A

Project Report
on
‘SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT’
(M.B.A PROJECT MANAGEMENT)

BY
SAYED SHAKIL SAYED BABAJAN

Reg. No. : 111042MBA0015

Under the Guidance of

Mr.SUNIL JHA
Qualification- B.Tech (Hons), MBA, DBA, (IAU,USA)
Profession-Director-Yes Education

KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

MUKTHAGANGOTRI, MYSORE –570 006
JAN’2014 Examination

1
 A
Project Report
on
‘SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT’
Rendered by Rendered by

Yes Education Mulund Mumbai

Submitted to

KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

in partial fulfillment for the award of the M.B.A (Project Management)

Submitted by

SAYED SHAKIL SAYED BABAJAN

Reg. No. : 111042MBA0015

Under the Guidance of

Mr.SUNIL JHA
Qualification- B.Tech (Hons), MBA, DBA, (IAU,USA)
Profession-Director-Yes Education

KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY

MUKTHAGANGOTRI, MYSORE –570 006
JAN’2014 Examination

2
 KARNATAKA STATE OPEN
MUKTHAGANGOTRI, MYSORE –570 006
Project Certificate

This is to certify that SAYED SHAKIL SAYED BABAJAN bearing the Reg. No.

11042MBA0015 has successfully completed the project work on”SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT PROJECT ” under the guidance of MR.Sunil Jha.

The project report is submitted to the Karnataka State Open University for

Examination Jan’2014.

Registrar (Evaluation)

3
 GUIDE’S CERTIFICATE

I here certify that the research work embodied in the dissertation entitled “Solid

waste ManagementProject” has been under taken and completed by SAYED

SHAKIL SAYED BABAJAN bearing theReg. No. 111042MBA0015 under my

guidance and supervision.

I also certify that he has fulfilled all the requirements under the covenant governing

the submission of dissertation to the KSOU for award of M.B.A (PROJRCT

MANAGEMENT)

Name & Signature of Guide

Place:

Date :

4
KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY
MUKTHAGANGOTRI, MYSORE –570 006

APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING APPROVAL FOR TITLE OF PROJECT

AND WILLINGNESS OF THE

NAME OF THE COURSE WITH :MBA PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SPECIALISATION

ENROLLMENT NO :111042MBA0015

NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE CANDIDATE :SAYED SHAKIL SAYED BABAJAN

SITA BAI CHAWL NO.6/53,HARIYALI
VILLAGE VIKHROLI (EAST) MUMBAI
400083
CONTACT MOBILE NO :9892572530

NAME OF THE STUDY CENTRE & CODE :YES EDUCATION-Code 607

TITLE OF THE PROJECT (In Block Letters) :Soild Waste Management Project

Abstract :The Purpose this project is implementation

of solid waste management system at various dumping ground at mumbai for disposal of waste
and recycling waste .Mumbai is very having shortage of land available to to dipose garabage
collected daily a system is required to avoide shoratge of land and with consideration of Health.

NAME OF THE GUIDE : Mr.Sunil Kumar Jha

QUALIFICATION OF THE GUIDE : B.Tech (Hons), MBA, DBA, (IAU,USA)

EXPERIENCE IN THE RESPECTIVE CADRE : 10 Years

DESIGNATION OF THE GUIDE : Managing Director

ADDRESS (CONTACT NO) : YES EDUCATION, 301, PRANAV

COMMERCIAL PLAZA, M.G.ROAD,
MULUND (W)

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE WITH SEAL :

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

5
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Table of Contents

1. Abstract .................................................................................................................7

2. Introduction ……….................................................................................................18

3. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai ………….....................................................35

4. The Crisis ………....................................................................................................37

5. Budgetary Allocation................................................................................................41

6. PROJECT OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................43

7. Project Task…………….................................................................................................44

8. Technology…………………………………………………………...…………....46

9. Evaluating major benefits of Project ………….………...………...…………….50

10. Role of the Citizens of Mumbai ..............................................................................58

11. Business Opportunity...............................................................................................59

12. Reference ..................................................................................................................60

6
1.Abstract

Waste management is the collection, transport,processing or disposal, managing and monitoring

ofwaste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the

process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, theenvironment or aesthetics.

Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the

rate of consumption of natural resources. All waste materials, whether they

are solid, liquid, gaseous orradioactive fall within the remit of waste management.

Waste management practices can differ for developedand developing nations, for urban and rural

areas, and forresidential and industrial producers. Management of non-hazardous

waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility

of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial

waste is usually the responsibility of the generator subject to local, national or international

authorities.

History

Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to

lowpopulation density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common

waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and

these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools

made out of wood ormetal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

However, some civilizations do seem to have been more profligate in their waste output than

others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the

people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.

7
Modern era

Following the onset of industrialisation and the sustained urban growth of large population

centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of

sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the

lack of waste clearance regulations. Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with

waste removal powers were mooted as early as 1751 by Corbyn Morris in London, who

proposed that "...as the preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is

proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and

all the filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country".

However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly

devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first

legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary

Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842 of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in

which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to

improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.

In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a

steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London.

The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first city-wide authority that centralized sanitation

regulation for the rapidly expanding city and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for

every household to deposit their weekly waste in "moveable receptacles: for disposal—the first

concept for a dust-bin.

The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or,

as they were then called, "destructors". In 1874, the first incinerator was built

8
in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Albert Fryer.[3] However, these

were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which

wafted over the neighbouring areas.

Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other

large cities of Europeand North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with

public-sector garbage management.

Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodieddump trucks pulled by a team of horses.

They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first close body trucks to

eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in

Britain. These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at

floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load

Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.

Methods of disposal Landfill

Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste and this remains a common practice in

most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unusedquarries, mining voids

or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively

inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed

landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter,

attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate. Another common product of landfills is

gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste and

breaks downanaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation and is

a greenhouse gas.

9
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as clay or

plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and

stability and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have

landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the

landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.

Incineration

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as

to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue

of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. This process

reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and

other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".

Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It

is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of

disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is

a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as these facilities

generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste

(EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam

or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns

about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on

some very persistentorganic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and PAHs, which may be

created and which may have serious environmental consequences.

10
Recycling

Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste

materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can

be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from

general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside

collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into

various different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other

communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is

handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling."

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage

cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or

equipment, polyethylene and PETbottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers,

magazines and light paper, andcorrugated fiberboard boxes.

PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are

usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new

products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is

more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.

The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has

different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials.

However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is

reprocessed.

Sustainability

11
The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to

maintaining ISO14001accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental

efficiencies each year by eliminating waste through resource recovery practices, which are

sustainability-related activities. One way to do this is by shifting away from waste management

to resource recovery practices like recyclingmaterials such as glass, food scraps, paper and

cardboard, plastic bottles and metal.

Biological reprocessing

Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper

products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the

organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for

agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane)

can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising

efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and

accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery).

Energy recovery

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct

combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment

ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see

above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in

a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste

materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygenavailability. The process usually

occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into

solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into

12
other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into

products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to

convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon

monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to

pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal

monophasic oxidation).

Resource recovery

Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to

offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of

broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by

reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of

the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.

Avoidance and reduction methods

An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created,

also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products,

repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable

(such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using

disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans

and packaging, and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for

example, lightweighting of beverage cans).

Waste handling and transport

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste

collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies

13
in the industry. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal

waste-collection system. Examples of waste handling systems include:

In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary

collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a

vacuum system. Other vacuum-based solutions include the MetroTaifun® single-line and ring-

line automatic waste collection system, where the waste is automatically collected through

relatively small diameter flexible pipes from waste collection points spread out up to a distance

of four kilometres from the waste collections stations.

In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby

the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas

people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then

transported to a regional landfill.

In China, Plastic pyrolysis or Tire pyrolysis is: the process of converting waste plastic/tires into

industrial fuels like pyrolysis oil, carbon black and hydrocarbon gas.End products are used as

industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as:

pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.The

system is used in USA, California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the United Kingdom and in

Israel.For example, RESEM pyrolysis plant that has been operational at Texas USA since

December 2011, and processes up to 60 tons per day.

In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish

they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government

issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces

and increased the recycling rate.

