B e n n e t , F . D . , 610
Amblka S i n g h , 12 B a d a m i , V . K . , 424 B e o h a r , A . B . L . , 7 1 3 , 806
Amin, K . S . , 855, 870, 1132, Badhe, N . N . , 292 B h a d o u r i a , S . S . , 798
1133 Badillo-Feliciano, J . , 41 B h a g i r a t h i , B . , 1251
B a d r i N a r a y a n a n , P . , 214
Anandaswamy, B . , 1221 B h a l l a , O . P . , 662
Anavaradham, L . , 510 B a g c h i , K . , 247 Bhan, V . M . , 44
A n g a d i , V . K . , 432 B a g h e l , S . S . , 799 B h a n g a r e , A . B . , 714
A n i l Kumar, T . B . , 856 B a g y a r a j , J . , 823 B h a r d w a j , B . L . , 724
Annappan, R . S . , 494 B a i n i w a l , C h a j u Ram, 712 B h a r g a v a , R . N . , 425
Bains, S . S . , 42
Pigeonpea Bibliography

B h a r g a v a , S . N . , 874 Cano, J . M . , 222 C r i s t a l e s , F . R . , 271

B h a r i h o k e , G . , 239 C a p o o r , S . P . , 885 Cross, L . C . , 52
B h a s k a r a n , K . , 426 Carmen M u r o , J . , 1230 C r o w d e r , L . V . , 1240
Bhatawadekar, P . U . , 45 C a r r i e r e , E.A., 47 C r u z , C a r l o s , 618
B h a t i a , C . R . , 2 7 6 , 715 Caveness, F . E . , 886 Cubas, A . C . , 260

Bhatia, P.C., 50, 51 Chadha, K . C . , 887

Bhatnagar, P . S . , 716, 717, Chakrabarti, Sipra, 888
875 Chakravarthi, B.P., 889
B h a t t a c h a r j e e , S . K . , 548 Chakravarthy, M.M., 305
B h a t t a c h a r y a , A . K . , 617 Chakravarti, R.L., 278 D a f e , G . A . , 550
D a f t a r d a r , S . Y . , 53
B h a t t a c h a r y a , S u n i l Kumar, Chapman, T . , 234 Dahiya, B.S., 54, 96, 721,
549 Chandola, R . P . , 1170 722, 723, 724, 725, 726,
B h a t t i , B . S . , 1251 Chandra, H . C . S . , 789 7 2 7 , 957
B h o l e , G . R . , 736 Chandra, S . , 754
B h u l l a r , B . S . , 725 Chandra, T . , 430 Dake, G . N . , 8 9 4 , 914
D a k s h i n a m u r t h i , K . , 261
B h u v a n e a w a r i , K . , 850 Chandra Mohan, J . , 4 8 , 126 D a l a i , R.C., 55, 56
B i l a p a t e , G . G . , 625 C h a r i , M . S . , 616 D a l e , W . T . , 8 9 5 , 896
B i l l i n g s l e y , L . W . , 2 8 4 , 285 C h a t t o p a d h y a y , K . , 1144 D a l j i t S i n g h , 499
Bindra, O.S., 6 1 1 , 612, 613, C h a t t o p a d h y a y , M . , 1047
6 1 4 , 615 C h a t t o p a d h y a y a , H . , 258 Dandawate, M . D . , 146
D a n i e l , V . A . , 262, 263,
B i r d , J . , 876, 877, 986, C h a t u r v e d i , S . N . , 431 2 6 4 , 265
988 Chaube, H . S . , 890 D a r l i n g t o n , C. D., 551
B i s h t , N . S . , 878 Chaudharl, A . N . , 718, 719, D a r t , P . J . , 824
B i s w a s , H . C . , 254 720
B o d d y , M . , 1229 C h a u d h a r i , B . B . , 7 2 1 , 775 Das, N . B . , 270
Dasappa, 728
B o k i l , S . B . , 146 C h a u d h a r l , R . M . , 1231 D a s t u r , J . F . , 897
B o s e , R . D . , 2 5 5 , 879 C h a u d h a r y , R . R . P . , 617 D a s t u r , N . N . , 1217
Boae, S . K . , 1245 Chaudhary, S . K . , 8 9 1 , 1 0 4 1 , D a t e , W . B . , 1232
B o s e , T . K . , 1144 1 0 4 2 , 1043
B o u l t e r , D . , 273 C h a u d h r y , M . S . , 238 D a t t a , B . , 672
D a t t a , P . C . , 3 6 7 , 552
Braham, J . E . , 256 Chauhan, N . S . , 102 Dave, B . B . , 4 9 0 , 729
B r a n t h o o v e r , B . , 303 Chavan, V . M . , 432 D a v i d , B . V . , 619
B r a r , J . S . , 54, 722, 723, Cheema, K . S . , 1145 D a v i d , S . K a n a k a r a j , 620
7 2 4 , 7 2 5 , 726 Chlnoy, S . S . , 45
B r a r , S . S . , 181 Chohan, J . S . , 957 D a v i d , V . V a s a n t h a r a j , 748
Davies, J . C . , 621
Brar, Z . S . , 46 Chopde, P . R . , 433 D'Cruz, R., 553, 730, 7 3 1 ,
B r e s s s n i , R., 257, 2 7 1 , 272, C h o p r a , K . , 589 732, 733, 734, 735, 736,
427 C h o u d h u r y , K a m a l , 259 737, 738, 739, 764, 7 8 1 ,
B r o u k , B . , 364 C h o u d h u r y , S . , 247 7 8 2 , 804
B u r n e t t , F . , 428 Choudhury, S . L . , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 1 ,
9 1 , 116 De, D . N . , 3 6 8 , 5 5 4 , 5 5 5 ,
B u r t , A . W . , 1239 5 7 1 , 5 7 3 , 580
B u t l e r , E . J . , 880, 8 8 1 , 882, Chowdhury, L . M . , 335 De, N . K . , 253
8 8 3 , 884 Chupp, C , 1001 D e , R . , 5 7 , 70
C i f e r r i , R . , 892 De, T . K . , 1 9 2 , 998
C o b l e y , L . S . , 365
C o k e , L . B . , 500 D e , T . S . , 437
D e C a n d o l l e , A . P . , 369
Coloracovas, G . , 180 D e c o r y , R . , 434
Casta, H . R . , 3 5 3 , 354 C o n f o d o n t i s , V . G . , 366 D e i g h t o n , F . C . , 8 9 8 , 899
C a m p b e l l , J . S . , 429 Cook, D . H . . 244 D e k a , P . C . , 1146
Canagasingham, L . S . C . , 6 9 1 C o s t a , A . S . , 893
C a n c e l , M . M . , 179 C o u r b o i s , J . M . , 176 D e n i n g , H . , 303
C a n d e l a s , J . B . , 596 D e o d h a r , A . D . , 2 9 8 , 485
D e o d i k a r , G . B . , 556

160
 Author Index

Deokar, A . B . , 730, 7 3 1 , 732, E a g l e s h a m , A . , 824 G a y w a l a , P . M . , 1236

733, 734, 735, 736, 737, Eapen M a r y , 266 Gemawat, P . D . , 938
7 3 8 , 7 3 9 , 7 6 4 , 7 8 3 , 804 Edward, J . C . , 826, 907, 908, G e n t i l , C . A . , 204
Derieux, M., 58, 59, 1147, 909 G h a t g e , R . D . , 764
1148 E g w u a t u , R . I . , 623 G h o d k i , J . P . , 1154

D e s a i , B . G . , 316 E l i a s , L . G . , 257, 2 7 1 , 272, Ghose, S . N . , 275

D e s a i , B . L . M . , 2 6 2 , 264 427 Ghosh, C . C . , 629
Deshmukh, K . M . , 45 E l l i o t , W . , 1235 Ghosh, M . K . , 912
Deshmukh, N . Y . , 7 4 0 , 7 4 1 , Embden, C., 289 Ghosh, P r o d y u t , 913
7 4 2 , 7 4 3 , 7 4 4 , 759 E n y i , B.A.C., 62 G i d w a n i , H . M . , 69

Deshpande, B . V . , 6 2 2 , 6 5 5 , E s h , G . C . , 437 Gill, G . S . , 181

656 E u s e b i o , J . A . , 3 3 7 , 338 Gill, J.S., 46
Deshpande, R . B . , 4 3 5 , 7 4 5 , Evans, A . C . , 63 Giri, G a j e n d r a , 193
7 4 6 , 758 E v a n s , I . M . , 273 Giri, K . V . , 3 1 5 , 355
Devadas, R . P . , 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 , 268 E z e d i m a , F . O . C . , 1153 Giri, R., 70

D e v a i a h , M . C . , 632 G i r i j a B a i , R . , 267
Devakumar, J . P . , 666 G i r i s h , G . K . , 6 3 0 , 1245
D e v i , L . S . , 269 G o d b o l e , G . M . , 9 1 4 , 982
D e v r a j , K . C . , 632 G o k h a l e , V . G . , 631
Dey, P . K . , 9 0 0 , 9 0 1 , 902 F a l l a , A . , 1275 G o l d s w o r t h y , P . R . , 223
FAO, 6 4 , 3 7 2 , 438
Dey, P . M . , 1 1 4 9 , 1150 F a z l u l l a h Khan, A . K . , 817 Gomez R i v a s , E . , 1262
Dhamdhere, S . V . , 6 5 5 , 656 F e l i x , S . , 910 Gonzaga, E . , 915
Dhande, G.W., 1108 F e n n e l l , M . A . , 439 G o n z a l e s , R . R . , 3 3 7 , 338
D h a r , N . , 1144 G o n z a l e z , F r a g o s o , R . , 892
Dharampal S i n g h , 2 3 5 , 436 F e r r o r , R . , 112 Gonzalez, M.A., 1269, 1270,
F i n c h a m , A . C . , 334 1271
D h l l l o n , Manmohan S i n g h , 6 0 F l e t c h e r , T . B . , 624
D h l l l o n , R . S . , 1233 Foreman, A . , 6 5 G o o d i n g , H . J . , 7 1 , 4 2 9 , 440
D h i n g r a , P . K . , 270 F o s t e r , W . N . M . , 137 G o p a l a k r i s h n a , T . , 276
D i a t l o f f , A . , 825 G o p a l a n , C , 277
D i p a l i R o y , 2 9 4 , 325 F r a n c o D o A m a r a l , J . , 893 Gopal Swarup, 9 5 3 , 9 5 4 , 9 5 5 ,
F r e v r e , R . H . , 927 956
D i v a k a r , N . G . , 281 Freyman, S . , 6 6 G o p i n a t h , D . M . , 374
D i v a k a r a n , K . , 747 F u e n t e s , J . A . , 1275
D i x o n , M . , 1150 F u l l e r , J . , 371 G o p i n a t h , P . , 1221
D o i d g e , E . M . , 903 Goud, J . V . , 441
D o r a i r a j , M . S t e p h e n , 748 Govande, G . K . , 442
G o v i n d a n , R . , 632
Dorasami, L . S . , 61 Govinda R a j u , D . R . , 751
D o u g h t y , J . , 1 8 2 , 1225
D r a p e r , C . I . , 1234 G a b r i a l , G . N . , 279 Govindaswamy, C . V . , 9 1 6 ,
Dubey, L . N . , 6 9 Gadewar, A . V . , 9 1 1 1120
Dunham, L . J . , 348 Gaekwad, B . B . , 625 G r e e n , J . M . , 4 4 4 , 5 1 4 , 519
G a h l o t , K . N . S . , 67 Grewal, J . S . , 973, 974, 975,
Durga P r a s h a d , M . M . K . , 370 Galban, E . , 68 9 7 6 , 9 7 7 , 1133
D u t h i e , J . F . , 371
D u t t , B . K . , 1 1 5 1 , 1 1 5 2 , 1212 Ganga P r a s a d a Rao, N. see G r o s s , M . , 289
D u t t , R . , 1253 Rao, N . G . P . G r o v e r , S . K . , 1032
D w i v e d i , R . P . , 904 Gangrade, G . A . , 6 2 6 , 6 2 7 , G r u b b e n , G . J . H . , 1237
6 2 8 , 708 G r y l i s , N . E . , 926
D w i v e d i , R . S . , 9 0 5 , 906 G a n g u l i , D . K . , 3 7 3 , 7 4 9 , 750 G u n a s e e l a n , T . , 752

G a n g u l i , P . M . , 255 Gunasekaran, C . R . , 917

Gangwar, L . C . , 7 1 7 , 875 G u p t a , A . K . , 297
G a r c i a L o p e z , J . , 404 G u p t a , G . L . , 278
G a r c i a , S . , 289 G u p t a , K . C . , 192
G a u r , Y . D . , 274 G u p t a , L . N . , 753

161
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Gupta, M . D . , 1144 H o w a r d , A . , 445 J a c o b , M . K . , 478

Gupta, P . K . S . , 9 4 1 , 942 H o w a r d , G . L . C . , 445 J a d a v , A . S . , 553
Gupta, P . S . , 1243 Hubbell, D.S., 81 J a d h a v , P . S . , 236
Gupta, S . C . , 5 2 5 , 918 H u l s e , J . H . , 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 , 285 J a d h a v , T . K . , 827
Gupta, S . K . , 6 3 3 , 1206 H u s a i n , A . , 1082, 1083, J a f f e , W . G . , 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 289
1 0 8 4 , 1085
Gupta, S . L . , 819 J a g a n n a t h a n , T . , 1011
Gupta, T . N . , 72 H u s s a i n , T . , 241 Jaimangal Sahai see
Gupta, V . P . , 754 H u t c h i n s o n , J . B . , 377, 378, Sahai, J.M,
G u r u r a j a Rao, G . , 1155 446 J a i n , A . C . , 9 3 3 , 1121
H u t t o n , D . G . , 925 J a i n , H.K., 458, 459, 460,
H u t t o n , F . M . , 926 4 6 1 , 4 6 2 , 532

