NOTE CNC LATHE MACHINE
MEANING OF CNC MACHINE
A lathe is a machine that rotates a workpiece on a spindle to cut away
excess material, using cutting tools and drill bits with different diameters
that are applied to the workpiece to produce a symmetrical object. These
machines are capable of producing a variety of shapes, cuts, and details on
a rotating work part. On CNC Lathe Machine, a machinist can program the
machine to make difficult cuts on tough materials and produce quality
pieces at a high rate. CNC lathes come in either vertical or horizontal forms
Due to technological advancements, CNC lathes are quickly replacing
some of the older and more traditionally used production lathes, such as
the multispindle. CNC lathes come with a number of benefits. They can be
easily set up and operated. They offer tremendous repeatability, along with
top-notch accuracy in production.
A CNC lathe is typically designed to utilize modern versions of carbide
tooling and processes. A part can be designed for customization, and the
machine’s tool paths are often programmed using the CAD or CAM
processes. However, a programmer can manually design a part or tool path
as well. The resulting coded computer file is then uploaded to the CNC
machine, and the machine will then automatically produce the desired parts
for which it was programmed to design.
CNC Horizontal Lathes
CNC horizontal lathe machining is performed using horizontally-configured
lathes. These machines rotate a workpiece cylindrically, like a rotisserie
chicken, while tooling shapes the piece by cutting away excess materials.
Because the workpieces have to lie vertically, horizontal lathe machines
tend to have a larger footprint or amount of total space that they take up,
making them best reserved for use on smaller or midsize workpieces.
Similarly, because the chuck on these machines hold the work piece
vertically, against the natural gravitational downward pull of the object,
these machines are best used for lighter materials, or else you run the risk
of damaging the chuck. This information is particularly important to keep in
mind if you are buying a used CNC lathe machine and be sure to ask your
dealer about the machine’s past work history.
CNC Vertical Lathes
On a CNC vertical lathe, the workpiece rotates upright, like a pottery wheel,
allowing the spindle to cut at hard to reach angles. This gives vertical lathes
a naturally smaller footprint than horizontal lathes, making them ideal for
manufacturing super large and heavy workpieces, including those that have
to be loaded with a crane. The smaller footprint also allows for the option of
dual-spindles to work on a piece without compromising additional floor
space, and makes them a good choice for pinch turning operations.
Additionally, gravity works in favor of the machine’s vertical design, keeping
the workpiece stable throughout the machining process, which allows for
steady spindle movements and more accurate cutting. Taking these
advantages in mind, it's important to note that vertical lathes tend to run a
bit more expensive than their horizontal counterparts.
HOW CNC LATHE MACHINE WORK
A CNC lathe is controlled by a menu-type interface on a computer. The
operator who manages the process can actually see a visual simulation of
how the machine will function during the production phase. Thanks to this
technology, the machine operator generally does not need to know as
much about the specifics of the machine he or she oversees compared to
what machine operators must know about more traditional lathes that
require some manual labor.
CNC lathes are designed in a variety of ways, based on the manufacturer
producing the machine. However, most have some significant similarities in
their composition. A turret is a part of the machine that holds the tool
holders and indexes them accordingly. The spindle is designed to hold the
work piece. In addition, there are slides that allow the turret to move in
multiple axes at the same time. CNC machines are typically completely
enclosed for health and safety reasons of any operators present.
There has been considerable growth in the CNC machining industry,
particularly when it comes to the design and use of CNC lathes. Different
lathe manufacturers utilize a variety of user interfaces, which can be a
challenge to the operators. But these systems are mostly based on the
same principles across the board since a CNC lathe is programmed to
perform similar functions in terms of what it is intended to manufacture.
Like other CNC machines ,CNC lathes have become a major part of the
manufacturing industry in recent years. So, it is expected that the
operations of such machines will continue to improve and carry significant
weight in this field.
CNC LATHE MAIN PARTS
1 – Headstock
Headstock of a cnc lathe machine have the main motor of
cnc lathe machine which drives the main spindle. Chuck is
mounted on this main spindle.
2 – CNC Lathe Bed
The tool turret travel over the cnc lathe bed, which is
specially hardened so any kind of machining can’t affect
them.
3 – Chuck
CNC lathe machine chuck grips the component which are to
be machined. Chuck itself has many parts. Jaws are
mounted on the chuck to grip the part.
4 – Tailstock
Tailstock are mostly used to give an extra gripping force for
component machining. For long components machining they
provide extra force on the other end so machining process
can complete smoothly. You can see in the above picture at
the one end chuck is gripping the component and on the
other end tailstock is providing the extra force.
5 – Tailstock Quill
Actually you move the whole tailstock forward or reverse,
but in that way it is not used to grip the part, but tailstock is
travelled to a point near the component and then it is set
there, after that you actuate the tailstock quill which travel
either with hydraulic pressure or pneumatic pressure to grip
the component.