14
In Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the ArrowBio system, which takes trash

directly from collection trucks and separates organic and inorganic materials through

gravitational settling, screening, and hydro-mechanical shredding. The system is capable of

sorting huge volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into biogas and

rich agricultural compost. The system is used in California, Australia, Greece, Mexico, the

United Kingdom and in Israel. For example, an ArrowBio plant that has been operational at

the Hiriya landfill site since December 2003 serves the Tel Aviv area, and processes up to 150

tons of garbage a day.

In Saudi Arabia there is the world’s largest AWCS now being built in the vicinity of Islam’s

holiest mosque (Mecca). During the Ramadan and Hajj 600,000 kilos, or 4,500 cubic meters, of

waste is generated each day, which puts a heavy demand on those responsible for collecting the

waste and litter. In the  MetroTaifun Automatic Waste Collection System, the waste is

automatically collected from 74 waste feeding points spread out across the area and then

transferred via a 20-kilometre pipe network to a central collection point, keeping all the waste

collecting activities out of sight and below ground with the central collection point well away

from the public areas.

In San Francisco, the local government established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting

Ordinance in support of its goal of zero waste by 2020, requiring everyone in the city to keep

recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the

curbside "Fantastic 3" bin system - blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for

landfill-bound materials - provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's

sole refuse hauler, Recology. The City's "Pay-As-You-Throw" system charges customers by the

volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables

15
and compostables from other discards. The City's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste

Program has led the City to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America.

[15]

While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, trans-boundary

movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries

in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries,

deprecates movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The

provisions of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipment regulation.

Nuclear waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel

Convention.

Technologies

Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such

as RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which

enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.

Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on presentation rates for curb-

side pick-ups.

Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the efficiency of ad hoc pick-

ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the collection is done on a consumer request basis.

Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for use in optimisation of

operations for waste collection operations.

Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S (Occupational Health & Safety) reasons and

video recording devices are becoming more widely used, particularly concerning residential

services.

16
Waste management concepts

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between

countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which

classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste

minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization

strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from

products and to generate the minimum amount of waste see: resource recovery.

Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays

for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally

refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the

unrecoverable material.

The solid waste in all municipal corporations is rising in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Such rise

in solid waste generation is observed in Brihanmumbai, Thane, Mira-Bhayandar, Kalyan-

Dombivali, Ulhasnagar, Navi-Mumbai and Bhiwand-Nizampur Municipal Corporation. An

increase in solid waste is observed because of increase in urbanization, population density and

income, changing food habits, taste and pattern. The growth of industry, commercial units such

as hotels, theaters, restaurants, malls are rising fast. Such units are positively contributing to the

solid waste generation. Solid waste collection, segregation and disposal capacity of Municipal

Corporations is low and inadequate with rising solid waste. Therefore municipal corporations

must adopt scientific methods for collection, segregation and disposal of solid waste. Municipal

corporations must accommodate private sector for investment and management of solid waste.

17
Urgent steps in this direction will reduce the water, air, soil pollutions and health hazards. It will

improve the quality life of people in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

2.Introduction

Solid waste is an integral part of modern society. Human activities create solid waste and
it required to store, collect and dispose. If it is not properly managed then it causes risk to

environment and public health. Municipal solid waste management is a major responsibility of

local government (Schubeler P.1996).

In Mumbai Metropolitan Region, urbanization, population,

industrial, commercial unit growth is higher. Mumbai is a financial capital of country. Therefore

most of the financial institutions, corporate head quarters of number of Indian companies and

MNC’s are located in city. The growth of services sector such as finance, IT, telecom, tourism,

entertainment, advertising, communication is higher in region. Services sector provides

enormous employment opportunities to people. Therefore there is continuous migration from

rural to Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Skilled and unskilled migrants do not find employment

problem in region. They easily adopt with employment opportunities and housing. Metropolitan

region has good connectivity of railway and roads. But rising population is putting pressure on

existing amenities in Mumbai and municipal corporations of Thane district. Such inadequate

civic amenities such as water supply, housing, transportation, health care, solid waste, sanitation

is affecting on quality of life. It has resulted in to traffic, illegal slums, diseases and pollution

etc. Similarly income of people, food habits, taste and pattern is changing fast. Solid waste

management required unit and ward wise collection, segregation, storage, disposable system and

scientific planning. For collection of solid waste, workers, rag pickers, ghanta gadies, vehicles

are required. Municipal corporations are required budget to pay workers salaries, maintain

vehicles and dumping grounds. But Municipal Corporations in Mumbai metropolitan region do

18
not have resources for investment in various activities. It results in low manpower, less vehicles

and irregular collection and transportation of solid waste. In low income or squatters settlements,

waste collection is often non existent either because the settlements are informal, unplanned and

possibly unauthorized or because the strategies and technologies adopted for service provision

are inappropriate for operating in settlements with narrow and unplanned streets and lanes (Zhu

Da. et.al 2008). Municipal corporations do not have adequate dumping grounds for solid waste

disposal. All these factors lead to lower coverage of solid waste in municipal corporations. The

solid waste is thrown at roads, streets, common grounds etc. It leads to soil, water and air

pollution and health hazards. During monsoon, it blocks the rain water flows and leads to water

logging and floods. It also causes mosquitoes breeding and malaria in region. Health of the

adults and children gets affect due to water borne and waste related diseases. The direct and

indirect cost of visiting health care facilities is very high. Health facilities are overcrowded and

visiting to doctor, standing in queue and repeated visits are very expensive for the poor

households. Water and waste borne insects easily move from one corporation area to another

area. Therefore each municipal corporation has the responsibility to manage the solid waste in

their area. Solid waste management involves managing activities associated with generation ,

storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing an disposal of solid wastes in an

environmentally compatible manner with due considerations of the principles of economy,

aesthetics energy and conservation (Edelman D.J.1997). Clean environment increases the

economic productivity of human beings and they remain healthy for long period of time. First

section of this paper explains about the data and methodology. Second section deals with total

solid waste generated with different type in each municipal corporation. Third section explains

about the solid waste generated till 2031 in Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Bhiwandi-

19
Nizampur, Mira-Bhayandar, Ulhasnagar and Navi-Mumbai Municipal Corporation. Second last

section of the paper deals with ordinary least square regression results. Last section deals with

policy implication and conclusion

Mumbai city, like many cities in the developing world is a centre of economic growth and

poverty. The implications of centralised planning, administrative and financial regime in the

MCGM has manifested in poor quality of civic services, and lopsided and inadequate

infrastructure development. The Business Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region identifies

deficiency of infrastructure and the resultant poor quality of life, apart from the regulatory

constraints, as a limitation to the economic growth of the region. Economic growth drives the

demand for public goods, both environmental infrastructure such as water and sanitation as well

as growth inducing infrastructure such as roads and transport. These investments are long

gestation and capital intensive requiring long tenor finance if investments are not to be ad-hoc

and grant dependant. We have estimated this infrastructure gap as about Rs. 20,600 Crore.

Typically, cities of the size and significance of Mumbai (such as Jo‟burg, Mexico City and

Shanghai, Ahmedabad, Chennai) have established relationships with debt markets allowing the

city to leverage its scarce grant resources with private finance to create long term infrastructure.

This is because the size of the infrastructure deficits makes obvious the proposition that long

term finance is needed if the scale of the infrastructure deficit is to be reduced in a short span of

time. The main purpose of this study is to identify the infrastructure gap, estimate the normative

financing requirement, and assess the borrowing capacity of the city for financing the needed

infrastructure.

20
Currently a study of the capital investment profile would suggest that these are essentially

dependant on ad-hoc grants and not investments which are ex-ante undertaken with the means of

finance tied up. It is possible for Mumbai to continue this way, as it has over the past generated

substantial investible resources (Rs. 10,000 Crore)for financing its immediate investment needs,

notably the MSDP and water supply improvements (Rs. 6000 Crore) This is the business as usual

scenario. In this submission, we use the available investment plans to project the financing

requirements and match them with available resources.

However, if Mumbai needs to put in investments which address major deficits in a sustainable

fashion, by reducing dependence on grants and leveraging its resources, Mumbai would require a

medium term capital investment program with a means of finance built in. This medium term

strategic option is the subject of the next submission.

The objectives of BMC through this Project include:

• improve the efficiency of SWM collection and transportation system in the

city of Mumbai;

• introduce scientific treatment and disposal of the SWM;

• institute a transaction structure that assures sustainability of this project

and similar future PPP projects; and

• comply with the MSW Rules.