Huxley, P.A., 1159, 1210 J a i n , R . P . , 528

J a i n , S . K . , 7 5 6 , 1253
H a b i b , F . G . K . , 279 J a i n , T . C . , 236
H a b i s h , H . P . , 920 J a i r a j P u r i , M . S . , 999
H a l d a r , M . K . , 252 Jakhmola, S . S . , 615, 669,
Hammerton, J . L . , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 6 7 0 , 708
7 6 , 9 2 5 , 1 1 5 6 , 1 1 5 7 , 1158 ICRISAT, 4 4 7 , 448
I h f i s , T . , 927 J a m b h a l e , Narayan D h o n d i ,
H a n a g o d i m a t h , S . B . , 77 I I T A , 4 4 9 , 450 757
H a n d i q u e , L . K . , 443 I k e g w u o n u , F . I . , 2 5 0 , 286 Janarthanan, R., 640, 934,
H a n s e n , H . N . , 1095 I l j i n , W.S., 82 9 3 5 , 1102
H a n s f o r d , C . G . , 9 2 1 , 922 J a w a l e , M . D . , 663
Hanumantha Rao, H . K . , 752 Indian Agricultural
Research I n s t i t u t e , Jayabhima Rao, K . , 531
Hanuntantha Rao, K . , 280 New D e l h i , 8 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , J a y a l , M . M . , 1243
Haque, M . F . , 765 453, 454, 455, 456, 928, J a y a r a j , S . , 936
Harcharan Singh, 613, 614, 929 J a y a r a m , G . , 230
647 J a y a r a m a i a h , M . , 704
Hartman, C . P . , 281 Indian Central Cotton
C o m m i t t e e , 84 Jebamoni R a b i n d r a R . , 6 0 7 ,
H a s a n , A b u l , 923 Indian Council of A g r i - 6 5 3 , 688
H a s s a n , M . A . , 522 c u l t u r a l Research, J e h l e , R . A . , 937
H a w t i n , G . C . , 444 New D e l h i , 4 5 7 , 930 Jermyn, M.A., 290, 1164,
H a z a r i k a , S . H . , 634 1165
H e c t o r , J . M . , 375 I n d i a n Standards
I n s t i t u t i o n , 1242 Jeswani, L . M . , 435, 463,
H e i n r i c h , C . , 635 I n d r a R a n i , 1 1 6 0 , 1 1 7 5 , 1176 464, 465, 466, 745, 746,
H e i n r i c h , W . O . , 636 I n f o r z a t o , R., 85 758
H e m e r i k , G . A . , 949 I n g h a m , J . L . , 931 J e s w a n i , M . D . , 938
H e n d e r s o n , T . H . , 5 9 0 , 591 J o f f e , A . Z . , 939
H e n k e , L . A . , 1 2 3 8 , 1239 I p e , I . M . , 6 3 7 , 6 3 8 , 639
I r v i n e , F.R., 86 J o g l e k a r , R . G . , 759
H e r i w a , R . N . , 282 I s h a q , F . , 1062 J o h n s o n , J . , 940
H e r n a n d e z , I . , 1271 I s l a m , N . , 932 J o h n s o n , R . M . , 291
H e r n a n d e z , M . , 272 I s t v a n , P . , 1161 J o p l i n , C . E . , 641
H e r r e a r a , D . , 206 J o s h i , A . B . , 435
H e r r e r a , E . , 234 I s w a r a n , V . , 1162
I y e m p e r u m a l , S . , 995 Joshi, B.C., 512, 7 5 6 , 760
H e r r e r a , P . G . , 7 8 , 1240 I y e n g a r , A . K . , 1163 Joshi, G . , 642
Heynes, K . , 1241 I y e n g a r , M . R . S . , 1123 Joshi, K.R., 87
H i c h e z , E . , 985 I y e n g a r , N . Y . R . , 1221 Joshi, K . S . , 557
H i l a l , S . H . , 279 Joshi, R.K., 576, 577
H i r e n a t h , K . G . , 755 Iyengar, R.S., 1125
J o s h i , S . N . , 4 6 7 , 761
H i r e m a t h , P . C . , 856 J u l i a , F . J . , 2 , 3 , 153
H i r e m a t h , R . V . , 924
H i r u m i , H . , 9 8 6 , 988
Horta F e r r e i r a , A . , 79, 80
H o s a k a , E . Y . , 376

162
 Author Index

K a b i , J . , 1166 K o e h l a r , C . S . , 646 L a n d r a u , J . R . P . , 107

Kadara, B . S . , 468 K o l h e , A . K . , 764 L a n g e , D . J . d e . , 300
Kadwe, R . S . , 292 K o l i , B h a r a t i , 294 L a t e e f , S . S . , 6 2 1 , 650
K a i s e r , S . A . K . , 9 4 1 , 942 K o o n e r , B a n t s i n g h , 647 L a u r e n c e , G . A . , 651
K a j j a r i , N . B . , 4 3 2 , 762 K o r y t k o w s k i , C , 648 L a w a n i , S . M . , 484

Kalubarme, M.H., 1190 K o s h i , P.K., 952, 953, 954, Laxman S i n g h , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 ,

Kalyan Singh, 88, 89, 90, 9 5 5 , 956 198, 209, 297, 298, 3 9 1 ,
9 1 , 115 Krauss, F . G . , 100, 380, 475, 485, 529, 577, 578, 766,
Kalyanasundaram, R., 943, 476 7 9 8 , 7 9 9 , 8 0 0 , 8 0 1 , 805
1071 K r i s h n a m o o r t h y , K . K . , 163 L e a c h , R . , 9 6 0 , 961
Kamal, 944, 945, 946 L e a k e y , C . L . A . , 513
K r l s h n a m u r t h y , K . , 6 3 0 , 1244,
Kamal Choudhury see 1245 L e e , C.W., 348
C h o u d h u r y , Kamal K r i s h n a n , C . K . , 327 L e e l a D a v i d , A . , 652
Kamat, M . N . , 5 0 4 , 947 K r i s h n a n , R . H . , 4 7 7 , 840 L e e l a , R . , 263
Kamdev, L . D . , 1257 K r i s h n a s w a m i , S . , 1246 L e n k a , D . , 111
Kandaswamy, T . K . , 9 3 5 , 9 4 8 , L e o n a r d , W . H . , 118
1 0 4 9 , 1102 K r i s h n a s w a m y , N . , 559
K r o b e r , O . A . , 2 9 5 , 478 L e v i a Sanchez, A . , 1161
K a n i t k a r , A . G . , 116 K u l d i p S i n g h , 957 L i m , G . , 828
K a n t a Kusum, 1167 K u l k a r n i , L . G . , 101 L i o r e n s , A . A . , 1248
K a p a d i a , M . N . , 643 K u l k a r n i , N . B . , 1108 L o c s i n , A . M . , 299
K a p a d i a , T . J . , 348 L o m b a r d , J . H . , 300
K a p o o r , K . N . , 644 Kulkarni, P.M., 87
Kulkarni, P.R., 3 0 8 , 1163 Lopez Rosa, J . M . , 962
K a p u r , A . S . , 3 2 0 , 3 2 1 , 322 Kulkarni, R.M., 469 L o r d e l l o , L . , 915
K a p u r , R . , 7 2 6 , 763 Kulkarni, U.G., 479 L o u s t a l o t , A . J . , 112
K a r i h a l o o , J . L . , 1139 Kulkarni, Y.S., 958, 959, L o v a d i n i , L . A . C . , 113
K a r n a d , R . , 1217 1035 L o v e , H . T . , 1275
Kasasian, L . , 92, 93
Kumar, A . , 6 7 8 , 765 Luse, R.A., 301
K a s h k a r y , V . K . , 478 Kumar, K . , 1063
K a t h j u , S . , 1168 Kumar, L . S . S . , 480, 560,
K a t i y a r , R . P . , 430 561, 5 6 2 , 563
K a t i y a r , S . S . L . , 679 Kumar, P . , 102
K a t y a l , S . L . , 94
Kumar, V . , 7 1 7 , 875 M c D o n a l d , J . , 963
K a u l , A . K . , 2 9 3 , 533 K u n d u , C , 1144 McRae, W . , 9 6 4 , 9 6 5 , 9 6 6 ,
K a u l , C . L . , 3 7 9 , 4 6 9 , 1169 Kuppuswamy, S . , 2 9 6 , 6 4 9 , 967, 968, 969, 970, 9 7 1 ,
K a u l , J . N . , 54, 95, 96 1221 972
K e l k a r , S . G . , 470 K u r i a n , S . , 358 M a d a i a h , M . , 1182
K e n n a r d , H . C . , 927
K u r i e n , P . P . , 1247 Madhava Rao, K . V . , 1 1 7 1 ,
Kernkamp, M . F . , 949 K u r i e n , S . , 264 1 1 7 2 , 1 1 7 3 , 1174
K h a l i l , 0 . , 1062 K u r t a k o t i , F . B . , 432 Madhusudhan Rao, 1196
Khamankar, Y . G . , 558 K u r u p , P . A . , 323 Maesen, L . J . G . v a n d e r , 486
K h a n , A . R . , 9 7 , 3 9 3 , 445 K y n e u r , G.W., 103 M a g i s t a d , O . C . , 114
K h a n , M . A . , 2 4 1 , 1170
Mahadevan, V . , 1243
K h a n , M . Q . , 645 Mahadevappa, M . , 728
Khan, T . N . , 9 8 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , M a h a d i k , C . N . , 209
1195 Mahammed A l i k h a n , W. see
Khan, W.M.A., 473, 494, 769, L a c k e y , J . A . , 381 K h a n , W.M.A.
8 0 3 , 9 5 0 , 995 L a k e r , J . S . , 104
Lakshmana, R . J . , 360 M a h a t i m S i n g h , 115
Khanna, R . N . , 951 Lakshmi, R.V., 441 Mahendrapal, 973, 974, 975,
K h a r e , R . N . , 1244 L a l , M . S . , 481 9 7 6 , 977
K h a t r i , P . D . , 1177 M a h e r , C . , 1249
K i l l i n g e r , G . B . , 9 9 , 474 L a l , R . , 1 0 5 , 173 M a h e s h w a r i , D . K . , 1036
K i m u r a , M . , 9 8 6 , 9 8 7 , 988 L a l , R . K . , 478
L a l , S . , 1 0 6 , 4 8 2 , 483

163
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Maheshwari, S . K . , 108, 109, Menezes, O . B . d e 1 2 2 , 4 9 1 , Mukhopadhyay, I . , 389

19S 768 M u l e y , D . P . , 771
Mahmood, M . , 9 7 8 , 9 7 9 , 1124 M i l e s , J . F . , 1 2 3 , 492 M u l i m a n i , V . H . , 1182
M a h r a s , G . H . , 279 M i l l e r , C . D . , 3 0 2 , 3 0 3 , 304 M u l k , M . M . , 999
M a i t r a , A . , 9 8 0 , 981 M i l l s , P . F . L . , 124 M u l l e r , A . S . , 1 0 0 0 , 1001

M a j o r , N . G . , 282 M i n c h i n , F . R . , 1210 M u l l e r , H . M . , 189

M a l a k a r , M.C., 251 M i r a n d a , H . , 271 Mundkur, B . B . , 1002, 1003,
M a l h o t r a , O . P . , 1 1 7 5 , 1176 M i s h r a , A . , 340 1004
M a l h o t r a , R . S . , 528, 767, M i s h r a , A . N . , 1080 Munoz, A . M . , 773
809 M l a h r a , D . , 1 1 7 8 , 1179 M u n s e l l , H a z e l , E . , 310

M a l i , V . R . , 982 Mishra, D.P., 990 Munwar B a s h a , K . , 510

M a l i k , R . C , 166 Mishra, G.S., 1032 Murthi, A.N., 793
M a l i k , R . P . , 983 Mishra, K.C, 1 2 5 , 140 Murugesan, M., 818
M a l i w a l , G . L . , 1188 Mishra, M.C, 356 Mutalik Desai, K . S . , 659
M a l l , T . P . , 842, 944, 945, Mishra, R.R., 991 Muthaiah, C, 595
9 8 4 , 1 0 8 8 , 1089
M i s h r a , S . D . , 592 M u t h u k r i s h n a n , T . S . , 917
M a m a r i l , J . C . , 337 M i s h r a , S . L . , 908
M a n d a l , B . K . , 1213 M i t a l , S . P . , 808
Mane, S . S . , 487 M i t c h e l l , H.W., 6 3
M a n g a l s a i n , 693 M i t r a , C . R . , 305
Manlckam, A . , 1208
Mitra, M., 992, 993, 994, N a d a r a j a n , N . , 496
M a n j h i , S . , 116 1031 N a g a r a j a Rao, U . N . , 281
M a n j i t S i n g h D h o o r i a , 633 Mitra, P . , 1180 N a i k , M . S . , 533
M a n j u n a t h , A . , 829 Mitra, R . , 1144 N a i r , G . G . K . , 131
Mankad, B . N . , 1250 Mitra, R . K . , 276 N a i r , K . S . , 836
Manke, S . B . , 7 3 1 , 737
M i t r a , R . N . , 593 N a i r , P . K . K . K . , 383
Mann, H a r o l d H . , 488 M i t r a , S . N . , 3 0 6 , 307 N a i t h a n i , S . P . , 564
Maramorosch, K., 877, 985, M o d i , J . D . , 308 Nambiar, K . K . N . , 1 0 0 5 , 1 0 0 6 ,
986, 987, 988, 1114 Mohamed A l l , A . , 126 1 0 0 7 , 1 0 0 8 , 1009
M a r c u s , A . , 117 Mohamed A l i K h a n , W. see N a n d i , L . A . , 830
Martin John, H . , 118 K h a n , W.M.A.
N a n d i , P . , 888
M a s c a r e n h a s , H . A . A . , 113 Mohamed H a n i f a , A . , 6 5 2 , 653 N a n j a p p a , 497
M a s l e k a r , S . R . , 783 Mohamed S h e r i f f , N. see N a n j u n d i a h , S . D . , 1113
Mathur, B . P . , 97 S h e r i f f , N.M. Nanne, E . , 132
M a t h u r , R . S . , 989 M o h a n t y , S . K . , 1 1 7 8 , 1179 Naphade, M . S . , 1257
Mathur, V . K . , 1251 M o h a n t y , U . N . , 9 9 6 , 997
Narasimha M u r t h y , B . L . , 370
M a t h u r , Y . K . , 609 M o h a t k a r , L . C , 505 N a r a y a n a , N . , 316
M a u r y a , R . A . , 44 M o l l i s o n , J . , 594 Narayanaswamy, D . , 2 6 4 , 358
Mayee, C D . , 914 M o n i z , L . , 827 Narayanaswamy, P . , 1 0 1 0 ,
Mbowe, F . F . A . , 489 M o r b a d , I . R . , 7 7 0 , 813 1 0 1 1 , 1012, 1013, 1014,
M e e n a k s h i , K . , 1216 M o r c o s , S . R . , 279 1 0 1 5 , 1 0 1 6 , 1017

