PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NATIVE CHICKEN IN
KIBUNGAN, BENGUET
DANTE T. KENIADO
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
(ANIMAL SCIENCE)
DECEMBER 2019
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Native chickens in the Philippines are mixture of different breedsand believed to
have descended from the domesticated red jungle fowl, Gallus bankivaL. (PCARR 2003),
whichcan still be found in many hillsides and forested areas of the country
today(Lambio2000).Zoologically, native chicken belongs to the genus Gallus of the
family Phasianae. The domestic chicken is simply called Gallus domesticus.
The wild ancestors of the domestic chicken probably originated in the South East
Asia and four species of these white jungle fowls are still known in the area. There are:
the Gallus gallus, red jungle fowl; Gallus layette, Ceylones jungle fowl; Gallus sonnerati,
gray jungle fowl; Gallus various, and the black or green jungle fowl.However, the red
jungle fowl has the widest distribution of the wild species and may well be the chief
ancestor of the modern breeds.
The early domesticated native chicken still resemble their wild ancestors in many
characteristics. The wild adult male has a shiny red plumage with light brown hackle and
black tail feathers while the female has flat yellowish-brownish plumage. The native
chicken’s combs are of single type, and the color of their shanks ranges from yellow to
gray. The combined effects of mutation, natural selection, selection for cockfighting, and
the indiscriminate crossing with the exotics led to the evolution of the so-called
indigenous chickens.
Management of Native Chickens
Lambio (2000) stated that native chickens are predominantly raised underthe free-
range system, while certain farmers rear them in semi-confinement.Most farmers prefer
to raise native chickens over exotic breeds because ofthe low management input and their
inherent abilitytosurvive in harshenvironments. Living free range, these birds are
considered scavengers orself-supporting. As such, they are kept confined during planting
seasonsto minimize destruction ofcrops in nearby fields. Avante(1989) stated thatnative
chickens in the Philippines are “scavengers” since they are notraised in a sophisticated
manner. Indigenous fowl roost in trees at night,and are let loose in backyards during the
day. Little attention is given tofeeding them.
Subsistence or backyard chicken production is basically characterizedby the use of
native stocks kept on free range to feed on naturally-occurringfeed materials. Literally,
these birds are left to fend for themselves withalmost no input in terms of feed
supplementation, health care, breeding andselection, housing, and other forms of
intervention to improve production.Farmers in rural areas who have limited financial and
material resourcesand limited access to information and technical services generally
adoptthis system. Chickens raised this way are primarily for home
consumption,particularly during celebrations, and to earn ready cash for the
family.Different types of native fowls are kept in backyard farms throughout thecountry
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO 2003).
Philippine native chickens can be found anywhere in the country,providing a range
of important direct and indirect benefits. Except for gamecocks, they are kept in range
with no intervention to breeding, feeding, andother management input (Crawford 1990).
The archipelagic nature of thecountry prevented their movement and
interbreeding.Manleon and Barrion (2002) found that no system for breeding,feeding,
housing, and sanitation and health, are in place. Selection forbreeding has not been
observed. Larger chickens that command higherprices are sold in the market, while small
birds that are more difficult tocatch remain in the flock, subsequently becoming the
parents of the nextgeneration (Garcia 1986).
Native Chicken Strains
Philippine native chickens, which are believed to have originatedfrom the red jungle
fowl locally known as “Labuyo” are found all overthe country. As stated byManleon and
Barrion (2002), the top producingregions of these birds from 1998 to 2001were Regions
VI, XI, IV, VII, andII. Regions VI and XI were consistently in the lead in that period.A
report on chicken meat consumption in the country revealed that 13percent of the meat
requirement of a Filipino is derived from poultry and4 to 6 percent of that is from native
chickens. Filipinos have a per capitaconsumption of 3.2 kilograms (kg) of chicken meat.
Other studies haveshown that about a tenth of the total households in the country
considernative chickens as the primary source of their meat requirement.The native
chicken population in Samar stands at 303,265 heads(Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
[BAS 2008), which is very lowcompared to the human population in the province
estimated at 700,000 asof 2007 (National Statistical Coordinating Board [NSCB 2012).
Phenotypically, Philippine native chickens resemble their wildancestors. The male
has a shiny red plumage with a light brown hackle andblack tail feathers. The female has
a flat brownish plumage color. They aresmall, with the male weighing only 1.3 kg and
the female 1 kg (Bondoc
1998; Arboleda 1987).