Data and Methodology:

Data for this study is collected from the census 2001 and 2011. These census figures are

providing the population and number of habitations. Similarly, census also provides the number

of units of hospitals, schools and colleges, commercial units of Greater Mumbai, Thane, Navi-

21
Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Mira-Bhayandar, Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation. We have

referred the city development and current environment status reports of each municipal

corporation. We have also refereed the solid waste management system of Pune, Delhi and

Kolkata. We have used the ordinary least square regression model to examine the factors

correlated to solid waste management. We used the simple forecasting method to estimate the

solid waste generation till 2031 in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

Solid waste: An overview

Solid waste is broadly defined as including non-hazardous industrial, commercial unit

and domestic refuse including household organic trash, street sweepings, hospitals and

institutional garbage and construction waste (Zerbock Olar and M.S.Candidate 2003). In other

words, “Waste is unwanted for the person who discards it”. A product or material that does not

have a value anymore for the user and therefore it is thrown away. But ‘unwanted’ is a subjective

concept. The waste could have value for another person in different circumstances. Domestic

waste generated during food preparation vacuum cleaning, gardening, old clothing, floor

covering and old furniture, bottles, plastic bags etc. Commercial waste produced by shops,

offices. The waste generated by hotels, restaurants, hospitals, also includes in this category.

Hotels and restaurants generate waste during food preparation, bottles, plastic etc. Hospitals

waste comprises as medicines, bottles, injections, papers etc. Street cleaning waste consist of

paper, plastic bottles, bags, small stones, dust and debris fallen from passing trucks. Industrial

waste includes construction waste and all unsalable factory waste. The material of metal plastic

wood or cardboard, textile or other materials, some industrial waste is highly toxic. The major

constituents of solid waste are domestic and commercial waste, paper and fermentable organic

matter. Solid waste is visible and politically sensitive issue. Inadequacies in the service can have

22
severe implications for the credibility of Municipal Corporation and council. Proper solid waste

management is important for public health, environment, economic and political reasons.

Improper waste management can have negative effects on public health, environment and natural

services. Therefore integrated solid waste management is demanded across the world.

Solid waste in Mumbai Metropolitan Region:

Solid waste generated in different Municipal Corporation is different. In a municipal

corporation, the solid waste generation depends on the population, industrial units, shops,

commercial units etc. If the population is growing then these units are also growing. It leads to

more solid waste generation in municipal corporation area. We have calculated the solid waste

generated in current year.

The solid waste in Mumbai Municipal Corporation is 8837 Metric Tones per day. Due to

higher density of population, commercial units’ shops, theaters and industrial units, the solid

waste generated is higher. It is 65 percent of the total solid waste generated in Mumbai

metropolitan region. In Thane Municipal Corporation, solid waste generation is only 1061.34

Metric Tones. It is 7.82 percent of total solid waste. But it is still higher as compare to Municipal

Corporation in Thane district. In Thane city, population is rising fast. Services sector growth is

higher; therefore the numbers of unit are rising. In Kalyan-Dombivali, the solid waste generation

in each day is 969.59 Metric Tones. It is 7.15 percent of total solid waste in Mumbai

Metropolitan Region. In Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation, solid waste generation is 546.54

Metric Tones. It is 4.03 percent of total solid waste in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is the

only Municipal Corporation where lowest solid waste is generated. The reason is that it is a small

Municipal Corporation in terms of population and all other units. In Navi-Mumbai Municipal

Corporation, solid waste generated is 955.62 Metric Tones. It is 7.07 percent of total solid waste.

23
Navi-Mumbai is a modern and planned city. The solid waste generation is rising fast due to high

income, population, and number of commercial units. Solid waste generation in Mira-Bhayandar

is 612.26 Metric Tones. It is 4.51 percent of the total solid waste. In Bhiwandi-Nizampur

Municipal Corporation, the solid waste generation is 583.02 Metric Tones. Total solid waste

generated in Mumbai metropolitan region is 13565.38 Metric Tones.

Type of solid waste generated in Mumbai city:

Solid waste is not only generated by the households but it is generated by the

commercial units, hotels and welfare and recreation units in city. Such units are regularly

visited by the people of same and other municipal corporation area. Therefore solid waste

is a combination of all the types of units in corporation area.

Solid waste generation by households in Mumbai city is 5615 Metric Tones. It is 63.54

percent of total solid waste in Mumbai city. It is only because of density of population which

creates more solid waste in city. The slums are generating solid waste in city, it is 1423 Metric

Tones. Large and small industries are also generating 135 Metric Tones solid waste but it is 1.53

percent of total solid waste. Shops and malls contribute 1211 Metric Tones. It is 13.70 percent of

total solid waste. Many people visit every day to shops and malls in city. Hotels are contributing

53 Metric Tones wastes in city. People of city and outside of city regularly eat food in hotels.

During food preparation and service, maximum solid waste is generated in city. Hospitals

contribute 83 Metric Tones of solid waste. Few big hospitals are located in city. Patients from all

states regularly visit to hospitals in city. Therefore everyday during treatment and prescriptions

of medicines, maximum solid waste is generated in city. Welfare/recreation and fire stations

create 1.71 percent of solid waste in city. Many people visit to welfare and recreation centers

during festivals, holidays etc. Therefore the solid waste generation is higher. The solid waste

24
generated is further classified according to various components.

Solid waste in municipal corporations of Thane district:

Solid waste generated in all the Municipal Corporation of Thane district is not uniform

types. The density of population, commercial units, shops, small and large industries, school and

colleges and hotels and restaurants are different. Some municipal corporations are old but some

are new and they are in developing phase. Therefore it is difficult to compare them with each

other but it is important to estimate their solid waste by different types of units.

In Thane Municipal Corporation, population contributes 774.67 Metric Tones of solid waste.

It is 73 percent of the total solid waste. It is highest solid waste generation as compare to other

municipal corporations of Thane district. In Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation, solid waste

generated by population is only 260.54 metric tones. Ulhasnagar city has many manufacturing

units. Therefore the solid waste generated by population is low. The solid waste generated by the

large and small industry is 165.47 metric tones; it is 30.28 percent and highest among all other

municipal corporations in Thane district. The solid waste generated by industry in Thane

municipal corporation area is only 88.08 metric tones. It is only 8.30 percent and lowest as

compare to other municipal corporation. Total solid waste by industry in Thane is declining

because industries are either shifting or they are getting close. Due to pressure of urbanization

many industrial areas are converted into residential areas. Solid waste by shops in Mira

Bhayandar is 11.66 metric tones. It is highest as compare to all other municipal corporation in

Thane district. In Navi Mumbai, it is only 6.39 Metric Tones. It is lower (0.73 percent) because

of lower density of shops. Solid waste generated by the hotels in Ulhasnagar Municipal

Corporation is 5.45 percent. It is highest because many big and small hotels exist and they are

25
the need of manufacturing and industrial area. In Navi Mumbai, hotels are generating only 2.76

percent of total solid waste. The solid waste generated by the restaurant is higher in Ulhasnagar

Municipal Corporation (4.63 percent). The lowest solid waste generated by the restaurant is

found in the Thane municipal corporation area (2.06 percent). Restaurants are located in few

pockets of city. In Ulhasnagar city, there are many small mini theaters. Workers and other people

regularly visit these theaters. During the intervals, food, other items are consumed by the people.

Therefore solid waste generation is 2.75 metric tones. In Navi Mumbai region, solid waste

generated by the theaters is only 0.79 percent. There are few theaters available in Navi Mumbai.

Solid waste generated by the primary and secondary schools in Navi Mumbai is 2.08 and 1.97

Metric Tones. Colleges and post graduate institutions are contributing 0.25 and 0.22 Metric

Tones solid waste in Thane city. Solid waste generation by the health institutions in Thane city is

6.64 percent that is 70.5 Metric Tones. In Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation only 23.03

Metric Tones of solid waste is generated. In this Municipal Corporation, there are less medical

facilities exist. It is important to examine the component of solid waste generated by municipal

corporations in Thane district.

Collection and disposal of solid waste in Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Solid waste collection, segregation and dumping grounds are different in Municipal

Corporations. Each municipal corporation has its own workforce, vehicles and dumping grounds.

In Mumbai city, solid waste is collected from few households. Road sweeping is also done in

some part of city. Total road length in city is about 1950 kilometer. At present 67 percent of road

length are swept in one or two shifts by municipal staff. But it is inadequate and irregular swept

by municipal staff. The private contractors sweep 33 percent of roads in city (MCGM 1995).