Mehra, A . K . , 1146 M o r e l , R . , 127 Naray anaswamy, P . S . , 667

Mehra, R . C . S . , 990 M o r t o n , J . F . , 1 2 8 , 348 Narayanaswamy, S . , 3 9 0 , 1200
Mehra, S . L . , 239 Mosqueda, S . A . , 289 N a r k h e d e , B . N . , 774
Mehta, B . V . , 1 3 1 , 1177 M t e n g a , L . A . , 309 N a t a r a j a n , M . , 133
Mehta, D . N . , 490 Mukand S i n g h , 46 N a t h , H . , 1251

M e h t a , P . R . , 1031 Mukewar, A . A . M . , 771 N a t h , R . L . , 1183, 1184,

M e h t a , T . R . , 1 1 9 , 120 Mukherjee, D., 129, 130, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1252,
M e l l o , F . A . F . , de 121 1 9 1 , 4 9 5 , 7 7 2 , 9 9 8 , 1181 1253
M e n a c h e r y , M a g g i e , 342 M u k h e r j e e , K . L . , 1 2 5 , 140 N a t t r a s s , R . M . , 1018
Menden, E . , 357 M u k h e r j e e , S . , 913 N a v a n e e t h a n , G . , 6 4 0 , 935

164
 Author Index

N a y a k , S . , 1213 P a l a c i o s , G . , 834 P a t l l , M . K . , 504

Neelam S i n g h , 297 P a l a n i s a m y , N . , 163 P a t i l , P . S . , 7 3 3 , 734
Nema, K . G . , 1 0 1 9 , 1 1 2 1 Palaniswamy, G.A., 215, 333, P a t i l , R . B . , 4 9 7 , 786
Nema, N . A . , 134 5 3 9 , 7 9 2 , 819 P a t r o , G . K . , 149
Nema, S . P . , 311, 312, 313, P a l i w a l , K . V . , 1188 P a t t a b h i r a m a n , T . N . , 1209
314
P a l o , A . N . , 139 P a t t a n a i k , S . , 175
Nene, Y . L . , 9 8 7 , 1 0 2 0 , 1 0 2 1 , P a n c h a b h a v i , K . S . , 659 P a u l , S . , 150
1 0 2 2 , 1 0 2 3 , 1053 P a n d e , V . N . , 565 P a u l , W . R . C . , 1 5 1 , 152
N e t k e , S . P . , 2 9 4 , 325 P a n d e y , H . N . , 1 2 5 , 140 P a v g i , M . S . , 1 0 3 8 , 1039
N e w t o n , W . , 1024 P a n d e y , K . K . , 9 9 1 , 1032 Pawar, A . D . , 662
N i c h o l s , R . , 1 3 5 , 136
Pandey, R . B . , 141 P a w a r , V . M . , 6 2 5 , 663
N i g a m , P . K . , 713 Pandey, R . K . , 1 1 8 9 , 1190 P e a r l , R . T . , 1040
N i g a m , S . S . , 278 Pandey, R . L . , 766 P e i r i s , J . W . L . , 1024
N i g a m , V . N . , 315 Pandey, S . N . , 1191 P e h a - G a r c i a , E . , 1161
N i l s s o n , L e l s s n e r , G . , 226 Pandit, P . V . , 660 P e r e z , A . , 171
N i y o g i , S . P . , 316
P a n d y a , P . S . , 4 7 0 , 775 Phirke, T.S., 5 6 9 , 741
N o l b e r g a , B . , 289 P a n d y a , S . C . , 806 P i e r r e , R . E . , 7 6 , 500
N o r r i s , D . O . , 8 3 1 , 832 P a n l k k a r , M.R., 142, 143, P i e t r i , R . , 4 1 , 153
N o r r i s , R . V . , 344 1255 P i n g a l e , S . V . , 1244
N o r t o n , G . , 317 P a n k a j a Reddy, R . , 1 4 4 , 4 9 9 , P i n h e i r o , E . D . , 893
N y e , P . H . , 137 5 6 6 , 776
P o k l e , Y . S . , 5 0 5 , 7 8 7 , 1192
P a n n u , J . S . , 145 Popenoe, W . , 154
P a n s e , V . G . , 1 4 6 , 446 P r a b h a k a r B h a t t , B . , 1251
Pant, N.C., 699, 700, 7 0 1 , P r a d h a n , K . , 339
7 0 2 , 703 Pradhan, T . K . , 1184, 1185,
Oakes, A . J . , 1254 P a n t , R . , 3 2 0 , 3 2 1 , 322 1 1 8 6 , 1 1 8 7 , 1193
Ochse, J . J . , 384
Odak, S . C . , 6 5 5 , 656 P a n t o n , C . A . , 500 Prahlad S i n g h , 339
Oke, O . L . , 1 3 8 , 3 1 8 , 833 P a r a s h a r , R . R . , 391 Prasad, M . , 8 9 1 , 1 0 4 1 , 1042,
O l i v a r e s , H . , 289 P a r k , M . , 1 0 3 3 , 1034 1043
Parmanlk, L . M . , 661 Prasad, M . V . R . , 155
O l l v i e r i , J o s e , A . , 1248 P a r m a r , A . S . , 1233 Prasad, N . , 938
Onim, M . F . , 7 9 5 , 1025
( a l s o Onim, J . F . M . ) P a r p i a , H . A . B . , 262, 263, Prasad, R., 89, 90, 91
O r i a n , A . T . E . , 657 2 6 4 , 1247 P r a s a d , S . N . , 5 0 6 , 1044
O r i e u x , L . , 910 P a r s o n s , D . J . , 147 P r a s a d , V . V . S . S . , 1190
P a r u i , N . R . , 998 P r a s a n n a l a k s h m i , S . , 236
O r i l l o , F . I . , 1026 P a t e l , B . M . , 1 2 5 6 , 1257 Pretna, L . , 323
O r r a c a - T e t t e h , R . , 182
Overman, A . J . , 1027 P a t e l , H.K., 616 P r e m s e k h a r , S . , 156
Oza, G . M . , 385 P a t e l , M.K., 947, 958, 959, P r e s t o n , N.W., 1 0 4 5 , 1194
1 0 3 5 , 1108 P r i t c h a r d , A . J . , 546
P a t e l , R.B., 162 P u g h , B . M . , 157
P a t e l , S.M., 468 P u l l e , M.W., 1258

P a t h a k , D . K . V . , 777 P u r a n i k , S . B . , 924
P a c h p o l , L . S . , 7 3 2 , 738 P a t h a k , G . , 1144 Purkayastha, R . P . , 1046,
Padmanabhan, D . , 1167 Pathak, G.N., 148, 5 0 1 , 502, 1047
Padmanabhan, G . , 1208 5 6 7 , 5 6 8 , 778 P u r o h i t , M . L . , 694
P a d w l c k , G.W., 1 0 2 8 , 1 0 2 9 , P a t h a k , N . N . , 1146 P u r s e g l o v e , J . W . , 386
1 0 3 0 , 1031 Pushpamma, P . , 324
P a t h a k , P . D . , 1036
Pal, A . , 1 2 0 2 , 1203 P a t l l , B . G . , 1037 P u t t a r a j a p p a , P . K . , 158
Pal, B . P . , 498 P a t i l , J . A . , 503, 7 2 1 , 775, P u t t a r u d r a i a h , M . , 664
Pal, P . , 1144 779, 780, 7 8 1 , 782, 783, P y n a e r t , L . , 159
Pal, R . K . , 319 7 8 4 , 785
Pal, S . K . , 658

165
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Q u a d r o s , A . S . d e . , 160 R a m a l i n g a m , C., 387 Reghupathy, A . , 671

Q u a n t i n , P . , 127 Ramanathan, G . , 163 R e k h i , S . S . , 742, 743, 744,
Q u i l t , P., 56 Raman, Kapur see K a p u r , R. 794
Ramanujam, S . , 1 6 4 , 5 1 1 , 760 R e n a r d , M . , 169
R a m a s a s t r i , B . V . , 328 R i a z , F . , 240

R a m a s i v a n , T . , 1245 R i c h a r d o , B . , 256
Ramaewamy, K . R . , 473 R i c h h a r i a , R . H . , 170
Rabindra, R.J. see Ramaswamy, P . P . , 836 R i o l l a n o , A . , 1 7 1 , 1197
Jebamoni R a b i n d r a , R. Rameshwar P r a s a d , 609 R i o s , J . M . , 1248
Rachie, K.O., 1 6 1 , 284, 285, R a m i a h , P . V . , 329 R i p p e r t o n , J . C . , 376
444, 472, 484, 507, 508, Ramos, C , 171
5 0 9 , 6 4 6 , 1195 Ramos, V . D . , 233 R i v a s , N . , 1262
Ranade, K . , 909 R o b b i n s , R . C . , 304
R a f i q u l I s l a m , 824 Rane, A . E . , 668 R o b e r t o , J . , 256
Raghavan, 0 . , 1048 R a n g a n a t h a n , S . , 3 3 0 , 331 Roche, P . , 172
Raghunathaswami Rangasamy, P . , 3 8 7 , 5 4 0 , 817 Rockwood, W . D . , 509
A y y a n g a r , P . A . , 360
Raghupathy, A . , 792, 819, Rangaswami, G . , 823 Rockwood, W . G . , 173
840 a l s o R e g h u p a t h y , A . Rangaswamy, G . , 1125 R o d r i g u e s , A . J . , 1272
Rangaswamy, H . R . , 632 R o d r i g u e s P e i x o t o , A . , 1263
Rahman, A . R . , 1 2 5 9 , 1260 R a n g e l , E . , 1051 R o d r i g u e z , G . O . , 596
Rahman, M . M . , 259 Rao, H . K . S . , 561 R o h e w a l , S . S . , 512
R a i , K a l p a n a , 325
R a i n a , A . K . , 665 Rao, K . C . , 340 R o l a n d o , M . N . , 256
R a j , D . , 510 Rao, K . S . , 165 R o w l a n d s , R . , 268
Rao, M . P . , 595 R o y , B . R . , 306
Rajagopalan, C.K., 195, 654, Rao, M . V . L . , 346 Roy, S . C . , 307
7 8 8 , 1261 R a o , M . V . R . see Roy, T . C . , 1060
Rajagopalan, C.L.K., 666 Rama Rao, M.V.
Rajalakshmi, 263 Roy, T . G . , 1122
Rajamani, A . , 510 Rao, N . G . P . , 1 4 4 , 4 9 9 , 5 6 6 , Roy, A s h o k , 5 7 2 , 573
776 R o y e s , W . V . , 3 3 4 , 388
R a j a m m a l , P . D . , 326 Rao, P . S . , 332 Rubaihayo, P.R., 513, 795,
R a j a n , P . , 265 R a o , S . V . , 358 1025
R a j a n i , H . J . , 162 Rao, V . G . , 1052
Rajasekaran, V.P.A., 213 Rudra, M.N., 335
R a j e n d r a n , G . , 917 R a s h l d , A . , 923
R a t h i , S . S . , 166
Rajendra Prasad see R a t h i , Y . P . S . , 1053
P r a s a d , R. Rathnaswamy, R . , 2 1 4 , 2 1 5 ,
R a j e s w a r a Rao, G . , 1 1 5 5 , 333, 539, 5 4 1 , 6 7 1 , 792,
1 1 7 2 , 1 1 7 3 , 1174 8 1 8 , 8 1 9 , 840 S a b e t , K . A . , 1 0 6 1 , 1062
R a j e s w a r i , R . , 326 S a b l e , J . E . , 1037
R a u t , N . K . , 911 S a b n i s , T . S . , 174
R a j u , D . R . G . , 789 R a v e n z a , M . V . B . , 167 Saha, N . , 552
R a j u , M . S . , 835 R a v i s h a n k a r , 1054 S a h a i , J . M . , 4 3 6 , 501
Ram, R . A . , 7 9 0 , 791 Rawat, R . R . , 6 6 9 , 670
Ram L a k h a n , 8 1 1 , 812 R a y , G . K . , 253 S a h a r i a , D . , 672
Rao P r a k a s h , 522 S a h a s r a b u d h e , V . B . , 184
Raychaudhury, S . P . , 887, S a h i b , M . K . , 237
Ram V i s h a l , 67 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, S a h u , D . , 175
Rama Rao, M . V . , 3 2 7 , 3 4 9 , 1059 S a i k i a , D . R . , 1246
3 5 0 , 351 Raymond, W . D . , 291
Rama S u b b a i a h , K . , 645 Reddy, B . V . S . , 793 Sakharam Rao, 1214
Ramabhadran, G . , 747 Saksena, H.K., 904, 1063,
Reddy, L . J . , 554, 555, 5 7 0 , 1064
Ramakrishnan, T . S . , 1050 5 7 1 , 793 Salanki, M . S . , 813
Ramakrishnan, C , 667 Reddy, M . V . , 1 0 2 2 , 1023 Salette, J . E . , 176
Ramakrishnan, K . , 9 4 8 , 1006, Reddy, P . R . , 1196
1007, 1008, 1009, 1012, Reem, H . W . , 168 S a l u n k h e , A . R . , 796
1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, S a m a j p a t i , N . , 1065
1 0 1 7 , 1049

166
 Author Index

Sambamurthy, R . , 2 6 8 , 326 S e l v a r a j , K.V., 36 S h i v a s h a n k a r , G . , 2 3 0 , 518

Sammy, G . M . , 1264 S e n , A . , 383 S h r i v a s t a v a , M.P., 110, 297,
S a m u e l s , G . , 107 S e n , A . N . , 1 9 0 , 274 520, 575, 576, 577, 578,
S a m u e l , G . S a t h l a b a l a n see S e n , N . K . , 389 805
S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G . S e n , S . , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 , 4 9 5 , 797 S h r i v a s t a v a , P . S . , 806