Indigenous birds usually come with a single comb and have a shankcolor varying
from yellow, white, gray, and black. The common plumagecolors and patterns of the
native chickens are reddish-brown (dalusapiandmayahin), silver laced with bluish-green
tint (talisayin), alternate barringof black, white, gray and reddish brown (budlike), solid
white (puti),smokey-white to brownish gray (abuhin), brown to gray with white
spots(lasak), and solid black (itim) (PCARRD 2003; Bondoc 1998). Of the localvarieties,
only the dalusapi, mayahin, and talisayinare considered to betrue descendants of the
Philippine red jungle fowl, while the others areconsidered to be variations of crossbreeds
(Avante 1989).
On the otherside, Coligado (1985) stated that native chickens aregenerally poor egg
producers, in addition to having a small body size anda slow growth rate. Egg production
is estimated at 57 percent or 103 eggsin a period of 180 days. The egg size is 30.1 grams
(g) for the smallestand 47g for the largest. The average body weight of pullets is 1.53
kg,with a growth rate of 63.15 g/week. Zaman et al. (1991), however, He statedthat
although native chickens are poor producers of both meat and eggs,they are highly
adaptable to the environment and more resistant to localdiseases compared to exotic
types.
Among the identified genetic groups of Philippine native chickens in the, Bondoc,
(1998) provided morphological description of the six strains of native chickens in the
Philippines as follows;
“Banaba” (Batangas).Banaba native chicken was taken mainly from Bauan and
Batangas City. At 40 weeks of age, this male banaba weighs about 1.78 kg while the
female weighs about 1.44 kg. The banaba has a yellow reddish plumage color with black
tail and wing feathers and bright orange hackles. The female usually brown like the red
jungle fowl. The male has unusually large head while the female may have spurs in both
legs.
“Bolinao”(Pangasinan). At 40 weeks old, the adult male weighs 1.95 kg while female
is weighs about 1.77kg. The male has a red comb with seven marked serrations. The
plumage color in the maleis red with black tail feathers and legs; bright orange hackle
and bright red earlobes, and usually has straight spurs and a bushy tail. The female
Bolinao has a light brown with black tail; yellowish brown back and white earlobes and
the feet color is light slate to gray.
“Camarines” (Bicol). This was obtain from the province of Camarines Sur (iriga
city), Albay (Legaspi City), and Sorsogon in the Bicol region. At 40 weeks old, the adult
male weighs 2.19 kg while the female is about 1.4kg. The male in particular, have legs
with alternating patches of black and white scales. It is observe to have mottled
coloration of legs and feet; white and well-formed toes; and short tail feathers and it has a
red single comb and very prominent large white earlobes. The plumage pattern consists
of alternate barring of white and orange. The shank are pale yellow. The female is short
legged and has grayish black tail feather.
“Labuyo” (red jungle fowl). A pygmy-type chicken and the lightest among the native
strains. The plumage in the male is darker than red body, bright red saddle, and the red
head. It has a single comb with four serrations and whitish tingle earlobes. The male has
dark slate color of feet and long spurs, while the female has slate colored legs, slender
feet and sometimes with spurs; the female is commonly brown with yellow hackles.
“Paraoakan” (Palawan). This chicken was initially obtained from the municipalities
of brook’s Pt., Roxas, Puerto Princessa, San Rafael, Conception, Quezon and Rizal in the
province of Palawan. Among the native chicken, paraoakan is the heaviest strain and it
has a rose comb with bright red earlobes and wattle. The plumage pattern is reddish
black and the tail feathers are black with white at the base of main tail feathers. The
feathers on the leg are splash with white in the male but absent in the female while the
shanks are long and black especially in the female.
“Darag” (Iloilo/Panay) . Darag is a general term used of the Philippine native chicken
strain indigenous to and most dominant in Western Visayas. It evolve from the Red
Jungle fowl. The male locally called labuyo has red wing and hackle and black feathers
and tail. The female, also called Darag, is typically yellowish-brown. The comb is single,
the earlobe is whitish and the shank gray for both male and female. The adult male
weighs an average of 1.3 kg while the female weighs an average of 1.0 kg.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Philippine native chickens is one of the most preferred fowl raised by many
indigenous people in the municipality of Kibungan. These is because of the benefits that
can be obtain from their meat, eggs and feathers. It is also believed to have therapeutic
values (Aini 1990).Native chicken is also highly adaptable to environmental condition
and resistant to certain pest and diseases compared to other exotic breeds. In addition,
indigenous native chicken plays an essential role in the culture of most residence in
Cordillera.