Everyday many people visit beaches in city. They throw waste at such places. Garbage

26
management in the four beaches that is Girgaon chowpaty, Shivaji Park, Mahim, Juhu and

Versova outsourced to private sector. In Mumbai city, solid waste comprises as compostable

matter that is paper and card board and other materials such as plastic, metals, glasses etc. Waste

collection is done through community bins and house to house collection. There are few

households covered under the waste collection system. Kutcha slums are ignored in solid waste

management system. Some slums are illegal and they are located at hills or near railway line,

pipeline etc. The solid waste collection from community bins is carried about in three shifts and

transported either to the three transfer stations or directly to the disposed points. Solid waste is

collected from the main roads and collection points, where as the inside area is completely

avoided in solid waste collection system. The daily collection and transportation is done through

an average number of about 1000 to 1354 trips. During the monsoon, number of trips becomes

less due rain and unplanned dumping grounds. Solid waste is observed lying in various wards in

city. It is a responsibility of the MCGM to provide municipal solid waste management services.

However, the MCGM is not able to handle the increasing quantity of waste. As a result, waste

litters all over the place giving rise to health and environmental problems. (Rathi Sarika 2007).

Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) provides door to door collection in some parts of

city. Waste is collected from common points and market. It uses collection vehicles like dumper

placers, ghanta gadies and rickshaws. The solid waste from each collection point is brought to

the dumper placers and other collection vehicles. From the total waste, vegetables, fruit market,

hotels and segregated wet waste from municipal solid waste is treated by TMC. It is in

collaboration with Enviro-vigil organization through bio-methanation process. TMC has

provided bio-medial waste facilities through MS/Enviro-Vigil, Thane. The biomedical waste is

treated and disposed through incinerator. Disposal site is located at Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

27
hospital, Kalwa (TMC 2006). Solid waste is not efficiently collected from different points in

Thane city. Delay in waste collection is often viewed because lack of transportation, manpower

and management etc. In Thane city, industries are getting closed. The old industrial area is

getting converted in to residential area. Integrated solid waste collection and disposal is

inadequate in Thane city. In Ulhasnagar city, solid waste generated as kitchen waste, papers,

plastics, glass, metals, rubber etc. Commercial units and markets are also generating waste in

city. The industrial waste from industries stainless steel industry mainly consists of nitric acid. It

is sometimes inflammable. The industrial waste generation is increasing in Ulhasnagar city.

Apart from the industrial waste, there is generation of inert waste from repairs of houses,

construction activities, silt generated out of cleaning of gutters and drainage. The quality of inert

waste varies and it is collected and transported to land fill sites. The collection and transportation

of solid waste is done by private agencies. They charge on daily basis in Ulhasnagar city. The

hired agencies task is to collect the waste from the collection bins kept at regular interval in city

and carry it to the dumping site. UMC is responsible for collection of domestic waste from all

household and other units. But most of the houses are neglected or remain uncovered due to

density of population, uneven surface etc. Slums are completely ignored by the civic

administration. People of slums throw waste either in drainage line, common grounds, streets and

roads. Segregation of the waste is not done at any level. It is collected in mixed form. The solid

waste collected from the residential areas, street sweeping markets, commercial establishment

etc. in bins. Town garbage is collected and dumped at two sites which are privately owned. A

landfill site at Shanti Nagar is closed. In Ulhasnagar area, 25 hector located near Manje Kamba

village has been identified for future landfill (UMC 2006). At present, there are many lacunas in

solid waste management system in Ulhasnagar city. In Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation,

28
the average domestic solid waste generation is rising because of population and commercial

units. But the universal solid waste collection, segregation and dumping is not exist. The solid

waste is collected partly and dumped in land fill sites and there is no treatment plant. An area of

32 hector has been located for a new land fill site and vermi composition has been proposed in

the processing of waste (NIUB 2008a).

Solid waste management in Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation is inadequate

and it has poor coverage. Few households, industrial units, commercial units, hotels and

restaurants are covered under waste management system. In the city, most of the manufacturing

units are of textile and garment types but waste collection system has not covered these units.

Everyday waste is not collected from these units and waste is lying on the road and common

places. Waste collection and transportation is given to private contractor. Bhiwandi-Nizampur

Municipal Corporation is not able to use the land allotted by state government at Dapode. It is

because of opposition from local villages. Municipal corporation claims of 85 percent

households are covered under solid waste collection. But hilly and highly dense areas are

ignored. At present, few rag pickers are identified and provided identity cards. Rag pickers are

segregating and recovering the recyclable and reusable solid waste. Industrialization and

urbanization led to greater generation of waste. The advent of plastics and the use of

sophisticated packaging materials provided a further boost to recyclining (Chikarmane P. and

Lakshmi Narayan 2000). The city environment of Bhiwandi-Nizampur is highly polluted due to

solid waste. Solid waste collected regularly from Kalyan-Dombivali municipal area. But the total

coverage is lower in the twin city. There is lower manpower, vehicles, instruments etc. The

waste is dumped at Adharwadi dumping ground. It is 45 acres plot developed for dumping solid

waste.

29
But capacity of dumping ground is full and overused. But KDMC continued to dump solid waste

at Adharwadi (NIUB (2008b).

If we observed the solid waste management of all municipal corporations in Mumbai

metropolitan region then each municipal corporation has deficiency in terms of workers,

community bins, vehicles, dumping grounds etc. Solid waste management is an important facet

of environment hygiene and need to be integrated with total environmental planning. Its purpose

is to provide hygiene, efficient and economic service to collect and transport solid wastes

innocuous without transferring pollution loads to the water system or the atmosphere (WHO

1971). Such solid waste generation will increase with increase in various components in it.

Estimation of solid waste in Mumbai Metropolitan Region

We have estimated the solid waste in all the municipal corporations in Mumbai

Metropolitan Region. The solid waste for the Brihanmumbai municipal corporation is estimated

separately. This is mainly because this municipal corporation is old and it has high solid waste

generation capacity as compare to other municipal corporations in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

Municipal Corporation of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Bhiwandi-Nizampur, Navi Mumbai,

Ulhasnagar and Mira-Bhayandar are comparatively small. We have estimated the solid waste till

2031 for all municipal corporations.

Generation of solid waste in Mumbai city (MT)

At present, solid waste in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation is estimated as 8837 Metric

Tones. The solid waste in Mumbai city is increasing because of growth of population, health

facilities, commercial units, institutions, welfare centers etc. Municipal solid waste will be 10000

Metric Tones in 2020. After 2031, it will touch 12000 Metric Tones every day. It will be a

moderate change in the solid waste generation in city. Therefore Municipal Corporation must

30
develop capacity to handle such increasing solid waste with changing time. Such solid waste

generation requires planning for collection from household level, streets, carrying capacity,

segregation, dumping and process of solid waste. We have also estimated the solid waste of

municipal corporations of Thane district. Population in the municipal corporations of Thane

district is continuously rising. It further leads to the rise in the educational and health institutions,

shops and commercial units etc. Due to continuous rise in the real estate prices in Mumbai city,

population is also shifting in suburbs and in Thane district. More transport facilities and

developing infrastructure in the municipal corporations help people to move in suburbs and

neighboring areas. Municipal corporations in Thane district are not growing equally in terms of

population and institutions. It is depending on the transport facilities, real estate prices, available

amenities and other facilities etc.

Solid waste in Navi Mumbai is rising fast. It is 955.66 Metric Tones (MT) in 2011 but it

will be above 2000 Metric Tones after 2031. It is a planned and modern cyber city in Mumbai

metropolitan region. Therefore population and commercial and others units will increase fast.

The solid waste generation in Thane city in 2011 is 1061 Metric Tones but in 2031 it will be

more than 2000 Metric Tones. Population in Thane city is also growing fast. All other units will

also rising with population. Thane is an immediate proximate city to Mumbai. Therefore more

people afford and adjust to live in Thane city. The solid waste in Mira-Bhayandar, Bhiwandi-

Nizampur and Ulhasnagar is not much different. But the solid waste in Mira-Bhayandar will rise

very fast. Most of the people of western suburb will shift in Mira-Bhayandar area. Solid waste

will be close to 1500 Metric tones in 2031. In all the municipal corporations, solid waste

generation will rise with more or less number.