Sanchez-Nieva, F., 177, 178, S e n , S . K . , 5 1 7 , 1146 S h u k l a , D . S . , 1077

179, 180, 1265, 1266, Sen G u p t a , J . C . , 1198 S h u k l a , P . C . , 1256
1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, Sen G u p t a , K . , 1 9 1 , 797 S h u k l a , S . P . , 394
1 2 7 1 , 1272 Sengupta, P.K., 717, 1072, S h u k l a , V . N . , 1096
S a n d b h o r , N . V . , 784 1124 S i d d i q u i , M . K . H . , 697

Sandhu, H . S . , 1 8 1 S e s h a d r i , A . R . , 9 3 6 , 1017 S i d e r i s , C . P . , 1 0 7 8 , 1079

Sane, P . V . , 1154 S e t h , M . L . , 6 7 7 , 1073 S i d h e s w a r P r a s a d , 522
Sangappa, H . K . , 673 S e t h i , C . L . , 839 S i d h u , A . S . , 633
Sangwan, P . S . , 543 S e t h i , S . C . , 754 S i k d a r , A . K . , 5 7 9 , 580
Sanjeevarayappa, K.V., 265 S e t h u n a t h a n , N . , 8 3 8 , 1199 S i k k a , K . C . , 341

S a n k a r a n , S . , 336 S e v i l l a - E u s e b i o , J . , 337,338 S i l , S . N . , 523

S a n t h a n a r a m a n , T . , 619 Sewa Ram, 193 S i l v a , D . M . , 893
S a n t o n , W . R . , 182 S h a h , A . A . , 196 S i l v a , S . , 245
S a r a f , C . S . , 4 , 183 S h a h , F . H . , 238 S i l v e s t r e , P . , 597
S a r a n z , H . , 289 Shama Rao, H . K . , 3 9 0 , 1200 S i m h a d r i , P . , 841

S a r b h o y , A . R . , 977 S h a m b u l i n g a p p a , K . G . , 518 Singh, A . , 4, 183, 1202,

S a r d a r S i n g h , 184 S h a r a t C h a n d r a , H . C . , 751 1 2 0 3 , 1233
S a r i n , M . N . , 1142 S h a r d a , D . P . , 339 Singh, A . B . , 807
S a r o j i n i , T . S . , 1066, 1067, S h a r i f f , M . H . , 1074 Singh, B.B., 5 2 4 , 525
1 0 6 8 , 1 0 6 9 , 1070 Sharma, C . N . , 574 Singh, B.D., 5 2 5 , 588

S a s t r y , M . L . N . , 1125 Sharma, D . , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 9 8 , S i n g h , B . R . , 529

S a s t r y , S . D . , 278 298, 3 9 1 , 485, 514, 519, S i n g h , D . , 1 6 6 , 1 9 6 , 807
S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G . , 6 4 0 , 520, 578, 798, 799, 800, S i n g h , D . N . , 808
9 3 5 , 1102 801 S i n g h , D . V . , 1080
S a t h y a n a r a y a n a , G . , 1071 Sharma, D . P . , 1201 Singh, G.P., 1 0 8 1 , 1082,
1 0 8 3 , 1 0 8 4 , 1 0 8 5 , 1123
S a t i j a , D . R . , 727 Sharma, H . K . , 3 9 1 , 7 9 8 , 7 9 9 ,
S a t p a t h y , R . K . , 111 8 0 0 , 801 Singh, H . , 393
S a t y a n a r a y a n a , P . , 329 Sharma, M . C . , 1075 Singh, H . D . , 341
S a u m i t r a , B . S . , 115 Sharma, N . K . , 839 Singh, H . P . , 526
S a v a l i a , B . M . , 674 Sharma, N . L . , 194 Singh, I . B . , 7 9 0 , 791
Singh, J a g d a y a l , 1274
Savant, N . K . , 53 Sharma, P . , 791
S a v i l l e , A . H . , 185 Sharma, R . P . , 431 Singh, K . , 6 3 0 , 1245
Sawhney, J . S . , 145 Sharma, S . K . , 12 Singh, K . B . , 527, 528, 647,
Saxena, H . P . , 6 7 5 , 676 Sharma, S . P . , 293 809
S a x e n a , J . K . , 7 1 7 , 812 Sharma, Y . K . , 2 9 8 , 340 Singh, K . P . , 5 0 2 , 7 7 8 , 909
Singh, L. see Laxman S i n g h
S a x e n a , K . B . , 514 Shaw, F . J . F . , 3 9 2 , 3 9 3 , 8 0 2 ,
Saxena, M.C., 186, 187, 232, 9 7 1 , 972 Singh, M . , 44
5 1 5 , 5 2 6 , 8 3 7 , 1 1 8 9 , 1190 S h e i k h , Y . L . , 785 Singh, M . K . , 810
Saxena, S . S . , 516 S h e r i f f , N.M., 195, 213, Singh, M . P . , 197
Schaffhausen, R.V., 188, 493, 494, 538, 540, 654, Singh, N . D . , 1 0 8 6 , 1087
1273 7 6 9 , 8 0 3 , 8 1 7 , 8 4 0 , 995 Singh, N . P . , 515

Sekhon, H . S . , 9 5 , 96 S h i n d e , V . K . , 7 3 9 , 804 Singh, P . , 7 9 0 , 7 9 1 , 1124

S e k i g u c h i , N . , 303 S h i r s a t , A . M . , 982 Singh, R . , 8 4 2 , 1 0 8 8 , 1089
S e l l s c h o p , J . , 189 S h i t , S . K . , 1076 Singh, R . A . , 1038
Selvakumari, G., 213, 214, S h i v a p u r i , T . N . , 521 Singh, R . B . , 5 8 8 , 820
840 S h i v a r a j , B . , 497 Singh, R . C . , 207

167
Pigeonpea Bibliography

Singh, R . K . , 1 1 5 , 950 Srinivasan, K . , 814 Susheelamma, N . S . , 346

Singh, R . M . , 5 8 8 , 820 Srinivasan, K . S . , 265 Swaminathan, M . , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 ,
Singh, R . P . , 1 5 0 , 1 5 5 , 805 Srinivasan, M . , 296 2 6 4 , 2 6 5 , 3 3 1 , 3 4 7 , 358
Singh, R . S . , 951 Srinivasan, P . R . , 359 S w a m i n a t h a n , M . S . , 5 3 2 , 533
Singh, S . , 341 Srinivasan, V . , 3 3 6 , 531 Swamy, G . , 589

Singh, S . B . , 199 Srinivasan, V . K . , 560

Singh, S h i v B a h a d u r , 1090 Srivastava, A . S . , 679, 680,
Singh, S . K . , 1143 681
Singh, S . P . , 379, 469, 512, Srivastava, B.K., 682
530, 5 8 1 , 8 0 7 , 1169 Srivastava, D.P., 373, 749, T a i t t , E . G . , 1211
750 T a k a h a s h i , M . , 544
Singh, T . C . N . , 1091 T a l e y , Y . M . , 668
Singh, U . B . , 1092 Srivastava, G.P., 356 T a l w a r , S . N . , 755
Singh, U . P . , 1039 Srivastava, J.L., 6 8 0 , 681 Tandon, R . N . , 906
Singh, V e d p a l , 582 Srivastava, K.M., 679
Singh, V . B . , 1190 Srivastava, O.S., 6 8 3 , 684 T a n d o n , V . B . , 248
Srivastava, R.P., 9 4 4 , 945 T a r a , M.R., 327, 348, 349,
Singh, Z . , 6 7 0 , 692 3 5 0 , 351
Sinha, A . K . , 9 8 1 , 1093 S t e d e , W . , 182 T a r h a l k a r , P . P . , 144
Sittha, K . S . , 197 S t o c k d a l e , F . , 685 T a t h o d e , M . N . , 1107
Sinha, M . L . , 909 S t r e i l , M . , 1201
Sinha, M . M . , 678 S u , U T h e t , 1100 Tawde, S . , 3 5 2 , 353, 354,
Suard, C , 59 355
S i n h a , S . , 918 Taylor, T . , 623, 689
Sinha, S . C . , 356, 483, 8 1 1 , Subba Rao, L . V . , 1196 Teerandaj, G.H., 815
812 Subba Rao, N . S . , 843 T e i x e i r a , C.G., 893
S i n h a , S . S . N . , 5 8 3 , 584 Subbaiah, T . V . , 1125
S i v a r a m a n , E . , 342 Subramaniam, A . , 156 Ter H o r s t , K . , 534
Subramaniam, N . , 280 T h a c k e r , R . C . , 1250
Sivaswamy, N . , 4 7 3 , 585 T h a k a r , C . V . , 556
S m a l l , W . , 1094 Subramaniam, V . , 344 T h a k a r e , K . K . , 292
S m a r t t , J . , 200 Subramanian, C . V . , 1101 T h a k u r , D . , 690
S n e h l a t a , N . , 267 Subramanian, K . S . , 640, 935,
S n y d e r , W . C . , 1095 1102 Thakurta, A . G . , 1 1 5 1 , 1152,
Subramanian, S . , 1103, 1104, 1212
S o d h i , J . S . , 767 1 1 0 5 , 1106 Thevasagayam, E . S . , 691
Sohan S i n g h , 201 T h i m m a i a h , G . , 659
S o i t o u t , M . , 597 Subramanian, T . R . , 607, 649, T h i r u m a l a c h a r , M . J . , 1108
S o l a n k i , M . S . , 770 6 8 6 , 687
S o l o c o t z i , E . H . , 202 S u b r a m a n i a n , V . , 2 9 6 , 1208 T h o b b i , V . V . , 604
Subramanya, R . , 2 6 2 , 263 Thomas, S . M . , 52
S o l o m o n , S . , 2 0 3 , 813 Subramanyam, K . , 395 Thombre, M . V . , 5 6 1 , 5 6 2 ,
S o m a n i , R . B . , 1096 5 6 3 , 5 8 6 , 7 1 9 , 720
Sonavne, K . M . , 1 2 0 4 , 1205 Sugawe, G . T . R . , 205 Thomps t o n e , E . , 208
S o o d , N . K . , 694 Sugiyama, T . , 309
S o o t h a , G . D . , 1206 S u l l a d m a t h , V . V . , 856 T h o r a t , T . Y . , 816
S u m a t h i , S . , 1209 T i d k e , P . M . , 587
S o u s a , J . A . , 204 Summerfield, R . J . , 1159,1210 T i l a k , K . V . B . R . , 8 3 7 , 841
Spence, J . A . , 227, 1097, T i w a r i , A . S . , 2 0 9 , 3 4 0 , 529
1 2 0 7 , 1211 Sundaram, N . V . , 1050 T i w a r i , M . N . , 1168
S q u i b b , R . L . , 1275 Sundaram, S . , 4 3
S r e e d h a r a n , C , 1213 S u n d a r a r a j a n , A . R . , 3 3 1 , 345 Tomer, R . P . S . , 1245
Sundram, P . S . , 344 T o r r e s , M . , 648
S r e e k a n t a r a d h y a , R . , 518 Sur, S.C., 1 9 1 , 192, 517, T o s h , G . C . , 149
S r e e n i v a s a y a , M . , 1098 797 T r i p a t h i , B . K . , 430
Sreenivasan, A . , 3 1 1 , 312, T r i p a t h i , R . D . , 356
3 1 3 , 314 S u r e j , J . J . , 206
S r i k a n t h a m u r t h y , G . , 1099 S u r i n d e r S i n g h , 207 T r i p a t h i , S . C . , 8 2 6 , 909
S u r u l i v e l u , T . , 6 5 3 , 688 T r i v e d l , K . A . , 210
S r i k a n t i s , S . G . , 343 S u r y a n a r a y a n a n , S . , 850 T r u m b l e , H . C . , 226
S r i n i v a a a R a o , P . , 328 S u s h e e l a , A . , 266 T u c k e r , C M . , 1 1 0 9 , 1110

168
 Author Index

T u r n e r , F . , 535 V e n u g o p a l , S . , 687 W r i g h t , W . A . , 961

T y a g i , P . C . , 1170 Verma, A j a y k u m a r , 946 W u r s t e r , R . T . , 161
Verma, B . K . , 697 W y l i e , A . P . , 551
Verma, G . , 216
Verma, S h a s h i , 6 9 8 , 6 9 9 , 700,
7 0 1 , 7 0 2 , 703

Udit Narain Singh, R.R., V e r t e u i l , L . L . , 2 1 7 , 218

1064 V i d h y a s e k a r a n , P . , 542 Y a d a h a l l i , Y . H . , 2 2 9 , 230
U k i r d e , R . H . , 211 V i e g a s , A . P . , 893 Y a d a v , D . , 707
U m a d e v i , 1166 V i j a y a l a k s h m i , D . , 358 Yadav, D . S . , 186, 187, 2 3 1 ,
Umar, S . N . , 255 V i j a y a r a g h a v a n , P . K . , 359 2 3 2 , 5 1 5 , 837
Y a d a v , H . S . , 708
U p p a l , B . N . , 2 1 2 , 1111 Vincent, C, 59
U r s , T . S . , 2 6 2 , 263 V i s h a k a n t a i a h , M . , 704 Yadav, L . N . , 2 0 9 , 821
Vishwakarma, S . J . , 67 Yadav, R . P . , 678
Visweswara Gowda, B . L . , 704 Yadav, R . S . , 568
V i s w a n a t h , B . , 3 6 0 , 1218 Yadav, V . N . , 807
Yaseen, M., 709
V i s w a n a t h , B . N . , 632
Vaheeduddin, S . , 536, 1112, V i t a l , A . F . , 873 Yeow, Y . M . , 2 9 0 , 1165
1113 V i t t a l , T . M . , 133 Y o g e s w a r i , L . , 1 0 7 0 , 1136
V a i s h a m p a y a n , S . M . , 692 V o e l c k e r , John A u g u s t u s , 219
V a k i l , U.K., 3 1 1 , 312, 313,
314