Philippine native chickens today, constitute a large portion of the total chicken
population. For many years, these chickens have been part of the natural setting and
provide additional sources of income for so many rural farmers in the country.These
indigenous fowls are small yet active, highly sensitive, resistantto diseases, and require
minimal care and management. They play a vitalrole in augmenting the income of rural
families. (PCARRD 2001) stated that their potential as analternative food source
especially at times of sudden economic difficultieshas been proven by most families in
the countryside.
Although native chickens grow at a slower rate and produce fewer eggs than
improved commercial breeds, meat from these fowls is preferredby many Filipinos
because of its taste, leanness, pigmentation, myofibrilarrangement that makes it palatable,
and suitability to special dishes (Lambio 1990).
In addition, native chickens utilize farm by-products and are resistant todiseases and
parasites (Bondoc 1998). They serve as an efficient converterof leftover grain into
valuable protein. They produce organic fertilizersand are also useful in weed control by
grazing on young grasses and other vegetation (Aini 1990).
Phenotypic characterization of native chicken in the Philippinesis a right step in an
attempt to enhance or upgrade the breeding and production practices of native chicken
including the non-descript chickens in the country. According to FAO (2011), Phenotypic
characterization of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture is used to refer to
the process of identifying the distinct breed population and describing their
characteristics and those of their production environment. This phenotypic
characterization of native chicken would be of paramount essential, not only for
conservation purposes, but also for the definition of breeding objectives and programs
(Mantika et al. 2002).
Importance of the study
The study results will be a beneficial source of information specially in determining
the common breeds found in the municipality of Kibungan, Benguet. The collected data
will serves as an information if ever a farmer or a researcher would want to improve
his/her strains or breeds of native chicken for a better performance. This study will also
help farmers in rural areas to gain more knowledge on ways to upgrade or improve their
production on indigenous chicken.
Objectives of the Study
The study generalizes to describe the phenotypic characteristics of native chicken
unique in Kibungan, Benguet. Specifically, the study aims to;
a. Compare the phenotypic characteristics of native chicken from 7 barangays of
Kibungan, Benguet;
b. Identify a common trait for native chickens in Kibungan, Benguet.
c. Measure body weight, body size, circumference of the chest, body length,
shank length, and wingspan.
Feather Morphology
1. Normal
2. Frizzle feather. Feathers that are curled and which curve outward and forward.
3. Silky. Semi plume character of the feathers of the Silky fowl in which the shafts
are very thin and the barbs are very long, very soft and fluffy, which have no holding
power and no locking arrangement; structurally similar to the fluff of a normal feather.
Figure 1. Normal Figure 2. Frizzle Figure 3. Silky
Feather Distribution
1. Normal. A symmetrical distribution of feathers.
2. Naked neck. a feather distribution of chicken that is naturally devoid of feathers
on its neck and vent.
3. Feathered shank and feet. Presence of feathers on the shanks and feet of the
chicken
4. Muffs and beard. a phenotype in chickens where groups of elongated feathers
gather from both sides of the face (muffs) and below the beak
5. Crest. Almost globular tuft of feathers on the top of the head of some fowl and
waterfowl, as in Polish, Houdans, Crevecoeurs, Silkies, Sultans and White Crested
Ducks. Full expression is partially dependent on the knob.
6. Vulture hocks. a well-defined formation off stiff, straight and rather long feathers
growing from the lower part of the thighs and projecting backward and downward.
Figure 4. Normal Figure 5. Naked neck Figure 6. Feathered shanks and Feet
Figure 7. Muffs and beard Figure 8. Crest Figure 9. Vulture hocks
Plumage Pattern
1. Barred. Poultry feathers having a side-to-side pattern of black and white stripes
(bars). Where the bars are white with another colour, such as gold or buff, the colour
description is gold-barred or buff-barred.
2. Mottled (mottling).Plumage in which a variable percentage of the feathers are
tipped.
3. Double Laced Two lacings of black. First there is the outer black lacing around
the edge of the feather, plus the inner or second lacing.
4. Silver Laced. This color pattern is characterized by silver and black. Roosters
have a silver head, hackle, back, and saddle feathers are silver with a black center strip.
Fluff is black, and the tail is a lustrous greenish black. The wing bow and breast is silver
with uniform black lacing on each feather. The hen’s head is silver. Hackle feathers are
black laced with silver. Body feathers are silver with black lacing.
5. Golden Laced. This color pattern is characterized by red/gold and black. Roosters
have a red head, hackle, back, and saddle feathers. Fluff is black and the tail is a lustrous
greenish black. The wing bow and breast is red/gold with uniform black lacing on each
feather. The hen’s head is red/gold. Hackle feathers are black laced with red. Body
feathers are red/gold with uniform black lacing.