31
Policy implication:

Solid waste management is neglected issue of urban development in the Mumbai

Metropolitan Region. Due to economic growth, urbanization and population, the urban services

and amenities has fallen short. Urban municipal corporations lacks of adequate capacity,

institutional and financial capabilities and skilled manpower. Economic resources are inadequate

for collection, transportation, processing and final disposal of solid waste. The present system is

inefficient, unscientific, outdated. Population coverage of solid waste collection is very low.

There is irregular street sweeping and transportation and disposal of solid waste. The solid waste

is not collected due to financial and infrastructural, technical constraints. The accumulation of

wastes in the street increases contact of germs, insects, rats and other diseases vectors.

Uncollected solid waste also causes the stagnation of water the breeding of mosquitoes. Children

are especially vulnerable to the risks associated to solid wastes. The adverse effect of solid waste

to soil, air, water and health of human being is much higher. During the rainy season, solid waste

is not collected and transported efficiently. In recent years, solid waste management has attracted

much greater attention all over the world. Solid waste management problems are basically urban

problem (WHO 1996). Municipal corporations are expected to collect the unit level solid waste.

At the community level, solid waste has to get segregated. Community bins must be provided for

dry and wet solid waste. Dry solid waste must be composted at community level or in each ward.

The wet waste must get processed at community level. Municipal corporations can generate

electricity from wet solid waste. The Municipal Corporations must identify the new locations of

dumping grounds. The waste collection, segregation and dumping must get modernize with new

32
machines and equipments. Municipal corporations must involve the private sector in solid waste

management and cleanliness in cities. The services and technological innovations have opened

up new areas to the private sector. Global trends shows that the private sector has been able to

mobilize funds necessary to finance infrastructure projects and that it is willing to accept risks

provided the institutional environment meets certain minimum standards and the projects are

properly structured (GOI 2009). Private sector has economic resources and it can easily invest in

the sweeping with modern machines, waste collection and transport vehicles. Private sector can

develop scientifically managed dumping grounds in municipal corporation area. Solid waste

management cannot be left to local level initiatives as community organizations lack sufficient

resources or capacity to provide such a service in its entirety. Policy makers need to give such

areas more civic autonomy or provide via the state government, a modicum of basic environment

services (Shaw Annapurna 2005). Recent years have been cash strapped municipal bodies

gradually diverting themselves of their direct roles in provision of solid waste management,

moving towards public private partnerships as a solution to their inability to handle conservancy

operations efficiently. At the same time, there is rapidly growing awareness of the environmental

and public health, consequences of the manner in which waste has been handled till now in India

(Srinivasan K.2006). Municipal Corporations must have the broad objective of city cleanliness

and health of the people. Clean city environment adds more investment and economic

productivity of people. Immediate steps in this direction will reduce the incidence of illness and

mortality. In order to increase the standard of living of population, such policies are required on

immediate basis.

33
Solid Waste Management necessity

Greater Mumbai is expected to generate about 11,000 tons of municipal solid waste in 2021

(additional 3000 tons against current generation). Accordingly, a total of 397 hectares of land-fill

area would be needed to meet the demand. As on date, the municipal solid waste collected is

disposed off at the landfill sites at Deonar, Mulund and Gorai. All sites are reaching their

capacity and are expected to run-out in 1 to 4 years time period. Closure works for Gorai has

commenced and other sites are expected to commence going forward. Decentralized treatment

system like vermi-composting and aerobic composting is limited to a very small quantity.

MCGM has taken up several initiatives in the field of collection and transportation9, but it

primarily lacks necessary infrastructure facilities for processing and disposal of municipal solid

waste. Hence, developing MSW processing and landfill sites is of major concern for Mumbai to

handle the large quantity of waste generated. In order to meet the growing demand, MCGM is

setting up a new land-fill site at Kanjur (141 Ha). The site development activities are ongoing for

the same.

Under JNNURM, MCGM is undertaking improvement works to all three land-fill sites at an

estimated cost of Rs. 476 Crore on PPP model (Estimated private sector contribution is Rs. 254

Crore for setting up processing plants). The works include re-development of the disposal sites

by closure arrangements (Gorai, Mulund, Deonar, Kanjur) and reclaiming part of dump sites for

setting up MSW Process Plants at Mulund & Deonar.It is understood that the above investment

shall cater to the capital investment requirements for well upto 2021.

34
3.Solid Waste Management in Mumbai

Mumbai has a coastal stretch of 603 sq km. Geographically, the city of Mumbai can be divided

into three sections, namely, the island city (or main city), the western suburbs and the eastern

suburbs. These are also known for administrative purposes as Division I, Division II and

Division III, respectively. The total population of the city amounts to nearly 13million that is

increasing on a daily basis. Such a huge habitat obviously generates a huge amount of waste of

many kinds the management of which is a massive task for the local administration.

Waste Generation

Mumbai generates waste to the tune of approximately 7,025tonnes per day. The waste consists

of:

• 5,025tonnes of mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable)

• 2,000tonnes of debris and silt.

The biodegradable waste (wet waste) is made up of vegetable and fruit remainders, leaves,

spoiled food, eggshells, cotton, etc. Recyclable (dry waste) consists of newspapers, thermocol,

plastic, battery cells, wires, iron sheets, glass, etc. Debris includes construction waste, renovation

waste, demolition waste, etc. Silt comprises earth and clay from drains and road corners. It is

estimated that by 2008 such waste will aggregate 9,000tonnes per day due to increase in the

city's population.

Average Generation of Waste by a Citizen of Mumbai

The generation of waste by an individual depends on the socio-economic conditions to which the

person belongs. For example, a rich family will generate nearly four to five kg of mixed waste

35
per day; a middle class family will generate between one to three kg of mixed waste per day and

a poor family, in slums, will generate close to 500grams per day.

Management of Waste

The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is formally responsible for the

management of waste in the city. The prevailing approach has been one of collection and

disposal that is, garbage is collected from communities by the municipal authorities and disposed

off at the three main dumping sites that are currently servicing the city.

Garbage collectors employed by various housing societies manually collect the waste generated

at the household level and dump it in the garbage bin at specified street corners. There are around

5,800 community bins in the city. In case of South Mumbai, trucks collect garbage from the

garbage bins and transport it to a transfer station which is located in Mahalakshmi. A separate

transport is arranged for transferring the garbage from Mahalakshmi to the northern part of

Mumbai where the dumping grounds are situated. From all other parts of the city, garbage is sent

directly to the dumping grounds. Nearly 95% of the waste generated in the city is disposed off in

this manner. This largely manual operation involves 35,000 personnel employed by the MCGM

and is collected by a fleet of 800 vehicles, including vehicles hired from private contractors, that

work in shifts each day. MCGM spends about Rs15-20lakh per day on collecting and

transporting garbage and debris with municipal and private vehicles making about 2,000 trips

every day.

36
4. The Crisis

Dumping Ground

A dumping ground is, generally, a low-lying, and marshy area, which is located on the outskirts

of a city, where there is, usually, no human population. We have, in our city, three dumping

grounds which are located in the northern part of Mumbai at Gorai (Borivali), Mulund and

Deonar. A fourth one at Chincholi has recently closed down. Amongst the three, Deonar is the

largest dumping ground. All the dumping grounds are nearly 30-40km from South Mumbai

which explains the huge costs on transportation.

The increase in the population of the city has forced people to settle near the dumping grounds.

This has led to the twin problems of people living in unhealthy conditions and protesting for the

closure of the dumping grounds, as dumping causes health hazards for the people in the vicinity.

The average life of a dumping ground is 30 years. The remaining life of our largest dumping

ground, i.e., Deonar, is only five to six years and, so far, no alternative site has been found for

waste disposal. The waste, which offers an incentive after selling like paper, metal, etc., is sold to

informal dealers by rag pickers. But the other organic waste, old batteries, polystyrene

(thermocol), polythene bags, debris, to name a few, do not have such incentives and these are in

huge quantities. Also, since it takes a long time to decompose, when dumped, such waste

occupies and fills the low-lying areas. In fact, the search for a new dumping ground starts only

when the filling area of the dumping ground is exhausted. Basically, the lower the waste, the

longer the life of the dumping ground and vice versa.

37
The waste at the dumping ground is covered with debris and spread evenly in layers. The organic

waste undergoes natural decomposition and generates a fluid, which is known a leachate, and is

very harmful to the ecosystem, if not treated properly. The leachate penetrates the soil and, if not

prevented, pollutes the ground water. Also, flies, mosquitoes and many other pests breed on the

waste and unless properly maintained, the dumps are a public health hazard.