6 – Foot Switch or Foot Pedals
Foot switches are used to actual the chuck and tailstock
quill. Through these pedals cnc machinist’s open and close
the chuck to grip the component, the same way tailstock
quill is taken to forward position or reversed through theses
pedals.
7 – CNC Control Panel
The brain of the cnc machine, all the cnc program are stored
inside this panel, cnc machinists control the whole machine
through the keys on this panel. CNC machinists stat/stop the
machine move axis by pressing different keys on this panel.
They can enter new program by using this panel, programs
can be transferred by using usb port on this panel as
well. So this is the main part which controls the whole cnc
machine.
8 – Tool Turret
The tool are mounted on the tool turret which are used for
component machining. Tool turrets vary in shapes and
number of tools that can be mounted on them.
Lathes Operations
The general operations done with the lathe are grooving,
turning, cutting, sanding and etc. if anyone wants to operate
the lathe machine then he must first know about the feeds,
cutting speed, depth of the cut and usage of tool should be
considered. Each lathe operation has got its own factors
that need to be considered before doing the work. The
factors should be used properly so that one can avoid from
mishandling and mishaps while performing any kind of lathe
operation. With every cut desired the speed, depth and feed
of the lathe machine is changed for precision.
Types of Lathe Operation
The working of the lathe machine changes with every
operation and cut desired. There are a lot of operations used
for using the lathe machine. Some of the common lathe
operations are:
Facing
This is usually the first step of any lathe operation on the
lathe machine. The metal is cut from the end to make it fit in
the right angle of the axis and remove the marks.
Tapering
Tapering is to cut the metal to nearly a cone shape with the
help of the compound slide. This is something in between
the parallel turning and facing off. If one is willing to change
the angle then they can adjust the compound slide as they
like.
Parallel Turning
This operation is adopted in order to cut the metal parallel
to the axis. Parallel turning is done to decrease the diameter
of the metal.
Parting
The part is removed so that it faces the ends. For this the
parting tool is involved in slowly to make perform the
operation. For to make the cut deeper the parting tool is
pulled out and transferred to the side for the cut and to
prevent the tool from breaking.
Lathe Cutting Tools
There are several lathe cutting tools that help in cutting
with the lathe machine. The commonly used tools are
mentioned below:
Carbide tip tools
Grooving tool
Cut-Off blade
Parting blades
Boring bar
Side tool
ADVANTAGES OF CNC LATHE MACHINE
CNC lathe machine is efficient and cost effective It can be used for 24 hours
throughout a year. It is switched off just when the machine is checked for
maintenance.
The machine is designed and programmed in such a manner that thousands
of products with same dimensions can be manufactured with complete
accuracy and just with a single command.
CNC machine tools are easily available in the market so it doesn’t affect the
productivity when some problem arises in any part.
The concept of artificial intelligence has also brought into this machine. A
designer is also allowed to implement his/her own ideas for producing the
desired metal. It is done with the help of specialized software in built in this
machine.
It doesn’t require an operator to stand with it at the time of production. Only
one person can supervise several CNC machines. It saves both time and
money.
The machine can be updated merely by improving the software installed in
it.
DISADVANTAGES OF CNC LATHE MACHINE
These CNC machine are very expensive comparing to other Machines Tools in
India. Though the cost is coming down but still it is an issue.
The operator of the machine required a proper training and must require
knowledge of computer efficiently.
If talked according to general view then this machine increases
unemployment as only one person is enough to operate several CNC
machines.
G CODE
Category
Code Function Notes Tutorials
G00 Motion Move in XYZ of G00 and
a straight endpoin
t MDI.
line at
rapids
Linear
Motion:
G00 and
speed.
G01
Move in a
G01 and
straight line MDI.
at last XYZ of
Linear
G01 Motion speed endpoin
commande t Motion:
d by a G00 and
(F)eedrate
G01
XYZ of
endpoin
Clockwise
t Circular
IJK
circular arc Arcs:
G02 Motion at
relative
(F)eedrate to G02 and
center G03
R for
radius
XYZ of
endpoin
Counter- t Circular
clockwise IJK Arcs:
G03 Motion circular arc relative
at to G02 and
(F)eedrate center G03
R for
radius
Precise
Dwell: P for Timing and
Stop for millisec Speed:
onds Dwell, Exact
G04 Motion a X for Stop,
specified second Backlash
time. s Compensati
on
Precise
Timing and
Speed:
Exact
Dwell,
G09 Motion stop
Exact Stop,
check
Backlash
Compensat
ion
Programm
Compens able
G10 ation parameter
input
CNC G-
Coordina Select X-
G17 te Y plane
Code
Coordinates
G18 Coordina Select X- CNC G-
Code
te Z plane Coordinates
CNC G-
Coordina Select Y-
G19 te Z plane
Code
Coordinates
Program G20 and
Coordina
G20 te
coordinates G21: Unit
are inches Conversion
Program G20 and
Coordina
G21 te
coordinates G21: Unit
are mm Conversion
G28: Return
Reference
to
G27 Motion point return
Reference
check
Point
G28:
Return to
Return to
G28 Motion home
Reference
position
Point
Return G28:
from the Return to
G29 Motion reference
Reference
position Point
Return to
the 2nd, G28:
3rd, and Return to
G30 Motion 4th
Reference
reference Point
point
Constant
lead
threading
G32 Canned (like G01
synchroni
zed with
spindle)
Tool
cutter
Compens compens
G40 ation ation off
(radius
comp.)