V a k i l i , N . G . , 9 8 6 , 9 8 8 , 1114
V a l d e z , R . B . , 1026 Z a i n , B . K . , 240
V a l d i v i a , M . A . , 1220 W a j i d k h a u , M . , 923 Z a i n - U l - A b e d i n , M . , 240
Vamadevan, V . K . , 1213 Wakankar, S . M . , 5 4 3 , 821 Z a l a v a d i a , R . V . , 710
V a n g a l a , R . R . , 357 W a l k e r , R.W., 103 Z i l e S i n g h see. S i n g h , Z .
W a l l a c e , G . B . , 1 1 2 7 , 1128
V a n - S c h a i k , P . H . , 466 W a l l i s , E . S . , 1 0 , 2 2 0 , 221
Van V e l s o n , R . J . , 1115
V a r a d a r a j a n , T . , 1214 W a l t o n , R . R . , 705
Varma, B . K . , 693 W a n g i k a r , P . D . , 1096
Vasudeva Menon, P . P . , 6 0 7 , W a t e r s t o n , J . M . , 1129
6 5 3 , 688 W a t k i n s , J . M . , 222
W a t s o n , K . A . , 223
Vasudeva, R . S . , 1 1 1 6 , 1 1 1 7 ,
1118, 1119, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , W a t t , S i r G e o r g e , 2 2 4 , 225
1 1 2 2 , 1 1 2 3 , 1 1 2 4 , 1125 W e i s s , F . , 1130
Veda, 0 . , 537 W e n h o l z , H . , 397
Veda, O . P . , 694 W e s t p h a l , E . , 398
Whiteman, P . C . , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 ,
Veeraswamy, R., 213, 214, 2 2 1 , 3 6 1 , 546
215, 333, 387, 493, 538,
539, 540, 5 4 1 , 695, 769, W h y t e , R . O . , 2 2 6 , 399
792, 803, 817, 818, 819, W i e h e , P . O . , 1131
1215 W i l l i a m s , F . J . , 855, 1132,
1133
Velez F o r t u n e , J . , 402, 403, W i l l i a m s , I . H . , 706
404
V e n k a t a Ram, C . S . , 1126 W i l l i a m s , R . J . , 1134
V e n k a t a Rao, S . , 2 6 2 , 263 W i l l i a m s , S . J . A . , 2 2 7 , 1207
V e n k a t a r a m a n , K . , 1216 W i l s i e , C . P . , 2 2 8 , 544
W o l l e n w e b b e r , H.W., 1135
V e n k a t e s w a r a Rao, P . , 396 Wood, J . I . , 937
Venkateswarlu, J . , 66
V e n k a t e s w a r l u , S . , 5 8 8 , 820 W o o d f o r d , R . C . , 545
V e n k a t a Seshu Reddy, K . , 696 Work, S . H . , 1239
V e n k a t a s u b b a n , A . , 1217 W r i g h t , J . , 185

169
 SUBJECT INDEX

AGRONOMY BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION ( C o n t d . . )

Cropping systems, 5, 6, 1 1 , 12, 14, 20, 22, Composition of g r a i n , 194, 247, 254, 259,
24, 25, 26, 30, 3 1 , 36, 42, 43, 45, 46, 270, 2 7 1 , 276, 279, 283, 287, 290, 291,
55, 57, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 7 1 , 77, 79, 292, 295, 297, 298, 3 0 1 , 305, 310, 315,
80, 84, 8 7 , 96, 103, 105, 109, 110, 115, 318, 320, 3 2 1 , 322, 324, 3 3 1 , 333, 334,
120, 124, 133, 1 4 1 , 143, 144, 145, 147, 3 4 0 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 6 , 3 5 6 , 798
155, 158, 160, 164, 168, 169, 172, 1 8 1 ,
Cooking t i m e , 255, 272, 298, 333, 336, 340,
183, 187, 1 9 1 , 197, 199, 2 0 1 , 204, 207,
360
2 0 9 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 229
Essential o i l s , 278
C u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s , 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 29,
3 5 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 6 1 , 9 7 , 98, 1 0 1 , Irradiation effects, 311, 312, 313, 314
105, 106, 119, 127, 134, 173, 188, 196,
Nutritive value, 238, 240, 241, 243, 249,
2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 3 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 528
250, 2 5 1 , 252, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263,
F e r t i l i z a t i o n , 18, 2 1 , 26, 28, 32, 4 1 , 45, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272,
50, 53, 56, 57, 59, 63, 82, 88, 89, 90, 274, 277, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
95, 97, 107, 1 1 1 , 114, 116, 1 2 1 , 125, 289, 292, 296, 304, 307, 316, 319, 321,
1 3 1 , 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 150, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329, 330, 338, 339,
1 5 1 , 152, 153, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 342, 343, 344, 348, 358, 641
175, 176, 184, 190, 193, 194, 195, 205,
Protein content, 292, 1165
2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 213
Protein quality, 237, 238, 2 4 1 , 242, 249,
General, 10, 32, 33, 37, 4 7 , 64, 65, 68,
273, 280, 289, 294, 299, 304, 309, 316,
7 1 , 76, 8 1 , 83, 86, 94, 100, 102, 104,
317, 325, 326, 335, 337, 338, 347, 349,
117, 118, 123, 128, 130, 132, 139, 146,
350, 3 5 1 , 354, 3 5 7 , 359
148, 154, 157, 159, 1 6 1 , 164, 167, 170,
174, 182, 185, 186, 189, 200, 208, 212, Starch q u a l i t y , 308, 320, 328, 332
217, 218, 219, 2 2 1 , 224, 225, 226, 2 3 1 ,
V i t a m i n c o n t e n t , 239, 244, 245, 246, 248,
232, 641
2 5 3 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 9 , 3 0 2 , 303
H a r v e s t i n g , 9 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 227

I r r i g a t i o n , 48, 126
BOTANY
P l a n t i n g date, 1, 2, 4, 7, 32, 38, 54, 58, Anatomy, 383, 390, 396
60, 7 1 , 73, 75, 95, 108, 113, 116, 156,
Embryo c u l t u r e , 389
1 6 6 , 1 7 1 , 1 9 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 7 , 1207
F l o r a l b i o l o g y , 367, 370, 374, 379, 387,
P l a n t i n g d e n s i t y , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 22, 32, 38,
3 9 4 , 3 9 5 , 4 9 0 , 4 9 1 , 538
5 1 , 60, 7 1 , 72, 73, 88, 9 1 , 1 0 1 , 108,
116, 122, 125, 129, 160, 164, 166, 1 7 1 , Morphology, 363, 365, 373, 376, 380, 383,
192, 198, 205, 206, 210, 2 1 1 , 214, 220, 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 3 , 3 9 7 , 490
2 2 7 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 0 , 1207
O r i g i n , 128, 200, 224, 225, 364, 365, 368,
Ratooning, 9, 16, 26, 34, 7 8 , 206 3 6 9 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 5 , 3 8 6 , 3 8 8 , 399

Weed c o n t r o l , 1 , 3 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 7 4 , 9 2 , 9 3 , Taxonomy, 3 6 1 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 8 , 3 7 1 ,
1 1 2 , 1 4 9 , 164 375, 377, 378, 3 8 1 , 384, 386, 398, 486,
808

BIBLIOGRAPHIES, 2 3 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6 , 319
BREEDING
A d a p t a t i o n , 18, 83, 100, 428, 438, 439,
BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION 440, 446, 457, 463, 464, 466, 475, 478,
A n a l y t i c a l methods, 269, 2 8 1 , 290, 293, 4 8 9 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 6 , 5 3 4 , 545
300, 306, 307, 327, 330, 334, 347, 353,
Disease r e s i s t a n c e , 83, 392, 407, 435, 4 5 1 ,
3 5 4 , 355
452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 480, 498, 504,
Antinutritive factors, 352 5 1 2 , 536
Pigeonpea Bibliography

BREEDING ( C o n t d . . ) ENTOMOLOGY ( C o n t d . . )
G x E i n t e r a c t i o n s , 4 0 4 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 6 , 4 7 8 , 485 Crop l o s s , 6 0 4 , 6 1 2 , 6 1 4 , 6 1 5 , 6 1 6 , 6 2 7 ,
Insect resistance, 537 628, 645, 646, 648, 654, 655, 659, 663,
6 7 0 , 6 7 2 , 6 7 8 , 6 7 9 , 6 8 3 , 6 9 5 , 6 9 6 , 704
I n t r o d u c t i o n s , 100, 400, 404, 410, 4 1 1 ,
Field pests, 599, 606, 608, 6 1 1 , 612, 613,
414, 424, 434, 443, 447, 448, 472, 475,
614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 620, 6 2 1 , 622,
4 8 6 , 4 8 8 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 9 , 5 3 4 , 5 3 5 , 1227
623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 629, 632, 633,
Methodologies, 418, 4 2 1 , 429, 430, 446, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 6 4 1 ,
458, 462, 4 7 1 , 476, 499, 505, 507, 519, 643, 644, 645, 646, 648, 650, 6 5 1 , 652,
5 2 1 , 5 2 3 , 5 2 6 , 5 2 9 , 5 3 2 , 7 1 6 , 723 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660,
6 6 1 , 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668,
M u t a t i o n , 65, 402, 403, 420, 4 3 1 , 433, 4 6 1 ,
669, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677,
473, 479, 487, 493, 494, 496, 500, 513,
678, 679, 680, 6 8 1 , 682, 683, 684, 685,
5 2 0 , 524
686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 6 9 1 , 692, 693,
New c u l t i v a r s , 4 6 , 1 4 4 , 2 3 0 , 4 0 5 , 4 0 6 , 4 0 8 , 694, 695, 696, 698, 700, 7 0 1 , 702, 704,
409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 707, 936, 1 1 1 4 , 1115
422, 424, 425, 426, 432, 435, 436, 4 4 1 ,
P o l l i n a t i n g i n s e c t s , 605, 706, 708
442, 446, 449, 450, 459, 460, 467, 474,
477, 4 8 1 , 482, 483, 484, 494, 495, 497, Stored g r a i n i n s e c t s , 598, 629, 630, 6 3 1 ,
5 0 1 , 502, 503, 5 1 1 , 512, 515, 518, 525, 6 4 2 , 6 4 9 , 6 6 7 , 6 7 1 , 6 9 7 , 710
5 2 7 , 5 2 8 , 5 3 0 , 5 3 1 , 5 4 0 , 5 4 1 , 5 4 2 , 543
N u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , 38, 83, 243, 427, 444,
GENETICS
4 6 5 , 4 7 8 , 4 8 5 , 5 0 0 , 5 1 3 , 5 3 3 , 725
P l a n t t y p e , 7 2 1 , 7 3 1 , 776, 778, 779, 797,
P o l l i n a t i o n , 370, 374, 393, 4 0 1 , 423, 445, 8 0 3 , 8 1 1 , 1189
447, 468, 469, 470, 490, 4 9 1 , 506, 514,
I n d u c e d m u t a t i o n s , 5 2 0 , 5 7 5 , 7 4 0 , 7 4 1 , 814
5 1 7 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 2 , 5 3 8 , 5 3 9 , 5 4 4 , 744
M u t a t i o n s , 7 1 5 , 7 8 4 , 7 8 7 , 7 8 8 , 7 9 7 , 820
Qualitative
CYTOGENETICS
- L i n k a g e , 148, 453, 719, 720, 730, 732,
C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s , 363, 546, 547, 548,
733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 739, 756,
549, 550, 5 5 1 , 553, 554, 555, 557, 559,
7 6 4 , 7 8 0 , 782
5 6 4 , 5 6 6 , 576
- Marker gene, 148, 4 5 1 , 453, 454, 7 1 1 ,
Mutagen e f f e c t s , 4 7 3 , 5 8 3 , 5 8 4 , 5 8 5 , 588
714, 717, 718, 719, 720, 7 2 1 , 729, 730,
P o l y p l o i d s , 547, 548, 550, 557, 558, 560, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738,
5 6 7 , 5 6 8 , 5 6 9 , 5 7 5 , 5 7 7 , 5 8 1 , 5 8 2 , 587 739, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747,
749, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 762, 764,
Wide c r o s s e s , 4 8 0 , 5 5 2 , 5 5 4 , 5 5 5 , 5 5 6 , 5 6 i ,
768, 769, 774, 775, 780, 7 8 1 , 782, 783,
562, 563, 565, 570, 5 7 1 , 572, 573, 574,
786, 794, 796, 802, 804, 808, 810, 8 1 1 ,
5 7 8 , 5 7 9 , 5 8 0 , 586
812, 815
- Pleiotropy, 746
ECONOMICS, 5 8 9 , 5 9 0 , 5 9 1 , 5 9 2 , 5 9 3 , 5 9 4 , 5 9 5 ,
- Reproductive v a r i a n t s , 740, 748, 758,
5 9 6 , 5 9 7 , 1249
7 6 0 , 7 7 8 , 7 8 5 , 7 9 3 , 820
Q u a n t i t a t i v e , 7 1 2 , 763
ENTOMOLOGY - C o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s , 298, 336, 3 9 1 , 430,
Control 505, 524, 529, 713, 716, 722, 724, 725,
- B i o l o g i c a l , 599, 600, 602, 603, 610, 6 1 1 , 728, 750, 753, 754, 7 6 1 , 765, 7 7 1 , 773,
6 1 3 , 6 1 4 , 6 2 1 , 6 2 6 , 6 2 7 , 6 6 1 , 709 777, 806, 807, 809, 818, 819, 821

- Chemical, 598, 6 0 1 , 607, 609, 613, 614, - Diallel analysis, 723, 724, 798, 799, 801
616, 620, 636, 645, 646, 649, 6 5 1 , 652,
- Discriminant function, 752, 767, 791
653, 657, 658, 667, 668, 670, 672, 676,
678, 680, 684, 688, 689, 690, 6 9 1 , 692, - Genetic advance, 430, 7 5 1 , 755, 790, 792,
697, 698, 699, 700, 7 0 1 , 702, 703, 705, 807
7 0 7 , 7 1 0 , 1114 - H e r l t a b i l i t y , 148, 430, 476, 7 5 1 , 754,
- C u l t u r a l , 6 8 9 , 695 755, 7 6 1 , 765, 766, 772, 773, 789, 790,
7 9 2 , 7 9 5 , 7 9 9 , 8 0 0 , 8 0 6 , 8 0 7 , 816
- H o s t p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 6 0 4 , 615, 6 1 8 ,
622, 627, 628, 633, 647, 655, 663, - H e t e r o s i s , 7 7 0 , 8 0 5 , 8 1 3 , 817
6 6 6 , 6 6 9 , 6 7 1 , 6 9 4 , 1114 - I n h e r i t a n c e , 7 2 5 , 7 2 6 , 7 2 7 , 800