Debris Disposal

In Mumbai, every day 2,000tonnes of debris is generated officially, of which some part goes to

the dumping ground for spreading over the organic garbage, as earth is expensive. The remaining

debris is spread next to the roads, in the creeks, next to railway tracks and on open grounds.

Every day, somewhere or the other, in some building, some renovation takes place, generating

debris. This could be of houses or shops; it could be for repair of buildings or demolition of old

buildings for reconstruction. To give an example, if the external surface of a building of 20 floors

is repaired, the waste generated would be nearly 200 truckloads which can be used either in

filling low-lying areas or for reclamation. Presently, there is no way of monitoring renovations

and repairs because it does not need any permissions from authorities. The concerned housing

societies give the permissions for the renovations / repairs; hence, no data is available on this.

The only regulation, which has been imposed by the Corporation, is that the area where the

repairs, renovations and new constructions have happened, needs to be cleaned up from all

wastes, after the completion of work.

There are truckers who earn a livelihood by collecting this debris and transporting it for disposal.

However, disposing it off properly remains a concern, as there is very little space in Mumbai. It

has to be carted over long distances which increases transportation costs so significantly as to

make the entire “business” unprofitable. So it is dumped clandestinely in the creeks, thus,

38
destroying our valuable mangroves. As Mumbai has a coastal stretch of 603 sq. km, it has

numerous creeks. These are channels of water which occupy marshy land during high tide. The

salty water occupies the land during high tide and drains off during low tide. This nurtures plants

called mangroves. These plants, in turn, have leaves which provide oxygen to the water for fishes

to breed in the creeks. In many areas, like Versova, Gorai, Charkop and Mankhurd, the entire

eco-system of the creek has been destroyed as waste is dumped surreptitiously.

Increasing prices of land and more construction activities are forcing the demolition of old

structures and building new structures and creating more debris wastes. Debris, being very bulky

in nature, requires more space, reducing the life span of the dumping ground. Therefore,

municipalities, generally, refuse the entry of debris into dumping grounds other than what they

need to cover the garbage. Finding few viable alternatives, people just dump the debris by

roadsides. Over time, people start dumping organic waste on top of debris not only compounding

the waste disposal problem but also creating a health hazard.

Garbage Collection - Low Serviced Areas

The garbage collection activity itself has several differences amongst the localities; there are

highly-serviced areas, medium-serviced areas and very low-serviced areas.

I would like to highlight the low-serviced areas which are the slums; slums are not seen as the

rightful recipients of the formal systems of solid waste management (SWM). The local

government extends its services only to regularised slums which are declared official or

recognised under the census of slums. This step motherly treatment is, in effect, the city's own

undoing, since slums form 60% of Mumbai. Moreover, these artificial boundaries can hardly

39
prevent the spread of dirt and disease. A study done by Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action

(YUVA) in 1998, covering 100 communities in the slum pocket of Jogeshwari (East), found that

while residents were aware of the problems related to inadequate practices of household disposal

of waste and systems of collection and transportation of garbage in the community, there was

very little community involvement in solving the problem.

Time for Waste To Decompose

When the waste is dumped, it does not decompose very quickly and make way 3-4 Weeks

for the other waste. The nature of waste being dumped and the time it takes to

decompose, pose a serious threat to the environment as well as human health.

Given below are some examples to understand how much time it takes for

various materials to decompose. Vegetables, Fruit Skins, Waste Food

Paper Bags 1 Month
Cloth Bags 5 Months
Wood Pieces 10-15 Years
Leather Shoes and Sandals 40-50 Years
Iron Sheets 50-100 Years
Aluminium Sheets 200-250 Years
Plastic Bags 1 Million Years

5. Budgetary Allocation

40
Overall Budget

Budgetary allocation for solid waste management in the city of Mumbai for the year 2003-2004

amounted to Rs453.22crore compared to Rs232.71crore in 1997-1998, an increase of 94%. This

constituted 14% of the total budget of the MCGM which stood at Rs3226.52crore. Such a high

increase is a reflection of the growing concern for the waste disposal crisis in the city among the

local and regional authorities. Costs for maintenance of dumping ground, waste transportation

and hire charges come to Rs126crore and constitute nearly 28% of the total budget allocated for

SWM.

The budget for schemes, like slum adoption and Advance Locality Management (ALM) comes

to Rs5crore, which is 1.1% of the total SWM budget. Nearly 60% of Mumbai's population live in

slums which cover 7% of the land area of the city. In the Municipal provisions for SWM, only

those slums which are notified and are on municipal or private land are serviced; services to

other slums are not accounted for in the budget. The budget allocation for slums forms only 12%

of the total SWM budget.

Informal Sector

The total quantity of 7,025tonnes of solid waste, mentioned by the MCGM, is the official figure

of waste being collected but the actual generation is much higher. Of the garbage being dumped

in the bins, a considerable amount is removed by rag pickers who then sort it out and sell them to

those who deal in recyclables like paper, plastics, metal, etc.

This industry is one that is large but informal where the rag pickers provide the recyclables and

the transactions run into crores of rupees. This informal industry helps in the reduction of waste

being transported to the dumping grounds.

41
There are people, generally known as kabadiwallas, who collect old newspapers, magazines,

metal scrap and other such items and sell them to shops dealing in the same. Besides cash

transactions, the deals also involve barter; a popular exchange being garlic against plastic.

Project Aim

Overall Aim of the project was to determine whether the Nisargruna technology,

as used by organizations in Mumbai and elsewhere, is an effective way of

processing waste and benefiting the people who operate the plant.

42
6.PROJECT OBJECTIVES

To understand the way waste is disposed of and processed within Mumbai

To understand role of rag pickers in waste segregation.

Have a good understanding of the Nisargruna and operation of the Nisargruna

plant at Shatabdi Hospital, Govandi.

Have a list of advantages of the Nisargruna technology that could be used by

government organization, other organization or a prospective entrepreneur in

other places

To understand role of Stree mukti sangathan in poverty alleviation

To understand the possibility of developing business else where in India.

43
7.Project Task

To visit dumpsite to study the current waste disposal scenario

Study the present waste handling approach by inhabitant in the city suburb by

carrying small survey work

To carry out observation work to study the operations of Nisargruna Plant

located at Govandi, Shatabdi Hospital.

To visit stree mukti sangathan

To visit other similar technology plant to evaluate merits and demerits of both

technology

To prepare business strategy to develop Nisargruna Technology in other areas.

Review of literature and case studies available on waste management at British

Council Library, American Resource Centre and All India Institute of local self

government in Mumbai.

Nisargruna

Nisargruna biogas plant for renewable energy is developed by senior scientist Dr.

Sharad Kale at Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division of Bhabha

Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai.

Biomass in any form is ideal for the biomethanation concept, which is the central

idea of the Nisargruna biogas plants. Biomass such as banana plantation,

Gylricidia or any other green manure crops, finely powdered straw, biodegradable

waste materials can serve as raw materials for Nisargruna plants. Other raw

materials would include vegetable and fruit market waste, fruit and food

processing industries waste, kitchen waste from residential colonies/ schools/

44
colleges/ army/ big establishment canteens, hotels, hostels, hospital/ religious

places, paper, garden waste, animal and abattoir waste etc. Municipal authorities,

therefore, have to ensure of such segregated waste before putting up of the biogas

plant. Waste like Coconut shells, egg shells, big bones, plastic/polythene, glass,

metal, sand, slit, debris and building materials, wood, cloth/ clothes, ropes, nylon

threads, batteries, rubber products, hazardous and chemical industries waste

cannot be treated and is strictly avoided for Nisargruna Plants (Dr S Kale, 2005)

45
8 Technology

Technical details of the plant

Major components of BARC’s a Nisargruna plant include a mixture/pulper with 5

HP motor(s) for crushing solid waste, a pre-mix tank, a pre-digester tank, an air

compressor, a slow water heater or solar panels, a main digestion tank, a gas

delivery system, manure pits, a tank for recycling water, a water pump, slurry

pump and a gas utilization system. The waste is homogenized in a mixer using

water. This slurry enters the pre-digester tank where aerobic thermophilic bacteria

proliferate and convert part of this waste into organic acids like acetic acid, butyric

acid, propionic acid and formic acid (Dr S Kale, 2005).