6. Open lacing. Narrow outer lacing, which gives the feather a larger open center of
ground color.
Figure 10. Plain Figure 11. Barred
Figure 12. Double-laced Figure 13. Golden laced Figure 14. Open-lacing
Figure 15. Mottled
Plumage Color
1. Black. Solid black that often has a beetle-green luster
2. Blue. This feather color is a dilution of black, and is generally applied to any bird
with a slate grey appearance. Some breeds with blue varieties with black lacing, while
others are leaden blue, lemon blue, or blue slate. Self blue the U.S. and lavender in the
U.K. is characterized by a uniform, pale bluish grey color across all feathers.
3. Red. A rich dark red or mahogany red. Roosters have glossy red necks, backs, and
saddle feathers, with a greenish black tail and breast. Hens have tones varying from gold,
to salmon, to brown, to black.
4. Wheaten. Various shades of the color of wheat. The color of yellow wheat. Hens
are majority wheat colored with darker neck and tail. Roosters have more variety in their
coloring but are typically a more orange version of Black-Breasted Red.
5. Buff. Medium shade of orange-yellow color with a rich golden cast.
6. Bay. Light golden-brown.
7. Chestnut. Dark red-brown plumage color, darker than bay.
8. Columbian. A plumage color pattern in chickens. The main body plumage is
white, but certain feathers in the neck, tail and wing sections are variously tinged with
black. It is the plumage pattern of the Light Brahma, Columbian Plymouth Rock, and
Columbian Wyandotte.
9. Peppered (peppering). Feathers sprinkled with small dots of black or grey.
10. Rust. The reddish brown shading on the outside of the wings in Black-Breasted
Reds.
11. Shafty. A dark-colored feather having a light shaft.
12. Ticking. Specks or small spots of black color on the tips of the lower neck-
feathers.
13. Tipped (with white). Loosely used in describing the white markings at the tips of
feathers in mottled and spangled breeds.
14. Birchen. Main body and tail of the bird are solid black. The head, hackles on
males and females, and the saddle on males have silvery white feathers with a narrow
black stripe through the middle of each feather. The breast feathers are blackwith a
narrow trim of silver.
15. Crele. A blend of cuckoo barring with Black-Breasted Red, resulting in a cuckoo
feathers bird with yellow, orange, and red accents. Roosters will have these accents in
hackles, shoulders, and saddles, and hens will only have accents in the hackles
16. Fawn. Light brown or tan
17. Silver Penciled. This color pattern is characterized by silver and black. Roosters
have a silver head, hackle, back, and saddle feathers are silver with a black center strip.
Breast and fluff are black and the tail is a lustrous greenish black. Hens have a pattern
similar to Partridge, however in silver rather than reddish bay. The head is silver, the
hackle feathers are black laced with silver, and the body feathers are silver with three
black penciling, giving the overall appearance of a steel grey.
18. Silver. A color pattern characterized by a silvery white. Roosters have varying
shades of white, black, and greenish black feathers. Hens have a salmon breast, grey
body, and white hackles with a black center stripe.
19. Brassiness. Yellow discoloration of feathers, usually on the back and wing.
20. Dusky. Yellow pigments shaded with black, giving a mousey brown appearance.
Figure 16. White Figure 17. Black
Figure 18.Blue Figure 19. Red Figure 20. Wheaten
Figure 21. Bay Figure 22. Chestnut Figure 23. Columbian
Figure 24. Birchen Figure 25. Buff Figure 26.Cinamon
Figure 27.Crele Figure 28. Fawn Figure 29. Silver
Figure 30. Silver penciled Figure 31. Brassiness Figure 32. Dusky
Figure 33. Peppering Figure 34. Rust Figure 35.Shafty
Figure 36.Ticking Figure 37. Tipping
Comb Type
1. Single comb. The most common. It is a simple straight row of spikes beginning at
the bird’s nostrils and sweeping back its head. Breeds with Single Combs: Rocks,
Australorps, Cochins, Leghorns, Rhode Islands.
2. Pea comb. Often have 3 rows of peas side by side, although sometimes there is
only 1 row. The peas are little bumps, usually quite uniform in shape and size. As the bird
matures the comb grows, sometimes losing its neat, ordered appearance and becoming a
large blob on its head. Breeds with Pea Combs: Ameraucanas, Araucanas, Brahmas,
Cornish.
3. Strawberry comb. Very similar to rose combs, except that they form no point and
are not as flat. They are raised higher and sometimes resemble strawberries, hence the
name. Breeds with Strawberry Combs: Malays, Yokohamas.