172
 Subject Index

MICROBIOLOGY PATHOLOGY ( C o n t d . . )
Cross i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p s , 8 2 7 , 835 Fungal diseases ( c o n t d . . )
1052, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059;
Effectiveness, 827, 835 1060, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068,
Nematode i n f e c t i o n , 839 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1074, 1075, 1076,
1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083,
N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 3 1 , 145, 190, 438, 824,
1084, 1085, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095,
8 2 9 , 8 3 2 , 8 3 3 , 840
1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1104,
Nitrogen mineralization, 830 1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112,
1113, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121,
Nitrogenous f e r t i l i z e r s , 829, 833
1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128,
N o d u l a t i o n , 88, 89, 274, 822, 824, 828, 1129, 1130, 1 1 3 1 , 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135,
8 2 9 , 8 3 1 , 8 3 2 , 8 3 3 , 839 1136
Nonnodulating b a c t e r i a in nodules, 834 Nematodes, 2 7 , 4 3 9 , 8 6 9 , 8 7 7 , 8 8 6 , 9 0 8 ,
909, 915, 917, 925, 934, 952, 953, 954,
Rhizobium i n o c u l a t i o n , 825, 837, 840, 8 4 1 ,
9 5 5 , 9 5 6 , 9 9 9 , 1 0 1 7 , 1 0 2 7 , 1 0 8 6 , 1087
843
V i r u s and v i r u s - l i k e d i s e a s e s , 6 7 7 , 8 4 4 ,
R h l z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a , 8 2 3 , 8 2 6 , 8 3 8 , 1199
853, 858, 863, 866, 8 7 1 , 875, 876, 878,
Seed p e l l e t i n g , 8 2 5 , 837 885, 887, 895, 896, 926, 935, 936, 944,
945, 948, 957, 970, 982, 984, 985, 986,
Symbiotic v a r i a b i l i t y , 836
987, 988, 989, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008,
Virus i n f e c t i o n , 842 1009, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016,
1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1044, 1049,
1053, 1073, 1088, 1089, 1 0 9 1 , 1097, 1098,
PATHOLOGY 1 1 0 0 , 1 1 0 2 , 1 1 1 4 , 1 1 1 5 , 1 1 3 0 , 1 1 3 3 , 1134
B a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s , 8 7 1 , 893, 958, 959,
Unknown c a u s e s , 940
1 0 6 1 , 1 0 6 2 , 1108
D i s e a s e c o n t r o l , 1048
- B i o l o g i c a l , 846, 847, 865, 879, 900, 919, PHYSIOLOGY
924, 930, 9 5 1 , 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, C e l l b i o l o g y , 1 1 4 6 , 1 1 6 4 , 1200
990, 9 9 1 , 992, 1116, 1118, 1120, 1121,
1 1 2 2 , 1 1 2 3 , 1 1 2 4 , 1 1 2 5 , 1194 Defoliation, 1156

- Chemical, 856, 865, 888, 9 1 1 , 923, 927, E f f e c t s o f l i g h t , 7 , 59, 113, 1 7 1 , 1153,

963, 969, 976, 978, 979, 1032, 1068, 1 1 5 9 , 1 1 6 2 , 1 1 9 7 , 1 2 0 7 , 1 2 1 0 , 1213
1 0 9 3 , 1108 Enzymes, 1 1 3 8 , 1 1 4 1 , 1 1 4 3 , 1 1 4 9 , 1 1 5 0 ,
1160, 1163, 1168, 1172, 1175, 1176, 1182,
- Host p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 852, 8 5 7 , 859,
1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1193, 1209,
860, 8 6 1 , 864, 865, 8 8 1 , 890, 897, 9 0 1 ,
1217
902, 914, 929, 9 7 1 , 972, 975, 995, 998,
1004, 1023, 1025, 1037, 1054, 1080, Growth r e g u l a t o r s , 3 2 , 8 3 8 , 1 1 3 7 , 1 1 4 3 ,
1 1 0 2 , 1 1 1 2 , 1 1 1 3 , 1 1 1 4 , 1119 1157, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1178, 1179, 1 1 9 1 ,
1 1 9 4 , 1199
Fungal d i s e a s e s , 795, 845, 846, 847, 848,
849, 850, 8 5 1 , 852, 854, 855, 856, 857, M e t a b o l i s m , 1 1 4 5 , 1 1 8 1 , 1201
858, 859, 860, 8 6 1 , 862, 863, 864, 865,
P h o t o s y n t h e s i s , 438, 1143, 1145, 1154,
867, 868, 870, 8 7 1 , 872, 873, 874, 879,
1 1 8 9 , 1190
880, 8 8 1 , 882, 883, 884, 887, 888, 889,
890, 8 9 1 , 892, 894, 897, 898, 899, 900, P l a n t g r o w t h , 59, 8 5 , 396, 524, 1140, 1147,
9 0 1 , 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 910, 1148, 1153, 1158, 1167, 1192, 1198, 1210,
912, 913, 914, 916, 918, 919, 920, 9 2 1 , 1 2 1 1 , 1 2 1 5 , 1 2 1 6 , 1218
922, 923, 924, 927, 928, 929, 930, 9 3 1 ,
P l a n t n u t r i t i o n , 55, 56, 1 3 1 , 135, 136,
932, 933, 937, 938, 939, 9 4 1 , 942, 943,
137, 138, 140, 806, 1142, 1 1 6 1 , 1177,
946, 947, 949, 950, 960, 9 6 1 , 962, 963,
1 1 9 6 , 1 2 0 2 , 1 2 0 3 , 1206
964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 9 7 1 ,
972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, Seed p h y s i o l o g y , 3 1 5 , 5 9 8 , 1 1 3 9 , 1 1 4 2 ,
980, 9 8 1 , 983, 989, 9 9 1 , 992, 993, 994, 1144, 1147, 1 1 5 1 , 1152, 1165, 1166, 1170,
995, 996, 997, 998, 1000, 1 0 0 1 , 1002, 1 1 7 1 , 1173, 1174, 1179, 1180, 1195, 1204,
1003, 1004, 1 0 1 1 , 1018, 1019, 1 0 2 1 , 1025, 1 2 0 5 , 1 2 0 6 , 1 2 0 8 , 1 2 0 9 , 1 2 1 2 , 1 2 1 4 , 1217
1026, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1033, 1034,
Soil salinity effects, 1155, 1188
1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1 0 4 1 ,
1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1 0 5 1 ,

173
Pigeonpea Bibliography

UTILIZATION
Cover c r o p , 2 2 3 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 4 , 4 7 5 , 1249
Forage, 9, 7 1 , 78, 80, 87, 100, 103, 124,
151, 152, 188, 380, 474, 1220, 1223,
1228, 1230, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1 2 4 1 , 1256,
1257, 1273
F u e l , 1 2 5 5 , 1263

Green m a n u r e , 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 7 1 , 8 5 , 1 0 0 , 1 2 1 ,
124, 127, 134, 152, 162, 169, 172, 196,
2 0 4 , 2 2 2 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 5 , 1 2 5 4 , 1263
Hedge, 1237
Human f o o d , 1 2 8 , 2 9 7 , 3 7 2 , 1 2 2 5 , 1 2 2 9 ,
1 2 3 2 , 1 2 3 5 , 1 2 4 1 , 1 2 5 3 , 1 2 5 8 , 1263
Lac h o s t , 1 2 2 7 , 1 2 4 1 , 1246
L i v e s t o c k f e e d , 100, 128, 339, 475, 1222,
1 2 4 2 , 1243
P o u l t r y f e e d , 1 2 3 4 , 1275
P r o c e s s i n g , 1, 128, 178, 349, 350, 3 5 1 ,
4 0 0 , 1219, 1 2 2 1 , 1224, 1226, 1 2 3 1 , 1236,
1244, 1245, 1247, 1248, 1250, 1 2 5 1 , 1252,
1253, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1 2 6 1 , 1262, 1264,
1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1 2 7 1 ,
1272

Shade, 2 0 1 , 1 2 3 3 , 1 2 6 3 , 1274
 WORD INDEX

Aoanthomia tomentosicollis, Aspergillus giganteus, 850 B r a s s i c o l , 8 5 6 , 923

623 Aspergillus niger, 269, 1120, Broad l e a f l e t b a s e , 764
A c e n a p h t h e n e , 581 1122 Brudhus s p . , 669
Aceria c a j a n i , 1 0 2 2 , 1023 Aspergillus terreus, 1120, Bruchus albocallosus , 629
A c e t o c a r m i n e t e s t , 379 1122 Brudhus bacbicus, 615

Adisura atkinsoni, 675 Aspergillus ustus, 945 Bruohua c h i n e n s i s , 629

A f l a t o x i n , 920 A t t a p u l g i t e , 697 Brudhus theobromae, 667
Agromyza obtusa see Atylosia, 368, 554, 555, B u d , 559
Melanagromyza obtusa 556, 570, 572, 573, 574, B u l b i f o r m i n , 978, 979, 1123,
A g r o s a n , G . N . , 923 5 7 9 , 5 8 0 , 5 8 6 , 1023 1 1 2 4 , 1125

A l a c h l o r , 44 Atylosia lineata, 571, 578 Bux, 652

Albizzia lebheck, 661 Atylosia saarabaeoides, 571
Albizzia odorotissima, 661 Atylosia seriaea, 571
A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s , 659 A u t o t e t r a p l o i d s , 547, 548,
A l d i c a r b , 653 5 5 0 , 557

A l d r i n , 668 Azotobacter, 826 C - 1 1 , 426

A l i q u a t , 93 C - 2 6 , 426
A m i b e n , 93 Cajanone, 1 0 4 5 , 1194
Amino a c i d s , 238, 249, 256, Callosobruohus chinensis ,
267, 276, 279, 280, 283, 265, 649, 665, 6 7 1 , 673,
2 9 1 , 299, 309, 316, 322, 697
350, 3 5 1 , 354, 357, 358, B - 7 , 495
485 B - 9 , 1 1 7 8 , 1179 Callosobruches maculatus,
B a b l a t h o r n l e a v e s , 253 6 3 0 , 6 3 1 , 710
A m y l a s e , 1218 Bacillus concomitans, 834 Canavalia s p . , 25
Anarsia epiphippias, 675 Baaillus subtilis, 930, 979, Canavalia ensiformis, 844,
Anaylostomia stercorea, 610, 1116, 1118, 1 1 2 1 , 1122, 1254
6 4 8 , 651 1 1 2 3 , 1 1 2 4 , 1125
A n e u p l o i d , 520 Cancer, 348
B e a n , 271 Cannabis indica, 434
Angle of secondary Bemisia tabaci, 1 0 2 0 , 1053 Canning p i g e o n p e a s , 1272
b r a n c h i n g , 768 Bengal gram, 238, 2 5 1 , 262, Canning q u a l i t y , 1 2 6 2 , 1264
A n t h e s i s , 395 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 2 , 332 Captan, 8 5 6 , 923
A n t i i n h i b i t o r , 731 B e n l a t e , 911
A n t i o x i d a n t , 1232 C a r b a r y l , 607, 616, 646,
B e n o t o n i t e , 697 6 5 3 , 6 7 2 , 684
Apantelee taragamal, 661 BHC, 6 4 5 , 653 C a r b o f u r a n , 1027
Aphis c r a c c i v o r a , 6 5 1 B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e , 249, 2 5 1 , C a r b o h y d r a t e s , 2 9 1 , 1257
Apis dorsata, 706 2 5 2 , 2 8 7 , 3 2 1 , 338 C a r b o p h e n o t h i o n , 653
Apis florea, 374 B i s c u i t s , 1 2 5 2 , 1253
A r a b i n o s e , 290 C a r b o x y l a s e , 1143
B l a c k g r a m , 2 3 8 , 2 8 0 , 332 C a r o t e n e , 253
A r a b i n o s i d a s e , 1149 B l o s s o m - t h r i p s , 670 - C a r o t e n e , 248
A r a d h i s hypogaea, 1 8 4 , 250, Boohmeria nivea, 1230 ß - C a r o t e n e , 248
2 8 6 , 419 Bordeaux m i x t u r e , 9 2 7 , 963 Cassia obtusifolia, 320
A r g i n i n e , 344 B o r e r s , 676
Arhar mosaic v i r u s Cassia occidentalis, 320
i n f e c t i o n , 842 Borooeras cajani, 128 C a t a l a s e , 1152
Botryosphaeria Catochrysops onejus, 615,
Armillaria mellea, 960 xanthocephala, 1110 617
Aacoahyta imperfecta, 949 Bracon c a j a n i , 602 Catochrysops strabo, 668
A s h , 1228 B r a n c h l e s s , 811
Aspergilli, 945, 1036 C a w n p o r e - 1 3 2 , 453
Cawnpore m u t a n t , 452
Plgeonpea Bibliography

Centroaema pubescens, 357, Colletotrichum cajani, 862, D i e t h y l - d i t h i o c a r b a m a t e , 247