The three steps of Nisargjyoti (biogas) production

Nisargjyoti microbes consist of a large group of complex and differently acting

microbe species, notably methane-producing bacteria. The whole Nisargjyoti

formation process can be divided into three steps: hydrolysis, acidification, and

methane formation. Various types of bacteria are involved in these processes.

Hydrolysis

In the first step (hydrolysis), the organic matter is enzymolyzed externally by extra

cellular enzymes (cellulase, amylase, protease and lipase) of microorganisms in the

pre-digester tank. Converting solid waste into liquid form in the mixer stimulates

this step. Bacteria start decomposing the long chains of the complex

carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into shorter parts. Proteins are split into peptides

and amino acids. Simple carbohydrates and proteins are degraded completely.

46
Acidification

Acid-producing bacteria involved in the second step convert the intermediates of

fermenting bacteria into acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrogen (H2) and carbon

dioxide (CO2) in the pre-digester. These bacteria, of the genus bacillus, are aerobic

and facultatively anaerobic, and can grow under acidic conditions. An air

compressor maintains aerobic conditions in the pre-digester. To produce acetic

acid, the bacteria use the oxygen dissolved in the solution or bonded-oxygen.

Hereby, the acid-producing bacteria reduce the compounds with a low molecular

weight into alcohols, organic acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

sulphide and traces of methane. The pH of the raw slurry falls from 7.5 to about

4.5-5.5 in the pre-digester

Methane formation

Methane-producing bacteria, involved in the third step, decompose compounds

with a low molecular weight. Under natural conditions, methane-producing

microorganisms occur to the extent that anaerobic conditions are provided, for

instance under water (in marine sediments), in ruminant stomachs and in marshes.

They are anaerobic and very sensitive to environmental changes. In contrast to

acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria, methanogenic bacteria belong to the

archaebacteria group, a group of bacteria with a very heterogeneous morphology

and a number of common biochemical and molecular-biological properties that

distinguish them from all other bacterial genera. It is advisable to circulate the

generated biogas back into the system using a small compressor. This would

enhance the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and enrichment of methane

47
fraction in the biogas.

The separation of two stages in methane production helps in improving the purity

of methane gas, thereby increasing its fuel efficiency. However, the average

composition round the year would depend on how effectively pre-digester

temperatures can be maintained. The obtained biogas is a mixture of methane (70-

75%), carbon dioxide (10-15%) and water vapor (5-10%).

Merits of setup

§ Easy to maintain

§ System is designed indigenously in India; and does not consist of any

expensive imported components, thus ensuring easy availability of spares.

§ Most sub-operations does not require high skill. Workers can be trained for

plant operation in 3 months.

§ Can be more efficient when waste input is good quality of segregated waste

Demerits of setup

§ Most of the operations are manual and no mechanical operations involved in

the system, pre-digester system needs manual operation of feeding the slurry

further to the pre-digester from the inlet channel. Aesthetically it may not look

good.

§ Hot water in the pre-digester needs to be poured manually.

§ There was bad odour at the plant. It might disturb neighbours and dwellers as

well as other visitors too.

§ Sludge holding tanks showed bubbles, which indicates that the there might be

48
some anaerobic conditions, which is due to incomplete digestion of the slurry.

§ There is no proper shredding or cutting of the waste in the mixer, it only

homogenizes with water but doesn’t get crushed by the blades. Digestion will

be faster with properly crushed waste.

Some of these problems are easy to overcome. The smell from the aerobic digesters

could be removed by enclosing these pre-digesters and recycling the air around

them. The grinder could be redesigned to break up the feedstock. The aesthetic

appearance could be improved, again by enclosing the plant in a building or even

shielding it with trees.

49
9. Evaluating major benefits of Project

Technical

Energy in the form of Biogas: The production of an energy resource, biogas from

Nisargruna is most tangible benefit. Nisargjyoti (Biogas) use, replacing

conventional fuels like kerosene or firewood, allows for the conservation of natural

resources. It therefore increases its own value by the value of forests saved or

planted. The price of supplied energy produced by Nisargjyoti can compete with

distorted prices on the national or regional level of the energy market. A

decentralized, economically self-sufficient Nisargjyoti unit - under competitive

conditions – can provide energy without market distortions (Dr S kale, 2005).

Environment: Nisargruna will contribute in saving of greenhouse pollutant

emission from unregulated dumpsites. Practicing biogas production in rural area

can have several advantages, such as relieving demand on electricity, coal, oil,

firewood and problems associated with the administrative & distribution network.

The organic matter required for biogas production is abundant and readily

available. Decreasing the demand for firewood spares the forest and furthers

afforestation efforts (Chongrak Polprasert, 1996) and helps in reducing greenhouse

pollutants into the atmosphere. According to an Indian estimation, a Nisargruna

plant of 2.8 m 3 capacity can save a forested area of 0.12 hectares (Dr S Kale, 2005)

Nutrient reclamation by using Organic manure: The nutrients (N, P, K) present

in the waste are usually in complex organic forms, difficult to be taken up by the

crops, After digestion at least 50% of the N present is in the form of dissolved

ammonia, which can be nitrified to become nitrate, for application to crops so as

50
to be readily available for uptake, thus digestion increases the availability of N in

organic wastes to above its usual range of about 30-60%. The phosphate and

potash contents are not decreased, and their availability of about 50 and 80%,

respectively, is not changed during digestion. Digestion process does not remove

or destroy any of the nutrients from domestic and farm wastes, but makes them

more available to plants. In addition to being used as a fertiliser, the biogas

digested slurry came out from plant act as a soil conditioner and helps to improve

the physical properties of the soil. The application of digester slurry to

unproductive soils would eventually improve the soil quality, or useless land could

be reclaimed (Chongrak Polprasert, 1996)

Landfill life and Quality: Land-fill dumps become unstable by rotting of vegetable

wastes in the dump. Rotting of vegetable wastes causes the generation of methane

and the reduction in volume of the soil in the dump. It should be possible to build

on a foundation made from inert waste (without vegetable wastes) within about 8

years, compared to the 20 years that is required before a dump normally stops

being unstable. Separation of organic waste from the prevailing dumping practice

of waste will reduce the quantity of waste going to dumpsite. It will thus increase

the life of landfill for use and also the quality of land made by filling the land.

However, by giving correct treatment to leachate and combustible gases produced

by remaining waste will also reduce the pollution and other health hazards.

Health Protection

In the health sector, benefits from Nisargruna plants arise both at the individual

level as well as at the level of society. Nisargruna plants serve as methods of

51
disposal for waste and sewage and in this way directly contribute to a better

hygiene situation for individual users. By centrally collecting dung and by

connecting latrines, open storage can be avoided. Apart from this, pathogens are

extensively eliminated during the digestion process. Theoretically, a reduction in

the frequency of disease leads to savings in medicine and consultation costs.

Regarding the leakage of health services in rural areas, another approach to

savings is suggested. As a consequence of Nisargruna plants, labor productivity

would rise due to the elimination of potential disease-causing agents (Dr S Kale,

2005).

Sociological

Employment: During the construction of Nisargruna plants, there are effects on

regional/local income and employment (unless these are built by investors

themselves). Permanent jobs are created for plant personnel, and indirect effects

result in contracts with local and regional companies for the service and

maintenance of a plant, including gas burners in households. The utilization of

biogas contributes to an enlarged range of energy fuels offered on the market. In

this way the local basis of energy supply can be extended and secured, and it also

simplifies the setting of additional commercial activities where the factor energy

has so far proved to be a problem. At the regional level, labor intensive,

decentralized Nisargjyoti units improve income distribution amongst income

brackets and reduce regional disparities, enhancing the attractiveness of rural life.

The design of a Nisargruna plant does not involve any imported materials and

hence is truly indigenous.

52
Poverty Alleviation

Some of the Nisargruna Plant located in Mumbai, is maintained and operated by

Stree Mukti Sangathan (SMS, Women’s liberation organization); it has provided

employment to the poor women ( previously who were working as waste picker on

dump sites and in streets). They work on Nisargruna Plant where they are trained

initially for its operational know how by SMS. Real efforts by volunteer

organization like SMS have certainly helped poorest of poor to get better

livelihood and social status.

Financial & Economic Analysis

Municipal authorities: Nisargruna plant will be most helpful to Municipal

Authorities. Presently MCGM is said to be spending more than 1.50 rupees for

disposal of one kg of waste from community bins to the unregulated dumpsites. If

processing of organic waste is done by Installing Nisargruna Plants in a

decentralised way then it would economical and save environment to great extent.