4. Buttercup comb. Reserved for the breed that carries its name. The buttercup comb
has a very small single comb in the center, with larger ones on either side. Breed with a
Buttercup Comb: Sicilian Buttercups. It is a single comb with two sides springs on either
side of the back of the comb.
5. Cushion comb. Similar to the rose comb, but cushion combs are rounded and
smaller than the rose. They also have no point. Breed with a Cushion Comb: Chanteclers.
6. Walnut comb. Look almost exactly like the nut. Big, pitted, and round, they can
grow quite large and nearly cover their bird’s face.
7. 4 Rose combs. Normally flat and close to the bird’s head. Sometimes it will form
a point and extend further back than the rest of the comb. Breeds with
Rose Combs: Wyandottes, Dominiques, Hamburghs, Sebrights
8. V-Comb. Breeds with V-combs have the appearance of little devils, with their
long red horns. Breeds with V-Combs: Houdans, Polish, Sultans
Figure 38. Single Figure 39. Pea Figure 40. Strawberry
Figure 41. Buttercup Figure 42. Carnation Figure 43. Cushion
Figure 44. Walnut Figure 45.Rose Figure 46. V-shaped
Eye Color
Figure 47. Pearl Figure 48. Brown
Figure 49. Orange Figure 50. Red
Earlobe Color
1. White
2. Red
3. White and Red
Figure 51. White Figure 52. Red
Figure 53. White and Red
Shank Color
1. White
2. Yellow
3. Cyan
4. Green
Figure 54. Shank Color
Quantitative variables are described as follows:
1. Body length. The horizontal distance (in centimeters) from the point of shoulder
to the pin bone. Measure from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail (excluding feathers).
There is a need to fully stretch the sigmoid neck, with the chicken in a lying position.
2. Wing span. (Length in cm between tips of right and left wings after both are
stretched out in full) the measurement is taken across the back of the bird.
3. Shank length. (Length in cm of the shank from the hock joint to the spur of either
leg).
4. Body weight. ( Refers to the body weight of the chicken at the time of the study)
If spring balance or weigh bridge is available.
5. Circumference of the chest. This will be measured from the tip of the pectus (hind
breast).
Figure 55. Body Length
Figure 56. Wingspan
Figure 57. Circumference of the Chest
Figure 57. Circumference of the Chest
Figure 58. Shank Length
Figure 59. Body Weight
Time and place of the study
The study will be conducted from december –february 2020 in the different
barangay’s of Kibungan.
MATERIALS METHODS
The following materials were used in the study; weighing scale, measuring
instruments, illustration boards and a recording materials.
The morphological characteristics and morphological measurements of the birds will
be based on the FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines Annex 3: Genetic Data
collection format for phenotypic characterization of chickens (FAO, 2012).
Local of the study
Kibungan is bounded by the municipality of Bakun on the north, on the east by
Buguias, on the west by the province of Ilocos Sur and the south by the municipalites of
Kapangan and Atok. The municipality of Kibungan were composed of seven barangays,
this were Barangay Poblacion, Barangay Palina, Barangay Madaymen, Barangay Sagpat,
Barangay Takadang, Barangay Badeo, And Barangay Lubo. The latitude of Kibungan
and longitude is 16 41’49” and 120 39’ 34” within cool highland mountainous zone with
elevation at more than 2500 meters above sea level. Generally, the slope is more than
18%.
The general guidelines are as follows:
1. Physical measurement should be taken only from a representative set of adult
animals (as judge by body size).
2. The linear managements on mature animals should include at least body length,
wingspan and chest circumference, which can be taken using a textile measuring
tape to the nearest unit centimeter. Measurement of the body weight should be
taken along with available information on the age of the animal.
3. The pattern and type of coat plumage, skin and earlobe color, comb type and other
discrete variables can be recorded using coded descriptors.
Data to be gathered
1. Qualitative traits. The qualitative traits will be represented by morphological
characters observed among the sample chickens such as feather morphology and
distribution, plumage patterns and color, skin color, shank color, earlobe color,
comb type and size, eye color and skeletal variants.
2. Quantitative traits. The quantitative variables is defined as follows:
a) Body weight of the chicken. This refers to the body weight of the chickens
at the time of the study.
b) Body length. This will be taken when the bird is completely drawn
throughout its length from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail,
excluding the feathers.
c) Circumference of the chest. These will be measured from the tip of the
pectus (hind breast).
d) Shank length. This will be measured between the shanks from the hock
joint to the spur of either leg.
e) Wingspan. This will be measured between the tips of the right and left
wings after both stretched out in full.
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