ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE DESIGN OF HEALTH FACILITIES ON USERS’ HEALTH- A STUDY OF BRYAN LOWE ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL, MAMPONG, AKUAPEM. by DAVID AMUGI (Bsc. Architecture) ‘A Thesis Submitted to the Department Of Architecture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE College Of Architecture and Planning = —— October, 2012ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE DESIGN OF HEALTH FACILITIES ON USERS’ HEALTH- A STUDY OF BRYAN LOWE ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL, MAMPONG, AKUAPEM. A Thesis by DAVID AMUGI A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE College of Architecture and Planning October, 2012DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty for giving me strength to keep me going even in difficult times. ‘To my parents, Mr. and Mrs, Amugi and my brother Daniel for their love, motivation and care. To my angel sister Angela who passed away to be with the Lord, but is fondly and forever remembered and remains with us. It also goes most especially to my mentor and brother Mr. Eddy Botchway, who has been of great inspiration and profound support. | am forever grateful. I love you all very much. ivACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my appreciation to various people who helped me in various ways in making this project work a success. Firstly to my supervisor, Mr. V. Kootin Sanwu for his guidance, corrections and suggestions. I am especially grateful to Mrs. Laing for her hardwork, enthusiasm and most importantly insightful contributions towards this study. T would also like to extend a heartfelt appreciation to the staff of the (Bryan Lowe Orthopaedic Hospital (formerly Kweku Kunta Kinte Orthopaedic Hospita)| that helped me gather information for the work. Lastly, I acknowledge the inputs of all my friends who through their contributions and constructive criticisms, the work is a success.DECLARATION. DEDICATION. 00.0000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......... TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS....... LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES... ABSTRACT. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1d 12 i 14 15 16 17 1.8 BACKGROUND... RESEARCH PROBLEM. THE RESEARCH SETTING RESEARCH QUESTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .. RESEARCH AIM. JUSTIFICATION... CONCLUSION «1.0... CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 21 2.2 INTRODUC. THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. vi s \1Y OF INIVERSITY CF & ci Mi ENCE AS Page iii2.2.1 Components of the built environment 2.3 THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. 2.3.1 Built environment and Health... 24 HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIOR AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT... 2.4.1 The Jonas Salk story and the Polio Vaccine. ...... 2.42 The Case Studies of Cathall and Keir Hardi Communities 2.4.3 Strategies for Safer Communities... 2.4.3.1 Policies 2.5 OVERVIEW OF OCCUPANTS’ COMFORT IN BUILDINGS, 2.5.1 Importance of Environmental Health in Buildings ..... 2.6 Current Hospital Design Trends.. 2.6.1 Design Strategis...... CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN... 3.3. RESEARCH APPROACH .... 3.4 SAMPLING/SAMPLING TECHNIQUE. 3.5 INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION... 3.5.1 Primary Source of Data Collection... FSA Intervie WS cn 3.5.1.2. Observations vii 10 1B 14 16 7 18 20 2 22 23 25 26 34 34 35 35 36 37 38 383.6 DATA ANALYSIS 39 3.7 LIMITATIONS... 39 3.8 ETHICAL ISSUES... 39 3.9 CONCLUSION 40 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION.. 41 4.2 BACKGROUND OF BRYAN LOWE ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL . 41 4.3. RESPONDENTS’ PROFILE. sent 43.1 Respondents’ Demographic Characteristics 42 4.4 THERAAPEUTIC CHARACTERISTICS... 45 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 CONCLUSION 4 5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS..... 