Municipal Corporations may get different government aid and funds by National

(Example: likely to get subsidy from Ministry of Non Conventional Energy) and

International agencies for city development. (See Appendix B for detail

calculation)

Corporate or Industrial use: Nisargruna Plant is ideal for processing waste in

Industries mainly in form of canteen food waste, processed food waste. Nisargruna

will be helpful in getting environmental certificates and ISO standards.

Real estate developer: Nisargruna Plant can solve solid waste disposal problems

for residential complex or commercial complex. Cost of land for Real estate

53
developer is compensated in the form of incentives from Municipal authorities for

getting extra floor space index (FSI) to construct. Real Estate developer can install

the system and charge partial amount to its customer for installing the plant. This

will help Developer to get project completion certificate from Municipal

Authorities. Biogas and manure can be use by residents for heating, cooking and

for gardening purpose.

Non Government Organisation: For non government organisation and volunteer

organisation, it would be beneficial to sell services based on Nisargruna

Technology. It would be beneficial to provide employment to poor people for

operating and maintaining plant.

Benefits for private venture: From venture view point, it will not be possible to

get high returns on basis of selling energy but profit from waste processing charges

is essential too. Bigger scale for 50-100 tons/day waste processing may become

viable if it is to be on long term contract basis. When requirement of processing of

waste comes from Municipal Corporation or food processing industries, selling

methane gas to the local energy companies would certainly make project profitable

business in terms of Investment. (Please refer to Appendix B for spreadsheet

model).

Main Assumptions:

§ It is assumed that land will be available for installing Nisargruna plant or

will be provided rental free by concerned authority for the project.

§ Plant will operate for 300 days per year.

§ Plant operating capacity efficiency will be 80%.

54
§ Discount rate is 6% for NPV

§ O&M will be 15% per annum of total capital cost through out the project

life.

§ Retail price of LPG is 21 Rupees (Rs)/kg (subsidized). Biogas selling price

is assumed 12 Rs/Kg.(Selling it to Energy company)

§ Retail price of electricity is 5 Rs/kwh. Selling price is assumed for 3

Rs/kwh. (Selling it to Energy company)

§ Retail price of manure is 5 Rs/kg. Selling price is assumed for 2 Rs/kg

(Bulk price)

§ Assuming that bank interest rates and tax rates will remain steady through

out the project life.

§ For Municipal Solid Waste processing projects, waste transportation cost to

the plant is assumed 0.50 Rs/kg.

§ Plant will be operating for at least 15 years with normal maintenance

required.

§ Plant decommissioning cost amount will be adjusted by selling

infrastructure to the agencies involved in recycling.

§ There are no extra benefits e.g. Subsidies and carbon credits given to the

project.

§ 500,000 rupees will be required setup of generator for converting biogas into

electricity on every 5 tons waste processing capacity plant.

§ Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai is spending around 1.80 Rs/kg

for transporting waste from refuse bin to dumpsite. Considering that fact it

55
is assumed that Operator will charge municipal authorities 1.50 Rs/kg for

waste processing where operator will be transporting waste from refuse bin

to the plant.

§ If Municipal Authorities process waste by installing Nisargruna then

monthly savings on processing would be 1.50 Rs/Kg

§ Price of 5 ton waste processing capacity plant is Rs 2.5 Million without

electricity generating equipment setup. Rs 0.5 Million is extra cost for

providing electricity generation equipments and infrastructure.

Schemes Run by MCGM

Slum Adoption Scheme

It was experienced that because of the heterogeneous population in the slums there is no sense of

belongingness and it was realised that an attempt should be made to motivate and involve the

slum population by attaching certain incentives to work in cleaning the slums and maintaining

hygiene condition. It is in this background that the Slum Adoption Scheme through community-

based organisations and public participation has been started by the MCGM.

Initiatives

Advanced Locality Management

Advanced Locality Management (ALM) is local management of solid waste by citizens who

organise themselves to manage their waste. Wet waste is segregated at household level and

composted locally in any available area, planters, etc., and sweepers or rag pickers take dry

waste away. There are in all 643 ALMs along with 276 vermi-compost pits spread over six zones

of the MCGM's jurisdiction. This way, approximately 20-25tonnes of garbage per day is

prevented from reaching the dump yards. An encouraging fact is that women run 80% of these

56
ALMs. The MCGM has also established vermi-compost projects on its own, one each in the

eastern and western suburbs, respectively, to demonstrate to the citizens, the benefits of vermi-

culture technology.

The success of any ALM depends entirely upon people's participation. Organisation of the

community, training and initiation is done jointly by residents and MCGM, and is initially

funded by residents and the Corporation. At later stages, the activities are completely funded by

the residents.

Recycling Debris

Debris is recycled to make new construction-related products like bricks, interlocking pavers.

City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) and YUVA, an NGO, have collaborated

on this effort to convert the debris and reduce the load on dumping grounds. Presently, the plant

in Navi Mumbai converts three tonnes of debris per day. Set up in 1999, this plant is one of its

kind in the whole of India and has been successful in developing products conforming to Indian

Standard Codes of practice of the Central Government. The plant has successfully completed

recycling 1,000 tonnes of debris till date.

ParisarVikas Scheme

Stree Mukti Sanghatana, an NGO, has initiated a scheme which focuses on uplifting the most

downtrodden section of the society -the rag picker women and children. This scheme is an ideal

solution, since rag pickers together with the ALM system manage the upkeep of their

environment. The rag pickers play an important role in managing the solid waste; they retrieve

all possible recyclable items from waste and, thus, put these materials back to proper reuse. But,

57
sadly the rag pickers are never recognised for the invaluable service they provide to the city's

solid waste management.

10.Role of the Citizens of Mumbai

The citizens of Mumbai have to be trained in the three 'Rs' with respect to management of

wastes.

Reduce

As the budget of the Municipal Corporation indicate, as much as 28% is spent only on

transportation of waste. There is an urgent need to reduce the waste by cutting down on

transportation. The reduction of waste can happen only when we, as citizens of Mumbai, reduce

waste generation in the first place.

Reuse

Simple habits like carrying a cloth bag while going shopping will be helpful to reduce the need

for plastic bags. Please do not buy any products in a polythene bag and help the environment as a

whole.

Recycle

To recycle, we should segregate our garbage at source. Wet garbage can be recycled by

composting or vermi-composting in your backyard or in the vicinity. This will produce good

manure that can be used for gardens and lawns. The dry garbage can be given to the rag pickers

who sell it to re-users.

58
11. Business Opportunity

ATTRACTIVE PROJECT

The project benefits from high visibility, being one of the first integrated SWM project in the

state, and among the first in the country. It presents Bidders with the opportunity to

participate in a competitive and transparent tendering process, and for the winning bidder, to

benefit from the first mover advantage for future projects to be implemented in the state.

59
12.Reference

1. http://www.mcgm.gov.in/

2. Barbalace, Roberta Crowell (2003-08). "The History of Waste".

EnvironmentalChemistry.com. Retrieved 2013-12-09.

3. Florence Nightingale, Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale, ed. Lucy Ridgely

Seymer (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), pp. 38287

4. Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and
South East England". Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.

5. Chadwick, Edwin (1842). "Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions". excerpt

from Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary
Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (pp.369-372) (online source).
added by Laura Del Col: to The Victorian Web. Retrieved 2009-11-08.

6.  National Waste & Recycling Association. "History of Solid Waste Management".

Washington, DC. Retrieved 2013-12-09.

7. Gandy, Matthew (1994). Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste.

Earthscan.ISBN 9781853831683.

8. City of Chicago, Illinois. Department of Streets and Sanitation. "What is Single Stream

Recycling."Accessed 2013-12-09.

9.  Montgomery County, Maryland. Division of Solid Waste Services. "Curbside

Collection." Accessed 2013-12-09.

10. "Removing food remains to reduce waste". Recycling-guide.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-

25.

11. Schneider, Michael; Johnson, Liz. "Lightweighting". Projects in Scientific Computing.

Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, University of
Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2012-09-25.

12.www.metrotaifun.com MariMatic Oy: Automatic Waste Collection Systems

13.RESEM Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Plant in USA, retrieved 2011-10-24

14.Sorting through garbage for gold, retrieved 2009-11-24

60
15.http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_
northamerica_en.pdf

61