833 9 7 0 , 1 0 3 9 , 1 0 9 6 , 1109 D i g e s t i b i l i t y , 3 2 8 , 3 2 9 , 332
Ceratoma ruficornis, 896 Colletotriohum truncation, Digestibility coefficient,
Cercoseptoria 9 2 3 , 950 272
aajanioola, 1038 Colobodea dolichotis, 687 Dimethoate, 607, 646, 670,
6 7 8 , 6 8 4 , 692
Ceraospora s p . , 970, 1064, Colocasia antiquoram, 434
1092 Common b e a n , 877 Diphaulaca, 608
Ceraoepora oajani, 872, 892, C o m p o l i t i s c h l o r o d a e a , 709 D i p h e n a m i l , 74
1 0 0 1 , 1 0 1 8 , 1134 Composites, 471 Diplodia c a j a n i , 1 0 5 5 , 1056,
Cercospora indica, 1092 C o p p e r , 269 1057
D i p t e r e x , 620
Cercospora instabilis, 937 C o p r a n t o l , 923
C e r e s a n w e t , 856 Corcyra c e p h a l o n i c a , 642 D i s u l f o t o n , 652
C e r o c o c c u s c a t e n o r i u s , 636 Corticium rolfsii, 983 D i t h a n e M - 4 5 , 923
Cerulina, 605 Cosmolyce bacticus, 615 D i t h a n e Z - 7 8 , 923
Ceuthorhynchus C o u m a r i n , 1 1 6 6 , 1169 Dolichos, 635
asperulus, 6 3 2 , 686 Dolichos biflorus, 48, 292,
Cover c r o p s , 1 5 1 , 152 835
Chaetoaeptoria Cowpeas, 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 ,
wellmanii, 1000 299, 342, 598, 689, 877, Doliahos lablab, 139, 188,
C h a l c i d l a r v a l p a r a s i t e , 599 1224 2 8 7 , 3 1 0 , 1254
" C h e e s e , " 1258 C r e e p i n g , 782 Dwarf m u t a n t , 779
Chemical mutagens, 461
Cross p o l l i n a t i o n s , 538
Chickpea see Ciaer arie- Crotalaria, 27, 202
tinum Crotalaria junoea, 469, 1254
C h i m e r a , 788 Crotalaria medicaginea, 320
Chloral hydrate, 569 Crude f i b e r , 1228 Eiphosoma annulatum, 602
C h l o r o x u r o n , 74 Elasmopalpus
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, 341, rubedinellus, 648
C h l o r p h e n a m i d i n e , 653 598 Empoasca s p p . , 1114
Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m , 990 Cyanodon dactylon, 32 Empoasca fibilis, 651
C h o l i n e , 258, 261 Cyperus rotundus, 112
C h r o m a t o g r a p h y , 315 Cyrtozemia cognata, 658 Empoasca kerri, 936
Chromosome d o u b l i n g , 5 8 1 EMS, 4 3 1 , 4 7 3 , 4 7 9 , 5 8 3 , 820
C y s t e i n e , 273 E n b u t o x , 149
Chromosome n u m b e r , 546 C y s t i n e , 3 0 4 , 344 Endosulfan, 607, 609, 672,
Ciaer, 486 C y t a s e , 1218 678, 684, 688, 692, 698,
Ciaer arietinum, 249, 251, 6 9 9 , 7 0 1 , 702
252, 287, 310, 320, 322,
346, 437, 465, 598, 635, E n d r i n , 6 7 0 , 6 8 0 , 6 9 1 , 692
1224 a l s o see B e n g a l gram E n s i l a g e , 80
E p i d i t h i u m , 1257
C X T A - 1 , 450 D a l a p o n , 469 EPTC, 93
C I T A - 2 , 450 Dasychira mendosa, 693 E r e p t a s e , 1218
C I T A - 3 , 450 DDT, 6 0 1 , 6 2 0 , 6 4 5 , 6 4 6 , 923
Clavigralla gibbosa, 611, D e f i c i e n c y symptoms, 135 E r i o p h y i d , 677
6 1 3 , 6 2 6 , 644 Dehydration, 349, 1251, Erysiphe aiahoraoearum, 1055
Clavigralla horrens, 613 1 2 5 9 , 1260 Eryeiphe polygons, 1055
E t h e p h o n , 1157
C l e i s t o g a m y , 3 7 4 , 758 D e h y d r o f r o z e n , 1260 Etiella zinckenella, 618
C l u s t e r b e a n , 1257 Demarchus pubipennie, 656
C o - 1 , 416, 419, 497, 510, Dendroohium gigasporum, 922 Euaelatoria spp., 709
541 Dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , 764 Eucelis c r i t i c a , 684
C o - 2 , 540 DES, 473 Euohrysops onejus, 643
Eucosma c r i t i c a , 6 1 7 , 6 6 1
C o f f e e , 636 Desmodium distortum, 844 Euderus agromyzae, 627
C o h e r i t a b i l i t y , 819 Desmodium gyroides, 845
C o l c h i c i n e , 4 7 9 , 582 D h a n i a , 253 Euderua lividus, 600
C o l l e t o t r i c h u m spp., 923, D i a z i n o n , 636 E u p r o c t i s s c i n t i l l a n s , 664
1096 D i e l d r i n , 691

176
 Word I n d e x

E x e l a s t i s atomosa, 5 5 6 , 6 0 4 , Fusarium udum (contd..) G r i s e o f u l v i n , 888

606, 615, 622, 624, 655, 1021, 1028, 1030, 1035, G r o u n d n u t , 439
668, 669, 678, 690, 694, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1046, Growth h a b i t , 4 5 1 , 7 3 2 , 7 8 2 ,
7 0 2 , 705 1047, 1059, 1060, 1065, 804
1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, G w a l i o r - 3 , 4 8 1 , 5 4 3 , 713
1071, 1077, 1095, 1099,
1101, 1105, 1112, 1113,
1116, 1118, 1119, 1120,
1121, 1122, 1123, 1124,
F a s c i a t i o n , 7 1 7 , 812 1126, 1135, 1136
F a t s , 2 9 1 , 1228 Hadronotus antestiae, 611,
F a t t y a c i d s , 305 Fusarium udum v a r . 626
F e n i t r o t h i o n , 6 0 7 , 6 4 6 , 688 cajani, 1030 H a e m o g l u t i n i n s , 2 7 9 , 357
F e n t h o a t e , 607 Fusarium vasinfeotum, 859, Hard s e e d , 1204
879, 884, 9 2 1 , 943, 968, H a r v e s t i n g , 177
F i x a t i o n , 559 9 7 1 , 994, 1002, 1003,
F l a t t e n e d p o d , 741 1126 HC1, 569
Flower c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 729, 733, H e l i c o v e r p a armigera see
7 4 9 , 7 8 0 , 783 FW-450, 469 Heliothis armigera
F o d d e r , 535 Heliothis armigera, 615,
620, 625, 645, 646, 662,
F o r a g e , 1 5 1 , 152 668, 672, 694, 696, 702,
Frankliniella 709
s u l p h u r e a , 6 9 2 , 708
F r e e z i n g , 1269 G a l a c t o s e , 290 Heliothis virescens, 618,
F r e n c h b e a n , 631 - G a l a c t o s i d a s e , 1149 648
ß - G a l a c t o s i d a s e , 1150 Heterodera cajani, 839, 917,
F r o s t , 425 G a l l - d i s e a s e , 866 9 5 3 , 9 5 4 , 9 5 5 , 956
F r o s t damage, 160 Gamma-irradiation, 3 1 1 , 312, Heterodera vigni n. sp., 908
F r o z e n p i g e o n p e a s , 1269 3 1 4 , 5 2 4 , 5 7 5 , 1200
F r u c t o s e , 315 H e x a p l o i d s , 568
Fusarium, 4 4 3 , 5 0 4 , 5 4 0 , G a m m a - r a d i a t i o n , 3 1 3 , 583 H N 0 3 , 569
845, 855, 867, 9 0 1 , 912, Gamma r a y s , 4 0 2 , 403 H Y - 3 a , 518
9 2 1 , 939, 964, 967, 969, G e r m i n a t i o n , 1139, 1142, H Y - 3 c , 518
972, 980, 9 8 1 , 983, 993, 1170, 1180, 1188, 1204, H y b r i d v i g o r , 7 70
1028, 1029, 1 0 3 1 , 1093, 1 2 0 5 , 1 2 1 6 , 1 2 1 7 , 1218
1095, 1105, 1106, 1134, H y d r o l y s i s , 1250
1136 Germplasm, 486 H y d r o x y p r o l i n e , 290
Gibberella, 921 Hypolipidaemlc a c t i v i t y , 323
Fusarium cajani, 938 Gibberella fujikuroi var.
Fusarium lateritium, 938 s u b g l u t i n a n s , 1131
Fusarium lateritiwi . f. sp. Gibberella singulation, 1096
cajani, 1082,1083,1084,1085
Fusarium lateritiumvar. G i b b e r e l l i c a c i d , 1137
uncinatum, 1 0 0 3 , 1 1 2 8 , 1135 G i b b e r e l l i n , 1 1 7 2 , 1199 I A A , 1199
G i g a s c h a r a c t e r s , 569 Indigofera hirsuta, 27
Fusarium merismoides, 847 Gigas l e a f , 787 I n d o r e N o . 5 , 409
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. G l o b u l i n , 276, 316, 344, I n d u c e d male s t e r i l i t y , 469
udum, 8 9 1 , 8 9 4 , 9 4 1 , 9 4 2 , 3 4 6 , 3 5 3 , 354 I n h i b i t o r s , 3 5 7 , 731
1032, 1037, 1043, 1045,
1 0 7 2 , 1 0 7 6 , 1107 Glomerella singulation, 1096 I n o c u l a n t s , 832
G l u c o s a m i n e , 290 I n o c u l a t i o n , 837
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Glycine javanica, 188 I n s e c t I n f e s t a t i o n , 265
ciceri, 942 Glycine max, 2 5 0 , 2 8 6 , 322 I n t e r c r o p p i n g , 1 6 4 , 1 8 3 , 229
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Glycine soja, 287, 1230 In vitro c u l t u r e , 1167
vasinfeotum, 942
Fusarium udum, 1 0 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 5 , G l y c o p r o t e i n , 290 I o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , 461
512, 556, 846, 855, 863, Glyricidia maculata, 686 I P - 1 5 , 408
870, 880, 888, 889, 894, Green g r a m , 2 3 8 , 2 8 0 , 3 3 2 , I P - 4 1 , 452
897, 900, 902, 924, 928, 631 I P - 8 0 , 452
929, 930, 932, 933, 943, Green m a n u r e , 1 5 2 , 424 Ipomaea batatua, 434
965, 997, 998, 1004,1019,

177
Pigeonpea Bibliography

I r o n , 330 Maarophoma, 961 Musa paradieiae, 245

Isolation, 4 0 5 , 423 Maarophoma c a j a n i , 868 M u t a g e n s , 741
Maarophoma c a j a n i c o l a , 1038 M u t a n t , 721
Maarophoma phaseoli, 874, M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g , 494
9 0 7 , 983 Mycosphaerella s p . , 1064

Madurasia obscurella, 700 Mycovellosiella cajani, 795,

J a s s i d s , 6 7 6 , 698 M a l a t h i o n , 6 0 7 , 6 3 6 , 672 1 0 2 5 , 1134
M a l e i c h y d r a z i d e , 1169
M a l t e s e , 1218
M a l v i , 446

Manganese, 269 NAA, 1 1 9 1 , 1199

K a f f i r c o r n , 262 Manihot utilissima, 434 N a r c o t i c , 384
K a k i , 414 Maruca testulalis, 634, 675 N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g , 393, 445,
K a n k e - 3 , 425 M a t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e , 726 468, 490, 506, 522, 539,
K a n k e - 9 , 425 MCPB, 9 3 , 149 544
K a o l i n i t e , 697 Neem l e a v e s , 253
Medicago s p p . , 8 3 4 , 1230
K h a r g o n e - 2 , 4 8 1 , 510 M e d i c i n a l p r o p e r t i e s , 253 Nematodes, 8 3 9 , 8 7 7 , 1017
K i d n e y b e a n s , 500 Megachile s p p . , 6 0 5 , 706 Nematospora coryli, 1127
Megaahile lanata, 374 Neocosmoapora vasinfecta,
Melanagromyza obtusa, 599, 8 8 2 , 9 9 4 , 1069
600, 606, 609, 612, 614, Net p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n
615, 620, 622, 627, 628, (NPU), 2 3 8 , 2 4 1
637, 638, 639, 647, 654,
Lablab vulgaris, 434 655, 666, 669, 678, 679, New E r a 4 0 - 6 , 454
L a c - h o s t , 102 680, 6 8 1 , 683, 694, 695, New v i r u s d i s e a s e , 1089
L a c t a t i n g , 1257 704 New w i l t , 1133
L a t h y r i s m , 335 New y e l l o w s , 1133
Lathyrus s a t i v u e , 249, 259, Melanagromyza phaeeoli, 700 N i c o t i n i c a c i d , 2 4 6 , 389
2 8 1 , 4 3 7 , 593 Malanospora
brevirostrata, 850 N i t r o - B T - s t a i n e d , 379
L e a f t h i c k n e s s , 733 Meloidogyne, 27, 439 Nitrogen f i x a t i o n , 190, 829,
L e a f l e t number, 783 Meloidogyne incognita, 839, 833
L e a f l e t shape, 720, 7 3 1 , 886 N i t r o g e n u p t a k e , 190
7 3 3 , 7 8 0 , 782 N - m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 830
L e c t i n , 290 M e p h o s f o l a n , 652
M e t a n i l y e l l o w , 3 0 6 , 307 N o d u l a t i o n , 1 3 6 , 829
L e g h a e m o g l o b i n , 839 M e t h i o n i n e , 2 4 1 , 256, 267, N o d u l e b a c t e r i a , 835
Legume b a c t e r i o l o g y , 832 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 8 , 335 N o - e y e , 4 0 5 , 414
Lens c u l i n a r i s , 310 M e t h y l d e m e t o n , 620 N o n f l o w e r i n g , 760
Lena esculenta, 249, 259, N o n - s p e c i f i c i t y , 840
2 8 7 , 3 2 2 , 437 M i c e , 240
M i l l i n g losses, 1244 Norman, 2 7 , 474
L e n t i l , 238, 280, 288, 3 4 1 , M i n t o , 405 Notchless l e a f l e t apex, 764
5 9 8 , 631 MMS, 479 N P - 6 9 , 4 5 3 , 454
L e u c i n e , 241 M o l a s s e s , 1257 N P - 1 3 2 , 454
Leveillula taurica, 1134 NP(WR)-15, 413
L i c o p e n e , 248 Molybdenum, 269
M o n o c r o t o p h o s , 6 0 7 , 6 7 8 , 688 NP(WR)-18, 413
Lima b e a n , 6 3 1 , 877 Moong see Mung Numerical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,
L i m i n g , 114 M o r p h o l o g i c a l , 822 361
L i n o l e i c a c i d , 259 Mosaic, 876, 878, 895, 896,
L i p a s e , 1218 1088
L i t t l e - l e a f , 926
Moth b e a n , 6 3 1
L y s i n e , 265, 2 7 1 , 289, 295, M u k t a , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 , 460
344 M u l t i c a r p e l l a t e , 820 O b c o r d a t e l e a f l e t s , 7 4 6 , 808
Mung, 6 9 8 , 6 9 9 , 7 0 0 , 7 0 1 , O b c o r d a t e l e a v e s , 762
7 0 2 , 7 0 3 , 1224 O b l o n g o b o v a t e , 747
O b l o n g t r i f o l i a t e , 7 4 2 , 759