Tool
cutter
Compens compens
G41 ation ation left
(radius
comp.)
G42 Compens Tool
ation cutter
compens
ation
right
(radius
comp.)
Apply
tool
Compens length
G43 ation compens
ation
(plus)
Apply
tool
Compens length
G44 ation compens
ation
(minus)
Tool
length
Compens
G49 ation
compens
ation
cancel
Reset all
Compens scale
G50 ation factors to
1.0
Turn on
Compens
G51 ation
scale
factors
Local
workshift
for all
Coordina
G52 te
coordinate
systems:
add XYZ
offsets
Machine
coordinate
Coordina system
G53 te (cancel
work
offsets)
Work
Coordina coordinate
G54 te system (1st
Workpiece)
Work
coordinate
Coordina
G55 te
system
(2nd
Workpiece)
Work
coordinate
Coordina
G56 te
system
(3rd
Workpiece)
Work
Coordina coordinate
G57 te system (4th
Workpiece)
Work
Coordina coordinate
G58 te system (5th
Workpiece)
Work
Coordina coordinate
G59 te system (6th
Workpiece)
Precise
Timing
and
Exact Speed:
stop Dwell,
G61 Other
check Exact
mode Stop,
Backlash
Compens
ation
Automatic
G62 Other corner
override
Tapping
G63 Other mode
Best
G64 Other speed
path
Custom Subprogr
macro
G65 Other simple
ams and
call Macros
Finish
G70 Canned Turning
Cycle
G71 Canned Rough G71:
Turning Rough
Cycle
Turning
Cycle
G71
Type II:
Rough
Turning
With
“Pockets”
Rough
G72 Canned Facing
Cycle
Pattern
G73 Canned Repeating
Cycle
Peck
G74 Canned Drilling
Cycle
Grooving
G75 Canned Cycle
G76
Threading Lathe
G76 Canned Cycle
Threadin
g Cycle
Cancel
G80 Canned canned
cycle
Face
G83 Canned drilling
cycle
Face
G84 Canned Tapping
cycle
Boring
canned
cycle,
G86 Canned spindle
stop,
rapid out
Side
G87 Canned Drilling
Cycle
Side
G88 Canned Tapping
Cycle
Side
G89 Canned Boring
Cycle
Absolute
program
ming of
Coordin
G90 XYZ
ate (type B
and C
systems)
Absolute
programm
Coordin ing IJK
G90.1 (type B
ate
and C
systems)
Increment
al
programm
Coordin
G91 ing of
ate XYZ (type
B and C
systems)
Increment
al
programm
Coordin
G91.1 ing IJK
ate (type B
and C
systems)
Thread
Coordin
G92 Cutting
ate Cycle
G92 Clamp of
maximum
(altern Motion spindle
ate) speed
Endface
G94 Motion Turning
Cycle
Constant G96:
Surface Constant
G96 Motion Speed
Surface
ON
Speed
Constant G96:
Surface Constant
G97 Motion Speed
Surface
Cancel
Speed
G98 G-
Code
and G99
Feedrate G-Code:
G98 Motion per Canned
Minute Cycle
Return or
Feedrate
Modes
G98 G-
Code
and G99
Feedrate G-Code:
per
G99 Motion Revoluti
Canned
on Cycle
Return or
Feedrate
Modes
M CODE
Co Categ Functi
Tutori
de ory on Notes
als
Program
M- Stop
M00
Code (non-
optional)
Optional
Stop:
M- Operator
M01
Code Selected
to
Enable
M- End of
M02
Code Program
Spindle
M- M03 and
M03 ON (CW
Code Rotation) MDI.
Spindle
ON
M-
M04 (CCW
Code
Rotation
)
M- Spindle M05 and
M05
Code Stop MDI.
M- Tool
M06
Code Change
Mist
M- M07 and
M07 Coolant
Code MDI.
ON
Flood
M- M08 and
M08 Coolant
Code MDI.
ON
M- Coolant M09 and
M09
Code OFF MDI.
Spindle
ON (CW
M- Rotation M13 and
M13
Code )+ MDI.
Coolant
ON
Spindle
ON
(CCW
M- M14 and
M14 Rotation
Code MDI.
)+
Coolant
ON
End of
Program
,
M-
M30 Rewind
Code
and
Reset
Modes
Haas-Style Subprogr
M-
M97 Subprogram ams and
Code Call
Macros
Subprogr
M- Subprogram
M98 Call ams and
Code Macros
Return
Subprogr
M- from
M99 ams and
Code Subprogr
Macros
am