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY... APPENDIX A. 86 APPENDIX B. 90 PABPESN DIX! © srsnetsscrercreetecrrne=s . 14 viiiLIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 4.1 Bar chart showing the gender composition of interviewees’ 4B 4.1.1 Bar chart showing the places of prior visits or work.... 44 4.2 Layout of BLOH 46 4.2.1 Layout of BLOH showing locations of entrances. 47 4.3. Patients/Visitors opinions on orientations... 49 4.4 Central connections spine linking various blocks along slope .. st 4.4.1Conceptual section d-d showing central connection spine between various BLOCKS .n.cecneereernnn SI 4.4.2Portion of typical ward. 33 . 4.4.3Efiect of scale hospital on users... 34 4.5 Lush of natural green landscaping envelopes site. 57 4.5. 1Ratio of soft to hard landscaping on site and around site... 58 4.5.2 Types of mood changes .. 59 ; 4.6 Respondents’ perception of colour schemes... 65 4.6.1Different colour schemes for Ward... 67 4.6.2 Central ramp as accessibility element connecting different levels : (OMGEle eds vaeteecedsorPecoPraarsread: eieeectaceseecearatantse 70 i 4.6.3 Schematic section showing ramp as vertical circulation element. 1 ¥ 5.0” Landscape suggestions: vi any | es sate, a APS unoLos” = nnversttY GMA 86.0 Site section and elevation showing spatial hierarchy and orientation..... 38 6.1 Landscape layout... 89 6.2 The site layout... 90 6.2a Block plan... an 6.2.1 Administration block floor plans .. 92 6.2.2 Administration block sections ... 93 6.2.3Administration block elevations ... 94 6.3 Health spa and clinic floor plans. 95 6.3.1Health spa and clinic sections 96 6.3.2 Health spa and clinic elevations... 7 6.4. Restaurant and floor plan... 98 6.4.1Restaurant sections .....rone 98 6.4.2 Restaurant elevations. 99, 6.4.3Bar layout. 100 6.4.4 Restaurant and bar sectional massing. 101 6.5 Executive lodge accommodation floor plan. 101 6.5.1 Executive lodge accommodation sections .. 102 6.5.2 Executive lodge accommodation elevations... 103 6.6 Cluster lodge accommodation floor plans 104 6.6.2 Cluster lodge accommodation sections 105 6.6.3 Cluster lodge accommodation elevations... 6.7 Regular type 1 accommodation floor plans ....0.....:-- 106 1076.7.1 Regular type 1 accommodation sections .. 108 6.7.2 Regular type | accommodation elevations 6.8 Regular type 2 accommodation floor plans... 110 6.8.1 Regular type 2 accommodation sections 6.8.2 Regular type 2 accommodation elevations . 112 6.9 Meditation shed floor plans 12 6.9.1 Recreational patch floor plans. 113 a ee ne xi we ee = unetecietc ’LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 4.1 Age distribution table ... 4.2 Working years at BLOH distribution of interviewed staff.LIST OF PLATES PLATES... PAGE 4.1 Ambulance bay... 48 4.2 Signage within facility (interior). 49 4.2.1 signage within facility (exterior). 4.3 View of the central connection spine 4.4 View of nurses’ station as indicated on plan... 4.4.1 Equipment in corridors, obstructing movement ...... 4.4.2Equipment in corridors, obstructing movement 34 4,5 View of lush green backdrop around site.... 35 4.5.1 Areas in-between buildings to be where landscaping can be enhanced marked in red. 59 4,5.1b Areas in-between buildings to be where landscaping can be enhanced marked in red 4,6 The only art piece in the reception area 4.6.1 Abstract art and prints in the corridors of wards... 4,6.2Representational and nature art in children’s Wards 0.0: 683 4.7 Views of various wards showing different colour schemes . 67 4.7.1View of relatively dark corridor opening onto a bright lit room in the background 68 4.7.2 View of sub-basement as storage spaces. 70 4.7.3 Central ramp as accessibility element within hospital. 1 4.7.4 Seamless transition between exteriors and interiors. n xiii4.7.5 Large sanitary spaces fitted with handrails to accommodate and aid wheelchair users. B 6.0 Block plan... 87 6.1 Aerial views of rejuvenative health village. 114 6.2 Accommodation regular type 2.. us 6.2.1 Accommodation regular type 1... us 6.3 Cluster lodge accommodati 116 6.4 Executive lodge accommodation ... 116 6.5 Views of bar and waterfall areas... 117 xiv