178
 Word I n d e x

Obovate l e a f l e t s , 775 Phoma, 8 5 4 , 9 6 1 , 962 Prometryne, 3, 4 4 , 74, 92

Obovate l e a v e s , 782 P h o r a t e , 6 9 8 , 7 0 0 , 7 0 2 , 703 P r o s t r a t e , 745
Oedocephalum P h o s a l o n e , 688 P r o t e a s e , 1209
c o p r o p h i l u m , 850 P h o s p h a m i d o n , 6 0 9 , 658 P r o t e i n , 263, 265, 2 7 1 , 274,
O i d i o p s i s s p . , 1033 P h o s p h a t e u p t a k e , 140 276, 289, 2 9 1 , 295, 427,
478, 485, 500, 725, 726,
Oidiopsis taurica, 947, P h o s p h i n e , 598 1 2 2 8 , 1240
1 0 1 1 , 1111 P h o s p h o l i p i d , 1232
O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s , 315 Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , 1 5 0 , P r o t e i n content, 89, 108,
Oncideres amputator, 651 1 6 3 , 1 6 6 , 175 116, 153, 194, 298, 3 0 1 ,
O p y r y o s c o l e x , 1257 Phosphorus p l a c e m e n t , 150 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 , 4 3 7 , 7 2 2 , 798
P r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y , 257,
Orosius argentatus, 926 P h o t o p e r i o d , 171 2 7 2 , 288
O x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e , 1138 P h o x i m , 649
O x a m y l , 1086 P h y c i t i n a e , 635 Protein Efficiency Ratio
O x i d a s e , 1218 P h y l l o d y , 87 5 (PER), 265, 268, 270, 2 7 1 ,
Oxyrhaohis tarandus, 661 Phyllosticta s p p . , 937, 2 7 2 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 6 , 358
1 0 6 3 , 1064 P r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s , 1252,
O x y s o l , 153 1253
Phyllosticta cajani, 873,
1 0 5 2 , 1063 P r o t e i n a s e , 1173
P h y t i n , 345 P r o t o z o a , 1257
Phytophthora, 855, 975, 976, Pseudococcus citri, 1115
1132 Pseudomonas s p p . , 893
P - 4 5 8 7 , 511 Puooinia s p p . , 864
P - 4 7 8 5 , 511 Phytophthora cajani, 855
P a l m i t i c a c i d , 259 Phytophthora dreohsleri var. Pusa A g e t i , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 ,
P a n t A - 1 , 422 c a j a n i , 9 7 3 , 9 7 4 , 9 7 5 , 977 460
P a n t A - 2 , 4 2 2 , 515 Pigeonpea c y s t nematode, 934, Pyrenochaeta cajani, 1038
952 P y r i d o x i n e , 389
P a n t A - 3 , 4 2 2 , 515 Pythium s p p . , 1078
P a r a q u a t , 3 , 9 2 , 105 Pisum sativum, 1 3 9 , 2 4 9 ,
P a s t u r e s , 832 2 5 9 , 2 8 7 , 310, 3 2 2 , 437 Pythium aphanidermatum, 983
P a t h a n a l y s i s , 818 P l a n t h a b i t , 738 Pythium splendeus var.
P e a , 2 7 3 , 3 4 1 , 587 P l a n t h e i g h t , 768 hawaiianum, 1079
Pleiotropy, 7 4 6 , 787
P e a r l m i l l e t , 262
Pellicularia filamentosa, 927 Plume m o t h , 612
Penicillia, 945 Pod b o r e r s , 6 0 7 , 6 5 2 , 6 5 3 ,
Pennisetum typhoideum, 87 663 see a l s o
P e p t a s e , 1218 Heliothis armigera Quinalphos, 678
Pod b u g , 612
P e r o x i d a s e , 1141
P e t a l c o l o r , 768 Pod c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 7 1 9 , 7 2 9 ,
Phaeeolue, 202, 368 7 3 1 , 733, 738, 768, 780,
Phaeeolue aconitifolius, 292 7 8 2 , 804
Phaseolus aureus see Pod f l y see Melanagromyza R a g i , 2 6 2 , 2 6 4 , 308
Vigna radiata obtu8a R a n c i d i t y , 1232
R a t o o n i n g , 514
Phaseolus c a l o a r t u s , 337, Pod h a b i t , 4 5 1 Rats, 256, 268, 282, 285,
338 Pod s i z e , 768 2 8 7 , 3 0 4 , 342
Phaeeolue c o c c i n e u s , 439 P o i n t e d l e a f a p e x , 794
Phaeeolue limeneis, 310 P o l l e n v a r i a b i l i t y , 379 R e d u c i n g s u g a r s , 1250
Phaeeolue lunatus, 250, 273, P o l l i n a t i o n , 367 R e d u v i i d , 626
2 8 6 , 3 1 8 , 3 5 7 , 439 Rhizobium, 8 9 , 2 7 4 , 832
P o l y e m b r y o n y , 394 Rhizoctonia, 5 4 0 , 8 9 9 , 1026
Phaeeolue mungo see P o l y p l o i d y , 558 Rhizoctonia ferruginea, 9 3 7 ,
Vigna mungo P o l y s a c c h a r i d e s , 2 9 7 , 346 1110
Phaeeolue radiatus see P o p u s , 405
Vigna radiata P r a b h a t , 483 Rhizootonia solani, 993,994
Phaeeolue vulgarie, 139, Rhynohosia minima, 876
272, 273, 279, 287, 309, P r a t y l e n c h u s s p p . , 886 R i c e , 264
3 1 0 , 3 4 1 , 598 P r o l i f e r a t i o n d i s e a s e , 985 Root n o d u l e s , 833

179
Pigeonpea Bibliography

R o s e t t e d i s e a s e , 987 S t e r i l i t y mosaic, 677, 935, T I B A , 1143

Rotylenchulus reniformis, 936, 948, 982, 1005, 1006, T o x a p h e n e , 667
8 6 9 , 9 2 9 , 1 0 1 2 , 1 0 8 6 , 1087 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, T r i c h l o r p h o n , 653
Rounded l e a f , 744 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, Triohoptilus congrualis, 674
Rumen l i q u o r , 1257 1016, 1017, 1021, 1022, T r i f l u r a l i n , 44
1 0 2 3 , 1 1 0 2 , 1133
Trifolium spp., 832
S t i c k e r s , 825 T r i p l o i d s , 568
S t i p u l e l e n g t h , 735 T r i t h i o n , 668
S t o r a g e l i f e , 1144 T r o p i c a l , 832
S-5, 441 S t r a i n s , 835 T r o p o t o x , 149
S - 8 , 510 Stylo8anth.es gracilis, 833
S - 1 8 , 542 Trychogrammatoidae
S - 1 0 3 , 512 S u c r a s e , 1218 armigera, 709
S A - 1 , 477 S u c r o s e , 315 T r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r s , 279,
S y m b i o t i c , 836 2 8 8 , 3 5 2 , 358
S a l t t o l e r a n c e , 1188 Synahytrium phaseoli-radiata, Tryptophan, 256, 267, 287,
S a p o n i n , 254 918 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 4 , 327
Sohisotetranyohus, 633
Sclerotinia sclerotinum, 1129 Synahytrium umbilicatum, 1050 T u r 1 5 - 1 5 , 467
Seed c o a t c o l o r , 7 1 9 , 7 2 0 , Tur I P I - 5 , 481
7 2 9 , 7 3 2 , 7 8 3 , 810 Tylenchorhynohus spp., 1012
T y p e - 1 0 5 , 436
Seed c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 7 3 9 , 7 4 9 , T y r o s i n e , 344
7 8 0 , 794
Seed p e l l e t i n g , 8 2 5 , 832 T - 5 , 498
Seed s i z e , 799 T - 7 , 4 9 5 , 5 0 1 , 516
S e l f i n g , 470 T - 1 6 , 4 2 4 , 498
T - 1 7 , 5 0 1 , 516
S e p a l o i d , 4 5 3 , 454 T - 2 1 , 5 0 2 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 6 , 527 U j j a i n - 7 , 543
S e p a l o i d f l o w e r , 760 U n i f o l i a t a , 742
S e r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s , 832 T-24, 432 UPAS-120, 4 2 2 , 525
S h a r d a , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 , 460 T-41, 4 2 4 , 498 Urease, 1175, 1176, 1182,
S h o r t s t i g m a , 785 T-50, 4 2 4 , 498 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186,
T-51, 4 2 4 , 498 1 1 8 7 , 1 1 9 3 , 1 2 1 7 , 1218
S i l i c i o u s e a r t h , 697 T-80, 424
Simple l e a f , 453, 454, 759, U r e d o c a j a n i , 8 9 8 , 1134
760 T - 8 2 , 424 Uric a c i d , 265
S m a l l l e a f l e t s , 775 T - 8 4 , 503 Uromyoes dolicholi, 903,
Smear t e c h n i q u e , 576 T - 1 3 6 - 1 , 432 1 0 1 8 , 1129
Taeniothrips distalis, 517,
Sodium a s i d e , 1027 707
Sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e , 112
S o l u b l e c a r b o h y d r a t e s , 320 Taeniothrips nigrioornis,
S o m a t i c v a r i a t i o n , 566 6 9 2 , 708
Sorghum, 619 T a m a r i n d , 405 V a r i t o x , 149
T a p i o c a , 1257 V e g e t a b l e t y p e s , 297
Sorghum bicolor, 77 Taraostigmodee sp., 650 Vein c o l o r , 719, 720, 732,
Sorghum vulgare, 184 7 3 6 , 739
Soybean, 262, 2 6 3 , 2 7 1 , 299, TCA, 149 V e l v e t b e a n , 1254
318, 439, 500, 598, 6 3 1 , T e m p e r a t e , 832
6 8 9 , 877 T e s t a c o l o r , 7 3 3 , 7 3 5 , 768 Vermicularia capsici, 963
Tetranychus s p p . , 651 V e s a k , 253
S p i k e d i s e a s e , 1098 T e t r a p l o i d s , 520, 560, 567, Vioia faba, 598
S p r e a d i n g h a b i t , 794 5 6 8 , 5 7 5 , 5 7 7 , 587 Vigna, 202
Standard p e t a l c o l o r , 804 Vigna aconitifolia, 598,631
Stem c o l o r , 732 T h i a m i n , 2 3 9 , 389
S t e m f l y , 676 T h i r a m , 8 5 6 , 923 Vigna c a p e n e i s , 439
Thosea asperiens, 619 Vigna c a t j a n g , 3 2 2 , 359
S t e r i l e m u t a n t s , 4 3 1 , 758 T h r e o n i n e , 265 Vigna mungo, 1 7 , 7 0 , 1 8 3 ,
S t e r i l i t y , 852, 853, 857, T h r i p s , 698 249, 259, 292, 322, 339,
863. 885, 887, 957, 1044, 3 4 6 , 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 5 4 5 , 598
1073

180
 Word I n d e x

Vigna nilotica, 79 Z e r o t i l l a g e , 173

Vigna radiata, 1, 7, 139, Z i n e b , 927
183, 249, 273, 292, 322, Zonabris pustulata, 634
337, 338, 3A1, 346, 437,
4 6 5 , 5 4 5 , 598

Vigna sinensis, 139, 272,

287, 2 9 1 , 292, 337, 338,
3 4 1 , 3 5 7 , 4 3 7 , 8 4 4 , 1188 2 - 4 - D , 1199
Vigna u m b e l l a t a , 250 2 - 4 - D B , 149
Vigna unguiculata, 250, 286, 3 D - 8 1 0 4 , 449
3 1 0 , 3 1 8 , 357 3 D - 8 1 1 1 , 449
3 D - 8 1 2 7 , 449
V i t a m i n , 291
V i t a m i n A , 2 4 4 , 2 4 8 , 302
V i t a m i n B1, 239, 275, 302,
389
V i t a m i n B Complex, 289

V i t a m i n C, 253
V i t a m i n G ( B 2 ) , 245
Voandzeia subterranea, 434

Water h y a c i n t h , 587
W h i t e f l o w e r c o l o r , 781
W i l t r e s i s t a n c e , 393, 415,
4 2 6 , 5 4 2 , 5 6 3 , 802
W i t c h e s ' broom, 985, 986,
9 8 8 , 1 1 1 4 , 1115

Woroninella umbilicata,
1 0 3 4 , 1050

Xanthomonas s p p . , 1108
Xanthomonas c a j a n i , 9 5 8 , 1 1 0 8
Xanthomonas malvacearum, 1035
Xanthomonas phaseoli, 1061
Xanthomonas phaseoli f. sp.
cajani, 1061, 1062

X - r a y , 4 3 3 , 473
Xylocopa, 605

Yellow mosaic, 1020, 1024,

1053

181
 APPENDIX

PIGEONPEA SYNONYMY

Language Name(s)

English Alberga, Angolapea, Congopea,

Gungo, Gungopea, No-eye-pea,
Pigeonpea, Porto Rican pea,
Red gram, Yellow-dhal

French Ambre ' v a d e , Pois d'Angole,

Poispigeon

Spanish Guandu, Gandul, Quinchonchos

Indian languages

Bengali Tur, Rahar, Orhor

Gujarati Tuver

Hindi Arhar

Kannada Togari
Malayalam Thuvaram

Marathi Tuver

Sanskrit Adhaki, Tuvari, Tuvarika

Tamil Thuvarai

Telugu Kandulu

Local names

Armenia Yewof-aten

Congo Ohota-farengota

Philippines Kadyos

Somali Salboco-ghed

Venezuela Quinchonchos

ICR 80-0039

183